document_title: Coal mining in India

question_text: name a place in india famous for its coal mines

root

text: Coal mining in India

text: History[edit]

text: Pre-independence[edit]

text: Commercial exploitation of coal in India began in 1774 with John Sumner and Suetonius Grant Heatly of the East India Company in the Raniganj Coalfield along the Western bank of Damodar river. The growth of Indian coal mining remained slow for nearly a century due to low demand. The introduction of steam locomotives in 1853 boosted demand, and coal production rose to an annual average of 1 million metric tons (1.1 million short tons). India produced 6.12 million metric tons (6.75 million short tons) of coal per year by 1900 and 18 million metric tons (20 million short tons) per year by 1920. Coal production received another boost during the First World War due to increased demand, but slumped again in the early 1930s. Production reached a level of 29 million metric tons (32 million short tons) by 1942 and 30 million metric tons (33 million short tons) by 1946.[1]

tag: p

text: In the regions of British India known as Bengal, Bihar and Odisha, the many Indians pioneered Indian involvement in coal mining from 1894. They broke the previous monopolies held by British and other Europeans, establishing many collieries at locations such as Khas Jharia, Jamadoba, Balihari, Tisra, Katrasgarh, Kailudih, Kusunda, Govindpur, Sijua, Sijhua, Loyabad, Dhansar, Bhuli, Bermo, Mugma, Chasnala-Bokaro, Bugatdih, Putki, Chirkunda, Bhowrah, Sinidih, Kendwadih, and Dumka.[2][3]

text: Seth Khora Ramji Chawda of Kutch was the first Indian to break the British monopoly in the Jharia Coalfields.[2][4] Natwarlal Devram Jethwa says that

text: The East Indian Railway in 1894-95 extended its line from Barakar to Dhanbad via Katras and Jharia. Messrs. Khora Ramji in 1894 was working on railway lines contract of Jharia branch line and with his brother Jetha Lira was also building Jharia Railway Station, when he discovered coal in Jharia belt. The location of his three collieries named Jeenagora, Khas Jherria, Gareria is mentioned also in 1917 Gazetteers of Bengal, Assam, Bihar and Odisha.[5]

text: Other Indian communities followed the example of the him in the Dhanbad-Jharia-Bokaro fields after the 1930s. These included the Punjabis, Kutchis, Marwaris, Gujaratis, Bengalis and Hindustanis.[2][6][7][8][9][10]

text: Post-independence[edit]

text: Following independence, the Government of India introduced several 5-year development plans. Annual production rose to 33 million metric tons (36 million short tons) at the beginning of the First Five Year Plan. The National Coal Development Corporation (NCDC), a Government of India Undertaking, was established in 1956 with the collieries owned by the railways. The NCDC aimed to increase coal production efficiently by systematic and scientific development of the coal industry. The Singareni Collieries Company Ltd. (SCCL) which was already in operation since 1945 and which became a Government company under the control of Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1956. The coal industry in India was thus controlled by state-owned companies in the 1950s. Today, SCCL is a joint undertaking of Government of Telangana and Government of India sharing its equity in 51:49 ratio.

text: Nationalisation of coal mines[edit]

text: Right from its genesis, the commercial coal mining in modern times in India has been dictated by the needs of the domestic consumption. India has abundant domestic reserves of coal. Most of these are in the states of Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Madhya Pradesh.[11] On account of the growing needs of the steel industry, a thrust had to be given on systematic exploitation of coking coal reserves in Jharia coalfield. Adequate capital investment to meet the burgeoning energy needs of the country was not forthcoming from the private coal mine owners.

text: Unscientific mining practices adopted by some of them and poor working conditions of labor in some of the private coal mines became matters of concern for the Government. On account of these reasons, the Central Government took a decision to nationalize the private coal mines. The nationalization was done in two phases, the first with the coking coal mines in 1971-72 and then with the non-coking coal mines in 1973. In October, 1971, the Coking Coal Mines (Emergency Provisions) Act, 1971 provided for taking over in public interest of the management of coking coal mines and coke oven plants pending nationalization. This was followed by the Coking Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1972 under which the coking coal mines and the coke oven plants other than those with the Tata Iron & Steel Company Limited and Indian Iron & Steel Company Limited, were nationalized on May 1, 1972 and brought under the Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), a new Central Government Undertaking. Another enactment, namely the Coal Mines (Taking Over of Management) Act, 1973, extended the right of the Government of India to take over the management of the coking and non-coking coal mines in seven States including the coking coal mines taken over in 1971. This was followed by the nationalization of all these mines on May 1, 1973 with the enactment of the Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1973 which determined the eligibility of coal mining in India.[12]

text: All non-coking coal mines were nationalized in 1973 and placed under Coal Mines Authority of India. In 1975, Eastern Coalfields Limited, a subsidiary of Coal India Limited, was formed. It took over all the earlier private collieries in Raniganj Coalfield. Raniganj Coalfield covers an area of 443.50 square kilometres (171.24 sq mi) and has total coal reserves of 8,552.85 million metric tons (9,427.90 million short tons). Eastern Coalfields puts the reserves at 29.72 billion metric tons (32.76 billion short tons). That makes it the second largest coalfield in the country (in terms of reserves).

text: The North East Indian states enjoys special privileges under constitution of India. The Sixth Schedule of constitution and article 371 of constitution allows state governments to formulate its own policy in order to recognize customary tribal laws. For example, Nagaland has its own coal policy which allows its natives to mine coal from their respective lands. Similarly, coal mining in Meghalaya was rampant till imposition of ban on coal mining by National Green Tribunal. The Nagaland Coal[13] and Meghalaya Coal[14] has large buyers in North India, Central India and Eastern India.

text: Denationalisation of coal mines[edit]

text: Parliament enacted the Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act, 2015 in March 2015 containing provisions enabling the government to allocate coal mines through auctions. The law also permitted private players to mine coal for use in their own cement, steel, power or aluminium plants. On 20 February 2018, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) permitted private firms to enter the commercial coal mining industry in India. Under the new policy, mines will be auctioned to the firm offering the highest per tonne price. The move broke the monopoly over commercial mining that state-owned Coal India has enjoyed since nationalisation in 1973.[15] Establishment of coal regulator is needed to implement the policy in  transparent and non-discriminatory manner.[16]

text: The Coking Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1972 and the Coal Mines (Nationalization) Act, 1973 were repealed by the Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017 on 8 January 2018.[17]

text: Reserves[edit]

text: India has the fifth largest coal reserves in the world. As on 31 March 2017, India had 315.14 billion metric tons (347.38 billion short tons) of the resource. The known reserves of coal rose 2.05% over the previous year, with the discovery of an estimated 6.34 billion metric tons (6.99 billion short tons). The estimated total reserves of lignite coal as on 31 March 2017 was 44.70 billion metric tons (49.27 billion short tons).[18] The energy derived from coal in India is about twice that of the energy derived from oil, whereas worldwide, energy derived from coal is about 30% less than energy derived from oil.

