document_title: Jeep Patriot

question_text: when did they stop making the jeep patriot

text: Jeep Patriot

text: Design[edit]

text: In the U.S. the Patriot uses either the 2.0 L or 2.4 L World gasoline I4 engine. Both front-wheel drive and four-wheel drive are available. The Patriot features two four-wheel drive systems both of which are electronically controlled. The basic four-wheel drive system is called Freedom Drive I. This system is a full-time front-wheel-drive based 4WD/AWD system that is front-wheel-drive when it has traction, but can automatically put up to 20-30% power to the rear wheels, or can be locked in 50-50 below a certain speed. The other system, called Freedom Drive II, is based on Freedom Drive I, but by using the vehicle's CVT transmission it is capable of a 19:1 gear reduction simulating a low range usually found in vehicles with dedicated transfer cases. The 2.4 L GEMA I4 is an option for the 4X2 model Patriot.

text: For Europe and Australia, a 2.0 L (1968 cc; 120 cid; 140ps) Volkswagen-manufactured diesel engine is fitted along with a 6-speed manual gearbox. All EU cars are fitted as standard with four wheel drive and a version of the Freedom Drive System that tuned differently from the U.S. versions, but with similar capability to FDII with brake traction control and three switchable electronic stability control and traction control settings for on or off-road use.

text: The Patriot won 2007 Green 4x4 Award and the 2008 4x4 of the Year in the UK.

text: The Patriot uses a continuously variable transmission equipped with a four wheel drive system, marketed as Freedom Drive II, capable of holding the lowest ratio the CVT can reach, in lieu of a traditional two-speed transfer case. The Patriot carries Jeep's "Trail Rated" badging.

text:
Model
Engine
Power
Torque
Transmission

Sport
2.4 L World I4
172 hp (128 kW)
165 lb⋅ft (224 N⋅m)
5-speed manual

Limited
CVT

text: Models[edit]

text: The Patriot is offered in three basic models with several additional options available:

text:
Sport:
-Manual Roll-Up Windows and Manual Door Locks
-Vinyl-Wrapped Steering Wheel and Dual-Note Horn
-Cruise Control (Not all years)
-Anti-Theft Ignition
-Vinyl (Later Cloth) Seating Surfaces
-Manual Front Bucket Seats
-Folding Rear Bench Seat
-Heater and Fan Blower
-2.0L I4 Engine (4X2) or 2.4L I4 Engine (4X4)
-5-Speed Manual Transmission
-Tinted Windows
-16" All-Season Tires
-16" Styled Steel Wheels
-A/M-F/M Stereo w/ Single-Disc CD Player (Later CD-MP3 Player) and Four Speakers

text:
Latitude:
-Power Windows w/ One-Touch Driver's Auto Down Feature and Power Door Locks
-SIRIUS-XM Satellite Radio (optional accessory)
-Leather-Wrapped Steering Wheel
-Keyless Entry w/ Panic Feature and Security System
-Cloth Seating Surfaces
-Air Conditioning w/ Manual Control
-17" All-Season Tires
-17" Alloy Wheels
-Rear Dome Light Flashlight[4]

text:
Limited:
-Cloth (Later Leather) Seating Surfaces
-Power Front Driver's Seat
-Power Sunroof
-U Connect Hands-Free Bluetooth Telephone System

text: Electric version[edit]

text: At the 2009 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, the Jeep Patriot was added to Chrysler's ENVI lineup. As with the previously announced Jeep Wrangler EV, the Jeep Patriot EV is an extended-range electric vehicle (EREV, also called a plug-in hybrid vehicle),  capable of traveling 40 mi (64 km) solely on battery power and up to 400 mi (644 km) on a single tank of gas.[5]

text: However, Chrysler's new partner Fiat SpA disbanded the ENVI division in November 2009, and removed the three ENVI models from its 5-year plan for Chrysler.[6] There have been no announced plans to continue with the electric version.

text: 2011 facelift[edit]

text: The Patriot received minor interior and exterior upgrades for 2011. The front fog lamps were shrunken and relocated, and the "Patriot" lettering on the rear bumper was removed and replaced with a more traditional rear bumper. Three trims were offered in the US: Sport, Latitude, and Limited (which replaced the earlier Latitude X). In Canada, North Edition replaced the Latitude trim with slightly different equipment.

text: In the EU, four trims were offered: Sport, Sport Plus, Limited, and an Overland version. In the EU market, the 2.0 L Volkswagen PD Diesel Engine was replaced by a 2.2 L Mercedes-Benz Twin-Cam Common Rail Diesel engine delivering 163 hp (122 kW).

text: For 2011, a 70th Anniversary Edition model was offered to commemorate the Jeep history. It was based on the Sport model with special olive or beige interior colors, unique alloy wheels, a nine-speaker Boston Acoustics premium sound system with subwoofer and fold-down lift gate speakers, Sirius XM Radio, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, leather seats, heated front seats, and other features. This model was available from May to October 2011.

text: For 2012 only, an Altitude Edition model, based on the Sport model, was offered. It featured a black leather upholstery, special black-finished alloy wheels, a nine-speaker sound system, Sirius XM Radio, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, heated front seats, and black-painted exterior accents. This model started production in May 2012, and was only available for a few months.

text: For the 2013 model year, a Freedom Edition model, based on the Sport model, was offered to commemorate Jeep's commitment to the U.S. Army and military, as well to commemorate all of the soldiers who have served. It has a special star hood decal, power leather seats, a leather-wrapped steering wheel, Sirius XM Radio, and dark-finished alloy wheels.  This model features Commando Green Metallic exterior paint that is not available on other 2013 Jeep Patriots.

text: The Jeep Patriot underwent many changes in trims or models for the 2014 model year; however, 2014 was the first model year that Freedom Drive 1 Patriots came with a Hyundai 6-speed automatic transmission instead of the CVT.

text: Discontinuation[edit]

text: 2017 was the last year for the Patriot, but production was discontinued in December 2016 (with the remainder of the fleet marketed as "2017" and sold until stock depletion).[7][8] Both Patriot and first-generation Jeep Compass were replaced by second-generation thereof. However, in 2018, the Jeep Patriot is still available for the Canadian market.

text: Safety[edit]

text: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS)[edit]

text:
IIHS scores[9]

Moderate overlap frontal offset
Good

Small overlap frontal offset
Poor[10]

Side impact
Good*

Roof strength
Good

text: *2007-2013 models with additional optional side airbags. Models without additional optional side air bags were rated Marginal.

text: NHTSA[edit]

text:
2007-2010 Patriot NHTSA scores[11][12][13][14]

Frontal Driver:

Frontal Passenger:

Side Driver:

Side Passenger:

4x2 Rollover:

4x4 Rollover:

text:
2013 Patriot NHTSA scores[15][16]

Overall:

Frontal Driver:

Frontal Passenger:

Side Driver:

Side Passenger:

Side Pole Driver:

Rollover:

text: Global Sales[edit]

text:
Calendar Year

United States
Canada
Other
México

2007[17]

40,434
9,629

13,612[18]

2008[19]

55,654
13,836

9,823

2009[20]

31,432
7,998

8,543

2010[21]

38,620
10,753 [22]

6,441

2011[23]

54,647
8,421

7,702

2012[24]

62,110
6,667

8,297

2013[25]

75,797
5,372
22,408
7,386

2014[26]

93,462
5,959
22,966
6,926

2015[27]

118,464
9,372
15,167
5,423[28]

2016

121,926[29]
9,026[30]

2017

40,495[31]
3,004[32][33]

Total Sales 956,097


document_title: Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji

question_text: when was the last time mt fuji erupted

question_tokens: when was the last time mt fuji erupted

root

text: Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji

text: Komitake[edit]

text: There has been much volcanic activity in the vicinity of Mount Fuji for several million years. In the location occupied by the current Mount Fuji, a volcano known as Mount Komitake (小御岳火山), literally meaning "small mountain volcano", became active 700,000 years ago. Around this time, another volcano, Mount Ashitaka (愛鷹山), in the area to the south-east of Mount Fuji, was also highly active. The peak of the ancient volcano, Komitake, can be seen from the north face of Mount Fuji at the fifth station, about 2,300 meters (7,500 ft) above sea-level.

