document_title: Sibling

question_text: what is the meaning of half brother or sister

question_tokens: what is the meaning of half brother or sister

text: Sibling

text: Types[edit]

text: Full[edit]

text: Full siblings (full brothers or full sisters; or brother and sister) have the same biological parents and are 50% related (full siblings share 50% of their genes out of those that vary among humans).[2][3] Identical twins by definition are 100% related.[2]

text: Twins[edit]

text: There are two types of twins: identical and fraternal. Identical twins have exactly the same genes; fraternal twins are no more similar than regular siblings. Often, twins with a close relationship will develop a twin language from infanthood, a language only shared and understood between the two. Studies suggest that identical twins appear to display more twin talk than fraternal twins. At about 3 years of age, twin talk usually ends.[4]

text: Researchers were interested in subjects who were in the later years of life. They knew that past studies suggested that genetics played a larger role in one's personality in the earlier years of their life. However, they were curious about whether or not this was true later on in life. They gathered subjects with a mean age of 59, who included 99 pairs of identical twins, and 229 pairs of fraternal twins who were all reared apart. They also gathered twins who were reared together: 160 pairs of identical twins, and 212 pairs of fraternal twins. They studied the most heritable traits in regard to personality, which are emotionality, activity level and sociability; also known as EAS. This study found that identical twins resembled each other twice as much as fraternal twins, due to genetic factors. Furthermore, environment influences personality substantially; however, it has little to do with whether they are reared together or apart. This study also suggests that heritability is substantial, but not as substantial as for younger subjects; it has less significance later on in life.[5]

text: Half[edit]

text: Half-siblings are people who share one parent but not both. They may share the same mother but different fathers (in which case they are known as uterine siblings or maternal half-brothers/half-sisters), or they may have the same father but different mothers (in which case, they are known as agnate siblings or paternal half-brothers/half-sisters. In law, the term consanguine is used in place of agnate). They share only one parent instead of two as full siblings do and are on average 25% related.[3]

text: Theoretically, there is a chance that they might not share genes.  This is very rare and is due to there being a smaller possibility of inheriting the same chromosomes from the shared parent. However, the same is also theoretically possible for full siblings, albeit (comparatively) much less likely.[3]

text: Half-siblings can have a wide variety of interpersonal relationships, from a bond as close as any full siblings[citation needed], to total strangers.

text: In law (and especially inheritance law), half-siblings have often been accorded treatment unequal to that of full siblings. Old English common law at one time incorporated inequalities into the laws of intestate succession, with half-siblings taking only half as much property of their intestate siblings' estates as siblings of full-blood. Unequal treatment of this type has been wholly abolished in England,[6] but still exists in the U.S. state of Florida.[7]

text: Three-quarter[edit]

text: Three-quarter siblings have one common parent, while their unshared parents have a mean consanguinity of 50%. This means the unshared parents are either siblings or parent and child (similar terminology is used in horse breeding, where it occurs more frequently). Three-quarter siblings share more genes than half siblings, but fewer than full siblings.

text: Horizontal[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In this case the unshared parents are full siblings. Furthermore, the three-quarter siblings are also first cousins.

text: In the case where the unshared parents are identical twins, the children share as much genetic material as full siblings do.

text: Examples[edit]

text: Real:

text:
Charles Lindbergh's children with his mistress Brigitte Hesshaimer, and his children with her sister, Marietta Hesshaimer.[8]
Jermaine and Randy Jackson, of the Jackson 5, who have both fathered children with Alejandra Genevieve Oaziaza.[9]
Sultan bin Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan and Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan who share Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan as their father, but their mothers are sisters.
Jigme Singye Wangchuck, former king of Bhutan, who married four sisters and had children with each of them.

text: Fictional:

text:
In the TV series Pretty Little Liars, Spencer Hastings and Jason DiLaurentis share the same father, Peter Hastings, and their mothers, Mary Drake and Jessica DiLaurentis, are identical twins.[10]
In the TV series Gossip Girl, Serena van der Woodsen and Lola Rhodes share a father, William van der Woodsen, and their mothers, Lily van der Woodsen and Carol Rhodes, are sisters.[11]

text: Vertical[edit]

text: In this case, a woman has children with two men who are father and son, or a man has children with two women who are mother and daughter. These children will be three-quarter siblings. Furthermore, the two offspring will have an aunt/uncle-nephew/niece relation. An historical example of this is actress Gloria Grahame. She bore children with her second husband Nicholas Ray, and her fourth husband Anthony Ray, who was Nicholas Ray's son by another marriage.[12]

text: Step[edit]

text: "Stepsiblings" (stepbrothers or stepsisters) are the children of one's stepparent from a previous relationship. They are unrelated by blood.

text: Foster[edit]

text: "Foster siblings" are children who are raised in the same foster home, foster children of the person's parents, or foster parents' biological children.

text: Adoptive[edit]

text: Two "adoptive siblings" are raised by a person who is the adoptive parent of one and the adoptive or biological parent of the other. Adoptive siblings are legally related but need not be blood-related or biologically related.

text: Study[edit]

text: Research was done to see what factors affected IQ, specifically family environment and genetics.  Segal (1997) was interested in siblings of no biological relations.  He found that intellect and behaviour is associated with rearing situations.  Rearing situation refers to being raised apart, in opposite environments; so that could be high vs. low socioeconomic status. Unrelated siblings (two adoptees, or an adoptee and biological child) that are reared together from infancy showed results that resemble those of dizygotic twins. This could be because, despite genetic differences and different personalities and behaviours, they are still raised in the same environment.  The study suggests that IQ and rearing status did, in fact, have a significant relationship. That is to say that biological siblings had higher mean scores as compared to unrelated siblings.  Age was also a factor that affected the siblings resemblance in IQ.  At about age 3, they become dissimilar as they begin to follow their genetic growth curve.  Their family environment having less and less of an effect as they grow.  However, it does affect spatial and perceptual factors.[13]

text: Cousins[edit]

text: "Sibling cousins" are those who share one parent (as half siblings do) while the unshared parents are themselves siblings or cousins. That is, their fathers are brothers or cousins but they share the same mother, or their mothers are sisters or cousins and they share the same father. This is a broader category than, but inclusive of, the 3/4 sibling above.

text: In-law[edit]

text: One's sibling-in-law is the sibling of one's spouse or the spouse of one's sibling.

text: God[edit]

text: Godsiblings (godbrothers or godsisters) are the children of one's godparent. If the godparents are not chosen within the family, then they are unrelated by blood.

text: Milk[edit]

text: In cultures with milk kinship, a milk sibling is a person who is not one's biological sibling but was nursed by the same woman as oneself. The concept exists in Islamic law and Jewish law.

text: Blood[edit]

text: Not to be confused with a consanguineous sibling, a blood brother or blood sister is a person to whom one has sworn loyalty through a ritual blood oath. The custom is rare in Western culture.

text: Cross[edit]

text: A Cross Sibling is someone that is related to a person's half sibling/siblings' father or mother through an relationship with another individual after divorcing that person and half siblings' particular parent, there is no relation between a Cross Sibling and the person, but there is one connection however, they both shared one or multiple Half-Siblings.

text: Birth order[edit]

text: Birth order is a person's rank by age among his or her siblings. Typically, researchers classify siblings as "eldest", "middle child", and "youngest" or simply distinguish between "firstborn" and "later-born" children.

text: Birth order is commonly believed in pop psychology and popular culture to have a profound and lasting effect on psychological development and personality. For example, firstborns are seen as conservative and high achieving, middle children as natural mediators, and youngest children as charming and outgoing. Despite its lasting presence in the public domain, studies have failed to consistently produce clear, valid, and compelling findings. Therefore, it has honed the title of a pseudo-psychology amongst the scientific psychological community.[14]

text: History[edit]

text: The theorizing and study of birth order can be traced back to Francis Galton's (1822–1911) theory of birth order and eminence and Alfred Adler's (1870–1937) theory of birth order and personality characteristics.

text: Galton[edit]

text: In his book English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture (1874), Galton noted that prominent composers and scientists are over-represented as first-borns.[15] He theorized three main reasons as to why first-borns are generally more eminent:

text:
Primogeniture laws: first-borns have access to their parents' financial resources to continue their education.[15]
First-borns are given more responsibility than their younger siblings and are treated more as companions by their parents.[15]
First-borns are given more attention and nourishment in families with limited financial resources.[15]

tag: ol

text: Adler[edit]

text:
First Borns: Fulfilling family roles of leadership and authority, obedient of protocol and hierarchy. Seek out and prefer order, structure and adherence to norms and rules. They partake in goal-striving behaviour as their lives are centred around achievement and accomplishment themes. They fear the loss of their position in the top of the hierarchy.[16]
Middle Children: Feel like outcasts of families as they lack primacy of the first child and the "attention garnering recency" of the youngest. These children often go to great lengths to de-identify themselves with their siblings, in an attempt to make a different and individualized identity for themselves as they feel like they were "squeezed out" of their families.[16]
Youngest Children: Feel disadvantaged compared to older siblings, are often perceived as less capable or experienced and are therefore indulged and spoiled. Because of this, they are skilled in coaxing/charming others to do things for them or provide. This contributes to the image of them being popular and outgoing, as they engage in attention-seeking behaviour to meet their needs.[17]

text: Contemporary findings[edit]

text: Today, the flaws and inconsistencies in birth order research eliminate its validity. It is very difficult to control solely for factors related to birth order, and therefore most studies produce ambiguous results.[16] Embedded into theories of birth order is a debate of nature versus nurture. It has been disproved that there is something innate in the position one is born into, and therefore creating a preset role. Birth order has no genetic basis.[18]

text: The social interaction that occurs as a result of birth order however is the most notable. Older siblings often become role models of behaviour, and younger siblings become learners and supervisees. Older siblings are at a developmental advantage both cognitively and socially. The role of birth order also depends greatly and varies greatly on family context. Family size, sibling identification, age gaping, modeling, parenting techniques, gender, class, race, and temperament are all confounding variables that can influence behaviour and therefore perceived behaviour of specific birth categories.[19] The research on birth order does have stronger correlations, however, in areas such as intelligence and physical features, but are likely caused by other factors other than the actual position of birth. Some research has found that firstborn children have slightly higher IQs on average than later born children.[20] However, other research finds no such effect.[21] It has been found that first-borns score three points higher compared to second borns and that children born earlier in a family are on average, taller and weigh more than those born later.[14] However, it is impossible to generalize birth order characteristics and apply them universally to all individuals in that subgroup.