text: Coal deposits are primarily found in eastern and south-central India. Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, West  Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra accounted for 98.20% of the total known coal reserves in India. As on 31 March 2017, Jharkhand and Odisha had the largest coal deposits of 26.16% and 24.52% respectively.[18]

text: Distribution of coal reserves by states[edit]

text: The following table shows the estimated coal reserves in India by state as on 31 March 2016.[18][19]

text:
State
Coal Reserves(in billion metric tonnes)
Type of Coalfield

Jharkhand
81.17
Gondwana

Odisha
75.90
Gondwana

Chhattisgarh
56.04
Gondwana

West Bengal
31.53
Gondwana

Madhya Pradesh
26.91
Gondwana

Telangana
21.41
Gondwana

Maharashtra
11.44
Gondwana

Uttar Pradesh
1.06
Gondwana

Meghalaya
0.58
Tertiary

Assam
0.52
Tertiary

Nagaland
0.32
Tertiary

Bihar
0.16
Gondwana

Sikkim
0.10
Gondwana

Arunachal Pradesh
0.09
Tertiary

India
308.80

tag: table

text: Distribution of lignite reserves by states[edit]

text: The following table shows the estimated lignite reserves in India by state as on 31 March 2016.[18]

text:
State
Coal Reserves(in billion metric tonnes)

Tamil Nadu
35.68

Rajasthan
5.73

Gujarat
2.72

Pondicherry
0.42

Jammu and Kashmir
0.03

Kerala
0.01

West Bengal
0.00

India
44.59

text: Production[edit]

text: The production of coal was 662.79 million metric tons (730.60 million short tons) in 2016-17, a growth of 4.69% over the previous year. The production of lignite was 45.23 million metric tons (49.86 million short tons) in 2016-17, a growth of 3.17% over the previous fiscal.[18] India is ranked 2nd in world coal production.[20]

text: The top producing states are:

text:
Odisha - see Talcher in Angul district
Chhattisgarh
Jharkhand

tag: ul

text: Other notable coal-mining areas include:

text:
Korba Coalfield in Korba District, Chhattisgarh (Gevra Mines: Asia's largest open cast mine)
Singareni collieries in Bhadradi district (Old Khammam District), Telangana
Jharia mines in Dhanbad district, Jharkhand
Nagpur & Chandrapur district, Maharashtra
Raniganj in Bardhaman district, West Bengal
Neyveli lignite mines in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu
Singrauli Coalfield and Umaria Coalfield in Madhya Pradesh

text: Consumption[edit]

text: Industries in India consumed 841.56 MT of raw coal in 2016-17. The largest consumers of coal in India are electricity generation (527.26 MT), steel and washery industries (54.15 MT), cement industries (6.43 MT) and sponge iron industries (5.68 MT). Consumption of lignite stood at 43.16 MT in 2016-17. Electricity generation alone accounts for 89.96% of the total lignite consumption.[18]

text: Due to high demand and poor average quality, India is forced to import high quality coal to meet the requirements of steel plants. India's coal imports have risen from 49.79 million metric tons (0.05488 billion short tons) in 2007-08 to 190.95 million metric tons (0.21049 billion short tons) in 2016-17. India's coal exports rose from 1.63 million metric tons (1.80 million short tons) in 2007-08 to 2.44 million metric tons (2.69 million short tons) in 2012-13, but subsequently declined to 1.77 million metric tons (1.95 million short tons) in 2016-17.[18]

text: Electricity generation[edit]

text: As on 31 October, the installed capacity of coal power in India was 186,492.88 MW, accounting for 60.7% of the total installed capacity.[22] India's electricity sector consumed about 72% of the coal produced in the country in 2013.[23]

text: A large part of Indian coal reserve is similar to Gondwana coal. It is of low calorific value and high ash content. The carbon content is low in India's coal, and toxic trace element concentrations are negligible. The natural fuel value of Indian coal is poor. On average, the Indian power plants using India's coal supply consume about 0.7 kg of coal to generate a kWh, whereas United States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh. This is because of the difference in the quality of the coal, as measured by the Gross Calorific Value (GCV). On average, Indian coal has a GCV of about 4500 Kcal/kg, whereas the quality elsewhere in the world is much better; for example, in Australia, the GCV is 6500 Kcal/kg approximately.[24] India imported nearly 95 Mtoe of steam coal and coking coal which is 29% of total consumption to meet the demand in electricity, cement and steel production.[25]

text: Coal mafia[edit]

text: The state-owned coal mines of Bihar (now Jharkhand after the division of Bihar state) were among the first areas in India to see the emergence of a sophisticated mafia, beginning with the mining town of Dhanbad.[26] It is alleged that the coal industry's trade union leadership forms the upper echelon of this arrangement and employs caste allegiances to maintain its power.[27] Pilferage and sale of coal on the black market, inflated or fictitious supply expenses, falsified worker contracts and the expropriation and leasing-out of government land have allegedly become routine.[28] A parallel economy has developed with a significant fraction of the local population employed by the mafia in manually transporting the stolen coal for long distances over unpaved roads to illegal mafia warehouses and points of sale.[29]

text: The coal mafia has had a negative effect on Indian industry, with coal supplies and quality varying erratically. Higher quality coal is sometimes selectively diverted, and missing coal is replaced with stones and boulders in railway cargo wagons. A human corpse has been discovered in a sealed coal wagon.[30]

text: In June 2012, the Bollywood epic Gangs of Wasseypur was released portraying the coal mafia in the area of Dhanbad. The movie received overwhelming response and was declared a hit. Another Bollywood movie Gunday was also loosely based upon coal mafia.


document_title: Bob's Burgers (season 8)

question_text: when does the next episode of bobs burgers come out

text: Bob's Burgers (season 8)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

130
1
"Brunchsquatch"
Mauricio Pardo & Ian Hamilton
Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
7ASA14
2.93[6]

In this episode inspired by actual fan-art of the Bob's Burgers characters, the Belcher kids want a dog, but Bob and Linda refuse. After seeing Jimmy Pesto serve brunch at his restaurant, Bob decides to do the same thing at Bob's Burgers, but Linda overdoes it with the serving of the mimosas. Meanwhile, the kids hide Felix from Mr. Fischoeder.