tag: p

text: Old Fuji[edit]

text: Around 100,000 years after becoming inactive, Komitake entered another period of activity. The volcano in this period is known as Old Fuji (古富士, kofuji). Older Fuji was known as to have explosive eruptions, throwing out large quantities of scoria, volcanic ash and lava, forming a large mountain which reached a height of 3,100 meters (10,200 ft).

text: New Fuji[edit]

text: Following the Old Fuji period, there were about 4,000 years of inactivity, ending at around 5,000 years ago, when Mount Fuji became active again; this period is known as New Fuji (新富士, shinfuji), and continues to the present day. Eruptions of New Fuji exhibit phenomena such as lava flows, magma, scoria, volcanic ash, collapses and side eruptions, leading it to be called "a department store of eruptions". Ash from New Fuji is often black, and eruptions are new in terms of geological layers. Valuable data on the activity of Mount Fuji is recorded in Japanese historical documents dating from the 8th century onwards. It exhibits a range of representative eruptions.

text: The Gotemba mud flow[edit]

text: About 2,300 years ago the east face of the volcano collapsed and lahars flowed down to the Gotemba area as far as the Ashigara plain in the east and the Suruga bay across Mishima city in the south. This incident is now called the Gotemba mud flow (御殿場泥流, Gotemba deiryū). Liquid mud piled up over an area as wide as the city area of Mishima.

text: Jōgan eruption[edit]

text: In 864 (the 6th year of the Jōgan era) there was an eruption on the north-east side of Mount Fuji, which produced a great amount of lava.

text: 864 (Jōgan 6, 5th month): Mount Fuji erupted for 10 days, and it ejected from its summit an immense quantity of cinders and ash which fell back to earth as far away as the ocean at Edo bay. Many people perished and a great numbers of homes were destroyed. The volcanic eruption began on the side of Fuji-san closest to Mount Asama, throwing cinders and ash as far away as Kai province.[2]

tag: ul

text: Some of the lava filled up a large lake Senoumi (せの海) which existed at the time, dividing it into two lakes, Saiko (西湖) and Shōjiko (精進湖). This is known as the Aokigahara lava (青木ヶ原溶岩), and at present is covered by the dense Aokigahara forest.

text: Hōei eruption[edit]

text: The latest eruption, in 1707 (the 4th year of the Hōei era), was known as the great Hōei eruption. It followed several weeks after the Great Hōei earthquake, an 8.7 in the Richter scale. The earthquake severely damaged the city of Osaka, but more than that, it created enough seismic activity to compress the magma chamber 20 km deep in the inactive Mt. Fuji. Due to the compression of the magma chamber, basaltic lava rose from the bottom to the higher dacitic magma chamber at 8 km deep. The mixing of the two different types of magma caused a plinian eruption to occur. Previous to the Hoei, another earthquake named Genroku had struck Japan in 1703. The earthquake affected both Kanagawa and Shizuoka prefectures; Genroku was measured as an 8.2 in the Richter Scale, it caused the same effect as Hoei but with less severity. It clamped the dike of the mountain at 8 km to the surface (where the dacitic magma resides), as well as the basaltic chamber at 20 km deep. Many articles find a correlation between the two earthquakes, getting to the conclusion that without one another the Hoei eruption would’ve not happened.

text:
November 11, 1707 (Hōei 4, 14th day of the 10th month): The city of Osaka suffers tremendously because of a very violent earthquake.[3]
December 16, 1707 (Hōei 4, 23rd day of the 11th month): An eruption of Mt. Fuji; the cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi.[4] This eruption was remarkable in that it spread a vast amount of volcanic ash and scoria over a region as far away as Edo.

text: Records of eruption[edit]

text: Sixteen eruptions of New Fuji have been recorded since 781. Many of the eruptions occurred in the Heian era, with twelve eruptions between 800 and 1083. Sometimes inactive periods between eruptions lasted for hundreds of years, as in the period between 1083 and 1511, when no eruptions were recorded for over 400 years. At present, there have been no eruptions since the Hoei eruption in 1707–1708, around 300 years ago.

text: Current eruptive danger[edit]

text: Scientists study the activity of the magma rising by measuring CO2 emissions in the deeper parts of the volcano. Studies from before the Tohoku earthquake show the CO2 emissions below 5 gCO2/m2/day, which is the detection limit. If the emissions rise above 5 gCO2/m2/day then seismic activity is occurring and an eruption could possibly take place. According to a five-stage evolutionary model for the release of volcanic gas, Mt. Fuji would be considered stage I. Magma is at a considerable 10 km (6.2 mi) depth and no emissions of gasses can be observed regularly.

text: Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami much attention was given to the volcanic reaction of Mt. Fuji. Experts have found that the internal pressure of the Mt. Fuji magma chamber has increased to an estimated 1.6 megapascals, raising speculation over the possibility of an eruption. The estimated damage to Japan from a Fuji eruption is at ¥2.5 trillion ($25 billion).

text: Professor Masaki Kimura has predicted on the basis of his many studies an eruption of Mt. Fuji in 2015, four years after the major Tohoku earthquake in 2011, and similar to the Hoei eruption four years after the Genroku earthquake. Professor Kimura mentions two important details that back up his prediction. One, the rise in the water level in Lake Sai, just after the Tohoku earthquake, which he believes was caused by the melting of a permafrost layer in the summit of the mountain by rising magma. And two, the continuous occurrence of phreatic eruptions, explosions of steam, around the mountain. It should also be noted that Professor Kimura is the author of two books that refer to his predictions: Fujisan no Funka wa Hajimatteiru! (The Eruption of Mt. Fuji has Begun), released in June 2012, and Fujisan Dai Funka! Bukimina Itsutsu no Choko (Major Eruption of Mt. Fuji! Five Eerie Signs), released in 2011. [5] [6]


document_title: U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state

question_text: what's the legal drinking age in montana

question_tokens: what 's the legal drinking age in montana

text: The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. The history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21"). In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.

text: As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s. From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. A lot of states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[1][2][3] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.

text: From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities.[citation needed] In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age,[4] while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.[5]

text:
State
Pre-Prohibition
(prior to 1919)
Post-Prohibition
(after 1933)
1970s / 26th Amendment
(adopted in 1971)
1980s /
Drinking Age Act of 1984
21st century

Alabama
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21 (none with consent of parent)[6]
21
1975:
Lowered to 19[7]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21 (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)

Alaska
?
21[7]
1970:
Lowered to 19[9]
1984:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11]
21

Arizona
?
21[11]
1972:
Lowered to 19[12][13]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Arkansas
Pre 1925:
None[7]
1925:
21[7]
21
21[14]
21 [8]
21

California
Pre 1891:
Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[15][16][17]
1891:
18 (statewide)[18]
1933:
21[7]
21
21 [8]
21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)

Colorado
None[11]
1945:
18: for beer
21: for wine and liquor[7]
18 [19]
Raised to 21 in 1987 [8]
21

Connecticut
?
21 [11]
1972:
Lowered to 18[20]
1982:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[21]
21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person’s employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person’s exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[22]

Delaware
?
21 [11]
1972:
Lowered to 20[13]
1984:
Raised to 21[8]
21

District of Columbia
?
18: for beer and wine[11]
21: for liquor[23][24]
18: for beer and wine[13][24]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[25][26]
21

Florida
?
18[7]
1980:
19 [27]
1985:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause [27]
21 [28]

Georgia
?
21 [11]
1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1984:
Raised to 19[14]
1985:
Raised to 20[14]
1986:
Raised to 21[14]
21

Hawaii
?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 18[13]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Idaho
?
20: for beer[29][30]
21: for wine and liquor[11][31]
1972:
Lowered to 19 (all)[13][32]
1987:
Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][33]
21

Illinois
1872:
Age of majority
(none with written consent of parent)[34]
pre 1961: Age of majority 1961: Raised to 21 [35]
1973:
Lowered to 19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[36]
1980:
Raised to 21[37]
21

Indiana
?
Post-1934:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

Iowa
?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)
1973:
Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[38]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[14][38]
21

Kansas
?
1949:
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV
21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[14]
21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[14]
21: for liquor[14][19]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)

Kentucky
?
1938:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

Louisiana
?
As of 1948:
18[13]
18[19]
1987:
Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]
but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.
1995:
De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[39]
1996:
In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[40]
Other exceptions still remain.[41]
21 (Exceptions to state law include:[42]

For an established religious purpose;
When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;
For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;
In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;
The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.)