text: Contemporary explanations for IQ findings[edit]

text: Resource dilution model[edit]

text: (Blake, 1981) provide three potential reasons for the higher scoring of older siblings on IQ tests:[15]

text:
Parental resources are finite, first-born children get full and primary access to these resources.[15]
As the number of a children in a family goes up, the more resources must be shared.[15]
These parental resources have an important impact on a child’s educational success.[15]

text: Confluence model[edit]

text: Robert Zajonc proposed that the intellectual environment within a family is ever-changing due to three factors, and therefore more permissive of first-born children's intellectual advancement:[15]

text:
Firstborns do not need to share parental attention and have their parents' complete absorption. More siblings in the family limit the attention devoted to each of them.[15]
Firstborns are exposed to more adult language. Later-borns are exposed the less-mature speech of their older siblings.[15]
Firstborns and older siblings must answer questions and explain things to younger siblings, acting as tutors. This advances their cognitive processing of information and language skills.[15]

text:
In 1996, interest in the science behind birth order was re-sparked when Frank Sulloway’s book Born To Rebel was published. In this book, Sulloway argues that firstborns are more conscientious, more socially dominant, less agreeable, and less open to new ideas compared to later-borns. While being seemingly empirical and academic, as many studies are cited throughout the book, it is still often criticized as a biased and incomplete account of the whole picture of siblings and birth order. Because it is a novel, the research and theories proposed throughout were not criticized and peer-reviewed by other academics before its release.[22]
Literature reviews that have examined many studies and attempted to control for confounding variables tend to find minimal effects for birth order on personality.[23][24]
In her review of the scientific literature, Judith Rich Harris suggests that birth order effects may exist within the context of the family of origin, but that they are not enduring aspects of personality.[25]

text: In practice, systematic birth order research is a challenge because it is difficult to control for all of the variables that are statistically related to birth order. For example, large families are generally lower in socioeconomic status than small families, so third-born children are more likely than first-born children to come from poorer families. Spacing of children, parenting style, and gender are additional variables to consider.

text: Regressive behavior at birth[edit]

text: The arrival of a new baby is especially stressful for firstborns and for siblings between 3 and 5 years old. Regressive behavior and aggressive behavior, such as handling the baby roughly, can also occur. All of these symptoms are considered to be typical and developmentally appropriate for children between the ages of 3–5.[citation needed] While some can be prevented, the remainder can be improved within a few months. Regressive behavior may include demand for a bottle, thumb sucking, requests to wear diapers (even if toilet-trained), or requests to carry a security blanket.

text: Regressive behaviors are the child's way of demanding the parents' love and attention.

text: The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests[citation needed] that instead of protesting or telling children to act their age, parents should simply grant their requests without becoming upset. The affected children will soon return to their normal routine when they realize that they now have just as important a place in the family as the new sibling. Most of the behaviors can be improved within a few months.

text: The University of Michigan Health System advises[citation needed] that most occurrences of regressive behavior are mild and to be expected; however, it recommends parents to contact a pediatrician or child psychologist if the older child tries to hurt the baby, if regressive behavior does not improve within 2 or 3 months, or if the parents have other questions or concerns.

text: Rivalry[edit]

text: "Sibling rivalry" is a type of competition or animosity among brothers and sisters. It appears to be particularly intense when children are very close in age or of the same gender.[26] Sibling rivalry can involve aggression; however, it is not the same as sibling abuse where one child victimizes another.

text: Sibling rivalry usually starts right after, or before, the arrival of the second child. While siblings will still love each other, it is not uncommon for them to bicker and be malicious to each other.[27] Children are sensitive from the age of 1 year to differences in parental treatment and by 3 years they have a sophisticated grasp of family rules and can evaluate themselves in relation to their siblings.[1] Sibling rivalry often continues throughout childhood and can be very frustrating and stressful to parents.[28] One study found that the age group 10–15 reported the highest level of competition between siblings.[29] Sibling rivalry can continue into adulthood and sibling relationships can change dramatically over the years. Approximately one-third of adults describe their relationship with siblings as rivalrous or distant. However, rivalry often lessens over time and at least 80% of siblings over age 60 enjoy close ties.[1]

text: Each child in a family competes to define who they are as persons and want to show that they are separate from their siblings. Sibling rivalry increases when children feel they are getting unequal amounts of their parents' attention, where there is stress in the parents' and children's lives, and where fighting is accepted by the family as a way to resolve conflicts.[28] Sigmund Freud saw the sibling relationship as an extension of the Oedipus complex, where brothers were in competition for their mother's attention and sisters for their father's.[30] Evolutionary psychologists explain sibling rivalry in terms of parental investment and kin selection: a parent is inclined to spread resources equally among all children in the family, but a child wants most of the resources for him or herself.[29]

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Jealousy[edit]

text: Jealousy is not a single emotion.  The basic emotions expressed in jealous interactions are fear, anger, relief, sadness, and anxiety.[31]  Jealousy occurs in a social triangle of relationships which do not require a third person. The social triangle involves the relationships between the jealous individual and the parent, the relationship between the parent and the rival, and the relationship between jealous individual and the rival.[31]

text: Newborn[edit]

text:
First-borns attachment to their parents is directly related to their jealous behaviour. In a study by Volling, four classes of children were identified based on their different responses of jealousy to new infant siblings and parent interactions.
Regulated Exploration Children: 60% of children fall into this category.[31] These children closely watch their parents interact with their newborn sibling, approach them positively and sometimes join the interaction.[31] They show fewer behaviour problems in the months following the new birth and do not display problematic behaviours during the parent-infant interaction.[31] These children are considered secure as they act how a child would be expected to act in a familiar home setting with their parents present as secure bases to explore the environment.[31]
Approach-Avoidant Children: 30% of children fall into this category.[31] These children observe parent-infant interaction closely and are less likely to approach the infant and the parent. They are anxious to explore the new environment as they tend to seek little comfort from their parents.[31]
Anxious-Clingy Children:  6% of children fell into this category.  These children have an intense interest in parent-infant interaction and a strong desire to seek proximity and contact with the parent, and sometimes intrude on parent-child interaction.[31]
Disruptive Children: 2.7% of children fall into this category.[31] These children are emotionally reactive and aggressive. They have difficulty regulating their negative emotions and may be likely to externalize it as negative behaviour around the newborn.[31]

text: Parental effect[edit]

text: Children are more jealous of the interactions between newborns and their mothers than they are with newborns and their fathers.[31] This is logical as up until the birth of the infant, the first-born child had the mother as his or her primary care-giver all to his or herself. Some research has suggested that children display less jealous reactions over father-newborn interactions because fathers tend to punish negative emotion and are less tolerant than mothers of clinginess and visible distress, although this is hard to generalize.[31]

text: Children that have parents with a better marital relationship are better at regulating their jealous emotions.[31] Children are more likely to express jealousy when their parents are directing their attention to the sibling as opposed to when the parents are solely interacting with them.[31] Parents who are involved in good marital communication help their children cope adaptively with jealousy.  They do this by modelling problem-solving and conflict resolution for their children.  Children are also less likely to have jealous feelings when they live in a home in which everyone in the family shares and expresses love and happiness.[31]

text: Implicit theories[edit]

text:
Implicit theories about relationships are associated with the ways children think of strategies to deal with a new situation.
Children can fall into two categories of implicit theorizing. They may be malleable theorists and believe that they can affect change on situations and people. Alternatively, they may be fixed theorists, believing situations and people are not changeable.[32] These implicit beliefs determine both the intensity of their jealous feelings, and how long those jealous feelings last.[32]
Malleable Theorists display engaging behaviours, like interacting with the parent or sibling in an attempt to improve the situation.[32] They tend to have more intense and longer-lasting feelings of jealousy because they spend more time ruminating on the situation and constructing ways to make it better.[32]
Fixed Theorists display non-engaging behaviours, for example retreating to their room because they believe none of their actions will affect or improve the situation.[32] They tend to have less intense and shorter lasting feelings of jealousy than malleable theorists.[32]

text: Different ages[edit]