131
2
"The Silence of the Louise"
Chris Song
Greg Thompson
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
7ASA09
2.43[7]

Louise teams up with the psychotic Millie to find out who mutilated Mr. Frond's therapy dolls. Meanwhile, Teddy attempts to make an inspirational poster.

132
3
"The Wolf of Wharf Street"
Mauricio Pardo
Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
7ASA07
3.02[8]

On Halloween, Linda takes the kids out to search for a wolf that may have been scaring the townspeople. Meanwhile, an injured Bob thinks that Teddy might be a werewolf.

133
4
"Sit Me Baby One More Time"
Brian Loschiavo
Nora Smith
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)
7ASA08
2.89[9]

Tina's babysitting business gets derailed when her longtime nemesis, Tammy, is forced to work with her. Meanwhile, the other Belchers have dinner at a restaurant known for its burgers.

134
5
"Thanks-Hoarding"
Tyree Dillihay
Jon Schroeder
November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19)
7ASA15
2.37[10]

The Belchers agree to help out Teddy after his family announces that they will be coming over for Thanksgiving. During the preparation, the Belchers discover that Teddy is secretly a hoarder.

135

136
6

7
"The Bleakening: Parts 1 & 2"
Brian Loschiavo

Chris Song
Steven Davis

Kelvin Yu
December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10)
7ASA16

7ASA17
3.17[11]

In this hour-long musical Christmas episode, Linda decides to throw a festive party at the restaurant, but someone steals Linda's Christmas tree and her ornaments. The kids suspect it might be a character from a folk tale told to them by Teddy.

137
8
"V for Valentine-detta"
Ian Hamilton
Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux
January 14, 2018 (2018-01-14)
7ASA22
4.76[12]

On Valentine's Day, Tina gets her heart broken, so Linda and Louise attempt to cheer her up by taking her on a girls' limo night out. Meanwhile, Bob and Gene become closer than ever when they attempt to perform a trapeze act.

138
9
"Y Tu Ga-Ga Tambien"
Brian Loschiavo
Scott Jacobson
March 11, 2018 (2018-03-11)
7ASA12
1.84[13]

Gene disapproves of a new playground game, which throws the school into chaos. Meanwhile, Linda develops a storyteller persona when she fills in at the local library.

139
10
"The Secret Ceramics Room of Secrets"
Tyree Dillihay
Dan Fybel
March 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)
7ASA19
1.72[14]

The kids set out to find a secret ceramics room in their school, after Linda tells them to make their own gifts for her mother's birthday. Meanwhile, Teddy moves his phone repair service into the restaurant, much to Bob's annoyance.

140
11
"Sleeping with the Frenemy"
Brian Loschiavo
Greg Thompson
March 25, 2018 (2018-03-25)
7ASA20
1.74[15]

Tina sets Tammy up with Brett, a boy from out of town, after she allows Tammy to stay with the Belchers during Spring Break. Meanwhile, Gene loses his last baby tooth, so he and Bob enlist Dr. Yap's help in finding a replacement to complete Linda's teeth collection.

141
12
"The Hurt Soccer"
Damon Wong
Rachel Hastings
April 1, 2018 (2018-04-01)
7ASA23
1.54[16]

After forgetting that they signed up Louise for a soccer league, the Belchers must help her prepare to play in the season's last game. Meanwhile, Linda and Gene seize an opportunity to turn the restaurant into a piano bar.

142
13
"Cheer Up, Sleepy Gene"
Tyree Dillihay
Story by : H. Jon Benjamin & Holly Schlesinger
Teleplay by : Holly Schlesinger
April 8, 2018 (2018-04-08)
7ASA10
TBD

Gene gets invited to his first sleepover, and things don't go as planned. Meanwhile, Bob and Linda record themselves while sleeping to prove who snores more.

143
14
"The Trouble with Doubles"[17]
TBA
TBA
April 15, 2018 (2018-04-15)
7ASA18
TBD

144
15
"Go Tina on the Mountain"[18]
TBA
TBA
April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22)
8ASA01
TBD

145
16
"Are You There Bob? It's Me, Birthday"[19]
TBA
TBA
April 29, 2018 (2018-04-29)
8ASA04
TBD

text: Future episodes[edit]

text:
Production
code
Title

7ASA11
"Boywatch"[20]

7ASA13[21]
"The Taking of Funtime One Two Three"

8ASA02
"As I Walk Through the Alley of the Shadow of Ramps"[22]

8ASA03
"Mo Mommy, Mo Problems"[23]

8ASA05
"Something Old, Something New, Something Bob Caters for You"[24]

8ASA06
"Just One of the Boyz 4 Now for Now"[25]

8ASA07
"Nightmare on Ocean Avenue Street"[26]

8ASA08
"I Bob Your Pardon"[27]

8ASA09
"Tweentrepreneurs"[28]

8ASA10
"Better Off Sled"[29]

8ASA11
"Live and Let Fly"[30]

8ASA12
"Bobby Driver"[31]

8ASA13
"Roller? I Hardly Know Her!"[32]


document_title: 2018–19 NHL season

question_text: when does nhl 2018 19 schedule come out

question_tokens: when does nhl 2018 19 schedule come out

text: 2018–19 NHL season

text: League business[edit]

text: Collective Bargaining Agreement[edit]

text: The current collective bargaining agreement (CBA) is in its seventh season. The NHL can chose to opt out of the CBA on September 1, 2019, or the NHLPA can choose to opt out of the CBA on September 19, 2019.

text: Salary cap[edit]

text: On December 9, 2017, the National Hockey League Players' Association announced that the salary cap would be set at $79.5 million per team for the 2018–19 season.[1]

text: Rule changes[edit]

text: No major rule changes have been implemented this season.

text: Media rights[edit]

text: This is the eighth season under the NHL's ten year U.S. rights deal with NBC Sports and fifth season of its twelve year Canadian rights deals with Sportsnet and TVA Sports.

text: On December 20, 2017, CBC Sports and Rogers Communications struck an agreement to renew Hockey Night in Canada through the end of Rogers's current broadcast contract. The two sides had previously reached an agreement to extend its original four-year agreement by an additional year.[2]

text: Draft[edit]

text: The 2018 NHL Entry Draft was held June 22 and 23, 2018. The Buffalo Sabres, by virtue of winning the draft lottery on April 28, held the first overall selection, using it to select defenseman Rasmus Dahlin.

text: Preseason games in China[edit]

text: Two preseason games will be played in China.[3] The Calgary Flames and Boston Bruins will play one game at the Shenzhen Universiade Sports Center in Shenzhen on September 15, 2018 and another game at Cadillac Arena in Beijing on September 19, 2018.[4]

text: Coaching changes[edit]

text:
Coaching changes

Off-season

Team

2017–18 coach

2018–19 coach

Story / Accomplishments

Calgary Flames

Glen Gulutzan

Bill Peters

Gulutzan was fired on April 17, following the Flames' failure to make the playoffs. In two seasons, the Flames went 82–68–14 under Gulutzan. The Flames made the playoffs in Gulutzan's first season with the team before missing out the following year.[5] On April 23, Peters was named the Flames' new head coach.[6] He had coached the Carolina Hurricanes the previous four seasons.