Maine
?
21[7]
1969:
Lowered to 20
1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1977:
Raised to 20[8][43]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Maryland
?
21[7]
1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[44][45]
1982:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause [8][46]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)

Massachusetts
?
21 [11]
1973:
Lowered to 18
1979:
Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[47][48][49]
Raised to 21 in 1985 [8]
21

Michigan
?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[50]
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[51][52]
1978:
Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]
First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered
21

Minnesota
?
21 [11]
1973:
Lowered to 18 (June 1)
1976:
Raised to 19 (Sept 1)[53]
First state to raise age after lowering.
1986:
Raised to 21[54]
21

Mississippi
?
1966:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
(alcohol not legalized until 1966)
18[19]
Raised to 21 in 1986 [8]
21

Missouri
?
1945:
21[7]
21
21 [8]
21

Montana
?
21 [11]
1971:
Lowered to 19[55]
1973:
Lowered to 18[56][57]
1979:
Raised to 19
1987:
Raised to 21[8][58]
21

Nebraska
?
21[59]
1969:
Lowered to 20
1972:
Lowered to 19[59]
1980:
Raised to 20[14]
1985:
Raised to 21[14]
21

Nevada
?
1933:
21[7]
21
21[8]
21

New Hampshire
?
21[11]
1973:
Lowered to 18[60]
1979:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[8][21]
21

New Jersey
Before 1880:
None
Post-1880:
18 (penalties only against businesses)[61][62][63]
21[citation needed]
1973:
Lowered to 18 [12]
1980:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 21[8][64]
21

New Mexico
?
1934:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

New York
21
18[65]
18
1982:
Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)
1985:
Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[21][66][67]
21

North Carolina
?
18[11]
18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor
1983:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26]
21

North Dakota
?
1936:
21[7]
21[14]
21 [68]
21

Ohio
?
1935:
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[69]
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor
1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):
19: for 3.2% ABW beer[14]
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[14]
1982 (From Oct. 1):
19: beer
21: wine and liquor[70]
1988:
21[14]
21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)

Oklahoma
?
Men:
21
Women:
18: 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[71]
1976:
Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec) [72]
Last state to lower the drinking age.
1983:
Raised to 21[11][73]
21

Oregon
?
1933:
21[7]
21
21 [8]
21

Pennsylvania
?
1935:
21[7]
21
21 [8][52]
21

Rhode Island
?
21[11]
1970:
Lowered to 18[12][74]
1980:
Raised to 19
1981:
Raised to 20
1984:
Raised to 21[21]
21

South Carolina
21[75]
1935:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor
1984:
19: for beer and wine[7]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

South Dakota
?
1934:
21 (all)
1939:
Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beer
Raised to 19: for 3.2% beer[76]
1972:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[13]
1984:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[8]
1988:
Raised to 21[58]
21

Tennessee
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21[77]
21[7]
1964:
Lowered to 18[7]
1979:
Raised to 19
1984:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Texas
Pre 1909:
21
None (with written permission of parent or guardian)
Post 1909:
21[78][79]
21[7]
1973:
Lowered to 18[80]
1981:
Raised to 19[81]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26]
21

Utah
?
1935:
21[7]
21[14]
21 [8]
21

Vermont
?
21[7]
1971:
Lowered to 18[82][83]
1986:
Raised to 21[21][83]
21

Virginia
?
21[84]
1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
(21: for liquor remained)[84]
1981:
Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption
1983:
Raised to 19 (all beer)
1985:
Raised to 21[84]
21

Washington
"Age of majority"
since 1877 [85]
21[citation needed]
21
21 [8]
21

West Virginia
?
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[11]
1972:
Lowered to 18 (all)[86]
1983:
Raised to 19
(& 21 for non-residents)[8][43]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Wisconsin
1839–1866:
18: for wine and liquor
None: for beer
Post-1866:
21 (all)[87]
18: for beer
21: for wine and spirits
1957:
21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[88]
1963:
Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[88]
1972:
Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[88]
1977:
Border state restriction lifted.[88]
1984:
Raised to 19
1986:
Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[88]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)[citation needed]

Wyoming
?
21[7]
1973:
Lowered to 19[13]
1988:
Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[89][90]
Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21
21

American Samoa
?
?
?
21?
21 [91]

Northern Mariana Islands
–
–
?
21?
21 [92]

Puerto Rico
?
18
18
Kept at 18
despite 10% highway funding
penalty under Drinking Age Act.
18 [93]

Virgin Islands
?
?
?
18
18 [94]

Guam
?
21?
18
18
Raised to 21 in 2010 [5]

tag: table

text: Additional notes[edit]

text:
Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings. That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws.[41]
In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.[23][24] Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before. Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite purchase being technically illegal) which meant that the de facto age was still 18.[39] In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional.[39] That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.[40] Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,[41] and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood. Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966). Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but dry counties and towns still exist in some states.


document_title: The Cat in the Hat (film)

question_text: who played the fish in the cat in the hat

text: The Cat in the Hat (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Conrad and Sally Walden live in the city of Anville with their mother, Joan. Joan works for neat-freak Hank Humberfloob, as a real estate agent, and is hosting an office party at her house. One day, she is called back to the office, leaving the kids with Mrs. Kwan, a tired babysitter, and forbidding them to enter the living room, which is being kept pristine for the upcoming party. Joan is also dating their next-door neighbor, Larry Quinn, much to Conrad's dismay. Larry is constantly on the lookout for any mischief Conrad may be up to, as he wants nothing more than to send him away to military school, as Conrad has earned the reputation of "hot-headed trouble-maker", while his sister is characterized as "perfect and well-behaved".

text: Once their mother leaves, Sally and Conrad meet a humanoid, oversized talking cat in a hat in their house. The Cat reveals he wants them to learn to have fun, but the children's pet fish doesn't want the Cat around when Joan is away. The Cat then leaves a trail of destruction across the house. In the process, he releases two trouble-making things, Thing 1 and Thing 2, from a crate that he explains is actually a portal to another world. The Cat tells Conrad that he only has one rule: never open the crate, then allows the Things to have fun, but they make a mess out of the house. Despite the Cat's warning, Conrad picks the lock on the crate. When the crate's lock attaches itself to the collar of the family dog, Nevins, Cat and the kids must go find him and the lock. They drive a super-powered car which Cat names it S.L.O.W. (Super Luxurious Omnidirectional Whatchamajigger) in search of Nevins and use Cat's magic hat. Conrad realizes that the Things always do the opposite to what they are told, and that this can be used to their advantage and has them stall Joan.

text: Meanwhile, Larry is revealed to be an unemployed slob with dentures, and is in financial debt, though claiming that he is a successful businessman in the hopes of marrying Joan for her money. Larry sees Nevins running across the street and tracks down Joan to tell her, but Things 1 and 2 have stalled her on the road, posing as police officers. Larry goes back to the house, telling Joan to meet him there.