text:
Older children tend to be less jealous than their younger sibling.[31]  This is due to their ability to mentally process the social situation in a way that gives them more positive, empathetic feelings toward their younger sibling.[31] Older children are better able to cope with their jealous feelings toward their younger sibling due to their understanding of the necessary relationship between the parent and younger sibling.[31] Older children are also better at self-regulating their emotions and are less dependent on their caregivers for external regulation as opposed to their younger siblings.[31]
Younger siblings' feelings of jealousy are overpowered by feelings of anger.[31] The quality of the relationship between the younger child and the older child is also a factor in jealousy, as the better the relationship the less jealous feelings occurred and vice versa.[31]

text: Conflict[edit]

text: Sibling conflict is pervasive, and often shrugged off as an accepted part of sibling dynamics. In spite of the broad variety of conflict that siblings are often involved in, sibling conflicts can be grouped into two broader categories.[33] The first category is conflict about equality or fairness. It is not uncommon to see siblings who think that their sibling is favored by their teachers, peers, or especially their parents. In fact it is not uncommon to see siblings who both think that their parents favor the other sibling.  Perceived inequalities in the division of resources such as who got a larger dessert also fall into this category of conflict. This form of conflict seems to be more prevalent in the younger sibling.[34]

text: The second category of conflict involves an invasion of a child’s perceived personal domain by their sibling. An example of this type of conflict is when a child enters their sibling’s room when they are not welcome, or when a child crosses over into their sibling’s side of the car in a long road trip. These types of fights seem to be more important to older siblings due to their larger desire for independence.[35]

text: Warmth[edit]

text: Sibling warmth is a term for the degree of affection and companionship shared by siblings. Sibling warmth seems to have an effect on siblings. Higher sibling warmth is related to better social skill and higher perceived social competence. Even in cases where there is a high level of sibling conflict if there is also a high level of sibling warmth then social skills and competence remains unaffected.[36]

text: Negative effects of conflict[edit]

text:
The saying that people "fight like siblings" shows just how charged sibling conflict can be and how well recognized sibling squabbles are. In spite of how widely acknowledged these squabbles can be, sibling conflict can have several impacts on the sibling pair. It has been shown that increased levels of sibling conflict are related to higher levels of anxiety and depression in siblings, along with lower levels of self-worth and lower levels of academic competence. In addition, sibling warmth is not a protective factor for the negative effects of anxiety, depression, lack of self-worth and lower levels of academic competence. This means that sibling warmth does not counteract these negative effects.[37] Sibling conflict is also linked to an increase in more risky behavior including: smoking cigarettes, skipping days of school, contact with the police, and other behaviors in Caucasian sibling pairs with the exception of firstborns with younger brothers. Except for the elder brother in this pair sibling conflict is positively correlated with risky behavior, thus sibling conflict may be a risk factor for behavioral problems.[38]
A study on what the topic of the fight was (invasion of personal domain or inequality) also shows that the topic of the fight may have a result on the effects of the conflict. This study showed that sibling conflict over personal domain were related to lower levels of self-esteem, and sibling conflict over perceived inequalities seem to be more related to depressive symptoms. However, the study also showed that greater depressive and anxious symptoms were also related to more frequent sibling conflict and more intense sibling conflict.[39]

text: Parental management techniques of conflict[edit]

text: There are several different techniques used by parents to manage their children’s conflicts. These techniques include parental non-intervention, child-centered parental intervention strategies, and more rarely the encouragement of physical conflict between siblings. Parental non-intervention included techniques in which the parent ignores the siblings conflict and lets them work it out between themselves without outside guidance. In some cases this technique is chosen to avoid situations in which the parent decides which sibling is in the right and may favor one sibling over the other, however, by following this technique the parent may sacrifice the opportunity to instruct their children on how to deal with conflict. Child-centered parental interventions include techniques in which the parent mediates the argument between the two children and helps them come to an agreement. In this technique parents may help model how the children can deal with conflicts in the future; however, parents should avoid dictating the outcome to the children, and make sure that they are mediating the argument making suggestions thus do not decide the outcome. Techniques in which parents encourage physical aggression between siblings may be chosen by the parents to help children deal with aggression in the future, however, this technique does not appear to be effective as it is linked to greater conflict levels between children. Parental non-intervention is also linked to higher levels of sibling conflict, and lower levels of sibling warmth. It appears that child-centered parental interventions have the best effect on sibling’s relationship with a link to greater levels of sibling warmth and lower levels of sibling conflict.[40]

text: Long-term effects of presence[edit]

text: Previous studies done on whether there are any social skills or personality differences between children with siblings or only children seem to suggest that overall the presence of a sibling does not seem to have any long-term effect on the child by the time the child reaches adulthood.[41] This study, however, failed to take into account the type of relationship that the siblings had and as such it is still unclear if siblings and their different forms of relationships have long-term effects.

text: Gender roles[edit]

text: There has not been an extreme amount of studies done on gender role differentiation between siblings; however there are very interesting concepts to observe in the studies that have been conducted. For one, how do parents help shape gender oriented tasks and how does it affect children in the future? Another interesting thing to observe is the relationship mothers have towards their young infants.

text: Among children and parents[edit]

text: There has always been some type of differences between siblings, especially different sex siblings. Often, different sex sibling may consider things to be unfair because his/her brother/sister is allowed to do certain things just because of his or her gender, while he or she gets to do something less amusing or just plain different. McHale and her colleague conducted a longitudinal study using middle age children and observed the way in which the parents contributed to stereotypical attitudes in their kids.[42] In their study the experimenters analysed two different types of families, one with the same sex siblings, and the other with different sex siblings, as well as the children’s birth order.[43] The experiment was conducted over phone interviews, in where the experimenters would ask the children about the activities they performed throughout their day outside of school.[44] Surprisingly, the experimenters found that in the homes where there were mixed gender kids, and the father held traditional values, the kids also held traditional values and therefore also played gender based roles in the home.[45] In contrast in homes where the father did not hold traditional values the house chores were divided more equally among his kids.[46] However, if fathers had two male children, the younger male tended to help more with household chore, but as he reached his teenage years the younger child stopped being as helpful around the house.[47] There are two important factors that need to be taken into account from this study. First, in cases where the father figure had more traditional values it was found that he also had less education than the other dads who participated in the study, and secondly the mother’s attitudes did not have a noticeable impact on her children’s gender role values.[48] Altogether this experiment is a good example of the way in which environment and kinship help develop certain perspectives on gender role association in children.

text: In a similar study, Croft and her colleagues observed the mother and father gender roles and examined whether their attitudes would have a long-term effect in the future occupation of their children.[49] In this study mothers and fathers were asked a series of questions regarding their work hours and their chores at home, including who looked more after the children?[50] The study demonstrated that mothers felt like they were performing more household duties and they tended to look more after the children.[51] Something that is quite remarkable in this experiment is the way in which the kids perceive their parents gender roles. When the kids were asked which parent they would be like when they grew up, some kids did not associate themselves with either male or female occupations, but rather remained neutral, while other leaned on being more like their same gender parent, but this, just like in the study conducted by McHale and her colleagues, depended on the father’s traditional values.[52][53] It was also found that girls who observed their parents playing out a gender type role envisioned themselves playing a role similar to their mothers', while daughters who lived in a home where parents did not have sex oriented tasks viewed themselves as a working women and family oriented females in the future.[54] Altogether Croft and her team agreed that in order to create more equality, regarding work occupation the house work also needs to be divided equally.[55]

text: Mother interaction between different gender children[edit]

text: Mothers tend to spend a significant amount of time with their kids, especially throughout their children's first years of life. An experiment conducted by Goshen-Gottstein studied how Israeli mothers socialized with same-age siblings from newborns to three years of age.[56] Goshen paid attention to the differences mothers had regarding aggression and encouragement between their sons and daughters.[56] The experiment was conducted inside the home under natural observation.[57] In her research Goshen observed thing such as:

text:
"Proximity Seeking:" It was found that both sons and daughters seek their mothers equally, but boys tend to be more encouraged to do so.[58]
"Aggressive Behavior:" It was discovered that boys exhibit more "aggressive behavior" towards their elders than girls. The mothers however did not demonstrate any differences in their reinforcements, between their sons and daughters.[59]
"Helping:" The experimenter noticed that when mothers needed help they would often ask for help from their daughters.[60]
"Mother’s Gender Linked Talk:" It turned out that mother’s showed a similar amount of "gender linked talk" to all their children (meaning they used words that differentiated between boy and girl), but they emphasizes more "gender linked labels" for the children who were in the sex minority in their family.[61] Goshen suggest that whenever the mother emphasized on "gender linked labels" it was because the mother was seeing that her child had different qualities than his or her siblings.[62] An example of this would be referring to a girl as a ballerina and a boy as a police officer.

text: Altogether, children were treated almost equally until their third year of life when mothers began dressing them according to their gender.[63] From this experiment it is evident that mothers do not show much differentiation between different sex siblings at a young age. However, as they begin to grow the mother begins regarding her children differently based on their gender.

text: Westermarck effect and its opposite[edit]

text: Anthropologist Edvard Westermarck found that children who are brought up together as siblings are desensitized to form sexual attraction to one another later in life. This is known as the Westermarck Effect. It can be seen in biological and adoptive families, but also in other situations where children are brought up in close contact, such as the Israeli kibbutz system and the Chinese shim-pua marriage.[64][65]

text: The opposite phenomenon, when relatives do fall in love, is known as genetic sexual attraction. This term is used primarily for cases where blood relatives met only later in life, such as adoptees who are re-united in adulthood.[66][67] For cases when the siblings did grow up together, see sibling marriage and incest.


