document_title: The Twilight Saga (film series)

question_text: when does the last twilight movie come out

text: The Twilight Saga (film series)

text: Development[edit]

text: Twilight was in development for approximately three years at Paramount Pictures's MTV Films, during which time a screen adaptation differing significantly from the novel was written.[5][6] For example, the script transformed Bella into a star athlete. Stephenie Meyer stated that there was some debate in allowing the movie to be made because of the negative or positive outcome of the movie compared to the book, '"They could have put that [earlier] movie out, called it something else, and no one would have known it was Twilight!" The idea of seeing a scene converted correctly, specifically the meadow scene, convinced Meyer to sell the rights. In seeing the script, she was frightened that she had made the wrong decision. When Summit Entertainment reinvented itself as a full-service studio in April 2007, it successfully acquired the rights to the novel. Erik Feig, President of Production at Summit Entertainment, guaranteed a close adaptation to the book.[12] The company perceived the film as an opportunity to launch a franchise based on the success of Meyer's book and its sequels.[13][14] Meyer felt that Summit was open to letting her be a part of the film. Catherine Hardwicke was hired to direct the film, and soon afterward, Melissa Rosenberg was selected to be the film's structural base as the writer of the film.[15]

text: Rosenberg developed an outline by the end of August and collaborated with Hardwicke on writing the screenplay during the following month. "[She] was a great sounding board and had all sorts of brilliant ideas.... I'd finish off scenes and send them to her, and get back her notes."[16] Because of the impending WGA strike, Rosenberg worked full-time to finish the screenplay before October 31.[16] In adapting the novel for the screen, she "had to condense a great deal." Some characters were left out, and others were combined.[17] "[O]ur intent all along was to stay true to the book," Rosenberg explained, "and it has to do less with adapting it word for word and more with making sure the characters' arcs and emotional journeys are the same."[18] Hardwicke suggested the use of voice over to convey the protagonist's internal dialogue,[16] since the novel is told from Bella's point of view; and she sketched some of the storyboards during pre-production.[19]

text: Meyer, the author, and Hardwicke, the director, had a close relationship while developing Twilight. Hardwicke wanted to embrace the experience and make the characters in the books come to life. She would call Meyer after changing a scene slightly, which surprised the author because, "I've heard the stories...I know it's not normally like that when you adapt a book." Meyer, a natural pessimist, was waiting for the worst but, instead, called her experience in the book's film adaptation "the best I could have hoped for."[5][6]

text: Originally scheduled for release in December 2008, Twilight was moved to a worldwide release of November 21, 2008, after Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince moved from a November 2008 release to being released in July 2009.[1]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Kristen Stewart was on the set of Adventureland when Hardwicke visited her for an informal screen test, which "captivated" the director.[5] Hardwicke did not initially choose Robert Pattinson for the role of Edward Cullen; but, after an audition at her home with Stewart, he was selected.[5] Meyer allowed Pattinson to view a manuscript of the unfinished Midnight Sun, which chronicles the events in Twilight from Edward's point of view.[20][21] Meyer was "excited" and "ecstatic" in response to the casting of the two main characters.[22] She had expressed interest in having Emily Browning and Henry Cavill cast as Bella and Edward, respectively, prior to pre-production.[23]

text: Peter Facinelli was not originally cast as Carlisle Cullen: "[Hardwicke] liked [him], but there was another actor that the studio was pushing for."[24] For unknown reasons, that actor was not able to play the part, and Facinelli was selected in his place.[24] The choice of Ashley Greene to portray Alice Cullen was criticized by some fans because Greene is 7 inches (18 cm) taller than her character as described in the novel. Meyer said that Rachael Leigh Cook resembled her vision of Alice.[25] Nikki Reed had previously worked with Hardwicke on the successful Thirteen (2003), which they co-wrote, and Lords of Dogtown (2005).

text: Kellan Lutz was in Africa, shooting the HBO miniseries Generation Kill, when the auditions for the character of Emmett Cullen were conducted. The role had already been cast by the time the HBO production ended in December 2007, but the selected actor "fell through". Lutz subsequently auditioned and was flown to Oregon, where Hardwicke personally chose him.[26]

text: Rachelle Lefèvre wanted a role in the film because Hardwicke was director; she saw "the potential to explore a character, hopefully, over three films"; and she wanted to portray a vampire.[27] "[She] thought that vampires were basically the best metaphor for human anxiety and questions about being alive."[27] Christian Serratos initially auditioned for Jessica Stanley, but she "fell totally in love with Angela" after reading the books and took advantage of a later opportunity to audition for Angela Weber.[28] The role of Jessica Stanley went to Anna Kendrick, who got the part after two mix-and-match auditions with various actors.[29]

text: Because of major physical changes that occur in the character of Jacob Black between Twilight and New Moon, director Chris Weitz considered replacing Taylor Lautner in the sequel with an actor who could more accurately portray "the new, larger Jacob Black."[30] Trying to keep the role, Lautner worked out extensively and put on 30 lbs.[31] In January 2009, Weitz and Summit Entertainment announced that Lautner would continue as Jacob in The Twilight Saga: New Moon.[32]

text:
When they told me Rob was probably the one, I looked him up and thought, "Yeah, he can do a version of Edward. He's definitely got that vampire thing going on." And then, when I was on set and I got to watch him go from being Rob to shifting into being Edward and he actually looked like the Edward in my head, it was a really bizarre experience. [...] He really had it nailed.

Twilight author Stephenie Meyer[6]

text: In late March 2009, Summit Entertainment released a list of the actors who would be portraying the "wolf pack" alongside Lautner. The casting for the rest of the Quileute tribe was headed by casting director Rene Haynes, who has worked on films with large American Indian casts, such as Dances with Wolves and Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee.[33]

text: In mid-2009, it was announced that Bryce Dallas Howard would be replacing Rachelle Lefevre as Victoria for the third Twilight film, The Twilight Saga: Eclipse. Summit Entertainment attributed the change to scheduling conflicts. Lefevre said she was "stunned" and "greatly saddened" by the decision.[34] Jodelle Ferland was cast as the newly turned vampire, Bree.[35] Other new cast members for the third film include Xavier Samuel as Riley,[36] Jack Huston as Royce King II,[37] Catalina Sandino Moreno as Maria,[38] Julia Jones as Leah Clearwater,[35] and BooBoo Stewart as Seth Clearwater.[35]

text: Production[edit]

text: Principal photography for Twilight took 44 days,[39] after more than a week of rehearsals,[40] and completed on May 2, 2008.[41] Similar to her directorial debut thirteen, Hardwicke opted for an extensive use of hand-held cinematography to make the film "feel real".[24][42] Meyer visited the production set three times, and was consulted on different aspects of the story;[43] she also has a brief cameo in the film.[44] To make their bodily movements more elegant, and to get used to their characters' fighting styles, the cast playing vampires participated in rehearsals with a dance choreographer and observed the physicality of different panthera.[24][25][45] Instead of shooting at Forks High School itself, scenes taking place at the school were filmed at Kalama High School[46] and Madison High School.[47] Other scenes were also filmed in St. Helens, Oregon,[48] and Hardwicke conducted some reshooting in Pasadena, California, in August.[39][49]

text: In early November 2008, Summit announced that they had obtained the rights to the remaining books in Stephenie Meyer's Twilight series: New Moon, Eclipse, and Breaking Dawn.[8] On November 22, 2008, one day after the theatrical release of Twilight, Summit confirmed that they would begin working on New Moon. Melissa Rosenberg had been working on adapting the novel prior to Twilight's release[50] and handed in the draft for New Moon during Twilight's opening weekend in November 2008.[51]

text: In early December 2008, it was announced that Twilight director Catherine Hardwicke would not be returning to direct the sequel. Hardwicke cited time restrictions as the reason behind her leaving the project.[52] Instead, Chris Weitz, director of The Golden Compass and co-director of American Pie, was hired to direct The Twilight Saga: New Moon.[53] Filming for New Moon began in Vancouver in late March 2009,[54][55] and in Montepulciano, Italy, in late May 2009.[56][57]

text: In early 2009, before the release of The Twilight Saga: New Moon, Summit confirmed that they would begin production on The Twilight Saga: Eclipse. Since Weitz would be in post-production for New Moon when The Twilight Saga: Eclipse began shooting, he would not be directing the third film.[58][59] Instead, The Twilight Saga: Eclipse was helmed by director David Slade, with Melissa Rosenberg returning as screenwriter.[60] Filming began on August 17, 2009 at Vancouver Film Studios[61] and finished in late October, with post-production beginning early the following month.[62] In April 2010, it was revealed that re-shoots of the film were needed. Slade, who previously said he would not be around for them, was seen, along with Stephenie Meyer, on set. The three main stars were also present.[63]

text: Wyck Godfrey, producer of the previous films in the series, stated in mid-2009 that they had every intention to make the film version of Breaking Dawn.[64] Following months of speculation and cast rumors,[9][65] it was officially announced on April 28, 2010, that Academy Award winner Bill Condon, who directed Gods and Monsters and Dreamgirls, would direct Breaking Dawn; producing the film will be Wyck Godfrey, Karen Rosenfelt, and author Stephenie Meyer. "I'm very excited to get the chance to bring the climax of this saga to life on-screen. As fans of the series know, this is a one-of-a-kind book – and we're hoping to create an equally unique cinematic experience," said Bill Condon. A November 18, 2011 release date has been set for the first part, while the second is scheduled for release on November 16, 2012.[11][66][67] Following that announcement, Summit officially confirmed that a two-part adaption of the fourth book would start production in the fall on June 11, 2010.[68] With this announcement, it was made clear that all major actors, including the three lead roles, the Cullen family, and Charlie Swan, would return for both parts.[68] Bill Condon was also confirmed to direct both parts.[68]

text: In order to keep the budget on both parts of Breaking Dawn reasonable, which would be substantially greater than the previous installments in the series, filming in Louisiana is also being negotiated. Shooting in Louisiana would provide larger tax credits, which a studio as low-profile as Summit Entertainment would benefit from.[10]

text: Films[edit]

text: Twilight (2008)[edit]

text: Twilight was directed by Catherine Hardwicke and written by Melissa Rosenberg. It focuses on the development of a personal relationship between human teenager Bella Swan (Kristen Stewart) and vampire Edward Cullen (Robert Pattinson), and the subsequent efforts of Edward and his family to keep Bella safe from a separate group of hostile vampires.