text: By the time the kids and the Cat (and Larry) return to the house with the lock, a huge mess spills from the unlocked crate and enters the house, seemingly killing Larry in the process. They navigate their way through the oversized house and find the crate while cleaning up. The house is returned to its normal proportions but then immediately falls apart. The Cat tells the kids that he planned the whole day, including making not opening the crate his one rule, as he knew Conrad could not resist. The kids angrily tell the Cat to leave the house. Conrad prepares to face the consequences when Joan comes home, but Sally says she will share the blame. The Cat, having overheard this, happily returns to clean up the mess with a great cleaning contraption. named D.I.R.T. (Dynamic Industrial Renovating Tractormajigger) Afterwards The Cat says goodbye and departs as Joan is arriving. Larry returns, revealing he survived when all is restored, thinking he has busted the kids, but when Joan sees the clean house (and a messy Larry), she does not believe Larry and dumps him. After the successful party, Joan spends time with her children and the Cat finishes narrating. The film ends as he and his things decide to go on a vacation.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Mike Myers as the Cat in the Hat, a tall, anthropomorphic, wise-cracking cat with a Brooklyn accent who wears a special hat which reveals many magical abilities.
Spencer Breslin as Conrad Walden, Joan's destructive and misbehaved son.
Dakota Fanning as Sally Walden, Joan's dull, well-behaved, and rule-obeying daughter.
Kelly Preston as Joan Walden, Conrad and Sally's mother, and a workaholic real-estate agent.
Alec Baldwin as Lawrence "Larry" Quinn, the Waldens' pompous, lazy, unemployed next-door neighbor. He is revealed to be allergic to cats, steals food from the Waldens and gets away with it, and is determined to both marry Joan for her wealth and send Conrad to military school to straighten up his behavior.
Amy Hill as Mrs. Kwan, an elderly Taiwanese woman who gets hired to watch the kids, though she sleeps through her job. Her weight and sleep serves as a running gag. She sits down on the couch to watch brawling in Taiwanese parliament.
Sean Hayes as Mr. Hank Humberfloob, Joan's boss. Hayes is also the voice of the family fish.
Danielle Chuchran and Taylor Rice as Thing 1, and Brittany Oaks and Talia-Lynn Prairie as Thing 2; two gibbering trouble-making creatures that the Cat brings in with him. Dan Castellaneta provided the voices for both Things.
Steven Anthony Lawrence as Dumb Schweitzer. He whacks Cat in the testicles with a wooden baseball bat
Paris Hilton as a female club-goer
Bugsy as Nevins, the Waldens' pet dog. Frank Welker provided his voice.
Candace Dean Brown as a secretary who works for the Humberfloob Real Estate.
Daran Norris as the Astounding Products Announcer
Clint Howard as Kate the Caterer
Paige Hurd as Denise, who does not speak to Sally anymore, not long after she talked back to her. She never invited Sally to her birthday party either since Sally earlier stated that she told Denise not to speak to her anymore.
Stephen Hibbert as Jim McFinnigan
Roger Morrisey as Mr. Vompatatat
Victor Brandt as the Narrator, who tells the story; he is revealed to be the Cat using a voice-changer at the end.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: DreamWorks Pictures acquired rights to the original book in 1997.[4] However, production did not originally start until after the 2000 Christmas/comedy film How the Grinch Stole Christmas, based on another Dr. Seuss book of the same name, became a commercial success. Brian Grazer, who was the producer of The Grinch, stated, "Because we grew up with these books, and because they have such universal themes and the illustrations ignite such fantasy in your mind as a child — the aggregation of all those feelings — it leaves an indelible, positive memory. And so when I realized I had a chance to convert first The Grinch and then, The Cat in the Hat, into movies, I was willing to do anything to bring them to the screen."[5] Grazer contacted Bo Welch over the phone with the offer to direct the film, and he accepted.[6] When production began, songs written by Randy Newman were dropped because they were deemed inferior. Newman's cousin, David Newman, composed the score for the film. Although Welch and a publicist for Myers denied it, several people said Myers had considerable input into the film's direction, telling some of the cast (co-stars Baldwin and Preston) how to perform their scenes.[7]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Tim Allen was originally planned to play the role of the Cat. The script would be originally based on a story conceived by Allen, who admitted that as a child he was afraid of Seuss' "mischievous feline" babysitter. Allen stated, "My dream is to give it the edge that scared me."[8] However, producers did not commission a screenplay until late February 2001, when Alec Berg, Jeff Schaffer, and Dave Mandel (who were also writers on Seinfeld) were hired to write the script (replacing the original draft of the film that was written a few years before),[9] so the film would not be ready to shoot before the deadline. Allen was also committed to shooting Disney's The Santa Clause 2, which was also delayed because Allen wanted a script rewrite.[10] Due to a scheduling conflict with The Santa Clause 2,[11] he dropped out his role.[12] In March 2002, the role of the Cat was given to Mike Myers,[13] even though he had an argument with Grazer about starring in a cancelled Saturday Night Live skit named Dieter.[14] Myers stated in an interview that he was a long-time fan of the original Dr. Seuss book, and that it was the first book he ever read.[15]

text: Makeup and visual effects[edit]

text: Makeup for the character was designed by Steve Johnson. The Cat costume was made of angora and human hair and was fitted with a cooling system. To keep Myers cool during the outdoor shoots, a portable air conditioner was available that connected a hose to the suit between shots. The tail and ears were battery operated.[16] The Fish was considered somewhat of a unique character for Rhythm & Hues (responsible for some of the effects and animation in such films as Cats & Dogs, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, and Scooby-Doo), in that the character had no shoulders, hips or legs, so all of the physical performance had to emit from the eyes, head and fin motion. Sean Hayes, who provided the voice for the Fish, found the role significantly different from his usual on-camera jobs; he did not know how the final animation would look, and all of his work took place alone in a sound booth.[17]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Prior to filming, giant props for the film were stolen from the set. Local police found the props vandalized in a mall car park in Pomona, California. The props were covered with graffiti. No arrests had been made, and filming was to start the next week.[18] Principal photography took place mostly in California from October 2002 until January 2003. The neighborhood and the town centre was filmed in a rural valley near Simi Valley, where 24 houses (each 26-feet square and 52-feet tall) were constructed.[19] The downtown area outdoor shots were filmed along a Pomona street where a number of antique and gift shops are located. The community decided not to redecorate after filming ended, so the surreal paint scheme and some of the signage could still be seen as it appears in the film. Because of so much smog in the area, the sky had to be digitally replaced with the cartoon-like sky and colours of the background had to be digitally fixed.

text: Music[edit]

text:
The Cat in the Hat

Film score / Soundtrack album by David Newman

Released
November 18, 2003

Recorded
2002

Genre
Orchestra

Length
51:55

Label
BMG Soundtracks

text: The soundtrack was released on November 18, 2003.[20] It includes David Newman's score, plus a song by Smash Mouth ("Getting Better") and ("Hang On") that makes it the third film in a row playing a song in a film starring Mike Myers, after Shrek (2001) and Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002). The soundtrack also includes a couple of songs performed by Mike Myers (the role of the Cat). Newman's score won a BMI Film Music Award.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by David Newman, except as noted.

text:
[show]Track listing

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length

1.
"Main Title; The Kids"

8:07

2.
"Getting Better" (Performed by Smash Mouth)
Lennon–McCartney
2:24

3.
"The Cat"

3:50

4.
"Two Things - Couch Jumping - Lea..."

5:16

5.
"Military Academy Seduction"

3:02

6.
Untitled

2:12

7.
"Surfer Cat - the Phunometer"

2:23

8.
"Fun, Fun, Fun" (Performed by Mike Myers)
Marc Shaiman, Scott Wittman
2:38

9.
"The Contract"

1:53

10.
"Oven Explodes - "Clean Up This Mess!""

