document_title: 2022 FIFA World Cup

question_text: when does qualifying for world cup 2022 start

text: 2022 FIFA World Cup

text: Host selection[edit]

text: The bidding procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups began in January 2009, and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest.[8] Initially, eleven bids were made for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings,[9][10] and Indonesia's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian Football Association failed to submit a letter of Indonesian government guarantee to support the bid.[11] Indonesian officials had not ruled out a bid for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, until Qatar took the 2022 cup. During the bidding process, all non-UEFA nations gradually withdrew their 2018 bids, thus making the UEFA nations ineligible for the 2022 bid.

text:
In the end, there were five bids for the 2022 FIFA World Cup: Australia, Japan, Qatar, South Korea and the United States.
The twenty-two member FIFA Executive Committee convened in Zürich on 2 December 2010 to vote to select the hosts of both tournaments.[12] Two FIFA executive committee members were suspended before the vote in relation to allegations of corruption regarding their votes.[13] The decision to host the 2022 World Cup in Qatar, which was graded as having "high operational risk",[14] generated criticism from media commentators.[15] It has been criticised as many to be part of the FIFA corruption scandals.[16]

text: The voting patterns were as follows:[17]

text:
2022 FIFA bidding (majority 12 votes)

Bidders

Votes

Round 1

Round 2

Round 3

Round 4

Qatar

11

10

11

14

United States

3

5

6

8

South Korea

4

5

5

Eliminated

Japan

3

2

Eliminated

Australia

1

Eliminated

text: There have been allegations of bribery and corruption in the selection process involving members of FIFA's executive committee. These allegations are being investigated by FIFA. (See § Bidding corruption allegations, below.)

text: Qatar is the smallest nation by area ever to have been awarded a FIFA World Cup – the next smallest by area is Switzerland, host of the 1954 FIFA World Cup, which is more than three times as large as Qatar and only needed to host 16 teams instead of the current 32.

text: Possible expansion[edit]

text: On 12 April 2018, CONMEBOL requested that FIFA expand the 2022 FIFA World Cup from 32 to 48 teams, four years before the 2026 FIFA World Cup as initially planned. FIFA President Gianni Infantino expressed willingness to consider the request.[18] However, the FIFA congress rejected the request shortly before the beginning of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Infantino said the global football governing body would not discuss the possibility of having a 48-team World Cup, and that they would first discuss the matter with the host country.[19]

text: Qualification[edit]

text: The qualification process for the 2022 World Cup has not yet been announced. All FIFA member associations, of which there are currently 211, are eligible to enter qualification. Qatar, as hosts, qualified automatically for the tournament. However, Qatar is obliged by the AFC to participate in the Asian qualifying stage as the first two rounds also act as qualification for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup. If they reach the final stage, their choice on whether to continue with World Cup qualifying is subject to FIFA approval. If the hosts choose not to compete, the next-ranked team will advance instead.[20] For the first time after the initial two tournaments of 1930 and 1934, the World Cup will be hosted by a country whose national team has never played a finals match before.[21]

text: The allocation of slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich after the FIFA Congress.[22] The committee decided that the same allocation as 2014 would be kept for the 2018 and 2022 tournaments:[23]

text:
CAF (Africa): 5
AFC (Asia): 4.5 (not including host nation)
UEFA (Europe): 13
CONCACAF (North and Central America and Caribbean): 3.5
OFC (Oceania): 0.5
CONMEBOL (South America): 4.5

text: The qualifying draw is scheduled to take place in July 2019.[24]

text: Qualified teams[edit]

text:
Team

Qualified as

Qualified on

Previous appearances in tournament1

Previous bestperformance

 Qatar
Host nation
2 December 2010
None (debut)
—

text: Venues[edit]

text: The first five proposed venues for the World Cup were unveiled at the beginning of March 2010. The stadiums aim to employ cooling technology capable of reducing temperatures within the stadium by up to 20 °C (36 °F), and the upper tiers of the stadiums will be disassembled after the World Cup and donated to countries with less developed sports infrastructure.[25] Qatar aims to build the stadiums with the highest sustainability and environmental standards. The stadiums will be equipped with cooling systems that are environmentally friendly overcoming the challenging environmental nature of the country. The plan is to build Zero Waste stadiums using environmentally friendly materials, harmless equipment, and ecologically sustainable solutions through the implementation of renewable and low energy solutions.[26] Qatar aspires to be compliant and certified by the Global Sustainability Assessment System (GSAS) for all the world cup stadiums. All of the five stadium projects launched have been designed by German architect Albert Speer & Partners.[27] Leading football clubs in Europe wanted the World Cup to take place from 28 April to 29 May rather than the typical June and July staging, due to concerns about the heat.[28]

text: A report released on 9 December 2010 quoted FIFA President Sepp Blatter as stating that other nations could host some matches during the World Cup. However, no specific countries were named in the report.[29] Blatter added that any such decision must be taken by Qatar first and then endorsed by FIFA's executive committee.[30] Prince Ali bin Al Hussein of Jordan told the Australian Associated Press that holding games in Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, and possibly Saudi Arabia would help to incorporate the people of the region during the tournament.[31]

text: According to a report released in April 2013 by Merrill Lynch, the investment banking division of Bank of America, the organisers in Qatar have requested FIFA to approve a smaller number of stadiums due to the growing costs.[32] Bloomberg.com said that Qatar wishes to cut the number of venues to eight or nine from the twelve originally planned.[33]

text: Although as of April 2017, FIFA had yet to finalise the number of stadiums Qatar must have ready in five years' time, Qatar's Supreme Committee for Delivery & Legacy said it expected there would be eight.[34][35]

text:
Lusail

Al Khor

Al Rayyan

Al Wakrah

Lusail Iconic Stadium

Al-Bayt Stadium

Ahmed bin Ali Stadium

Al Wakrah Stadium

Capacity: 86,250(under construction)

Capacity: 60,000(under construction)[36]

Capacity: 44,740(Expanded for World Cup)[37]

Capacity: 40,000(under construction)[38]

LusailDohaAl-KhorAl-WakrahAl-Rayyan Cities in Qatar being used

FoundationRas Abu AboudKhalifaAl Thumama Stadiums in Doha

Doha

Khalifa International Stadium

Qatar Foundation Stadium

Ras Abu Aboud Stadium

Al Thumama Stadium

Capacity: 40,000(upgraded)[39]

Capacity: 45,350(under construction)[40]

Capacity: 40,000(planned)[41]

Capacity: 40,000(under construction)[42]

text: Schedule[edit]

text: The final draw is scheduled to take place in April 2022.[24]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: A number of groups and media outlets have expressed concern over the suitability of Qatar to host the event,[43][44] with regard to interpretations of human rights, particularly worker conditions, the rights of fans in the LGBT community because the status of homosexuality is illegal in Qatar,[44][45][46][47] climatic conditions and accusations of Qatar for supporting terrorism both diplomatically and financially.[48] Hassan Abdulla al Thawadi, chief executive of the Qatar 2022 World Cup bid, said the Muslim state would also permit alcohol consumption during the event,[49][50] drinking in public is not permitted as Qatar's legal system is based on Sharia.[51]

text: The selection of Qatar as the host country has been controversial; FIFA officials were accused of corruption and allowing Qatar to "buy" the World Cup,[52] the treatment of construction workers was called into question by human rights groups,[53] and the high costs needed to make the plans a reality were criticised. The climate conditions caused some to call hosting the tournament in Qatar infeasible, with initial plans for air-conditioned stadiums giving way to a potential date switch from summer to winter. Sepp Blatter, who was FIFA President when Qatar was selected, later remarked that awarding the World Cup to Qatar was a "mistake" because of the extreme heat.[54][55]

text: Migrant workers, slavery allegations and deaths[edit]

text: The issue of migrant workers' rights has also attracted attention, with an investigation by The Guardian newspaper claiming that many workers are denied food and water, have their identity papers taken away from them, and that they are not paid on time or at all, making some of them in effect slaves. The Guardian has estimated that up to 4,000 workers may die due to lax safety and other causes by the time the competition is held.[53] These claims are based upon the fact that 522 Nepalese[56] workers and over 700 Indian[57] workers have died since 2010, when Qatar's bid as World Cup's host was won, about 250 Indian workers dying each year.[58] Given that there are half a million Indian workers in Qatar, the Indian government says that is quite a normal number of deaths.[58] In the United Kingdom, in any group of half a million 25- to 30-year-old men, an average of 300 die each year, a higher rate than among Indian workers in Qatar.[58]

text: In 2015, a crew of four journalists from the BBC were arrested and held for two days after they attempted to report on the condition of workers in the country.[59] The reporters had been invited to visit the country as guests of the Government of Qatar.[59]

text: The Wall Street Journal reported in June 2015 the International Trade Union Confederation's claim that over 1,200 workers had died while working on infrastructure and real-estate projects related to the World Cup, and the Qatar Government's counter-claim that none had.[60] The BBC later reported that this often-cited figure of 1,200 workers having died in World Cup construction in Qatar between 2011 and 2013 is not correct, and that the 1,200 number is instead representing deaths from all Indians and Nepalese working in Qatar, not just of those workers involved in the preparation for the World Cup, and not just of construction workers.[58] Most Qatar nationals avoid doing manual work or low-skilled jobs; additionally, they are given preference at the workplace.[61] Michael van Praag, president of Royal Dutch Football Association, requested the FIFA Executive Committee to pressure Qatar over those allegations to ensure better workers' conditions. He also stated that a new vote on the attribution of the World Cup to Qatar would have to take place if the corruption allegations were to be proved.[62]

text: In March 2016, Amnesty International accused Qatar of using forced labour and forcing the employees to live in poor conditions and withholding their wages and passports. It accused FIFA of failing to stop the stadium being built on "human right abuses". Migrant workers told Amnesty about verbal abuse and threats they received after complaining about not being paid for up to several months. Nepali workers were even denied leave to visit their family after the 2015 Nepal earthquake. [63]

text: In October 2017, the International Trade Union Confederation said that Qatar has signed an agreement to improve the situation of more than 2 million migrant workers in the country. According to the ITUC, the agreement provided for establishing substantial reforms in labour system, including ending the Al-Kafala system. The ITUC also stated that the agreement would positively affect the general situation of workers, especially of those who work on the 2022 FIFA World Cup infrastructure projects. The workers will no longer need their employer's permission to leave the country or change their jobs.[64]

