document_title: Chavín culture

question_text: the south american chavin culture depicts images of

text: Chavín culture

text: Achievements[edit]

text: The chief example of architecture is the Chavín de Huantar temple. The temple's design shows complex innovation to adapt to the highland environments of Peru.  To avoid the temple's being flooded and destroyed during the rainy season, the Chavín people created a successful drainage system.  Several canals built under the temple acted as drainage.  The Chavín people also showed advanced acoustic understanding.  During the rainy season water rushes through the canals and creates a roaring sound and creates a noise like a jaguar, a sacred animal. The temple was built of white granite and black limestone, neither of which is found near the Chavín site. This meant that leaders organized many workers to bring the special materials from far away rather than use local rock deposits. They also may have been traded from different civilizations in the area.

text: The Chavín culture also demonstrated advanced skills and knowledge in metallurgy, soldering, and temperature control.  They used early techniques to develop refined gold work. The melting of metal had been discovered at this point and was used as a solder.[4]

text: The people domesticated camelids such as llamas. Camelids were used for pack animals, for fiber, and for meat. They produced ch'arki, or llama jerky.[5] This product was commonly traded by camelid-herders and was the main economic resource for the Chavín people.  Chavín people also successfully cultivated several crops, including potatoes, quinoa, and maize. They developed an irrigation system to assist the growth of these crops.[6]

text: Language[edit]

text: There is an absence of written language,[7] so the language spoken by the Chavín people is not known, but it is likely now extinct.[8] Some anthropologists have proposed that it was a form of Proto-Quechuan, reasoning that the Quechuan languages' highly regular morphology and syntax compared to surrounding languages would have been useful for allowing intelligible communication between communities separated by mountain ranges, as some Chavín groups were.[9] On the other hand, Alfredo Torero dates the Proto-Quechuan languages around the beginning of the first millennium CE.

text: Architecture[edit]

text: Chavín de Huantar was the place of origin of the second large-scale political entity in the central Andes, and this is mainly due to the extensive architecture at the site[10] as well as the architecture being considered an engineering accomplishment.[7] The site uses both internal and external architecture. Internal architecture refers to galleries, passageways, rooms, staircases, ventilation shafts and drainage canals. External architecture refers to plazas, platform mounds and terraces.[11] Construction of the "Old Temple" took place from around 900 to 500 BCE, and construction of the "New Temple", the structure that was constructed and added on to the "Old Temple", took place from around 500 to 200 BCE. The lack of residential structures, occupational deposits, generalized weaponry and evidence of storage further make the site's architecture more interesting, as it focuses mainly on the temples and what lies inside of them.[12]

text: The monumental center at Chavín de Huantar was built in at least 15 known phases, all of which incorporate the 39 known episodes of gallery construction. The earliest known construction stage, the Separate Mound Stage, consisted of separate buildings[11] and do not conform, necessarily, to the U-shaped pattern seen in the Initial Horizon Period and the Early Horizon Period. During the Expansion Stage, construction integrated stepped platforms and created contiguous U-shaped form by connecting the buildings, which now surround open spaces. At this stage, galleries are elaborate in form and features. During the Black and White Stage, all known plazas (the Plaza Mayor, Plaza Menor and the Circular Plaza) were constructed. As construction came to an end, galleries took on a more standardized look.[11] By the end of the growth process, buildings become plazas with a U-shaped arrangement and an east-west axis bisecting the inclosed space. The axis also intersects the Lanzón.[10]

text: Modifications were done during all stages of construction to maintain access to the internal architecture of the site.[11] There was a high level of interest in maintaining access to internal architecture and sacred elements of the site. Internal architecture was constructed as part of a single design and was intricately incorporated with the external architecture.[11] Including lateral and asymmetrical growth allowed for these sacred elements to remain visible, including the Lanzón.

text: The Lanzón Gallery was created from an earlier freestanding structure that was then transformed into a stone-roofed internal space by constructing around it. The Lanzón was possibly present before the roofing, as it is likely that the Lanzón predates the construction of mounds and plazas.[10] In general, galleries follow construction patterns, which indicates a massive effort in design and planning. Maintaining these galleries over time was important to architects.[11] The galleries are known to be windowless, dead ends, sharp turns and changes in floor height, all of which were designed to disorient people walking in them.[13]

text: A combination of symmetry and asymmetry were used in the design and planning of the site construction, and in fact guided the design. There were centered placements of staircases, entrances and patios, all of which were consistently prominent. In the last stages of construction, due to constraints, centeredness was no longer possible, so architects shifted to constructing symmetrical pairs. Externally, buildings were asymmetrical to each other.[11]

text: The primary construction materials used were quartzite and sandstone, white granite and black limestone. Alternate coursing of quartzite was used in the major platforms, while white sandstone and white granite were used interchangeably in the architecture, and were almost always cut and polished. Granite and black-veined limestone were the raw materials used in almost all of the engraved lithic art at the site. Granite was also used extensively in the construction of the Circular Plaza.[10]

text: Stone-faced platform mounds at the site were made using an orderly fill of rectangular quartzite blocks in leveled layers. Platforms were built directly on top of fallen wall stones from earlier constructions, as there were little to no attempt to remove debris.[10]

text: Art[edit]

text: The Chavín culture represents the first widespread, recognizable artistic style in the Andes. Chavín art can be divided into two phases: The first phase corresponding to the construction of the "Old Temple" at Chavín de Huantar (c. 900–500 BCE); and the second phase corresponding to the construction of Chavín de Huantar's "New Temple" (c. 500–200 BCE).

text: Chavín art is known for its complex iconography and its "mythical realism".[14] There is constant evidence within all types of art (ceramics, pottery, sculptures, etc.) of human-animal interactions, which was reflective of societal interconnections and how the Chavín people viewed themselves connected with "the other world".[7]

text: Some other iconography found in Chavín art continues to give a glimpse as to what the culture was like, such as the general evidence of the use of psycho-active plants in ritual. The San Pedro Cactus is often seen on various art forms, sometimes being held by humans, which is used as evidence to support the use of the plant.[15]

text: A general study of the coastal Chavín pottery with respect to shape reveals two kinds of vessels:  a polyhedral carved type and a globular painted type.[16]  Stylistically, Chavín art forms make extensive use of the technique of contour rivalry. The art is intentionally difficult to interpret and understand, since it was intended only to be read by high priests of the Chavín cult, who could understand the intricately complex and sacred designs.  The Raimondi Stele is one of the major examples of this technique. Ceramics, however, do not appear to represent the same stylistic features that are found on sculptures.[14]

text: Chavín art decorates the walls of the temple and includes carvings, sculptures and pottery.  Artists depicted exotic creatures found in other regions, such as jaguars and eagles, rather than local plants and animals.  The feline figure is one of the most important motifs seen in Chavín art.  It has an important religious meaning and is repeated on many carvings and sculptures.  Eagles are also commonly seen throughout Chavín art.  There are three important artifacts which are the major examples of Chavín art.  These artifacts are the Tello Obelisk, tenon heads, and the Lanzón.

text: Tello Obelisk is a vertical, rectangular shaft with a step-like notch at the top. The obelisk is carved in relief on all four sides and consists of two representations of a single-type creature. The head, body and tail occupy one or the other broad sides, while the legs, genitalia and other subsidiary elements occupy the narrow sides. These creatures have been interpreted as a "cat-dragon" type of creature (by Tello) and as a cayman (by Rowe and Lathrop).[17] The large artifact may portray a creation myth.

text: Tenon heads are found throughout Chavín de Huantar and are one of the most well-known images associated with the Chavín civilization.  Tenon heads are massive stone carvings of fanged jaguar heads which project from the tops of the interior walls.

text: Possibly the most impressive artifact from Chavín de Huantar is the Lanzón.  The Lanzón is a 4.53-meter-long carved granite shaft displayed in the temple. The shaft extends through an entire floor of the structure and the ceiling.  It is carved with an image of a fanged deity, a recurring image throughout the Chavín civilization.[18] The Lanzón is found in a gallery inside of the Old Temple. The sculpture is enhanced by the four openings of the chamber it lies in, making it so that it allows only partial and segmented views. In rollout drawings, the figures depicted are coherent to interpreters, but its important to note that this is not how the Lanzón is meant to be seen.[19]

text: Sphere of influence[edit]

text: The Chavín culture had a wide sphere of influence throughout surrounding civilizations, especially because of their location at a trade crossing point between the deserts and Amazon jungle.  For example, Pacopampa, located north (about a 3-week trek) of Chavín de Huantar, has renovations on the main temple that are characteristic of Chavín culture. Caballo Muerto, a coastal site in the Moche Valley region, has an adobe structure created during renovation of the main temple, the adobe related to Chavín influence.  Garagay, a site in the modern-day Lima region, has variations of the characteristic Chavín iconography, including a head with mucus coming from the nostrils. At the site of Cerro Blanco, in the Nepena valley, excavations revealed Chavín ceramics.

text: Warfare does not seem to have been a significant element in Chavín culture. The archaeological evidence shows a lack of basic defensive structures in Chavín centres, and warriors are not depicted in art, in notable contrast to the earlier art at Cerro Sechín. Effective social control may have been exercised by religious pressure, and the ability to exclude dissidents from managed water resources. The climate and terrain of the neighbouring areas outside the managed land were a daunting option for farmers wishing to flee the culture.[20] Evidence of warfare has been found only in contemporaneous sites that were not influenced by Chavín culture, almost as if those other civilizations were defending themselves via warfare from Chavín cultural influence.[1][dubious  – discuss]

text: Chavín culture as a style, and probably as a period, was widespread, stretching from Piura on the far north coast to Paracas on the south coast; and from Chavín in the north highlands to Pukara in the south highlands.[21]

text: Chavín horizon development[edit]

text: Some scholars argued that the development of Chavín social complexities coincided with the cultivation of maize and development of agricultural surpluses.  Through an analysis of carbon isotope in the human bones found at Chavín sites, researchers have proved that the diet consisted mainly of C3 foods such as potatoes and quinoa, while maize, a C4 food, was not a part of the main diet.  Potato and quinoa were crops better adapted to the Chavín environment.  They are more resistant to the frost and irregular rain fall associated with high-altitude environments.  Maize would not have been able to thrive in such conditions.[2]

text: Pre-Chavín levels[edit]

text: The Kotosh Religious Tradition preceded the Chavín culture at various sites.  Some Kotosh elements show links with the Chavín culture, such as for example the ceramic styles.[22][23]

text: Prior to Kotosh was the Wairajirca Period. This is when the first pottery appeared.  The Mito tradition was even earlier. This was a preceramic tradition. Nevertheless, public buildings were constructed.

text: Chavín levels[edit]

text: The Chavín culture archaeological horizon, itself, has three ceramic stages. They were originally identified through stratified ceramics and encompass three stages of development for the Chavín culture.