text: The film was released theatrically starting on November 21, 2008. It grossed $35.7 million on its opening day,[69] and has come to gross US$408.9 million worldwide. The DVD was released on March 21, 2009 and grossed an additional $201 million from sales.[70]

text: The Twilight Saga: New Moon (2009)[edit]

text: The Twilight Saga: New Moon was directed by Chris Weitz and written by Melissa Rosenberg. The film follows Bella Swan's fall into a deep depression until she develops a strong friendship with werewolf Jacob Black. Jacob and his tribe must protect Bella from Victoria, and a gregarious herd of vampires. The film was released theatrically starting on November 20, 2009, and set numerous records. It is currently the biggest advance-ticket seller on Fandango[71] and held the biggest midnight opening in domestic (United States and Canada) box office history, grossing an estimated $26.3 million.[72] Its sequel, The Twilight Saga: Eclipse, broke that record in June 2010, grossing $72.7 million on its opening day domestically, $709 Million Worldwide and becoming the biggest single-day opening in domestic history.[2] It is the twelfth highest opening weekend in domestic history with $142,839,137.[73]

text: The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2010)[edit]

text: The Twilight Saga: Eclipse was directed by David Slade and written by Melissa Rosenberg. The film follows Bella Swan as she develops awareness of the complications of marrying Edward Cullen. As Victoria draws nearer with a group of newborn vampires, Jacob Black and the rest of the werewolves form a temporary alliance to destroy her, in turn, to keep Bella safe. While Bella tries to decide who she is, a fight brews and the consequences are paid once Jacob gets hurt. Intent on keeping a compromise with Edward, she vows to keep true to her engagement and marry him.

text: The film was released theatrically starting on June 30, 2010,[3] and is the first Twilight film to be released in IMAX.[4] It set a new record for biggest midnight opening in domestic (United States and Canada) in box office history, grossing an estimated $30 million in over 4,000 theaters.[74] The previous record holder was the previous film in the series, The Twilight Saga: New Moon with $26.3 million in 3,514 theaters.[74] The film then scored the biggest Wednesday opening in domestic history with $68,533,840 beating Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen's $62 million.[75] The Twilight Saga: Eclipse has also become the film with the widest release ever, playing in over 4,416 theaters.[76]

text: The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (2011)[edit]

text: The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn was directed by Bill Condon, and author Stephenie Meyer co-produced the film along with Karen Rosenfelt and Wyck Godfrey, with Melissa Rosenberg penning the script.[77] The book's plot was split into two films, the first of which was released on November 18, 2011. The filming of Breaking Dawn began in November 2010. The first part follows Bella and Edward as they get married and then learn that Bella has become pregnant. They deal with her struggle of being pregnant and almost passing away because of the half vampire-half human child.

text: The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 (2012)[edit]

text: The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn Part 2 was directed by Bill Condon, and author Stephenie Meyer co-produced the film along with Karen Rosenfelt and Wyck Godfrey, with Melissa Rosenberg penning the script.[77] The book's plot was split into two films, the first of which was released on November 18, 2011.[10][78] The second was released on November 16, 2012.[11] The second part of Breaking Dawn saw the climax of Bella and Edward's relationship. Bella must learn, as a newly transformed vampire, to adapt both to immortality and to motherhood.

text: Soundtracks[edit]

text: Twilight[edit]

text: The Twilight Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was chosen by music supervisor Alexandra Patsavas.[79] The album was released on November 4, 2008 by Patsavas' Chop Shop label, in conjunction with Atlantic Records. The album debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200, having sold about 165,000 copies in its first week of release, 29% of which were digital downloads.[80] Twilight is the best-selling theatrical movie soundtrack in the United States since Chicago.[81]

text: Twilight: The Score was composed and orchestrated by Carter Burwell over a 9- to 10-week period, and was recorded and mixed in about 2 weeks in late September 2008.[82] Burwell began the score with a "Love Theme" for Bella and Edward's relationship, a variation of which became "Bella's Lullaby" that Robert Pattinson plays in the film, and that is included on the Twilight Original Motion Picture Soundtrack.[82] The original theme is featured throughout the film, and serves to "play the romance that drives the story".[82] Another theme Burwell composed was a "Predator Theme", which opens the film, and is intended to play Edward's vampire nature.[82] Other themes include a bass-line, drum beat and distorted guitar sound for the nomadic vampires, and a melody for the Cullen family.[82] Twilight: The Score was released digitally on November 25, 2008 and in stores on December 9.[83][84]

text: The Twilight Saga: New Moon[edit]

text: The score for The Twilight Saga: New Moon was composed by Alexandre Desplat[85] while Alexandra Patsavas returned as music supervisor for the rest of the soundtrack.[86] Weitz has a working relationship with Desplat, who scored one of his previous films, The Golden Compass.[85] The Twilight Saga: New Moon: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on October 16, 2009[87] by Patsavas' Chop Shop label, in conjunction with Atlantic Records.[86] The album debuted at #2 on the Billboard 200, later jumped to #1 with 153,000 copies sold. The Twilight Saga: New Moon: The Score was released on November 24,2009.

text: The Twilight Saga: Eclipse[edit]

text: The score for The Twilight Saga: Eclipse was composed by Howard Shore, who composed the scores for The Lord of the Rings trilogy.[88] The film's soundtrack was released on June 8, 2010 by Atlantic Records in conjunction with music supervisor Alexandra Patsavas' Chop Shop label.[89] The lead single from the soundtrack is "Neutron Star Collision (Love Is Forever)", performed by the British band Muse.[90] The soundtrack debuted at number two on the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart with estimated sales of 144,000 copies.

text: The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1[edit]

text: The Breaking Dawn – Part 1 soundtrack saw the release of two singles: "A Thousand Years" by Christina Perri and "It Will Rain" by Bruno Mars. The former reached number one and the latter of the two number three on the Billboard Hot 100.

text: The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2[edit]

text: Reaction[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text: Twilight grossed over $7 million in ticket sales from midnight showings alone on November 21, 2008.[91] It grossed $35.7 million on its opening day.[69] For its opening weekend in the United States and Canada, Twilight accumulated $69.6 million from 3,419 theaters at an average of $20,368 per theater.[92]

text: The film has made $192.7 million in the United States and Canada, and a further $200.8 million in international territories for a total of $393.6 million worldwide.[93]

text: The film was released on DVD in North America on March 21, 2009 through midnight release parties, and sold over 3 million units in its first day.[94] It has continued to sell units, totaling as of July 2012, making $201,323,629.[70]

text: The Twilight Saga: New Moon set records for advance ticket sales, causing some theaters to add additional showings.[95] The film set records as the biggest midnight opening in domestic (United States and Canada) box office history, grossing an estimated $26.3 million in 3,514 theatres, before expanding to 4,024 theaters.[72] The record was previously held by Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, which grossed $22.2 million domestically during its midnight premiere.[72] The film grossed $72.7 million on its opening day domestically, becoming the biggest single-day opening in domestic history, beating The Dark Knight's $67.2 million.[2] This opening strongly contributed to another record: the first time that the top ten films at the domestic box office had a combined gross of over $100 million in a single day.[96]

text: The opening weekend of The Twilight Saga: New Moon is the ninth-highest opening weekend in domestic history with $142,839,137.[73] The film also has the sixth highest worldwide opening weekend with $274.9 million total.[97]

text:
Film
Release date
Budget
Box office revenue
Box office ranking

North America
Other
territories
Worldwide
All time
North America
All time
worldwide

Twilight[93]
November 21, 2008
$37.000.000
$192.769.854
$200.846.934
$393.616.788
#181
#233

New Moon[98]
November 20, 2009
$50.000.000
$296.623.634
$413.087.374
$709.711.008
#64
#169(A)
#82

Twilight / New Moon (combo/one-night-only)[99]
June 29, 2010

$2.385.237

$2.385.237
#6159

Eclipse[100]
June 30, 2010
$68.000.000
$300.531.751
$397.959.596
$698.491.347
#63
#174(A)
#85

Breaking Dawn - Part 1[101]
November 18, 2011
$110.000.000
$281.287.133
$430.918.723
$712.205.856
#79
#191(A)
#80

Breaking Dawn - Part 2[102]
November 16, 2012
$120.000.000
$292.325.737
$537.422.083
$829.746.820
#69
#53

Total[103]
$385.000.000
$7009136592234600000♠1365922346
$7009198023471000000♠1980234710
$7009334615705600000♠3346157056

List indicator(s)

(A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo).

text: Critical response[edit]

text: While The Twilight Saga has been successful in the box office, critical reception of the films was mixed, and significantly declined as the series continued.