text: Move to November and December[edit]

text: Owing to the climate in Qatar, concerns were expressed over holding the World Cup in its traditional timeframe of June and July. In October 2013, a task force was commissioned to consider alternative dates and report after the 2014 World Cup in Brazil.[65] On 24 February 2015, the FIFA Task Force proposed that the tournament be played from late November to late December 2022,[66] to avoid the summer heat between May and September and also avoid clashing with the 2022 Winter Olympics in February and Ramadan in April.[67][68]

text: The notion of staging the tournament in November is controversial since it would interfere with the regular season schedules of some domestic leagues around the world. Commentators have noted the clash with the Western Christmas season is likely to cause disruption, whilst there is concern about how short the tournament is intended to be.[69] FIFA executive committee member Theo Zwanziger said that awarding the 2022 World Cup to Qatar's desert state was a "blatant mistake".[70] Frank Lowy, chairman of Football Federation Australia, said that if the 2022 World Cup were moved to November and thus upset the schedule of the A-League, they would seek compensation from FIFA.[71] Richard Scudamore, chief executive of the Premier League, stated that they would consider legal action against FIFA because a move would interfere with the Premier League's popular Christmas and New Year fixture programme.[72] On 19 March 2015, FIFA sources confirmed that the 2022 World Cup final would be played on 18 December.[73]

text: Bidding corruption allegations[edit]

text: Qatar has faced growing pressure over its hosting of the World Cup in relation to allegations over the role of former top football official Mohammed bin Hammam played in securing the bid.[74] A former employee of the Qatar bid team alleged[year needed] that several African officials were paid $1.5 million by Qatar.[75] She retracted her claims, but later said she was coerced to do so by Qatari bid officials.[76][77] More suspicions emerged[to whom?] in March 2014 when it was discovered[by whom?] that disgraced former CONCACAF president Jack Warner and his family were paid almost $2 million from a firm linked to Qatar's successful campaign. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is investigating Warner and his alleged links to the Qatari bid.[78]

text: Five of FIFA's six primary sponsors, Sony, Adidas, Visa, Hyundai and Coca-Cola, have called upon FIFA to investigate the claims.[79][80] The Sunday Times published bribery allegations based on a leak of millions of secret documents.[81] Jim Boyce, Vice President of FIFA, has gone on record stating he would support a re-vote to find a new host if the corruption allegations are proven.[82][83] FIFA completed a lengthy investigation into these allegations and a report cleared Qatar of any wrongdoing. Despite the claims, the Qataris insist that the corruption allegations are being driven by envy and mistrust while Sepp Blatter said it is fueled by racism in the British media.[84][85]

text: In the 2015 FIFA corruption case, Swiss officials, operating under information from the United States Department of Justice, arrested many senior FIFA officials in Zurich, Switzerland. They also seized physical and electronic records from FIFA's main headquarters. The arrests continued in the United States where several FIFA officers were arrested and FIFA buildings raided. The arrests were made on the information of at least a $150 million (USD) corruption and bribery scandal.[86]

text: On 7 June 2015, Phaedra Almajid, the former media officer for the Qatar bid team, claimed that the allegations would result in Qatar not hosting the World Cup.[87] In an interview published on the same day, Domenico Scala, the head of FIFA's Audit and Compliance Committee, stated that "should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes, then the awards could be cancelled."[88][89]

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text:
FIFA partners
FIFA World Cup sponsors

Adidas[90]
Coca-Cola[91]
Hyundai–Kia[92]
Qatar Airways[93]

Visa[94]

Anheuser-Busch InBev[95]
Vivo[96]

text: Broadcasting rights[edit]

text:
Albania – RTSH[97]
 Armenia – ARMTV[97]
 Australia – SBS[98]
 Austria – ORF[97]
 Azerbaijan – İTV[97]
 Belarus – BTRC[97]
 Belgium – VRT, RTBF[97]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina – BHRT[97]
 Brazil – Rede Globo, SporTV[99]
 Bulgaria – BNT[97]
 Canada – CTV, TSN, RDS[100]
  Caribbean – International Media Content, SportsMax[101]
 China – CCTV[102]
 Croatia – HRT[97]
 Cyprus – CyBC[97]
 Czech Republic – ČT[97]
 Estonia – ERR[97]
 Europe – European Broadcasting Union (37 countries)[97]
 France - TF1[103], beIN Sports[103]
 Germany – ARD, ZDF[104]
 Georgia – GPB[97]
 Hungary – MTVA[97]
 Iceland – RÚV[97]
 Ireland – RTÉ[97]
 Israel – IPBC[97]
 Kosovo – RTK[97]
 Latvia – LTV[97]
 Lithuania – LRT[97]
 Luxembourg – RTL Group[97]
 Macedonia – MRT[97]
 Malta – PBS[97]
 Mexico – Televisa, TV Azteca[97]
  Middle East and North Africa - beIN Sports[105]
 Moldova – TRM[97]
 Montenegro – RTCG[97]
 Netherlands – NOS[97]
 New Zealand – Sky Sport[106]
 Poland – TVP[97]
 Portugal – RTP[107]
 Romania – TVR[97]
 Serbia – RTS[97]
 Slovakia – RTVS[108]
 Sweden – SVT, TV4[109]
  Switzerland - SRF[97]
 Turkey – TRT[97]
 Ukraine – UA:PBC[97]
 United Kingdom – BBC, ITV[110]
 United States – Fox Sports,[111] Telemundo Deportes[112]


document_title: Hardiness zone

question_text: what is the lowest temperature for zone 8

root

text: Hardiness zone

text: USDA hardiness zones[edit]

text:
Zone
From
To

0
a
< −53.9 °C (−65 °F)

b
−53.9 °C (−65 °F)
−51.1 °C (−60 °F)

1
a
−51.1 °C (−60 °F)
−48.3 °C (−55 °F)

b
−48.3 °C (−55 °F)
−45.6 °C (−50 °F)

2
a
−45.6 °C (−50 °F)
−42.8 °C (−45 °F)

b
−42.8 °C (−45 °F)
−40 °C (−40 °F)

3
a
−40 °C (−40 °F)
−37.2 °C (−35 °F)

b
−37.2 °C (−35 °F)
−34.4 °C (−30 °F)

4
a
−34.4 °C (−30 °F)
−31.7 °C (−25 °F)

b
−31.7 °C (−25 °F)
−28.9 °C (−20 °F)

5
a
−28.9 °C (−20 °F)
−26.1 °C (−15 °F)

b
−26.1 °C (−15 °F)
−23.3 °C (−10 °F)

6
a
−23.3 °C (−10 °F)
−20.6 °C (−5 °F)

b
−20.6 °C (−5 °F)
−17.8 °C (0 °F)

7
a
−17.8 °C (0 °F)
−15 °C (5 °F)

b
−15 °C (5 °F)
−12.2 °C (10 °F)

8
a
−12.2 °C (10 °F)
−9.4 °C (15 °F)

b
−9.4 °C (15 °F)
−6.7 °C (20 °F)

9
a
−6.7 °C (20 °F)
−3.9 °C (25 °F)

b
−3.9 °C (25 °F)
−1.1 °C (30 °F)

10
a
−1.1 °C (30 °F)
+1.7 °C (35 °F)

b
+1.7 °C (35 °F)
+4.4 °C (40 °F)

11
a
+4.4 °C (40 °F)
+7.2 °C (45 °F)

b
+7.2 °C (45 °F)
+10 °C (50 °F)

12
a
+10 °C (50 °F)
+12.8 °C (55 °F)

b
> +12.8 °C (55 °F)

tag: table

text: Criticism[edit]

text: The hardiness zones are informative: the extremes of winter cold are a major determinant of whether a plant species can be cultivated outdoors at a particular location; however, the USDA hardiness zones have a number of drawbacks if used without supplementary information. The zones do not incorporate summer heat levels into the zone determination; thus sites which may have the same mean winter minima, but markedly different summer temperatures, will be accorded the same hardiness zone. Thus a zone 8 or 9 cool summer climate like Seattle, WA or London (UK) do not have the nearly as many growing degree days as a zone 8 or 9 hot summer climate like Charleston, SC or Madrid, Spain.

tag: p

text: In the colder zones (zones 6 - 3), another issue is that the hardiness zones do not take into account the reliability of the snow cover. Snow acts as an insulator against extreme cold, protecting the root system of hibernating plants. If the snow cover is reliable, the actual temperature to which the roots are exposed will not be as low as the hardiness zone number would indicate. As an example, Quebec City in Canada is located in zone 4, but can rely on a significant snow cover every year, making it possible to cultivate plants normally rated for zones 5 or 6. But, in Montreal, located to the southwest in zone 5, it is sometimes difficult to cultivate plants adapted to the zone because of the unreliable snow cover.[citation needed]

text: Other factors that affect plant survival, though not considered in hardiness zones, are soil moisture, humidity, the number of days of frost, and the risk of a rare catastrophic cold snap. Some risk evaluation – the probability of getting a particularly severe low temperature – often would be more useful than just the average conditions.

text: Lastly, many plants may survive in a locality but will not flower if the day length is insufficient or if they require vernalization (a particular duration of low temperature). With annuals, the time of planting can often be adjusted to allow growth beyond their normal geographical range.

text: Alternatives[edit]

text: An alternative means of describing plant hardiness is to use "indicator plants" (the USDA also publishes a list of these to go with the hardiness zone map). In this method, common plants with known limits to their range are used.

text: Sunset publishes a series that breaks up climate zones more finely than the USDA zones, identifying 45 distinct zones in the US, incorporating ranges of temperatures in all seasons, precipitation, wind patterns, elevation, and length and structure of the growing season.[1]

text: European hardiness zones[edit]

text: Ireland and UK[edit]

text: Owing to the moderating effect of the North Atlantic Current on the Irish and British temperate maritime climate, Britain, and Ireland even more so, have milder winters than their northerly position would otherwise afford. This means that the hardiness zones relevant to Britain and Ireland are quite high, from 7 to 10, as shown below.

