document_title: Twist and Shout

question_text: who sings lead vocals on twist and shout

text: Twist and Shout

text: The Top Notes[edit]

text: In 1961, one year after Phil Spector became a staff producer at Atlantic Records, he was asked to produce a single by an up-and-coming vocal group, The Top Notes. This was before Spector perfected his "Wall of Sound" technique, and the recording, at the Atlantic Studios on February 23, 1961, arranged by Teddy Randazzo with musicians including saxophonist King Curtis, guitarist John Pizzarelli, and drummer Panama Francis, with backing vocals by the Cookies,[1] lacked much of the energy the Top Notes exhibited in their live performances.[2]

text: The Top Notes included singers Howard "Howie" Guyton (also known as Guy Howard), a cousin of Dave "Baby" Cortez; and Derek Martin, also known as Derek Ray.[3] Guyton provided the lead vocals on "Twist and Shout".[4] Guyton, Martin and Cortez had previously all been members of vocal groups the Pearls (also known as the Five Pearls) in their home city of Detroit, and then of the Sheiks in New York;[3] and Guyton and Martin later recorded as members of Jimmy Ricks & the Raves. Derek Martin later recorded a succession of singles, mostly on the Roulette label, in the 1960s and early 1970s, including a version of Otis Blackwell's "Daddy Rollin' Stone", before moving to live in France where he has continued to perform.[5][6][7] Guyton later sang in a touring version of the Platters, and died of a heart attack in 1977, aged 39, while touring in Argentina.[8][9]

text: Songwriter Bert Berns felt Spector had ruined the song, and went out to show Spector how it should be done.[10]

text: The Isley Brothers[edit]

text:
"Twist and Shout"

A-side label of the US single

Single by The Isley Brothers

B-side
"Spanish Twist"

Released
June 16, 1962

Format
7-inch single

Recorded
New York City, 1962

Genre
Rock and roll, R&B

Length
2:27

Label
Wand (653)

Songwriter(s)
Phil Medley, Bert Russell

Producer(s)
Bert Russell

The Isley Brothers singles chronology

"Shout"
(1962)
"Twist and Shout"
(1962)
"Twistin' With Linda"
(1962)

text: When the Isley Brothers decided to record the song in 1962, Bert Berns (who also used the name Bert Russell) opted to produce, and thus demonstrate to Spector what he had intended to be the "sound" of the record.[10] The resulting recording captured the verve of an Isley Brothers performance, and became the trio's first record to reach a Top 20 position in the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.

text: The Isley Brothers' version, with Ronald Isley on lead vocals, was the first major hit recording of the song, peaking at No. 17 on the U.S. pop top 40 charts, and No. 2 on the US R&B charts. The song quickly became a frequently covered R&B tune in the early 1960s. According to Ronald, the song was supposed to be the B-side to the Burt Bacharach standard, "Make It Easy on Yourself", which had been a hit for Jerry Butler. When the Isleys recorded "Twist and Shout", the brothers did not think the song would do well, as they had not had a hit in the three years since "Shout" established them. To their surprise, it became their first Top 40 hit on both the pop and R&B charts, and for a time established the group's reputation for producing fast-paced songs during their earlier career.

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Ronald Isley – lead vocals
O'Kelly Isley Jr. – backing vocals
Rudolph Isley – backing vocals
King Curtis – saxophone
Eric Gale – guitar
Trade Martin – guitar
Cornell Dupree – guitar
Paul Griffin – piano
Chuck Rainey – bass
Gary Chester – drums
Production by Bert Russell

text: The Beatles' version[edit]

text:
"Twist and Shout"

Song by the Beatles

from the album Please Please Me

Released
March 22, 1963

Format
LP record

Recorded
February 11, 1963

Studio
EMI, London

Genre
Rock and roll

Length
2:32

Label
Parlophone

Songwriter(s)
Phil Medley, Bert Russell

Producer(s)
George Martin

text: Released on the Beatles' first UK album, Please Please Me (1963), the complete recording of which on February 11, 1963, was their first album session and is notable for 10 songs recorded in a mere 13 hours. "Twist and Shout", with John Lennon on lead vocals, was the last song recorded; producer George Martin knew Lennon's voice would suffer from the performance, so he left it until last, with only 15 minutes of scheduled recording time remaining.

text: Lennon was suffering from a cold, and was drinking milk and sucking on cough drops to soothe his throat. His coughing is audible on the album, as is the cold's effect on his voice. Even so, he produced a memorable vocal performance: a raucous, dynamic rocker. He later said his voice was not the same for a long time afterward, and that "every time [he] swallowed, it felt like sandpaper".[11]

text: A second take was attempted, but Lennon had nothing left and it was abandoned.[12] George Martin said, "I did try a second take ... but John's voice had gone."[13]

text: Released as a single in the US on March 2, 1964, with "There's a Place" as its B-side,[14] by Chicago-based Vee-Jay Records on the Tollie label, it reached number 2 on April 4, 1964, during the week that the top five places on the chart were all Beatles singles (in the Cashbox singles chart for the same week, "Twist and Shout" was No. 1). In the United States, "Twist and Shout" was the only million-selling Beatles single that was a cover record, and the only Beatles cover single to reach the Top 10 on a national record chart. The song failed to hit #1 because the Beatles had another song occupying the top spot, "Can't Buy Me Love".

text: In the UK, "Twist and Shout" was released by Parlophone on an EP with three other tracks, "Do You Want to Know a Secret", "A Taste of Honey", and "There's a Place", from the Please Please Me (1963) album. Both the EP and album reached No. 1 (see Twist and Shout (EP)). In Canada, it became the title track to the second album of Beatles material to be issued by Capitol Records of Canada, on February 3, 1964.

text: It is regarded as one of the finest examples of British rock and roll for its vocal performance.[15] The song was used as a rousing closing number on Sunday Night at the London Palladium in October 1963 and at The Royal Variety Show in November 1963, the former signalling the start of "Beatlemania"; the latter was included on the Anthology 1 compilation album in 1995. In addition, the group performed it on one of their Ed Sullivan Show appearances in February 1964.

text: The Beatles continued to play the song live until the end of their August 1965 tour of North America. Additionally, they recorded "Twist and Shout" on nine occasions for BBC television and radio broadcasts, the earliest of which was for the Talent Spot radio show on November 27, 1962. The intro sounds very similar to "La Bamba" by Ritchie Valens, and the famous vocal buildup resembles that in "Do You Love Me" by the Contours.

text: 1986 recharting[edit]

text: The song enjoyed a resurgence of popularity in 1986 after Matthew Broderick lip-synced to the Beatles' version of it in the film Ferris Bueller's Day Off. Coincidentally, the Rodney Dangerfield film Back to School (released two days after Ferris) also featured the song, this one sung by Dangerfield himself and patterned after the Beatles' arrangement. The use in the two films helped propel the single up the Billboard Hot 100, where it peaked at No. 23 late that summer, giving the group their second chart single of the 1980s (the other being "The Beatles Movie Medley" in 1982).[16]

text: 2010 UK chart entry[edit]

text: In November 2010, 47 years after its recording, the Beatles' version of "Twist and Shout" made a debut on the UK Singles Chart. The highest charting Beatles track in the aftermath of their new availability on iTunes, it entered the charts at #48 in the first of a two-week run.