text: New York Press critic Armond White called Twilight "a genuine pop classic",[104] and praised Hardwicke for turning "Meyer's book series into a Brontë-esque vision".[105] USA Today gave the film two out of four stars and Claudia Puig wrote: "Meyer is said to have been involved in the production of Twilight, but her novel was substantially more absorbing than the unintentionally funny and quickly forgettable film."[106]

text: Robert Ignizio of the Cleveland Scene described The Twilight Saga: New Moon as an "entertaining fantasy", and noted that it "has a stronger visual look [than Twilight] and does a better job with its action scenes while still keeping the focus on the central love triangle."[107] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film two and half stars out of four, praised Kristen Stewart's performance in the film and wrote: "Despite melodrama that, at times, is enough to induce diabetes, there's enough wolf whistle in this sexy, scary romp to please anyone."[108] The Seattle Post-Intelligencer gave the film a "B" grading and said, "the movie looks tremendous, the dialogue works, there are numerous well placed jokes, the acting is on point."[109] Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle responded with a more mixed review, stating, "[E]xpect this film to satisfy its fans. Everybody else, get ready for a bizarre soap opera/pageant, consisting of a succession of static scenes with characters loping into the frame to announce exactly what they're thinking."[110] Roger Ebert gave the film 1 star out of 4 and said that it "takes the tepid achievement of Twilight, guts it, and leaves it for undead."[111] The release of the movie has also inspired feminist criticism, with Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly making light of the claim that Edward Cullen is little better than a stalker.[112] In any case, the influx of female viewers into the theaters indicates the increasing importance of the female demographic in dictating Hollywood's tastes.[113]

text: The Hollywood Reporter posted a positive review of The Twilight Saga: Eclipse, saying the film "nails it".[114] Variety reports that the film "finally feels more like the blockbuster this top-earning franchise deserves".[115] One review stated the film was the best in The Twilight Saga so far, acknowledging that, "The person who should be worried is Bill Condon, the director tapped for the two-part finale, Breaking Dawn. He's got a real challenge to make movies as good as Eclipse."[116] A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised David Slade's ability to make an entertaining film, calling it funny and better than its predecessors, but pointed out the acting hasn't improved much.[117]

text: A more negative review said that while "Eclipse restores some of the energy New Moon zapped out of the franchise and has enough quality performances to keep it involving", the film "isn't quite the adrenaline-charged game-changer for love story haters that its marketing might lead you to believe. The majority of the 'action' remains protracted and not especially scintillating should-we-or-shouldn't-we conversations between the central triangle."[118] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times gave the film a more positive review than for the first two films in the saga, but still felt the movie was a constant, unclever conversation between the three main characters. He criticized the "gazes" both Edward and Jacob give Bella throughout the movie, and noted that the mountain range that appears in the film looks "like landscapes painted by that guy on TV who shows you how to paint stuff like that." He also predicted that a lack of understanding for the film series in general would not bode well with the audience, stating, "I doubt anyone not intimately familiar with the earlier installments could make head or tails of the opening scenes." He gave the film 2 stars out of 4.[119]

text: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 received mostly negative reviews from critics. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that just 24% of critics (of the 195 counted reviews) gave the film a positive review, and the site's consensus reads "Slow, joyless and loaded with unintentionally humorous moments, Breaking Dawn Part 1 may satisfy the Twilight faithful, but it's strictly for fans of the franchise".[120] Part 2 had a mixed critical reception but was much more favorable than Part 1.[121] Bruce Diones of New Yorkers gave the film a positive review, citing "A feast of ripe dialogue and bloodsucking action". On the other hand, Richard Roeper said that "The fifth and final entry in the historically successful Twilight franchise is the most self-aware and in some ways the most entertaining".

text: Review aggregate results[edit]

text:
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

Twilight
48% (206 reviews)[122]
56 (37 reviews)[123]

The Twilight Saga: New Moon
28% (220 reviews)[124]
44 (32 reviews)[125]

The Twilight Saga: Eclipse
49% (234 reviews)[126]
58 (38 reviews)[127]

The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1
24% (195 reviews)[120]
45 (36 reviews)[128]

The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2
49% (181 reviews)[121]
52 (31 reviews)[129]

text: Home media sales[edit]

text: List indicator(s)

text: (B) indicates the yearly rank based on the number of DVDs sold during the year released (calculated by The Numbers).

text:
Film
DVD release date
Revenue
Rank(B)
Units sold
Reference

Twilight
March 21, 2009
$203.682.678
#1
11,500,688
[130][131]

The Twilight Saga: New Moon
March 20, 2010
$186.996.950
#3
9,124,830
[132][133]

The Twilight Saga: Eclipse
December 4, 2010
$167.551.921
#5
9,715,029
[134][135]

The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1
February 11, 2012
$99.421.341
#3
5,493,262
[136][137]

The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2
March 2, 2013
$67.057.551
#1
4,468,455
[138]

Total
$657.652.890

35,833,809

text: Twilight in popular culture[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The 2010 Portuguese teen series Lua Vermelha (Red Moon) had a similar premise of vampire romance but differed in the story. A parody film released that same year titled, Vampires Suck spoofed the film series. A television show within the canon of Canadian teen vampire film My Babysitter's a Vampire and the television series sequel called Dusk is a parody of Twilight.

text: The 2012 film Breaking Wind (parodying the title of Breaking Dawn, but parodying the whole film series), directed by Craig Moss (best known for The 41-Year-Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It), is also a spoof of the films and a parody version of Breaking Dawn Part – 1.[139] The animated movie Hotel Transylvania was released the same year, and has a scene inspired by Twilight. [140] [141]

text: The 2013 Filipino comedy sitcom entitled My Daddy is a Vampire resembled some Twilight scenes.[142]


document_title: Bohemian Rhapsody (film)

question_text: who played freddie mercury in the movie bohemian rhapsody

root

text: Bohemian Rhapsody (film)

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Rami Malek as Freddie Mercury, lead vocalist of the rock band Queen[4]
Adam Rauf as young Freddie Mercury
Lucy Boynton as Mary Austin, Mercury's lifelong companion[5]
Gwilym Lee as Brian May, Queen lead guitarist[6]
Ben Hardy as Roger Taylor, Queen drummer[6]
Joseph Mazzello as John Deacon, Queen bass guitarist [6]
Aidan Gillen as John Reid, Queen's second manager[7]
Tom Hollander as Jim Beach, Queen's third manager[7]
Allen Leech as Paul Prenter, Mercury's personal manager[8]
Mike Myers as Ray Foster, an EMI executive[9]
Aaron McCusker as Jim Hutton, Mercury's boyfriend[10]
Dermot Murphy as Bob Geldof
Meneka Das as Jer Bulsara, Mercury's mother
Ace Bhatti as Bomi Bulsara, Mercury's father
Dickie Beau as Kenny Everett
Neil Fox-Roberts as Mr. Austin, Mary's father
Philip Andrew as Reinhold Mack
Matthew Houston as Larry Mullen Jr., the drummer of the Irish rock band U2
Michelle Duncan as Shelley Stern

tag: ul

text: Crew[edit]

text:
Bryan Singer[a] – director, producer
Jim Beach – producer
Robert De Niro – producer
Richard Hewitt – co-producer
Graham King – producer
Brian May – producer
Roger Taylor – producer
Arnon Milchan – executive producer
Denis O'Sullivan – executive producer
Peter Oberth – producer
Jane Rosenthal – executive producer
Chris Clarke – director of photography
Aaron Haye – production designer
John Ottman – composer, editor
Julian Day – costume designer

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Bohemian Rhapsody was announced in 2010. In a BBC interview published on 17 September 2010, Queen guitarist Brian May spoke about an upcoming film project concerning the history of the band. According to the interview, Sacha Baron Cohen was set to play Freddie Mercury with Graham King as co-producer. King was executive producer of the Muhammad Ali biopic Ali. Peter Morgan, the screenwriter for The Queen and Frost/Nixon, would write the screenplay.[11]

tag: p

text: May confirmed in April 2011 that the production was moving forward. He strongly approved of the casting of Baron Cohen, but also had certain reservations about the possible direction the project might take. The band's concerns focused on avoiding any harm to Mercury's legacy.[12] In July 2013, Baron Cohen left the project due to creative differences. Allegedly, he had wished to produce an adult-oriented film, while the band wanted to take a more family-friendly approach.[13] May confirmed later in 2013 that Baron Cohen had left the project on good terms. Comments by May and Roger Taylor suggested that Baron Cohen was too well known as a comedian and prankster (due largely to his fictional personae Ali G and Borat), and that his presence in the film would be distracting.[14]

text: In March 2016, Baron Cohen spoke about misunderstandings with the surviving members of the band about the intended subject and events of the film, in particular whether the story ought to continue past Mercury's 1991 death. He also mentioned artistic disagreements with the band over the composition of the production team, referring specifically to Morgan, David Fincher, and Tom Hooper.[15]

text: Following Baron Cohen's departure, in December 2013, Ben Whishaw was mentioned as a possible replacement to play Freddie Mercury. Also at this time, Dexter Fletcher was selected as the film's director.[16] Fletcher removed himself from the project early the following year, amid reports of creative disagreements with King.[17] In August 2014, Whishaw suggested that the film was not progressing well and that there had been scripting problems.[18] Whishaw exited the project seven months later.[19] Rumours followed in 2015 that Baron Cohen had rejoined the project,[19] and also that Whishaw might return.[20]

text: In November 2015, screenwriter Anthony McCarten had become attached to the project, which now had the working title of Bohemian Rhapsody after the band's song of the same name.[20] A year later, director Bryan Singer was in talks to take over the direction of Bohemian Rhapsody, Rami Malek was cast to play Mercury, and the film was being fast-tracked by 20th Century Fox and New Regency.[21] It was reported elsewhere in 2015 that Johnny Flynn was due to play Roger Taylor, and that Gemma Arterton would play Mercury's partner Mary Austin.[22]

text: In May 2017, Malek confirmed that he had conducted recordings at Abbey Road Studios and had consulted directly with Taylor and May at Taylor's apartment.[23] The same month, Entertainment Weekly reported that Taylor and May were serving as the film's music producers.[23] By August 2017, Justin Haythe was revealed to have penned another draft of the script.[24]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On 4 November 2016, it was announced that Rami Malek would star as Freddie Mercury.[25] On 21 August 2017, additional cast members were announced, including Ben Hardy as drummer Roger Taylor, Gwilym Lee as lead guitarist Brian May, and Joseph Mazzello as bass guitarist John Deacon.[6] On 30 August 2017, it was reported that Allen Leech had been cast in the film to play Mercury's personal manager, Paul Prenter, who worked for him from 1977 to 1986 when he was fired for betraying Mercury by selling his personal information to the UK newspapers.[8]

text: On 6 September 2017, Lucy Boynton joined the cast of the film to play Mercury's long-term girlfriend, Mary Austin. Lindsey Stirling, Bryce Dallas Howard, Maria Bello and Ashley Johnson were also considered. [5] On 11 September 2017, Mike Myers joined the cast to play EMI executive Ray Foster.[9] On 22 September 2017, Aaron McCusker joined the cast of the film to play Mercury's long-term boyfriend, Jim Hutton.[10] On 26 September 2017, it was announced that Aidan Gillen was cast as John Reid, Queen's second manager, from 1975–1978, who took over from Norman Sheffield of Trident Studios and Tom Hollander is set to play Jim Beach, Queen's third manager, who took over from John Reid in 1978.[citation needed]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Pre-production began in July 2017 in the United Kingdom, with principal photography beginning in London in September 2017.[26] An exact replica of the 1985 Live Aid set at Wembley Stadium was created and brought to Bovingdon Airfield near Hemel Hempstead where it was set up for rehearsals on 7 September 2017 with extras on set.[27]