1:36

11.
"Things Wreck the House"

2:52

12.
"Larry the Slob"

3:10

13.
"Birthday Party"

2:11

14.
"S.L.O.W. Drive"

2:32

15.
"Rescuing Nevins"

4:27

16.
"Clean Up" (Performed by Mike Myers)
Shaiman, Whitman
0:23

17.
"Hang On" (Performed by Smash Mouth)
Scott Wittman
3:00

Total length:
47:25

text: Release[edit]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Cat in the Hat was released on VHS and DVD on March 16, 2004.[21] It features 16 deleted scenes, 20 outtake scenes, almost a dozen featurettes, and a "Dance with the Cat" tutorial to teach kids a Cat in the Hat dance.[22] On February 7, 2012, the film was released on Blu-ray.[23]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Cat in the Hat opened theatrically on November 21, 2003 and earned $38,329,160 in its opening weekend, ranking first in the North American box office.[24] The film ended its theatrical run on March 18, 2004, having grossed $101,149,285 domestically and $32,811,256 overseas for a worldwide total of $133,960,541.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 10% approval rating based on reviews from 158 critics. The website's consensus reads: "Filled with double entendres and potty humor, this Cat falls flat."[25] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 19/100 based on 37 reviews, indicating "overwhelming dislike".[26]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film one star, stating, "Cat, another over-blown Hollywood raid on Dr. Seuss, has a draw on Mike Myers, who inexplicably plays the Cat by mimicking Bert Lahr in The Wizard of Oz." Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2 out of 4 stars. Although he praised the production design, he considered the film to be "all effects and stunts and CGI and prosthetics, with no room for lightness and joy".[27] Ebert and co-host Richard Roeper gave the film "Two Thumbs Down". Roeper said of Myers' performance that "Maybe a part of him was realizing as the movie was being made that a live-action version of The Cat in the Hat just wasn't a great idea." Ebert had the same problem with the film that he had with How the Grinch Stole Christmas, in that "If there is one thing I've learned from these two movies is that we don't want to see Jim Carrey as a Grinch, and we don't want to see Mike Myers as a cat. These are talented comedians, let's see them do their stuff, don't bury them under a ton of technology."

text: Concerns were also raised over the PG rating of the film with some critics, stating that it should have instead been rated PG-13 in relation to its high amount of adult content.[28]

text: Leonard Maltin in his Movie Guide gave it one and a half stars out of four saying that the "Brightly colored adaptation of the beloved rhyming book for young children is a betrayal of everything Dr. Seuss ever stood for, injecting potty humor and adult (wink-wink) jokes into a mixture of heavy-handed slapstick and silliness." Maltin also claimed that the film's official title which included Dr Seuss' The Cat in the Hat was "an official insult".[29] However, Jeffrey Lyons from NBC-TV, enjoyed the film and considered it "enormously funny".[citation needed]

text: Baldwin addressed complaints the film received because of its dissimilarity to the source material. He expressed a belief that a film is "an idea about something" and that because Dr. Seuss' work is so unique, making a feature-length film out of one of his stories would entail taking liberties and making broad interpretations.[30]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Award
Subject
Nominee
Result

BMI Film Awards
Best Music
David Newman
Won

DFWFCA Awards
Worst Film

Won

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Movie Actor
Mike Myers
Nominated

Golden Raspberry Awards
Worst Actor of the Decade
Nominated

Worst Actor
Nominated

Worst Supporting Actor
Alec Baldwin
Nominated

Worst Supporting Actress
Kelly Preston
Nominated

Worst Picture

Nominated

Worst Director
Bo Welch
Nominated

Worst Screenplay
Alec Berg, David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer, based on the book by Dr. Seuss
Nominated

Worst Screen Couple
Mike Myers and either Thing One or Thing Two
Nominated

Worst Excuse for an Actual Movie (All Concept/No Content)

Won

Worst "Comedy" of Our First 25 Years

Nominated

Stinkers Bad Movie Awards[31]
Worst Picture

Won

Worst Director
Bo Welch
Nominated

Worst Screenplay for a Film Grossing More Than $100 Million Worldwide
Alec Berg, David Mandel and Jeff Schaffer, based on the book by Dr. Seuss
Won

Worst Actor
Mike Myers
Nominated

Worst Fake Accent - Male
Nominated

Worst Supporting Actor
Alec Baldwin
Nominated

Most Painfully Unfunny Comedy

Nominated

Worst Song
"Fun, Fun, Fun"; music by Marc Shaiman, lyrics by Shaiman and Scott Wittman
Nominated

Most Annoying Non-Human Character
Cat in the Hat
Won

Thing One and Thing Two (voices by Dan Castellaneta)
Nominated

The Spencer Breslin Award (Worst Performance by a Child Actor)
Spencer Breslin
Won

Dakota Fanning
Nominated

text: The film also received three nominations at the Hollywood Makeup & Hairstylists Guild Awards.[32]

text: Scrapped sequel[edit]

text: On the day of the film's release, Mike Myers stated in an interview that he expected a sequel where the kids meet the Cat again, since there was a sequel to the book. A sequel based on The Cat in the Hat Comes Back was in development, a little more than a month before the film's release.[33] In February 2004, Dr. Seuss' widow, Audrey Geisel, said she would never allow any further live action adaptations of her husband's works, and the sequel was eventually cancelled.[34]

text: Animated version[edit]

text: On March 15, 2012, a computer animated Cat in the Hat adaptation was announced by Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment, following the success of The Lorax.[35][36][37][38][39][40][41] On January 24, 2018, Warner Animation Group announced that they have picked up the rights for the animated Cat in the Hat reboot movie, along with many of Seuss' works.[42]

text: Video game[edit]

text:
The Cat in the Hat

Developer(s)
Magenta Software (PS2, Xbox)
Digital Eclipse (Microsoft Windows, Game Boy Advance)

Publisher(s)
Vivendi Universal Games[a]

Platform(s)

PlayStation 2
Microsoft Windows
Xbox
Game Boy Advance

Release

NA: November 5, 2003 (PS2, Xbox, GBA)
NA: November 9, 2003 (PC)
EU: March 19, 2004
JP: March 25, 2004 (Xbox)

Genre(s)

Platform
Action

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018)

text: The Cat in the Hat is a 2003 platformer video game released by Vivendi Universal Games and developed by Magenta Software and Digital Eclipse. It is based on the film of the same name. The game was released for PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Game Boy Advance on November 5, 2003, and PC on November 9, 2003, shortly before the film's theatrical release. A version for the Nintendo GameCube was planned to be released, but it was later cancelled.

text: Video game reviews[edit]

text:
Reception

Aggregate scores

Aggregator
Score

GameRankings
(Xbox) 52.67%[43]
(PS2) 50%[44]
(GBA) 46.50%[45]
(PC) 19.50%[46]

Metacritic
(Xbox) 56/100[47]
(PS2) 56/100[48]
(GBA) 40/100[49]
(PC) 40/100[50]

Review scores

Publication
Score

Famitsu
27/40[51]

GameSpot
3.8/10[52]

GameZone
(PC) 8/10[53]
(PS2) 7.2/10[54]
(GBA) 5/10[55]

IGN
6/10[56]
(GBA) 4/10[57]

Nintendo Power
2.3/5[58]

OPM (US)
[59]

OXM (US)
5.5/10[60]

PC Gamer (UK)
9%[61]

PC Zone
30%[62]

X-Play
[63]

text: The Cat in the Hat game received mixed reviews[43][44][45][47][48][49] (except for the PC version, which received negative reviews).[46][50]


document_title: Lactase

question_text: where is lactase found in the digestive system

text: Lactase

text: Uses[edit]

text: Food use[edit]

text: Lactase is an enzyme that some people are unable to produce in their small intestine.[5] Without it they can't break down the natural lactose in milk, leaving them with diarrhea, gas and bloating when drinking regular milk. Lactase is added to Lactose Free Milk to neutralize lactose naturally found in milk, leaving it slightly sweet but digestible by everyone.[6]  Without lactase, lactose intolerant people pass the lactose undigested to the colon where bacteria break it down creating carbon dioxide and that leads to bloating and flatulence.