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
John Lennon – lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Paul McCartney – bass, backing vocals
George Harrison – lead guitar, backing vocals
Ringo Starr – drums

text: Engineered by Norman Smith[17][better source needed]

text: Charts and certifications[edit]

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1964)
Peak
position

Australian Kent Music Report[18]
5

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[19]
9

Norway (VG-lista)[20]
7

US Billboard Hot 100[21]
2

US Cash Box Top 100[22]
1

West German Media Control Singles Chart[23]
10

Chart (1986)
Peak
position

US Billboard Hot 100[21]
23

Chart (2010)
Peak
position

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[24]
48

text: Certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

United States (RIAA)[25]
Platinum
1,000,000^

*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone

text: The Who's version[edit]

text:
"Twist & Shout"

Single by The Who

from the album The Isle of Wight Festival and Who's Last

B-side
"I Can't Explain"

Released
1970 and November 1984

Format
7"

Recorded
December 17, 1982
Maple Leaf Gardens, Toronto, Canada

Genre
Rock

Label
MCA Records

Songwriter(s)
Phil Medley and Bertrand Russell Berns

Producer(s)
David "Cyrano" Langston

The Who singles chronology

"It's Hard"
(1982)
"Twist & Shout"
(1970)
"Real Good Looking Boy"
(2004)

"It's Hard"
(1982)
"Twist and Shout (live)"
(1984)
"Real Good Looking Boy"
(2004)

text: English rock band the Who covered the song live during their career, with Roger Daltrey singing lead vocals on the first version which is on the Isle of Wight Festival in 1970, and on their 1982 Farewell Tour,[26] with their bassist John Entwistle singing the lead vocals. The 1982 version can be heard on the live album Who's Last (recorded at the Richfield Coliseum on December 14, 1982 and released in November 1984), Live From Toronto (recorded at the Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto on December 17, 1982 and released in 2006), as well as on the 1994 compilation Thirty Years of Maximum R&B (recorded at the Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto on December 16, 1982, misdated in the liner notes for the concert at Toronto's CNE stadium on October 9, 1982).

text: Brian Poole and the Tremeloes' version[edit]

text: In 1962 the Decca label signed Brian Poole and the Tremeloes, a British group from Dagenham, East London, in preference to the Beatles. Both groups auditioned on the same day, and it has become legend that the Beatles were rejected by the label. Ironically, Brian Poole and the Tremeloes had no chart success until the beat boom in British rock surfaced, following the success of the Beatles. This triggered the frenzied signing of most of the popular Liverpool rock groups of that period by the major record labels, and their distinctive "sound" became known as Merseybeat. Brian Poole and the Tremeloes imitated this style, and covered "Twist and Shout" four months after the Beatles had released their version, and achieved the number four position in the UK Singles Chart.[27]

text: Other cover versions[edit]

text:
In 1964, Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their album The Chipmunks Sing the Beatles Hits.[28]
In 1966, Buck Owens performed the song on his famous "Carnegie Hall Concert" album.[29]
In 1967, the song was also covered by the Mamas & the Papas in the style of a ballad on their album Deliver.
In 1988, Salt-n-Pepa recorded a cover version on their album A Salt with a Deadly Pepa. It was released as a single in the UK, and reached No. 4.[30]
In 1988, Crvena Jabuka recorded a Serbo-Croatian version on their album Sanjati called Sviđa mi se ova stvar (I like this thing).
In 1993, Chaka Demus & Pliers recorded a reggae version featuring Jack Radics, which went to No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart on 2 January 1994.[27]
In 2001, The Orchestra (a band made up mainly of former members of Electric Light Orchestra), recorded a minor-key version of the song for their album No Rewind.


document_title: The Curse of Oak Island

question_text: how many episodes are in season 5 the curse of oak island

root

text: The Curse of Oak Island

text: Overview[edit]

text: The Curse of Oak Island follows brothers Marty and Rick Lagina, originally from Kingsford, Michigan, through their efforts to find the speculated treasure or historical artifacts believed to be on Oak Island. The series discusses the history of the island, recent discoveries, theories, and prior attempts to investigate the site.[6] Areas of interest include the "Money Pit", Borehole 10-x, Smith's Cove, "Nolan's Cross", the "Hatch", the "Watchtower" and the "Swamp".

tag: p

text: Background[edit]

text: The Lagina brothers became fascinated with the island after reading the January 1965 issue of Reader's Digest magazine that features an article on the Restall family's work to investigate the so-called "Money Pit".[7] Marty and his brother Rick obtained a controlling interest in Oak Island Tours, which reportedly owns most of the island. The brothers were later approached by Prometheus Entertainment to do a reality show. Rick and Marty have engaged the assistance of father-and-son Dan and Dave Blankenship, permanent residents of the island who have likewise been searching for treasure since the 1960s.[8]

text: Theories[edit]

text: The series explores various Oak Island theories and conjectures through conversations with independent researchers. Persons featured have included Zena Halpern discussing her theory about North African gold and sharing copies of a French map of the island which she claims is dated 1347; J. Hutton Pulitzer discussing his theory of ancient mariner visitations; Petter Amundsen discussing his theory about codes hidden in Shakespearen literature and a secret project involving Sir Francis Bacon and the Rosicrucians; Daniel Ronnstam discussing his theory about the 90 foot stone being a dual cypher containing instructions as how to defeat the money pit flood tunnels with corn; authors Kathleen McGowen and Alen Butler discussing their theory involving the fabled Knights Templar treasure and an alleged relocation of historical religious artifacts to the island; and John O'Brien discussing his theory that the island contains treasures of the Aztec Empire. It has also been suggested by Zena Halpern, without evidence, that the Templars worshipped the Phoenician goddess Tanit.

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
5
January 5, 2014 (2014-01-05)
February 9, 2014 (2014-02-09)

2
10
November 4, 2014 (2014-11-04)
January 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)

3
13
November 10, 2015 (2015-11-10)
February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)

4
16
November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15)
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)

5
18
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Having started in 2014, The Curse of Oak Island is currently in its fifth season. On August 2, 2016, it was announced that Nova Scotia Business Inc. approved $1,271,546 in film funding for the production of the 4th season.[9] In October 2017, a fifth season was announced, which began airing on November 7, 2017.[10]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Viewers
(millions)

1
1
"What Lies Below"
January 5, 2014 (2014-01-05)
2.53[11]

Brothers Rick and Marty Lagina now own most of Oak Island. Determined to resume the search for treasure on the island, they explore an abandoned shaft called Borehole 10-X and use water pressure to pump material to the surface. They find a tiny piece of metal.