text: When Malek was contacted about playing Mercury, he had only a casual knowledge of Queen. To become Mercury, Malek had to work many intense sessions with a movement coach (as well as learn to talk with huge prosthetic teeth). Malek said, "I had to re-create things he did on the fly, onstage. There were many days I said to myself, 'This is a lost cause.'"  After finishing the film, Malek said that he became a "Queen super-fan", saying, "I see Freddie as the best performer of all time," ... "I never ceased to be astonished by this man."[28]

text: While Malek sang some parts in the film, producers inserted vocal stems from Queen songs as well as filling in parts with Marc Martel, a winner of the Queen Extravaganza Live Tour auditions.[28]

text: On 1 December 2017, The Hollywood Reporter reported that 20th Century Fox had temporarily halted production due to the "unexpected unavailability" of director Bryan Singer, with sources saying that Singer had failed to return to the set after the Thanksgiving week, leaving producers nervous about the state of production and started discussions about potentially replacing him, at which point cinematographer Newton Thomas Sigel had to step in and direct during Singer's non-showings.[29] Singer's absence was reportedly due to "a personal health matter concerning Bryan and his family"[30] however, other sources claimed that star Rami Malek and the crew had grown tired of Singer's behavior, reportedly showing up late to set and repeatedly clashing with Malek.[31] On 4 December 2017, Singer was fired as director, with about two weeks remaining in principal photography.[32] 20th Century Fox terminated his Bad Hat Harry Productions deal with the studio.

text: On 6 December 2017, Dexter Fletcher was announced as Singer's replacement.[33] On 15 December 2017, the film had resumed filming in and around London after replacing Singer with Fletcher.[34] Fletcher felt a lot of pressure after taking over as director as two-thirds of the principal photography had been completed: "I was looking at two complete [acts] in a good film, and [I had to] not let it down."[citation needed]

text: On 16 January 2018, Brian May uploaded a photo on his Instagram account on the set of the film and said:

text: "Today, under the auspices of our new supreme pilot, Dexter Fletcher, I got my own directorial chair! I was very touched. So! My first day on the set of Bohemian Rhapsody the Movie for more than 6 weeks, and the atmosphere is massively warm and joyful. The entire BR company has been through storms which would have sunk many a ship, but they're all still on board, full of optimism – and with a team spirit stronger than ever. There's such a great feeling of pride in this movie. I wish I could show you pictures ! But for now it's good to protect the surprises. The Bohemian Rhapsody ship is on course !! With full steam up ! Bri".[35]

text: On 29 January 2018, several cast members posted to social media that filming finished.[citation needed]

text: Directing credit[edit]

text: According to the Directors Guild of America, only one director can be named for a film, and the DGA has sole control over who that will be.[36][37]  Although Dexter Fletcher replaced Bryan Singer on the set before filming was completed, producer Graham King announced in June 2018 that Singer would receive the directing credit on the finished film.[1][38]

text: Release[edit]

text: Bohemian Rhapsody is scheduled for release in the United States by 20th Century Fox on 2 November 2018 and United Kingdom on 24 October 2018 in IMAX. The film was previously scheduled for release on 25 December 2018.[39]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The teaser trailer for the film was released on 15 May 2018 and with more than 5 million views in the first 24 hours, it was the top trending video on YouTube.[40] Bryan Fuller argued that the trailer favours Mercury's relationship with women as opposed to his ones with men while also highlighting the absence of the singer's AIDS diagnosis from the synopsis. Instead, it's simply referred to as "a life-threatening illness".[41] Executives have stated that the film will still acknowledge Mercury's gay relationships. With the recent release of the trailer, Queen now has 3 of the top 20 positions on Billboard's Hot Rock Songs chart, including "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Another One Bites the Dust" and "We Are the Champions".[42]

text: On 11 June 2018, at CineEurope, a showing of the film Bohemian Rhapsody closed the show with appearances by Rami Malek, producer Graham King, and special appearances by Brian May and Roger Taylor, who were playing a concert (Queen + Adam Lambert) in Barcelona.[43]

text: The second trailer for the film was released on 17 July 2018. After the first official trailer for the film was released on 15 May 2018, heavy backlash was received due to the "lack of portrayal of Mercury's sexuality". However, a scene is shown in the second trailer featuring an intimate moment between Freddie and another man.[citation needed]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Replaced by Dexter Fletcher near the end of principal photography, but retained his sole director credit in accordance with Directors Guild of America rules.[1]

tag: ol


document_title: Women's suffrage in Canada

question_text: when did the suffrage movement began in canada

text: Women's suffrage in Canada

text: Early history[edit]

text: The cause of women's suffrage began in 1867, Canadian Confederation year, when Dr. Emily Stowe came to Toronto to practise medicine.[citation needed] She was the first, and for many years the sole woman physician in Canada. Stowe, vitally interested in all matters relating to women, at once came before the public as a lecturer upon topics then somewhat new, “Woman's Sphere” and “Women in the Professions,” being her subjects. She lectured not only in Toronto, but, under the auspices of various Mechanics' Institutes, in Ottawa, Whitby, and Bradford.  After attending a meeting of the American Society for the Advancement of Women, in Cleveland in 1877, and meeting many women of the United States, Stowe, on returning home, felt that the time had arrived for some similar union among Canadian women. Talking it over with her friend, Helen Archibald, they decided that it would not be politic to attempt at once a suffrage association but, in November 1877, organized what was known as "The Toronto Woman's Literary Club".[3]

text: The Toronto Woman's Literary Club[edit]

text:
During the next five years, this club made phenomenal growth, adding to its ranks such woman as Mary McDonell (WCTU), Mrs. W. B. Hamilton, Mrs. W. I. Mackenzie, Mrs. J. Austin Shaw, besides others. It also called forth a surprising amount of attention from the press. Among the most able assistants from its very inception was Sarah Anne Curzon, for several years associate editor of the Canada Citizen. It was the habit of the club to meet each Thursday at 3 p.m., at one of the members homes. Though not avowedly a suffrage society, no opportunity was lost of promoting this basic idea of the founders. One of the earliest efforts in this direction was a paper, by Archibald, entitled “Woman Under the Civil Law,” which elicited discussion and served as an educator.
During these years, too, mainly through the work of the Woman's Literary Club, the University of Toronto, was opened to women. Eliza Balmer was the first female student.[3]

text: Canadian Woman Suffrage Association[edit]

text: It was believed in 1883 that public sentiment had sufficiently progressed to warrant the formation of a regular Woman-Suffrage Society. On February 1, 1883, the club met and decided the following was record: "... that in view of the ultimate end for which the Toronto Woman's Literary Club was formed, having been attained, viz., to foster a general and living public sentiment in favor of women suffrage, this Club hereby disband, to form a Canadian Women's Suffrage Association.” The following month, on March 5th, at a meeting of the City Council, the Toronto Women's Literary and Social Progress Club requested the use of the Council Chambers for the purpose of holding a conversation on March 9th to discuss the advisability of granting the franchise to those women who possess the property qualification which entitles men to hold it; and then to proceed to form a suffrage club. Accordingly, on that date, Jessie Turnbull McEwen, then President of the Club, was present along with Mayor Arthur Radcliffe Boswell, ex-Alderman John Hallam, Alderman John Baxter, John Wilson Bengough, Thomas Bengough, Thomas Phillips Thompson, and Mr. Burgess, editor of Citizen. The Canadian Woman Suffrage Association was formally inaugurated, and 40 persons enrolled themselves as members that evening.[3]

text: The first piece of work undertaken by the Association was the securing of the municipal franchise for the women of Ontario. On September 10, 1883, a committee was appointed to urge the City Council to petition the Local Government to pass a bill conferring the municipal franchise upon women. The committee consisted of Stowe, McEwen, Mrs. Hamilton, Mrs. Miller, Mrs. Mackenzie, and Mrs. Curzon, with the power to add others. The committee waited upon Hon. Oliver Mowat. From the beginning, the members of the Association recognized that it would be manifestly unjust to exclude married women from the exercise of the franchise, bestowing it only on widows and single women. However, it was agreed that it was not politic to criticize the franchise bill before the House, on the principle of 'half a loaf being better than no bread'. Accordingly, objections were set aside, and every woman worked towards securing this partial reform, even though, if married, she would not directly benefit by it.[3]

text: In 1882, the municipal act was so amended as to give married women, widows and spinsters, if possessed of the necessary qualifications, the right to vote on by-laws and some other minor municipal matters. Again, in 1884, the act was still further amended, extending the right to vote at municipal elections to widows and unmarried women on all matters. In Toronto, January 4, 1886, the women polled a large vote, resulting in the election of the candidate pledged to reform.[4]

text: Another important work accomplished about this time, more or less directly through the influence of the Suffrage Association, was the opening of the Woman's Medical College, Toronto. Stowe (with her friend, Jennie Kidd Trout) had, in the 1870s, forced her way to a season's lectures on chemistry in the Toronto School of Medicine. About 1879, she intimated her intention of entering her daughter, Miss Augusta Stowe, as a medical student. Dr. Augusta Stowe Gullen, was awarded her degree of M. D. C. M. in 1883, the first woman to be awarded such a degree under Canadian institutions. As a consequence of the  persistence of Stowe and her daughter, other women became aware of the possibilities in the medical profession, and so numerous were the applications for admission that it was deemed expedient to open a Woman's Medical College in Toronto. Gullen was appointed Demonstrator in Anatomy.[3]

text: After the labor involved in securing the municipal suffrage in 1883, and later, in struggling for the opening of the Woman's Medical College, there was a lull until 1889, when Stowe made arrangements to bring Dr. Anna Howard Shaw to Toronto, to lecture. Stowe sent out 4,000 invitations, to every member of Parliament, council, school Board and ministerial association, inviting each member to be present to hear about the Woman Question. The lecture was a success, creating so much interest in the matter that the old suffrage association, which had been practically non existent for several seasons, was re-organized, with Stowe as president, and Mrs. Curzon as secretary. In December 1889, Susan B. Anthony was secured to lecture in the Woman's Medical College auditorium. She succeeded in increasing interest in suffrage work, until it spread from the women of Toronto to those of surrounding towns, with new groups organizing in many places. Next, the Association secured Mary Seymour Howell, of Albany, New York, to lecture. Mrs. McDonell, ever indefatigable in her zeal for women, accompanied Howell to many towns throughout Ontario, to stimulate suffrage clubs already in existence and to form others.[3]