Carolina Hurricanes

Bill Peters

Rod Brind'Amour

Peters resigned on April 20, following the Hurricanes' failure to make the playoffs. Under Peters the Hurricanes went 137–138–53 and missed the playoffs in all four seasons.[7] On May 8, Brind'Amour, who had spent the previous seven years as an assistant coach for the Hurricanes, was named the Hurricanes' new head coach.[8]

Dallas Stars

Ken Hitchcock

Jim Montgomery

Hitchcock retired from coaching on April 13, following the Stars' failure to make the playoffs to become a consultant for the franchise. The Stars went 319–186–60–20 under Hitchcock, winning the Stanley Cup in 1999, going back the following season, and winning the Presidents' Trophy twice.[9] On May 4, Montgomery was named the Stars' new head coach.[10] He led the Denver Pioneers to the 2017 NCAA championship.

New York Islanders

Doug Weight

Barry Trotz

Weight was relieved of his duties by the Islanders on June 5, a few weeks after the hiring of Lou Lamoriello as the president of hockey operations for the Islanders. The Islanders went 59–49–14 under Weight in his one-and-a-half seasons as head coach, never making the playoffs. Weight would remain with the Islanders.[11] On June 21, Trotz was hired as head coach, and was previously the head coach of the Nashville Predators and Washington Capitals with whom he won the Stanley Cup in 2018.[12]

New York Rangers

Alain Vigneault

David Quinn

Vigneault was fired by the New York Rangers on April 7, hours after the team's last regular season game after failing to make the playoffs for the first time in nearly a decade and the second time since the 2004–05 NHL lockout. The Rangers went 226–147–37 under Vigneault, going to the Finals in his first year as head coach and winning the Presidents' Trophy the following season.[13] On May 23, Quinn was named the Rangers' new head coach.[14] He previously served as the assistant coach for the Colorado Avalanche during the 2012–13 season.

Washington Capitals

Barry Trotz

Todd Reirden

Trotz resigned on June 18 amid speculation of a contract dispute that neither he nor the Capitals confirmed.[15] In four seasons under Trotz, the Capitals went 205–89–34, won two Presidents' Trophies and won the 2018 Stanley Cup Finals.[16] On June 29, Reirden was named head coach by the Capitals.[17] Reirden, in his first NHL head coach position, had been an assistant with the Capitals for all four seasons under Trotz.

text: Front office changes[edit]

text:
General managers

Off-season

Team

2017–18 GM

2018–19 GM

Story / Accomplishments

Minnesota Wild

Chuck Fletcher

Paul Fenton

Fletcher was relieved of his duties by the Wild on April 23, shortly after their defeat in the first round of the playoffs. He had been the Wild's general manager since the start of the 2009–10 season. Fenton was hired as his replacement on May 21; he had previously held the same position with the American Hockey League's Milwaukee Admirals.[18] [19]

New York Islanders

Garth Snow

Lou Lamoriello

Snow was relieved of his duties by the Islanders on June 5, a few weeks after the hiring of Lou Lamoriello as the president of hockey operations for the Islanders. He had been the Islanders' general manager since the start of the 2006–07 season. Lamoriello replaced Snow as the Islanders' new general manager.[20]

text:
Team presidents

Off-season

Team

2017–18 President

2018–19 President

Story / Accomplishments

Buffalo Sabres

Russ Brandon

Kim Pegula

Brandon, who served as team president while concurrently serving a similar position with the Buffalo Bills, resigned from both positions on May 1, 2018. He had spent three years as the Sabres' president. Pegula, the wife of owner Terrence Pegula, replaced Brandon in both positions, and became the only current female team president in the NHL.[21]

text: Arena changes[edit]

text:
The New York Islanders will move half of their home schedule back to their previous home, the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum, after the Barclays Center proved to be unsuitable as a full-time NHL venue. The Islanders will continue to play the remaining half of their home schedule at the Barclays Center, an arrangement that will last until 2021, when Belmont Park Arena is scheduled to open.[22]
The St. Louis Blues' home arena was renamed from Scottrade Center to Enterprise Center on July 1, 2018.[23]
The Toronto Maple Leafs' home arena was renamed from the Air Canada Centre to Scotiabank Arena on July 1, 2018.[24]

text: Regular season[edit]

text: The regular season will begin on October 3, 2018, and will end on April 6, 2019. Each team will receive a five-day "bye week", all of which will take place in mid-January. The regular season schedule was released on June 21.[25][26]

text: International games[edit]

text: Three regular season games, branded as the NHL Global Series, will be played in Europe.[27] The Edmonton Oilers will play against the New Jersey Devils at Scandinavium in Gothenburg, Sweden on October 6, 2018. The Florida Panthers and Winnipeg Jets will play two games at Hartwall Arena in Helsinki, Finland on November 1 and 2, 2018.[28]

text: Outdoor games[edit]

text:
The Winter Classic will be held on January 1, 2019, at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Indiana, and will feature the Chicago Blackhawks and the Boston Bruins.[29]
The NHL Stadium Series will be held on February 23, 2019, at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and will feature the Pittsburgh Penguins and the Philadelphia Flyers.[30]

text: All–Star Game[edit]

text: The 2019 National Hockey League All-Star Game will be held in San Jose, California, at SAP Center, home of the San Jose Sharks, on January 26, 2019, the first time it will be held on a Saturday after many years of the All-Star game being played on a Sunday.[31][32]

text: Uniforms[edit]

text:
The Anaheim Ducks will wear a new third jersey inspired by jerseys from their years as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim from 1993 to 2006.[33]
The Arizona Coyotes will wear Kachina jerseys as the team's new third jerseys. They previously used this design for road games from 1996 to 2003.[34]
The Carolina Hurricanes will wear a new black third jersey, which was inspired by the third jersey used from 2008 to 2017.[35]
The Philadelphia Flyers will wear black third jerseys, which were worn in the 2017 NHL Stadium Series.[36][better source needed]


document_title: Dominic Toretto

question_text: dominic toretto car in the fate of the furious

text: Dominic Toretto

text: Development[edit]

text: The Fast and the Furious film series was inspired by an article on street racing, "Racer X", that appeared in the May 1998 issue of Vibe magazine.[5] Having witnessed his father's death in a stock car race, Dominic is left with the responsibility of watching his younger sister, Mia Toretto, and leading the racers dependent on him.[6] Vin Diesel was reportedly paid $2.5 million to star as Dominic Toretto in The Fast and the Furious and $15 million to star in and produce Fast Five.[2][7]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Dominic Toretto is a fearless street racer, auto mechanic, and ex-convict. The character is the older brother of Mia Toretto and love interest of Letty Ortiz. Throughout the series, Dominic's crew has perpetrated many high-speed semi hijackings, stealing millions of dollars in merchandise. He has spent most of his life running from the law.