text:
7. In Scotland the Grampians, Highlands and locally in the Southern Uplands, in England the Pennines and in Wales the highest part of Snowdonia.
8. Most of England, Wales and Scotland, parts of central Ireland, and Snaefell on the Isle of Man.
9. Most of western and southern England and Wales, western Scotland, also a very narrow coastal fringe on the east coast of Scotland and northeast England (within 5 km of the North Sea), London, the West Midlands Urban Area, most of Ireland, and most of the Isle of Man.
10. Very low-lying coastal areas of the southwest of Ireland and the Isles of Scilly.

tag: ul

text: In 2012 the United Kingdom's Royal Horticultural Society introduced new hardiness ratings for plants, from H7, the hardiest (tolerant of temperatures below -20°C) to H1a (needing temperatures above 15°C).[2]

text: Northern Europe[edit]

text: Scandinavia lies at the same latitude as Alaska or Greenland, but the effect of the warm North Atlantic Current is even more pronounced here than it is in Britain and Ireland. Save for a very small spot near Karasjok, Norway, which is in zone 2, nowhere in the Arctic part of Scandinavia does it get below zone 3. The Faroe Islands, at 62–63°N are in zone 8, as are the outer Lofoten Islands at 68°N. Tromsø, a coastal city in Norway at 70°N, is in zone 7, and even Longyearbyen, the northernmost true city in the world at 78°N, is still in zone 5. All these coastal locations have one thing in common, though, which are cold, damp summers, with temperatures rarely exceeding 20 °C (68 °F), or 15 °C (59 °F) in Longyearbyen. This shows the importance of taking heat zones into account for better understanding of what may or may not grow.

text: In Sweden and Finland generally, at sea level to 500 metres (1,600 ft), zone 3 is north of the Arctic Circle, including cities like Karesuando, Pajala and Rovaniemi. Kiruna is the major exception here, which being located on a hill above frost traps, is in zone 5. Zone 4 lies between the Arctic Circle and about 64–65°N, with cities such as Oulu and Jokkmokk, zone 5 (south to 61–62°N) contains cities such as Tampere, Umeå and Östersund. Zone 6 covers the south of mainland Finland, Sweden north of 60°N, and the high plateau of Småland further south. Here one will find cities such as Gävle, Örebro, Sundsvall and Helsinki. The Åland Islands, as well as coastal Southern Sweden, and the Stockholm area are in zone 7. The west coast of Sweden (Gothenburg and southwards) enjoys particularly mild winters and lies in zone 7, therefore being friendly to some hardy exotic species (found, for example, in the Gothenburg Botanical Garden), the southeast coast of Sweden has a colder winter due to the absence of the Gulf Stream.

text: Denmark has zones 9a, 8b, and 8a.[3]

text: Central Europe[edit]

text: Central Europe is a good example of a transition from an oceanic climate to a continental climate, which can be noticed immediately when looking at the hardiness zones, which tend to decrease mainly eastwards instead of northwards. Also, the plateaux and low mountain ranges in this region have a significant impact on how cold it might get during winter. Generally speaking, the hardiness zones are high considering the latitude of the region, although not as high as in the Shetland Islands where zone 9 extends to over 60°N. In Central Europe, the relevant zones decrease from zone 8 on the Belgian, Dutch and German North Sea coast, with the exception of some of the Frisian Islands (notably Vlieland and Terschelling), the island of Heligoland and some of the islands in the Rhine-Scheldt estuary, which are in zone 9, to zone 5 around Suwałki, Podlachia on the far eastern border between Poland and Lithuania. Some isolated, high elevation areas of the Alps and Carpathians may even go down to zone 3 or 4. An extreme example of a cold sink is Funtensee, Bavaria which is at least in zone 3 and maybe even in zone 1 or 2. Another notable example is Waksmund, a small village in the Polish Carpathians, which regularly reaches −35 °C (−31 °F) during winter on calm nights when cold and heavy airmasses from the surrounding Gorce and Tatra Mountains descend down the slopes to this low-lying valley, creating extremes which can be up to 10 °C (18 °F) colder than nearby Nowy Targ or Białka Tatrzańska, which are both higher up in elevation. Waksmund is in zone 3b while nearby Kraków, only 80 km (50 mi) to the north and 300 m (980 ft) lower is in zone 6a. These examples prove that local topography can have a pronounced effect on temperature and thus on what is possible to grow in a specific region.

text: Southern Europe[edit]

text: The southern European marker plant for climate as well as cultural indicator is the olive tree, which cannot withstand long periods below zero so its cultivation area matches the cool winter zone. The Mediterranean Sea acts as a temperature regulator, so this area is generally warmer than other parts of the continent; except in mountainous areas where the sea effect lowers, it belongs in zones 8–10; however, southern Balkans (mountainous- Western and Eastern Serbia, continental Croatia and Bulgaria) are colder in winter and are in zones 6–7. The Croatian (Dalmatian) coast, Albania and northern Greece are in zones 8–9, as are central-northern Italy (hills and some spots in Po Valley are however colder) and southern France; Central Iberia is 8–9 (some areas are slightly colder). The Spanish and Portuguese Atlantic coast, most of Andalusia and Murcia, almost all the Valencian Community, a part of Catalonia, Balearic Islands, southwestern Sardinia, most of Sicily, coastal southern Italy and southwestern Greece are in zone 10, the islands of Malta, Lampedusa and the southern zone of Spain (Málaga, Cádiz and Granada, where there is mango and avocado cultivation) belong to zone 11a.[4] Also, a few areas on the southernmost coast of Cyprus are inside zone 11a.

text: European cities[edit]

text: The table below provides hardiness zone data for some European cities (based on climatological data):[5][6][7]

text:
City
Zone
City
Zone

Alicante, Spain
10b
Almería, Spain
11a

Amsterdam, The Netherlands
8b
Antwerp, Belgium
8

Barcelona, Spain
10a
Belfast, Northern Ireland
9

Berlin, Germany
7b
Bratislava, Slovakia
7b

Birmingham, England
9a
Bucharest, Romania
6b

Cardiff, Wales
9
Catania, Italy
10

Belgrade, Serbia
8a
Copenhagen, Denmark
8a

Dublin, Ireland
9a
Düsseldorf, Germany
8

Edinburgh, Scotland
8b
Gdańsk, Poland
7

Glasgow, Scotland
8b
Hamburg, Germany
8a

Helsinki, Finland
6a
Istanbul, Turkey
8b

Kaliningrad, Russia
6
Kiev, Ukraine
6a

Kraków, Poland
6
Lisbon, Portugal
10b

Las Palmas, Spain
12b
A Coruña, Spain
10b

Ljubljana, Slovenia
7b
London, England
9a

Madrid, Spain
9a
Málaga, Spain
11a

Marseille, France
9a
Milan, Italy
8b

Minsk, Belarus
5b
Moscow, Russia
5a

Munich, Germany
7b
Murmansk, Russia
5

Nicosia, Cyprus
10a
Oslo, Norway
6a

Simferopol, Ukraine
7a
Palma, Spain
10a

Paris, France
8b
Poznań, Poland
7a

Prague, Czech Republic
7a
Reykjavík, Iceland
8a

Riga, Latvia
6a
Rome, Italy
9b

Rovaniemi, Finland
4
Saint Petersburg, Russia
5b

Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
7b
Santander, Spain
10a

Simrishamn, Sweden
8a
Sochi, Russia
9

Sofia, Bulgaria
7a
Stockholm, Sweden
6b

Strasbourg, France
7
Tallinn, Estonia
6b

Tuapse, Russia
8
Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
7-8

Tromsø, Norway
7
Trondheim, Norway
6

Umeå, Sweden
5
Valencia, Spain
10b

Valletta, Malta
10b
Vienna, Austria
8a

Vilnius, Lithuania
5
Vorkuta, Russia
2

Warsaw, Poland
6b
Wroclaw, Poland
7a

Zagreb, Croatia
8a
Zürich, Switzerland
8a

Zaragoza, Spain
8b

text: United States hardiness zones[edit]

text: Most of the warmer zones (zones 8, 9, 10, and 11) are located in the southern half of the United States. The low latitude and often stable weather in the far southwestern states, California, and Florida is responsible for the few episodes of severe cold relative to normal in those areas. The more northerly and central portions of the USA are the cooler zones (zones 7, 6, 5, and 4). The central and northerly portions of the mainland often have much less consistent range of temperatures in winter due to being more continental, and thus the zone map has its limitations in these areas.

text: The USDA first issued its standardized hardiness zone map in 1960, and revised it in 1965. The newest maps were issued in 2012 by the USD, and show a warming of most zones across the USA.

text: Updates[edit]

text: In 2003, the American Horticultural Society (AHS) produced a draft revised map, using temperature data collected from July 1986 to March 2002. The 2003 map placed many areas approximately a half-zone higher (warmer) than the 1990 map had. Reviewers noted the map zones appeared to be closer to the original 1960 map in its overall zone delineations. The 2003 AHS draft map purported to show finer detail, for example, reflecting urban heat islands by showing the downtown areas of several cities (e.g., Baltimore, Maryland; Washington, D.C. and Atlantic City, New Jersey) as a full zone warmer than outlying areas. The map excluded the detailed a/b half-zones introduced in the 1990 map, an omission widely criticized by horticulturists and gardeners due to the coarseness of the resulting map. The USDA rejected the AHS 2003 draft map; the agency stated it would create its own map in an interactive computer format. As of August 2010 the AHS and the National Arboretum websites still presented the 1990 map as current.

text: In 2006, the US National Arbor Day Foundation completed an extensive update of U.S. hardiness zones. It used essentially the same data as the AHS. Once the Foundation analyzed the new data, it revised hardiness zones, reflecting the generally warmer recent temperatures in many parts of the country. The Foundation's 2006 map appears to validate the data used in the AHS 2003 draft. The Foundation also did away with the more detailed a/b half-zone delineations.[8]

text: In 2012 the USDA updated their plant hardiness map to reflect the warmer observed temperatures in the past thirty years.[9]

text: U.S. cities[edit]

text: The USDA plant hardiness zones for U.S. cities as based on the 2012 map are the following:

text:
City
Zone
City
Zone

Albuquerque, New Mexico
7b
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
7a