text: In early 1890, it was believed that a Dominion Woman's Enfranchisement Convention might be assembled. This convention was duly announced to be held in Association Hall, Toronto, June 12-13, 1890. Delegates were received from the various Suffrage Clubs then existing. Also, there were representatives from American Clubs, among the latter: Dr. Hannah A. Kimball, Chicago; Rev. Anna Shaw ; Mrs. Isabella Hooker, (sister of Henry Ward Beecher), and Mrs. McLellan Brown, lawyer, and president of a Cincinnati college.  The papers that elicited most attention were: “The Ballot, its Relation to Economics; ” “Woman as Wage-Earner,” and “Woman in the Medical Profession.” Yellow, the color of gold, and the symbol of wisdom in the East, was the badge of equal suffragists all over the continent, and was used for decorations at all meetings of the hall. Some of the mottoes used were "Canada's Daughters Should be Free", "No Sex in Citizenship", "Women are half the People", and "Woman, Man's Equal". The Dominion Woman's Enfranchisement Association became duly incorporated.[3]

text: In 1890, in accordance with the desire of the Equal-Suffragists, Mayor Edward Frederick Clarke and the Toronto City Council determined to invite the Association for the Advancement of Women (A.A.W.), to hold its 18th annual Congress in Toronto. One is well within bounds in saying that no more brilliant gathering ever honored our country, Julia Ward Howe, author and litterateur, the friend and associate of Emerson, Longfellow, and Holmes; Mary F. Eastman, one of the leading New England educationists; Alice Stone Blackwell, editor of the Woman's Journal, and daughter of the Rev. Lucy Stone; Clara Berwick Colby, editor of the Woman's Tribune in Beatrice, Nebraska, in 1883; Rev. Florence E. Kalloch, of Chicago; Mrs. Kate Tannatt Woods, journalist and writer.[3]

text: In 1895, the Equal Suffragists in Manitoba were under the leadership of Dr. Amelia Youmans. She indicated that the women of the W.C.T.U. were the first to espouse equal suffrage in Manitoba, they having twice brought largely signed petitions before the Provincial Legislature. As early as 1872, the statutes in British Columbia were constructed in such a shape as to give married women a vote in municipal matters. By 1895 in Quebec, women for many years had exercised the municipal franchise, although historically, when it was held that a woman would be polluted by entering a polling-booth, it was customary for a notary to call upon the Quebec women in their homes, where they would, in his presence, record their vote without leaving their chair.Prince Edward Island was the only province in Canada in which there is no legislation regarding woman suffrage. Not even the municipal franchise had been conferred. In New Brunswick, Sarah Manning, of St. John, was president of the W.E.A. In the Maritime Provinces, Edith Archibald was president of the Maritime W.C.T.U. and was perhaps, the pioneer suffragist of Nova Scotia. Mrs. Leon Owens was president of the Dominion Women's Enfranchisement Association (W.E.A.) of Halifax.[3]


document_title: British undergraduate degree classification

question_text: what does graduating with first class honours mean

text: History[edit]

text: In the 16th century, the Regius Professor of Divinity at the University of Cambridge implemented norm referencing to distinguish the top 25% of candidates, the next 50%, and the bottom 25%.

text: The classification system as currently used in the United Kingdom was developed in 1918. Honours were then a means to recognise individuals who demonstrated depth of knowledge or originality, as opposed to relative achievement in examination conditions.

text: Recently, there has been concern over possible grade inflation due to increasing numbers of higher-class honours degrees awarded per annum. The number of first-class honours degrees has reportedly tripled since the 1990s. As with claimed grade inflation of A-levels, prospective employers or educational institutions have observed increased difficulty in selecting candidates. It is, however, unknown whether the rise in the number of first-class degrees is due to grade inflation or whether students are achieving higher levels than in the past. University leaders have also pointed at the higher A-levels attained by students as evidence that higher degree grades should be expected. On the other hand, the practice of degree classification has been criticised for unduly stigmatising students and being unreflective of a graduate's success or potential for success, particularly in the workplace.

text: Degree classification[edit]

text: A bachelor's degree can be an honours degree (bachelor's with honours) or an ordinary degree (bachelor's without honours). Honours degrees are classified, usually based on a weighted average (with higher weight given to marks in the later years of the course, and often zero weight to those in the first year) of the marks gained in exams and other assessments. Grade boundaries can vary by institution, but typical values are given below.

text:
First-class honours (1st, 1 or I) – typically 70% or higher
Second-class honours;
Upper division (2:1, 2i or II-1) – typically 60–69%
Lower division (2:2, 2ii or II-2) – typically 50–59%
Third-class honours (3rd, 3 or III) – typically 40–49%

text: Students who do not achieve honours may be awarded an ordinary degree, sometimes known as a "pass". Ordinary degrees, and other exit awards such as the Diploma of Higher Education (DipHE; for completing the first two years of a degree course) and Certificate of Higher Education (CertHE; for completing the first year of a degree course), may be unclassified (pass/fail) or, particularly in Scotland where the ordinary degree is offered as a qualification in its own right, classified into pass, merit and distinction. Foundation degrees are normally classified into pass, merit and distinction.[1][2]

text: Integrated master's degrees are usually classified with honours in the same way as a bachelor's honours degree, although some integrated master's degrees are classified like postgraduate taught master's degrees into pass (usually 50%), merit (60%) and distinction (70%).[3][4]

text: At most institutions, the system allows a small amount of discretion.[5] A candidate may be elevated to the next degree class if his or her average marks are close to (or the median of their weighted marks achieves) the higher class, and if they have submitted several pieces of work worthy of the higher class.  However, even students with a high average mark may be unable to take honours if they have failed part of the course and so have insufficient credits.

text: In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, a bachelor's degree with honours normally takes three years of full-time study and usually requires 360 credits, of which at least 90 are at level 6 (final year of a bachelor's degree) level, while an ordinary bachelor's degree normally requires 300 credits, of which 60 are at level 6.[6] In Scotland, the honours bachelor's degree takes four years and requires 480 credits with a minimum of 90 at level 10 of the Scottish framework (last year of the honours degree) and 90 at level 9 (penultimate year), while the ordinary degree takes three years and requires 360 credits with a minimum of 60 at level 9 (last year of the ordinary degree).[7]

text: In Scotland, it is possible to start university a year younger than in the rest of the United Kingdom, as the Scottish Higher exams are often taken at age 16 or 17 (as opposed to 18), so Scottish students often end a four-year course at the same age as a student from elsewhere in the UK taking a three-year course, assuming no gap years.

text: When a candidate is awarded a degree with honours, "(Hons)" may be suffixed to their designatory letters — for example, BA (Hons), BSc (Hons), BMus (Hons), MA (Hons).[8] An MA (Hons) would generally indicate a degree award from certain Scottish universities (c.f. Scottish MA) and is at the same level as a bachelor's degree.

text: Distribution of classes[edit]

text: The Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) has published the number of degrees awarded with different classifications since 1994/5. The relative proportions of different classes have changed over this period, with increasing numbers of students being awarded higher honours. The table below shows the percentage of classified degrees (i.e. not including fails or unclassified degrees such as MBBS) in each class at five year intervals; note that HESA stopped giving statistics separately for third class honours and pass degree after 2003 and that a small number of undivided second class honours degrees (shown under "other" along with "unknown", which makes up the bulk of this category) were awarded up to 1996.

text:
Class

1995[9]

2000[10]

2005[11]

2010[12]

2015[13]

1st
7.0
8.2
11.6
14.4
22.0

2:1
40.3
42.9
47.4
48.3
49.5

2:2
34.8
34.0
33.1
29.8
23.0

3rd
5.8
5.3
8.0
7.5
5.5

Pass
11.7
9.6

Other
0.3[14]
–
–
–
–

tag: table

text: First-class honours[edit]

text: First-class honours, referred to as a "first", is the highest honours classification and indicates high academic achievement.

text: In 2010 and 2011, the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) reported that approximately 15% of all degree candidates graduated with first-class honours.[15][16] The percentages of graduates achieving a first vary greatly by university and course studied.[17] For example, students of law are least likely to gain a first, whereas students of mathematical sciences are most likely to gain a first.[18] In 2006–2007 and 2010–2011, 5.8% and 8.1% of law students gained a first, respectively; however, in those years, 28.9% and 30.0% of mathematics students gained a first, respectively.[18]

text: Upper second-class honours [edit]

text:
The upper division is commonly abbreviated to "2:1" or "II.i" (pronounced two-one).  The 2:1 is a minimum requirement for entry to many postgraduate courses in the UK.  It is also required for the award of a research council postgraduate studentship in the UK, although possession of a master's degree can render a candidate eligible for an award if their initial degree was below the 2:1 standard.
The percentage of candidates who achieve upper second-class honours can vary widely by degree subject, as well as by university.[16]

text: Lower second-class honours[edit]

text: This is the second division of second-class degrees and is abbreviated as "2:2" or "II.ii" (pronounced two-two). It is also informally known as a "Desmond", named after Desmond Tutu

text: Third-class honours[edit]

text: Third-class honours, referred to as a "third", is the lowest honours classification in most modern universities. Historically, the University of Oxford awarded fourth-class honours degrees and, until the late 1970s, did not distinguish between upper and lower second-class honours degrees.[19]

text: Informally, the third-class honours degree is referred to as a "gentleman's degree" (cf. the "gentleman's C" in the U.S.).[20]

text: Approximately 7.2% of students graduating in 2006 with an honours degree received a third-class honours.[16]

text: Ordinary degree[edit]

text: While most university bachelor's degree courses lead to honours degrees, some universities offer courses leading to ordinary degrees.[21] Some honours courses permit students who do not gain sufficient credits in a year by a small margin to transfer to a parallel ordinary degree course. Ordinary degrees may also sometimes be awarded to honours degree students who do not pass sufficient credits in their final year to gain an honours degree, but pass enough to earn an ordinary degree.[22]

text: Some Scottish universities offer three-year ordinary degrees as a qualification in their own right, as well as an honours degree over four years. This is in contrast to English universities that have honours degrees with three years of study. An ordinary degree in Scotland is not a failed honours degree, as in certain English universities. Students can decide, usually at the end of their second or third year, whether or not they wish to complete a fourth honours year. Scottish universities may also award their ordinary degrees with distinction if a student achieves a particularly good grade average, usually 70% or above. A common example of a Scottish ordinary degree is the Bachelor of Laws course taken by graduates of other subjects, as this is sufficient (without honours) for entry into the legal profession. In other countries, Malawi for example, Mzuzu University offers four year ordinary degrees. The degree follows the same classification as those in the United Kingdom. Grades attained in the last two years ( year three and four) including internship and dissertation, contribute to the final degree classification.