text:
Urabarriu, the first stage, extends from 900 to 500 BCE. During this time at Chavín de Huantar, two small residential areas, not located directly surrounding the ceremonial center, housed a few hundred people in total. This phase showed the greatest animal diversity. The people hunted mainly deer and began to hunt and use camelids. They ate clams and shellfish from the Pacific Ocean, as well as guinea pigs and birds. Chavín people grew some maize and potatoes during this phase.[5] The ceramics in the Urabarriu stage are highly influenced by other cultures.[1] The archeological evidence suggests dispersed centers of production for ceramics, probably in response to a low demand from the dispersed population.[24]
The Chakinani, 500 to 400 BCE, is a short time of transition in Chavín culture. During this time the residents migrated to surround the ceremonial center. The Chavín began to domesticate the llama and reduced deer hunting. Evidence of increased exchange with outside civilizations is also seen at this time.[1]
The Jarabarriu, the final stage of the Chavín Horizon, lasted from about 400 to 250 BCE. Chavín culture had a dramatic increase in population. The settlement pattern changed to a proto-urban pattern, consisting of a center of lowland valley peoples and smaller satellite communities in the surrounding higher altitude areas. The culture showed specialization and social differentiation. The people who lived in the east at Chavín de Huantar are thought to have had lower prestige than the communities around the ceremonial center.[1] A diverse and intense production of ceramics is suggested during the Jarabarriu phase, when the valley was heavily populated and the ceramic style more defined. Satellite communities also developed centers of production during this phase.[24]

text: Presence of elite[edit]

text: At Chavín, power was legitimized through the belief in the small elite having a divine connection; shamans derived power and authority from their claim to a divine connection.[dubious  – discuss]  The community believed in and had a desire to connect with the divine.  With asymmetrical power, there is often evidence of the manipulation of traditions.  Strategic manipulation is a vehicle of change which shamans could use to produce authority.  During the Chavín horizon, large changes were taking place.[25][26]

text: "The greater degree of elaboration of persuasion evident in the rites, materials, and settings of the belief system, the more likely that not only were the leaders aware of being self-serving in their actions but also they were actually conscious of the trajectory change." [25] The archeological evidence shows several examples of reinterpretation, use of psychotropic drugs, and landscape altering.  It also shows the complex planning and construction of stone-walled galleries.[25]

text: The concept of invented tradition refers to a situation in which outside elements are newly brought together to depict a seemingly old tradition.  This can be seen generally in the architecture at Chavín de Huantar, which bring together many aspects of outside cultures to create a unique new, yet traditional appearance.[25][26][27]

text: The use of psychotropic drugs introduces a medium for manipulation.  Only indirect evidence supports the use of psychotropic drugs, as noted above. Scholars have not been able to determine if the San Pedro cactus was ingested, who consumed the cactus: only the shaman elite, or more widespread among the masses. If the masses were taking the cactus, they would be more susceptible to the influences of the shamans.  If the shamans were the only ones to consume it, the practice may have been sacred and a status symbol.  The shamans would be perceived to have special powers to connect with nature and the divine.[25][26]

text: The extensive degree of landscape altering at Chavín de Huantar for temple reconstructions shows that someone or a group of people had the power to plan the reconstructions and influence others to carry out those plans. The large constructions that occurred at this site support the hypothesis of asymmetrical power.[25][26]

text: Finally, the planning and construction of the stone-walled galleries, in particular, suggest a hierarchical system.  In addition to the requirement to command and direct the manpower required, the galleries show unique planning. They allowed only one entrance; this is atypical of the time when rooms commonly had multiple entrances and exits.  The iconography on the walls of the stone galleries is highly complex.  The complexity suggests that only a select few people were able to understand the iconography; such people would serve as translators for the few others who were privileged to view the stone galleries.  The limited access, both physically and symbolically, of the stone-walled galleries, supports the existence of a shaman elite at Chavín de Huantar.  The evolution of authority at Chavín appears to have resulted from a planned  strategy by the shamans and those who planned and constructed the ceremonial center.[25]

text: Religion and ritual[edit]

text: Religion and the practices which followed had a deeper connection to the sociopolitical and economic aspects within the Chavin society.[28] Ritual activity for the Chavin is not fully understood, but a great understanding of the overall ritual influence and impact that ritual had on the Chavin is more evident through their architectural structures, offering deposits, and artistic remains, mainly through pictionary displays.[28] Over time, the effects of ritual moved to be more intimate and exclusive, as evident with the use and development of ritual space and architecture.[28] Religious figures played a large role in how the site was designed and how rituals were oriented.

text: Sacred spaces: ritual architecture[edit]

text: The overall architecture at Chavin had religious influence and significance. The sacred spaces and structures within this society were evident to have ritualistic and potentially religious purposes.[28] Understanding how the site of Chavin de Huantar is designed allows modern individuals to recognize how the site reflects intentionality of the builders to relay a specific experience.[13] The site was considered to be sensory, meaning that the architectural structure and design elicited a certain feeling through the senses, through sight and touch.[13] It is perception, which is essentially a series of physiological responses.[13]  Sacred spaces, such as plazas, were designed to mainly disrupt visual impact, meaning that the sacred architecture was designed to be experienced more so than actually viewed.[28] People who designed and built the architecture at Chavin are understood to be priests or religious leaders within the community.[12] Configuration of the site also emphasizes that there was a presence of high ranked officials.[12] The architecture within Chavin was dictated by these individuals to keep the ritual elements of their culture prominent.[28] This was done so through the details and formatting of each building, which in essence created the effect that those participating in the ritual were experiencing their religious phenomena. Construction of the sacred ritual spaces was done with a diverse labor pattern and no central authority was controlling the area during its actual construction.[28] The ritual architecture of the Chavin is similar to other Andean coastal architecture.[28] The earliest architectural forms on the site were plastered, rectangular chambers. One of these later housed the Lanzon. The architecture of the Chavin site allowed for a rich and diverse ritual practice within the ritualized spaces, leading scholars to speculate whether or not the Chavin served as a multi-ethnic ceremonial center; the architecture, materials, and offerings might have been inspired by other cultures, but there is a question as to whether or not it was symbolic of a greater diverse ritual practice.[28]  The ritual spaces themselves had a hierarchy, and legitimized and reflected cosmological and social order and structure.[28]

text: The Chavin buildings and spaces used for ritual were constructed to elicit an experience, and encompassed many of the overall architectural facets described previously. Two of the most well-noted ritual spaces include the Old Temple and New Temple, with a shift to the New Temple as time progressed.[28] Both temples featured pathways and deity worship spaces on the north and south wings.[28] In addition to this, the temples, most notably the Old Temple, had deities carved into stone.[29] The temples were conformed into a U-shaped area, encompassing a circular plaza.[28] The temples featured ceremonial chambers and sacred hearths.[28] Another important structure designed and utilized for ritual included plazas, of which there were many. The Circular Plaza in particular and the Square Plaza were two of the sites primarily focused around ceremonial activity.[28]

text: Within the Chavin site was a structure which revealed rooms and galleries, speculated by archaeologists to be used as “ritual chambers” for a variety of ceremonies, including what could have been a ceremony surrounding fire.[28] Major use of underground space in the form of stone-lined galleries that are often like labyrinths and run through the monuments’ major platforms and mounds has been speculated to be a center for religious activity where ceremonies occurred in several different contexts involving both audiences and participants.[12]

text: The open spaces of plazas versus the small restricted spaces of Chavin galleries in the temple shows that there is a progression of how the ritual spaces and architecture was used, moving more from public to private practice.[28] The gallery spaces are central to understanding the implications of the Chavin ritual practices.[28]

text: The sizes of the spaces in the sacred spaces provided different amounts of room for people to congregate.[28] External spaces such as the plazas had the ability to hold more individuals for ritual practices. The Square Plaza could have held 5,200 individuals. The Circular Plaza could have held around 600 individuals. Internal spaces within the temples, for example the galleries or hallways, could have only held a small number.[28] Within the Lanzon gallery in the Old Temple, only around 15 people could have attended a ceremony, and within the canal entries only 2 to 4 people could have witnessed the ceremony.

text: Practices and ceremonies[edit]

text: Ritualistic activity for the Chavin isn’t necessarily original; it has deep roots connected to activities from other Andean societies and cultures.[28] The rituals in the space might have been indicative of the other diverse practices that took place at that time.[28]

text: The idea that the Chavin were looking for more followers and more participants in ritual leads scholars to believe that it was entirely possible that they tried to coexist in ritual with Christian churches.[28] The want for more followers extended more deeply than numbers, but rather the Chavin wanted to establish a central authority as well as socially integrate diverse societies.[28] Ritual practice at this time evolved and showed evidence of both public and private religion, and showed an increased distance between participants and observers in public ceremonies.[28] Participants are termed in the archaeology community as visitors to the site.[12] The transition was not immediate, as ancient practices were highly appealed to frequently as rituals progressed.[28] There is debate as to whether or not the Chavin practices were more hierarchical or heterarchical.[28] It is believed by archeologists that for the Chavin to have the most successful and impactful rituals, they must be more condensed and more private in their nature.[28] But other evidence shows that central areas reflected the lack of hierarchy in ritual practice, and that the society utilized the open spaces to better demonstrate a more inclusive religious experience.[28] This demonstrates that ritual practice might have been heterarchical or hierarchical,[28] and reflects back to the ideas of their inclusivity with other religious institutions, rituals, and traditions. Regardless, it is understood and well accepted that the Chavin were inclusive in their ritual practices.

text: Important aspects of Chavin ritual activity and practice have been discovered to be processions, offerings of different materials (exotic and valuable), and the use of water. One of these offerings can be connected to the smashed pieces of obsidian found along with fragments of mirror.[28] Other ceremonial acts for the Chavin included the smashing of pots[28] and ceremonies surrounding the use of fire, held within certain areas of the Chavin site as a part of their ritual.[28] Artifacts in the temples relay the ritual practice of offerings. Ceramics, for example, were believed to be offerings brought by the pilgrims. Another artifact was a conch shell, used as a trumpet.[13] Art suggests that processions were essential to disclosing that processions were an important part of Chavin ritual.[28] Other ritual practices were produced by the shamans, such as divination, celestial observations, calendar calculations, health, and healing.[29]

text: One other ritualistic element included the use of psychotropic drugs through cacti. The cacti provided a psychedelic drug that caused a lot of sensory overloads. It has been displayed in art, specifically ashlar blocks with costumed figures in procession carrying the cacti.[13]  Ritual evidence in the architectural remains shows that there was paraphernalia for grinding and ingesting snuff.[13] Artistic evidence shows that certain drawings were done by shamans whilst under the influence of the psychedelic drugs.[13]

text: Music also played a role in Chavin ritual. Strombus shell trumpets were found at Chavin sites.[28] Trumpets were stored underground and it is believed that they were used by ritual practitioners, who would use them and play in procession through the underground galleries.[13]

text: Religious art[edit]

text: Religious art is reflective of the landscape around the Chavin and everyday experiences they lived through, including that which can be affiliated with religious practices. Art implied that there were certain deities within the Chavin culture, as well as symbols indicative of ritualistic activities. Lithic art, for example, indicates that processions were important to Chavin ritual.[28] Other artistic expressions included images of jaguars and hybrid humans with felines, avians, and crocodilian features.[13] These in particular are done through artistic interpretations and were believed to have been done by shamans under the influence of the psychedelic drugs. In addition to animals, art reflected plant life, including images of the cacti used as a psychedelic drug.