Anchorage, Alaska
4b/5a
Omaha, Nebraska
5b

Atlanta, Georgia
7b/8a
Orlando, Florida
9b

Baltimore, Maryland
7b/8a
Owensboro, Kentucky
6b

Boston, Massachusetts
6b/7a
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
7a/7b

Buffalo, New York
6a
Phoenix, Arizona
9b/10a

Burlington, Vermont
5a
Pierre, South Dakota
4b/5a

Charleston, West Virginia
6b
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
6b

Chicago, Illinois
6a
Portland, Maine
5b

Charlotte, North Carolina
7b/8a
Portland, Oregon
8b/9a

Columbus, Ohio
6a
Quad Cities, Iowa/Illinois
5b

Dallas, Texas
8a/8b
Raleigh, North Carolina
7b

Denver, Colorado
5b/6a
Reno, Nevada
6b/7a

Detroit, Michigan
6b
Roanoke, Virginia
7a/7b

Fairbanks, Alaska
2a
Kansas City, Missouri
6a/6b

Hartford, Connecticut
6b
Salt Lake City, Utah
7a/7b

Honolulu, Hawaii
12b
San Antonio, Texas
8b/9a

Houston, Texas
9a
San Diego, California
10a/10b

Indianapolis, Indiana
5b/6a
San Francisco, California
10a/10b

Las Vegas, Nevada
9a
San Jose, California
9b/10a

Los Angeles, California
10a/10b
San Juan, Puerto Rico
12b/13a

Memphis, Tennessee
7b/8a
Savannah, Georgia
8b

Miami, Florida
11a/11b
Seattle, Washington
8b

Minneapolis, Minnesota
4b/5a
Tampa, Florida
9b/10a

Nashville, Tennessee
7a
Tucson, Arizona
9b

New Orleans, Louisiana
9b
Tuscaloosa, Alabama
8a

New York, New York
7a/7b
Washington, D.C.
7b/8a

Norfolk, Virginia
8a
Wichita, Kansas
6b

text: Climate change projections[edit]

text: Recent research suggests that USDA plant hardiness zones will shift northward under climate change.[10]

text: Australian hardiness zones[edit]

text: The USDA hardiness zones are in use in Australia, but in addition the Australian National Botanic Gardens have devised another system more in keeping with Australian conditions.[11] They are numerically about 7 lower than the USDA system. For example, Australian zone 3 is roughly equivalent to USDA zone 9. The higher Australian zone numbers have no US equivalents.

text: There are problems with classifications of this type: the spread of weather stations is insufficient to give clear zones and too many places with different climates are lumped together. Only 738 Australian stations have records of more than ten years (one station per 98,491 hectares or 243,380 acres), though more populated areas have relatively fewer hectares per station. Local factors such as aspect, altitude, proximity to the sea also complicate the matter. For example, Mount Isa has three climatic stations with more than a ten-year record. One is in zone 4a, one in zone 4b and the other is in zone 5a. Likewise, Sydney residents can choose between zones 3a and 4b. Most other cities have similar problems. Different locations in the same city are suitable for different plants, making it hard to draw a meaningful map. There may even be a case for publishing a list of weather stations and their zone classification to allow best use of local conditions.

text: Canadian hardiness zones[edit]

text: Climate variables that reflect the capacity and detriments to plant growth are used to develop an index that is mapped to Canada's Plant Hardiness Zones.[12] This index comes from a formula originally developed by Ouellet and Sherk.[13] [14] [15] Their formula is:

text: Y = -67.62 + 1.734X₁ + 0.1868X₂ + 69.77X₃ + 1.256X₄ + 0.006119X₅ + 22.37X₆ - 0.01832X₇

text: where: Y = estimated index of suitability X₁ = monthly mean of the daily minimum temperatures (°C) of the coldest month X₂ = mean frost free period above 0 °C in days X₃ = amount of rainfall (R) from June to November, inclusive, in terms of R/(R+a) where a=25.4 if R is in millimeters and a=1 if R is in inches X₄ = monthly mean of the daily maximum temperatures (°C) of the warmest month X₅ = winter factor expressed in terms of (0 °C - X₁)Rjan where Rjan represents the rainfall in January expressed in mm X₆ = mean maximum snow depth in terms of S/(S+a) where a=25.4 if S is in millimeters and a=1 if S is in inches X₇ = maximum wind gust in (km/hr) in 30 years

text: For practical purposes, Canada has adopted the American hardiness zone classification system.

text: American Horticultural Society heat zones[edit]

text: In addition to the USDA Hardiness zones there are the American Horticultural Society (AHS) heat zones.

text: The criterion is the average number of days per year when the temperature exceeds 30 °C (86 °F).[16] The AHS Heat Zone Map for the US is available on the American Horticultural Society website.[17]

text:
Zone
From
To

1
< 1

2
1
7

3
8
14

4
15
30

5
31
45

6
46
60

7
61
90

8
91
120

9
121
150

10
151
180

11
181
210

12
>210

text: European cities (AHS heat zones)[edit]

text:
City
Zone
City
Zone

Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2
Antwerp, Belgium
2

Belfast, Northern Ireland
1
Berlin, Germany
3

Birmingham, England
2
Bratislava, Slovakia
4

Bucharest, Romania
6
Cardiff, Wales
1

Copenhagen, Denmark
2
Cork, Ireland
1

Derry, Northern Ireland
1
Dublin, Ireland
1

Düsseldorf, Germany
3
Edinburgh, Scotland
1

Gdańsk, Poland
2
Galway, Ireland
1

Glasgow, Scotland
1
Hamburg, Germany
2

Helsinki, Finland
2
Istanbul, Turkey
6

Kaliningrad, Russia
2
Kiev, Ukraine
4

Kraków, Poland
4
Lisbon, Portugal
7

Ljubljana, Slovenia
6
London, England
2

Madrid, Spain
7
Málaga, Spain
7

Marseille, France
7
Milan, Italy
6

Minsk, Belarus
3
Moscow, Russia
2

Munich, Germany
3
Murmansk, Russia
1

Nicosia, Cyprus
9
Oslo, Norway
2

Oulu, Finland
1
Palma, Spain
8

Paris, France
3
Perm, Russia
3

Prague, Czech Republic
3
Reykjavík, Iceland
1

Riga, Latvia
2
Rome, Italy
7

Rovaniemi, Finland
1
Saint Petersburg, Russia
2

Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
5
Santander, Spain
3

Simrishamn, Sweden
1
Sochi, Russia
6

Sofia, Bulgaria
6
Stockholm, Sweden
2

Strasbourg, France
4
Tallinn, Estonia
2

Tuapse, Russia
7
Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
1

Tromsø, Norway
1
Trondheim, Norway
1

Umeå, Sweden
1
Vienna, Austria
4

Vilnius, Lithuania
2
Vorkuta, Russia
1

Warsaw, Poland
3
Zürich, Switzerland
4

text: South Africa[edit]

text: South Africa has five horticultural or climatic zones.[18]


document_title: Glomerulus (kidney)

question_text: where is the glomerulus located in the nephron

text: Glomerulus (kidney)

text: Structure[edit]

text: The glomerulus is a tuft of small blood vessels called capillaries located within Bowman's capsule within the kidney.[2] Glomerular mesangial cells structurally support the tufts. Blood enters the capillaries of the glomerulus by a single arteriole called an afferent arteriole and leaves by an efferent arteriole.[3] The capillaries consist of a tube lined by endothelial cells with a central lumen. The walls have a unique structure: there are  pores between the cells that allow water and soluble substances to exit, and after passing through the glomerular basement membrane, and between podocyte foot processes, enter the capsule as ultrafiltrate.

text: Blood supply[edit]

text: Lining[edit]

text: Capillaries of the glomerulus are lined by endothelial cells. These contain numerous pores - also called fenestrae - 50–100 nm in diameter.[4] Unlike those of other capillaries with fenestrations, these fenestrations are not spanned by diaphragms.[4] They allow for the filtration of fluid, blood plasma solutes and protein, at the same time preventing the filtration of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

text: The glomerulus has a glomerular basement membrane (GBM) consisting mainly of laminins, type IV collagen, agrin and nidogen, which are synthesized and secreted by both endothelial cells and podocytes: thus the GBM is sandwiched between the glomerular capillaries and the podocytes. The GBM  is 250–400 nm in thickness, which is thicker than basement membranes of  other tissue. It is a barrier to blood proteins such as albumin and globulin.[5]

text: The part of the podocyte in contact with the GBM is called a podocyte foot process or pedicle (Fig. 3): there are gaps between the foot processes through which the filtrate flows into Bowman's space of the capsule.[4] . The space between adjacent podocyte foot processes is spanned by  slit diaphragms consisting of a mat of proteins, including podocin and nephrin. In addition, foot processes have a negatively charged coat (glycocalyx) that repels negatively charged molecules such as serum albumin.

text: Intraglomerular mesangial cells[edit]

text: The space between the capillaries of a glomerulus is occupied by intraglomerular mesangial cells. They are not part of the filtration barrier but are specialized pericytes that participate in the regulation of the filtration rate by contracting or  expanding: they contain actin and myosin filaments to accomplish this. Some mesangial cels are in physical contact with capillaries, others are in physical contact with podocytes. There is two-way chemical cross talk among the mesangial cells, the capillaries, and the podocytes to fine-tune the GFR.

text: Intrarenal circulation[edit]

text: Blood exits the glomerular capillaries by an efferent arteriole instead of a venule, as is seen in the majority of capillary systems (Fig. 4). [3] This provides tighter control over the blood flow through the glomerulus, since arterioles dilate and constrict more readily than venules, owing to their thick circular smooth muscle layer (tunica media). The blood exiting the efferent arteriole enters a renal venule, which in turn enters a renal interlobular vein and then into the renal vein.

text: Cortical nephrons near the corticomedullary junction (15% of all nephrons) are called juxtamedullary nephrons. The blood exiting the efferent arterioles of these nephrons enter the vasa recta, which are straight capillary branches that deliver blood to the renal medulla. These vasa recta run adjacent to the descending and ascending  loop of Henle, and participate in the maintenance of the medullary countercurrent exchange system.