text: The Fast and the Furious[edit]

text: In The Fast and the Furious, Dominic runs his own automotive garage while Mia takes care of the family's grocery store in Echo Park. He also runs his own street race team, which consists of Letty, Vince, Leon, and Jesse. Dominic has a feud with Vietnamese-American rival Johnny Tran due to a business deal that went sour and Tran catching Dominic sleeping with his sister. Unknown to the public, he and his team drive black Honda Civic coupes and stage daring semi hijackings on the freeways, taking home millions of dollars in electronic appliances. He forms a friendship with rookie racer Brian Earl Spilner, who saves him from arrest when the LAPD raid a street race gathering. During the Race Wars, Johnny Tran blames Dominic for a raid by SWAT forces. The SWAT team came into his house, causing disrespect to his family. Dominic then attacks him and is promptly led away by Vince who then tells him to "chill out".[clarification needed] During a hijacking job gone wrong, Dominic discovers Brian's true identity as undercover LAPD officer named Brian O'Conner. Following a drag race that ends with Dominic's 1970 Dodge Charger getting totalled, Brian hands him the keys to his Toyota Supra, as law enforcement have found out that Torretto has stolen millions in electronics with his crew. Dominic ends up escaping and fleeing to Mexico. Brian then is wanted for aiding in the escape of a wanted felon. Brian flees the state himself.

text: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift[edit]

text: In The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, Dominic makes a cameo appearance at the end of the film by challenging Sean Boswell in a drift race with his gun metal silver 1970 Plymouth Road Runner, which he won from his late friend Han.

text: Los Bandoleros[edit]

text: In Los Bandoleros, Dominic recruits Han, Rico Santos, and Tego Leo to help him complete a job that is seen in the beginning of Fast & Furious.

text: Fast & Furious[edit]

text: In Fast & Furious, Dominic, Letty, and their gang lead a successful hijacking of a gasoline tanker in the Dominican Republic, but he shortly abandons them to keep the authorities away from them. Dominic returns to L.A. upon hearing of the death of Letty at the hands of Fenix Calderon. He and Brian once again team up to take down Mexican drug dealer Arturo Braga, who had ordered Letty's execution following a drug run. He later finds out it was Brian was the last person who contact Letty; this enrages him as he attacks Brian before the latter could explain to him that Letty came for him for clearing his name so Dominic could return to Los Angeles. After successfully extraditing Braga back to the U.S., Dominic turns himself in to the authorities and is sentenced to 25 years to life in prison without the possibility of parole. However, the bus carrying Dominic is ambushed by Brian, Mia, Rico and Tego; once Dominic is sprung out of the bus wreckage, the group flees out of the U.S. as fugitives.

text: Fast Five[edit]

text: In Fast Five, Dominic reunites with Brian, Mia and Vince in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. They get involved in a dangerous crossfire with drug lord Hernan Reyes, who has them framed for the murder of three DEA agents during a drug run on a train. As a means to get even on Reyes, Dominic and Brian form a team with Roman Pearce, Tej Parker, Han, Gisele Yashar, Rigo and Tego to stage a bank heist and steal Reyes' stash of US$100 million in cash. Elite bounty hunter and DSS federal agent Luke Hobbs is sent to Brazil to hunt down and capture Dominic and his gang, but when he is ambushed by Reyes' men, he forms an unlikely alliance with Dominic and helps the gang execute their heist. After killing Reyes, Hobbs allows Dominic and his gang to leave Brazil with their stash by giving them a 24-hour window. Hobbs' partner Elena Neves also leaves the force and becomes Dominic's new love interest.

text: Fast & Furious 6[edit]

text: In Fast & Furious 6, Dominic once again encounters Hobbs, who offers him a job to help him hunt down mercenary Owen Shaw and his crime syndicate, revealing that Letty is alive meaning Fenix must have failed to kill her and is working for Shaw. Dominic and Brian reassemble their gang (minus Rico and Tego, whom both are in Monaco) in London for this mission in exchange for a full pardon on all parties and Letty's safe return. During the chase, Dominic is shot by Letty, and later on discovers that she is suffering from amnesia as a result of the explosion that nearly killed her in Fast & Furious. He saves her from falling to her death while the gang stops Shaw aboard a military tank on a bridge in Spain. Shaw, however, reveals his backup plan of kidnapping Mia and using her as leverage for his release and the handing of the top-secret microchip that was removed from the tank. Despite the death of Gisele, Dominic and his gang defeat Shaw and kill his men while saving Mia and the microchip in a daring chase at a NATO military airfield. Hobbs grants their pardons, and Dominic and his gang move back to his home in L.A. Seeing Dominic and Letty back together for good, Elena bids him farewell and returns to working with Hobbs. In a post credit scene, Owen Shaw's elder brother, Deckard Shaw, kills Han in Tokyo and calls Dom with a threatening message.

text: Furious 7[edit]

text: In Furious 7, it was revealed that Owen Shaw is still alive, and his older brother Deckard Shaw went rogue and hunts Dominic's team, which resulted in Han's death (this explains why he died in Tokyo Drift, bridging the story here) and his house being blown up. Determined to exact revenge on Shaw, Dominic decided to take him down alone, but was stopped by a Covert Ops leader and Hobbs' friend Mr. Nobody. Mr. Nobody offers Dominic a way to hunt Shaw by obtaining a software named "God's Eye" and save its creator named Ramsey from Mose Jakande and his men. Agreeing to the deal, Dominic, Brian, Letty, Tej and Roman led a daring rescue to Ramsey at the mountains of Azerbaijan and succeeds in doing so. Afterwards they figured out that the device was lend to a friend of Ramsey who lives in Abu Dhabi named Zafar. After a successful retrieval of the God's Eye (that also involved Dominic and Brian made a vehicle jump on three buildings), they found Shaw's hideout but also got into a surprise ambush that killed Nobody's men and him being injured. Afterwards, Dominic decided to take down the alliance of Shaw and Jakande on their home turf. This also led to Dominic and Shaw have an intense fight at the rooftop of a parking garage while Brian led the others to lure Jakande while Ramsey initiating a hack to shut down God's Eye for good. They succeeded in doing so but also paid with a huge destruction in the city and the death of Jakande when Dominic let his car crash on Jakande's chopper and hooking a bag of grenades on its skids before crashing his vehicle, thought that he died in the process. This prompts Letty's memories of her and Dominic restored (and also reveals that they were indeed married to each other somewhere in between the story of Los Bandoleros and Fast & Furious) and Dominic recovers from being unconscious. After this, Brian decides to retire from the crew in order to spend time with his family. Dominic leaves without saying goodbye, prompting Brian to catch up to him at an intersection and have one last drive before parting ways.

