document_title: Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series

question_text: who owns the movie rights to harry potter

text: Allegations of copyright and trademark infringement against Rowling[edit]

text: Nancy Stouffer[edit]

text: In 1999, American author Nancy Kathleen Stouffer alleged copyright and trademark infringement by Rowling of her 1984 works The Legend of Rah and the Muggles (ISBN 1-58989-400-6) and Larry Potter and His Best Friend Lilly.[1] The primary basis for Stouffer's case rested in her own purported invention of the word "Muggles", the name of a race of mutant humanoids in The Legend of Rah and the Muggles, and Larry Potter, the title character of a series of activity booklets for children. Larry Potter, like Harry Potter, is a bespectacled boy with dark hair,[11] though he is not a character in The Legend of Rah and the Muggles.[12] Stouffer also drew a number of other comparisons, such as a castle on a lake, a receiving room and wooden doors.[11] Portions of Rah were originally published in booklet form in 1986 by Ande Publishing Company, a company founded by Stouffer together with a group of friends and family.[13] Ande Publishing filed for bankruptcy in September 1987 without selling any of its booklets in the United States or elsewhere.[13] Rowling has stated that she first visited the United States in 1998.[14]

text: Rowling, along with Scholastic Press (her American publisher) and Warner Bros. (holders of the series' film rights), pre-empted Stouffer in 2002 with a suit of their own seeking a declaratory judgment that they had not infringed on any of Stouffer's works. The court found in Rowling's favour, granting summary judgment and holding that "no reasonable juror could find a likelihood of confusion as to the source of the two parties' works".[13] During the course of the trial, it was held that Rowling proved "by clear and convincing evidence, that Stouffer has perpetrated a fraud on the Court through her submission of fraudulent documents as well as through her untruthful testimony",[13] including changing pages years after the fact to retroactively insert the word "muggle".[13] Her case was dismissed with prejudice and she was fined $50,000 for her "pattern of intentional bad faith conduct" in relation to her employment of fraudulent submissions, along with being ordered to pay a portion of the plaintiffs' legal fees.[13] Stouffer appealed the decision in 2004, but in 2005 the Second Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the ruling.[15] In 2006 she stated on her website that she was planning to republish her books and was entertaining the possibility of another lawsuit against Warner Bros., J. K. Rowling and Scholastic Press.[16]

text: The Legend of Rah and the Muggles is currently out of print. In early 2001, it was published by Thurman House, LLC, a Maryland publishing company.[13] Thurman House, formed by Ottenheimer Publishers to republish the works of Nancy Stouffer, was closed when Ottenheimer ceased operations in 2002 after filing for bankruptcy.[17] Stouffer later asserted that any copies of the book published by Thurman House are unauthorized because the publisher failed to honour its contractual obligations to her.[16]

text: The Wyrd Sisters[edit]

text: In 2005, Warner Bros. offered CAD$5,000 (later CAD$50,000) to the Canadian folk band the Wyrd Sisters for the rights to use their name in the film version of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.[18] Rowling had written a scene in the novel in which a band called the Weird Sisters appeared at a school dance, and the group owned the rights to the name in Canada. However, the offer was declined, and instead the band undertook a legal action against Warner Bros., as well as Jarvis Cocker of Pulp and Jonny Greenwood and Phil Selway of Radiohead, who were to play the band in the film.[19] All plans to use the name in the movie were later abandoned. Despite that decision, the Canadian band filed a CAD$40-million ($39 million) lawsuit against Warner in Ontario court. In connection with the lawsuit, the band brought an interlocutory injunction hoping to prevent the release of the film. The injunction application was dismissed.[20] The entire suit was dismissed in November 2005. In June 2006, an Ontario judge decreed that the band pay Warner Bros. CAD$140,000 in legal costs, describing their lawsuit as "highly intrusive".[20][21] The group claimed they planned to appeal the decision.[20] Jarvis Cocker initially wished to release an album of "Weird Sisters"-themed music with collaborators including Franz Ferdinand, Jack White and Iggy Pop, but the project was dropped as a result of the lawsuit.[21] The Wyrd Sisters reported death threats from irate Harry Potter fans.[22] As of March 2010, the lawsuit has been settled out of court, the details sealed.[23]

text: Adrian Jacobs[edit]

text: In June 2009, the estate of Adrian Jacobs, a children's author who died in 1997, sued Rowling's publishers, Bloomsbury, for £500 million, accusing her of having plagiarised "substantial parts" of his work in writing the novel Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.[24][25] In a statement, Jacobs's family claimed that a scene in Goblet of Fire was substantially similar to Jacobs's book The Adventures of Willy the Wizard: Livid Land: "'Both Willy and Harry are required to work out the exact nature of the main task of the contest which they both achieve in a bathroom assisted by clues from helpers, in order to discover how to rescue human hostages imprisoned by a community of half-human, half-animal fantasy creatures."[25] They also launched a joint suit against Rowling and her publishers. Bloomsbury countered with a statement of its own, saying that "This claim is without merit and will be defended vigorously," and that Rowling "had never heard of Adrian Jacobs nor seen, read or heard of his book Willy the Wizard until this claim was first made in 2004, almost seven years after the publication of the first Harry Potter book."[25] The Jacobs estate, driven by his son and grandson, have published a website with details and excerpts from the book, according to the Toronto Star.[26] In July 2010, the estate filed suit against Rowling's American publisher, Scholastic, demanding that the company burn all copies of Goblet of Fire.[27][28]

text: On 6 January 2011, the US lawsuit against Scholastic was dismissed. The judge in the case stated that there was not enough similarity between the two books to make a case for plagiarism.[29] In the UK courts, on 21 March 2011, Paul Allen, a trustee of the Jacobs estate, was ordered to pay as security to the court 65% of the costs faced by Bloomsbury and Rowling, amounting to over £1.5million, to avoid the claim being struck out. It was reported in The Bookseller[30] that Paul Allen has appealed against paying this sum. As a condition of the appeal, he paid £50,000 to the court in May 2011.[31] The claim was formally struck out in July 2011 after the deadline for Allen's initial payment was missed.[32]

text: International publications[edit]

text: In 2002, an unauthorised Chinese-language sequel titled Harry Potter and Bao Zoulong (Chinese: Simplified: 哈利波特与豹走龙, Traditional: 哈利波特與豹走龍, Hanyu Pinyin: Hālì Bōtè yǔ Bào Zǒulóng) appeared for sale in the People's Republic of China. (In English-language media this was mistranslated as Harry Potter and Leopard-Walk-Up-to-Dragon.) According to translated excerpts, the book principally consists of the text of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit, but with most names changed to those of Harry Potter characters.[33] The book was quickly recognised by media outlets as a fake.[34] Rowling and Warner Bros. took steps to stop its distribution.[33] Copies were briefly distributed around the world, including e-book copies traded on the Internet. In November 2002, the Bashu Publishing House, in the southwestern city of Chengdu, agreed to pay a £1,600 (US$3,400) fine and publish an apology in China's Legal Times for printing and distributing the novel.[35] As of 2007, the identity of the anonymous "author" has not been discovered. The opening of Harry Potter and Bao Zoulong, translated into English, was included in several news articles.[35] As of 2007, it is estimated that there are fifteen million copies of fraudulent Harry Potter novels circulating in China.[36] In 2007, Rowling's agents, the Christopher Little Literary Agency, began to discuss the possibility of legal proceedings concerning a fake version of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows that appeared in China ten days before the actual book's publication.[36]

text: In 2003, legal pressure from Harry Potter's publishers led an Indian publisher to stop publication of Harry Potter in Calcutta by Uttam Ghosh; a work in which Harry meets figures from Bengali literature.[37][38] The case was settled out of court.[39]

text: Also in 2003, courts in the Netherlands prevented the distribution of a Dutch translation of Tanya Grotter and the Magical Double Bass, the first of Dmitri Yemets' popular Russian series about a female apprentice wizard. Rowling and her publishers sued, arguing that the Grotter books violate copyright law. Yemets and his original Moscow-based publishers, Eksmo, argued that the books constitute a parody, permitted under copyright.[2] The Dutch courts ruled that the books did not constitute parody and thus were not allowed to be sold in the Netherlands.[40] Later that year, as the Dutch translation Tanja Grotter en de magische contrabas was still legal in Belgium, the Flemish publishers Roularta Books decided to print 1,000 copies (and no more) in order to let people decide whether it was plagiarism, hoping that under those circumstances Rowling and her publishers would not sue.[41] Rowling did not sue, but as there was a lot of interest in the book (Dutch people could buy the book by postal order from another Flemish publisher, Boekhandel VanIn) it was soon sold out.[41] The books continue to be published in Russia and have spawned several sequels.[42]

text: In August 2008, Warner Bros. filed a lawsuit against production company Mirchi Movies due to the similarity of the title of their Bollywood film Hari Puttar: A Comedy of Terrors to the Harry Potter film series. Mirchi Movies CEO Munish Purii claimed there is very little similarity between Hari Puttar and any elements in the Harry Potter franchise, and explained that Hari is a popular Indian name, while "puttar" means "son" in Punjabi, although Indian versions of Harry Potter also translate Harry's name to Hari Puttar.[43] The film was delayed until late September. Warner Bros. claimed that the title was confusing, but Mirchi Movies claimed they registered the name in 2005.[44] On 24 September 2008, the court in Delhi rejected Warner Bros.' claim, saying that Harry Potter readers were sufficiently able to distinguish between the two works. They also accused Warner Bros. of delaying the action, since they were aware of the film as far back as 2005.[45]

text: Other accusations of infringement[edit]

text: In 2000, in the lead-up to the release of the first Harry Potter film, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone; Warner Bros., the film's distributor, sent a series of letters to owners of Harry Potter fansites, demanding that, to protect their copyright, they hand over their domain names.[4] The action resulted in negative publicity for the company when Claire Field, the then 15-year-old webmaster of the British fansite harrypotterguide.co.uk, was reduced to tears by what were described by her father as unnecessary bully tactics. Eventually the corporation backed down in the face of media opposition and declared that, as the site was non-commercial, it did not violate the trademark.[4][46]

text: In their May 2004 issue, the US Army publication The Preventive Maintenance Monthly, which instructs soldiers on how to maintain their equipment, featured a spoof comic based on Harry Potter, featuring a character named Topper who resided at Mogmarts School under Professor Rumbledore.[47] The publication received notice from Rowling's lawyers that the comics breached copyright, though the magazine's editor, Ken Crunk, claimed that no violation had taken place, as "[t]he drawings do not look like any of the characters from Harry Potter".[47] After a discussion with Rowling's representatives, the magazine agreed not to use the characters again.[48]