document_title: Minor (law)

question_text: when do you stop being a minor in canada

root

text: Minor (law)

text: International[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: For all provincial laws (such as alcohol and tobacco regulation), the provincial and territorial governments have the power to set the age of majority in their respective province or territory, and the age varies across Canada.

tag: p

text: Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, and Prince Edward Island have the age of majority set at 18, while in British Columbia, Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick the age of majority is 19.[6] In Saskatchewan, the legal gaming age and the legal drinking age are both 19.[7]

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy, law nr. 39 of March 8, 1975, states that a minor is a person under the age of 18.[8] Citizens under the age of 18 may not vote (to vote for senators, 25), be elected, obtain a driving license for automobiles or issue or sign legal instruments. Crimes committed in Italy by minors are tried in a juvenile court.

text: Mexico[edit]

text: In all 31 states, a minor is referred to as someone under the age of 18.

text: Minors aged 16 or 17 who are charged with crimes could sometimes be treated as an adult.

text: India[edit]

text: In all 29 states and 7 union territories, a minor is referred to as someone under the age of 18. In rare cases minors aged 16 or 17 who are charged with extremely heinous crimes could sometimes be treated as an adult.[9]

text: Thailand[edit]

text: The Civil and Commercial Code of the Kingdom of Thailand does not define the term "minor"; however, sections 19 and 20 read as follows:

text:
Section 19 – A person, on completion of 20 years of age ceases to be a minor and become sui juris
Section 20 – A minor becomes sui juris upon marriage, provided that the marriage is made in accordance with the provisions of Section 1448

tag: ul

text: Hence, a minor in Thailand refers to any person under the age of 20, unless they are married. A minor is restricted from doing juristic acts—for example, sign contracts. When a minor wishes to do a juristic act, he has to obtain the consent from his legal representative, usually (but not always) the parents and otherwise the act is voidable. The exceptions are acts by which a minor merely acquires a right or is freed from a duty, acts that are strictly personal, and acts that are suitable to the person's condition in life and are required for their reasonable needs. A minor can make a will at the age of fifteen.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In England and Wales and in Northern Ireland a minor is a person under the age of 18;[10] this is also true for Scotland.[11] The age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales and in Northern Ireland is 10; and 12 in Scotland, formerly 8, which was the lowest age in Europe.[12][13][14]

text: In England and Wales, cases of minors breaking the law are often dealt with by the Youth Offending Team. If they are incarcerated, they are sent to a Young Offender Institution.

text: Things that persons under 18 are prohibited from doing include sitting on a jury, voting, standing as a candidate, buying or renting films with an 18 certificate or R18 certificate or seeing them in a cinema, being depicted in pornographic materials, suing without a litigant friend, being civilly liable, accessing adoption records and purchasing alcohol, tobacco products, knives and fireworks. The rules on minimum age for sale of these products are frequently broken so in practice drinking and smoking takes place before the age of majority; however many UK shops are tightening restrictions on them by asking for identifying documentation from potentially underage customers.

text: Driving certain large vehicles, acting as personal license holder for licensed premises, and adopting a child are only permitted after the age of 21. The minimum age to drive a HGV1 vehicle was reduced to 18. However, certain vehicles, e.g., steamrollers, require that someone be 21 years of age to obtain an operating license.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States as of 1995, minor is generally legally defined as a person under the age of 18.  Although in the context of alcohol or gambling laws, people under the age of 21 may also sometimes be referred to as "minors".[1][2]  However, not all minors are considered "juveniles" in terms of criminal responsibility. As is frequently the case in the United States, the laws vary widely by state.

text: Under this distinction, those considered juveniles are usually (but not always) tried in juvenile court, and they may be afforded other special protections. For example, in some states a parent or guardian must be present during police questioning, or their names may be kept confidential when they are accused of a crime. For many crimes (especially more violent crimes), the age at which a minor may be tried as an adult is variable below the age of 18 or (less often) below 16.[15] For example, in Kentucky, the lowest age a juvenile may be tried as an adult, no matter how heinous the crime, is 14.

text: The death penalty for those who have committed a crime while under the age of 18 was discontinued by the U.S. Supreme Court case Roper v. Simmons in 2005.[16] The court's 5–4 decision was written by Justice Kennedy and joined by Justices Ginsburg, Stevens, Breyer, and Souter, and cited international law, child developmental science, and many other factors in reaching its conclusion.

text: The twenty-sixth amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1971, granted all citizens the right to vote in every state, in every election, from the age of 18.

text: The U.S. Department of Defense took the position that they would not consider "enemy combatants" held in extrajudicial detention in the Guantanamo Bay detainment camps minors unless they were less than sixteen years old.[17] In any event, they only separated three of more than a dozen detainees under 16 from the adult prison population. Several dozen detainees between sixteen and eighteen were detained with the adult prison population. Now those under 18 are kept separate, in line with the age of majority and world expectations.

text: Some states, including Florida, have passed laws that allow a person accused of an extremely heinous crime, such as murder, to be tried as an adult, regardless of age. These laws, however, have been challenged by the American Civil Liberties Union. An estimated 250,000 youth are tried, sentenced, or incarcerated as adults every year across the United States.[18]

text: Emancipation of minors[edit]

text: Emancipation of minors is a legal mechanism by which a minor is no longer under the control of their parents or guardians, and is given the legal rights associated with adults. Depending on country, emancipation may happen in different manners: through marriage, attaining economic self-sufficiency, obtaining an educational degree or diploma, or participating in a form of military service. In the United States, all states have some form of emancipation of minors.[19]


document_title: List of Monsters, Inc. characters

question_text: who does the voice of waternoose in monsters inc

question_tokens: who does the voice of waternoose in monsters inc

text: List of Monsters, Inc. characters

text: Setting[edit]

text: The monster characters reside in the city of Monstropolis. According to a DVD bonus feature, Monstropolis was founded after all of the monsters who once co-existed with humans were all chased off the mainland and eventually moved to an island on an unknown world where they have lived ever since. The only way for them to enter human-inhabited areas was via closet doors.

text: The company Monsters, Inc. provides Monstropolis with power from the screams of human children that have been scared by specialized agents who work for Monsters, Inc. called "scarers". There are also companies that rival Monsters, Inc. in this endeavor, such as Fear Co. and Scream Industries.

text: The city also provides universities at which monsters can study to scare, the most prominent in the storyline being Monsters University for its outstanding Scaring Program. One of its rivals is a college called Fear Tech.

text: Main characters[edit]

text: James P. Sullivan[edit]

text: James Patrick "Sulley" Sullivan (voiced by John Goodman in the film series; Joel McCrary in Disney Infinity and Disney Infinity 3.0; and Brian Cummings in games from Monsters, Inc. Video Game) is a bear-like blue-furred male monster with horns, purple spots, razor-sharp claws on his hands, furry talons for feet, a theropod-like tail, spikes running down his back and shark-like fangs. Even though he excels at scaring children, he is kindhearted, thoughtful and affects a relaxed, amiable personality. In the film's beginning, he is "The Best Scarer" for several months running.

text: Monsters University depicts the college-age Sulley as a talented but lazy student whose father Bill had made a name for himself as a proficient Scarer. He and Mike start as arch-rivals in their introductory scaring class, but eventually form a friendship that lasts even beyond their expulsion from the university.

text: Mike Wazowski[edit]

text: Michael "Mike" Wazowski (voiced by Billy Crystal in the film series, Carlos Alazraqui in the video games and Noah Johnston as his younger self in Monsters University), is a green monster with a ball-shaped body, a single big eyeball, two small horns, skinny arms and legs. He also has claws, but they are not as sharp as Sulley’s.

text: In Monsters, Inc. and Monsters University, Mike is depicted as a proud monster. Mike had a lonesome childhood and struggled to make friends. On a class field trip to Monsters, Inc., Mike was inspired to become a scarer professionally, but other students made fun of him because he was perceived as undeniably "unscary".

text: Even so, Mike was accepted into Monsters University’s scare program, where he was introduced to James P. Sullivan in a SCARE 101 class. Mike initially disliked Sulley for his arrogance and bad work ethic. This dislike escalated into a major disruption made in class which resulted in Mike and Sulley’s expulsion from the scare program. Mike then works out a deal with the dean of the school to re-enroll in the program on the stipulation that he wins the Games. Sulley joins Mike, despite Mike’s protestations.

text: Mike and Sulley joined the Oozma Kappa fraternity at Monsters University to qualify for the Games. Mike and Sulley begin to build a friendship as they compete together. During the final event, Sulley cheats, and both Mike and Sulley are expelled from school. After being expelled, the two were offered jobs as workers in the Monsters, Inc. mailroom nonetheless. They advance through the ranks until Sully is a scarer and Mike is his assistant. In Monsters, Inc., Mike runs Sulley’s station on the scare floor and they are close friends and roommates. Mike is dating Celia Mae at this time. Additionally, Mike helps Sulley in his mission to save Boo.

text: Mike is portrayed as a comedian at the Walt Disney World attraction, Monsters, Inc. Laugh Floor. Mike is not only known for his humor, but also his intelligence. He has made appearances in other Pixar movies, such as WALL-E, Toy Story 3, Cars, and Finding Nemo.[1]

text: Randall Boggs[edit]

text: Randall "Randy" Boggs (voiced by Steve Buscemi in the film series, J.P. Manoux in the video game, and Peter Kelamis in the Disney Infinity video game series) is a Cianfa Donati-inspired purple, impatient, multi-legged lizard monster with a chameleon-like ability to change skin color and blend in completely with his surroundings. He is Sulley's nemesis and Mike's arch-rival and former best friend.