2
2
"The Mystery of Smith's Cove"
January 12, 2014 (2014-01-12)
2.35[12]

A scuba team that includes Marty's son Alex Lagina dives Smith's Cove and finds what are claimed to be non-indigenous coconut fibres and anomalous stones. Meanwhile, more metal fragments and cat bones are found in the slurry from 10-X.

3
3
"Voices from the Grave"
January 19, 2014 (2014-01-19)
2.33[13]

As Rick and Marty Lagina begin working to drain a swamp, they are visited by a woman who lost her father and brother to a tragic accident on Oak Island.

4
4
"The Secret of Solomon's Temple"
January 26, 2014 (2014-01-26)
2.72[14]

A visitor to the island presents Rick and Marty Lagina with his theory about where the treasure on Oak Island is located and the idea that the Menorah might be among the treasures for which they are searching.

5
5
"The Find"
February 9, 2014 (2014-02-09)
2.97[15]

The team digs in a shallow muddy swamp and finds what appears to be an antique Spanish copper coin. A diver is later sent into the swamp and finds no additional objects.

text: Season 2 (2014–2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Viewers
(millions)

6
1
"Once In, Forever In"
November 4, 2014 (2014-11-04)
2.60[16]

After dating the Spanish coin they found last summer to 1652, brothers Rick and Marty Lagina return to Oak Island and begin searching the swamp again. Two men perform a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance test in which they present a map of ground voids and metals under the ground.

7
2
"Return To The Money Pit"
November 11, 2014 (2014-11-11)
2.15[17]

The team drills in the area of the money pit but is unable to drill through the underground material. A visitor shows them alleged evidence that the treasures from King Solomon's Temple could be buried on Oak Island.

8
3
"The Eight-Pointed Star"
November 18, 2014 (2014-11-18)
2.23[18]

A treasure hunter presents a theory that Phoenicians visited the island 2500 years ago and left behind the ark of the covenant. Rick and Marty Lagina unsuccessfully look for evidence to prove it while also trying to locate the original Money Pit.

9
4
"The Breakthrough"
November 25, 2014 (2014-11-25)
2.15[19]

A tree stump in the swamp is examined. Core samples extracted by drilling are discovered to contain rocks and wood.

10
5
"The 90-Foot Stone"
December 2, 2014 (2014-12-02)
2.46[20]

A visitor comes to the island suggesting that he has discovered a secret method of getting to the treasure. He claims that Francis Bacon has left behind instructions to the effect that the "flood tunnels" can be disabled by pouring corn into the money pit. The team declines to test the theory and instead visits a masonic lodge. The team searches the swamp again and finds nothing.

11
6
"Seven Must Dye"
December 9, 2014 (2014-12-09)
2.90[21]

Rick searches for man-made flood tunnels without success; Marty and John visit Europe to track down a lead.

12
7
"The Trail of the Templars"
December 16, 2014 (2014-12-16)
2.47[22]

While work begins in the swamp, Rick and Marty travel to Scotland to investigate more corn-related theories about the money pit. They are also presented with a theory that Oak Island is a copy of King Solomon's Temple and that the entrance to the Money Pit is in the swamp.

13
8
"X Marks the Spot"
December 23, 2014 (2014-12-23)
2.72[23]

Rick and Marty search the swamp for an alternate entrance into the Money Pit, without success.

14
9
"A Dangerous Dive"
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)
2.59[24]

Rick and Marty take a team of divers to Oak Island.

15
10
"The Big Reveal"
January 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)
3.06[25]

Rick and Marty use sonar to map out the bottom chamber of the 10-X borehole.

text: Season 3 (2015–2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Viewers
(millions)

16
1
"The Hole Truth"
November 10, 2015 (2015-11-10)
2.26[27]

Rick and Marty search for underground tunnels on Oak Island and prep borehole 10-X for a dive.[26]

17
2
"Pipe Down"
November 17, 2015 (2015-11-17)
2.56[29]

Prep work for a dive in borehole 10X continues while the team simultaneously searches the area near the Money Pit for shallow treasure.[28]

18
3
"Time to Dig"
November 24, 2015 (2015-11-24)
2.60[31]

Rick, Marty and the team go shopping for excavation equipment, investigate the location of a possible Knight's Templar treasure and search for the original location of the Money Pit.[30]

19
4
"The Overton Stone"
December 1, 2015 (2015-12-01)
3.05[33]

Work continues to locate the Money Pit while the team investigates a stone with purported Portuguese carvings.[32]

20
5
"Disappearing Act"
December 8, 2015 (2015-12-08)
3.22[35]

The team completes preparations for a dive expedition down borehole 10X by investigating the shaft with a camera.[34]

21
6
"Carved in Stone"
December 15, 2015 (2015-12-15)[37]
2.47[38]

Rick, Marty and the team investigate rocks on Oak Island. A researcher visits the island and claims that the Aztecs may have visited the island in the past.[36]

22
7
"The Missing Peace"
December 22, 2015 (2015-12-22)[37]
3.40[40]

Rick and Marty welcome long-time rival Fred Nolan into the team.[39]

23
8
"Phantoms of the Deep"
December 29, 2015 (2015-12-29)[37]
3.30[42]

The team conducts a sonar sweep of the waters surrounding Oak Island and begin digging on Fred Nolan's property.[41]

24
9
"Columbus Day"
January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)[37]
2.79[44]

The team preps for a dive of borehole 10X. They also listen to a theory about Christopher Columbus visiting the Island.[43]

25
10
"Silence in the Dark"
January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)[37]
3.11[46]

Difficulties are encountered during the dive to the bottom of borehole 10X, the team further investigates Fred Nolan's property and an alleged Roman sword found in the waters off Oak Island is presented to the team.[45]

26
11
"Sword Play"
January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)[37]
2.82[48]

The team has the Roman sword investigated and find that it is a modern reproduction. There is an unproductive search for treasure north of the Money Pit.[47]

27
12
"Voices from Below"
January 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)[37]
3.17[50]

The team dives to the bottom of borehole 10X. In a separate investigation, a cavity is found far underground near the Money Pit.[49]

28
13
"Secrets and Revelations"
February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)[37]
3.41[51]

The diving investigation of borehole 10X concludes with nothing found. Relatives of the original Oak Island treasure hunters present a gold cross which is said to have come from the treasure.

text: Season 4 (2016–2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Viewers
(millions)

29
1
"Going for Broke"
November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15)
2.62[53]

The team agrees to turn focus over to the Money Pit and review what they have collected. Researcher Zena Halpern presents a handmade copy of what she claims is a French map from 1347 of Oak Island. The map shows locations for a "hatch", a "valve" and an "anchor" on the Island. A theory is presented based on a purported decoding of a cipher that Joab at the time of King David transported the Ark of the Covenant to North Africa from which it was later transported onward by the Knights Templar from the then-Portuguese town of Safi in Morocco to Oak Island.[52]

30
2
"Always Forward"
November 22, 2016 (2016-11-22)
2.66[54]

While preparing to excavate the Money Pit, the team investigates an 18th century well on mainland Nova Scotia. The team brings in an archaeologist to inspect a hole on Dave Blankenship's property which they think is a potential "hatch".