text: In 2004, Rowling and Time Warner launched legal actions against bazee.com, now the Indian branch of the online auction site eBay. The site had hosted illegally created e-books of Harry Potter, which Rowling had never agreed to be published.[49] In 2005, Rowling warned her fans on her website that various "signed" Harry Potter memorabilia appearing for sale on eBay did not in fact use her signature. She urged her fans to protest eBay to prevent other children from being swindled.[50] In 2007, Rowling launched lawsuits against a number of users of the site,[51] obtaining a series of stay orders preventing them from selling her work. However eBay claimed that in her dealings with the media, Rowling had falsely claimed that her injunctions had been against eBay itself.[52] In June 2007, eBay filed papers with the Delhi High Court, alleging that Rowling had caused them "immense humiliation and harassment".[52] The High Court circumvented the application, claiming that it could not make such a judgment until the case went to trial.[52]

text: In October 2007, Warner Bros. sued a group constructing a façade during a Hindu religious festival in the Indian city of Kolkata for ₹2 million (US$31,000), claiming that they had erected a giant replica of Harry Potter's school, Hogwarts, without their permission. Initial reports stated that, as the effort was not for profit, it did not violate Rowling's copyright.[53] The Associated Press claimed that the High Court of Delhi, where the petition was filed, allowed the organisers to carry on with the temporary construction with an order that the structure had to be dismantled after the festival was over[53] and that the court refused to impose any compensation on the basis that the organisers were involved in a "non-profit making enterprise".[54] However, these statements were later retracted: the court had in fact ruled in favour of Warner Bros., but no fine had been ordered, and Warner Bros. claimed that they had only requested a fine because such action was necessary under Indian law.[55] In November 2007, Rowling discussed the case on her website, listing the rumours that she had targeted a non-profit organisation as "Toxic" and saying, "The defendants were not religious charities, and theirs was not a religious celebration. On the contrary, it was a large-scale, commercial, sponsored event involving corporations that included a major Indian high street bank. The event was, however, set up while a Hindu festival was going on ... The court ruled that Warner Bros. rights had indeed been infringed, and that events such as the one in question would need Warner Bros.' permission in the future. The court also restrained all the defendants from any future events infringing Warner Bros. rights."[56]

text: On 31 October 2007, Warner Bros. and Rowling sued Michigan-based publishing firm RDR Books to block the publication of a 400-page book version of the Harry Potter Lexicon, an online reference guide to her work.[57] Rowling, who previously had a good relationship with Lexicon owner Steve Vander Ark, reiterated on her website that she plans to write a Harry Potter encyclopedia, and that the publication of a similar book before her own would hurt the proceeds of the official encyclopedia, which she plans to give to charity.[58] A judge later barred publication of the book in any form until the case was resolved.[59] In their suit, Rowling's lawyers also asserted that, as the book describes itself as a print facsimile of the Harry Potter Lexicon website, it would publish excerpts from the novels and stills from the films without offering sufficient "transformative" material to be considered a separate work.[60] The trial concluded on 17 April 2008.[61] On 8 September 2008, the judge ruled in her favour, claiming that the book would violate the terms of fair use.[62] In December, 2008, a modified (and shorter) version of Vander Ark's Lexicon was approved for publication and was released 16 January 2009 as The Lexicon: An Unauthorized Guide to Harry Potter Fiction.

text: In November 2007, The Scotsman reported that Rowling had threatened legal action against American computer programmer G. Norman Lippert for allegedly violating her intellectual property rights by producing and publishing the online novel, James Potter and the Hall of Elders' Crossing, an unofficial and unauthorised continuation of the Harry Potter series. Written as a fan fiction project for Lippert's wife and sons, the novel is set eighteen years after the end of the last official installment in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, and describes the adventures of Harry Potter's son, James Sirius Potter, during his first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.[63] A specialist in intellectual property law at Strathclyde University commented that, "If an insubstantial character from a novel is taken and built up by another author in a new story, that can be a defence against copyright infringements."[63] However, after Lippert offered Rowling an advance copy of the novel, Rowling dismissed her threat[64] and said she supported the novel and any others like it.[64] Lippert subsequently produced a sequel, James Potter and the Curse of the Gatekeeper.[64] After the novel first appeared online in early November 2007, some Harry Potter fans on the Internet initially speculated that the site might be part of an elaborate viral marketing campaign for an official continuation or spinoff of Harry Potter, one either written or at least approved by Rowling herself.[65] On 9 November 2007, Rowling's agent Neil Blair denied that Rowling was in any way involved with the purported project,[66] and Warner Bros., the studio which owns the rights to the Harry Potter film series, denied that the novel was in any way connected to the official Harry Potter franchise.[67]

text: Legal injunctions[edit]

text: Rowling and her publishers have brought a series of legal injunctions to ensure the books' secrecy before their launch. These injunctions have drawn criticism from civil liberties campaigners over their potentially sweeping powers over individual freedoms.

text: In 2003, in an attempt to maintain secrecy over the impending release of the fifth Harry Potter book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Rowling and her publishers sought and received a groundbreaking injunction against "the person or persons who has or have physical possession of a copy of the said book or any part thereof without the consent of the Claimants".[7] The ruling obtained, for the first time in British law, an injunction against unnamed or unknown individuals; before then, injunctions could only be obtained against named individuals. Lawyers Winterbothams noted that, "The new Harry Potter style injunction could be used if you expected a demonstration or trespass to take place, but which had not yet begun, so long as you could find a description for the people expected which the Court was satisfied identified 'those who are included and those who are not'".[7] The "Potter injunction" was later used against a camp of Roma travellers.[7] In 2006, pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline employed the injunction against anonymous animal rights campaigners who had sent threatening letters to their investors.[68]

text: The series garnered more controversy in 2005 with the release of the sixth book, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, when a Real Canadian Superstore grocery store accidentally sold several copies before the authorised release date. The Canadian publisher, Raincoast Books, obtained an injunction from the Supreme Court of British Columbia prohibiting the purchasers from reading the books in their possession. A comment by a media lawyer that "there is no human right to read" led to a debate in the public sphere about whether free access to information was a human right. Michael Geist, the Canada Research Chair of Internet and E-commerce Law at the University of Ottawa, said in response, "The copyright law claim was particularly puzzling. While copyright law does provide copyright owners with a basket of exclusive rights, the right to prohibit reading is not among them. In fact, copyright law has very little to say about what people can do with a book once they have purchased it."[6][69] Free-speech activist Richard Stallman posted a statement on his blog calling for a boycott until the publisher issued an apology.[5] Solicitors Fraser Milner and Casgrain, who represented Raincoast and formulated the legal argument for the embargo,[70] have rebutted this, saying that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms applies only to the government, not to private litigation, and does not offer any protection of the right to read in any case, and the innocent purchasers of the Harry Potter book had no more right to read it than if they had come into possession of someone's secret diary.[71]

text: In 2007, Scholastic Corporation threatened legal action against two booksellers, Levy Home Entertainment and DeepDiscount.com, for selling copies of the final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, before its release date of 21 July. In an official statement, Scholastic appealed "to the Harry Potter fans who bought their books from DeepDiscount.com and may receive copies early requesting that they keep the packages hidden until midnight on 21 July."[72] Customers who agreed not to read the book received a special Harry Potter t-shirt and a $50 coupon for Scholastic's online store.

text: Blackmail[edit]

text: In June 2005, Aaron Lambert, a security guard at a book distribution centre in Corby, Northamptonshire, England, stole a number of pages from Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince six weeks before its intended publication date. He was arrested a day later after negotiations to sell them to John Askill, a journalist from The Sun, turned violent. Lambert reportedly fired a shot from his imitation Walther PPK pistol, but Askill was unharmed.[73] At his trial the following October, Lambert pleaded guilty to threatening Askill and to attempting to blackmail Harry Potter's publishers, Bloomsbury.[74] In January 2006, Lambert was sentenced to four and a half years in prison.[8] In November 2011, in her testimony before the Leveson Inquiry, Rowling said that the Sun had attempted to "blackmail" her into a photo-op in return for returning the stolen manuscript.[75]

text: Accusation of libel[edit]

text: In July 2007, a dispute arose between Harry Potter's British publisher, Bloomsbury, and Asda, a British supermarket chain owned by the US corporation Wal-Mart. On 15 July, a week before the release of the final Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Asda issued a press release accusing Bloomsbury of unfairly fixing their prices. Asda spokesman Peter Pritchard claimed that Bloomsbury was "holding children to ransom" and that, "[i]t seems like Bloomsbury need to do a quid-ditch as they have sent their prices up north on the Hogwarts Express. By setting the recommended retail price at this level can only be seen  [sic] as blatant profiteering on their part." Pritchard went on to say that Asda was acting to "champion the right of young readers", and that the recommended retail price was "twice the average child's pocket money and £5 more than the average children's bestseller".[9] Asda had planned to sell the book as a loss leader at £8.87 ($16.30), or half Bloomsbury's recommended retail price of £17.99 ($33.00) and below the wholesale price of £9.89 ($18.00).

text: Two days later, Bloomsbury responded that the claims were "potentially libellous" and that:

text: Asda's latest attempt to draw attention to themselves involves trying to leap on the Harry Potter bandwagon. This is just another example of their repeated efforts of appearing as Robin Hood in the face of controversy about their worldwide group, which would suggest they are perceived as more akin to the Sheriff of Nottingham. Loss leaders were invented by supermarkets and have nothing to do with Bloomsbury Publishing or Harry Potter and we deeply regret having been dragged into their price-wars.[9]

text: Bloomsbury stated that the price hike of £1 from the previous Harry Potter novel was due to it having been printed on recycled paper. "There is a price to be paid by the consumer for environmental best practice", a Bloomsbury spokeswoman said.[76]

text: Bloomsbury CEO Nigel Newton said, "[They have] unleashed a very disingenuous, self-interested attack on us. This is complete nonsense and all they're doing is grandstanding as they've done on the price of aspirin and bread. They try to turn it into a big deal as though it's a moral crusade for them, but it's nothing of the kind."[76]

text: That same day, Bloomsbury cancelled all Asda's orders of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, or roughly 500,000 copies, citing unpaid bills from the company totalling £38,000 ($70,000) for unauthorised returns of the sixth Harry Potter book.[76] "The two matters are completely unrelated", said a Bloomsbury spokeswoman, "We decided today that we couldn't risk having arrears with anybody."[9] The dispute had been "going on a while – going on for weeks actually."[77] Asda responded that Bloomsbury owed them £122,000 ($224,000) ("for pulping and for other book trade issues and work we have done for them"[76]) and that, as one company spokesman claimed, "It just seems funny that after we expose the potty Potter price hike, Bloomsbury are trying everything they can to stop kids getting hold of Harry Potter at a price they can afford."