text: In Monsters, Inc., he is Sulley's arch-rival on the scarefloor, as well as Jeff Fungus' boss. The two jockey for position as the area's top scream collector. He secretly approaches Henry J. Waternoose III, the company's CEO,[citation needed] and offers to build a scream extraction device and use it on kidnapped children in return for solving the city's energy shortage. Waternoose accepted, figuring it would be the solution for the company's good. During the final battle, Randall is thrown through a door by Sulley into the human world and winds up in a house trailer whose inhabitants beat him senseless, believing him to be an alligator. Sulley and Mike destroyed the door to prevent Randall from returning the monster world and foiled his plan getting Mr. Waternoose arrested in the process while Fungus reforms.

text: In the prequel Monsters University, Randall (nicknamed as "Randy") enrolls at the same time as Mike Wazowski and the two end up as friends and roommates. He is insecure and shy at first, having trouble controlling his camouflage abilities. Randall soon becomes more ambitious, confident, and short-tempered after joining Roar Omega Roar. After an embarrassing failure at the Scare Games to Sulley, Randall vows to himself to never be outdone by Sulley again ("That's the last time I lose to you, Sullivan!"), thus starting Sulley, Mike, and Randall's conflict.

text: Boo[edit]

text: Boo (voiced by Mary Gibbs) is a 2-year-old human girl who becomes Sulley and Mike's friend.

text: During Randall's secret late-night work on the Scare Floor, Boo gets into the factory abd Sulley tries various attempts to get her back, eventually placing her inside a duffle bag. When Sulley brings this up with Mike at Harryhauser's, Boo gets out and frightens the patrons; the CDA have to "decontaminate" the restaurant. While Mike and Sulley are at home, they discover that the girl is not toxic after all. Sulley quickly grows attached to the girl and names her "Boo". The next day, they smuggle her into the factory disguised as a child of one of Sulley's relatives, and Mike attempts to return her through her door. Randall tries to kidnap Boo, but kidnaps Mike by mistake. When Boo was brought into the simulation room after Mike and Sulley escaped from Randall, she ended up severely frightened by Sulley's roar. When Mike and Sulley tried to return Boo to her home, Mr. Waternoose had Mike and Sulley exiled to the Himalayas. Sulley returns to the factory and rescues Boo from Randall's Scream Extractor. During the chase through the large storage vault, Boo's laughter ends up causing all the doors to operate. Eventually, Boo gets over being afraid of Randall, and helps to defeat him. Sulley and Mike are able to access Boo's door, but Mr. Waternoose and the CDA send it back to the Scare Floor. Mike distracts the CDA, while Sulley escapes with Boo and her door, although Waternoose follows. The CDA's undercover leader is revealed to be Roz, and she allows Sulley and Mike 5 minutes to return Boo to her world. Once Sulley and Mike have returned Boo to her room, her door is put through the shredder. Sometime later, Mike takes Sulley aside revealing he has rebuilt Boo's door requiring only one more piece which Sulley had taken as a memento, the one taped to his clipboard. Sulley inserts the last piece, reactivates the door and enters to find Boo there.

text: Appearing in Monsters, Inc.[edit]

text: Henry J. Waternoose[edit]

text: Henry James Waternoose (voiced by James Coburn) is a five-eyed humanoid crustacean-like monster in Monsters, Inc. He is the CEO of Monsters, Inc. The company has been in Waternoose's family for 3 generations as he had inherited the company from his father at the age of 142. Waternoose also previously had a mentoring relationship with Sulley.

text: Waternoose is first seen where he reminds Thaddeus Bile and the other trainees about the dangers of a human child getting into Monstropolis after Thaddeus left the door opened. He has been impressed with Sulley's progress. However, Mr. Waternoose is distraught to learn that the impending energy crisis is increasing, due to many children being desensitized and being unable to be scared by monsters, which might put the company on the verge of being shut down.

text: When Sulley tells Mr. Waternoose that he can get the company through the energy crisis, Mr. Waternoose tells Sulley to tell that to the board of directors. When Boo is eventually discovered and Sulley and Mike wanted to return her home, Mr. Waternoose agrees to help them, but he later reveals that he and Randall are hand in glove, and that Randall is actually planning to kidnap Boo and several more children to extract their screams to fight the energy crisis. Waternoose himself is just an accomplice to Randall's plan.

text: At that point, Mr. Waternoose betrayed both Sulley and Mike by exiling them to the Himalayas on Randall's orders to ensure that they don't interfere with their plans any further (as they have found out too much about their scheme), though Waternoose would later regret his actions; he even argues with Randall about how he should not have trusted him since Randall had forced him to banish Sulley and Mike. Regardless, Randall shows Waternoose the Scream Extractor, which would revolutionize Monsters, Inc. Waternoose is forced to accept Randall's plan and watch him proceed. Before Boo's screams can be extracted, Sulley returns and rescues Boo as Randall gives pursuit. After Sulley and Mike defeat Randall and trap him in the Everglades, Mr. Waternoose has called in the CDA to help apprehend Boo and arrest Sulley and Mike, attempting to frame them as the criminals responsible for the crisis. While the CDA gave chase to Mike, Sulley ran off with Boo as Waternoose goes after them. Waternoose breaks into the simulation bedroom where Sulley went and argues with Sulley, declaring he will do anything to save the company from being shut down, even if it means kidnapping many children for Randall's plan and doing away with anyone who stands in his way to ensure that they keep quiet. Brutishly knocking Sulley out of his way, he tries to grab Boo from the bed, but instead grabs the simulation child (as Sulley had never activated Boo's door after plugging it into the simulation bedroom). Just then, the wall goes up to reveal that Mike is behind the controls and he records Sulley and Waternoose's confrontation, exposing Randall's plan as Waternoose watches in shock. With this incriminating evidence, the CDA turns on Waternoose and arrests him. As he is being dragged away, Waternoose yells at Sulley and claims that he destroyed the company and that the energy crisis will only get worse because of him. Waternoose is last seen loaded onto the CDA's van as Sulley becomes the new CEO of Monsters, Inc., proving Waternoose's prediction wrong by changing the company's approach from scaring to laughter (which proves to be more effective), allowing the company to gain enough power to end the energy crisis for good.

text: Despite not appearing in the prequel Monsters University, Waternoose is seen in a photo at the end of movie (with an Afro hairstyle and a mustache, which he had lost before the original film) shaking hands with Mike and Sulley as they are being promoted to becoming a Scare Team, which may have started the mentor-like bond between Waternoose and Sulley.

text: The Xenon processor, used in the Xbox 360, developed by Microsoft and IBM under the IBM chip program was codenamed "Waternoose" in the character's honor.[2]

text: Celia Mae[edit]

text: Celia Mae (voiced by Jennifer Tilly) is a one-eyed monster with snakes-like hair and tentacles for legs. She works as a receptionist at Monsters, Inc. and is Mike Wazowski's girlfriend. When Mike is at a date with Celia at Harryhausen's,a sushi restaurant. Boo made herself known as the CDA raid the place and use a device that caused an energy dome that "decontaminated" Harryhausen's. Celia was among of the monsters who were decontaminated at that time, which then forces her and her snakes hairs to wear neck cones after enduring the decontimation, much to her embarrassment. As a result, Celia is now angry at Mike and she confronts him the next day, and she unintentionally slips Mike's involvement in the incident the previous night while scolding him. When Mike and Sully were being chased by Randall, Celia angrily grabbed onto Mike threatening to break up with him if he did not tell her what was happening until Boo appeared with Mike stating that they are trying to get her back to her room. Celia does a diversion by announcing that Randall had broken the Scare Record. She is seen again at the end of the film, having fully recovered and made amends with Mike, and tells him that a box full of magazines has just arrived. Both she and Mike are surprised to see that Mike has made the cover of the magazine (although his face is covered by a bar code). She kisses him and her hair (snakes) tickles his face. Mike seemed to enjoy the tickling and kissing from Celia and her snakes. During the credits, Celia takes part in Mike and Sulley's play "Put That Thing Back Where It Came From or So Help Me".

text: Despite not appearing in Monsters University, Celia is seen in a photo in Mike's locker room, where he puts up a new photo of himself and Sulley in their first day as a Scarer Team, next to Celia's near the end of the movie.

text: Jeff Fungus[edit]

text: Jeffrey "Jeff" Fungus (voiced by Frank Oz) is Randall's red-skinned three-eyed assistant. Despite being partnered with Fungus, Randall seems to be annoyed by his antics and would often abuse him and boss him around. Fungus also is terrified by Randall's behavior and his involvement in Randall's plot to kidnap human children and extract their screams forcibly, but feels either blackmailed or too intimidated to confront Randall, and is inwardly glad that Mike and Sulley are sabotaging Randall's sinister conspiracy. When Randall attempts to test the extraction machine on Mike, Sulley puts Fungus on the chair and rescues Mike. The scream machine renders Fungus unconscious and blanches him white implying the machine will cause considerable physical harm if used on a child. In the end following Randall's defeat and Waternoose's arrest, Fungus is forgiven for his involvement by Sulley (who becomes the company's new CEO) and is now happy taking on a job of making children laugh to collect more power.