text: Filtrate drainage[edit]

text: The filtrate that has passed through the  three-layered filtration unit enters Bowman's space. From there, it flows into the renal tubule - the nephron - which follows a U-shaped path to the collecting ducts, finally exiting into a renal calyx as urine.

text: Function[edit]

text: Filtration[edit]

text: The main function of the glomerulus is to filter plasma to produce glomerular filtrate, which passes down the length of the nephron tubule to form urine. The rate at which the glomerulus produces filtrate from plasma (the glomerular filtration rate) is much higher than in systemic capillaries because of the particular anatomical characteristics of the glomerulus. Unlike systemic capillaries, which receive blood from high-resistance arterioles and drain to low-resistance venules, glomerular capillaries are connected in both ends to high-resistance arterioles: the afferent arteriole, and the efferent arteriole. This arrangement of two arterioles in series determines the high hydrostatic pressure on glomerular capillaries, which is one of the forces that favour filtration to the Bowman's capsule.[6]

text: If a substance has passed through the glomerular capillary endothelial cells, glomerular basement membrane, and podocytes, then it enters the lumen of the tubule and is known as glomerular filtrate. Otherwise, it exits the glomerulus through the efferent arteriole and continues circulation as discussed below and as shown on the picture.

text: Permeability[edit]

text: The structures of the layers determine their permeability-selectivity (permselectivity). The factors that influence permselectivity are the negative charge of the basement membrane and the podocytic epithelium, and the effective pore size of the glomerular wall (8 nm). As a result, large and/or negatively charged molecules will pass through far less frequently than small and/or positively charged ones.[7] For instance, small ions such as sodium and potassium pass freely, while larger proteins, such as hemoglobin and albumin have practically no permeability at all.

text: The oncotic pressure on glomerular capillaries is one of the forces that resist filtration. Because large and negatively charged proteins have a low permeability, they cannot filtrate easily to the Bowman's capsule. Therefore, the concentration of these proteins tends to increase as the glomerular capillaries filtrate plasma, increasing the oncotic pressure along the length of a glomerular capillary.[6]

text: Starling equation[edit]

text: The rate of filtration from the glomerulus to the Bowman's capsule is determined (as in systemic capillaries) by the Starling equation:[6]

text:
GFR is the glomerular filtration rate.
Kf is the filtration coefficient – a proportionality constant
Pgc is the glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
Pbc is the Bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure
πgc is the glomerular capillary oncotic pressure
πbc is the Bowman's capsule oncotic pressure

text: Regulation of blood pressure[edit]

text: The walls of the afferent arteriole contain specialized smooth muscle cells that synthesize renin. These juxtaglomerular cells play a major role in the renin–angiotensin system, which helps regulate blood volume and pressure.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2015)

text: Damage to the glomerulus by disease can allow passage through the glomerular filtration barrier of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and blood proteins such as albumin and globulin. Underlying causes for glomerular injury can be inflammatory, toxic or metabolic. [8] These can be seen in the urine (urinalysis) on microscopic and chemical (dipstick) examination.  Examples are diabetic kidney disease, glomerulonephritis, and IgA nephropathy.

text: History[edit]

text: In 1666, Italian biologist and anatomist Marcello Malpighi first described the glomeruli and demonstrated their continuity with the renal vasculature (281,282). About 175 years later, surgeon and anatomist William Bowman elucidated in detail the capillary architecture of the glomerulus and the continuity between its surrounding capsule and the proximal tubule.[9]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Glomerulus.

Scanning electron microscope of a glomerulus in a mouse (1000x magnification)

Scanning electron microscope of a glomerulus in a mouse (5000x magnification)

Scanning Electron Microscope of a glomerulus in a mouse (10,000x magnification)

Renal corpuscle


document_title: Kite (geometry)

question_text: when can a kite be called a square

question_tokens: when can a kite be called a square

text: Kite (geometry)

text: Special cases[edit]

text: If all four sides of a kite have the same length (that is, if the kite is equilateral), it must be a rhombus.

text: If a kite is equiangular, meaning that all four of its angles are equal, then it must also be equilateral and thus a square. A kite with three equal 108° angles and one 36° angle forms the convex hull of the lute of Pythagoras.[1]

text: The kites that are also cyclic quadrilaterals (i.e. the kites that can be inscribed in a circle) are exactly the ones formed from two congruent right triangles. That is, for these kites the two equal angles on opposite sides of the symmetry axis are each 90 degrees.[2] These shapes are called right kites[3] and they are in fact bicentric quadrilaterals (below to the left). Among all the bicentric quadrilaterals with a given two circle radii, the one with maximum area is a right kite.[4]

text: There are only eight polygons that can tile the plane in such a way that reflecting any tile across any one of its edges produces another tile; one of them is a right kite, with 60°, 90°, and 120° angles. The tiling that it produces by its reflections is the deltoidal trihexagonal tiling.[5]

text:
A right kite

An equidiagonal kite inscribed in a Reuleaux triangle

text: Among all quadrilaterals, the shape that has the greatest ratio of its perimeter to its diameter is an equidiagonal kite with angles π/3, 5π/12, 5π/6, 5π/12. Its four vertices lie at the three corners and one of the side midpoints of the Reuleaux triangle (above to the right).[6]

text: In non-Euclidean geometry, a Lambert quadrilateral is a right kite with three right angles.[7]

text: Characterizations[edit]

text: A quadrilateral is a kite if and only if any one of the following conditions is true:

text:
Two disjoint pairs of adjacent sides are equal (by definition).
One diagonal is the perpendicular bisector of the other diagonal.[8] (In the concave case it is the extension of one of the diagonals.)
One diagonal is a line of symmetry (it divides the quadrilateral into two congruent triangles that are mirror images of each other).[9]
One diagonal bisects a pair of opposite angles.[9]

text: Symmetry[edit]

text: The kites are the quadrilaterals that have an axis of symmetry along one of their diagonals.[10] Any non-self-crossing quadrilateral that has an axis of symmetry must be either a kite (if the axis of symmetry is a diagonal) or an isosceles trapezoid (if the axis of symmetry passes through the midpoints of two sides); these include as special cases the rhombus and the rectangle respectively, which have two axes of symmetry each, and the square which is both a kite and an isosceles trapezoid and has four axes of symmetry.[10] If crossings are allowed, the list of quadrilaterals with axes of symmetry must be expanded to also include the antiparallelograms.

text: Basic properties[edit]

text: Every kite is orthodiagonal, meaning that its two diagonals are at right angles to each other. Moreover, one of the two diagonals (the symmetry axis) is the perpendicular bisector of the other, and is also the angle bisector of the two angles it meets.[10]

text: One of the two diagonals of a convex kite divides it into two isosceles triangles; the other (the axis of symmetry) divides the kite into two congruent triangles.[10] The two interior angles of a kite that are on opposite sides of the symmetry axis are equal.

text: Area[edit]

text: As is true more generally for any orthodiagonal quadrilateral, the area A of a kite may be calculated as half the product of the lengths of the diagonals p and q:

text: Alternatively, if a and b are the lengths of two unequal sides, and θ is the angle between unequal sides, then the area is

text: Tangent circles[edit]

text: Every convex kite has an inscribed circle; that is, there exists a circle that is tangent to all four sides. Therefore, every convex kite is a tangential quadrilateral. Additionally, if a convex kite is not a rhombus, there is another circle, outside the kite, tangent to the lines that pass through its four sides; therefore, every convex kite that is not a rhombus is an ex-tangential quadrilateral.

text: For every concave kite there exist two circles tangent to all four (possibly extended) sides: one is interior to the kite and touches the two sides opposite from the concave angle, while the other circle is exterior to the kite and touches the kite on the two edges incident to the concave angle.[11]

text: Dual properties[edit]

text: Kites and isosceles trapezoids are dual: the polar figure of a kite is an isosceles trapezoid, and vice versa.[12] The side-angle duality of kites and isosceles trapezoids are compared in the table below.[9]

text:
Isosceles trapezoid
Kite

Two pairs of equal adjacent angles
Two pairs of equal adjacent sides

One pair of equal opposite sides
One pair of equal opposite angles

An axis of symmetry through one pair of opposite sides
An axis of symmetry through one pair of opposite angles

Circumscribed circle
Inscribed circle

text: Tilings and polyhedra[edit]

text: All kites tile the plane by repeated inversion around the midpoints of their edges, as do more generally all quadrilaterals. A kite with angles π/3, π/2, 2π/3, π/2 can also tile the plane by repeated reflection across its edges; the resulting tessellation, the deltoidal trihexagonal tiling, superposes a tessellation of the plane by regular hexagons and isosceles triangles.[13]

text: The deltoidal icositetrahedron, deltoidal hexecontahedron, and trapezohedron are polyhedra with congruent kite-shaped facets. There are an infinite number of uniform tilings of the hyperbolic plane by kites, the simplest of which is the deltoidal triheptagonal tiling.

text: Kites and darts in which the two isosceles triangles forming the kite have apex angles of 2π/5 and 4π/5 represent one of two sets of essential tiles in the Penrose tiling, an aperiodic tiling of the plane discovered by mathematical physicist Roger Penrose.

text: Face-transivive self-tesselation of the sphere, Euclidean plane, and hyperbolic plane with kites occurs as uniform duals:  for Coxeter group [p,q], with any set of p,q between 3 and infinity, as this table partially shows up to q=6. When p=q, the kites become rhombi.

text:
Deltoidal polyhedra and tilings

Polyhedra
Euclidean
Hyperbolic tilings

V4.3.4.3

V4.3.4.4

V4.3.4.5

V4.3.4.6

V4.3.4.7

V4.3.4.8
...

V4.3.4.∞

Polyhedra
Euclidean
Hyperbolic tilings

V4.4.4.3

V4.4.4.4

V4.4.4.5

V4.4.4.6

V4.4.4.7

V4.4.4.8
...

V4.4.4.∞

Polyhedra
Hyperbolic tilings

V4.3.4.5

V4.4.4.5

V4.5.4.5

V4.6.4.5
V4.7.4.5
V4.8.4.5
...
V4.∞.4.5

Euclidean
Hyperbolic tilings

V4.3.4.6

V4.4.4.6

V4.5.4.6

V4.6.4.6
V4.7.4.6

V4.8.4.6
...