text: Aegrotat[edit]

text: An aegrotat (/ˈiːɡroʊtæt/; from Latin  aegrotat, meaning 'he is ill')[23] degree is an honours or ordinary degree without classification, awarded under the presumption that, had a candidate who was unable to undertake their exams due to illness or even death completed those exams, they would have satisfied the standard required for that degree.[24][25][26][27][28] Aegrotat degrees are often qualified with an appended "(aegrotat)".

text: Following the introduction of current regulations regarding mitigating circumstances, aegrotat degrees are less commonly awarded than they previously were.[29]

text: Variations in classification[edit]

text: At the University of Cambridge, undergraduate Tripos examinations are split into three parts (e.g. Part IA, IB, and II), or two parts (Part I and II). Part II is taken at the end of final year. Each student receives a formal classification for each part (i.e. Class I, II.I, II.II, or III).[30] Typically, the Part II grade that corresponds with final examinations is quoted, but officially a grade simply exists for every Part of the degree, not for the overall degree.

text: At the University of Oxford, a formal degree Class is given, and this is typically based on the final examinations. In Oxford, examinations for Prelims or Honour Moderations are also undertaken in first/second year, but these results do not typically affect the final degree classification. Until the 1970s, the four honours divisions in Oxford's moderations and final examinations were named first, second, third and fourth class, but eventually Oxford gave in and adopted the numbering used by other English universities.[19]

text: Variations of first-class honours[edit]

text: At the University of Cambridge, Triposes were previously split into two parts: Part I and Part II. Attaining First Class Honours in both parts would culminate in graduating with a "Double First".[30] Most Triposes were later split into three parts: "Part IA," "Part IB" and "Part II", or "Part I", "Part IIA" and "Part IIB". Attaining a First Class in all three parts culminates in graduating with a "Triple First".[31][32][33][34][35][36] The frequency of this honour varies with subject, but typically fewer than 3% of students will achieve this distinction. It is possible in some of the humanities Triposes to be awarded a "Starred First".[37] The science Triposes do not award Starred Firsts.

text: Oxford sometimes grants a congratulatory first, which The New York Times described as "a highly unusual honor in which the examining professors ask no questions about the candidate's written work but simply stand and applaud",[38] and Martin Amis described as "the sort where you are called in for a viva and the examiners tell you how much they enjoyed reading your papers".[39] A "double first" at Oxford usually informally refers to first-class honours in both components of an undergraduate degree, i.e. Moderations/Prelims and the Final Honour School, or in both the bachelor's and master's components of an integrated master's degree.

text: At University College London, candidates who perform well beyond the requirements of a standard First Class Honours may be nominated to the Dean's List. This is generated once per year and recognizes outstanding academic achievement in final examinations. There are no set criteria for nomination to the list, but typically only a nominal number of students from each faculty are nominated per year.[40]

text: International comparisons[edit]

text: France[edit]

text: The University of St Andrews gives equivalences between French and British grades for its study-abroad programme.[41] Equivalencies for the purposes of initial teacher training have also been derived by the UK NARIC for 1st, 2:1 and 2:2 degrees, which do not align with St Andrews' table.[42]

text:
British class
French grade range (St Andrews)
French grade range (UK NARIC)

First
15–20
16+

Upper Second
12–14
13+

Lower Second
10–11
12+

Third
7–9
–

Pass
6
–

text: South Africa[edit]

text: The South African Qualifications Authority[43] (SAQA) compares international degrees with local degrees before any international student continues their studies in that country.  While the British degree accreditation and classification system allows students to go straight from a three-year bachelor's degree onto a master's degree (normally requiring a 1st or a 2:1 – those with a 2:2 or a 3rd usually require appropriate professional experience),[44] South Africa does not do so unless the student has proven research capabilities.  South African Honours degrees prepare the students to undertake a research-specific degree (in terms of master's), by spending an in-depth year (up to 5 modules) creating research proposals and undertaking a research project of limited scope.  This prepares students for the research degrees later in their academic career.

text: Spain[edit]

text: The UK NARIC has derived equivalencies for the grades of the Spanish  grado and licenciatura degrees for purposes of initial teacher training bursaries.[42]

text:
British class
Spanish equivalent

First
8.5+

Upper Second
7+

Lower Second
6 +

text: The Netherlands[edit]

text: The Netherlands organisation for international cooperation in higher education (NUFFIC) has  compared UK degree classification to Dutch degree grades.[45] Dutch equivalencies have also been calculated by the UK NARIC.[42]

text:
British class
Dutch equivalent (NUFFIC)
Dutch equivalent (UK NARIC)

First
8-10
8.5+

Upper Second
7 to 8
6.5+

Lower Second
6 to 7
6+

Third
5.5 to 6
–

text: Nuffic also noted that the grading culture is different in the Netherlands, so that it is very rare for even the smartest students in the Netherlands to be awarded a 9 or a 10, which represent near perfection and absolute perfection.[45]

text: United States and Canada[edit]

text: British honours degrees are sometimes considered equivalent (by British sources) to a US master's degree, with the US bachelor's degree being equivalent to a British pass degree, due to the much higher degree of specialisation in the UK.[46][47] However, many British institutions accept US bachelor's degrees for admission to postgraduate study (see below) and US comparison services treat British and American degrees as equivalent.[48] When US bachelor's degrees are compared to British honours degrees, equivalencies can be expressed in terms of either US Grade Point Averages (GPAs) or letter grades.

text:
British institutions normally state equivalence in terms of GPAs. Approximate mappings between British classifications and GPAs can be inferred from the graduate admissions criteria used by British universities, which often give international equivalents. For example, University College London (UCL)  equates the minimum classification for entrance to GPAs using 1st = 3.6, 2:1 = 3.3 and 2:2 = 3.0.[49] However, different universities convert grades differently: the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) considers a GPA (U.S.) of 3.5 or better as equivalent to gaining a 2:1,[50] while the department of English Language and Literature at Oxford considers a GPA of "about 3.8" equivalent to a first class degree.[51] Similarly, the UK NARIC gives equivalent GPAs for determining eligibility for teacher training bursaries.[42] In contrast,  Durham University's North American Undergraduate Guide 2017 gives a conversion table as a guide to understanding British classifications (rather than for admission to postgraduate study) of 1st = 3.8–4.0, 2:1 = 3.3–3.7, 2:2 = 2.8–3.2 and  3rd = 2.3–2.7.[52]
The GPA conversions are summarised in the following table:

text:
British Degree Classification

US GPA Equivalent (UCL)[49]

US GPA Equivalent (Durham)[52]

US GPA Equivalent (NARIC)[42]

US GPA Equivalent (Other)

First
3.6+
3.8–4.0
3.7+
3.8+ (Oxford)[51]

Upper Second
3.3+
3.3–3.7
3.2+
3.5+ (LSE)[50]

Lower Second
3.0+
2.8–3.2
2.6+
–

Third
–
2.3–2.7
–
–

text: Letter grade equivalents are more commonly used by American institutions. World Education Services (WES),[53] a nonprofit organisation which provides qualification conversion services to many universities and employers, gives 1st = A, 2:1 = A-/B+, 2:2 = B, 3rd = B-, Pass = C, which would convert British degrees to higher GPAs than the conversion used by UCL if the guidelines for converting grades to GPA given by Duke University[54] are used.  The Fulbright Commission has also created "an unofficial chart with approximate grade conversions between UK results and US GPA."[55]

text:
British Degree Classification

US Grade Equivalent (Fulbright)[55]

US GPA Equivalent (Fulbright)[55]

US Grade Equivalent (WES)[53]

Equivalent GPA to WES Grades (Duke)[54]

First

A
4.00
A
4.0

Upper Second

A-/B+
3.33–3.67
A-/B+
3.7/3.3

Lower Second

B
3.00
B
3.0

Third

C+
2.30
B-
2.7

Pass

C
2.00
C
2.0

text: Canadian academic grades may be given as letters, percentages, 12-point GPAs or 4-point GPAs. The 4-point GPAs are sometimes seen to differ from the US but other sources treat them as equivalent. The Durham conversion specifies GPAs for the US and letter grades/percentages for Canada [52] while the UK NARIC has separate GPA conversions for the four-year bachelor's honours, baccalauréat and professional bachelor's degrees (which differ from their US GPA equivalents by at most 0.1) and the three-year bachelor's degree (which is seen as a lower standard).[42]  The British Graduate Admissions Fact Sheet from McGill University uses the conversion 1st = 4.0; 2:1 = 3.0; 2:2 = 2.7; 3rd = 2.0; Pass = 1.0; Fail = 0.0.[56]

text:
British Degree Classification

Canadian Equivalent (Durham)[52]

Canadian 4-year (Bachelor Honours degree) GPA Equivalent (NARIC)[42]

Canadian 3-year (Bachelor's degree) GPA Equivalent (NARIC)[42]

Canadian  GPA Equivalent (McGill)[56]