text: Asda paid the bill within hours, and claimed that Bloomsbury would be in breach of contract if it did not allow the store to sell its books. However, Bloomsbury claimed that the block on Asda's orders was still in place as, "Unfortunately, we've now had to initiate a significant libel claim against them. That matter will have to be dealt with. If they want their 500,000 books, they'll have to come and make peace with us ... It could be good news for all their disappointed customers, because they don't have to go to a soulless Asda shed to buy their book and they can share the magic of Harry Potter at an independent or specialist bookstore instead."[76]

text: Upon receipt of Bloomsbury's legal letter, Asda responded that, "There is nothing defamatory in our press release. Everything there is factual. It is a commentary on how we see things."[76] Said another Asda spokesperson, "If they don't supply us with the books, it will have a massive implication and [be] a breach of contract – but I don't think they will do that."[76]

text: Later that day, however, Asda released a statement retracting its original comment: "We apologise unreservedly to Bloomsbury for [our] press release dated 15 July and withdraw our statement. We look forward to a good relationship with Bloomsbury going forward, including selling the latest Harry Potter book from 00:01 am BST on Saturday 21 July and many other Bloomsbury books in the future".[78] In response, Bloomsbury lifted the block and Asda was allowed to sell its books. The original press release was then expunged.[79]

text: The rationale behind Asda's initial press release remains uncertain. Neill Denny, commentator for thebookseller.com, opined that "the whole episode has the whiff of a badly-conceived PR stunt by ill-briefed senior executives at Asda out of touch with the subtleties of the book world."[80] Ralph Baxter of Publishing News concurred: "For Asda ... it may be seen as mission accomplished, a high-risk strategy to maximise publicity for its Harry Potter offer rewarded with television, radio, Internet and newspaper coverage. And the association of Asda with low prices has no doubt been entrenched in a few more minds."[81]


document_title: List of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! contestants (UK)