text: Deities[edit]

text: Deities were an important element in the Chavin religious practice. Most important to the Chavin was the Lanzon, the most central deity in Chavin culture, making the Lanzon central to religious practices.[28] It is believed to be a founding ancestor who had oracle powers.[29] The statue of the Lanzon was carved into a large stone and was found within the Old Temple.[28] It originally in the rectangular chamber,[28] and is considered to be the focal point of the Old Temple. It is carved out of stone and stands at 4.5 meters tall.[29] The Lanzon is also represented in the New Temple. Other deities reflected the landscape around the Chavin, including animals in nature and the cosmos, and included figures such as crested eagles, hawks, serpents, crocodiles (caymans), and jaguars. They were intermingled with human aspects, becoming more of a hybrid. The Chavin were also interested in binaries and manipulating them, such as showing men and women, the sun and moon, and the sky and water in the same image.

text: Religious figures[edit]

text: Religious figures played a role in the Chavin religious ritual. In general, individuals higher up in the societal hierarchy had control over the management of the ritual activities and brought the Chavin ritual into the society.[28] Shamans are most commonly understood to be the primary religious figure. Leaders managed daily secular functioning, and it corresponded with authority figures leading from a small group, rather than having one individual as the head figure.[29] They lived close to the temple in residential buildings. Leaders demonstrated skills in understanding the supernatural world with the ability to manipulate it, thus making them stand out to be a religious figure.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
The sandeel monolithic has a length of 5 meters and represents a Chavín deity. It is located in theAncient Temple in Chavín de Huantar.

Gold Chavín. Larco Museum, Lima

Gold Chavín

Chavín Gold Necklace

Condor head, at the National Museum of Chavín de Huantar.

Chavin nailed head

The tusks are present in all the arts of Chavín including in the sculpture as this nails head.

Nails head embedded in one of the walls of the temple of Chavín de Huantar.

Stela Chavín. National Museum Chavín de Huantar.

There are many Chavínes trails representing mythological creatures like this.

Stela Chavín with image of an ornithological.

Chavín stela depicting a brindle face. National Museum Chavín de Huantar.

The ceremonial centre of Kuntur Wasi, according to the latest archaeological research would be an prechavín expression associated to felínico Chavín cult. Cajamarca Region.

Remains of Pacopampa, another prechavín expression of Formative stage period but remained an important ceremonial centre like Chavín de Huantar, also located in the Cajamarca Region.

Model of the archaeological site of Chavín de Huantar.

The llama was the main representative of Chavín livestock.


document_title: SEC Championship Game

question_text: who won the first sec championship in football

root

text: SEC Championship Game

text: History[edit]

text: The SEC was the first NCAA conference in any division to hold a football championship game that was exempt from NCAA limits on regular-season contests. Such a game was made possible by two separate developments. The first came in 1987, when the NCAA membership approved a proposal sponsored by the Division II Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference and Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association that allowed any conference with 12 football members to split into divisions and stage a championship game between the divisional winners. The SEC took advantage of this rule by adding the University of Arkansas and the University of South Carolina in 1992, bringing the conference membership to 12, and splitting into two football divisions.[1] The format has since been adopted by other conferences to decide their football champion (the first being the Big 12 in 1996).

tag: p

text: The first two SEC Championship Games were held at Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. From 1994 until 2016, the game has been played at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta.[2] With the Georgia Dome scheduled to be demolished after the 2016 season, the SEC chose to keep the title game in Atlanta at the Georgia Dome's replacement, Mercedes-Benz Stadium. The game will be played at the new stadium through 2027.[3]

text: In 2016, Alabama and Florida met in the SEC Championship Game for the ninth time in the twenty-five year history of the game, the record for the most times any two teams have faced each other in the championship game. And at least one of those two teams has qualified for the game in 14 of 25 seasons. The only other matchup in the SEC Championship played more than twice is Georgia and LSU, which has been played three times. Alabama has faced Florida in nine of their eleven SEC Championship Game appearances. In addition, the 2009 game marked the second consecutive year that the No. 1 (Florida) and No. 2 (Alabama) ranked teams in the AP Poll met in the SEC Championship game. 2009 was the first time any conference championship game had featured two undefeated teams. Alabama won 32–13 and earned a berth in the 2010 BCS National Championship Game, which it went on to win as well.

text: Auburn and Missouri met in the 2013 SEC Championship Game (in Missouri's 2nd year in the SEC). Auburn won the game 59–42, breaking the previous record of 56 points for most points scored by a single team in the SEC Championship Game (previously set by Auburn in 2010).

text: In recent years, the game has been nicknamed the "national semifinal" for college football. The 2008, 2009, and 2012 games were essentially national semifinal games, as both participating teams were virtually guaranteed a berth in the BCS national championship game with a win. The 2013 game was not thought of as such at the time of the game, but results of other games later that day meant that it effectively was such a semifinal.

text: Between 2006 and 2013 the winner of the SEC Championship Game went on to play in the BCS National Championship Game eight straight years, posting a 6-2 record in the game. Since 2014, the SEC Championship Game winner has gone on to appear in the College Football Playoff every season, and as such, the SEC Championship Game has been re-labeled a "national quarterfinal", since the winner (Alabama each time) has advanced to the CFP semifinals.

text: Results[edit]

text: Results from all SEC Championship games that have been played.[4] Rankings are from the AP Poll released prior to matchup.

text:
Year
Eastern Division
Western Division
Site
Attendance
TV Rating
MVP

1992
#12 Florida
21
#2 Alabama
28
Legion Field • Birmingham, AL
83,091
9.8
CB Antonio Langham, Alabama

1993
#9 Florida
28
#16 Alabama
13
76,345

QB Terry Dean, Florida

1994
#6 Florida
24
#3 Alabama
23
Georgia Dome • Atlanta, GA
74,751
10.5
DT Ellis Johnson, Florida

1995
#2 Florida
34
#23 Arkansas
3
71,325
7.2
QB Danny Wuerffel, Florida

1996
#4 Florida
45
#11 Alabama
30
74,132
7.0
QB Danny Wuerffel, Florida

1997
#3 Tennessee
30
#11 Auburn
29
74,896

QB Peyton Manning, Tennessee

1998
#1 Tennessee
24
#23 Mississippi State
14
74,795

WR Peerless Price, Tennessee

1999
#5 Florida
7
#7 Alabama
34
71,500

WR Freddie Milons, Alabama

2000
#7 Florida
28
#18 Auburn
6
73,427

QB Rex Grossman, Florida

2001
#2 Tennessee
20
#21 LSU
31
74,843
7.0
QB Matt Mauck, LSU

2002
#4 Georgia
30
#22 Arkansas
3
75,835
3.2
QB David Greene, Georgia

2003
#5 Georgia
13
#3 LSU
34
74,913
4.1
RB Justin Vincent, LSU

2004
#15 Tennessee
28
#3 Auburn
38
74,892
4.8
QB Jason Campbell, Auburn

2005
#13 Georgia
34
#3 LSU
14
73,717
3.9
QB D. J. Shockley, Georgia

2006
#4 Florida
38
#8 Arkansas
28
73,374
4.7
WR Percy Harvin, Florida

2007
#14 Tennessee
14
#5 LSU
21
73,832
6.0
QB Ryan Perrilloux, LSU

2008
#2 Florida
31
#1 Alabama
20
75,892
10.4
QB Tim Tebow, Florida

2009
#1 Florida
13
#2 Alabama
32
75,514
11.8
QB Greg McElroy, Alabama

2010
#19 South Carolina
17
#1 Auburn
56
75,802
6.3
QB Cam Newton, Auburn

2011
#12 Georgia
10
#1 LSU
42
74,515
7.4
CB Tyrann Mathieu, LSU

2012
#3 Georgia
28
#2 Alabama
32
75,624
10.0
RB Eddie Lacy, Alabama

2013
#5 Missouri
42
#3 Auburn
59
75,632
8.7
RB Tre Mason, Auburn

2014
#14 Missouri
13
#1 Alabama
42
73,526
7.7
QB Blake Sims, Alabama

2015
#18 Florida
15
#2 Alabama
29
75,320
8.3[5]
RB Derrick Henry, Alabama

2016
#15 Florida
16
#1 Alabama
54
74,632
7.0
LB Reuben Foster, Alabama

tag: table

text: Results by team[edit]

text:
Appearances
School
Wins
Losses
Win %
Year(s) Won

12
Florida
7
5
.583
1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2006, 2008

11
Alabama
7
4
.636
1992, 1999, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016

5
LSU
4
1
.800
2001, 2003, 2007, 2011

5
Auburn
3
2
.600
2004, 2010, 2013

5
Georgia
2
3
.400
2002, 2005

5
Tennessee
2
3
.400
1997, 1998

3
Arkansas
0
3
.000

2
Missouri
0
2
.000

1
Mississippi State
0
1
.000

1
South Carolina
0
1
.000

text: Kentucky, Ole Miss, Texas A&M, and Vanderbilt have yet to make an appearance in an SEC Championship Game.

tag: ul

text: Home/away designation[edit]

text: The team designated as the "home" team alternates between division champions. The designation goes to the Eastern champion in even-numbered years and the Western champion in odd-numbered years.

text: As of the 2016 contest, the designated "home" team is 15–10 overall in SEC championship games.

text: In 2009, the Western division champion, Alabama, was the home team, ending a streak where the SEC Western team had worn white jerseys in nine consecutive SEC Championship Games (2000–2008). This was because LSU had represented the Western division in the previous four seasons that the Western division champion was the "home" team, and LSU traditionally chooses to wear white jerseys for home games. Additionally, for the next three years (2010–2012), the Eastern representative wore their home jerseys because in 2011, LSU again represented the Western division.[4]

text: Rematches[edit]

text: The SEC Championship game has featured a rematch of a regular season game a total of six times (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2010). The team which won the regular season game is 5–1 in the rematches, the lone exception being in 2001 when LSU defeated Tennessee in the championship game after losing to them in the regular season.