text: Medical use[edit]

text: Lactase supplements are sometimes used to treat lactose intolerance.[7]

text: Industrial use[edit]

text: Lactase produced commercially can be extracted both from yeasts such as Kluyveromyces fragilis and Kluyveromyces lactis and from molds, such as Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae.[8] Its primary commercial use, in supplements such as Lacteeze and Lactaid, is to break down lactose in milk to make it suitable for people with lactose intolerance,[9][10] However, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration  has not formally evaluated the effectiveness of these products.[11]

text: Lactase is also used to screen for blue white colonies in the multiple cloning sites of various plasmid vectors in Escherichia coli or other bacteria.[citation needed]

text: Mechanism[edit]

text: The optimum temperature for human lactase is about 37 °C for its activity[12] and has an optimum pH of 6.[2]

text: In metabolism, the β-glycosidic bond in D-lactose is hydrolyzed to form D-galactose and D-glucose, which can be absorbed through the intestinal walls and into the bloodstream.  The overall reaction that lactase catalyzes is C12H22O11 + H2O → C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 + heat.

text: The catalytic mechanism of D-lactose hydrolysis retains the substrate anomeric configuration in the products.[13]  While the details of the mechanism are uncertain, the stereochemical retention is achieved through a double displacement reaction.  Studies of E. coli lactase have proposed that hydrolysis is initiated when a glutamate nucleophile on the enzyme attacks from the axial side of the galactosyl carbon in the β-glycosidic bond.[14]  The removal of the D-glucose leaving group may be facilitated by Mg-dependent acid catalysis.[14]  The enzyme is liberated from the α-galactosyl moiety upon equatorial nucleophilic attack by water, which produces D-galactose.[13]

text: Substrate modification studies have demonstrated that the 3′-OH and 2′-OH moieties on the galactopyranose ring are essential for enzymatic recognition and hydrolysis.[15]  The 3′-hydroxy group is involved in initial binding to the substrate while the 2′- group is not necessary for recognition but needed in subsequent steps.  This is demonstrated by the fact that a 2-deoxy analog is an effective competitive inhibitor (Ki = 10mM).[15]  Elimination of specific hydroxyl groups on the glucopyranose moiety does not completely eliminate catalysis.[15]

text: Lactase also catalyzes the conversion of phlorizin to phloretin and glucose.

text: Structure and biosynthesis[edit]

text: Preprolactase, the primary translation product, has a single polypeptide primary structure consisting of 1927 amino acids.[3]  It can be divided into five domains: (i) a 19-amino-acid cleaved signal sequence; (ii) a large prosequence domain that is not present in mature lactase; (iii) the mature lactase segment; (iv) a membrane-spanning hydrophobic anchor; and (v) a short hydrophilic carboxyl terminus.[3]  The signal sequence is cleaved in the endoplasmic reticulum, and the resulting 215-kDa pro-LPH is sent to the Golgi apparatus, where it is heavily glycosylated and proteolytically processed to its mature form.[16]  The prodomain has been shown to act as an intramolecular chaperone in the ER, preventing trypsin cleavage and allowing LPH to adopt the necessary 3-D structure to be transported to the Golgi apparatus.[17]

text: Mature human lactase consists of a single 160-kDa polypeptide chain that localizes to the brush border membrane of intestinal epithelial cells.  It is oriented with the N-terminus outside the cell and the C-terminus in the cytosol.[3] LPH contains two catalytic glutamic acid sites.  In the human enzyme, the lactase activity has been connected to Glu-1749, while Glu-1273 is the site of phlorizin hydrolase function.[18]

text: Genetic expression and regulation[edit]

text: Lactase is encoded by a single genetic locus on chromosome 2.[19]  It is expressed exclusively by mammalian small intestine enterocytes and in very low levels in the colon during fetal development.[19]  Humans are born with high levels of lactase expression.  In most of the world’s population, lactase transcription is down-regulated after weaning, resulting in diminished lactase expression in the small intestine,[19]  which causes the common symptoms of adult-type hypolactasia, or lactose intolerance.[20]

text: Some population segments exhibit lactase persistence resulting from a mutation that is postulated to have occurred 5,000–10,000 years ago, coinciding with the rise of cattle domestication.[21]  This mutation has allowed almost half of the world’s population to metabolize lactose without symptoms.  Studies have linked the occurrence of lactase persistence to two different single-nucleotide polymorphisms about 14 and 22 kilobases upstream of the 5’-end of the LPH gene.[22]  Both mutations, C→T at position -13910 and G→ A at position -22018, have been independently linked to lactase persistence.[23]

text: The lactase promoter is 150 base pairs long and is located just upstream of the site of transcription initiation.[23] The sequence is highly conserved in mammals, suggesting that critical cis-transcriptional regulators are located nearby.[23]  Cdx-2, HNF-1α, and GATA have been identified as transcription factors.[23] Studies of hypolactasia onset have demonstrated that despite polymorphisms, little difference exists in lactase expression in infants, showing that the mutations become increasingly relevant during development.[24] Developmentally regulated DNA-binding proteins may down-regulate transcription or destabilize mRNA transcripts, causing decreased LPH expression after weaning.[24]


document_title: List of islands by name (E)

question_text: an island in nunavut that starts with e

question_tokens: an island in nunavut that starts with e

text: List of islands by name (E)

text: This article features a list of islands sorted by their name beginning with the letter E.

text: List of islands by name

text:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

text: E[edit]

text:
Island’s Name
Island group(s)
Country/Countries

Eagle
Disambiguation

Eagle
 Washington
 United States

Eagle
Apostle Islands,  Wisconsin
 United States

Eagle Nest
 Alabama
 United States

Earnheart
 Arkansas
 United States

Easdale
Slate Islands
 Scotland

East Brother
The Brothers,  Hong Kong
 China

East Caicos
Bahamas,  Turks and Caicos Islands
 United Kingdom

East Cay
Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles,  Anguilla
 United Kingdom

East Cay
Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles
 Saint Kitts and Nevis

East Cay
Bahamas,  Turks and Caicos Islands
 United Kingdom

East Falkland
 Falkland Islands
 United Kingdom

East Hardwood
Lake Nipissing,  Ontario
 Canada

East
 Western Australia
 Australia

East
 Western Australia
 Australia

East

 Australia

East

 New Zealand

East
 Rhode Island
 United States

East Linga
 Shetland Islands
 Scotland

East Okak
 Newfoundland and Labrador
 Canada

East Seal Dog
 British Virgin Islands
 United Kingdom

East Sister
Lake Erie,  Ontario
 Canada

East Redonda
Strait of Georgia,  British Columbia
 Canada

East Rous
North Channel,  Ontario
 Canada

East Ship
 Mississippi
 United States

East Timbalier
Timbalier Bay, Louisiana
 United States

Easter
called Rapa Nui in Rapa Nui
 Chile

Eastern
North Channel,  Ontario
 Canada

Ilet A Eau
Lesser Antilles,  Martinique
 France

Ebeye
Ralik Chain
 Marshall Islands

Ebon Atoll
Ralik Chain
 Marshall Islands

Echo
Georgian Bay,  Ontario
 Canada

Eclipse
Great Palm Island group,  Queensland
 Australia

Eday
 Orkney Islands
 Scotland

Eden
 Arkansas
 United States

Egdell
 Nunavut
 Canada

Edgeøya
Svalbard
 Norway

Estido
 South Carolina
 United States

Edith Hammock
 Alabama
 United States

Éfaté
Pacific Ocean
 Vanuatu

Egg Island
Great Salt Lake
 United States

Egg
Bahamas
 Bahamas

Egg
North Channel,  Ontario
 Canada

Egholm
Limfjord
 Denmark

Egilsay
The North Isles,  Orkney Islands
 Scotland

Eglington
Queen Elizabeth Islands,  Northwest Territories
 Canada

Eigg
Inner Hebrides
 Scotland

Eighteen Mile
French River,  Ontario
 Canada

Eightmile
 West Virginia
 United States

Eilean Buidhe
Burnt Islands
 Scotland

Eilean Dubh
Kyles of Bute
 Scotland

Eilean Dubh
Summer Isles
 Scotland

Eilean Dubh
Sound of Jura
 Scotland

Eilean Dubh
Loch Craignish
 Scotland

Eilean Dubh
Balnakeil Bay
 Scotland

Eilean Dubh
Loch Shiel
 Scotland

Eilean Dubh a' Chumhainn Mhòir
Loch Tarbert
 Scotland

Eilean Dubh Mòr
Inner Hebrides
 Scotland

Eilean Dearg
Islands of the Clyde
 Scotland

Eilean Fraoich
Burnt Islands
 Scotland

Eilean Gowan
Lake Muskoka,  Ontario
 Canada

Eilean Mòr
Burnt Islands
 Scotland

Ekerö och Munsö

 Sweden

Ekinlik
Sea of Marmara
 Turkey

El Hierro
 Canary Islands
 Spain

Elafonissos

 Greece

Elba
Tuscan Archipelago
 Italy

Elbow Cay
Bahamas
 Bahamas

Elephant
Jason Islands of the  Falkland Islands
British Overseas Territory of the  United Kingdom