text: This also was done to give Brian's role a clean retirement and a send-off after the actor who portrays him, Paul Walker, died in a single vehicle accident back in 2013.

text: The Fate of the Furious[edit]

text: In The Fate of the Furious, Dom has betrayed his family and friends at the behest of a mysterious, seductive woman known as Cipher. After betraying his team to steal an EMP device they were assigned to recover, it is revealed that Cipher — the true mastermind behind both the attempted creation of the Nightshade device in Fast & Furious 6 and also the near-theft of the God's Eye hacking device in Furious 7 — has captured Elena and Dom's previously-unknown son, using them as blackmail tools to ensure Dom's cooperation. Despite Cipher's dismissal of Dom's views on family and her access to multiple surveillance systems, Dom manages to use his contacts to pass on a message to Magdalene Shaw, the mother of Deckard and Owen Shaw, allowing her to retrieve her sons and send them aboard Cipher's plane via a tracking device slipped into Dom's necklace. Once the Shaws retrieve his son — as Elena having been killed earlier for Cipher to make a point to Dom — Dom rejoins his team and destroys a Russian nuclear submarine Cipher was attempting to steal. Although Cipher escapes, Dom vows to protect his new son, naming the boy Brian after his brother-in-law and best friend.

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Dominic has been described as "a gruff but affectionate father to his loyal pack of renegades, providing them with barbecue, protection, and a rough moral code to live by."[8] Vin Diesel has described Dominic as "a character who is strong, who is a caretaker."[2] In contrast to Brian's estranged relationship with his father, Dominic is shown to "put family first" and be very protective of Mia. He is also implied to be religious, insisting that all members in a dinner table say grace and that the first person to take a bite must bless the meal.

text: In The Fast and the Furious, Dominic's volatile temper stems from a painful incident during his teenage years, when his father, a stock car racer, was killed in a race after a driver named Kenny Linder accidentally sent him to the wall at 120 mph. Distraught by his father's death, Dominic assaulted Linder a week later with a torque wrench and left him hospitalized with severe head injuries. Dominic served time in juvenile hall and was banned from racing for the attack. He nearly replicates the action while fighting Hobbs in Fast Five, only to (purposely) miss Hobbs' head by an inch when Mia begs him to stop.

text: In Fast Five, Dominic recalls the influence his father had on him. His father would help Mia with her homework everyday and sending her to bed, he would stay up late reading the next chapter, to make sure he could help her the next day. On Sundays, the family would attend church and host a barbecue for the neighborhood; those who did not attend church would not be allowed at the barbecue.

text: However, Dominic is also obsessed with racing. In the first film, he says: "I live my life a quarter mile at a time. Nothing else matters: not the mortgage, not the store, not my team and all their bullshit. For those ten seconds or less, I'm free." In The Fate of the Furious, Cipher repeats a similar phrase to Dominic to question his loyalty to his family.[9]

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Dominic's main love interest is Letty Ortiz who he grew up with. During Fast & Furious 6, she comes back with amnesia. Dominic was with Elena Neves during that time. However, they rekindled their relationship and it is revealed that they got married a few years ago, and also explaining the iconic necklace.

text: Cars[edit]

text: Dominic's Charger[edit]

text: In four of the films, Dom drives his deceased father's black 1970 Dodge Charger.[10] In the first film, Dom tells Brian that he and his father built the 900 horsepower car, but that he had never driven it, because it "scares the shit out of [him]."[11] Dom uses it to help Brian by attacking one of Tran's henchmen. He later races Brian's Supra with it; however, he totals it when he collides with a truck.

text: In Fast & Furious he sees that Letty has rebuilt it for him, as she was hoping that he would return to the United States. Later in the film, Dom takes it to Mexico and shields Brian's car with it, but destroys it by running into a stack of propane canisters in the tunnels. In the final scene of the film, Brian is shown to have rebuilt it, and Dom recognizes the sound of the engine while riding in a prison bus. In Fast Five, it is shown that Brian brakes in front of the bus, causing the bus to collide with it and flip. Dom uses it throughout the film to win cars to test for their vault heist. Meanwhile, Hobbs uses it to track the location of Dom's gang by having his men check camera feeds for a 1970 Charger. When Hobbs comes to arrest Dom, he crashes his Gurkha F5 into his Charger, cutting it in half, which triggers a fight between the pair.

text: In Furious 7, near the end of the movie he goes to his home which was recently blown up by Deckard Shaw, and in the garage is his Charger covered up. He uncovers it revealing the slightly different new look. He takes the Charger to the top of a rooftop where he faces Shaw in a game of chicken. When the building is later collapsing due to missiles, Torretto ramps it off the building destroying it yet again.

text: The car goes through some changes. In the first film, it is chrome trimmed, while in the fourth film it is black trimmed, with an extra grill cover. In the fifth film it is matte black, with black wheels and the supercharger removed. In the seventh film, Torretto's Charger has the supercharger again. The car still has black trim but is no longer matte black but metallic black. Also a different set of rims. The car has been in a series of promotions: Car Town offered the versions from both the first and fifth films, while Mafia Wars offered the first.

text: In Fast & Furious 6, Dom gives his nephew Jack a diecast replica of his black Charger, hoping to keep him away from Brian's habits of favoring imports. Later in the film, Dom drives a maroon Dodge Charger Daytona, which is acquired by Tej Parker at a car auction in London. While it is not the same car as his signature black Charger, it is a direct nod to The Charger.

text: At the very end of Furious 7 Toretto is seen with the Project Maximus Ultra 1968 Dodge Charger.

text: In Fate of the Furious, Toretto drives an armoured version of his usual Charger in the film's final confrontation.

text: Car list[edit]

text:
Film
Car[10][12][13]