text: Common matchups[edit]

text: Matchups that have occurred more than once:

text:
# of Times
East Division
West Division
Record
Years Played

9
Florida
Alabama
Alabama 5–4
1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2008, 2009, 2015, 2016

3
Georgia
LSU
LSU 2–1
2003, 2005, 2011

2
Florida
Arkansas
UF 2–0
1995, 2006

2
Tennessee
Auburn
Tied 1–1
1997, 2004

2
Tennessee
LSU
LSU 2–0
2001, 2007

text: Selection criteria[edit]

text: Division standings are based on each team's overall conference record. The SEC Commissioner's Regulations requires each football team play all eight conference games in a season in order to be eligible to compete for a divisional title and play in the SEC Championship Game. Often, two or more teams tie for the best record in their division and each team is recognized as a divisional co-champion. However, tiebreakers are used to determine who will represent the division in the championship game.[6]

text: Two-team tie-breaker procedure[edit]

text:
Head-to-head competition between the two tied teams.
Records of the tied teams within the division.
Records against the team within the division with the best overall (divisional and non-divisional) conference record and proceeding through the division. Multiple ties within the division will be broken from first to last.
Complete record vs. all non-divisional opponents.
Complete record vs. all common non-divisional teams if there be any.
Record vs. common non-divisional opponent (if there be any) with the best overall conference (divisional and non-divisional) record and proceeding through other common non-divisional teams based on their order of finish within their division.
Best cumulative conference winning percentage of non-divisional opponents
Coin flip of the tied teams

tag: ol

text: NOTE: Although all division rivals meet during the season and NCAA overtime is played in case of a tie game, the SEC has provisions in case a game ends in a tie under NCAA Rule 3-3-3 (c) and (d), Suspending the Game, or if the two tied teams did not play an official game because of weather. As such, SEC rules still contain the remaining procedures if those circumstances were to happen.[6]

text: Three or more-team procedure[edit]

text: (Once the tie has been reduced to two teams, go to the two-team tie-breaker format.)

text:
Combined head-to-head record among the tied teams.
Record of the tied teams within the division.
Records against the team within the division with the best overall (divisional and non-divisional) Conference record and proceeding through the division. Multiple ties within the division will be broken from first to last.
Complete record vs. non-division teams.
Complete record vs. all common non-divisional teams.
Record vs. common non-divisional team with the best overall Conference (divisional and non-divisional) record and proceeding through other common non-divisional teams based on their order of finish within their division.
Best cumulative Conference winning percentage of non-divisional opponents (Note: If two teams' non-divisional opponents have the same cumulative record, then the two-team tiebreaker procedures apply. If four teams are tied, and three teams' non-divisional opponents have the same cumulative record, the three-team tiebreaker procedures will be used beginning with #1
Coin flip of the tied teams with the team with the odd result being the representative (Example: If there are two teams with tails and one team with heads, the team with heads is the representative)

text: Winner's bowl performance[edit]

text: Currently the SEC champion plays in the Sugar Bowl unless they have been selected to play in a College Football Playoff semi-final bowl.[7] In the SEC Championship Game era, ten winners of the game have gone on to win the national title (outright or shared), with eleven SEC teams winning national titles overall, including seven consecutive titles from the 2006–2012 seasons. In 2011 LSU won the SEC Championship Game and advanced to the BCS National Championship Game which they lost 21–0 to fellow SEC member Alabama.

text: Rankings are from the AP Poll at the time the game was played.

text:
Season
SEC Champ
Result
Opponent
Opp. Conference
Bowl Game
National Champion

1992
#2 Alabama
W 34–13
#1 Miami
Big East
1993 Sugar Bowl[8]
Alabama

1993
#8 Florida
W 41–7
#3 West Virginia
Big East
1994 Sugar Bowl
Florida State

1994
#5 Florida
L 17–23
#7 Florida State
ACC
1995 Sugar Bowl
Nebraska

1995
#2 Florida
L 24–62
#1 Nebraska
Big 8
1996 Fiesta Bowl[8]
Nebraska

1996
#3 Florida
W 52–20
#1 Florida State
ACC
1997 Sugar Bowl
Florida

1997
#3 Tennessee
L 17–42
#2 Nebraska
Big 12
1998 Orange Bowl[8]
Nebraska, Michigan[9]

1998
#1 Tennessee
W 23–16
#2 Florida State
ACC
1999 Fiesta Bowl[10]
Tennessee

1999
#5 Alabama
L 34–35 OT
#8 Michigan
Big Ten
2000 Orange Bowl[11]
Florida State

2000
#7 Florida
L 20–37
#2 Miami
Big East
2001 Sugar Bowl
Oklahoma

2001
#12 LSU
W 47–34
#7 Illinois
Big Ten
2002 Sugar Bowl
Miami

2002
#4 Georgia
W 26–13
#16 Florida State
ACC
2003 Sugar Bowl
Ohio State

2003
#3 LSU
W 21–14
#2 Oklahoma
Big 12
2004 Sugar Bowl[10]
LSU, USC[12][13]

2004
#3 Auburn
W 16–13
#9 Virginia Tech
ACC
2005 Sugar Bowl
USC[14]

2005
#8 Georgia
L 35–38
#13 West Virginia
Big East
2006 Sugar Bowl
Texas

2006
#2 Florida
W 41–14
#1 Ohio State
Big Ten
2007 BCS Champ. Game[10]
Florida

2007
#2 LSU
W 38–24
#1 Ohio State
Big Ten
2008 BCS Champ. Game[10]
LSU

2008
#2 Florida
W 24–14
#1 Oklahoma
Big 12
2009 BCS Champ. Game[10]
Florida

2009
#1 Alabama
W 37–21
#2 Texas
Big 12
2010 BCS Champ. Game[10]
Alabama

2010
#1 Auburn
W 22–19
#2 Oregon
Pac-10
2011 BCS Champ. Game[10]
Auburn

2011
#1 LSU
L 0–21
#2 Alabama
SEC
2012 BCS Champ. Game[10]
Alabama

2012
#2 Alabama
W 42–14
#1 Notre Dame
Independent
2013 BCS Champ. Game[10]
Alabama

2013
#2 Auburn
L 31–34
#1 Florida State
ACC
2014 BCS Champ. Game[10]
Florida State

2014
#1 Alabama
L 35–42
#4 Ohio State
Big Ten
2015 Sugar Bowl (CFP Semifinal)
Ohio State

2015
#2 Alabama
W 38–0
#3 Michigan State
Big Ten
2015 Cotton Bowl (CFP Semifinal)
Alabama

W 45–40
#1 Clemson
ACC
2016 CFP National Championship

2016
#1 Alabama
W 24-7
#4 Washington
Pac-12
2016 Peach Bowl (CFP Semifinal)
Clemson

L 31–35
#2 Clemson
ACC
2017 CFP National Championship

text: Runner up's bowl performance[edit]

text:
Season
SEC Runner Up
Result
Opponent
Opp. Conference
Bowl Game

1992
#14 Florida
W 27–10
#12 NC State
ACC
1992 Gator Bowl

1993
#18 Alabama
W 24–10
#12 North Carolina
ACC
1993 Gator Bowl

1994
#6 Alabama
W 24–17
#13 Ohio State
Big Ten
1995 Citrus Bowl

1995
#24 Arkansas
L 10–20
North Carolina
ACC
1995 Carquest Bowl

1996
#16 Alabama
W 17–14
#15 Michigan
Big Ten
1997 Outback Bowl

1997
#13 Auburn
W 21–17
Clemson
ACC
1998 Peach Bowl

1998
#25 Mississippi State
L 11–38
#20 Texas
Big 12
1999 Cotton Bowl

1999
#10 Florida
L 34–37
#9 Michigan State
Big Ten
2000 Citrus Bowl

2000
#20 Auburn
L 28–31
#17 Michigan
Big Ten
2001 Citrus Bowl

2001
#8 Tennessee
W 45–17
#17 Michigan
Big Ten
2002 Citrus Bowl

2002
#25 Arkansas
L 14–29
Minnesota
Big Ten
2002 Music City Bowl

2003
#11 Georgia
W 34–27
#12 Purdue
Big Ten
2004 Capital One Bowl

2004
#15 Tennessee
W 38–7
#22 Texas A&M
Big 12
2005 Cotton Bowl

2005
#10 LSU
W 40–3
#9 Miami
ACC
2005 Peach Bowl

2006
#12 Arkansas
L 14–17
#6 Wisconsin
Big Ten
2007 Capital One Bowl

2007
#16 Tennessee
W 21–17
#18 Wisconsin
Big Ten
2008 Outback Bowl

2008
#4 Alabama
L 17–31
#6 Utah
Mountain West
2009 Sugar Bowl

2009
#5 Florida
W 51–24
#4 Cincinnati
Big East
2010 Sugar Bowl

2010
#19 South Carolina
L 17–26
#23 Florida State
ACC
2010 Chick-Fil-A Bowl

2011
#18 Georgia
L 30–33 3OT
#12 Michigan State
Big Ten
2012 Outback Bowl

2012
#7 Georgia
W 45–31
#16 Nebraska
Big Ten
2013 Capital One Bowl

2013
#9 Missouri
W 41–31
#13 Oklahoma State
Big 12
2014 Cotton Bowl Classic

2014
#16 Missouri
W 33–17
#25 Minnesota
Big Ten
2015 Citrus Bowl

2015
#19 Florida
L 7–41
#14 Michigan
Big Ten
2016 Citrus Bowl

2016
#20 Florida
W 30–3
#21 Iowa
Big Ten
2017 Outback Bowl

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Staples, Andy (May 16, 2014). "Should NCAA alter title game requirements? Look at the rule's origin". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.secsports.com/index.php?change_well_id=9993&s
Jump up ^ "SEC Championship Game to remain in Atlanta until 2027". ESPN. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b http://secsports.com/index.php?change_well_id=2&url_article_id=54
Jump up ^ http://www.sportsmediawatch.com/2015/12/sec-championship-ratings-cbs-alabama-florida-overnights-highest-season-college-football/
^ Jump up to: a b SEC Divisional Tie-Breaker (SEC website)
Jump up ^ http://www.nokiasugarbowl.com
^ Jump up to: a b c Bowl Coalition (1992-1994) or Bowl Alliance (1995-1997) Championship Game
Jump up ^ Nebraska shared the 1997 NCAA title with Michigan
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j BCS National Championship Game
Jump up ^ Alabama took the spot of ACC champion Florida State in the Orange Bowl, as the Seminoles were selected to play in the BCS national championship game in the Sugar Bowl.
Jump up ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/columns/story?columnist=maisel_ivan&id=1839834
Jump up ^ http://media.www.mtsusidelines.com/media/storage/paper202/news/2004/01/14/Sports/Lsu-Usc.Split.National.Championship-580477.shtml
Jump up ^ Southern California won the BCS Championship but the title was vacated following an investigation into improper payments to various players. USC retained its AP National Championship.


document_title: We Are Marshall

question_text: where was the movie we are marshall filmed

text: We Are Marshall

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the evening of November 14, 1970, Southern Airways Flight 932, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9 chartered by Marshall University to transport the Thundering Herd football team back to Huntington, West Virginia following their 17–14 defeat to the East Carolina University Pirates, clips trees on a ridge just one mile short of the runway at Tri-State Airport in Ceredo, West Virginia, and crashes into a nearby gully, killing all 75 people on board.