text: Roz[edit]

text: Roz (voiced by Bob Peterson) is a slug-like monster who is the key master and administrator of Scare Floor F. Near the end of the film, she is revealed to be Number One of the Child Detection Agency (CDA), having been on an undercover assignment to investigate the company and expose Randall and Waternoose's scheme.

text: She also makes surprise appearances in three outtakes of the film, when Boo is in the toilet cubicle with Sulley, the CDA shaves and showers George Sanderson, and when Sulley proves to Boo that there is no one behind her bedroom door.

text: She appears briefly near the end of the prequel Monsters University as a member of the CDA squad that responds to the break-in at the Door Lab. Although she wears a full-body protective suit that covers her face, her shape and voice give away her identity.

text: Needleman and Smitty[edit]

text: Needleman and Smitty (both voiced by Dan Gerson) are two monsters that work as maintenance and errand monsters at Monsters, Inc. Both of them worship Sulley and the ground that he walks upon. One of their jobs at Monsters, Inc. is to operate the Door Shredder (a device that shreds the doors of children that are not afraid of monsters and spits out the doorknob).

text: In one of the outtakes, Smitty accidentally calls Sullivan "Solomon", while another (the last) outtake of the film sees it shred the door too fast; it later runs backstage with them holding on to it (thus almost destroying the backstage equipment and props).

text: Scarers of Scare Floor F[edit]

text: The Scarers of Scare Floor F are the co-workers of James P. Sullivan and Randall Boggs. Among these are:

text:
Augustus "Spike" Jones - An orange slug-like monster with tons of retractable spikes on his back. In "Monsters University," it was shown that Spike had graduated from Fear Tech and was a former worker at Fear Co.
Bob Peterson - A light blue dinosaur-like monster with removable teeth. He is named after Bob Peterson.
George Sanderson (voiced by Samuel Lord Black) - George Sanderson is a one-horned furry monster who is good friends with Mike, Sulley, Lanky, and Claws. In Monsters University, he was a member of the Jaws Theta Chi fraternity. In Monsters Inc. when George emerged from one of the doors with a sock on him, his assistant Charlie sees this and shouts "23-19" which ended up calling in the CDA to take care of this. After the sock is removed and destroyed, George is then shaved, showered, and applied a neck cone to him. When in the locker room, the toys that Sulley hid in a nearby locker fell on him causing Charlie to shout "23-19" which caused the CDA to work on him again. When Charlie picks out a door to a house in the Himalayas, Sulley emerges from it and unknowingly placed a sock on him. This time, George shoved the sock in Charlie's mouth and banished him by throwing him through the door but he escaped through the door and was with George seeing Waternoose being out in the CDA van. By the end of the film, George's fur had grown back. He is good friends with Mike and Sulley and Pete "Claws" Ward.
Harley P. Gerson - An orange monster with only a large mouth and two legs.
Harry "Bud" Lucky - A thin turquoise Octopus monster with long shaggy purple hair covering his face.
Joe "J.J." Ranft - A red monster with huge fists and three eyes. He is named after Joe Ranft.
Nicholas "Lanky" Schmidt (voiced by Joe Ranft) - A monster with a small head and long arms and legs who is good friends with Peter "Claws" Ward and George Sanderson. When interviewed about the "kid-tastrophe", he claimed Boo flew over him and used laser vision to blast a car.
Pete "Claws" Ward (voiced by Joe Ranft) - A blue crocodile-like monster with retractable sharp claws and horrifying breath who is good friends with his assistant. When working on one door, he ran out and told his assistant that the child he tried to scare almost touched him resulting in his assistant calling for a door shredder making it the 58th door the company lost this week. He appears to be less fearsome than he appears, as he was seen despairing at his aforementioned failed scare attempt and later crying during Mike's solo number in the company play. He is good friends with Lanky Schmidt and George Sanderson.
Ricky Plesuski - A green monster with a huge mouth filled with sharp teeth, snail-like eyes, and eight legs. In "Monsters University," it is shown that Ricky had graduated from Fear Tech and was a former worker at Fear Co and Scream Industries.
Josh Rivera (voiced by Lee Unkrich) - A tall, slender orange monster with six tentacles for arms and four shorter tentacles for legs. He is from the same race as the grocer Tony.
Theodore "Ted" Pauley (voiced by Katherine Ringgold) - A purple monster with a Gorilla-like stature and 16 removable eyes.

text: In an outtake of the film, taken in slow motion, Sulley gets tripped over as the scarers make their entrance and falls, causing a domino effect where all the other scarers fall as well (Randall initially laughs at Sulley, but eventually falls as well). After everybody gets tripped over, a crew member peeks his head out clapping the upside-down clapperboard.

text: Assistants to the Scarers of Floor F[edit]

text:
Charlie Proctor (voiced by Philip Proctor) - A blue monster with snail-like eyes and tentacles for arms that is the assistant and good friend of George Sanderson. He would often freak out whenever a human object would come in contact with George, leading to the latter's forcible decontamination by the CDA.
Betty (voiced by Teresa Ganzel) - A light blue monster that is a two-eyed version of Jeff Fungus and is the assistant of Rivera.
Waxford - A five-eyed monster with tentacles for legs that is the assistant of Spike. He was mentioned by Mike as having shifty eyes and was later seen with Randall asking if he knows anything about Boo.
Ted Pauley's Assistant - The unnamed assistant of Ted Pauley and a yellow Chalooby.
Marge - The assistant of Schmidt and a starfish-like monster.
Luckey's Assistant - The unnamed assistant of Luckey and is a red Chalooby.
Frank - A 1-eyed 4-armed green monster with no visible mouth that has a ruff of fur around his stalk. He also assists Bob Peterston.
Ricky Assistant - A 3-eyed pistachio-like monster who assists Ricky.
Harley's Assistant - An unnamed turquoise monster with crab-like legs and a stalk with one eye who assists Harley Gerson.
Ranft Assistant - An unnamed light green slender monster with round 4 or 5 legs who assists Joe J.J. Ranft.
Chuck (voiced by Danny Mann) - A pink beige frog-like monster with 4 arms and also assists Claws Ward.

text: Thaddeus Bile[edit]

text: Thaddeus Bile (voiced by Jeff Pidgeon) is a trainee Scarer who is also called "Phlegm". He was seen at the beginning of the movie botching his training by leaving the door open as well as being scared by the simulation child (voiced by Lisa Raggio) causing him to slip on a soccer ball and fall on some jacks. By the end of the film, he begins working on Scare Floor F where he has successfully made a child laugh by slipping on a soccer ball and falling on some jacks again.

text: CDA[edit]

text: The CDA (short for Child Detection Agency) are an assortment of different monsters in hazmat suits whose main job is to respond to any reported incidents of contact between monsters and children or their belongings, since it is believed that such contact is toxic. They isolate and destroy any items accidentally brought back into the monster world. Any monsters that comes in contact with a human object are quickly and forcibly decontaminated while having a neck cone applied afterwards.

text: They first appear when George Sanderson gets a sock on him and they had to decontaminate him. When Boo gets into Monstropolis and appears at Harryhausen's, the CDA end up "decontaminating" the building and then disinfected the patrons. The bag containing Boo was traced back to Monsters, Inc. where they end up searching the building. In one moment, two of the CDA members ask Sulley for an autograph to give to Bethany, the daughter of agent 00002, whom he mentions. Henry J. Waternoose III had the CDA called in to cut the power to Boo's door as soon as it lands. Mike does a diversion that involved throwing one of Boo's socks on one of the agents and then had the other agents chase him. This trick enabled the CDA Agents to be present when Henry confesses his motives that involved abducting children to keep Monsters, Inc. alive. The CDA Agents arrest Waternoose as Mike and Sulley discover that Roz is the chief of the CDA. During the credits, the CDA direct a monster to his seat for the production of Mike and Sulley's play "Put That Thing Back Where It Came From or So Help Me."

text: In Monsters University, the CDA are called when Mike and Sulley had entered a door that led to a human area. After Mike and Sulley make it back to Monsters University, they are taken away by the CDA.

text: The CDA Agents are voiced by Pixar animator Teddy Newton.

text: Jerry[edit]

text: Jerry (voiced by Steve Susskind) is a red monster with seven fingers who works as a floor manager for Scare Floor F.

text: Tony[edit]

text: Tony (voiced by Guido Quaroni) is a tall, slender orange monster with a moustache, two tentacles for arms and four shorter tentacles for arms. He is a grocer that works at Tony's Grossery and was first seen telling Mike and Sulley that somebody is about to break the All-Scare Record and throws them blood oranges while wishing them the best of luck.

text: Abominable Snowman[edit]

text: The Abominable Snowman (voiced by John Ratzenberger) is a monster from Monstropolis who got banished to the Himalayas. He is an expert of making snow cones. He greets Sulley and Mike when Henry J. "Mr." Waternoose III and Randall Boggs banish them to the Himalayas. While the Abominable Snowman tries to make Mike and Sulley feel at home in his abode, he understands Sulley must rescue Boo, and tells him of a Nepalese village at the foot of the mountain whereupon they can regain access to the monster world. Despite everything, the Abominable Snowman seems to have made the best of his fate and genuinely seems to enjoy the human world.

text: In the credits to Cars, he appeared as the Abominable Snowplow.

text: In Monsters University, he was shown to have worked as a mailroom employee at Monsters, Inc. He warns Mike and Sulley not to mess with the mail which is a crime punished by banishment (which possibly hints why he was banished).