Percentage

Letter

GPA

Percentage

Letter

12-point

GPA

Percentage

Letter

12-point

First
85%+
A – A+
3.7+
73%
A-
10
3.9+
90%
A
12
4.0

Upper Second
77% – 84%
B+ – A-
3.1+
73%
B
8
3.5+
80%
B+
10
3.0

Lower Second
67% – 76%
C+ – B-
2.5
62%
C+
6
3.1
73%
B
8
2.7

Third
60% - 66%
–
–
–
2.0

Pass
–
–
–
1.0

text: Degrees in the UK are mapped to levels of the Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies (FHEQ), which includes the Framework for Qualifications of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland (FQHEIS), which has an alternative numbering of levels corresponding to those of the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF). Bachelor's degrees (including the Scottish MA, but not including medical degrees, dentistry degrees or degrees in veterinary science) attained in the UK are at FHEQ level 6/FQHEIS level 9 (ordinary) or 10 (honours); master's degrees (including integrated master's degrees and first degrees in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science) are at FHEQ level 7/FQHEIS level 11, and doctoral degrees are at FHEQ level 8/FQHEIS level 12. Bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees map to first, second and third cycle qualifications in the Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area.[57][58]

text: Progression to postgraduate study[edit]

text: Regulations governing the progression of undergraduate degree graduates to postgraduate programmes vary among universities, and are often flexible.  A candidate for a postgraduate master's degree is usually required to have at least a 2:2 bachelor honours degree, although candidates with 2:1s are in a considerably stronger position to gain a place in a postgraduate course and to obtain funding, especially in medical and natural sciences.  Some institutions specify a 2:1 minimum for certain types of master's program, such as for a Master of Research course.[59][60]

text: Candidates with a Third or an Ordinary degree are sometimes accepted, provided they have acquired satisfactory professional experience subsequent to graduation.  A candidate for a doctoral programme who does not hold a master's degree is nearly always required to have a First or 2:1 at bachelor's level.

text: Variations[edit]

text: International degrees[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Some universities, such as those in Australia, offer ordinary or pass degrees, (for instance, as a three-year B.A. or a three-year BSc) by default.  High-achieving students may be recognised with an honours classification without further coursework or research, as is often the case in engineering, which often contains a research and thesis component,[61][62] or law.[63] However, other courses (such as humanities, arts, social sciences, and sciences) and other universities may recognise high-achieving students with an honours classification with further coursework or research, undertaken either concurrently with, and as part of or in addition to, a bachelor's course,[64] or after completion of a bachelor's course requirements and attaining adequately competitive grades.[65][66]

text: Some graduate degrees have been or are classified;[67] however, under the Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF), no graduate-level degrees (i.e., master's by coursework, master's by research, or higher research degrees) may be classified.  To comply with this standard, some institutions have commenced, or will commence, offering high-achieving graduates with "distinction".[68] Notably, this is consistent with British graduate degree classification.[69]

text: British medical and dental degrees[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, medicine is usually taught as an undergraduate course, with graduates being awarded a master's level qualification: normally the conjoined degrees of Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS, BM BCh, MB ChB, etc.) although at Queen's University Belfast (and universities in Ireland) Bachelor in the Art of Obstetrics (BAO) is added, and at some universities only the Bachelor of Medicine is awarded - all of these have equal standing. Unlike most undergraduate degrees, the MBBS is not normally considered an honours degree, and thus is not classified into first class honours, etc. Students may be awarded "Merits" and "Distinctions" for parts of the course or the whole course (depending on the institution) and "Honours" may be awarded at some institutions for exceptional performance throughout the course (as a grade above Distinction).[70][71]

text: Medical schools split their year groups into one of 10 deciles.  These deciles are the major factor in the calculation of Educational Performance Measure (EPM) points used as part of medical students' Foundation Programme applications, with the top decile receiving 43 points, decreasing by a point for each decile (so the lowest gets 34 points); 7 points can be awarded for other educational achievements (other degrees and publications), and the EPM points are combined with up to 50 points from the Situational Judgement Test to give a total out of 100.[72][73]

text: British Grade Point Average[edit]

text: Following the recommendation of the Burgess report into the honours degree classification system in 2007, the Higher Education Academy ran a pilot in 2013–2014 in collaboration with 21 institutions delivering higher education (ranging from Russell Group universities to Further Education colleges) to investigate how a Grade Point Average (GPA) system would work best in Britain. Two main weighting systems were tested: an American-style average of all marks, weighted only by credit value, and weighting by "exit velocity" in the manner of the honours classification, where modules in the first year are given a low or zero weight and modules in the final year have a higher weight (a third model was only rarely used). Over two thirds of providers preferred exit-velocity weighting to the straight average.[74]

text: A GPA scale, tied to percentage marks and letter grades, was recommended for use nationally following the study, to run in parallel with the honours degree classification system.[74]

text:
Percentage

Grade

Grade points

75–100
A+
4.25

71–74
A
4.00

67–70
A-
3.75

64–66
B+
3.50

61–63
B
3.25

57–60
B-
3.00

54–56
C+
2.75

50–53
C
2.50

48–49
C-
2.25

43–47
D+
2.00

40–42
D
1.50

38–39
D-
1.00

35–37
F+
0.75

30–34
F
0.50

0–29
F-
0.00


document_title: Sarah Gilman

question_text: who plays cami harris on last man standing

text: Sarah Gilman

text: Life and career[edit]

text: Sarah Gilman was born on January 18, 1996 and resides in Los Angeles. Her first acting jobs were in theatre. She played main roles in musicals like Narnia, You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown and Alice.[2] In 2011, she made her film debut in the short movie Hold for Laughs. She played the lead role as Margaret, a 13-year-old girl who is bullied at a Catholic school.[3] She later guest starred in the TV series Up All Night and Marvin Marvin. Since 2012 she has had a recurring role as Cammy, Eve's best friend in the sitcom Last Man Standing. On June 18, 2013 it was announced that Gilman would play a main role as Delia Delfano in the Disney Channel sitcom I Didn't Do It. The show ended on October 16, 2015.[4]

text: Gilman graduated with honors from Flintridge Preparatory School where she also achieved the Advanced Placement Scholar designation. She is athletic and played in a variety of school sports teams including volleyball, water polo, basketball, softball and soccer. Gilman also holds the distinction of being the only girl in school history to complete the intense training required to play on the Boys Junior Varsity Football team.[2] On June 1, 2014, she graduated from high school.[5] Gilman began attending the University of Southern California in the fall of 2014. She is studying film production, screenwriting, and theatre.[2]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Role
Notes

2011
Hold for Laughs
Margaret
Short film

2012
Up All Night
Jamie
Episode: "Baby Fever"

2012–17
Last Man Standing
Cammy
Recurring role, 9 episodes

2013
Marvin Marvin
Hailey
Episode: "Double Date"

2014
Kroll Show
Cardoni's Daughter
Episode: "Sponsored by Stamps"

2014–15
I Didn't Do It
Delia Delfano
Main role

2015
Jessie
Delia Delfano
Episode: "The Ghostest with the Mostest"

2018
Daphne & Velma
Velma Dinkley
Direct to video


document_title: The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)

question_text: who does barney marry in how i met your mother season 7

text: The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)

text: Casting[edit]

text: During its first eight seasons, the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother. Well-known actresses often made guest appearances on the show. Many fans expected that another would play one of the most-wanted roles in Hollywood, but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown. Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples, Thomas said that "We didn’t want it to be a big famous star because we didn’t want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted’s never seen this woman before, so it better feel that way to the audience", similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had "kept the show alive" when it began. Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call.[4][5]

text: They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once; her musical ability was also helpful, as The Mother had been described as a band member. After competing for the role against at least two others, Milioti filmed her first scene—for the last episode of season 8—having never watched How I Met Your Mother; she recalled, "I had ignorance on my side. So I didn’t know what it meant." Milioti learned of the character's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer.[5][6]

text: Character history[edit]

text: The Mother was born on September 19, 1984.[note 1]

text: The Mother, joined by her roommate Kelly (Ahna O'Reilly), awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max, only to receive a call informing her of his death. After the funeral service, she returns to the apartment to open Max's last gift to her — a ukulele. The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love.[7]

text: In "Wait for It", it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella. In "No Tomorrow", Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick's Day party which she also attended, as it had been two and a half years since Max's death. She is still grieving, but Kelly encourages her to go out and date again, bringing her to the same bar where Barney Stinson (Neil Patrick Harris) and Ted are celebrating. The two women run into Mitch (Adam Paul), her old orchestra instructor; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment. Mitch tries to seduce her with a move called "The Naked Man", but she turns him down. Whilst Mitch is still naked, prompting the Mother to crack some jokes at him, they sit on her couch and start talking. That is when Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams. The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college.[7]

text: On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby, as seen in the season 4 finale "The Leap", he is seen in front of the classroom of students, one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother. But in the first episode of season 5, "Definitions", it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom — Economics instead of Architecture. At the same time in "How Your Mother Met Me", the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy (Rachel Bilson), whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate. They see Ted enter the room, but when he announces the subject, The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off. She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom.

text: Later, in "Girls Versus Suits", Ted dates Cindy, not knowing that her roommate is his future wife. Throughout the episode, Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate. When in Cindy and the mother's apartment he picks up many of The Mother's belongings, attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are (thinking the items are Cindy's) and glimpses the mother's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower. Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band. Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions, "this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back." In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is revealed that, after Ted left the apartment, the Mother had discovered the umbrella and, upon going to question Cindy, finds her in a state. As she tried to console her, Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted, and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive, before spontaneously kissing her, revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush. While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian, it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating, as the kiss was her first in a long time.

text: Some time after this, a man named Darren (Andrew Rannells) approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics. Darren gradually takes over the band.[7]

text: In the season 6 opener "Big Days" it is revealed Ted meets his future wife "the day of" the wedding at which he is the best man. In the episode "False Positive" Robin asks Ted to be her future best man, should she ever get married. In the episode "Challenge Accepted", it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney's wedding. In the last episode of season 7, "The Magician's Code" it is shown that Barney will marry Robin, and Ted will meet the mother "the day of" their wedding. On the premiere of season 8, Ted's wife appears after Barney and Robin's wedding, outside at the "Farhampton" station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar.

text: In the season 8 episode "Band or DJ?," Ted runs into Cindy and her partner on the subway and tells them that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute. The end result of the encounter is that Cindy's (now ex-) roommate's band plays at Barney and Robin's wedding.