text: The deceased include the 37 players; head coach Rick Tolley and five members of his coaching staff; Charles E. Kautz, Marshall's athletics director; team athletic trainer Jim Schroer and his assistant, Donald Tackett; sports information director and radio play-by-play announcer Gene Morehouse; 25 boosters; and five crew members.

text: In the wake of the tragedy, University President Donald Dedmon leans towards indefinitely suspending the football program, but he is ultimately persuaded to reconsider by the pleas of the Marshall students and Huntington residents, and especially the few football players who didn't make the flight, led by Nate Ruffin. Dedmon hires Jack Lengyel as head coach who, with the help of Red Dawson (one of two surviving members of the previous coaching staff) manages to rebuild the team in a relatively short time, despite losing many of their prospects to West Virginia University. Dedmon travels to Kansas City, where he pleads with the NCAA to waive their rule prohibiting freshmen from playing varsity football (a rule which had been abolished in 1968 for all sports except for football and basketball, and would be permanently abolished for those sports in 1972). Dedmon returns victorious.

text: The new team is composed mostly of the 18 returning players (three varsity, 15 sophomores) and walk-on athletes from other Marshall sports programs. Due to their lack of experience, the "Young Thundering Herd" ends up losing its first game, 29–6, to the Morehead State Eagles. The loss weighs heavily on Dawson and Ruffin, who had been hurt in the first play of the game. The Herd's first post-crash victory is a 15–13 win against Xavier University in the first home game of the season.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Matthew McConaughey – Jack Lengyel
Matthew Fox – William "Red" Dawson
Anthony Mackie – Nate Ruffin
Arlen Escarpeta – Reggie Oliver
David Strathairn – Donald Dedmon
Ian McShane – Paul Griffen
Kate Mara – Annie Cantrell
January Jones – Carole Dawson
Kimberly Williams-Paisley – Sandy Lengyel
Brian Geraghty – Tom Bogdan
Tommy Cresswell – Gene Morehouse
Christian Kanupke – Keith Morehouse
Nina Jones – Mrs. Morehouse
Mike Pniewski – Bobby Bowden
Wilbur Fitzgerald – Fireman
Robert Patrick – Coach Rick Tolley (uncredited)

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming of We Are Marshall commenced on April 3, 2006, in Huntington, West Virginia, and was completed in Atlanta, Georgia. The premiere for the film was held at the Keith Albee Theater on December 12, 2006, in Huntington; other special screenings were held at Pullman Square. The movie was released nationwide on December 22, 2006.

text: Home media[edit]

text: We Are Marshall was released on DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray in the United States on September 18, 2007.

text: Lawsuit[edit]

text: Deborah Novak and John Witek, who produced the 2000 documentary Marshall University: Ashes to Glory, filed a $40 million lawsuit in federal court in California accusing Warner Bros. and others associated with the We Are Marshall film of fraud, copyright infringement, and breach of contract.[4] Novak, who directed Marshall University: Ashes to Glory, is a Huntington native and Marshall alumnus. In October 2008, a federal judge dismissed the lawsuit in a summary judgment in favor of Warner Bros.[5]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 49% out of 124 professional critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 5.8/10 and the site consensus stating: "Matthew McConaughey almost runs We Are Marshall to the end zone, but can't stop it from taking the easy, feel-good route in memorializing this historic event in American sports."[6]

text: The film's directing was criticized by many reviewers. Peter Hartlaub, from the San Francisco Chronicle, blamed director McG for "half of the movie problems" and went further on saying that "He has a kinetic and kitschy style that could make next year's "Hot Wheels" movie a surprise hit, but he's completely out of place here."[7] Peter Howell from the Toronto Star said the film lacked genuine drama or conflict.[8]

text: McConaughey's performance was, according to some critics, one of the film's highlights. Roger Moore from the Orlando Sentinel gave it 4 stars out of 5 and said in his review that "We Are Marshall (it's the rally cry of the team) doesn't always have a handle on the grief, but it does keep emotions close to the surface. That allows McConaughey to be the most refreshing, funny and believable he ever has been."[9]


document_title: Spring Baking Championship (season 3)

question_text: who won the spring baking championship season 3

text: Spring Baking Championship (season 3)

text: Contestants[edit]

text: Winner[edit]

text: Jordan Pilarski – Amelia Island, Florida

text: Runners-up[edit]

text:
Adam Young – Westerly, Rhode Island
Daniela Copenhaver – Chula Vista, California

text: Eliminated[edit]

text:
Mark Heyward-Washington – Charleston, South Carolina
Samirah Williams – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Heather Walker – Scottsdale, Arizona
Fausto Barragan – La Puente, California
Courtney Rezendes – Fall River, Massachusetts
John Reed – Shamong Township, New Jersey

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date[4][1]
Production
code[5]

1
"Easter Treats"
March 12, 2017 (2017-03-12)

2
"Sweet Vacations"

3
"Derby Desserts"
March 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)

4
"Springtime Remodeling"
March 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)

5
"Momcentric"
April 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)

6
"Rainy Day Sweets"
April 9, 2017 (2017-04-09)

7
"Memorial Day Delights"

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Contestant
Episode

1
21
3
4
5
6
7

Jordan
HIGH
IN
WIN
LOW
WIN
IN
WINNER‡

Adam
IN
IN‡
IN
HIGH‡
IN‡
IN
RUNNER-UP

Daniela
IN
LOW‡
IN
WIN
HIGH
WIN‡
RUNNER-UP

John
LOW
IN
HIGH
IN
LOW
OUT

Courtney
IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

Fausto
WIN
IN
LOW‡
OUT

Heather
IN‡
HIGH
OUT

Samirah
IN
OUT

Mark
OUT

text: ^Note 1 : The Preheat challenge in the second episode was a team challenge; Adam and Daniela thus won as a team.


document_title: Return to Peyton Place (film)

question_text: where was the movie return to peyton place filmed

text: Return to Peyton Place (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film takes place some eight to ten years after the events of the original 1957 movie.

text: Allison MacKenzie receives a phone call from Lewis, who shows interest in publishing her book and promises to turn her into a household name whose books are exclusively bestsellers. Allison is ecstatic after hearing the news, unlike her best friend Selena Cross, who is still receiving a lot of criticism from the townspeople for her shameful past. Among these people are Mrs. Roberta Carter, an old-fashioned, domineering woman who is unamused her son Ted has had a close bond with Selena. Later that day, Mrs. Carter is visited by her son, who currently lives in Boston. Ted shocks her with the information of having married an Italian fashion model, Raffaella. Mrs. Carter looks down on Raffaella and contacts Selena to drive them apart, but Selena looks through the scheme and refuses to cooperate. She angrily leaves and is involved in a car accident. Young ski instructor Nils Larsen helps her out, and although she treats him coldly, she feels attracted to him.

text: Meanwhile, Constance reluctantly allows her daughter to visit New York for a meeting with Lewis. Allison is unamused to find out Lewis wants to make several changes in the book, but agrees on cooperating. Constance calls her the next morning and is worried to find out Allison and Lewis have been working all night long, expecting the worst. Back in Peyton Place, Raffaella threatens to ban Mrs. Carter from Ted's life if she continues to treat her horribly. Raffaella and Ted go skiing later that day and Ted is surprised to see Selena with Nils, who Selena finally agreed on dating after bumping into him several times.

text: The following weeks, Allison spends her time promoting her book, doing interviews for talk shows and radio programs. She is slowly turned into a celebrity, and flirts with Lewis along the way. She is angry to find out Lewis is married, but after she is awarded the first copy of her book, she nevertheless kisses him. The book soon becomes a commercial success due to its meaty contents, but it is heavily criticized by the townspeople of Peyton Place. Constance is disappointed in Allison for allowing the many changes that have been made in the editing room. Selena is disgusted by the way she is portrayed and loses her mind, knocking Nils down with a poker, mistaking him for her abuser Lucas.

text: Meanwhile, Mike Rossi, principal of the local high school, husband of Constance and only defender of Allison's book, risks being discharged by the school board, of which Mrs. Carter is the head, for refusing to remove Allison's book from the school library. At the Carter home, Ted confronts Raffaella with her quarrel with his mother. Raffaella, realizing Ted will never stand up against his mother, reveals she is pregnant, before angrily leaving her husband. She decides to force her husband to choose her and their unborn child over his mother by deliberating injuring herself while skiing, knowing she is risking the life of her child. She suffers a broken leg but does not lose the baby. The accident otherwise has the desired effect that Ted agrees to take her away as soon as she is well again.

text: When Allison finds out Mike has been fired, she finally decides to face the wrath of its residents, who are still incensed by their barely disguised counterparts and the revelation of town secrets in the book. She is immediately confronted by her mother for having sold her decency and self-respect for success and money. Despite the quarrel with her mother, Allison decides to support Mike, who has taken his case over being discharged to the town hall. Among the people defending Mike are Lewis, Nils and Ted. Nils points out that the bigoted townspeople have driven away Selena, who is nowhere to be found, and reveals his plans to marry Selena. Selena shows up not much later and blames the townspeople for making her feel ashamed, before thanking Allison for having written the truth. In the end, Roberta is denounced and Mike is given his job back when Constance publicly says that the older townspeople have been leading the lives of their children too long. Afterwards, Allison has finally become an adult and breaks her affair with Lewis, explaining she does not want to ruin his marriage. She also decides to leave town and start a brand new life.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Carol Lynley as Allison MacKenzie, a stubborn young writer who agrees to turn her book into a controversial novel in order to become successful.
Jeff Chandler as Lewis Jackman, a married editor and publisher who helps Allison become a celebrity, while a romantic affair ensues.
Eleanor Parker as Constance Rossi, Allison's overprotective mother and wife of Mike, who is upset with her daughter's novel. However, she changes her mind, and defends her daughter at the end.
Mary Astor as Mrs. Roberta Carter, a snobbish, domineering woman who is reluctant to allow her son to lead his own life, and is among the people boycotting Allison's novel.
Robert Sterling as Mike Rossi, the high school principal and husband of Constance, and one of the few supporting Allison's novel.
Luciana Paluzzi as Raffaella Carter, a former Italian fashion model and the current pregnant wife of Ted, who deals with the judgment of her mother-in-law.
Brett Halsey as Theodore 'Ted' Carter, the son of Roberta, who is afraid to stand up to his mother's dominant behavior.
Gunnar Hellström as Nils Larsen, a ski instructor who constantly bumps into Selena, resulting in a relationship.
Tuesday Weld as Selena Cross, Allison's best friend a former victim of rape who is still looked down upon because of her past.

text: Production[edit]

text: The 1957 screen adaptation of Metalious' first novel had been a critical and commercial success, ranking second at the box office and garnering nine Academy Award nominations. Film rights to the sequel were sold to Fox for $500,000.[2]

text: But production costs for Cleopatra were affecting the studio's solvency,[3] so 20th Century Fox executives were unwilling to meet the salary demands of the original's A listers and opted to cast the sequel with lesser names.