question_text: boxers who have been in im a celebrity

question_tokens: boxers who have been in im a celebrity

root

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Key

Winner – King/Queen of the Jungle

Runner-up

Third place

Withdrew

Participating

tag: table

text:
Series
Celebrity
Age
Notability
Status

1
Blackburn, TonyTony Blackburn
59
Radio DJ
1st – Winner

1
Palmer-Tomkinson, TaraTara Palmer-Tomkinson
30
Socialite and TV presenter
2nd – Runner-up

1
Hamilton, ChristineChristine Hamilton
52
Public speaker and author
3rd – Third place

1
McAndrew, NellNell McAndrew
28
Model and TV presenter
4th – Eliminated

1
Cameron, RhonaRhona Cameron
36
Comedian
5th – Eliminated

1
Day, DarrenDarren Day
34
Actor and singer
6th – Eliminated

1
Benn, NigelNigel Benn
38
Boxer
7th – Eliminated

1
Geller, UriUri Geller
55
Paranormalist
8th – Eliminated

2
Tufnell, PhilPhil Tufnell
36
Cricketer
1st – Winner

2
Fashanu, JohnJohn Fashanu
40
Footballer and TV presenter
2nd – Runner-up

2
Barker, LindaLinda Barker
41
Interior designer and TV presenter
3rd – Third place

2
Sleep, WayneWayne Sleep
54
Dancer and choreographer
4th – Eliminated

2
Worrall Thompson, AntonyAntony Worrall Thompson
51
Chef and TV presenter
5th – Eliminated

2
Willcox, ToyahToyah Willcox
44
Singer and actress
6th – Eliminated

2
Guirado, CatalinaCatalina Guirado
29
Model and TV personality
7th – Eliminated

2
Bisson, ChrisChris Bisson
27
Actor
8th – Eliminated

2
Westbrook, DanniellaDanniella Westbrook
29
Actress
9th – Withdrew

2
Lloyd, SiânSiân Lloyd
44
TV presenter
10th – Eliminated

3
Katona, KerryKerry Katona
23
Singer
1st – Winner

3
Bond, JennieJennie Bond
53
TV presenter
2nd – Runner-up

3
Andre, PeterPeter Andre
30
Singer
3rd – Third place

3
Brocket, LordLord Brocket
51
TV presenter
4th – Eliminated

3
Price, KatieKatie Price
25
Model
5th – Eliminated

3
Best, AlexAlex Best
31
Model
6th – Eliminated

3
Ruddock, NeilNeil Ruddock
35
Footballer
7th – Eliminated

3
Lydon, JohnJohn Lydon
47
Singer and TV presenter
8th – Withdrew

3
Modahl, DianeDiane Modahl
37
Olympic middle distance runner
9th – Eliminated

3
Read, MikeMike Read
56
Radio DJ
10th – Eliminated

4
Pasquale, JoeJoe Pasquale
43
Comedian
1st – Winner

4
Burrell, PaulPaul Burrell
46
Butler
2nd – Runner-up

4
Cosgrave, FranFran Cosgrave
26
Nightclub manager
3rd – Third place

4
Street-Porter, JanetJanet Street-Porter
57
Journalist
4th – Eliminated

4
Anderton, SophieSophie Anderton
27
Model
5th – Eliminated

4
Fargas, AntonioAntonio Fargas
58
Actor
6th – Eliminated

4
Ferguson, SheilaSheila Ferguson
57
Singer
7th – Eliminated

4
Reeves, VicVic Reeves
45
Comedian and TV presenter
8th – Eliminated

4
Sorrell, NancyNancy Sorrell
30
Model and TV presenter
9th – Eliminated

4
Appleton, NatalieNatalie Appleton
31
Singer
10th – Withdrew

4
Harvey, BrianBrian Harvey
30
Singer
11th – Withdrew

5
Thatcher, CarolCarol Thatcher
52
Journalist and author
1st – Winner

5
Murphy, ShereeSheree Murphy
30
Actress
2nd – Runner-up

5
Owen, SidSid Owen
33
Actor and singer
3rd – Third place

5
Osmond, JimmyJimmy Osmond
42
Singer
4th – Eliminated

5
Ball, BobbyBobby Ball
61
Comedian
5th – Eliminated

5
Costa, AntonyAntony Costa
24
Singer
6th – Eliminated

5
Frost, JennyJenny Frost
27
Singer
7th – Eliminated

5
Dickinson, DavidDavid Dickinson
64
TV presenter
8th – Eliminated

5
Davies, KimberleyKimberley Davies
32
Actress
9th – Withdrew

5
Goolden, JillyJilly Goolden
56
Critic
10th – Eliminated

5
Cannon, TommyTommy Cannon
67
Comedian
11th – Eliminated

5
Lordan, ElaineElaine Lordan
38
Actress
12th – Withdrew

6
Willis, MattMatt Willis
23
Singer
1st – Winner

6
Klass, MyleeneMyleene Klass
28
Singer
2nd – Runner-up

6
Donovan, JasonJason Donovan
38
Actor and singer
3rd – Third place

6
Gest, DavidDavid Gest
53
Producer
4th – Eliminated

6
Gaffney, DeanDean Gaffney
28
Actor
5th – Eliminated

6
Leeming, JanJan Leeming
64
TV presenter
6th – Eliminated

6
Burrows, MalandraMalandra Burrows
41
Actress
7th – Eliminated

6
Oruche, PhinaPhina Oruche
34
Actress
8th – Eliminated

6
Booth, LaurenLauren Booth
39
Journalist and activist
9th – Eliminated

6
Brown, FaithFaith Brown
62
Comedian
10th – Eliminated

6
Henshall, ScottScott Henshall
30
Fashion designer
11th – Eliminated

6
Anstis, TobyToby Anstis
35
Radio DJ
12th – Eliminated

7
Biggins, ChristopherChristopher Biggins
58
Actor
1st – Winner

7
Dickinson, JaniceJanice Dickinson
52
Model
2nd – Runner-up

7
Brown, JJ Brown
31
Singer
3rd – Third place

7
Matthews, CerysCerys Matthews
38
Singer
4th – Eliminated

7
Atkinson, GemmaGemma Atkinson
22
Model and actress
5th – Eliminated

7
Ryder Richardson, AnnaAnna Ryder Richardson
43
Interior designer and TV presenter
6th – Eliminated

7
Marsh, RodneyRodney Marsh
63
Footballer
7th – Eliminated

7
Burton Race, JohnJohn Burton Race
50
Chef
8th – Eliminated

7
Franks, LynneLynne Franks
59
Spokeswoman and writer
9th – Eliminated

7
Hopkins, KatieKatie Hopkins
32
Reality TV star
10th – Eliminated

7
Bannerman, MarcMarc Bannerman
34
Actor
11th – Eliminated

8
Swash, JoeJoe Swash
26
Actor
1st – Winner

8
Navratilova, MartinaMartina Navratilova
52
Tennis player
2nd – Runner-up

8
Takei, GeorgeGeorge Takei
71
Actor
3rd – Third place

8
Van Day, DavidDavid Van Day
51
Singer
4th – Eliminated

8
Webbe, SimonSimon Webbe
30
Singer
5th – Eliminated

8
McLean, NicolaNicola McLean
27
Model
6th – Eliminated

8
Paddick, BrianBrian Paddick
50
Senior policeman and politician
7th – Eliminated

8
Rantzen, EstherEsther Rantzen
68
TV presenter
8th – Eliminated

8
Mallett, TimmyTimmy Mallett
53
TV presenter
9th – Eliminated

8
Zucker, CarlyCarly Zucker
24
Personal trainer and model
10th – Eliminated

8
Behr, DaniDani Behr
34
TV presenter
11th – Eliminated

8
Kilroy-Silk, RobertRobert Kilroy-Silk
66
Politician and TV presenter
12th – Eliminated

9
D'Acampo, GinoGino D'Acampo
33
Chef and TV presenter
1st – Winner

9
Woodburn, KimKim Woodburn
67
TV presenter
2nd – Runner-up

9
White, JimmyJimmy White
47
Snooker player
3rd – Third place

9
Ryan, JustinJustin Ryan
42
Interior designer and TV presenter
4th – Eliminated

9
Manning, StuartStuart Manning
30
Actor
5th – Eliminated

9
Washington, SabrinaSabrina Washington
31
Singer
6th – Eliminated

9
Hamilton, GeorgeGeorge Hamilton
70
Actor
7th – Withdrew

9
Bugner, JoeJoe Bugner
59
Boxer
8th – Eliminated

9
Fox, SamanthaSamantha Fox
43
Model and singer
9th – Eliminated

9
McAllister, ColinColin McAllister
41
Interior designer and TV presenter
10th – Eliminated

9
Benjamin, LucyLucy Benjamin
39
Actress
11th – Eliminated

9
Price, KatieKatie Price
31
Model and TV personality
12th – Withdrew

9
Dallerup, CamillaCamilla Dallerup
35
Professional dancer
13th – Withdrew

10
Solomon, StaceyStacey Solomon
21
Singer
1st – Winner

10
Ryder, ShaunShaun Ryder
48
Singer
2nd – Runner-up

10
Eclair, JennyJenny Eclair
50
Comedian
3rd – Third place

10
Joly, DomDom Joly
42
Comedian
4th – Eliminated

10
Collins, KaylaKayla Collins
23
Model
5th – Eliminated

10
Santos, AggroAggro Santos
21
Rapper
6th – Eliminated

10
Christie, LinfordLinford Christie
50
Olympic sprinter
7th – Eliminated

10
McKeith, GillianGillian McKeith
51
Nutritionist and TV presenter
8th – Eliminated

10
Ekland, BrittBritt Ekland
68
Actress
9th – Eliminated

10
Hammond, AlisonAlison Hammond
35
TV presenter
10th – Eliminated

10
Öpik, LembitLembit Öpik
45
Politician
11th – Eliminated

10
Gascoigne, SherylSheryl Gascoigne
45
Author
12th – Eliminated

10
Havers, NigelNigel Havers
59
Actor
13th – Withdrew

11
Poynter, DougieDougie Poynter
23
Musician
1st – Winner

11
Wright, MarkMark Wright
24
Reality TV star
2nd – Runner-up

11
Whitbread, FatimaFatima Whitbread
50
Olympic javelin thrower
3rd – Third place

11
Cotton, AntonyAntony Cotton
36
Actor
4th – Eliminated

11
Carson, WillieWillie Carson
68
Jockey
5th – Eliminated

11
Rock, CrissyCrissy Rock
53
Actress
6th – Eliminated

11
Scott, EmilyEmily Scott
28
Model
7th – Eliminated

11
Clement, Jessica-JaneJessica-Jane Clement
26
Model and TV presenter
8th – Eliminated

11
Chase, LorraineLorraine Chase
60
Actress
9th – Eliminated

11
Sharp, PatPat Sharp
50
TV and radio presenter
10th – Eliminated

11
Sinitta
48
Singer
11th – Eliminated

11
Powers, StefanieStefanie Powers
69
Actress
12th – Eliminated

11
Starr, FreddieFreddie Starr
68
Comedian
13th – Withdrew

12
Brooks, CharlieCharlie Brooks
31
Actress
1st – Winner

12
Roberts, AshleyAshley Roberts
31
Singer
2nd – Runner-up

12
Haye, DavidDavid Haye
32
Boxer
3rd – Third place

12
Bristow, EricEric Bristow
55
Darts player
4th – Eliminated

12
Taylor, HugoHugo Taylor
26
Reality TV star
5th – Eliminated

12
Shrager, RosemaryRosemary Shrager
61
Chef
6th – Eliminated

12
Flanagan, HelenHelen Flanagan
22
Actress
7th – Eliminated

12
Baker, ColinColin Baker
69
Actor
8th – Eliminated

12
Robson, LindaLinda Robson
54
Actress
9th – Eliminated

12
Limahl
53
Singer
10th – Eliminated

12
Dorries, NadineNadine Dorries
55
Politician
11th – Eliminated

12
Conley, BrianBrian Conley
51
Comedian
12th – Withdrew

13
Egan, KianKian Egan
33
Singer
1st – Winner

13
Emanuel, DavidDavid Emanuel
61
Fashion designer
2nd – Runner-up

13
Pargeter, LucyLucy Pargeter
36
Actress
3rd – Third place

13
Essex, JoeyJoey Essex
23
Reality TV star
4th – Eliminated

13
Willerton, AmyAmy Willerton
21
Model
5th – Eliminated

13
Adlington, RebeccaRebecca Adlington
24
Olympic swimmer
6th – Eliminated

13
Ribeiro, AlfonsoAlfonso Ribeiro
42
Actor
7th – Eliminated

13
Davis, SteveSteve Davis
56
Snooker player
8th – Eliminated

13
Wright, MatthewMatthew Wright
48
TV presenter
9th – Eliminated

13
Simone, VincentVincent Simone
34
Professional dancer
10th – Eliminated

13
Morse, LailaLaila Morse
68
Actress
11th – Eliminated

13
Giles, AnnabelAnnabel Giles
54
TV presenter
12th – Eliminated

14
Fogarty, CarlCarl Fogarty
49
Superbike racer
1st – Winner

14
Quickenden, JakeJake Quickenden
26
Singer
2nd – Runner-up

14
Sykes, MelanieMelanie Sykes
44
TV presenter
3rd – Third place

14
Currie, EdwinaEdwina Currie
68
Politician
4th – Eliminated

14
Stryder, TinchyTinchy Stryder
28
Rapper
5th – Eliminated

14
Wilkinson, KendraKendra Wilkinson
29
Model and TV personality
6th – Eliminated

14
Michelle, VickiVicki Michelle
63
Actress
7th – Eliminated

14
Buerk, MichaelMichael Buerk
68
TV presenter
8th – Eliminated

14
Forde, NadiaNadia Forde
25
Model and TV personality
9th – Eliminated

14
Bullard, JimmyJimmy Bullard
36
Footballer
10th – Eliminated

14
Charles, CraigCraig Charles
50
Actor
11th – Withdrew

14
Collins, GemmaGemma Collins
33
Reality TV star
12th – Withdrew

15
Pattison, VickyVicky Pattison
28
Reality TV star
1st – Winner

15
Shelley, GeorgeGeorge Shelley
22
Singer
2nd – Runner-up

15
McCann, FerneFerne McCann
25
Reality TV star
3rd – Third place

15
Dyer, KieronKieron Dyer
36
Footballer
4th – Eliminated

15
Porter, JorgieJorgie Porter
27
Actress
5th – Eliminated

15
Hadley, TonyTony Hadley
55
Singer
6th – Eliminated

15
Bannatyne, DuncanDuncan Bannatyne
66
Entrepreneur
7th – Eliminated

15
Campbell, Lady ColinLady Colin Campbell
66
Socialite and author
8th – Withdrew

15
Eubank, ChrisChris Eubank
49
Boxer
9th – Eliminated

15
Fielding, YvetteYvette Fielding
47
TV presenter
10th – Eliminated

15
Friedman, BrianBrian Friedman
38
Choreographer
11th – Eliminated

15
Constantine, SusannahSusannah Constantine
53
TV presenter
12th – Eliminated

15
Matthews, SpencerSpencer Matthews
26
Reality TV star
13th – Withdrew

16
Moffatt, ScarlettScarlett Moffatt
26
Reality TV star
1st – Winner

16
Dommett, JoelJoel Dommett
31
Comedian
2nd – Runner-up

16
Thomas, AdamAdam Thomas
28
Actor
3rd – Third place

16
Quek, SamSam Quek
28
Olympic hockey player
4th – Eliminated

16
Bridge, WayneWayne Bridge
36
Footballer
5th – Eliminated

16
Roberts, MartinMartin Roberts
53
TV presenter
6th – Eliminated

16
Lamb, LarryLarry Lamb
69
Actor
7th – Eliminated

16
Vorderman, CarolCarol Vorderman
55
TV presenter
8th – Eliminated

16
Banjo, JordanJordan Banjo
23
Dancer
9th – Eliminated

16
Jordan, OlaOla Jordan
34
Professional dancer
10th – Eliminated

16
Snowdon, LisaLisa Snowdon
44
TV and radio presenter
11th – Eliminated

16
Baker, DannyDanny Baker
59
Radio DJ
12th – Eliminated

17
Toffolo, GeorgiaGeorgia Toffolo
23
Reality TV star
1st – Winner

17
Lomas, JamieJamie Lomas
42
Actor
2nd – Runner-up

17
Lee, IainIain Lee
44
Comedian
3rd – Third place

17
McAlpine, JennieJennie McAlpine
33
Actress
4th – Eliminated

17
Khan, AmirAmir Khan
30
Boxer
5th – Eliminated

17
Wise, DennisDennis Wise
50
Footballer
6th – Eliminated

17
Johnson, StanleyStanley Johnson
77
Politician and author
7th – Eliminated

17
White, VanessaVanessa White
28
Singer
8th – Eliminated

17
Vardy, RebekahRebekah Vardy
35
Wife of Jamie Vardy
9th – Eliminated

17
Dugdale, KeziaKezia Dugdale
36
Politician
10th – Eliminated

17
Khorsandi, ShappiShappi Khorsandi
44
Comedian
11th – Eliminated

17
Jack Maynard
22
YouTube star
12th – Withdrew

text: Deaths[edit]

tag: p

text: 12 April - David Gest, Series 6 contestant. (b. 1953)

tag: ul

text: 8 February - Tara Palmer-Tomkinson, Series 1 runner-up. (b. 1971)

text: 5 April - Eric Bristow, Series 12 contestant. (b. 1957)

text: International versions[edit]

text:
Name
I'm a Celebrity... UK history
I'm a Celebrity... International history

Series
Status
Country
Series
Season(s)
Status

Paul Burrell
Series 4 (2004)
Runner-up – 2nd place
 Australia
I'm a Celebrity (Australia)
Season 4 (2018)
Evicted – 9th place

Vicky Pattison
Series 15 (2015)
Winner – 1st place
 Australia
I'm a Celebrity (Australia)
Season 4 (2018)
Evicted – 4th place


document_title: Minister of External Affairs (India)

question_text: who became first woman to head india's external affair ministry

question_tokens: who became first woman to head india 's external affair ministry

text: Minister of External Affairs (India)

text: List of Foreign Ministers[edit]

text:
№
Name
Portrait
Term of office
Political party
(Alliance)
Prime Minister

1
Jawaharlal Nehru

2 September 1946
27 May 1964
Indian National Congress

Jawaharlal Nehru

2
Gulzarilal Nanda

27 May 1964
9 June 1964
Gulzarilal Nanda
(acting)

3
Lal Bahadur Shastri

9 June 1964
17 July 1964
Lal Bahadur Shastri

4
Swaran Singh

18 July 1964
14 November 1966
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Indira Gandhi

5
M. C. Chagla

14 November 1966
5 September 1967
Indira Gandhi

6
Indira Gandhi

6 September 1967
13 February 1969

7
Dinesh Singh

14 February 1969
27 June 1970

(4)
Swaran Singh

27 June 1970
10 October 1974

8
Yashwantrao Chavan

10 October 1974
24 March 1977

9
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

26 March 1977
28 July 1979
Janata Party

Morarji Desai

10
Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra

28 July 1979
13 January 1980
Janata Party (Secular)

Charan Singh

11
P. V. Narasimha Rao

14 January 1980
19 July 1984
Indian National Congress

Indira Gandhi

(6)
Indira Gandhi

19 July 1984
31 October 1984

12
Rajiv Gandhi

31 October 1984
24 September 1985
Rajiv Gandhi

13
Bali Ram Bhagat

25 September 1985
12 May 1986

14
P. Shiv Shankar

12 May 1986
22 October 1986

15
N. D. Tiwari

22 October 1986
25 July 1987

(12)
Rajiv Gandhi

25 July 1987
25 June 1988

(11)
P. V. Narasimha Rao

25 June 1988
2 December 1989

16
V. P. Singh

2 December 1989
5 December 1989
Janata Dal
(National Front)

V. P. Singh

17
I. K. Gujral

5 December 1989
10 November 1990

18
Vidya Charan Shukla

21 November 1990
20 February 1991
Samajwadi Janata Party

Chandra Shekhar

19
Madhavsinh Solanki

21 June 1991
31 March 1992
Indian National Congress

P. V. Narasimha Rao

(11)
P. V. Narasimha Rao

31 March 1992
18 January 1993

(7)
Dinesh Singh

18 January 1993
10 February 1995

20
Pranab Mukherjee

10 February 1995
16 May 1996

21
Sikander Bakht

21 May 1996
1 June 1996
Bharatiya Janata Party

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

(17)
I. K. Gujral

1 June 1996
18 March 1998
Janata Dal
(United Front)

H. D. Deve Gowda
I. K. Gujral
Mrs. Kamala Sinha Minister of State for External Affairs (Independent Charge)

(9)
Atal Bihari Vajpayee

19 March 1998
5 December 1998
Bharatiya Janata Party
(National Democratic Alliance)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