31
3
"Swamp Things"
November 29, 2016 (2016-11-29)
2.97[55]

A piece of rock with scratches is found, before the team revisits the swamp for another look and finds very little.

32
4
"No Stone Unturned"
December 6, 2016 (2016-12-06)
2.95[56]

Part of the team unsuccessfully attempts to track down the '90-foot stone' in nearby Halifax; while the first excavation in over 50 years begins in the Money Pit.

33
5
"Bullseye"
December 11, 2016 (2016-12-11)
2.82[57]

A new theory that Inca gold is buried on Oak Island is offered, albeit without evidence to support it. Meanwhile the team supposedly inches their way to the alleged target in the Money Pit.

34
6
"Circles in Wood"
December 20, 2016 (2016-12-20)
3.44[58]

A few coins are found on the island, a long way from the money pit. The money pit search for the 'Chappel Vault' ends in failure so a new target is set for 170ft C-1 shaft in the Money Pit area.

35
7
"All That Glitters"
December 27, 2016 (2016-12-27)
3.68[59]

The swamp is drained and searched with a metal detector revealing an old spike. Object not dated. C-1 Dig Site is drilled to target depth of 170 ft. where previously inserted camera may have seen something shiny and gold colored.

36
8
"The Mystery of Samuel Ball"
January 3, 2017 (2017-01-03)
3.43[60]

A tiny amount of evidence is offered supposedly linking an 18th-century slave to the mystery.

37
9
"Echoes from the Deep"
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)
3.35[61]

A camera sent down 10X confirms the divers impression that there is nothing there of note, undermining the camera's operators previous assertion that they were 90% certain there was a chest there. Some of the team are in denial about this and insist there is still some point in exploring 10-X further on the basis that Dan Blankenship has spent so much time on it, it must be the key to the alleged puzzle.

38
10
"About Face"
January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)
3.04[62]

Divers are sent to the bottom of borehole C-1. Nothing is found. A rock fifty miles from Oak Island is examined. The team decides to do a new examination of borehole 10X.

39
11
"Presidential Secrets"
January 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)
3.20[63]

The new examination of borehole 10X concludes. Equipment failure delays excavation of a new hole. Rick heads to the Franklin D. Roosevelt library to learn why the late President was interested in Oak Island.

40
12
"Hyde Park & Seek"
January 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)
3.15[64]

A cofferdam is built at Smith's Cove and the beach is excavated. The team debates where the "money pit" might have been.

41
13
"One Of Seven"
February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)
3.24[65]

The team attempts to decode a cipher and concludes that they only possess 1/7th of the cipher. Rocks are found at Smith's Cove. The investigation of the cove is halted for the year. A man from Arizona claims, without any evidence, that several hundred tons of gold are hidden in tunnels near Oak Island.

42
14
"Sticks and Stones"
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)
3.20[66]

Rocks are examined on Oak Island. Pieces of wood are carbon dated. The third excavation on the island this season reaches bedrock with nothing found. The team decides to dig another hole.

43
15
"Blood is Thicker"
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
3.79[67]

The final excavation of the season leads to the discovery of scrap metal pieces, a washer, several hex nuts and a button. Season finale featured McGinnis gold cross, iron spike, and other artifacts evaluated by antiques appraiser Dr. Lori Verderame (Ph.D. - History of Art and Architecture).

Note: This episode aired as a 2-hour special.

44
16
"Drilling Down"
February 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)
1.72[68]

The team is interviewed at the end of season. The wood from borehole 10-X is carbon dated as being from 1670-1780. A new cipher is decoded leading the team to once again believe that there is a "hatch" somewhere on the island. The team wants to continue searching the swamp. The team proposes pumping borehole 10-X dry to enable yet another round of searches. The team wants to search more of the Island with metal detectors in the future.

Note: This episode is a special.

text: Season 5 (2017–2018)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Viewers
(millions)

45
1
"Forever Family"
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
2.95[69]

A diver is sent to the bottom of borehole C-1. Mud is recovered. A nail is found in an old spoils pile from GAL-1. A copper coin is found in the woods near Issac's Point.

46
2
"Dead Man's Chest"
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
2.98[70]

The sea chest of a captain who lived in Nova Scotia in the 1780s is examined. Salt water starts coming out the top of borehole C-1. Another copper coin is found on the island.

47
3
"Obstruction"
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
2.85[71]

Two old British copper coins are found in the woods. The Province of Nova Scotia requests that an archaeologist be on site on Oak Island as an adviser to the treasure hunters. Part of a metal spoon and round rocks are discovered under tree stumps. Based on the rocks and the spoon pieces, Marty Lagina concludes that "something must have happened here". A small piece of scrap metal is found in the mud brought up from one of the new boreholes being drilled in the "money pit" area.

48
4
"Close Call"
November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)
3.36[72]

Drilling below bedrock, the team discovers a void in the rock. A hose on the drill detaches resulting in a worker falling backward and suffering a minor injury to his wrist. Drilling is halted for over a week. A toy gun is found in the woods and the team launches an investigation of it. Lee Lamb and Richard Restall visit the island. Richard Restall is identified conclusively as the owner of the toy gun.

49
5
"Bone Dry"
December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)
3.16[73]

An iron spike is found on the beach. Some small pottery fragments are brought up from one of the boreholes. Two human bone fragments were recovered and sent in for testing.

50
6
"Remains of the Day"
December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12)
3.01[74]

A piece of leather is found. Rick Lagina has headaches and a rash. He is later diagnosed as having lyme disease. The team intends to have the previously discovered human bone fragments carbon dated.

51
7
"The Lot Thickens"
December 19, 2017 (2017-12-19)
3.13[75]

A theory is presented that Sir Francis Drake is buried on Oak Island in a vault with gold treasure. It is suggested that the lack of any records documenting Drake travelling to Canada is proof that he must have travelled to Canada. A theory is presented that the scrap leather piece found is from a book binding. A patch of ground is excavated and nothing is found.

52
8
"Dan's Breakthrough"
January 2, 2018 (2018-01-02)
3.31[76]

The team discovers a horseshoe, a piece of shot and another coin. It is discovered that one of the words on the Zena Halpern map is the name of a French family (Rochefoucauld) who participated in the Crusades. The team presents an unsupported theory that Samuel de Champlain was ordered to incorrectly map Nova Scotia to hide Oak Island by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons at the direction of Rochefoucauld family. The team decides to send several members to France for further investigation of the theory. The testing on the human bone fragments (found in episode 5) indicated that they dated in a range from 1682 AD to 1764 AD.