V4.∞.4.6

Hyperbolic tilings

V4.3.4.7
V4.4.4.7
V4.5.4.7
V4.6.4.7
V4.7.4.7
V4.8.4.7
...
V4.∞.4.7

Hyperbolic tilings

V4.3.4.8

V4.4.4.8
V4.5.4.8

V4.6.4.8
V4.7.4.8

V4.8.4.8
...

V4.∞.4.8

text: Conditions for when a tangential quadrilateral is a kite[edit]

text: A tangential quadrilateral is a kite if and only if any one of the following conditions is true:[14]

text:
The area is one half the product of the diagonals.
The diagonals are perpendicular. (Thus the kites are exactly the quadrilaterals that are both tangential and orthodiagonal.)
The two line segments connecting opposite points of tangency have equal length.
One pair of opposite tangent lengths have equal length.
The bimedians have equal length.
The products of opposite sides are equal.
The center of the incircle lies on a line of symmetry that is also a diagonal.

text: If the diagonals in a tangential quadrilateral ABCD intersect at P, and the incircles in triangles ABP, BCP, CDP, DAP have radii r1, r2, r3, and r4 respectively, then the quadrilateral is a kite if and only if[14]

text: If the excircles to the same four triangles opposite the vertex P have radii R1, R2, R3, and R4 respectively, then the quadrilateral is a kite if and only if[14]


document_title: List of Phineas and Ferb characters

question_text: what is the evil guy's name in phineas and ferb

question_tokens: what is the evil guy 's name in phineas and ferb

text: List of Phineas and Ferb characters

text: Main characters

text: Phineas Flynn

text: Phineas Flynn (voiced by Vincent Martella) Like other characters, he has red hair. His age is not mentioned. Phineas, along with his stepbrother Ferb Fletcher, star in the A-Plot of every episode. The series concerns Phineas's attempts to avoid boredom by finding something new to do every day of the summer vacation. He does this with his less-talkative stepbrother Ferb,[1] and often with many other neighborhood children. He is known to be very selfless and energetic. Phineas has many catch phrases like "Oh, there you are, Perry" or "Hey, Ferb! I know what we're going to do today!" and "Hey, where's Perry?".

text: Phineas comes from a blended family. The creators chose this arrangement because they considered it underused in children's programming as well as from Marsh's experiences in one.[2] As a character, Phineas has received a positive critical response, with one reviewer describing him and his brother as a "comical pairing."[3] Phineas appears in Phineas and Ferb merchandise, including plush toys,[4] t-shirts,[5] and a video game.[6]

text: Ferbs "Ferb" Fletcher

text: Ferb Fletcher (voiced by Thomas Sangster) is a boy of few words, Phineas's green-haired, intelligent but laconic stepbrother from the United Kingdom and created by Phineas and Ferb co-founders Dan Povenmire and Jeff "Swampy" Marsh. He first appeared in the show's pilot episode, "Rollercoaster."

text: Ferb and his stepbrother Phineas Flynn spend their days during their summer vacation having fun. They are featured in every episode's A-Plot constructing large scale inventions or taking part in other outlandish activities. Ferb, an engineering genius, allows Phineas to do most of the talking for the pair and is described as "more of a man of action," by Phineas, which makes him more of a plot device than a developed character. Ferb is more likely to sing than speak, but most often has a one-liner in the episodes. Ferb is named after a friend of the show's creators who was an expert on tools and, at times, stayed rather silent.[7]

text: Candace Flynn

text: Candace Flynn (voiced by Ashley Tisdale) is Phineas's fifteen-year-old older sister and Ferb's stepsister.[8] She first appeared in the pilot episode. Candace does not approve of the inventions her brothers create then she hates their creations, and in most episodes she attempts to "bust her brothers" by showing their mom. Her best friend is Stacy Hirano; Candace also has an obvious crush on Jeremy Johnson, but for a long time she was oblivious to the fact he liked her back. As a character, she has received a positive critical acclaim, having appeared in other media such as video games.[9][10]

text: Perry the Platypus

text: Perry the Platypus (vocal effects by Dee Bradley Baker), a.k.a. Agent P, is Phineas and Ferb's pet platypus and first appeared along with a large portion of the main cast in the pilot episode "Rollercoaster." Perry is featured as the star of the B-Plot for all but one episode of the series alongside his arch-nemesis Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz. In the end, he pretends to destroy Phineas and Ferb's creations. He is a primarily silent character, with the only noises being the occasional rattling of his bill.

text: In Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension, an alternate reality (yet more evil and ruthless) version of Perry (known as Platyborg) appears. Platyborg would later return in the episode sequel, Tales from the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension.

text: Dr. Doofenshmirtz

text: Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz (voiced by Dan Povenmire) is a mad scientist appearing in all but one episode's B-Plots thus far. He is the father to teenage Vanessa Doofenshmirtz and is the head of his own company, Doofenshmirtz Evil Inc. Depending on the episode, Dr. Doofenshmirtz's main goal is to either destroy or rule the Tri-State Area which was suggested to him as a starting point before trying to take over the world.[11] Routinely bumbling, incompetent, and forgetful, almost all of Doofenshmirtz's plans—always involving various gadgets and inventions—have been thwarted by Perry the Platypus. However, a few of his schemes were quite successful, such as in the 2014 special Phineas and Ferb Save Summer when Doofenshmirtz moved the Earth away from its original orbit to bring on an early autumn, much to Perry's distress. After most defeats, he shouts his catchphrase, "Curse you, Perry the Platypus!"

text: His contraptions are almost all named "[something]-inator", and in "Unfair Science Fair" it is revealed that his first invention as a child was simply called "Inator".[12]

text: Throughout the series, Doofenshmirtz's flashbacks (which are often shown after Perry has been captured) explore his mentally abusive and lonely childhood growing up in the fictional village Gimmelshtump, Druelselstein. Before becoming an evil scientist, Doofenshmirtz was a bratwurst vendor until being put out of business by the hot dog industry. Doofenshmirtz usually monologues[2] and displays acts of cartoon-style physical violence[13] towards his nemesis Perry, a skilled anthropomorphic platypus secret agent. His last name is frequently abbreviated to "Doof". Doofenshmirtz appears in several merchandise pieces, particularly the book series,[14][15][16][17] and the video game.[6]

text: In the 2011 TV film, Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension, an alternate reality (yet more intelligent and successful) version of Dr. Doofenshmirtz appears, with the regular Doctor Doofenshmirtz serving as a supporting character. 2nd Doofenshmirtz later returns in the episode sequel, Tales from the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension.

text: Secondary characters

text: Baljeet Tjinder

text: Baljeet Tjinder[18] (voiced by Maulik Pancholy) is Phineas' and Ferb's friend and neighbor. He wears blue overalls, despite being in grade school. A shy, intellectual, and polite boy who moved to Danville from India, he often helps the boys with their ideas and displays his knowledge of algebra and trivia. He also has a compulsive need to get good grades.

text: Carl the Intern

text: Carl the Intern (Tyler Alexander Mann) is Major Monogram's young unpaid intern of the O.W.C.A. (Organization Without a Cool Acronym) in charge of video taping Monogram when he is being interviewed and talking to Agent P. He is a bit careless, wears glasses, and sometimes forgets to focus the camera correctly.

text: Fireside Girls

text: The Fireside Girls are a group of ten girl scout-like girls led by Isabella in troop 46231. Isabella and the other Fireside Girls usually help Phineas and Ferb in their projects which, in turn, are at times created to help the Fireside Girls with a humanitarian cause.

text: Other members of the troop:

text:
Gretchen (voiced by Ariel Winter) wears glasses and has short auburn hair. She is second in command in the troop and the first (besides Isabella) who had been addressed by name.
Holly (voiced by Cymphonique Miller (seasons 1-2), Diamond White (season 2-4),[19] Dana Davis (as a teenager in "Act Your Age"))
Katie (voiced by Isabella Acres, Soleil McGhee (as a teenager in "Act Your Age"))
Milly (voiced by Isabella Murad, Dannah Phirman (as a teenager in "Act Your Age"))
Adyson Sweetwater (voiced by Madison Pettis) The second member of the troop to be addressed by name, and the first to have been given a last name as well.
Ginger Hirano (voiced by Tiffany Espensen (seasons 1-2), Michaela Zee (season 3-4),[19] Ming-Na (as a teenager in "Act Your Age")) The younger sister of Candace's best friend Stacy. She has a crush on Baljeet.

text: Lawrence Fletcher

text: Lawrence Fletcher (voiced by Richard O'Brien) is the father of Ferb and stepfather of Phineas and Candace. Lawrence sells antiques, is from the United Kingdom and is portrayed like a sitcom dad as being scatterbrained and unaware of what is going on. He often agrees to follow Phineas's instructions and even forces Candace to cooperate as if he considers Phineas and Ferb's skills normal. Unlike the boys' mother, he has seen some of the boys' inventions; he has not reacted negatively, and apparently believes that their mother approves. His precise surname is a matter of some dispute; in at least one episode, Isabella addresses him as "Mr. Flynn".[20] Jeff "Swampy" Marsh has said that Lawrence Fletcher is very similar to his stepfather, Bill.[21]

text: Linda Flynn-Fletcher

text: Linda Flynn-Fletcher (voiced by Caroline Rhea) is the mother of Phineas and Candace and stepmother of Ferb. Unaware of the large-scale projects that Phineas and Ferb create on a daily basis, Candace often drags her away from other interests in an attempt to get the boys in trouble. Each creation is somehow destroyed or eliminated moments before "Mom" arrives, leaving Candace dumbfounded and Linda reluctant to believe Candace. Linda was also a one-hit wonder known as "Lindana" with her song, "I'm Lindana and I Wanna Have Fun". That fact possibly makes her, as a singer, a parody of Cyndi Lauper, because of Lauper's hit Girls Just Want to Have Fun, and because both of them were famous singers in the 1980s (Linda fictionally). Her single is used as elevator music throughout the series.[22] Her surname is not consistent throughout the series; in at least one episode, Candace refers to her as "Linda Flynn".[23] She is based on Dan Povenmire's sister, also named Linda.[21] She also used to date Dr. Doofenshmirtz during their mid-teens and that she was the one who inspired him to take over the Tri-State Area as a starting point for worldwide domination when he sarcastically stated that he would rule the world.