22
Jaswant Singh

5 December 1998
23 June 2002

23
Yashwant Sinha

1 July 2002
22 May 2004

24
Natwar Singh

22 May 2004[1]
6 November 2005[2]
Indian National Congress
(United Progressive Alliance)

Manmohan Singh

25
Manmohan Singh

6 November 2005
24 October 2006

(20)
Pranab Mukherjee

24 October 2006[3]
22 May 2009

26
S. M. Krishna

22 May 2009
26 October 2012

27
Salman Khurshid

28 October 2012
26 May 2014

28
Sushma Swaraj

26 May 2014
Incumbent
Bharatiya Janata Party
(National Democratic Alliance)

Narendra Modi


document_title: Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba

question_text: what is the style of arch found at the great mosque at cordoba

text: Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba

text: Origins[edit]

text: It is commonly believed that the site of the Mosque-Cathedral was originally a Christian church dedicated to Saint Vincent the Third, which was divided and shared by Muslims and Christians after the Islamic conquest of the Visigothic kingdom.[19][14][15] This sharing arrangement of the site lasted until 784, when the Christian half was purchased by the Emir 'Abd al-Rahman I, who then proceeded to demolish the original structure and build the grand mosque of Córdoba on its ground.[14][20] This narrative, which goes back to the tenth-century historian al-Razi, echoed similar narratives of the Islamic conquest of Syria, in particular the story of building the Great Mosque of Damascus.[19][13] For medieval Muslim historians, these parallels served to highlight a dynastic Umayyad conquest of Spain and appropriation of the Visigothic Córdoba.[19][13] The historicity of this narrative has been challenged,[12] as it is neither archeologically attested nor corroborated by accounts of the events following Abd al-Rahman I's initial arrival in al-Andalus.[13] Another tenth-century source mentions a church that stood at the site of the mosque without giving further details.[13] However, it is almost certain that the building which housed the original mosque was destroyed to build the first version of the Great Mosque.[12] An archaeological exhibit in the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba displays fragments of a Visigothic building, emphasizing an originally Christian nature of the complex.[21][22] According to Susana Calvo Capilla, a specialist on the history of the Mosque–Cathedral, although remains of multiple church-like buildings have been located on the territory of the Mosque-Cathedral complex, no clear archaeological evidence has been found of where either the church of St. Vincent or the first mosque were located on the site, and the latter may have been a newly constructed building. The evidence suggests that it may have been the grounds of the episcopal complex rather than a particular church which were initially divided between Muslims and Christians.[22][23]

text: According to a traditional account, when the exiled Umayyad prince Abd al-Rahman I escaped to Iberia and defeated the governor of Al-Andalus, Yusuf al-Fihri, he found the Cordovese divided into various sects, including the Gnostics, Priscillianists, Donatists, and Luciferians. His ambition was to erect a temple which would rival in magnificence those of Baghdad, Jerusalem, and Damascus, and approach in sanctity the fame of Mecca. Above a Christian church dedicated do Saint Vincent, Abd al-Rahman decided to raise his great mosque. He offered to buy the church and the plot. The negotiations for the sale were placed in the hands of the Sultan's favourite secretary, Umeya ibn Yezid. Under the terms of the transfer, the Cordovese were permitted to reconstruct the church formerly dedicated to Ss Faustus, Januarius, and Marcellus, three Christian martyrs whom they deeply revered.[24]

text: Abd al-Rahman allowed the Christians to rebuild their ruined churches and purchased the Christian half of the church of St Vincent, as agreed upon in the sale terms.[25][26] The Emirate was rich. Apart from the treasure wrested from the Goths during the recent wars, he also extracted a tithe upon the produce of the land and on manufactures. All able Muslims in Andalusia were asked to provide to pay the Zakat. A mandatory tax known as Jizya was also laid upon only one able Christian and Jew per household in Andalusia as a precondition for services & protection provided by the government of Andalusia, unless they participated in the protection services themselves. The Jizya was lesser than the Zakat[citation needed], and both were one of the main sources of income for the Muslim rulers in lands occupied by Islamic tribes but populated still by Christians, to provide all needed services for all people living in the land, especially the poor.[27] Beyond this, the Moorish kings were greatly enriched by the acquisition of the valuable mines of Iberia, the quarries of marble, and other sources of wealth. From these revenues Abd al-Rahman and his successors, Hisham, Abd-al Rahman II, the greatest of the dynasty and the third of the line, and lastly the extravagant Almanzor, lavished large sums upon the designing, construction, and costly adornment of the Mosque.[24] Abd al-Rahman I and his descendants reworked the building over the next two centuries to fashion it as a mosque, starting in 784. Additionally, Abd al-Rahman I used the mosque (originally called Aljama Mosque) as an adjunct to his palace and named it in honour of his wife. Traditionally, the mihrab (or apse) of a mosque faces in the direction of Mecca; by facing the mihrab, worshipers pray towards Mecca. Mecca is east-southeast of the mosque, but the mihrab of this mosque unusually points south.[28]

text: The work of building the resplendent Mezquita employed thousands of artisans and labourers, and such a vast undertaking led to the development of all the resources of the district. Hard stone and beautifully veined marble were quarried from the Sierra Morena and the surrounding regions of the city. Metals of various kinds were dug up from the soil, and factories sprang up in Córdoba amid the stir and bustle of an awakened industrial energy. A famous Syrian architect made the plans for the Mosque. Leaving his own house on the edge of Córdoba, the Emir came to reside in the city, so that he might personally superintend the operations and offer proposals for the improvement of the designs. Abd al-Rahman moved about among the workers, directing them for several hours of every day.[24]

text: The mosque underwent numerous subsequent changes: Abd al-Rahman II ordered a new minaret, while in 961 Al-Hakam II enlarged the building and enriched the Mihrab. The last of such reforms was carried out by Almanzor in 987. It was connected to the Caliph's palace by a raised walkway, mosques within the palaces being the tradition for previous Islamic rulers – as well as Christian Kings who built their palaces adjacent to churches. The Mezquita reached its current dimensions in 987 with the completion of the outer naves and courtyard.

text: Design[edit]

text: In planning the mosque, the architects incorporated a number of Roman columns with choice capitals. Some of the columns were already in the Gothic structure; others were sent from various regions of Iberia as presents from the governors of provinces. Ivory, jasper, porphyry, gold, silver, copper, and brass were used in the decorations. Marvellous mosaics and azulejos were designed. Panels of scented woods were fastened with nails of pure gold, and the red marble columns were said to be the work of God. The primitive part of the building, erected under the direction of Abd al-Rahman I., was that which borders the Court of Oranges. Later, the immense temple embodied all the styles of Morisco architecture into one composition.[24]

text: The Great Mosque of Córdoba held a place of importance amongst the Islamic community of al-Andalus for three centuries. In Córdoba, the capital, the Mosque was seen as the heart and central focus of the city.[29] Muhammad Iqbal described its hypostyle hall as having "countless pillars like rows of palm trees in the oases of Syria".[30] To the people of al-Andalus "the beauty of the mosque was so dazzling that it defied any description."[31]

text: The main hall of the mosque was used for a variety of purposes. It served as a central Prayer hall for personal devotion, the five daily Muslim prayers and the special Friday prayers. It also would have served as a hall for teaching and for Sharia Law cases during the rule of Abd al-Rahman & his successors.[32]

text: The Great Mosque of Córdoba exhibited features, and an architectural appearance, similar to the Great Mosque of Damascus,[33] therefore it is evident that it was used as a model by Abd al-Rahman for the creation of the Great Mosque in Córdoba.

text: Features[edit]

text: The building is most notable for its arcaded hypostyle hall, with 856 columns of jasper, onyx, marble, and granite. These were made from pieces of the Roman temple which had occupied the site previously, as well as other destroyed Roman buildings, such as the Mérida amphitheatre. The double arches were a new introduction to architecture, permitting higher ceilings than would otherwise be possible with relatively low columns. The double arches consist of a lower horseshoe arch and an upper semi-circular arch. The famous alternating red and white voussoirs of the arches were inspired by those in the Dome of the Rock.[31] and also resemble those of the Aachen Cathedral, which were built almost at the same time. Horseshoe arches were known in the Iberian Peninsula since late Antiquity, as can be seen on the 3rd-century "Estela de los Flavios", now in the arqueological museum of León. A centrally located honey-combed dome has blue tiles decorated with stars.

text: The edifice also has a richly gilded prayer niche or mihrab. The mihrab is a masterpiece of architectural art, with geometric and flowing designs of plants. Other prominent features were: an open court (sahn) surrounded by arcades, screens of wood, minarets, colourful mosaics, and windows of coloured glass.[31] The walls of the mosque had Quranic inscriptions written on them. As many adherents of Islam reject sculptural or pictorial representations of people or of God within religious contexts, all decoration of the cathedral is accomplished through tile work, calligraphy and architectural forms.