text: The Mother is first shown meeting Louis (Louis Ferrigno Jr.) in "How Your Mother Met Me" as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now-lead band member Darren talks to his fans. Later at MacLaren's Pub, she tells him she's not yet ready to date. Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind, and they begin dating not long after. They live together for the next two years, but she knows deep down that she doesn't love him.

text: The Mother meets all of Ted's best friends - Barney, Robin, Lily Aldrin (Alyson Hannigan), and Marshall Eriksen (Jason Segel) -  before she meets him. The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin, as revealed through a flashback in "Platonish". In "The Locket", Tracy meets Lily on a train journey.

text: In "Bass Player Wanted", the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall, carrying his infant son Marvin, on her way to Farhampton Inn. On their way, it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception, but Darren forced her to quit. The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band. Before she, however, Darren walks up to her, furious the groom's best man punched him for "no reason", and quits the band.

text: In "How Your Mother Met Me", it is shown that after this incident, the Mother returns to Louis' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend. As she walks in the door, Louis proposes to her, but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes. She looks skyward and asks Max for permission to let him go and move on; she takes a sudden gust of wind as a "yes", says goodbye, and declines Louis' proposal when she goes back inside. She leaves his cottage and checks in at Farhampton Inn. On her room's balcony, she plays the ukulele and sings "La Vie en Rose". Ted hears her singing from his room next door.

text: In "Gary Blauman", Ted and the Mother are on their first date. Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish-Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner. On the way there, Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run-in with Louis. She says that she is in the "weirdest place on earth" right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating. Ted walks her back to her apartment. They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away. The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her. When the story is over, they say goodnight again. The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time, before deciding to carry on their date.

text: In a flashforward in "The Lighthouse", Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn. She immediately accepts. In another flashfoward in "Unpause", the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child, Luke, in the year 2017. She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton.

text: Name[edit]

text: The Mother's real name is not revealed until the series finale, "Last Forever". When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station, she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell. In the season 1 episode "Belly Full of Turkey", Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says "...that, kids, is the true story of how I met your mother". The children are horrified, but then he says he is joking,[9] which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother's name is Tracy.[10]

text: Death[edit]

text: In the series finale, it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children, Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness. In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead. Ted says that she "became sick" and his children said that she has been "gone" for six years. Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother's death.[11] Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die, but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning.[12] Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was "an amazing character"[9] and that "over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy.[13] Kuchman said that "asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request", that the finale "advanced too quickly" and that "HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue".[9]

text: A petition was started, aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale. The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage.[14][15] On April 5, 2014, Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD. No new material was shot for this scene.[16][17] In the alternate ending, The Mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030.[18][1]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that "Pilot" is set.[7] The pilot is set on September 19, 2005.[8]


document_title: Fetal circulation

question_text: where does the umbilical vein enter the circulation of the fetus

text: Fetal circulation

text: Structure[edit]

text: Blood from the placenta is carried to the fetus by the umbilical vein. In humans, less than a third of this enters the fetal ductus venosus and is carried to the inferior vena cava,[2] while the rest enters the liver proper from the inferior border of the liver. The branch of the umbilical vein that supplies the right lobe of the liver first joins with the portal vein. The blood then moves to the right atrium of the heart. In the fetus, there is an opening between the right and left atrium (the foramen ovale), and most of the blood flows through this hole directly into the left atrium from the right atrium, thus bypassing pulmonary circulation. The continuation of this blood flow is into the left ventricle, and from there it is pumped through the aorta into the body. Some of the blood moves from the aorta through the internal iliac arteries to the umbilical arteries, and re-enters the placenta, where carbon dioxide and other waste products from the fetus are taken up and enter the maternal circulation.[1]

text: Some of the blood entering the right atrium does not pass directly to the left atrium through the foramen ovale, but enters the right ventricle and is pumped into the pulmonary artery. In the fetus, there is a special connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta, called the ductus arteriosus, which directs most of this blood away from the lungs (which are not being used for respiration at this point as the fetus is suspended in amniotic fluid).[1]

text: Placenta[edit]

text: The circulatory system of the mother is not directly connected to that of the fetus, so the placenta functions as the respiratory center for the fetus as well as a site of filtration for plasma nutrients and wastes.  Water, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and inorganic salts freely diffuse across the placenta along with oxygen.  The uterine arteries carry blood to the placenta, and the blood permeates the sponge-like material there.  Oxygen then diffuses from the placenta to the chorionic villus, an alveolus-like structure, where it is then carried to the umbilical vein.

text: Before birth[edit]

text: The heart and blood vessels which form the circulatory system, form relatively early during embryonic development, but continue to grow and develop in complexity in the growing fetus.  A functional circulatory system is a biological necessity, since mammalian tissues can not grow more than a few cell layers thick without an active blood supply. The prenatal circulation of blood is different than the postnatal circulation, mainly because the lungs are not in use. The fetus obtains oxygen and nutrients from the mother through the placenta and the umbilical cord.[1]

text: Blood from the placenta is carried to the fetus by the umbilical vein. About half of this enters the fetal ductus venosus and is carried to the inferior vena cava, while the other half enters the liver proper from the inferior border of the liver. The branch of the umbilical vein that supplies the right lobe of the liver first joins with the portal vein. The blood then moves to the right atrium of the heart. In the fetus, there is an opening between the right and left atrium (the foramen ovale), and most of the blood flows from the right into the left atrium, thus bypassing pulmonary circulation. The majority of blood flow is into the left ventricle from where it is pumped through the aorta into the body. Some of the blood moves from the aorta through the internal iliac arteries to the umbilical arteries, and re-enters the placenta, where carbon dioxide and other waste products from the fetus are taken up and enter the woman's circulation.[1]

text: Some of the blood from the right atrium does not enter the left atrium, but enters the right ventricle and is pumped into the pulmonary artery. In the fetus, there is a special connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta, called the ductus arteriosus, which directs most of this blood away from the lungs (which aren't being used for respiration at this point as the fetus is suspended in amniotic fluid).[1]

text: After birth[edit]

text: At birth, when the infant breathes for the first time, there is a decrease in the resistance in the pulmonary vasculature, which causes the pressure in the left atrium to increase relative to the pressure in the right atrium. This leads to the closure of the foramen ovale, which is then referred to as the fossa ovalis. Additionally, the increase in the concentration of oxygen in the blood leads to a decrease in prostaglandins, causing closure of the ductus arteriosus. These closures prevent blood from bypassing pulmonary circulation, and therefore allow the neonate's blood to become oxygenated in the newly operational lungs.[3]

text: Sometimes these postnatal closures are incomplete or absent. The vessels or cross-connections remain open (patent), leading to the following conditions:

text:
Patent foramen ovale in the heart
Patent ductus arteriosus in the great vessels
Patent ductus venosus in the great vessels

text: Adult remnants[edit]

text: Remnants of the fetal circulation can be found in the adult.[4][5]

text:
Fetal

Developed

foramen ovale

fossa ovalis

ductus arteriosus

ligamentum arteriosum

extra-hepatic portion of the fetal left umbilical vein

ligamentum teres hepatis("round ligament of the liver")

intra-hepatic portion of the fetal left umbilical vein(ductus venosus)

ligamentum venosum

proximal portions of the fetal left and right umbilical arteries

umbilical branches of the internal iliac arteries

distal portions of the fetal left and right umbilical arteries

medial umbilical ligaments

text: In addition to differences in circulation, the developing fetus also employs a different type of oxygen transport molecule in its hemoglobin from that when it is born and breathing its own oxygen. Fetal hemoglobin enhances the fetus' ability to draw oxygen from the placenta. Its oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the left, meaning that it is able to absorb oxygen at lower concentrations than adult hemoglobin. This enables fetal hemoglobin to absorb oxygen from adult hemoglobin in the placenta, where the oxygen pressure is lower than at the lungs. Until around six months' old, the human infant's hemoglobin molecule is made up of two alpha and two gamma chains (2α2γ). The gamma chains are gradually replaced by beta chains until the molecule becomes hemoglobin A with its two alpha and two beta chains (2α2β).

text: Physiology[edit]

text: The core concept behind fetal circulation is that fetal hemoglobin (HbF)[6] has a higher affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin, which allows a diffusion of oxygen from the mother's circulatory system to the fetus.

text: Blood pressure[edit]

text: It is the fetal heart and not the mother's heart that builds up the fetal blood pressure to drive its blood through the fetal circulation.

text: Intracardiac pressure remains identical between the right and left ventricles of the human fetus.[7]

text: The blood pressure in the fetal aorta is approximately 30 mmHg at 20 weeks of gestation, and increases to ca 45 mmHg at 40 weeks of gestation.[8] The fetal pulse pressure is ca 20 mmHg at 20 weeks of gestation, increasing to ca 30 mmHg at 40 weeks of gestation.[8]

text: The blood pressure decreases when passing through the placenta. In the arteria umbilicalis, it is ca 50 mmHg. It falls to 30 mmHg in the capillaries in the villi. Subsequently, the pressure is 20 mm Hg in the umbilical vein, returning to the heart.[9]

text: Flow[edit]

text: The blood flow through the umbilical cord is approximately 35 mL/min at 20 weeks, and 240 mL/min at 40 weeks of gestation.[10] Adapted to the weight of the fetus, this corresponds to 115 mL/min/kg at 20 weeks and 64 mL/min/kg at 40 weeks.[10] It corresponds to 17% of the combined cardiac output of the fetus at 10 weeks, and 33% at 20 weeks of gestation.[10]

text: Endothelin and prostanoids cause vasoconstriction in placental arteries, while nitric oxide causes vasodilation.[10] On the other hand, there is no neural vascular regulation, and catecholamines have only little effect.[10]

text: Prenatal heartbeat[edit]

text: Fetal cardiac activity (also called fetal heartbeat and usually called embryonic cardiac activity before approximately 10 weeks of gestational age) is the rate of contractions during the cardiac cycles of an embryo or fetus. The heart is not fully developed when cardiac activity becomes visible.

text: In cases of early pregnancy bleeding, the detection of cardiac activity is the main finding that distinguishes a viable pregnancy from a silent miscarriage.

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Diagram of the human feto-placental circulatory system.

Transvaginal ultrasonography of an embryo at 5 weeks and 5 days of gestational age with discernible heartbeat

Neonatal heart circulation