text: Isabella Garcia-Shapiro

text: Isabella Garcia-Shapiro (voiced by Alyson Stoner) is a Jewish Mexican girl.[24] She is one of the brothers' best friends and has an obvious crush on Phineas Flynn of which he is unaware, though he has shown he cares for her from time to time. She is known for the catchphrase, "Whatcha doin'?" and is the leader of the Fireside Girls troop 46231. The troop often helps Phineas and Ferb in their projects.[25] She is named after series creator Dan Povenmire's oldest daughter.[26]

text: Stacy Hirano

text: Stacy Hirano (voiced by Kelly Hu) is Candace's best friend. She is of Japanese heritage. Stacy is shown to be annoyed by Candace's constant attempts to bust Phineas and Ferb, and would prefer to just have fun with the inventions; she also occasionally gets annoyed with Candace's gushing about her relationship with Jeremy. During the episode "Happy Birthday, Isabella", she finds out about Perry's secret Identity but doesn't lose her memories afterwards.[27][28]

text: Jeremy Johnson

text: Jeremy Johnson (voiced by Mitchel Musso) is Candace Flynn's crush and later boyfriend. His age is sixteen, a year older than Candace. He works at Mr. Slushy Burger (sometimes named Mr. Slushy Dawg). In "Summer Belongs to You," it was confirmed that he and Candace had become boyfriend and girlfriend; toward the end of the episode, they kissed.[29] He also has a band called "The Incidentals."

text: Major Monogram

text: Major Francis Monogram (voiced by Jeff "Swampy" Marsh) is one of the heads of the O.W.C.A. (Organization Without a Cool Acronym) Department and Perry the Platypus' boss. He usually appears in a Nehru jacket on a giant screen giving Perry instructions for his next mission to stop Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz's endless attempts to take over the Tri-State Area. His uniform prominently features the initials "MM." He has a monobrow and wears a toupée. Sometimes, he is shown to have a lack of details about what Doofenshmirtz is up to, and orders Perry to go stop it as usual. Just like Doofenshmirtz, he has appeared in every episode of the series to date except, "Isabella and the Temple of Sap."

text: Buford van Stomm

text: Buford van Stomm (voiced by Bobby Gaylor) is frequently referred to as a bully, but he rarely hurts anyone on-screen. He is portrayed as a nice person with a tough guy attitude more often than as a bully. Phineas believes that Buford only bullies out of boredom thus Phineas often invites him to keep his mind occupied. He is thought not to get along with Baljeet, but in most episodes it is shown that they share a friendly bond. In one episode, Buford and Baljeet sing a song where they describe each other as "Frenemies" and "my least favorite brother".

text: Vanessa Doofenshmirtz

text: Vanessa Doofenshmirtz (voiced by Olivia Olson) is Heinz and Charlene Doofenshmirtz's teenage daughter. She is sarcastic, mild-mannered, cynical, and dresses in a goth style. Vanessa is aware that her father is an evil scientist and knows about her father's nemesis Perry the Platypus. She is often exasperated by her father whenever he tries to establish a "father-daughter" bond between them as he doesn't really understand her interests or refuses to acknowledge that she is growing up and often assumes that she is also interested in "evil." She often tries to convince her mom that her dad is an "evil scientist" but, much like Candace, ultimately always fails when she does appear trying to catch him in the act, much to her dismay. She does, however, occasionally show appreciation for what he does for her, as he is clearly devoted to her (he once taught her how to drive and traveled halfway around the world after she got lost).[30] Also, despite denying it so many times, Vanessa admits that she may be a little evil, as she once helped her father escape from custody by posing her hairdryer as a pistol to fool Major Monogram and Perry into releasing Doofenshmirtz, as shown in the special Phineas and Ferb: Summer Belongs to You!. Although Ferb has a crush on her, she remains oblivious to his affections as she already had a punk (not visigoth) boyfriend named "Johnny.", whom she later broke up with in the episode "Minor Monogram". She is in a relationship with Monty Monogram, the son of Major Monogram; however "Act Your Age" depicts her becoming involved with Ferb ten years down the line.

text: In addition to this, Vanessa makes a cameo appearance in the 2011 TV film, "Phineas and Ferb: Across the 2nd Dimension", along with an alternative reality version of herself (2nd Vanessa), though their scenes were deleted. 2nd Vanessa returned in the episode sequel, Tales from the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension.

text: Recurring characters

text: Vivian Garcia-Shapiro

text: Vivian Garcia-Shapiro (voiced by Eileen Galindo), or simply "Viv," is Isabella's mother and lives across the street from Phineas and Ferb. She is a Jewish Mexican,[24] one of Linda's best friends, and plays upright bass in a jazz band with Linda Flynn and Jeremy's mom. She is known for talking very fast and often making useless comments such as, "Oh, Candace, look how tall you've gotten." despite seeing Candace only a week earlier.

text: Jenny Brown

text: Jenny Brown (voiced by Alyson Stoner) is Candace's second best friend and a hippie. She wears a peace symbol necklace and says that she hopes for world peace.

text: Pinky

text: Pinky (vocals by Dee Bradley Baker) is Isabella's pet chihuahua. Much like Perry the Platypus, Pinky also lives a double-life as a secret agent for the O.W.C.A. under the codename, "Agent Pinky" in a division run by a commander named Wanda, a.k.a. Admiral Acronym. Pinky's nemesis is Professor Poofenplotz.[31] Although he does not like dog food, Pinky will eat just about anything–especially his favorite; grilled cheese sandwiches, and even inedible objects, having once swallowed Isabella's Fireside Girl sash. Pinky always shakes as an ongoing joke about the behavior of Chihuahuas. He first appeared in the episode, "Journey to the Center of Candace."

text: Norm

text: Norm (voiced by John Viener) is a giant robot man created by Dr. Doofenshmirtz to destroy Perry the Platypus. Introduced in "Greece Lightning," he is a giant robotic mild-mannered businessman who often says, "The enemy of platypus is man." Norm has appeared in other episodes. For instance, in the episode, "Traffic Cam Caper," Perry borrows Norm as a ride to steal the traffic cam disk, for it has evidence that Perry is a secret agent. He was once a part of the O.W.C.A. but was fired because he was not an animal. Later in the series, he is depicted as Doofenshmirtz's sidekick and servant who makes frequent mistakes such as cooking eggs with the shells on or serving Doof chocolate cake for breakfast, though always staying cheery. In the episode "A Real Boy", Norm reveals that he has always wanted to be a human boy and considers Doofenshmirtz his father and Vanessa his sister.

text: In the 2011 TV film, Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension, a group of alternate reality (yet more menacing and successful) versions of Norm (known as Norm-Bots) appear, with the regular Norm making a cameo.

text: Charlene Doofenshmirtz

text: Charlene Doofenshmirtz (voiced by Allison Janney) is the former wife of Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz and shares custody of their daughter, Vanessa. Unaware of Dr. Doofenshmirtz's "evil" side, and in fact saying she does not believe someone can ever be truly evil, she divorced him due to a lack of common interests and having different life-goals. She is very wealthy and gives her ex-husband a large allowance each month. She is sometimes called by Vanessa who tries to "bust" her father but to no avail. Charlene and Linda Flynn-Fletcher have been paired up in a cooking class owned by Chef Pierre and in "I Scream, You Scream" were distracted by both Candace and Vanessa at the same time. Despite being divorced with Doof, she still goes to Doofenshmirtz family reunions claiming that she "kept the name," as seen in "Thaddeus and Thor."

text: However, in the episode "Tales From the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension" (the episode sequel to the 2011 TV film, "Phineas and Ferb: Across the 2nd Dimension"), it is shown that there is an alternate reality version of Charlene Doofenshmirtz. It turns out that 2nd Charlene is still married to 2nd Doof and actually shares much of his evil personality, and that their divorce was just a ruse to gain financial advantages during 2nd Doof's reign (such as receiving coupon mail, putting up junk yard sales, and going on separate vacation trips).

text: Suzy Johnson

text: Suzy Johnson (voiced by Kari Wahlgren), known as Little Suzy Johnson, is Jeremy's little sister. She has a high-pitched squeaky voice and appears very sweet and innocent. However, she is actually very spoiled and manipulative and very possessive over Jeremy, once telling Candace, "There is only one girl in Jeremy's life" and thus will do anything to keep Candace away from her brother.

text: Grandpa Clyde and Grandma Betty Jo

text: Grandpa Clyde Flynn and Grandma Betty Jo Flynn (voiced by Barry Bostwick and Caroline Rhea respectively) are Linda's parents, Phineas and Candace's maternal grandparents, Lawrence's -in-laws, and Ferb's step-grandparents. Every summer, they invite the family along with many neighborhood kids to a lakehouse which Phineas calls, "Camp P&F". Though they are old, they often participate in the kids' capers. Grandpa Clyde, like Phineas and Ferb, has a great sense of mechanics, as seen in "Crack That Whip!" Betty Jo is also shown in the same episode to have a fierce rivalry with Edna Hildagard, Jeremy and Suzy's grandmother.

text: Grandpa Reginald and Grandma Winifred

text: Grandma Winifred Fletcher and Grandpa Reginald Fletcher (voiced by Malcolm McDowell and Jane Carr) are Lawrence's parents, Ferb's paternal grandparents, Phineas and Candace's step grandparents, and Linda Flynn Fletcher's in laws who reside in the United Kingdom. Reginald used to be a daredevil known as the Flying Fishmonger the anthem.

text: Roger Doofenshmirtz

text: Roger Doofenshmirtz (voiced by John O'Hurley) is mayor of Danville and Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz's younger brother. Heinz often states angrily that Roger is their mother's favorite son. In "Tree to Get Ready" Roger states that he is, "the most handsome and charming man in the Tri-State area."

text: Irving Du Bois

text: Irving Du Bois (voiced by Jack McBrayer) is Phineas' and Ferb's self-proclaimed biggest fan. He always carries a scrapbook that he filled with images and souvenirs from Phineas and Ferb's big ideas as well as a strand of Ferb's hair.[32] Irving has an older brother Albert, who is self-nicknamed 'The Truth Detector.'