text: Marbles of spotless white were chosen for the columns. Arrazi, an Arab writer, speaks of the valuable wine-coloured marble, obtained from the mountains of the district, which was much used in embellishing the naves of the mosque. Hisham's temple covered an area of 460 by 280 feet (140 m × 85 m). It was flanked by stout, fortified walls, with watch towers and a tall minaret. The number of the outer gates was nine, and of the inner doors eleven. These doors led to the same number of naves within the mosque. The court had spacious gates on the north, west, and east sides, and fountains for the purification of the pious. The naves were eleven in number, stretching from north to south, and these were crossed by twenty-one smaller naves running from east to west.[24]

text: Layout[edit]

text: The building's floor plan is seen to be parallel to some of the earliest mosques built from the very beginning of Islam.[29] It had a rectangular prayer hall with aisles arranged perpendicular to the qibla, the direction towards which Muslims pray.[34] The prayer hall was large, flat, with timber ceilings held up by arches of horseshoe-like appearance.[29]

text: One hundred and fifty years after its creation, a staircase to the roof was added, along with a southward extension of the mosque itself. A bridge was built linking the prayer hall with the Caliph's palace.[33] The mosque was later expanded even further south, as was the courtyard which surrounded it. The mosque was built in four stages, with each Caliph and his elite contributing to it.[35]

text: Until the 11th century, the courtyard was unpaved earth with citrus and palm trees irrigated – at first by rainwater cisterns, and later by aqueduct. Excavation indicates the trees were planted in a pattern, with surface irrigation channels. The stone channels visible today are not original.[36]

text: Abd al-Rahman III added a new tower. The minaret contained two staircases, which were built for the separate ascent and descent of the tower. On the summit there were three apples, two of gold and one of silver, with lilies of six petals. The minaret is four-faced, with fourteen windows, having arches upon jasper columns, and the structure is adorned with tracery.[24]

text: Chapels[edit]

text: West wall, from north to south:

text:
Capilla de San Ambrosio
Capilla de San Agustín
Capilla de Nuestra Señora de las Nieves y San Vicente Mártir
Capilla de los Santos Simón y Judas de la Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba
Capilla de la Concepción de Salizanes o del Santísimo Sacramento
Capilla de San Antonio Abad
Capilla de la Trinidad
Capilla de San Acacio
Capilla de San Pedro y San Lorenzo
Museo de San Vicente

text: South wall, from west to east:

text:
Capilla de San Bartolomé
Mihrab y Maqsura
Capilla de Santa Teresa
Capilla de Santa Inés
Capilla del Sagrario

text: East wall, from north to south:

text:
Capilla de San Antonio de Padua
Capilla de San Marcos, Santa Ana y San Juan Bautista
Capilla de San Mateo y Limpia Concepción de Nuestra Señora
Capilla de San Juan Bautista
Capilla de Santa Marina, de San Matías y del Baptisterio
Capilla de San Nicolás de Bari
Capilla de la Expectación
Capilla del Espíritu Santo
Capilla de la Concepción Antigua
Capilla de San José
Capilla de la Natividad de Nuestra Señora
Capilla de Santa María Magdalena

text: North wall, from west to east:

text:
Capilla de San Eulogio
Capilla de San Esteban
Capilla de Nuestra Señora del Mayor Dolor
Capilla de la Virgen de la Antigua
Capilla de San Andrés
Capilla de la Epifanía
Capilla de Nuestra Señora del Rosario
Capilla de las Benditas Ánimas del Purgatorio
Capilla de los Santos Varones
Capilla de Santa Francisca Romana y Santa Úrsula

text:
Capilla de Villaviciosa

Capilla Sagrario

Capilla Mayor

Capilla Real

Capilla Teresa

Capilla San Clemente

Capilla San Bartolomé

Capilla de la Concepción

text: Doors[edit]

text: West façade, along Calle Torrijos, north to south:

text:
Postigo de la leche
Puerta de los Deanes
Puerta de San Esteban
Puerta de San Miguel
Puerta del Espíritu Santo
Postigo del Palacio
Puerta de San Ildefonso
Puerta del Sabat

text:
Postigo de la Leche.

Puerta de los Deanes.

Puerta de San Esteban.

Puerta de San Miguel.

Puerta del Espíritu Santo.

Postigo del Palacio.

Puerta de San Ildefonso

Puerta del Sabat

text: East façade, along Calle del Magistrado González Francés, north to south:

text:
Puerta de la Grada Redonda
Fuente de Santa Catalina
Puerta de Santa Catalina
Puerta de San Juan
Puerta del Baptisterio
Puerta de San Nicolás
Puerta de la Concepción Antigua
Puerta de San José
Puerta del Sagrario
Puerta de Jerusalén

text:
Puerta de la Grada Redonda

Puerta de Santa Catalina

Puerta de San Juan

Puerta del Baptisterio

Puerta de San Nicolás

Puerta de la Concepción Antigua

Puerta de San José

Puerta del Sagrario

Puerta de Jerusalén

text: North façade, along calle Cardenal Herrero, west to east:

text:
Puerta del Perdón
Puerta del Caño Gordo

text:
Puerta del Perdón

Puerta del Caño Gordo

text: The Reconquista[edit]

text: In 1236, Córdoba was conquered by King Ferdinand III of Castile, and the centre of the mosque was converted into a Catholic cathedral. Alfonso X oversaw the construction of the Villaviciosa Chapel and the Royal Chapel within the mosque. The kings who followed added further Christian features, such as King Henry II rebuilding the chapel in the 14th century. The minaret of the mosque was also converted to the bell tower of the cathedral. It was adorned with Santiago de Compostela's captured cathedral bells.[38]

text: The most significant alteration was the building of a Renaissance cathedral nave in the middle of the expansive structure. The insertion was constructed by permission of Charles V, king of Castile and Aragon. However, when Charles V visited the completed cathedral he was displeased by the result and famously commented, "they have taken something unique in all the world and destroyed it to build something you can find in any city."[citation needed]

text: Artisans and architects continued to add to the existing structure until the late 18th century.

text: 2000s Muslim campaign[edit]

text: Muslims across Spain have lobbied the Roman Catholic Church to allow them to pray in the complex, with the Islamic Council of Spain lodging a formal request with the Vatican.[16][17] However, Spanish church authorities and the Vatican have opposed this move.[18] These battles over the cathedral reflect the contested view of what constitutes Spanish history and Spanish identity.[39]

text: 2010 incident[edit]

text: In April 2010, two Muslim tourists were arrested at the Cathedral, after an incident in which two security guards were seriously injured. The incident occurred when the building was filled with tourists visiting the cathedral during Holy Week.[40][41]

text: According to cathedral authorities, when half a dozen Austrian Muslims, who were part of a group of 118 people on an organized tour for young European Muslims, knelt to pray at the same time, security guards stepped in and "invited them to continue with their tour or leave the building".[40][41] A fight took place between two of the tourists and the security guards. The security guards suffered serious injuries and had to be hospitalised and two Muslim men were detained.[40][41][42]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The philosopher and poet Muhammad Iqbal, who is the national poet of Pakistan, visited the Great Cathedral of Córdoba in 1931–32. He asked the authorities to offer adhan at the cathedral. The deep emotional responses that the mosque evoked in him found expression in his poem called "The Mosque of Cordoba". Iqbal saw it as a cultural landmark of Islam and described it as:[43]

text:
Sacred for lovers of art, you are the glory of faith,
You have made Andalusia pure as a holy land![30]

text: Louis L'Amour's The Walking Drum features a detailed description of the Court of Oranges in the 12th century.

text: Burials[edit]

text: 'Abd al-Rahman I, reportedly under the site of the Mezquita


document_title: Ford GT

question_text: how many ford gts are in the world

question_tokens: how many ford gts are in the world

text: Ford GT

text: First generation (2004–2006)[edit]

text:
First generation
2006 Ford GTOverviewProduction
2003-2006 (4,038 units)Model years
2004–2006Assembly
Wixom, Michigan, United StatesBody and chassisBody style
2-door coupeLayout
RMR layoutPowertrainEngine
5.4 L Ford Modular supercharged V8Transmission
6-speed manualDimensionsWheelbase
106.7 in (2,710 mm)Length
182.8 in (4,640 mm)Width
76.9 in (1,950 mm)Height
44.3 in (1,130 mm)Curb weight
3,351 lb (1,520 kg)[2]

text: Development[edit]

text: The Ford GT began as a concept car designed in anticipation of the automaker's centennial year and as part of its drive to showcase and revive its "heritage" names such as Mustang and Thunderbird. At the 1995 Detroit Auto Show, the Ford GT90 concept was shown. At the 2002 auto show, Ford unveiled a new GT40 Concept car. Camilo Pardo, the head of Ford's "Living Legends" studio, is credited as the chief designer of the GT and worked under the guidance of J Mays. Carroll Shelby, the original designer of the Shelby GT 500,  was brought in by Ford to help develop the Ford GT; which included performance testing of the prototype car. While the project was still secret, it was called Petunia.

text: The GT is similar in outward appearance to the original Ford GT40 cars, but bigger, wider, and most importantly 3 in (76 mm) taller than the original 40 in (100 cm); as a result, a potential name for the car was the GT43. Although the cars are visually related, structurally, there is no similarity between the modern GT and the 1960s GT40 that inspired it. Three production prototype cars were shown in 2003 as part of Ford's centenary, and delivery of the production Ford GT began in the fall of 2004.

text: As the Ford GT was built as part of the company's 100th anniversary celebration, the left headlight cluster was designed to read "100".[3]

text: A British company, Safir Engineering, who built continuation GT40s in the 1980s, owned the "GT40" trademark at that time. When they completed production, they sold the excess parts, tooling, design, and trademark to a small Ohio company called Safir GT40 Spares. This company licensed the use of the "GT40" trademark to Ford for the initial 2002 show car. When Ford decided to make the production vehicle, negotiations between the two firms failed. The production cars do not wear the GT40 badge.

text: Production and sales[edit]

text: The GT was produced for the 2005 and 2006 model years, with the first customers taking delivery in August 2004. The GT began assembly at Mayflower Vehicle Systems in Norwalk, Ohio and was painted by Saleen in their Saleen Special Vehicles facility in Troy, Michigan. The GT is powered by an engine built at Ford's Romeo Engine Plant in Romeo, Michigan. Installation of the engine and manual transmission along with interior finishing was handled in the SVT building at Ford's Wixom, Michigan plant.

text: Of the 4,500 GTs originally planned, approximately 100 were to be exported to Europe, starting in late 2005. An additional 200 were destined for sale in Canada. Production ended in 2006 without reaching the planned lot. Approximately 550 were built in 2004, nearly 1,900 in 2005, and just over 1,600 in 2006, for a grand total of 4,038. The final 11 car bodies manufactured by Mayflower Vehicle Systems were disassembled, and the frames and body panels were sold as service parts.

text: When the Ford GT was first released, the demand outpaced supply, and the cars initially sold for premium prices. The first private sale of Ford's new mid-engine sports car was completed on August 4, 2004, when former Microsoft executive Jon Shirley took delivery of his Midnight Blue 2005 Ford GT.[4] Shirley earned the right to purchase the first production Ford GT (chassis #10) at a charity auction at the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance Auction after bidding over $557,000.[5]

text: A few other early cars sold for as much as a US$100,000 premium over the suggested retail price of $139,995 (Ford increased the MSRP to $149,995 on July 1, 2005).[6] Optional equipment available included a McIntosh sound system, racing stripes, painted brake calipers, and forged alloy wheels adding $13,500 to the MSRP.[7]

text: The production run of 4,038 GTs ended the 2006 model year on September 21, 2006, short of the originally planned 4,500.[8] The Wixom Assembly Plant has stopped production of all models as of May 31, 2007.[9] Sales of the GT continued into 2007, from cars held in storage and in dealer inventories.  During the GT's lifetime, the car was featured on the cover of the video game Gran Turismo 4, and was also featured in Need for Speed: ProStreet, as well as being made into physical form in the Transformers: Alternators toyline, which featured realistic cars turning into Cybertronians; the Ford GT mold was used for the characters Mirage and Rodimus.