text: In June 1959, producer Jerry Wald announced Diane Varsi, who originated the role of Allison MacKenzie, was the first choice of the role, with Diane Baker as a substitute in case Varsi declined.[4] Lana Turner had already passed the role of Constance MacKenzie, which was then offered to Joan Crawford.[4] In the same month, it was also revealed that none of the original cast of Peyton Place signed on for the sequel.[4] In August 1959, Wald announced Varsi was not reprising her role, and that he was planning on replacing her with Anna Maria Alberghetti, with production slated to begin in November 1959.[5] By the time, producer Buddy Adler had already cast Robert Evans as Nils Larsen.[5] Both Alberghetti and Evans were eventually replaced.

text: While shooting Hound-Dog Man in the fall of 1959, Wald met Carol Lynley. With no announcement of Baker's withdrawal, Wald announced in September 1959 Lynley was set to star as Allison MacKenzie.[6] Despite rumours that Varsi changed her mind and was signed on after all, Lynley eventually was cast. When Wald was later asked be a possible return of Varsi, he responded: "Ridiculous. She hasn't been back to Hollywood since she left here, and I doubt that she'll ever make another movie again."[7] The same month, it was revealed Brett Halsey was among the co-stars of the film.[8] It is doubted if he was cast as Ted, the role he eventually played, because a February 1960 news article reported Dean Stockwell was cast in that role.[9] Later that month, it was reported he was in talks for playing the ski instructor.

text: In early 1960, it was revealed Crawford would not replace Turner, but the psychotic Roberta Carter, with Norma Shearer in talks to play Constance.[10] Two days later, it was reported Suzy Parker was in talks to appear in the movie in the eventually scrapped role of 'Stephanie'.[11] Parker's character was not dropped until months later. The production was stalled in early 1960 and the following summer because of a writer's strike.[12] It allowed Wald in June 1960 to travel to the East to offer a role in the film to Mary Ure, a stage actress.[12] He announced he was planning to delay production until September 1960 "to avoid the influx of tourists".[13]

text: When Norma Shearer declined the role of Constance, Bette Davis was offered the part in October 1960, but she had to turn it down due to commitments to Broadway.[14] At one point in late 1960, Gene Tierney and Lee Remick were cast in the starring roles, but it was reported in November 1960 that both withdrew due to pregnancy.[15]

text: The film was shot in CinemaScope on location in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. Shooting began in the Winter of 1960. Tuesday Weld replaced Lois Smith as Selena Cross at the last minute in December 1960, while Luciana Paluzzi took over Barbara Steele's role as Ted's wife.[16] By this time, Crawford also pulled out as Mrs. Roberta Carter, and Davis was unsuccessfully searched as her replacement.[16] Mary Astor was eventually cast in the role. However some of her scenes were cut before the final release. After failing to have Michael Rossi discharged, she goes home and burns her house down in order to kill Ted and his wife. In the trailer for the film we see the fire but not in the movie itself. There is even reference to a fire as one of the characters refers to it.

text: The film grossed $9,996,178 in the US, far less than the $25,600,000 earned by its predecessor.[17]

text: The film's theme, "The Wonderful Season of Love," was written by Paul Francis Webster and Franz Waxman and performed by Ferrer's then-wife Rosemary Clooney. The soundtrack has been released on CD by Varèse Sarabande,[18] and the film is available on DVD.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Variety described the film as "a high-class soap opera" and added, "José Ferrer's direction of this material is deliberate, but restrained and perceptive...The lovely Lynley does a thoroughly capable job, although a shade more animation would have been desirable. But it is the veteran Astor who walks off with the picture."[19] The New York Times praised Mary Astor, but wrote, "... the script of Ronald Alexander is simply shallow and diffuse, and the direction of José Ferrer does very little to improve on those qualities."[20]

text: TV Guide says, "the story and its themes tend to evolve to a predictable ending. Astor is marvelous in her role as the overbearing mother...and Weld, virtually unknown at the time, starred in a role that displayed her natural sex appeal."[21]

text: The UK website DVD Times opines the film "doesn't have the art or passion to make itself compelling, instead relying on a series of base, poorly constructed scenarios which drown quickly in melodramatic sap...The screenplay adopts the format of a daily soap opera...full of hysterical melodrama and inane meanderings...Astor, to her credit, is marvellous...Jeff Chandler...destroys every scene he's in while Carol Lynley makes a cold and unsympathetic lead, with a brittle voice and an oddly immovable face...Tuesday Weld...is spirited and would have made a better Allison."[22]

text: Robert Firsching of Allmovie said the film was "sillier than the original, adding to its problems by completely recasting all the roles, combining several of them into existing characters." Calling it "overwrought and overblown," he said "the film is still a treat for fans of campy 'suburban sin' melodramas."[23]


document_title: List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders

question_text: who has the most blocks in nba history

question_tokens: who has the most blocks in nba history

text: Career Blocked Leaders[edit]

text: This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season leaders in blocking shots.[2]

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration [3]

text:
Rank
Player
Position(s)
Team(s) played for (years)[4]
Total blocks
Games played[5]
Blocks per game
average[6]

1
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*[7]
C
Houston Rockets (1984–2001)
Toronto Raptors (2001–2002)
3,830
1,238
3.09

2
Mutombo, DikembeDikembe Mutombo*
C
Denver Nuggets (1991–1996)
Atlanta Hawks (1996–2001)
Philadelphia 76ers (2001–2002)
New Jersey Nets (2002–2003)
New York Knicks (2003–2004)
Houston Rockets (2004–2009)
3,289
1,196
2.75

3
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[8]
C
Milwaukee Bucks (1969–1973)[9]
Milwaukee Bucks (1973–1975)
Los Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)
3,189
1,239
2.57

4
Eaton, MarkMark Eaton
C
Utah Jazz (1982–1993)
3,064
875
3.50

5
Duncan, TimTim Duncan†
PF/C
San Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)
3,020
1,392
2.17

6
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
C
San Antonio Spurs (1989–2003)
2,954
987
2.99

7
Ewing, PatrickPatrick Ewing*
C
New York Knicks (1985–2000)
Seattle SuperSonics (2000–2001)
Orlando Magic (2001–2002)
2,894
1,183
2.45

8
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
C
Orlando Magic (1992–1996)
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)
Miami Heat (2004–2008)
Phoenix Suns (2008–2009)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)
Boston Celtics (2010–2011)
2,732
1,207
2.26

9
Rollins, TreeTree Rollins
C
Atlanta Hawks (1977–1988)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1988–1990)
Detroit Pistons (1990–1991)
Houston Rockets (1991–1993)
Orlando Magic (1993–1995)
2,542
1,156
2.20

10
Parish, RobertRobert Parish*
C
Golden State Warriors (1976–1980)
Boston Celtics (1980–1994)
Charlotte Hornets (1994–1996)
Chicago Bulls (1996–1997)
2,361
1,611
1.47

11
Mourning, AlonzoAlonzo Mourning*
C
Charlotte Hornets (1992–1995)
Miami Heat (1995–2002, 2004–2007)
New Jersey Nets (2003–2004)
2,356
838
2.81

12
Camby, MarcusMarcus Camby
C
Toronto Raptors (1996–1998)
New York Knicks (1999–2002, 2012–2013)
Denver Nuggets (2003–2008)
Los Angeles Clippers (2008–2010)
Portland Trail Blazers (2010–2012)
Houston Rockets (2012)
2,331
973
2.40

13
Wallace, BenBen Wallace
C/PF
Washington Bullets/Wizards (1996–1999)
Orlando Magic (1999–2000)
Detroit Pistons (2000–2006, 2009–2012)
Chicago Bulls (2006–2008)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2008–2009)
2,137
1,088
1.96

14
Bradley, ShawnShawn Bradley
C
Philadelphia 76ers (1993–1995)
New Jersey Nets (1995–1997)
Dallas Mavericks (1997–2005)
2,119
832
2.55

15
Bol, ManuteManute Bol
C
Washington Bullets (1985–1988, 1994)
Golden State Warriors (1988–1990, 1994)
Philadelphia 76ers (1990–1993, 1994)
Miami Heat (1993–1994)
2,086
624
3.34

16
Johnson, George T.George T. Johnson
C
Golden State Warriors (1972–1973)[9]
Golden State Warriors (1973–1977)
Buffalo Braves (1977)
New Jersey Nets (1977–1980, 1984–1985)
San Antonio Spurs (1980–1982)
Atlanta Hawks (1982–1983)
Seattle SuperSonics (1985–1986)
2,082
848
2.46

17
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett†
PF/C
Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)
Boston Celtics (2007–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2015)
2,037
1,462
1.39

18
Nance, LarryLarry Nance
PF
Phoenix Suns (1981–1988)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1988–1994)
2,027
920
2.20

19
Ratliff, TheoTheo Ratliff
C
Detroit Pistons (1995–1997, 2008)
Philadelphia 76ers (1997–2001, 2008–2009)
Atlanta Hawks (2001–2004)
Portland Trail Blazers (2004–2006)
Boston Celtics (2006–2007)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2007–2008)
San Antonio Spurs (2009–2010)
Charlotte Bobcats (2010)
Los Angeles Lakers (2010–2011)
1,968
810
2.43

20
Howard, DwightDwight Howard^
C
Orlando Magic (2004–2012)
Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2013)
Houston Rockets (2013–2016)
Atlanta Hawks (2016–2017)
Charlotte Hornets (2017–present)
1,963
992
1.98

21
Gasol, PauPau Gasol^
C/PF
Memphis Grizzlies (2001–2008)
Los Angeles Lakers (2008–2014)
Chicago Bulls (2014–2016)
San Antonio Spurs (2016–present)
1,888
1,159
1.63

22
Brand, EltonElton Brand†
PF/C
Chicago Bulls (1999–2001)
Los Angeles Clippers (2001–2008)
Philadelphia 76ers (2008–2012, 2016)
Dallas Mavericks (2012–2013)
Atlanta Hawks (2013–2015)
1,828
1,058
1.73

23
O'Neal, JermaineJermaine O'Neal
C/PF
Portland Trail Blazers (1996–2000)
Indiana Pacers (2000–2008)
Toronto Raptors (2008–2009)
Miami Heat (2009–2010)
Boston Celtics (2010–2012)
Phoenix Suns (2012–2013)
Golden State Warriors (2013–2014)
1,820
1,011
1.80

24
Hayes, ElvinElvin Hayes*
PF/C
San Diego/Houston Rockets (1968 –1972)[9]
Baltimore Bullets (1972–1973)[9]
Capital/Washington Bullets (1973–1981)
Houston Rockets (1981–1984)
1,771
894
1.98

25
Gilmore, ArtisArtis Gilmore*
C
Chicago Bulls (1976–1982)
San Antonio Spurs (1982–1987)
Chicago Bulls (1987)
Boston Celtics (1988)
1,747
909
1.92

26
Malone, MosesMoses Malone*
C
Buffalo Braves (1976)
Houston Rockets (1976–1982)
Philadelphia 76ers (1982–1986, 1993–1994)
Washington Bullets (1986–1988)
Atlanta Hawks (1988–1991)
Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)
San Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)
1,733
1,329
1.30