The Fast and the Furious
1993 Mazda RX-7

1995 Honda Civic

1970 Dodge Charger R/T

1994 Toyota Supra

1970 Chevrolet Chevelle SS(Post credits)

The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

1970 Plymouth "The Hammer"

Los Bandoleros

1966 Pontiac Bonneville

Fast & Furious
1987 Buick GNX[14]

1970 Chevrolet Chevelle SS

2009 Subaru Impreza WRX STI

1970 Dodge Charger R/T

1973 Chevrolet Camaro F-Bomb

Fast Five
1970 Dodge Charger R/T

1963 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray Grand Sport[15]

2011 Dodge Charger R/T Police Car

2010 Dodge Charger SRT8

2009 Dodge Challenger SRT8

Fast & Furious 6
2009 Dodge Challenger SRT8

2010 BMW E60 M5

1969 Dodge Charger Daytona

2013 Dodge Charger SRT8

Furious 7
1974 Plymouth Barracuda

1970 Plymouth Road Runner

1970 Dodge Charger

2015 Dodge Charger

2014 Lykan HyperSport

1970 Dodge Charger R/T

1968 Maximus Charger

The Fate of the Furious

1968 Dodge Charger R/T modified for ice

1961 Chevrolet Impala Sport Coupe

1950 Chevrolet Fleetline

2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon

1972 Plymouth Road Runner GTX


document_title: One-time password

question_text: what type of one-time password (otp) changes after a set time period

question_tokens: what type of one-time password ( otp ) changes after a set time period

text: One-time password

text: How OTPs are generated and distributed[edit]

text: OTP generation algorithms typically make use of pseudorandomness or randomness, making prediction of successor OTPs by an attacker difficult, and also hash functions, which can be used to derive a value but are hard to reverse and therefore difficult for an attacker to obtain the data that was used for the hash. This is necessary because otherwise it would be easy to predict future OTPs by observing previous ones. Concrete OTP algorithms vary greatly in their details. Various approaches for the generation of OTPs are listed below:

text:
Based on time-synchronization between the authentication server and the client providing the password (OTPs are valid only for a short period of time)
Using a mathematical algorithm to generate a new password based on the previous password (OTPs are effectively a chain and must be used in a predefined order).
Using a mathematical algorithm where the new password is based on a challenge (e.g., a random number chosen by the authentication server or transaction details) and/or a counter.

text: There are also different ways to make the user aware of the next OTP to use. Some systems use special electronic security tokens that the user carries and that generate OTPs and show them using a small display. Other systems consist of software that runs on the user's mobile phone. Yet other systems generate OTPs on the server-side and send them to the user using an out-of-band channel such as SMS messaging. Finally, in some systems, OTPs are printed on paper that the user is required to carry.

text: Methods of generating the OTP[edit]

text: Time-synchronized[edit]

text: A time-synchronized OTP is usually related to a piece of hardware called a security token (e.g., each user is given a personal token that generates a one-time password). It might look like a small calculator or a keychain charm, with an LCD that shows a number that changes occasionally. Inside the token is an accurate clock that has been synchronized with the clock on the proprietary authentication server. On these OTP systems, time is an important part of the password algorithm, since the generation of new passwords is based on the current time rather than, or in addition to, the previous password or a secret key. This token may be a proprietary device, or a mobile phone or similar mobile device which runs software that is proprietary, freeware, or open-source. An example of time-synchronized OTP standard is Time-based One-time Password Algorithm (TOTP).

text: All of the methods of delivering the OTP below may use time-synchronization instead of algorithms.

text: Mathematical algorithms[edit]

text: Each new OTP may be created from the past OTPs used. An example of this type of algorithm, credited to Leslie Lamport, uses a one-way function (call it f). This one-time password system works as follows:

text:
A seed (starting value) s is chosen.
A hash function f(s) is applied repeatedly (for example, 1000 times) to the seed, giving a value of: f(f(f( .... f(s) ....))). This value, which we will call f1000(s) is stored on the target system.
The user's first login uses a password p derived by applying f 999 times to the seed, that is, f999(s). The target system can authenticate that this is the correct password, because f(p) is f1000(s), which is the value stored. The value stored is then replaced by p and the user is allowed to log in.
The next login, must be accompanied by f998(s). Again, this can be validated because hashing it gives f999(s) which is p, the value stored after the previous login. Again, the new value replaces p and the user is authenticated.
This can be repeated another 997 times, each time the password will be f applied one fewer times, and is validated by checking that when hashed, it gives the value stored during the previous login. Hash functions are designed to be extremely hard to reverse, therefore an attacker would need to know the initial seed s to calculate the possible passwords, while the computer system can confirm the password on any given occasion is valid by checking that, when hashed, it gives the value previously used for login. If an indefinite series of passwords is wanted, a new seed value can be chosen after the set for s is exhausted.

tag: ol

text: To get the next password in the series from the previous passwords, one needs to find a way of calculating the inverse function f−1. Since f was chosen to be one-way, this is extremely difficult to do. If f is a cryptographic hash function, which is generally the case, it is (so far as is known) a computationally infeasible task. An intruder who happens to see a one-time password may have access for one time period or login, but it becomes useless once that period expires. The S/KEY one-time password system and its derivative OTP are based on Lamport's scheme.

text: In some mathematical algorithm schemes, it is possible for the user to provide the server with a static key for use as an encryption key, by only sending a one-time password.[1]

text: The use of challenge-response one-time passwords requires a user to provide a response to a challenge. For example, this can be done by inputting the value that the token has generated into the token itself. To avoid duplicates, an additional counter is usually involved, so if one happens to get the same challenge twice, this still results in different one-time passwords. However, the computation does not usually[citation needed] involve the previous one-time password; that is, usually this or another algorithm is used, rather than using both algorithms.

text: The methods of delivering the OTP which are token-based may use either of these types of algorithm instead of time-synchronization.