text: The GT won Top Gear's Gas Guzzler of the Year award in 2005. One of the show's presenters, Jeremy Clarkson, owned a GT and despite initially reserving high acclaim for the vehicle, ultimately requested a refund from Ford due to extensive problems with the car's aftermarket alarm system.

text: A modified roadster version of the GT, called the Ford GTX1, was displayed at the 2005 SEMA Auto Show.

text:
Ford GT, US sales and world production totals, 2004–2006

Year

Reported US Sales

Production

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total

2005
7
4
44
70
117
150
91
113
176
165
157
208
1302
2027

2006
157
194
204
157
178
185
147
143
133
102
261
58
1919
2011

Grand Total
3221
4038

text: Performance and engineering[edit]

text: The Ford GT features many new and unique technologies, including superplastic-formed frame, aluminum body panels, roll-bonded floor panels, a friction stir welded center tunnel, covered by a magnesium center console, a "ship-in-a-bottle" gas tank, a capless fuel filler system, one-piece door panels, and an aluminum engine cover with a one-piece carbon fiber inner panel.

text: Brakes are four-piston aluminum Brembo calipers with cross-drilled and vented rotors at all four corners. When the rear canopy is opened, the rear suspension components and engine are visible.

text: The mid-mounted 5.4 L Modular V8 engine is all-aluminum with a Lysholm twin screw-type supercharger. It features a forged rotating assembly housed in an aluminum block designed specifically for the GT program. A dry sump oiling system is employed, allowing the engine to sit low in the car's frame. The DOHC 4-valve heads are a revision of the 2000 Ford Mustang SVT Cobra R cylinder heads (with slightly increased wall casting thickness in the exhaust port). The camshafts have unique specifications, with more lift and duration than those found in the Shelby GT500. Power output is 550 hp (410 kW; 558 PS) at 6500 rpm and generates 500 lb⋅ft (678 N⋅m) of torque at 3750 rpm.[10]  A Ricardo six-speed manual transmission is fitted featuring a helical limited-slip differential. Car and Driver tested the GT in January 2004 and recorded a 0-60 mph (0-97 km/h) time of 3.3 seconds, with a 5-60 ph time of 3.7 seconds.

text: This generation of the Ford GT has established multiple performance and speed records since its introduction,[11] currently holding the title of fastest car in the world,[12] in the standing mile it with a top speed of 293.6 mph.[13][14] This was achieved with a modified drivetrain using the base 5.4L V8 paired with a twin-turbo induction system and methanol injection capable of an output of approx. 2500 hp[15] in a largely otherwise stock MY2006 Ford GT.

text:
Ford GT EngineTop speed: 205 mph (330 km/h)
Quarter-mile (400m): 11.8 seconds
0–62 mph (0–100 km/h): 3.3 - 3.8 seconds[17][18]
0–124 mph (0–200 km/h): 12.3 seconds
0–186 mph (0–300 km/h): 44.3 seconds

text: Fuel consumption[edit]

text: The United States Environmental Protection Agency mileage estimate for the GT is 12 mpg‑US (20 L/100 km; 14 mpg‑imp) in city driving, and 19 mpg‑US (12 L/100 km; 23 mpg‑imp) in highway cruising, for a combined 14 mpg‑US (17 L/100 km; 17 mpg‑imp).[19]

text: Second generation (2017–present)[edit]

text:
Second generation
The 2017 Ford GT on display at the 2015 North American International Auto ShowOverviewManufacturer
Ford Motor CompanyProduction
January 2016 – present (250 units annually)[20]Model years
2017–presentAssembly
Markham, Ontario, Canada (Multimatic)[21]Body and chassisBody style
2–door coupeLayout
RMR layoutPowertrainEngine
3.5 L EcoBoost V6 twin-turboTransmission
7-speed Getrag PowerShift dual-clutch transmission - 7DCL750DimensionsWheelbase
106.7 in (2,710 mm)Length
187.5 in (4,763 mm)Width
78.9 in (2,004 mm)Height
43.7 in (1,110 mm)Curb weight
3,054 lb (1,385 kg)[20]3,354 lb (1,521 kg)[22]

text: At the 2015 North American International Auto Show and at the unveiling of the 2015 racing video game Forza Motorsport 6, a new Ford GT was introduced and is set to be produced and released in 2016. It will mark 50 years since the GT40 won the 1966 24 Hours of Le Mans and has run successfully in the 2016 24 Hours of Le Mans to mark the anniversary, winning the LMGTE Pro class.

text: The car is powered by a 3.5 liter twin-turbocharged EcoBoost V6 engine making 647 hp (482 kW; 656 PS) and 550 lb⋅ft (746 N⋅m) of torque.[20] This engine shares many components with the 2017 F-150 3.5L engine including the heads, block and dual fuel system. Notable differences include larger turbochargers, aluminum intake manifold, custom dry sumped lubrication system, unique camshafts and higher strength rotating & timing drive components. At the time of release, the Ford GT had one of the highest specific power outputs of any production car.

text: According to Ford, "the GT will exhibit one of the best power-to-weight ratios of any production car," thanks to its lightweight carbon fiber construction. Underpinning the GT is a carbon fiber monocoque bolted to aluminum front and rear subframes covered in carbon fiber body panels. The car also has racing inspired pushrod suspension, active aerodynamics,[23] and dihedral doors. The windshield of the vehicle is made of Gorilla Glass manufactured by Corning, which is also used for smartphone screens.[24] Gorilla Glass is used to reduce the weight of the vehicle by allowing for a thinner windscreen with the same strength.[25]

text: Production began in December 2016, with Ford planning to build the GT at a rate of one car per day in their new, low-volume assembly facility at Multimatic in Markham, Ontario[26] until October 2020. Vehicles produced in 2017 and 2018 are reserved for selected GT buyers, 2019 vehicles for buyers passed over in the initial selection process, and 2020 vehicles for new customers.[27]

text: The GT is capable of 0 - 60 mph (97 km/h) in 2.8 seconds, 0 - 100 mph (161 km/h) in 6 seconds, and a top speed of 216 mph (348 km/h).

text: Racing[edit]

text: The Ford GT[28] has been campaigned in various racing venues. These include:

text:
A highly modified GT was raced in 2006 and 2007 in Super GT's GT300 class in Japan powered by a 3.5 L Ford Zetec-R engine produced by Cosworth in the mid-1990s for Formula One.[29]
A Swiss team Matech Concepts had three Ford GT GT3s in the FIA GT3 European Championship.[30] The Ford GT Matech team won the title in 2008.
Atlanta-based Robertson Racing ran a Doran-built Ford GT-R in the American Le Mans Series GT class (formerly GT2).[31] The team made its first 24 Hours of Le Mans appearance in 2011, scoring 3rd in the GTE Am Class.
Black Swan Racing ran a Falken Tires-sponsored Ford GT-R in the GT2 class in the American Le Mans Series during the 2008 season.
Ford Chip Ganassi Racing is running 4 factory-supported Ford GTs. Two in the FIA World Endurance Championship under the LMGTE Pro class and two in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship in the GTLM class during the 2016, 2017 and 2018 seasons.

text: Ford GT1[edit]

text: The Ford GT1 is a racing version developed by Matech Concepts to comply with FIA GT1 rules. The official race debut of the Ford GT1 coincided with the kick-off of the 2009 FIA GT Championship season in Silverstone. For the 2010 FIA GT1 World Championship season four cars will be fielded by two teams: Matech Competition and Marc VDS Racing Team. Three GT1 Fords competed in the 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans race, with two (the number 70 car run by the Marc VDS Racing Team and the number 61 car run by Matech Concepts) retiring early on. The third car retired later in the race. For the 2011 FIA GT1 World Championship season, Matech left the series which left Marc VDS running the four cars during the season, two under the Marc VDS Racing Team name and the other two cars under the name of Belgian Racing.

text: Ford GT3[edit]

text: The Ford GT was also homologated for the FIA GT3 rules by Matech Concepts. The Ford GT GT3 is involved in numerous championships including the FIA GT3 European Championship, FIA GT1 World Championship, Blancpain Endurance Series, and others. The GT3 version is slower than the GT1 version (producing around 500 instead of 600 HP) and features different bodywork.

text: 2016 Ford GT Race Program[edit]

text:
Ford GT (LM GTE)
Ford GT GTE-Pro, which competed at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2016Category
Weathertech SportsCar GTLM and World Endurance Championship LMGTE ProConstructor
 Ford PerformanceTechnical specificationsChassis
Carbon-fibre monocoque with safety roll cageSuspension (front)
Unequal length double wishbone with pushrod-actuated torsion bars and Multimatic DSSV dampersSuspension (rear)
Unequal length double wishbone with pushrod-actuated torsion bars and Multimatic DSSV dampersLength
4,763 mm (188 in; 16 ft)Width
2,045 mm (81 in; 7 ft)Height
1,030 mm (41 in; 3 ft)Wheelbase
2,710 mm (107 in; 9 ft)Engine
Ford EcoBoost 3.5 L (214 cu in) V6 90° twin turbocharged, mid-engined, longitudinally-mountedTransmission
Ricardo 6-speed sequential semi-automatic paddle shift. Limited slip ramp/plate differentialBattery
Braille AGM 13 voltsPower
Over 500 PS (368 kW)Weight
1,200 kg (2,646 lb) excluding driver, fluids and fuel; 1,310 kg (2,888 lb) including driver, fluids and fuelFuel
VP Racing Fuels MS100 RON unleaded 80% + Ethanol E20 20% (IMSA SportsCar)/Shell V-Power LM24 98 RON unleaded (WEC and Le Mans 24 Hours (2016-2017))/Total Excellium LM24 98 RON unleaded 80% + Ethanol E20 (WEC and Le Mans 24 Hours (2018-present))Lubricants
Castrol EDGE SUPERCARBrakes
Six pot front Brembo calipers. Four pot rear Brembo calipers. Vented Brembo discsTyres
Michelin Pilot SportBBS wheelsCompetition historyNotable entrants
 Ford Chip Ganassi Team USA (IMSA SC) Ford Chip Ganassi Team UK joint venture with Multimatic Motorsports (FIA WEC)Notable drivers
 Joey Hand Dirk Müller Sébastien Bourdais Ryan Briscoe Richard Westbrook Stefan Mücke Scott Dixon Olivier Pla Billy Johnson Andy Priaulx Harry Tincknell Marino Franchitti Tony Kanaan Pipo DeraniDebut
2016 24 Hours of Daytona (IMSA)2016 6 Hours of Silverstone (WEC)