27
Smith, JoshJosh Smith^
PF/SF
Atlanta Hawks (2004–2013)
Detroit Pistons (2013–2014)
Houston Rockets (2014–2015, 2016)
Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2016)
New Orleans Pelicans (2017)
1,713
894
1.92

28
McHale, KevinKevin McHale*
PF
Boston Celtics (1980–1993)
1,690
972
1.74

29
Divac, VladeVlade Divac
C
Los Angeles Lakers (1989–1996, 2004–2005)
Charlotte Hornets (1996–1998)
Sacramento Kings (1998–2004)
1,631
1,134
1.44

30
Williams, HerbHerb Williams
C/PF
Indiana Pacers (1981–1989)
Dallas Mavericks (1989–1992)
New York Knicks (1992–1996, 1996–1999)
Toronto Raptors (1996)
1,605
1,102
1.46

31
Campbell, EldenElden Campbell
PF/C
Los Angeles Lakers (1990–1999)
Charlotte Hornets / New Orleans Hornets (1999–2003)
Seattle SuperSonics (2003)
Detroit Pistons (2003–2004, 2005)
New Jersey Nets (2005)
1,602
1,044
1.53

32
Benjamin, BenoitBenoit Benjamin
C
Los Angeles Clippers (1985–1991)
Seattle SuperSonics (1991–1993)
Los Angeles Lakers (1993)
New Jersey Nets (1993–1995)
Vancouver Grizzlies (1995)
Milwaukee Bucks (1995–1996)
Toronto Raptors (1996)
Philadelphia 76ers (1998–1999)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1999)
1,581
807
1.96

33
Dalembert, SamuelSamuel Dalembert†
C
Philadelphia 76ers (2001–2002, 2003–2010)
Sacramento Kings (2010–2011)
Houston Rockets (2011–2012)
Milwaukee Bucks (2012–2013)
Dallas Mavericks (2013–2014)
New York Knicks (2014–2015)
1,546
886
1.74

34
Cooper, WayneWayne Cooper
C
Golden State Warriors (1978–1980)
Utah Jazz (1980–1981)
Dallas Mavericks (1981–1982)
Portland Trail Blazers (1982–1984, 1989–1992)
Denver Nuggets (1984–1989)
1,535
984
1.56

35
Jones, CaldwellCaldwell Jones
C/PF
Philadelphia 76ers (1976–1982)
Houston Rockets (1982–1984)
Chicago Bulls (1984–1985)
Portland Trail Blazers (1985–1989)
San Antonio Spurs (1989–1990)
1,517
1,068
1.42

36
Ibaka, SergeSerge Ibaka^
PF
Oklahoma City Thunder (2009–2016)
Orlando Magic (2016–2017)
Toronto Raptors (2017–present)
1,479
637
2.32

37
Lister, AltonAlton Lister
C
Milwaukee Bucks (1981–1986, 1994–1995)
Seattle SuperSonics (1986–1989)
Golden State Warriors (1989–1993)
Boston Celtics (1995–1997)
Portland Trail Blazers (1997–1998)
1,473
953
1.55

38
Kirilenko, AndreiAndrei Kirilenko
SF/PF
Utah Jazz (2001–2011)
Minnesota Timberwolves (2012–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
1,461
797
1.83

39
Wallace, RasheedRasheed Wallace
PF/C
Washington Bullets (1995–1996)
Portland Trail Blazers (1996–2004)
Atlanta Hawks (2004)
Detroit Pistons (2004–2009)
Boston Celtics (2009–2010)
New York Knicks (2012–2013)
1,460
1,109
1.32

40
Williams, Hot RodHot Rod Williams
C/PF
Cleveland Cavaliers (1986–1995)
Phoenix Suns (1995–1998)
Dallas Mavericks (1999)
1,456
887
1.64

41
West, MarkMark West
C
Dallas Mavericks (1983–1984)
Milwaukee Bucks (1984)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1984–1988, 1996–1997)
Phoenix Suns (1988–1994, 1999–2000)
Detroit Pistons (1994–1996)
Indiana Pacers (1997–1998)
Atlanta Hawks (1999)
1,403
1,090
1.29

42
Dampier, ErickErick Dampier
C
Indiana Pacers (1996–1997)
Golden State Warriors (1997–2004)
Dallas Mavericks (2004–2010)
Miami Heat (2010–2011)
Atlanta Hawks (2012)
1,398
987
1.42

43
Robinson, CliffordClifford Robinson
PF/SF
Portland Trail Blazers (1989–1997)
Phoenix Suns (1997–2001)
Detroit Pistons (2001–2003)
Golden State Warriors (2003–2005)
New Jersey Nets (2005–2007)
1,390
1,380
1.01

44
Tyler, TerryTerry Tyler
SF
Detroit Pistons (1978–1985)
Sacramento Kings (1985–1988)
Dallas Mavericks (1988–1989)
1,342
871
1.54

45
Ilgauskas, ZydrunasZydrunas Ilgauskas
C
Cleveland Cavaliers (1997–2010)
Miami Heat (2010–2011)
1,327
843
1.57

46
Chandler, TysonTyson Chandler^
C
Chicago Bulls (2001–2006)
New Orleans(/Oklahoma City) Hornets (2006–2009)
Charlotte Bobcats (2009–2010)
Dallas Mavericks (2010–2011, 2014–2015)
New York Knicks (2011–2014)
Phoenix Suns (2015–present)
1,297
1,064
1.22

47
Erving, JuliusJulius Erving*
SF
Philadelphia 76ers (1976–1987)
1,293
836
1.55

Ostertag, GregGreg Ostertag
C
Utah Jazz (1995–2004, 2005–2006)
Sacramento Kings (2004–2005)
756
1.71

49
Kemp, ShawnShawn Kemp
PF
Seattle SuperSonics (1989–1997)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1997–2000)
Portland Trail Blazers (2000–2002)
Orlando Magic (2002–2003)
1,279
1,051
1.22

50
Davis, DaleDale Davis
C/PF
Indiana Pacers (1991–2000, 2005)
Portland Trail Blazers (2000–2004)
Golden State Warriors (2004–2005)
Detroit Pistons (2005–2007)
1,270
1,094
1.16

text: Progressive List for Blocks[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of blocked shot leaders showing how the record has increased through the years.

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[3]

text:
Team Abbreviations
Team listed is the one player was on when he established the record.

ATL
Atlanta Hawks
DEN
Denver Nuggets
LAL
Los Angeles Lakers
OKC
Oklahoma City Thunder

BOS
Boston Celtics
DET
Detroit Pistons
MIA
Miami Heat
ORL
Orlando Magic

CHI
Chicago Bulls
GSW
Golden State Warriors
NJN
New Jersey Nets
SAS
San Antonio Spurs

CHO
Charlotte Hornets
HOU
Houston Rockets
NOP
New Orleans Pelicans
UTA
Utah Jazz

CLE
Cleveland Cavaliers
IND
Indiana Pacers
NYK
New York Knicks
WSB
Washington Bullets

DAL
Dallas Mavericks
LAC
Los Angeles Clippers
POR
Portland Trail Blazers

text:
Career Block Leaders at the end of every season

Season
Year-by-Year Leader
Blk
Active Leader
Blk
Career Record
Blk
Single Season Record
Blk
Season

1973–74
Elmore Smith000LAL
393
Elmore Smith000LAL
393
Elmore Smith000LAL
393
Elmore Smith000LAL
393
1973–74

1974–75
216
609
609
1974–75

1975–76
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*
000LAL
338
847
847
1975–76

1976–77
261
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*
000LAL
1,094
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*
000LAL
1,094
1976–77

1977–78
George Johnson000NJN
274
1,279
1,279
1977–78

1978–79
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*
000LAL
316
1,595
1,595
1978–79

1979–80
280
1,875
1,875
1979–80

1980–81
George Johnson000SAS
278
2,103
2,103
1980–81

1981–82
234
2,310
2,310
1981–82

1982–83
Tree Rollins000ATL
343
2,480
2,480
1982–83

1983–84
Mark Eaton000UTA
351
2,623
2,623
1983–84

1984–85
456
2,785
2,785
Mark Eaton000UTA
456
1984–85

1985–86
Manute Bol000WSB
397
2,915
2,915
1985–86

1986–87
Mark Eaton000UTA
321
3,012
3,012
1986–87

1987–88
304
3,104
3,104
1987–88

1988–89
Manute Bol000GSW
345
3,189
3,189
1988–89

1989–90
Hakeem Olajuwon* HOU
376
Mark Eaton000UTA
2,592
1989–90

1990–91
David Robinson*000SAS
320
2,780
1990–91

1991–92
305
2,985
1991–92

1992–93
Hakeem Olajuwon* 0HOU
342
3,064
1992–93

1993–94
Dikembe Mutombo*
000DEN 1993–96
000ATL 1996–98
336
Hakeem Olajuwon*
000HOU
2,741
1993–94

1994–95
321
2,983
1994–95

1995–96
332
3,190
Hakeem Olajuwon*
000HOU
3,190
1995–96

1996–97
264
3,363
3,363
1996–97

1997–98
277
3,459
3,459
1997–98

1998–99
Alonzo Mourning*000MIA
180
3,582
3,582
1998–99

1999–00
294
3,652
3,652
1999–00

2000–01

Jermaine O'Neal000IND
Shawn Bradley000DAL
228
3,740
3,740
2000–01

2001–02
Ben Wallace000DET
278
3,830
3,830
2001–02

2002–03
Theo Ratliff
000ATL 2002–04
000POR 2004
262
David Robinson*000SAS
2,954
2002–03

2003–04
307
Dikembe Mutombo*
000NYK 2003–04
000HOU 2004–09
2,996
2003–04

2004–05
Marcus Camby000DEN
199
3,097
2004–05

2005–06
Andrei Kirilenko000UTA
220
3,154
2005–06

2006–07
Marcus Camby000DEN
231
3,230
2006–07

2007–08
285
3,278
2007–08

2008–09
Dwight Howard^000ORL
231
3,289
2008–09

2009–10
228
Shaquille O'Neal*
000CLE 2009–10
000BOS 2010–11
2,690
2009–10

2010–11
Serge Ibaka^000OKC
198
2,732
2010–11

2011–12
241
Tim Duncan†000SAS
2,469
2011–12

2012–13
242
2,652
2012–13

2013–14
219
2,791
2013–14

2014–15
Anthony Davis^000NOP
200
2,941
2014–15

2015–16
Hassan Whiteside^000MIA
269
3,020
2015–16

2016–17
Rudy Gobert^000UTA
214
Dwight Howard^
000ATL 2016–17
000CHO 2017-18
1,916
2016–17