text: Appearing in Monsters University[edit]

text: Dean Abigail Hardscrabble[edit]

text: Dean Abigail Hardscrabble (voiced by Helen Mirren[3]) is the strict dean of Monsters University. She is a dark red dragon-like monster with centipede-like legs and red bat wings. Dean Hardscrabble was modeled after a type of centipede called Scolopendra gigantea (also known as the Amazonian giant centipede). When Dean Hardscrabble attended Monsters University in her youth, she was a member of the Eta Hiss Hiss sorority and is the founder and a four-time consecutive champion of the Scare Games.

text: She first appears where she flies into Professor Derek Knight's class to oversee the final exam that helps to weed out the least-worthy scarers from the University's School of Scaring. Mike was kicked out as Hardscrabble considered him "not scary" and "what [Mike] lacked is something that cannot be taught" (i.e. he lacked any actual scariness). Sulley was kicked out by Hardscrabble when he performed an incorrect scare due to his lack of studying and preparation (instead relying on his natural scaring prowess). This caused both of them to be kicked out of the School of Scaring. Mike later finds out that the only way to get back into the scaring program is to compete in the Scare Games with a fraternity of rejected monsters called Oozma Kappa. As a result, Mike makes a deal with Dean Hardscrabble that Oozma Kappa wins the Games, they will be reinstated back into the scaring program. Otherwise if they lose, Mike will have to leave the school forever. Sensing this opportunity, Sulley offers to join in Oozma Kappa allowing the team to gain entry.

text: During the Scare Games, Dean Hardscrabble is secretly watching Mike and Sulley competing from afar, aware and expecting that they are both going to fail. For the Toxicity challenge after Oozma Kappa came in last place, Hardscrabble stated to Mike that only a miracle can save him from expulsion. By coincidence, before she could even finish her sentence, one miracle actually happened when Brock Pearson announces that Jaws Theta Chi is disqualified for using an illegal protective sting ointment during the Toxicity challenge which puts Oozma Kappa back into the competition. Dean Hardscrabble then keeps an eye on Oozma Kappa during the remaining challenges. But after Oozma Kappa wins the Games when they beat Roar Omega Roar in the final round with the scare simulators, Sulley confesses to Hardscrabble that he cheated by setting Mike's simulator level to easy just to make Oozma Kappa win due to Mike's inability to scare. An outraged Hardscrabble orders him to leave the campus when all of a sudden, she is alerted that Mike had secretly snuck into the door lab, prompting Sulley to go there to save his friend, despite Harscrabble's warnings.

text: Dean Hardscrabble then shuts down the door in question, which led to a cabin at a campsite in a park until the authorities arrive, but Mike and Sulley manage to escape back by scaring several human adults in the form of a team of park rangers. Their actions led to both Mike and Sulley being expelled from Monsters University and Hardscrabble was sad to let them go because of their actions. While considered as a major offense to her school, their actions ended up surprising her (something which no one has ever done). Dean Hardscrabble had Oozma Kappa enroll into the Scaring Program (despite Mike's and Sulley's actions) admitting to Sulley and Mike that she was impressed by their performances in the Games.

text: Professor Derek Knight[edit]

text: Professor Derek Knight (voiced by Alfred Molina[4]) is a dinosaur-like monster who teaches SCARING 101: Intro to Scaring at the School of Scaring. He often weeds out the least worthy students so that the best of the best can move on to becoming Scarers. Professor Knight is also shown to be a fan of Bill Sullivan. When he is first seen during the exam that would determine who will take part in the School of Scaring, Dean Abigail Hardscrabble "assists" him where she weeds out Mike for not being scary and Sully for doing an incorrect scare. Professor Knight is later seen with Dean Hardscrabble when Sully admits that he rigged Mike's scare simulator during the final Scare Games event. During the credits, he has a card saying that he worked at Fear. Co.

text: Professor William Brandywine[edit]

text: Professor William Brandywine is a round monster with yellow fur whose eyes are invisible. He works at Monsters University's School of Engineering where he teaches Scream Canister Designs to his students. Don Carlton's character model was used to make Professor Brandywine.

text: Librarian[edit]

text: The Librarian (voiced by Marcia Wallace) is an elderly female monster that works at the library at Monsters University. She is a large slug-headed teacher with six monstrous tentacles for legs and gray hair. The Librarian is involved in the "Avoid the Parent" challenge of the Scare Games where the Librarian's reaction to noise is made to emulate the danger of parents and how a Scarer has to get along without being caught by one. Any team who is caught by the Librarian is thrown out of the library and eliminated from the competition. That is what happened to Slugma Slugma Kappa when they were caught by the Librarian. The Oozma Kappa group gives up on silence after Sulley accidentally knocks over with a ladder and they start a noisy display to distract and confuse the Librarian to get their flag.

text: Oozma Kappa students[edit]

text: Oozma Kappa (OΚ, suggestive of "OK") is one of the six fraternities at Monsters University. It is mostly filled with good-natured misfits. Besides the protagonists Mike and Sulley, among the members of Oozma Kappa are:

text:
Don Carlton (voiced by Joel Murray[5]) - Don Carlton is a mature monster who returned to Monsters University to learn how to use computers and maybe consider trying for scaring. He is the President of Oozma Kappa. Don later got engaged to Scott "Squishy" Squibbles' mother Sherri. During the credits, it is shown that Don had gotten a job as a scarer at Monsters Inc. under the moniker "Dangerous Don Carlton".
Art (voiced by Charlie Day[5]) - Art is a purple furry monster with an arch shape and a questionable background (in a scene he revealed that he was in jail before). It is shown during the credits that he got a job at Monsters Inc.
Scott "Squishy" Squibbles (voiced by Peter Sohn[5][6]) - Scott Squibbles is a five-eyed jelly monster whose mother owns the fraternity house. It is shown during the credits that he got a job at Monsters Inc.
Terri and Terry Perry (voiced by Sean Hayes[6] and Dave Foley[5]) - Terri and Terry are a two-headed monster with one eye on each head, four arms, and tentacles for legs. Terri's head has one horn while Terry's head has two horns. Terri, a dance major, is the naively optimistic one of the two while Terry, an English major, is more morose but has a fondness for close-up magic. They are very different personality wise but they work well together as shown in the Scare Games. It is shown during the credits that they got a job at Monsters Inc.

text: Roar Omega Roar students[edit]

text: Roar Omega Roar (RΩR) is one of the six fraternities at Monsters University. It is made up of the best of the best as they are the smartest, most-skilled, and scariest monsters at Monsters University. Besides Randall, among the members of Roar Omega Roar are:

text:
Johnny J. "The Jaw" Worthington III (voiced by Nathan Fillion[7]) - Johnny J. Worthington III is the confident President of Roar Omega Roar who is a big bully to Mike Wazowski and the main antagonist of the film, as well is the rest of the RORs. He competes against Mike in the last round of the Scare Games. During the credits, it is shown that Johnny got a job as a Scarer at Fear Co.
Chet "The Claw" Alexander (voiced by Bobby Moynihan[7]) - Chet Alexander is a one-eyed crab monster that serves as the Vice President of Roar Omega Roar. During the credits, it is shown that Chet got a job as a scarer at Fear Co. He competes against Terri and Terry in the final round of the Scare Games.
Chip Goff - Chip Goff is a purple monster with two horns and vampire fangs who roars like a Wookiee. He is the only member of the fraternity (Sulley not included) to wear a fraternity letterman jacket: the rest of the fraternity wear cardigans in accordance with their "elite" image. He competes against Squishy in the final round of the Scare Games.
"Howling" Javier Rios - Javier Rios is an insect-like monster with four arms and pink eyes. He competes against Art in the final round of the Scare Games.
Reggie "Bruiser" Jacobs - Reggie Jacobs is a dark green monster with three eyes and grass-like hair all over his body. He competes against Don Carlton in the final round of the Scare Games and loses to him.

text: Python Nu Kappa students[edit]

text: Python Nu Kappa (PΝΚ, suggestive of "pink") is one of the six sororities at Monsters University. The female students here - aside from being near identical to each other with minor color differences, are smart, frozen-hearted, and merciless. Every time they get announced or tell Oozma Kappa they're "going to rip them to pieces," they all hiss and their eyes glow. In the Scare Games, Python Nu Kappa was eliminated after they got lost in the maze and accidentally scared teenagers during the "Don't Scare the Teen" event. According to the "Monsters University Essential Guide," all of the members of Python Nu Kappa want to work at a crematorium and have eyes that all glow in the dark. All 6 members have the same exact voice. Among the members of Python Nu Kappa are:

text:
Carrie Williams (voiced by Beth Behrs[7]) - Carrie Williams is a three-eyed pink monster with red hair who is the fearless President of Python Nu Kappa. During the credits, it is shown that Carrie got a job as a scarer at Scream Industries.
Britney Davis - Britney Davis is a three-eyed turquoise monster with pink hair.
Crystal DuBois - Crystal DuBois is a three-eyed purple monster with red hair.
Heather Olson - Heather Olson is a three-eyed blue monster with purple hair.
Naomi Jackson - Naomi Jackson is a three-eyed pink monster with purple hair. During the "Don't Scare the Teen" event, it is seen that Naomi can breathe fire, and she fires at a cardboard teenager who says, "You're lame."
Taylor Holbrook - Taylor Holbrook is a three-eyed purple monster with pink hair.