RacesWins
26 (IMSA)20 (WEC)8 (IMSA)6 (WEC)Constructors' Championships
0Drivers' Championships
0

text: On 12 June 2015, at Le Mans, it was announced that Ford will return to the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2016 with a factory-supported, four-car effort operating as Ford Chip Ganassi Racing.[32] The Ford Chip Ganassi Racing cars campaigned in both the IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship and the FIA World Endurance Championship.[33] The car debuted at the 2016 24 Hours of Daytona on January 30–31 finishing seventh and ninth in class.[34]

text: On June 19, 2016 the Number 68 Ford GT of Ford Chip Ganassi Racing finished 1st at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in the LMGTE Pro class; the victory marked 50 years after Ford won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1966, where they came in 1st, 2nd and 3rd with the GT40.[35][36] In the 2016 6 Hours of Fuji and the 6 Hours of Shanghai, both the Ford GT's finished 1-2 at both races, the 67 winning both and the 66 coming second in both.

text: In the opening WEC race at Silverstone, the #67 Ford GT took victory.[37] 2 races later on June 19, 2017 the Number 67 Ford GT of Ford Chip Ganassi Racing finished runner up at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in the LMGTE Pro class; this time 50 years after the 2nd Le Mans Race win in 1967.[38]


document_title: Twelve Olympians

question_text: who is the chief of the gods according to ancient greek myth

text: Twelve Olympians

text: Olympians[edit]

text: The Olympians were the principal deities of the Greek pantheon, so named because of their residency atop Mount Olympus. They gained their supremacy in a ten-year-long war of gods, in which Zeus led his siblings to victory over the previous generation of ruling gods, the Titans. They were a family of gods, the most important consisting of the first generation of Olympians, offspring of the Titans Cronus and Rhea: Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter and Hestia, along with the principal offspring of Zeus: Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Aphrodite,[3] Hephaestus, Hermes, and Dionysus. Although Hades was a major deity in the Greek pantheon, and was the brother of Zeus and the other first generation of Olympians, his realm was far away from Olympus in the underworld, and thus he was not usually considered to be one of the Olympians.[4]

text: The canonical number of Olympian gods was twelve, but besides the (thirteen) principal Olympians listed above, there were many other residents of Olympus, who thus might be called Olympians.[5] Heracles became a resident of Olympus after his apotheosis and married another Olympian resident Hebe.[6] Some others who might be considered Olympians, include: the Muses, the Graces, Iris, Dione, Eileithyia, the Horae, and Ganymede.[7]

text: Twelve gods[edit]

text: Besides the twelve Olympians, there were many other various cultic groupings of twelve gods throughout ancient Greece. The earliest evidence of Greek religious practice involving twelve gods (Greek: Δωδεκάθεον, Dodekatheon, from dōdeka, "twelve" and theoi, "gods") comes no earlier than the late sixth century BC.[8] According to Thucydides, an altar of the twelve gods was established in the agora of Athens by the archon Pisistratus (son of Hippias, and the grandson of the tyrant Pisistratus), in c. 522 BC.[9] The altar became the central point from which distances from Athens were measured and a place of supplication and refuge.[10]

text: Olympia apparently also had an early tradition of twelve gods.[11] The Homeric Hymn to Hermes (c. 500 BC) has the god Hermes divide a sacrifice of two cows he has stolen from Apollo, into twelve parts, on the banks of the river Alpheius (presumably at Olympia):

text: Pindar, in an ode written to be sung at Olympia c. 480 BC, has Heracles sacrificing, alongside the Alpheius, to the "twelve ruling gods":[13]

text: Another of Pindar's Olympian odes, mentions "six double altars".[15] Herodorus of Heraclea (c. 400 BC) also has Heracles founding a shrine at Olympia, with six pairs of gods, each pair sharing a single altar.[16]

text: Many other places had cults of the twelve gods, including Delos, Chalcedon, Magnesia on the Maeander, and Leontinoi in Sicily.[17] As with the twelve Olympians, although the number of gods was fixed at twelve, the membership varied.[18] While the majority of the gods included as members of these other cults of twelve gods were Olympians, non-Olympians were also sometimes included. For example, Herodorus of Heraclea identified the six pairs of gods at Olympia as: Zeus and Poseidon, Hera and Athena, Hermes and Apollo, the Graces and Dionysus, Artemis and Alpheus, and Cronus and Rhea.[19] Thus while this list includes the eight Olympians: Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Athena, Hermes, Apollo, Artemis, and Dionysus, it also contains three clear non-Olympians: the Titan parents of the first generation of Olympians, Cronus and Rhea, and the river god Alpheius, with the status of the Graces (here apparently counted as one god) being unclear.

text: Plato connected "twelve gods" with the twelve months, and implies that he considered Pluto one of the twelve in proposing that the final month be devoted to him and the spirits of the dead.[20]

text: The Roman poet Ennius gives the Roman equivalents (the Dii Consentes) as six male-female complements,[21] preserving the place of Vesta (Greek Hestia), who played a crucial role in Roman religion as a state goddess maintained by the Vestals.

text: List[edit]

text: There is no single canonical list of the twelve Olympian gods. The thirteen gods and goddesses most commonly considered to be one of the twelve Olympians are listed below.

text:
Greek
Roman
Image
Functions and attributes

Zeus
Jupiter

King of the gods and ruler of Mount Olympus; god of the sky, lightning, thunder, law, order and justice. Youngest child of the Titans Cronus and Rhea. Symbols include the thunderbolt, eagle, oak tree, lion, scepter, and scales. Brother and husband of Hera, although he had many lovers, also brother of Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, and Hestia.

Hera
Juno

Queen of the gods and the goddess of marriage, women, childbirth and family. Symbols include the peacock, cuckoo, and cow. Youngest daughter of Cronus and Rhea. Wife and sister of Zeus. Being the goddess of marriage, she frequently tried to get revenge on Zeus' lovers and their children.

Poseidon
Neptune

God of the seas, water, storms, hurricanes, earthquakes and horses. Symbols include the horse, bull, dolphin, and trident. Middle son of Cronus and Rhea. Brother of Zeus and Hades. Married to the Nereid Amphitrite, although, like most male Greek gods, he had many lovers.

Demeter
Ceres

Goddess of the harvest, fertility, agriculture, nature and the seasons. Who presided over grains and the fertility of the earth. Symbols include the poppy, wheat, torch, cornucopia, and pig. Middle daughter of Cronus and Rhea. Also the lover of Zeus and Poseidon, and the mother of Persephone.

Athena
Minerva

Goddess of wisdom, knowledge, reason, intelligent activity, literature, handicrafts, science, defense and strategic warfare. Symbols include the owl and the olive tree. Daughter of Zeus and the Oceanid Metis, she rose from her father's head fully grown and in full battle armor.

Apollo/
Apollon[A]
Apollo[A]

God of light, the sun, prophecy, philosophy, truth, inspiration, poetry, music, arts, medicine, healing, and plague. Symbols include the sun, lyre, swan, and mouse. Son of Zeus and Leto, and twin brother of Artemis.

Artemis
Diana

Goddess of the hunt, the wilderness, virginity, the moon, archery, childbirth, protection and plaque. Symbols include the moon, horse, deer, hound, she-bear, snake, cypress tree, and bow and arrow. Daughter of Zeus and Leto and twin sister of Apollo.

Ares
Mars

God of war, violence, bloodshed and manly virtues. Symbols include the boar, serpent, dog, vulture, spear, and shield. Son of Zeus and Hera, all the other gods despised him. His Latin name, Mars, gave us the word "martial."

Aphrodite
Venus

Goddess of love, pleasure, passion, procreation, fertility, beauty and desire. Symbols include the dove, bird, apple, bee, swan, myrtle, and rose. Daughter of Zeus and the Oceanid Dione, or perhaps born from the sea foam after Uranus' semen dripped into the sea after being castrated by his youngest son, Cronus, who then threw his father's genitals into the sea. Married to Hephaestus, although she had many adulterous affairs, most notably with Ares. Her name gave us the word "aphrodisiac", while her Latin name, Venus, gave us the word "venereal".[B]

Hephaestus
Vulcan

Master blacksmith and craftsman of the gods; god of the forge, craftsmanship, invention, fire and volcanoes. Symbols include fire, anvil, axe, donkey, hammer, tongs, and quail. Son of Hera, either by Zeus or alone. Married to Aphrodite, though unlike most divine husbands, he was rarely ever licentious. His Latin name, Vulcan, gave us the word "volcano."

Hermes
Mercury

Messenger of the gods; god of travel, commerce, communication, borders, eloquence, diplomacy, thieves and games. Symbols include the caduceus (staff entwined with two snakes), winged sandals and cap, stork, and tortoise (whose shell he used to invent the lyre). Son of Zeus and the nymph Maia. The second-youngest Olympian, just older than Dionysus.

text: Most listings include either one or the other of the following deities as one of the twelve Olympians.

text:
Greek
Roman
Image
Functions and attributes

Hestia
Vesta

Goddess of the hearth, fire and of the right ordering of domesticity and the family; she was born into the first Olympian generation and was one of the original twelve Olympians. Some lists of the Twelve Olympians omit her in favor of Dionysus, but the speculation that she gave her throne to him in order to keep the peace seems to be modern invention. She is the first child of Cronus and Rhea, eldest sister of Hades, Demeter, Poseidon, Hera, and Zeus.

Dionysus (or
Bacchus)
Bacchus

God of wine, the grape vine, fertility, festivity, ecstasy, madness and resurrection. Patron god of the art of theatre. Symbols include the grapevine, ivy, cup, tiger, panther, leopard, dolphin, goat, and pinecone. Son of Zeus and the mortal Theban princess Semele. Married to the Cretan princess Ariadne. The youngest Olympian god, as well as the only one to have a mortal mother.

text:
Notes

^ Romans also associated Phoebus with Helios and the sun itself,[22][23] however, they also used the Greek name Apollon in a Latinized form Apollo.[24]
^ According to an alternate version of her birth, Aphrodite was born of Uranus, Zeus' grandfather, after Cronus threw his castrated genitals into the sea. This supports the etymology of her name, "foam-born". As such, Aphrodite would belong to the same generation as Cronus, Zeus' father, and would be Zeus' aunt. See the birth of Aphrodite

tag: ol

text: Genealogy[edit]

text:
[hide]Major Olympians' family tree [25]

Uranus

Gaia

Uranus' genitals

Cronus

Rhea

ZEUS

HERA

POSEIDON

Hades

DEMETER

HESTIA

    a [26]

     b [27]

ARES

HEPHAESTUS

Metis

ATHENA [28]

Leto

APOLLO

ARTEMIS

Maia

HERMES

Semele

DIONYSUS

Dione

    a [29]

     b [30]

APHRODITE