2017–18
Kevin Durant^000GSW
49
1,951
Mark Eaton00 34 yrs
456
2017–18

Season
Year-by-Year Leader
Blk
Active Leader
Blk
Career Record
Blk
Single Season Record
Blk
Season


document_title: Bone marrow

question_text: where is yellow bone marrow located in adults

text: Bone marrow

text: Structure[edit]

text: The composition of marrow is dynamic, as the mixture of cellular and non-cellular components (connective tissue) shifts with age and in response to systemic factors. In humans, marrow is colloquially characterized as "red" or "yellow" marrow (Latin: medulla ossium rubra, Latin: medulla ossium flava, respectively) depending on the prevalence of hematopoetic cells vs fat cells.  While the precise mechanisms underlying marrow regulation are not understood,[6] compositional changes occur according to stereotypical patterns.[9] For example, a newborn baby's bones exclusively contain hematopoietically active "red" marrow, and there is a progressive conversion towards "yellow" marrow with age. In adults, red marrow is found mainly in the central skeleton, such as the pelvis, sternum, cranium, ribs, vertebrae and scapulae, and variably found in the proximal epiphyseal ends of long bones such as the femur and humerus. In circumstances of chronic hypoxia, the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow to increase blood cell production.[10]

text: Hematopoietic components[edit]

text: At the cellular level, the main functional component of bone marrow includes the progenitor cells which are destined to mature into blood and lymphoid cells. Marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells which give rise to the three classes of blood cells that are found in circulation: white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).[11]

text:
Cellular constitution of the red bone marrow parenchyma[12]

Group
Cell type
Average fraction
Reference range

Myelopoietic cells
Myeloblasts
0.9%
0.2–1.5

Promyelocytes
3.3%
2.1–4.1

Neutrophilic myelocytes
12.7%
8.2–15.7

Eosinophilic myelocytes
0.8%
0.2–1.3

Neutrophilic metamyelocytes
15.9%
9.6–24.6

Eosinophilic metamyelocytes
1.2%
0.4–2.2

Neutrophilic band cells
12.4%
9.5–15.3

Eosinophilic band cells
0.9%
0.2–2.4

Segmented neutrophils
7.4%
6.0–12.0

Segmented eosinophils
0.5%
0.0–1.3

Segmented basophils and mast cells
0.1%
0.0–0.2

Erythropoietic cells
Pronormoblasts
0.6%
0.2–1.3

Basophilic normoblasts
1.4%
0.5–2.4

Polychromatic normoblasts
21.6%
17.9–29.2

Orthochromatic normoblast
2.0%
0.4–4.6

Other cell types
Megakaryocytes
< 0.1%
0.0-0.4

Plasma cells
1.3%
0.4-3.9

Reticular cells
0.3%
0.0-0.9

Lymphocytes
16.2%
11.1-23.2

Monocytes
0.3%
0.0-0.8

text: Stroma[edit]

text: The stroma of the bone marrow includes all tissue not directly involved in the marrow's primary function of hematopoiesis.[6] Stromal cells may be indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, providing a microenvironment that influences the function and differentiation of hematopoeietic cells. For instance, they generate colony stimulating factors, which have a significant effect on hematopoiesis. Cell types that constitute the bone marrow stroma include:

text:
fibroblasts (reticular connective tissue)
macrophages, which contribute especially to red blood cell production, as they deliver iron for hemoglobin production.
adipocytes (fat cells)
osteoblasts (synthesize bone)
osteoclasts (resorb bone)
endothelial cells, which form the sinusoids. These derive from endothelial stem cells, which are also present in the bone marrow.[11]

text: Function[edit]

text: Mesenchymal stem cells[edit]

text: The bone marrow stroma contains mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs),[11] also known as marrow stromal cells. These are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types. MSCs have been shown to differentiate, in vitro or in vivo, into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, marrow adipocytes and beta-pancreatic islets cells.

text: Bone marrow barrier[edit]

text: The blood vessels of the bone marrow constitute a barrier, inhibiting immature blood cells from leaving the marrow. Only mature blood cells contain the membrane proteins, such as aquaporin and glycophorin, that are required to attach to and pass the blood vessel endothelium.[13] Hematopoietic stem cells may also cross the bone marrow barrier, and may thus be harvested from blood.

text: Lymphatic role[edit]

text: The red bone marrow is a key element of the lymphatic system, being one of the primary lymphoid organs that generate lymphocytes from immature hematopoietic progenitor cells.[14] The bone marrow and thymus constitute the primary lymphoid tissues involved in the production and early selection of lymphocytes. Furthermore, bone marrow performs a valve-like function to prevent the backflow of lymphatic fluid in the lymphatic system.

text: Compartmentalization[edit]

text: Biological compartmentalization is evident within the bone marrow, in that certain cell types tend to aggregate in specific areas. For instance, erythrocytes, macrophages, and their precursors tend to gather around blood vessels, while granulocytes gather at the borders of the bone marrow.[11]

text: As food[edit]

text: Animal bone marrow has been used in cuisine worldwide for millennia, such as the famed  Milanese Ossobuco.[citation needed]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Disease[edit]

text: The normal bone marrow architecture can be damaged or displaced by aplastic anemia, malignancies such as multiple myeloma, or infections such as tuberculosis, leading to a decrease in the production of blood cells and blood platelets. The bone marrow can also be affected by various forms of leukemia, which attacks its hematologic progenitor cells.[15] Furthermore, exposure to radiation or chemotherapy will kill many of the rapidly dividing cells of the bone marrow, and will therefore result in a depressed immune system. Many of the symptoms of radiation poisoning are due to damage sustained by the bone marrow cells.

text: To diagnose diseases involving the bone marrow, a bone marrow aspiration is sometimes performed. This typically involves using a hollow needle to acquire a sample of red bone marrow from the crest of the ilium under general or local anesthesia.[16]

text: Application of stem cells in therapeutics[edit]

text: Bone marrow derived stem cells have a wide array of application in regenerative medicine.[17]

text: Imaging[edit]

text: Medical imaging may provide a limited amount of information regarding bone marrow. Plain film x-rays pass through soft tissues such as marrow and do not provide visualization, although any changes in the structure of the associated bone may be detected.[18] CT imaging has somewhat better capacity for assessing the marrow cavity of bones, although with low sensitivity and specificity. For example, normal fatty "yellow" marrow in adult long bones is of low density (-30 to -100 Hounsfield units), between subcutaneous fat and soft tissue. Tissue with increased cellular composition, such as normal "red" marrow or cancer cells within the medullary cavity will measure variably higher in density.[19]

text: MRI is more sensitive and specific for assessing bone bone composition. MRI enables assessment of the average molecular composition of soft tissues, and thus provides information regarding the relative fat content of marrow. In adult humans, "yellow" fatty marrow is the dominant tissue in bones, particularly in the (peripheral) appendicular skeleton. Because fat molecules have a high T1-relaxivity, T1-weighted imaging sequences show "yellow" fatty marrow as bright (hyperintense). Furthermore, normal fatty marrow loses signal on fat-saturation sequences, in a similar pattern to subcutaneous fat.

text: When "yellow" fatty marrow becomes replaced by tissue with more cellular composition, this change is apparent as decreased brightness on T1-weighted sequences. Both normal "red" marrow and pathologic marrow lesions (such as cancer) are darker than "yellow" marrow on T1-weight sequences, although can often be distinguished by comparison with the MR signal intensity of adjacent soft tissues. Normal "red" marrow is typically equivalent or brighter than skeletal muscle or intervertebral disc on T1-weighted sequences.[20][9]

text: Fatty marrow change, the inverse of red marrow hyperplasia, can occur with normal aging,[21] though it can also be seen with certain treatments such as radiation therapy. Diffuse marrow T1 hypointensity without contrast enhancement or cortical discontinuity suggests red marrow conversion or myelofibrosis. Falsely normal marrow on T1 can be seen with diffuse multiple myeloma or leukemic infiltration when the water to fat ratio is not sufficiently altered, as may be seen with lower grade tumors or earlier in the disease process.[22]

text: Histology[edit]

text: Bone marrow examination is the pathologic analysis of samples of bone marrow obtained via biopsy and bone marrow aspiration. Bone marrow examination is used in the diagnosis of a number of conditions, including leukemia, multiple myeloma, anemia, and pancytopenia. The bone marrow produces the cellular elements of the blood, including platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells. While much information can be gleaned by testing the blood itself (drawn from a vein by phlebotomy), it is sometimes necessary to examine the source of the blood cells in the bone marrow to obtain more information on hematopoiesis; this is the role of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy.

text: The ratio between myeloid series and erythroid cells is relevant to bone marrow function, and also to diseases of the bone marrow and peripheral blood, such as leukemia and anemia. The normal myeloid-to-erythroid ratio is around 3:1; this ratio may increase in myelogenous leukemias, decrease in polycythemias, and reverse in cases of thalassemia.[23]

text: Donation and transplantation[edit]

text: In a bone marrow transplant, hematopoietic stem cells are removed from a person and infused into another person (allogenic) or into the same person at a later time (autologous). If the donor and recipient are compatible, these infused cells will then travel to the bone marrow and initiate blood cell production. Transplantation from one person to another is conducted for the treatment of severe bone marrow diseases, such as congenital defects, autoimmune diseases or malignancies. The patient's own marrow is first killed off with drugs or radiation, and then the new stem cells are introduced. Before radiation therapy or chemotherapy in cases of cancer, some of the patient's hematopoietic stem cells are sometimes harvested and later infused back when the therapy is finished to restore the immune system.[24]

text: Bone marrow stem cells can be induced to become neural cells to treat neurological illnesses,[7] and can also potentially be used for the treatment of other illnesses, such as inflammatory bowel disease.[8] In 2013, following a clinical trial, scientists proposed that bone marrow transplantation could be used to treat HIV in conjunction with antiretroviral drugs;[25][26] however, it was later found that HIV remained in the bodies of the test subjects.[27]

text: Harvesting[edit]

text: The stem cells are typically harvested directly from the red marrow in the iliac crest, often under general anesthesia. The procedure is minimally invasive and does not require stitches afterwards. Depending on the donor's health and reaction to the procedure, the actual harvesting can be an outpatient procedure, or can require 1–2 days of recovery in the hospital.[28]

text: Another option is to administer certain drugs that stimulate the release of stem cells from the bone marrow into circulating blood.[29] An intravenous catheter is inserted into the donor's arm, and the stem cells are then filtered out of the blood. This procedure is similar to that used in blood or platelet donation. In adults, bone marrow may also be taken from the sternum, while the tibia is often used when taking samples from infants.[16] In newborns, stem cells may be retrieved from the umbilical cord.[30]

text: Fossil record[edit]

text: The earliest fossilised evidence of bone marrow was discovered in 2014 in Eusthenopteron, a lobe-finned fish which lived during the Devonian period approximately 370 million years ago.[31] Scientists from Uppsala University and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility used X-ray synchrotron microtomography to study the fossilised interior of the skeleton's humerus, finding organised tubular structures akin to modern vertebrate bone marrow.[31] Eusthenopteron is closely related to the early tetrapods, which ultimately evolved into the land-dwelling mammals and lizards of the present day.[31]