text: Jaws Theta Chi students[edit]

text: Jaws Theta Chi (JΘΧ, suggestive of "jocks") is one of the six fraternities at Monsters University. The students here are big on brawn and small on brainpower. In the Scare Games, Jaws Theta Chi was disqualified for using a sting ointment that would prevent them from getting swelled upon coming in contact with the child's toys (represented as sea urchins) during the "Toxicity Challenge" event. Besides George Sanderson, among the members of Jaws Theta Chi are:

text:
Roy "Big Red" O'Growlahan (voiced by John Cygan) - Roy "Big Red" O'Growlahan is a big red monster with eye stalks who is the President of Jaws Theta Chi. He competed with an Omega Howl student to get Sulley into their group.
Dirk Pratt - Dirk Pratt is a yellow furry monster with sharp teeth and a mace at the end of his tail.
Omar Harris - Omar Harris is a small bean-like monster with six legs and bat-like wings who can fly. During the credits, it is shown that he got a job at Scream Industries.
Percy Boleslaw - Percy Boleslaw is a one-eyed purple monster with horns.
Baboso Goretega - Baboso Goretega is a blue slug-like monster. While appearing in promotional material for the film, he is never actually seen in the final film.

text: Slugma Slugma Kappa students[edit]

text: Slugma Slugma Kappa (ΣΣΚ, suggestive of "eek") is one of the six Sororities at Monsters University. The students here spend most of their days working out and running drills to perfect their scaring skills. In the Scare Games, Slugma Slugma Kappa was eliminated after they were caught by the Librarian during the "Avoid the Parent" event and thrown out thanks to a distraction from Oozma Kappa. Among the members of Slugma Slugma Kappa are:

text:
Carla Delgado - Carla Delgado is a pink monster with tentacles for arms and legs who is the President of Slugma Slugma Kappa. According to the "Monsters University Essential Guide," Carla is an ace swimmer.
Brynn Larson - Brynn Larson is a purple three-eyed bean-shaped monster with purple skin and can run fast.
Debbie Gabler - Debbie Gabler is a turquoise monster with turquoise hair. She has one eye on top of her hair.
Donna Soohoo - Donna Soohoo is a purple snake-like monster with hair all over her head that is covering her face. During the credits, she gets a job at Monsters, Inc.
Maria Garcia - Maria Garcia is an orange monster with parted hair covering one eye.
Violet Steslicki - Violet Steslicki is a big one-eyed purple monster with brown twisted horns.

text: Eta Hiss Hiss students[edit]

text: Eta Hiss Hiss (ΗSS, suggestive of "hiss") is one of the six Sororities at Monsters University. The students here have a goth and emo style. This was the sorority that Dean Hardscrabble was a part of when she attended Monsters University. In the Scare Games, Eta Hiss Hiss was eliminated after they didn't find good hiding places in the "Hide and Sneak" event. According to the "Monsters University Fearbook" and the "Monsters University Extensive Guide," the members of Eta Hiss Hiss are an award-winning A Cappella group. Among the members of Eta Hiss Hiss are:

text:
"Roaring" Rosie Levin - Rosie Levin is a rock monster with pointy glasses and earring-covered horns that is the President of Eta Hiss Hiss. Every time someone calls their team, she hisses. During the credits, Rosie gets a job at Monsters Inc.
Nadya Petrov - Nadya Petrov is a dark pink monster with three eyes and purple hair.
Nancy Kim - Nancy Kim is a short one-eyed monster with a long striped neck and six crab-like legs. She is the smallest of the group and she later gets a job at Monsters, Inc. in the end.
Rhonda Boyd - Rhonda Boyd is a pink slug like monster with one eye with darker pink hair/spikes.
Sonia Lewis - Sonia Lewis is a blue monster with eyes that protrude from the top of her head with oversized two front teeth and has a black jacket with small white polka dots.
Susan Jensen - Susan Jensen is a pink monster with a small torso, but with long legs and arms. She has purple and pink hair covering one of her eyes. She is known as the greatest agile circus performer.

text: Brock Pearson[edit]

text: Brock Pearson (voiced by Tyler Labine[7]) is a massive purple bird-like monster with a beak, two horns on his head and sharp claws on his hands. He is the Vice-President of the Greek Council. Brock and Claire commentate on the Scare Games. Brock was credited as "Greek Council VP."

text: Claire Wheeler[edit]

text: Claire Wheeler (voiced by Aubrey Plaza[7]) is a three-eyed grey monster who is a member of the Greek Council. Her look is quite distinct as she dresses much darker than any of the other monsters seen on campus. She and Brock commentate on the Scare Games. Clair was credited as "Greek Council President."

text: Slug Student[edit]

text: The Slug Student (voiced by Bill Hader) is a student that attended Monsters University. When school starts, the Slug Student slithers to get to his class. By the time he gets to his classroom in the post-credits, he learns from the janitor (voiced by Philip Proctor) that the school year is over and slithers home.

text: Ms. Karen Graves[edit]

text: Ms. Karen Graves (voiced by Bonnie Hunt) is a pink slug monster that was Mike's grade school teacher.

text: Frank McCay[edit]

text: "Frightening" Frank McCay (voiced by John Krasinski[7]) is a superstar Scarer on Scare Floor D at Monsters, Inc. who inspires Mike to want to be a Scarer. He is a tall, light blue monster with retractable claws, numerous spikes on his head, and five tentacles as legs.

text: Ms. Sherry Squibbles[edit]

text: Ms. Sherry Squibbles (voiced by Julia Sweeney[7]) is a monster who is the mother of Scott Squibbles. She also owns the Oozma Kappa fraternity house. By the end of the film, Sherry gets engaged to Don Carlton. While she maintains the appearance of a sweet-natured housewife, aspects of her personality seem to reflect a wild youth, such as her taste in music and her participation in college party activities.

text: Archie the Scare Pig[edit]

text: Archie the Scare Pig is the mascot of Fear Tech (a rival school of Monsters University) that Sulley steals. Mike later catches Archie by tipping over a trash can and trapping him. The other students gave Sulley the credit for catching Archie much to the dismay of Mike.

text: The Smile Squad[edit]

text: The Smile Squad is the team that helped Mike get registered for his first day and give him information about Monsters University. All of their names rhyme with "ay". Among the members are:

text:
Jay - Jay is a pink monster with two eyes on his head and tentacles for hands and legs. He contacts incoming students and directs them to the registration hall.
Kay - Kay is a yellow bean-shaped monster with three eyes. She works at the registration table.
Trey - Trey is a blue slug-like monster. He is in charge of taking the photo for a student's I.D. card.
Fay - Fay is a blue monster with blue hair and two eyes on top of her head and tentacles for hand and legs. She gives new students an orientation tour of the university's facilities.
Ray - Ray is a blue monster with two eyes on his head. He is stationed at the dormitories and assigns new students their room.

text: Monsters, Inc. Professional Scarers[edit]

text: During Mike's childhood, his class encountered various Scarers in their field trip to Monsters, Inc. Besides Frank McCay, among the famous Scarers are:

text:
"Jumping" Jerry Jablonski - A light green monster who is a recolored version of Rivera.
"Screaming" Bob Gunderson - Bob Gunderson is a large, shaggy red muskox-like monster with curly horns, giant bushy eyebrows that conceal his eyes completely, and a giant bushy, black mustache. He was seen during Oozma Kappa's "field trip" to Monsters, Inc.
Betty Stevenson - A red one-eyed monster with two large cow-like horns.
Carl Johnson - A purple one-eyed monster with a single horn on his head
Carla "Killer Claws" Benitez - Carla "Killer Claws" Benitez tall yellow monster with long purple claws which are her big attribute. She was seen during Oozma Kappa's "field trip" to Monsters, Inc.
Carol Dallmar - A yellow monster who is a recolored version of Ricky Plesuski.
Clive Carver - A light blue monster who is a recolored version of Augustus "Spike" Jones.
Darryl Payne - A green monster with long, thin arms and legs, three eyes, and sharp spikes covering his body.
Dorothy "The Pink Widow" Newbern - A pink pompom spider-like monster.
Earl "The Terror" Thompson - Earl "The Terror" Thompson is a blue monster with four eyes and a dark blue mustache resembling himself a tarantula. He was a famous scarer working at Monsters, Inc., who had a particularly long career, continuing to scare at old age. He appears two times in the film. The first time is when a younger Earl can be seen during the prologue during young Mike's field trip. Much later, the Oozma Kappa Students see him during their "field trip" to Monsters, Inc.
Hank "The Tank" Knapp - Hank "The Tank" Knapp is a giant, dark green, toad-like monster. In the earlier parts of the film, Hank argues with Frank about the superiority between Monsters University and Fear Tech.
Jason Chiang - A red-and-yellow-striped monster with bat-like wings.
Raj Kapoor - A purple Indian rhinoceros-like monster with spike-like "hair" and a short horn on his nose.
Rufus Remerez - An maroon monster that is a recolored version of Ricky Plesuski.
The Kowalski Sisters - Tracey, Stacey and Casey are a three-headed purple dragon-like monster.
Tommy Gill - A rectangular yellow monster with one eye, scale-like hair, and dark yellow spots.
Walter "Wailing Walt" Friedman - A shaggy yellow monster with three horns on his head and two upward-pointing fangs
Willy Nowicki - A blue slug-like monster with bat wings and two horns on his head.