Elephant
South Shetland Islands
Claimed by Argentine Antarctica,  Argentina,  Antártica Chilena Province of  Chile, and  British Antarctic Territory of the  United Kingdom

Elephanta
Maharashtra
 India

Eleuthera
Bahamas
 Bahamas

Eliot
 Alabama
 United States

Eliza
San Juan Islands,  Washington
 United States

Elizabeth
Bahamas
 Bahamas

Elizabeth
 Bermuda
 United Kingdom

Elizabeth
Georgian Bay (Parry Sound),  Ontario
 Canada

Elizabeth
Lake Superior,  Michigan
 United States

Elizabeth
Western Port Bay,  Victoria
 Australia

Elk
 Wyoming
 United States

Ellef Ringnes
Sverdrup Islands,  Nunavut
 Canada

Ellesmere
 Nunavut
 Canada

Ellis
New York Harbor, New York
 United States

Elm
 Maryland/ Virginia
 United States

Elm
North Channel,  Ontario
 Canada

Elm
Montgomery County, Maryland near Blockhouse Point
 United States

Elmtree
Georgian Bay,  Ontario
 Canada

Eloaua
St. Matthias Islands
 Papua New Guinea

Elobey Grande
Río Muni
 Equatorial Guinea

Elobey Chico
Río Muni
 Equatorial Guinea

Eluvai Theevu

 Sri Lanka

Émaé
Shepherd Islands
 Vanuatu

Émao
Shepherd Islands
 Vanuatu

Emerald
Greater Antilles
 Jamaica

Emerald
Queen Elizabeth Islands,  Northwest Territories
 Canada

Emerald
Buckhorn Lake,  Ontario
 Canada

Emirau
St. Matthias Islands
 Papua New Guinea

Enchanted
Mississippi River,  Iowa
 United States

Endelave
Kattegat
 Denmark

Endicott
Beaufort Sea,  Alaska
 United States

Endymion
St. Lawrence River,  Ontario
 Canada

Enewetak
Ralik chain
 Marshall Islands

Cayo Enrique
Greater Antilles,  Puerto Rico
 United States

Enterprise Island
Mississippi River,  Illinois
 United States

Epi
Pacific Ocean
 Vanuatu

Epsilon
 Bermuda
 United Kingdom

Ereikoussa

 Greece

Erikub Atoll
Ralik Chain
 Marshall Islands

Isla del Erio
Greater Antilles,  Puerto Rico
 United States

Ermal
Minho Islands
 Portugal

Erraid
Inner Hebrides
 Scotland

Erromango
Pacific Ocean
 Vanuatu

Ertholmene
also known as Christiansø
 Denmark

Ertvågøy

 Norway

Erwa
Dahlak Archipelago
 Eritrea

Esk
Great Palm Island group,  Queensland
 Australia

Isla del Espiritu Santo
 Baja California Sur
 Mexico

Espiritu Santo
Pacific Ocean
 Vanuatu

Cayo Esquivel
Greater Antilles
 Cuba

Esslinger
 Alabama
 United States

Estrada
Beira Baixa Islands
 Portugal

Eta
 Bermuda
 United Kingdom

Etolin
Alexander Archipelago,  Alaska
 United States

Euboea
Greek archipelago
 Greece

Eustatia
 British Virgin Islands
 United Kingdom

Eureka
Ohio River,  West Virginia
 United States

Evans
Prince William Sound,  Alaska
 United States

Evans
 Nevada
 United States

Evelyn
 Western Australia
 Australia

Evelyn
Lake Huron,  Ontario
 Canada

Evergreen
Lake Winnipesaukee,  New Hampshire
 United States

Exchange
Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles
 Antigua and Barbuda

Exuma
Bahamas
 Bahamas

Eynhallow
The North Isles,  Orkney Islands
 Scotland

Eysturoy
 Faroe Islands
 Denmark


document_title: Wedding ring

question_text: when did the ring became a symbol of marriage

text: Wedding ring

text: History[edit]

text: It is commonly believed that the first examples of wedding rings were found in ancient Egypt. Relics dating to 6,000 years ago, including papyrus scrolls, are evidence of the exchange of braided rings of hemp or reeds between spouses. Ancient Egypt considered the circle to be a symbol of eternity, and the ring served to signify the perpetual love of the spouses. This was also the origin of the custom of wearing the wedding ring on the ring finger of the left hand, because the ancient Egyptians believed that this finger enclosed a special vein that was connected directly to the heart,[4] denominated in Latin the "Vena amoris".

text: The Western traditions of wedding rings can be traced to ancient Rome and Greece, and were first associated with the marital dowry and later with a promise of fidelity. The modern exchange of rings derived from the customs of Europe in the Middle Ages as part of Christendom.[5] In the United States, wedding rings were initially only worn by wives, but became customary for both husbands and wives during the 20th century.[6]

text: Historical styles[edit]

text: Gimmel rings[edit]

text: During the 16th and 17th centuries, European husbands bestowed a gimmel ring upon their wives. Similar to the puzzle ring, the gimmel ring consisted of two interlocking bands. The bride and groom both wore one of these bands after their engagement, and the two bands were reunited during the wedding ceremony. Subsequently, the wife wore the combined ring.[4]

text: Poesy rings[edit]

text: The poesy ring was a style of ring that was popular during the Renaissance era. It was a band of sterling silver inscribed with a poem or "poesy".[4]

text: Other styles[edit]

text: Different cultures used many other historical styles of wedding ring. For example, see the image below of the Byzantine ring depicting Christ uniting bride and groom. Also, in the Middle East the puzzle ring was a historical custom: this ring consisted of several pieces that joined together into a cohesive band when worn properly. The object of this style of ring was to render it very difficult to put on the finger properly such that, if the wife removed it, her husband would know. The fede ring, being a band consisting of two hands clasped in betrothal, is another historical custom of Europe that ostensibly dates from antiquity.

text: Limited gold content in the United Kingdom[edit]

text: In 1942 during the Second World War, British wartime restrictions on the manufacture of jewelry resulted in "utility" wedding rings that were limited to a maximum mass of two pennyweights, being slightly heavier than 3 grams, and were forged of 9 carat gold rather than the traditional 22 carat.[7] The Regional Assayer Office hallmarked these rings, which guaranteed their gold content and compliance with the wartime regulations with a special utility mark adjacent to the mark for the year on the inside of the band; the hallmark resembled a capital "U" with the bottom curve absent or two parentheses enclosing a space, i. e., "( )".