53
9
"The French Connection"
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
3.02[77]

A small pottery fragment is found on Lot 24. It is determined that the rocks found in Season Five Episode 3 are not consistent with the foundation of a house. The team theorizes, without evidence, that there must have been a "watchtower" on Lot 24. In France, the team establishes that there is no connection between the Rochefoucauld family and the Knights Templar. A Zena Halpern map is examined again and it is determined that the English translations of the map done to present have been incorrect. The team looks at cave carvings in France and consults an expert in the Knights Templar. The team observes a pattern in part of a cave carving that they claim is roughly similar to an upside-down image of the Rochefoucauld family coat of arms and conclude that the family must be linked to the Knights Templar. They find a carving of a multi-armed cross and offer an unsupported theory that it is a representation of the "Tree of Life" and that it is the same as Nolan's Cross on the island. A theory is presented that the cave carving may represent an "earlier version" of the "Tree of Life". Based on the information discovered in France, the team concludes that the Oak Island swamp should be excavated again.

54
10
"The Signs Of A Cross"
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
3.34[78]

Eight pages of what is alleged to be a transcript of an incomplete log of an unnamed ship are presented. It is claimed, without any evidence, that the log is from a French ship which participated in the Duc d'Anville Nova Scotia expedition of 1746. More wood, a bone and a metal spike are brought up from a borehole in the money pit area. The shaft excavation reaches an obstruction at 170 feet. A small lead cross is found at Smith's Cove. It is theorized, with no supporting evidence, that crosses with an attaching loop at the top were used by members of the Knights Templar and that this lead cross dates from the years 1200 to 1600.

55
11
"Moving Targets"
January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)
3.32[79]

A spoon handle and a piece of brass are found at Smith's Cove. More pottery fragments, another bone and small bits of leather are found in the material brought up from borehole H8. The team debates the location of the "Chappel Vault".

56
12
"A Key to the Mystery"
January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)
3.25[80]

The team gains access to Fred Nolan's survey maps of the island but have difficulty interpreting them. A folding metal key is examined. Searching for a local dumpsite, the team digs a trench on Lot 12 near the former house of Fred Nolan. Pottery fragments are found in the trench.

57
13
"Unhinged"
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
3.32[81]

More pottery fragments and a metal hinge are found at the Nolan dumpsite. A part of the swamp is drained and a wooden stake is found. Zena Halpern is shown a picture of the lead cross and claims it is not a cross, but the symbol of the Phoenician goddess Tanit. She further makes unsupported claims that the cross is around 3200 years old (dating to 1200 BC) and that the Knights Templar worshiped Tanit. The drilling of the latest borehole encounters an obstruction at 75 feet.

58
14
"The Templar Connection"
February 13, 2018 (2018-02-13)
2.34[82]

A history of the Knights Templar is presented along with speculative theories about how they might have been involved with Oak Island.

Note: This episode is a special.

59
15
"Steel Trapped"
February 20, 2018 (2018-02-20)
2.99[83]

Independent researcher Kathleen McGowan Coppens offers an unsupported theory that the lead cross was part of a necklace used by Templars to smuggle gold. She also claims that the country of Canada was named by the Templars after the town of Sarlat-la-Canéda in France. A rusty keyhole plate is found in the woods. On examination, the exposed surface of the drilling obstruction at the money pit appears to be rocks and clay soil. The borehole later fills with water. The team arranges for a diver to go down the borehole.

60
16
"Seeing Red"
February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)
3.02[84]

An excavation is done at Smith's cove and wood is found. The team plans for further excavations at Smith's cove next year. A button claimed to be from the 1700s and an old jewelry fragment are located by metal detector.

61
17
"A Family Album"
February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)
1.98[84]

The episode includes accounts of activities on the Oak Island by the McGinnis family, descendants of Samuel Ball, William Chappell's family, the Restall Family and the family of Robert Dunfield. The Blankenship/Nolan disputes on Oak Island are discussed. The episode ends with a short history of the Lagina brothers' interest in Oak Island.

Note: This episode is a special.

62
18
"Amazing Discoveries"
March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)
2.89[85]

The gem in the Jewelry fragment found on the island is a Rhodolite Garnet stone of small value. The drilling obstruction in the "money pit" borehole is determined by divers to be a granite boulder.


document_title: Maggot therapy

question_text: who was the doctor who used maggot debridement therapy in world war i

text: Maggot therapy

text: Medical uses[edit]

text: Maggot therapy improves healing in chronic ulcers.[1]

text: In diabetic foot ulcers there is tentative evidence of benefit.[2]

text: In 2004, the FDA cleared maggots for use as a medical device in the United States for the purpose of treatment of:[3][citation needed]

text:
Non-healing necrotic skin and soft tissue wounds
Pressure ulcers
Venous stasis ulcers
Neuropathic foot ulcers
Non-healing traumatic or post-surgical wounds

tag: ul

text: Limitations[edit]

text: The wound must be of a type which can benefit from the application of maggot therapy. A moist, exudating wound with sufficient oxygen supply is a prerequisite. Not all wound-types are suitable: wounds which are dry, or open wounds of body cavities do not provide a good environment for maggots to feed. In some cases it may be possible to make a dry wound suitable for larval therapy by moistening it with saline soaks, applied for 48 hours.

text: Patients and doctors may find maggots distasteful, although studies have shown that this does not cause patients to refuse the offer of maggot therapy.[4] Maggots can be enclosed in opaque polymer bags to hide them from sight. Dressings must be designed to prevent any maggots from escaping, while allowing air to get to the maggots.[5] Dressings are also designed to minimize the uncomfortable tickling sensation that the maggots often cause.[6]

text: Mechanisms of action[edit]

text: The maggots have 4 principal actions:

text:
Debridement[7]
Disinfection of the wound[8]
Stimulation of healing[8]
Biofilm inhibition and eradication[9]

text: Debridement[edit]

text: In maggot therapy, large numbers of small maggots consume necrotic tissue far more precisely than is possible in a normal surgical operation, and can debride a wound in a day or two. The area of a wound's surface is typically increased with the use of maggots due to the undebrided surface not revealing the actual underlying size of the wound. They derive nutrients through a process known as "extracorporeal digestion" by secreting a broad spectrum of proteolytic enzymes[10] that liquefy necrotic tissue, and absorb the semi-liquid result within a few days. In an optimum wound environment maggots molt twice, increasing in length from 1–2 mm to 8–10 mm, and in girth, within a period of 48–72 hours by ingesting necrotic tissue, leaving a clean wound free of necrotic tissue when they are removed.