text: Methods of delivering the OTP[edit]

text: Phones[edit]

text: A common technology used for the delivery of OTPs is text messaging. Because text messaging is a ubiquitous communication channel, being directly available in nearly all mobile handsets and, through text-to-speech conversion, to any mobile or landline telephone, text messaging has a great potential to reach all consumers with a low total cost to implement. However, the cost of text messaging for each OTP may not be acceptable to some users. OTP over text messaging may be encrypted using an A5/x standard, which several hacking groups report can be successfully decrypted within minutes or seconds.[2][3][4][5] Additionally, security flaws in the SS7 routing protocol can and have been used to redirect the associated text messages to attackers; in 2017, several O2 customers in Germany were breached in this manner in order to gain access to their mobile banking accounts. In July 2016, the U.S. NIST issued a draft of a special publication with guidance on authentication practices, which discourages the use of SMS as a method of implementing out-of-band two-factor authentication, due to the ability for SMS to be intercepted at scale.[6][7][8]

text: On smartphones, one-time passwords can also be delivered directly through mobile apps, including dedicated authentication apps such as Authy, Duo, and Google Authenticator, or within a service's existing app, such as in the case of Steam. These systems do not share the same security vulnerabilities as SMS, and do not necessarily require a connection to a mobile network to use, as they are internet-based.[9][8][10]

text: Proprietary tokens[edit]

text: EMV is starting to use a challenge-response algorithm (called "Chip Authentication Program") for credit cards in Europe. On the other hand, in access control for computer networks, RSA Security's SecurID is one example of a time-synchronization type of token or HID Global. Like all tokens, these may be lost, damaged, or stolen; additionally there is an inconvenience as batteries die, especially for tokens without a recharging facility or with a non-replaceable battery. A variant of the proprietary token was proposed by RSA in 2006 and was described as "ubiquitous authentication", in which RSA would partner with manufacturers to add physical SecurID chips to devices such as mobile phones.

text: Recently, it has become possible to take the electronic components associated with regular keyfob OTP tokens and embed them in a credit card form factor. However, the thinness of the cards, at 0.79mm to 0.84mm thick, prevents standard components or batteries from being used. Special polymer-based batteries must be used which have a much lower battery life than coin (button) cells. Semiconductor components must not only be very flat but must minimise power used in standby and when operating.

text: Yubico offers a small USB token with an embedded chip that creates an OTP when a key is pressed and simulates a keyboard to facilitate easily entering a long password.[11] Since it is a USB device it avoids the inconvenience of battery replacement.

text: A new version of this technology has been developed that embeds a keypad into a payment card of standard size and thickness. The card has an embedded keypad, display, microprocessor and proximity chip.

text: Web-based methods[edit]

text: Authentication-as-a-service providers offer various web-based methods for delivering one-time passwords without the need for tokens. One such method relies on the user’s ability to recognize pre-chosen categories from a randomly generated grid of pictures. When first registering on a website, the user chooses several secret categories of things; such as dogs, cars, boats and flowers. Each time the user logs into the website they are presented with a randomly generated grid of picalphanumeric character overlaid on it. The user looks for the pictures that fit their pre-chosen categories and enters the associated alphanumeric characters to form a one-time access code.[12][13]

text: Hardcopy[edit]

text: In some countries' online banking, the bank sends to the user a numbered list of OTPs that are printed on paper. Other banks send plastic cards with actual OTPs obscured by a layer that the user has to scratch off to reveal a numbered OTP. For every online transaction, the user is required to enter a specific OTP from that list. Some systems ask for the numbered OTPs sequentially, others pseudorandomly chose an OTP to be entered. In Germany and many other countries like Austria and Brazil,[14] those OTPs are typically called TANs (for 'transaction authentication numbers'). Some banks even dispatch such TANs to the user's mobile phone via SMS, in which case they are called mTANs (for 'mobile TANs').

text: Comparison of technologies[edit]

text: Comparison of OTP implementations[edit]

text: The cheapest OTP solutions are those that deliver OTPs on paper, and those that generate OTPs on an existing device, without the costs associated with (re-)issuing proprietary electronic security tokens and SMS messaging.

text: For systems that rely on electronic tokens, algorithm-based OTP generators must cope with the situation where a token drifts out-of-sync with its server if the system requires the OTP to be entered by a deadline. This leads to an additional development cost. Time-synchronized systems, on the other hand, avoid this at the expense of having to maintain a clock in the electronic tokens (and an offset value to account for clock drift). Whether or not OTPs are time-synchronized is basically irrelevant for the degree of vulnerability, but it avoids a need to re-enter passwords if the server is expecting the last or next code that the token should be having because the server and token have drifted out-of-sync.

text: Use of an existing mobile device avoids the need to obtain and carry an additional OTP generator. The battery may be recharged; as of 2011[update] most small card devices do not have rechargeable, or indeed replaceable, batteries. However, most proprietary tokens have tamper-proof features.

text: OTPs versus other methods of securing data[edit]

text: One-time passwords are vulnerable to social engineering attacks in which phishers steal OTPs by tricking customers into providing one or more OTPs that they used in the past. In late 2005 customers of a Swedish bank were tricked into giving up their one-time passwords.[15] In 2006 this type of attack was used on customers of a US bank.[16] Even time-synchronized OTPs are vulnerable to phishing, by two methods: The password may be used as quickly by the attacker as the legitimate user, if the attacker can get the OTP in plaintext quickly enough. The other type of attack—which may be defeated by OTP systems implementing the hash chain as discussed above—is for the phisher to use the information gained (past OTP codes which are no longer valid) by this social-engineering method to predict what OTP codes will be used in the future. For example, an OTP password-generator that is pseudo-random rather than truly random might or might not be able to be compromised, because pseudo-random numbers are often predictable once one has the past OTP codes. An OTP system can only use truly random OTPs if the OTP is generated by the authenticator and transmitted (presumably out-of-band) to the user; otherwise, the OTP must be independently generated by each party, necessitating a repeatable, and therefore merely pseudo-random, algorithm.

text: Although OTPs are in some ways more secure than a static memorized password, users of OTP systems are still vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks. OTPs should therefore not be disclosed to any third parties, and using an OTP as one layer in layered security is safer than using OTP alone; one way to implement layered security is to use an OTP in combination with a password that is memorized by the user (and never transmitted to the user, as OTPs often are). An advantage to using layered security is that a single sign-on combined with one master password or password manager becomes safer than using only 1 layer of security during the sign-on, and thus the inconvenience of password fatigue is avoided if one usually has long sessions with many passwords that would need to be entered mid-session (to open different documents, websites, and applications); however, the disadvantage of using many forms of security all at once during a single sign-on is that one has the inconvenience of more security precautions during every login—even if one is logging in only for a brief usage of the computer to access information or an application that doesn't require as much security as some other top-secret items that computer is used for. See also Related technologies, below.

text: Related technologies[edit]

text: More often than not, one-time passwords are an embodiment of two-factor authentication (2FA or T-FA). 2FA is a form of layered security where it is unlikely that both layers would be compromised by someone using only one type of attack.

text: Some single sign-on solutions make use of one-time passwords.

text: One-time password technology is often used with a security token.

text: Standardization[edit]

text: Many OTP technologies are patented. This makes standardization in this area more difficult, as each company tries to push its own technology. Standards do, however, exist – for example, RFC 1760 (S/KEY), RFC 2289 (OTP), RFC 4226 (HOTP) and RFC 6238 (TOTP).