text: Double-ring ceremony[edit]

text: The double-ring ceremony describes the exchange of wedding rings by and for both spouses. In several European nations such as the Nordic countries, it is common to exchange plain engagement rings of the same form for both sexes, and typically, an additional, more precious, and bejeweled wedding ring is given to the bride. In the nuptials, the groom's ring becomes a wedding ring also, and can be bestowed anew by the bride as a part of the wedding ceremony. The engagement is commonly a matter of agreement between the two, and the wedding rings are chosen together. Both engagement and wedding rings are worn on the left hand, the bride having both rings together. Occasionally, the groom receives a separate wedding ring. In Germany and Austria, both parties use engagement rings worn on the left hand. At the nuptials, a wedding ring is placed on the right hand, as in several east European nations, including Bulgaria, Poland, and Russia. This can be a new ring for the bride or both, or reusing the engagement rings. Any engagement rings can then remain on the left hand or be transferred to the right hand. In Germany, it has been customary for both the bride and the groom to wear a wedding ring since at least the 1870s[8] and mentions of couples exchanging rings during the wedding ceremony in the Netherlands can be found at least as far back as 1815.[9] In Brazil, Mexico and Spain both sexes also wear engagement rings, and the groom's ring often becomes a wedding ring in the nuptial exchange ceremony. In The Netherlands plain bands can be worn on either hand, left for Catholics and right for Protestants. When engaged, both bride and groom wear what will be the wedding band on the opposite hand and switch hands after the wedding.

text: Compositions and styles[edit]

text: In Western nations, wedding rings are often forged of rose, white, or yellow gold; palladium, platinum, argentium silver, or, more recently, silicone.[10][11] The perpetuity of noble metals symbolizes the permanence of the marriage. Common engravings on the inside of the ring include the name of one's spouse, the names of both spouses, the date of the wedding, and/or a phrase of significance to the spouses.[12] In many nations the engagement rings are plain while the bride's wedding ring commonly is bejeweled.

text: Some customs include the wedding ring as the final of a series of gifts, which also may include the engagement ring, traditionally given as a betrothal present. This custom was practiced in ancient Rome and is possibly much older.[13]

text: Religion[edit]

text: Wedding ceremony customs[edit]

text: In several traditions, the best man or maid of honour has the duty of keeping track of a couple's wedding rings and to produce them at the symbolic moment of the giving and receiving of the rings during the traditional marriage ceremony. In more elaborate weddings, a ring bearer (who is often part of the family of the bride or groom) may assist in the ceremonial parading of the rings into the ceremony, sometimes on a special cushion.

text: Among Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Christians, the exchange of rings is not technically part of the wedding service, but rather are exchanged at the betrothal. It is always a two-ring set given to her by the priest or by the best man.[13] The orthodox Christian Church of Greece has recently stopped performing betrothal blessings separately, as these were often non-committing, and now a betrothal ceremony is the initial part of the wedding service. In many families an informal blessing is now performed by the betrothed ones' parents in a family dinner that formalizes the betrothal. The ceremony of betrothal is now possibly performed immediately before the wedding (or "crowning" as it is more properly called), and the actual symbolic act of marriage is not the exchange of rings, but the crowning.

text: Historically, the wedding ring was connected to the exchange of valuables at the moment of the wedding rather than a symbol of eternal love and devotion, a sign of "earnest money". According to the 1549 edition of the Book of Common Prayer: after the words 'with this ring I thee wed' follow the words 'This gold and silver I give thee', at which point the groom was supposed to hand a leather purse filled with gold and silver coins to the bride.[14] It is a relic of the times when marriage was a contract between families, not individual lovers. Both families were then eager to ensure the economic safety of the young couple. Sometimes it went as far as being a conditional exchange as this old (and today outdated) German formula shows: 'I give you this ring as a sign of the marriage which has been promised between us, provided your father gives with you a marriage portion of 1000 Reichsthalers' (approximately 20 kg of silver).[14]

text: Post-wedding customs[edit]

text: Modernly, after marriage the wedding ring is worn on the hand on which it had been placed during the ceremony. By wearing rings on their fourth fingers, married spouses symbolically declare their life-long love for and fidelity to each other. This symbol has public utility, and is presently expected as a matter of tradition and etiquette, so much so that its absence is often interpreted as meaning that the person is single. Many spouses wear their wedding rings day and night. When needed because of hygiene or to avoid damage, they commonly wear their rings on a necklace.

text: Some cultures exchange additional rings: In some parts of India, Hindu women may wear a toe ring or "bichiya" instead of a finger ring, but the bichiya is increasingly worn in addition to a finger ring. In eastern India, primarily in West Bengal, women wear an iron bangle denominated a "loha". Increasingly, this bangle is plated with gold or silver to improve its appearance. In Romania, spouses celebrate their silver wedding anniversary, i. e., twenty-fifth anniversary, by exchanging silver wedding rings, which are worn on the fourth finger of the left hands along with their original, and usually gold, wedding rings.[15][16]

text: Wedding ceremonies that use rings[edit]

text: Christian[edit]

text:
Anglican (Book of Common Prayer of 1662): "With this ring I thee wed, with my body I thee worship, and with all my worldly goods I thee endow: In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen."[17]
Eastern Orthodoxy: In the Eastern Orthodox Service of Betrothal, the priest makes the Sign of the Cross with rings over the bride's head while declaring three times "The servant of God (Groom) is betrothed to the handmaid of God (Bride), in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen". Next, it is declared three times again over the bride's head with the names reversed, after which the rings are exchanged three times, either by the priest or best man. The priest asks God "to bless this putting on of rings with a heavenly blessing and that an Angel of the Lord will go before these Your servants, all the days of their life."[18] In the Eastern Orthodox Church, wedding rings are traditionally worn on the right hand.
Lutheran: "I give you this ring as a sign of my love and faithfulness."[19]
Roman Catholic Church: "Name., take this ring as a sign of my love and fidelity. In the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit."[20] Because the equality of the spouses is emphasized in the Roman Catholic Sacrament of Marriage, generally the bride and groom each give to the other a wedding ring and recite the above formula in turn.

text: Jewish[edit]

text: Judaism: "You are consecrated to me with this ring according to the law of Moses and Israel." The groom declares this in Hebrew in Orthodox Judaism and both the bride and groom declare it in Reform Judaism.[21]

text: Nonuse[edit]

text: While most Christian Churches (such as the Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican) have the exchange of rings within their wedding liturgies, some Christian denominations eschew the use of wedding rings.

text: The wearing of plain dress has historically been practiced by many Methodist Churches, in keeping with the teaching of John Wesley, who stated that people should not be "adorned with gold, or pearls, or costly apparel" (this clause is contained in The General Rules of the Methodist Church).[22][23] The first Methodist liturgical text, The Sunday Service of the Methodists, omitted the ring ceremony.[24] As such, members of some Methodist Churches, such as the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection and Bible Methodist Connection of Churches, do not wear wedding rings.[25][26] On the other hand, other Methodist Churches contain the exchange of wedding rings within their services for Holy Matrimony. In the wedding liturgy for the Free Methodist Church, for example, the groom and bride say the following when exchanging rings: "This ring I give you in token and pledge of our constant faith and steadfast love".[27] "A Service of Christian Marriage, Rite I" contained in The United Methodist Book of Worship states that the exchange of rings is optional but when it is done, they are blessed and prounced as "the outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace, signifying to us the union between Jesus Christ and His Church".[28] Following this, the bride and groom state the following as they exchange rings: "Name, I give you this ring as a sign of my vow, and with all that I am, and all that I have, I honor you; in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit."[28]

text: Mennonites do not wear jewelry, including wedding rings, as part of their practice of plain dress.[29] At the time of engagement, a Mennonite man often gifts his bride to be "a special clock as a token of their relationship".[30]

text: Among Quaker Christians, especially Conservative Friends and Holiness Friends, the wedding ring is traditionally not worn as a part of their testimony of simplicity.[31] Among Quaker groups that do wear wedding rings, the following wording is used by the bride and groom as they are exchanged: "With this ring, I thee wed."[32] The Friends General Conference, for example, teaches that "Although wedding rings are not necessary in a Quaker wedding, the couple may exchange them if they wish. This is often done after they speak their vows."[33]