text: Disinfection[edit]

text: Secretions from maggots believed to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity include allantoin, urea, phenylacetic acid, phenylacetaldehyde, calcium carbonate, proteolytic enzymes, and many others.[11]

text: In vitro studies have shown that maggots inhibit and destroy a wide range of pathogenic bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), group A and B streptococci, and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic strains.[12] Other bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E.coli or Proteus spp. are not attacked by maggots, and in case of Pseudomonas even the maggots are in danger.[13]

text: Biology of maggots[edit]

text: Those flies whose larvae feed on dead animals will sometimes lay their eggs on the dead parts (necrotic or gangrenous tissue) of living animals. The infestation by maggots of live animals is called "myiasis." Some maggots will feed only on dead tissue, some only on live tissue, and some on live or dead tissue. The flies used most often for the purpose of maggot therapy are blow flies of the Calliphoridae: the blow fly species used most commonly is Lucilia sericata, the common green bottle fly. Another important species, Protophormia terraenovae, is also notable for its feeding secretions, which combat infection by Streptococcus pyogenes and S. pneumoniae.[14]

text: History[edit]

text: Written records have documented that maggots have been used since antiquity as a wound treatment.[15] There are reports of the use of maggots for wound healing by Maya Native Americans and Aboriginal tribes in Australia. There also have been reports of the use of maggot treatment in Renaissance times. Military physicians have observed that soldiers whose wounds had become colonized with maggots experienced significantly less morbidity and mortality than soldiers whose wounds had not become colonized. These physicians included Napoleon’s general surgeon, Baron Dominique Larrey. Larrey reported during France's Egyptian campaign in Syria, 1798–1801, that certain species of fly consumed only dead tissue and helped wounds to heal.[16]

text: Joseph Jones, a ranking Confederate medical officer during the American Civil War, is quoted as follows, "I have frequently seen neglected wounds ... filled with maggots ... as far as my experience extends, these worms eat only dead tissues, and do not injure specifically the well parts." The first documented therapeutic use of maggots in the United States is credited to a second Confederate medical officer Dr. J.F. Zacharias, who reported during the American Civil War that, "Maggots ... in a single day would clean a wound much better than any agents we had at our command ... I am sure I saved many lives by their use." He recorded a high survival rate in patients he treated with maggots.[17]

text: During World War I, William S. Baer, an orthopedic surgeon, noticed that a soldier left for several days on the battlefield who had sustained compound fractures of the femur and large flesh wounds and arrived at the hospital with maggots infesting his wounds had no fever or other signs of infection and survived his injuries, which would normally have been fatal. After the war Baer began using maggot therapy at Children's Hospital in Boston.[18][19]:169–171

text: There were reports that American prisoners of war of the Japanese in World War II resorted to maggot therapy to treat severe wounds.[20][21]

text: A survey of US Army doctors published in 2013 found that 10% of them had used maggot therapy.[22]

text: Regulation[edit]

text: In January 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted permission to produce and market maggots for use in humans or animals as a prescription-only medical device for the following indications: "For debriding non-healing necrotic skin and soft tissue wounds, including pressure ulcers, venous stasis ulcers, neuropathic foot ulcers, and non-healing traumatic or post-surgical wounds."[23][24]

text: Veterinary use[edit]

text: The use of maggots to clean dead tissue from animal wounds is part of folk medicine in many parts of the world.[25] It is particularly helpful with chronic osteomyelitis, chronic ulcers, and other pus-producing infections that are frequently caused by chafing due to work equipment.[citation needed] Maggot therapy for horses in the United States was re-introduced after a study published in 2003 by veterinarian Dr. Scott Morrison. This therapy is used in horses for conditions such as osteomyelitis secondary to laminitis, sub-solar abscesses leading to osteomyelitis, post-surgical treatment of street-nail procedure for puncture wounds infecting the navicular bursa, canker, non-healing ulcers on the frog, and post-surgical site cleaning for keratoma removal.[26]

text: However, there have not been many case studies done with maggot debridement therapy on animals, and as such it can be difficult to accurately assess how successful it is.[27]


document_title: TaxSlayer Bowl

question_text: who is playing in the tax slayer bowl

question_tokens: who is playing in the tax slayer bowl

text: TaxSlayer Bowl

text: History[edit]

text: According to writer Anthony C. DiMarco, Charles Hilty, Sr. first conceived of the event. Hilty, together with Ray McCarthy, Maurice Cherry, and W. C. Ivey, put up $10,000 to underwrite the first game, which was held at Jacksonville's football stadium, Fairfield Stadium, on January 1, 1946. The first two years of the event did not sell out the small capacity stadium, drawing only 7,362 to the 1946 match when the Wake Forest Demon Deacons defeated the South Carolina Gamecocks, 26–14. The stadium was expanded in 1948 and renamed the Gator Bowl Stadium in honor of the event. However, it was not until the 1949 match-up between the Clemson Tigers and the Missouri Tigers that the future of the Gator Bowl was assured. The 1948 attendance of 16,666 for a 20–20 tie between Maryland and Georgia, was nearly doubled with 32,939 watching Clemson squeak by Missouri, 24–23, on a late field goal by Jack Miller. By the 1970s, the attendance regularly reached 60,000–70,000.[3]

text: Hotel Roosevelt fire in 1963[edit]

text: The Gator Bowl is one of Jacksonville's annual sports highlights. However, the event was once associated with a tragedy. In the early morning of December 29, 1963, the Hotel Roosevelt in downtown Jacksonville caught fire after a post-Gator Bowl party in the ballroom.[4] It was later determined that the party was not the cause of the fire, and that the timing was a coincidence. The fire resulted in 22 deaths.[5]

text: Woody Hayes incident in 1978[edit]

text: In the 1978 game between Ohio State and Clemson, Ohio State coach Woody Hayes lost his temper after a late game interception by Clemson nose guard Charlie Bauman, who stepped in front of the receiver on a pass from quarterback Art Schlichter. Bauman ran the ball out of bounds on the Ohio State sideline where Hayes struck Bauman with his right forearm. The play sealed the Tigers' 17–15 win over the Buckeyes and Hayes was fired the next day before leaving Jacksonville.[6]

text: Bowden's Last Stand in 2010[edit]

text: In the 2010 game between Florida State and West Virginia, Florida State coach Bobby Bowden (who previously coached at West Virginia) coached the final game of a legendary career. Bowden had been the head coach at Florida State since 1976 and had won two national championships, thirteen ACC championships, and had a fourteen-year streak of top five finishes during that time. A record crowd of over 84,000 people attended,[7] the majority in Florida State Garnet and Gold,[citation needed] to witness Bowden being carried off the field[8] after a 33–21 Florida State victory.

text: TaxSlayer Bowl[edit]

text: In 2014, Gator Bowl Sports announced the bowl would be renamed the TaxSlayer Bowl following a new six-year deal with tax preparation company TaxSlayer.com. As a result of the deal, the bowl increased its payout and moved to a new time slot on January 2 for 2015 and 2016.[9] A new logo was released on April 3, 2014.

text: Venues[edit]

text: The 1946 and 1947 games were played in Fairfield Stadium, which had a seating capacity of 7,600. The stadium was expanded to 16,000 seats in 1948, and the structure was renamed the Gator Bowl. Prior to the 1949 game, the seating capacity was expanded to 36,058, at which it remained until 1957.[10] That stadium hosted the game through 1993, when it was almost completely demolished for the construction of Jacksonville Municipal Stadium (now EverBank Field) on the same site. During the construction, the 1994 Gator Bowl was played instead at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium in Gainesville, Florida; the game following the 1995 season and all subsequent games were moved to January 1.