text: Django Brown

text: Django Brown (voiced by Alec Holden) is a friend of Phineas and Ferb. Django is the son of the artist Beppo Brown from "Oil on Candace," who is famous for his work in making giant creations, from refrigerators to dental floss. He is named after co-creator's Jeff "Swampy" Marsh son, Django Marsh, who voices minor characters on the show.[33]

text: Admiral Acronym

text: Admiral Wanda Acronym (voiced by Jane Leeves) is the one of the heads of the O.W.C.A. (Organization Without a Cool Acronym) Department and Pinky the Chihuahua' boss. Just like Major Monogram, she usually appears on a giant screen giving Pinky instructions for his next mission to stop Professor Poofenplotz's endless attempts to take over the world.

text: Also, just like Monogram (who has an unpaid intern named Carl), Adrimal Acronym has her own unpaid intern named Carla, who bears some resemblances to Carl.

text: Carla

text: Carla (voiced by Jennifer Hale) is one of the interns working for the O.W.C.A.. She bears some resemblances to Carl (possible could be her brother or cousin), as her boss Admiral Acronym stated that she comes from an 'entire family of unpaid interns'. She usually gives in the intelligence of whatever plans that Poofenplotz is up to.

text: Professor Poofenplotz

text: Professor Esmeralda Poofenplotz (voiced by Amanda Plummer) is an old mad scientist and the nemesis of Agent Pinky, Isabella's pet Chihuahua. She is known for her silly attempts for worldwide domination. Her known schemes so far involve replacing handbags, stealing royal jelly, and searching for strong hairspray (her favorite is "Stiff Beauty" hairspray, which originally was only used by clowns). Needless to say, because of her somewhat arrogant personality, Poofenplotz has failed to know about the flaws of her schemes. And because of that, it has allowed Pinky to defeat her in return, leaving an humiliated Poofenplotz to yell out, "Curse you, Pinky the Chihuahua!", similar to how Heinz Doofenshmirtz says whenever his plans get foiled by Perry the Platypus.

text: Love Händel

text: Love Händel is a rock band idolized by many in the Danville Tri-State Area, first seen the episode, "Dude, We're Gettin' the Band Back Together!" Lawrence Fletcher and Linda Flynn shared their first kiss at a Love Händel concert. Shortly afterward, plagued by infighting caused by the pressures of a dwindling fanbase, Love Händel split up. Lead Singer Danny (voiced by Jaret Reddick) became the owner of Danny's Music Shop. Bass Player Bobbi Fabulous (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) became the owner of Bobbi's Fashion Salon and Linda's hairdresser. Sherman "Swampy" (voiced by Steve Zahn) ended up working at the Danville Public Library, believing he had lost his sense of rhythm. Eventually all three members are convinced to reunite for a concert in the Flynn/Fletcher's backyard, in which they sing their hit song, "You Snuck Your Way Right into My Heart." Love Handel occasionally reappears in other episodes and in the movie where they sing their songs.

text: Monty Monogram

text: Monty Monogram (voiced by Seth Green) is Major Monogram's son and has been working in O.W.C.A. since "Minor Monogram". Vanessa Doofenshmirtz seems to become interested in him after she broke up with Johnny, and it is possible that he is slightly interested in her too because he winks at her before leaving. They have coffee together in "Sipping with the Enemy", at which point they apparently begin to date one another. In "Minor Monogram" he has recently graduated from the "High School Without a Cool Acronym" (H.S.W.C.A.) and he really wants to fight evil following his dad's footsteps. Due to the rivalry between his father and Dr. Doofenshmirtz, he and Vanessa try to keep it secret from the two of them, aided by Perry and Carl (though the latter briefly blackmailed Monty in hopes of getting his help in earning Major Monogram's approval). In the special Phineas and Ferb Save Summer, Monty played a major role as he attempts to help rescue all of the captured agents and defeat the villains of L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N. in their plan to take over the world by sending it into a new Ice Age.

text: Dr. Hirano

text: Dr. Hirano (voiced by Ming-Na Wen) is Stacy and Ginger's mother. She removed Isabella's tonsils in, "I Scream, You Scream." She is often referred to through conversations between Candace and Stacy where Candace gratifies, "Stacy, you're a genius!" and Stacy replies, "Could you call my mom and tell her that?"

text: Rodney

text: Aloyse Everheart Elizabeth Otto Wolfgang Hypatia Gunther Galen Gary Cooper von Roddenstein (voiced by Joe Orrantia), or Rodney for short, is a bald evil scientist and a member of the villain organization L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N.. He serves as the main rival to Dr. Doofenshmirtz, believing him to a disappointment because of his constant failures. Throughout most of his appearances, Rodney attempts to best out on Doofenshmirtz to show that he's a better villain, only to fail so many times (either due to Doofenshmirtz's antics or Perry's intervention). Similar to Doofenshmirtz, Rodney usually makes his own inventions and ends them with the suffix '-inizor'. He also has his own robot apprentice named Chloe, whom Norm fell in love with. He also has a son named Orville, who usually helps him create his -inizors.

text: Rodney would later go on to appear in the 2014 episode special, "Phineas and Ferb Save Summer", where he learns that Doofenshmirtz has actually succeeded in moving the Earth away from the Sun to an early autumn with his latest -inator. Taking the opportunity to exploit this, Rodney leads L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N. into revealing themselves to the world and capturing all of O.W.C.A.'s agents. He even creates an -inizor (which is just ten times the size and strength of Doof's -inator) that will send the Earth into a new Ice Age if the world refuse to meet all of L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N.'s demands. However, in the end, Doofenshmirtz (who is completely disgusted by Rodney's true goal for worldwide domination) manages to defeat Rodney, who then gets arrested by Monty Monogram and taken into O.W.C.A. custody.

text: Professor Parenthesis

text: Professor Parenthesis (voiced by Paul Reubens) is an evil scientist serving in the 2015 standalone special, O.W.C.A. Files. He has claimed to have known Major Monogram during biology class 30 years ago (even announcing several names of their old classmates). In the special, Parenthesis plots to take over O.W.C.A. by using robotic fleas to take control of all of its animal agents, so that he can unleash them to wreak havoc around the world in order to smear O.W.C.A.'s good name. During the climax, he is revealed to be a tiny talking flea controlling a human android, as he plans to capture Perry (who is among the few agents not be infested with the robotic fleas) while finalizing his control over the agents to become permanent. However, Perry's team of trainees (including Doofenshmirtz, who has given up evil at that time) set up a trap against Parenthesis, destroy his robotic fleas to free the agents, and confine Parenthesis inside a pill bottle as punishment for his crimes.

text: Minor characters

text: There are several characters that reappear as recurring joke such as farmer and wife. The wife always tells her husband "I can't believe you (blank) without getting a (blank)" and then it falls from the sky and sometimes hits her. For example, in the episode, "Leave the Busting to Us", the wife says, "I can't believe you bought a bunny farm but forgot to buy any bunnies! Did you really think the bunnies would fall from the sky?" A pack of rabbits then falls from the sky and hits her. Then in the end credits scene from said episode, the wife yells at her husband, "I can't believe you sold our lucrative bunny farm and bought a van rental place! And you didn't buy a single van!" She hears a van falling over her and says, "Not one word," just before the van crashes and injures her (the screen blacks out the impact).

text: Another minor character is the Giant Floating Baby Head. In an interview, Dan Povenmire stated that the head had originated from a storyboard panel that writer Mike Diederich had drawn which director Rob Hughes found hilarious enough to create an entire bit around. It first appears in "One Good Scare Ought to Do It!" and has since appeared in several other episode. [34]

text: Dr. Doofenshmirtz's mother (Cloris Leachman) has appeared. She refers to Roger being her favorite child and often ignores Heinz. Albert (voiced by Diedrich Bader), Irving's Brother has appeared in "Not Phineas and Ferb", "The Doof Side of the Moon", and "Nerds of a Feather".

text: Celebrity guest stars

text: see the list of guest stars on Phineas and Ferb


document_title: Hydrophis belcheri

question_text: where does the belcher's sea snake live

question_tokens: where does the belcher 's sea snake live

text: Hydrophis belcheri

text: Description[edit]

text: The belcher's sea snake is of moderate size, ranging from 0.5 to 1 meter (about 20-40 inches) in adult length. Its thin body is usually chrome yellowish in colour with dark greenish crossbands. The dorsal pattern does not extend onto the venter. The head is short and has bands of the same colours. Its mouth is very small but suitable for aquatic life. Its body when viewed out of water appears to have a faint yellow colour. Its scales are different from most other snakes in that they overlap each other. Each dorsal scale has a central tubercle. The body is strongly laterally compressed posteriorly. The ventral scales are very narrow, only slightly wider than the dorsal scales.

text: Behavior[edit]

text: Like other sea snakes, it has a paddle-like tail which makes it an expert swimmer, and it rarely goes on land. It eats fish and shellfish. It breathes air, and has valves over its nostrils that close underwater. It can hold its breath for as long as 7 to 8 hours while hunting and even sleeping, but then has to surface for a quick breath of air. It is generally docile and not aggressive. It may deliver a provoked bite only after repeated severe treatment. It usually bites fishermen handling nets, but only 25% of those bitten are envenomed.

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Indian Ocean (Philippines: Visayan area, Panay; New Guinea), Gulf of Thailand, Australia (North Territory?, Queensland?), Solomon Islands [McCoy 2000]. Especially around the Ashmore Reef in the Timor Sea off northwest Australia. Also New Caledonia

text: Taxonomic history[edit]

text: This species was first described and named by John Edward Gray in 1849.

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Hydrophis comes from Greek "hydro" = water + "ophis" = serpent.

text: The specific name, belcheri, commemorates the Nova Scotian, Royal Navy Captain, later Admiral, Sir Edward Belcher KCB, RN (1799-1877) who collected the holotype.

text: Common names[edit]

text: H. belcheri is also referred to as Belcher's ocean snake. Belcher's sea snake has been mistakenly called the "hook-nosed sea snake" (which is actually Enhydrina schistosa) and in one instance was called the "blue-banded sea snake" (which is actually one common name for Hydrophis cyanocinctus).