text: Organization[edit]

text: The game and associated activities are overseen by Gator Bowl Sports. Founded as the Gator Bowl Association in 1945, the organization expanded in 2013 to branch into other sports and events and increase its charity wing.[11]

text: The association comprises 225 Gator Bowl Committee members, 84 Chairman's Club members and sponsors, more than 700 volunteers, plus over a dozen paid staff members. In addition to the Gator Bowl, the GBA has also coordinated other events. It hosted the ACC Championship Game from 2005 to 2007 and the River City Showdown, a neutral site game between the Florida State Seminoles and another team, in 2007 and 2008.[12]

text: Teams typically featured[edit]

text: In the early years of the bowl, from 1946–1952, it featured a team from the Southern Conference against an at-large opponent. Beginning with the 1953 game, it switched to generally featuring a Southeastern Conference (SEC) team against an at-large opponent. From 1953 to the 1975 game, at least one SEC team appeared in 20 out of the 24 games, and in three of those games, both teams were from the SEC. The games from 1976 to 1995 usually, but not always, involved a team from the southeastern United States against a team from another part of the country. Teams from the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) played in 10 of these 20 games.

text: From 1996–2006, the Gator Bowl traditionally hosted the second-place ACC team against the second-place Big East Conference team. With the 2007 game, the ACC runner-up became contractually tied to play in the Chick-fil-A Bowl and the Gator Bowl began hosting the third-place ACC team versus a team from either the Big East (still the conference's #2 team unless they qualified for the Bowl Championship Series), the Big 12 Conference, or the unaffiliated Notre Dame Fighting Irish (who would take the Big East's spot in this game). The contract, which ran for four years, was held in conjunction with the Sun Bowl, with the Gator Bowl receiving first choice of teams, and required both bowls to take Big East teams twice and Big 12 teams twice. Since the previous two Gator Bowls featured the Texas Tech Red Raiders and the Nebraska Cornhuskers, both Big 12 teams, a Big East team or Notre Dame would play in the 2010 Gator Bowl per the terms of the contract (West Virginia lost to Florida State in this game).

text: The conference alignment changed again in 2010, as the Big East and Notre Dame moved their hybrid arrangement to the Champs Sports Bowl for 2010, while the Gator Bowl declined to renew its contract with the Big 12. The Gator Bowl would feature the SEC and the Big Ten Conference starting with the 2010 season, joining the Capital One Bowl and the Outback Bowl as the third Big Ten-SEC bowl matchup on New Year's Day.[13] Starting in 2015, the bowl returned to a hybrid arrangement for a six-year period, with SEC teams playing ACC teams for three years and Big Ten teams the other three years; the Notre Dame Fighting Irish are also eligible during ACC years.[9]

text: Of the 66 editions of the Gator Bowl, 38 have been between ranked opponents.

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: The longtime broadcaster of the game was ABC, which showed the game in prime time from 1974 through 1985. Turner Sports bought the rights to the game after the 1991 match-up and TBS became the home of the Gator Bowl for the next four years, moving back to a late December date. The game returned to New Year's Day after NBC bought the rights to the Gator Bowl in 1996. CBS Sports took over the television contract in 2007 and held the rights for four years. ESPN purchased the rights to the game following its 2010 playing and the 2011 Gator Bowl aired on ESPN2; with the acquisition of the Gator Bowl the ESPN family of networks became the home of every New Year's Day bowl game (the network already had the rights to the Outback, Capital One, and Rose bowls and acquired the rights to the TicketCity Bowl and the remainder of the BCS games).

text: Title sponsors[edit]

text: Mazda was the first title sponsor, beginning in 1986 and lasting for five years. Outback Steakhouse sponsored the Gator Bowl for three years beginning in 1992, prior to obtaining their own Outback Bowl held in Tampa, Florida. From 1996–2006, the title sponsor was Toyota. Konica Minolta then became the sponsor from 2007 to 2010.[14] On December 14, 2010, the Gator Bowl Association announced that Progressive Insurance would become the title sponsor for the 2011 Gator Bowl.[15] On September 1, 2011, GBA announced a multi-year title sponsorship deal with TaxSlayer.com.

text: Game results[edit]

text: All rankings are taken from the AP Poll prior to the game being played.

text:
Date played
Winning team
Losing team

January 1, 1946
(19) Wake Forest
26
South Carolina
14

January 1, 1947
(14) Oklahoma
34
(18) North Carolina State
13

January 1, 1948[a 1]
Georgia 20, Maryland 20

January 1, 1949
(11) Clemson
24
Missouri
23

January 2, 1950
(14) Maryland
20
(20) Missouri
7

January 1, 1951
(12) Wyoming
20
(18) Washington & Lee
7

January 1, 1952
Miami (Florida)
14
(19) Clemson
0

January 1, 1953
(15) Florida
14
(12) Tulsa
13

January 1, 1954
(12) Texas Tech
35
(17) Auburn
13

December 31, 1954
(13) Auburn
33
(18) Baylor
13

December 31, 1955
(8) Vanderbilt
25
Auburn
13

December 29, 1956
(4) Georgia Tech
21
(13) Pittsburgh
14

December 28, 1957
(13) Tennessee
3
(9) Texas A&M
0

December 27, 1958
(11) Mississippi
7
(14) Florida
3

January 2, 1960
(9) Arkansas
14
Georgia Tech
7

December 31, 1960
(18) Florida
13
(12) Baylor
12

December 30, 1961
(17) Penn State
30
(13) Georgia Tech
15

December 29, 1962
Florida
17
(9) Penn State
7

December 28, 1963
North Carolina
35
Air Force
0

January 2, 1965
Florida State
36
Oklahoma
19

December 31, 1965
Georgia Tech
31
(10) Texas Tech
21

December 31, 1966
Tennessee
18
Syracuse
12

December 30, 1967
(10) Penn State 17, Florida State 17

December 28, 1968
(16) Missouri
35
(12) Alabama
10

December 27, 1969
(15) Florida
14
(11) Tennessee
13

January 2, 1971
(10) Auburn
35
Mississippi
28

December 31, 1971
(6) Georgia
7
North Carolina
3

December 30, 1972
(6) Auburn
24
(13) Colorado
3

December 29, 1973
(11) Texas Tech
28
(20) Tennessee
19

December 30, 1974
(6) Auburn
27
(11) Texas
3

December 29, 1975
(17) Maryland
13
(13) Florida
0

December 27, 1976
(15) Notre Dame
20
(20) Penn State
9

December 30, 1977
(10) Pittsburgh
34
(11) Clemson
3

December 29, 1978
(7) Clemson
17
(20) Ohio State
15

December 28, 1979
North Carolina
17
(14) Michigan
15

December 29, 1980
(3) Pittsburgh
37
(18) South Carolina
9

December 28, 1981
(11) North Carolina
31
Arkansas
27

December 30, 1982
Florida State
31
(10) West Virginia
12

December 30, 1983
(11) Florida
14
(10) Iowa
6

December 28, 1984
(9) Oklahoma State
21
(7) South Carolina
14

December 30, 1985
(18) Florida State
34
(19) Oklahoma State
23

December 27, 1986
Clemson
27
(20) Stanford
21

December 31, 1987
(7) LSU
30
(9) South Carolina
13

January 1, 1989
(19) Georgia
34
Michigan State
27

December 30, 1989
(14) Clemson
27
(17) West Virginia
7

January 1, 1991
(12) Michigan
35
(15) Mississippi
3

December 29, 1991
(20) Oklahoma
48
(19) Virginia
14

December 31, 1992
(14) Florida
27
(12) North Carolina State
10

December 31, 1993
(18) Alabama
24
(12) North Carolina
10

December 30, 1994[a 2]
Tennessee
45
(17) Virginia Tech
23

January 1, 1996
Syracuse
41
(23) Clemson
0

January 1, 1997
(12) North Carolina
20
(25) West Virginia
13

January 1, 1998
(7) North Carolina
42
Virginia Tech
3

January 1, 1999
(12) Georgia Tech
35
(17) Notre Dame
28

January 1, 2000
(23) Miami (Florida)
28
(17) Georgia Tech
13

January 1, 2001
(6) Virginia Tech
41
(16) Clemson
20

January 1, 2002
(24) Florida State
30
(15) Virginia Tech
17

January 1, 2003
(17) North Carolina State
28
(11) Notre Dame
6

January 1, 2004
(23) Maryland
41
(20) West Virginia
7

January 1, 2005
(17) Florida State
30
West Virginia
18

January 2, 2006
(12) Virginia Tech
35
(15) Louisville
24

January 1, 2007
(13) West Virginia
38
Georgia Tech
35

January 1, 2008
Texas Tech
31
(21) Virginia
28

January 1, 2009
Nebraska
26
Clemson
21

January 1, 2010
Florida State
33
(18) West Virginia
21

January 1, 2011
(21) Mississippi State
52
Michigan
14

January 2, 2012
Florida
24
Ohio State
17

January 1, 2013
(21) Northwestern
34
Mississippi State
20

January 1, 2014
Nebraska
24
(22) Georgia
19

January 2, 2015
Tennessee
45
Iowa
28

January 2, 2016
Georgia
24
Penn State
17

December 31, 2016
Georgia Tech
33
Kentucky
18

December 30, 2017
(24) Mississippi State
31
Louisville
27

text:
Jump up ^ Venue was renamed Gator Bowl in 1948.
Jump up ^ The 1994 game was held at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium on the campus of the University of Florida in Gainesville due to renovations.

tag: ol

text: MVPs[edit]

text: Fron 1946 through 1952, a single MVP was named. Starting with the 1953 game, MVPs are named for each team; in several instances, co-MVPs have been named for a team.

text:
[hide]Most Valuable Players

Date Played
MVP
Team
Position

Ref

January 1, 1946
Nick Sacrinty
Wake Forest
QB

[16]

January 1, 1947
Joe Golding
Oklahoma
HB

[17]

January 1, 1948
Lu Gambino
Maryland
HB

[18]

January 1, 1949
Bobby Gage
Clemson
HB

[19]

January 2, 1950
Bob Ward
Maryland
G

[20]

January 1, 1951
Eddie Talboom
Wyoming
HB

[21]

January 1, 1952
Jim Dooley
Miami (Florida)
HB

[22]

Date Played
MVP
Team
Position
MVP
Team
Position
Ref

January 1, 1953
John Hall
Florida
RB
Marv Matuszak
Tulsa
T
[23]

January 1, 1954
Bobby Cavazos
Texas Tech
RB
Vince Dooley
Auburn
QB
[24]

December 31, 1954
Joe Childress
Auburn
FB
Billy Hooper
Baylor
QB
[25]

December 31, 1955
Don Orr
Vanderbilt
QB
Joe Childress
Auburn
FB
[26]

December 29, 1956
Wade Mitchell
Georgia Tech
QB
Corny Salvaterra
Pittsburgh
QB
[27]

December 28, 1957
Bobby Gordon
Tennessee
TB
John David Crow
Texas A&M
HB
[28]

December 27, 1958
Bobby Franklin
Mississippi
QB
Dave Hudson
Florida
E
[29]

January 2, 1960
Jim Mooty
Arkansas
HB
Maxie Baughan
Georgia Tech
LB
[30]

December 31, 1960
Larry Libertore
Florida
QB
Bobby Ply
Baylor
QB
[31]

December 30, 1961
Galen Hall
Penn State
QB
Joe Auer
Georgia Tech
HB
[32]

December 29, 1962
Tom Shannon
Florida
QB
Dave Robinson
Penn State
E
[33]

December 28, 1963
Ken Willard
North Carolina
RB
David Sicks
Air Force
C
[34]

January 2, 1965
Steve Tensi
Fred Biletnikoff
Florida State
QB
SE
Carl McAdams
Oklahoma
LB
[35]

December 31, 1965
Lenny Snow
Georgia Tech
TB
Donny Anderson
Texas Tech
RB
[36]

December 31, 1966
Dewey Warren
Tennessee
QB
Floyd Little
Syracuse
HB
[37]

December 30, 1967
Kim Hammond
Florida State
QB
Tom Sherman
Penn State
QB
[38]

December 28, 1968
Terry McMillan
Missouri
QB
Mike Hall
Alabama
LB
[39]

December 27, 1969
Mike Kelley
Florida
LB
Curt Watson
Tennessee
FB
[40]

January 2, 1971
Pat Sullivan
Auburn
QB
Archie Manning
Ole' Miss
QB
[41]

December 31, 1971
Jimmy Poulos
Georgia
TB
James Webster
North Carolina
LB
[42]

December 30, 1972
Wade Whatley
Auburn
QB
Mark Cooney
Colorado
LB
[43]

December 29, 1973
Joe Barnes
Texas Tech
QB
Haskel Stanback
Tennessee
TB
[44]

December 30, 1974
Phil Gargis
Auburn
QB
Earl Campbell
Texas
RB
[45]

December 29, 1975
Steve Atkins
Maryland
TB
Sammy Green
Florida
LB
[46]

December 27, 1976
Al Hunter
Notre Dame
HB
Jimmy Cefalo
Penn State
WR
[47]

December 30, 1977
Matt Cavanaugh
Pittsburgh
QB
Jerry Butler
Clemson
SE
[48]

December 29, 1978
Steve Fuller
Clemson
QB
Art Schlichter
Ohio State
QB
[49]

December 28, 1979
Matt Kupec[n 1]
Amos Lawrence
North Carolina
QB
RB
John Wangler
Anthony Carter
Michigan
QB
WR
[50][51]

December 29, 1980
Rick Trocano
Pittsburgh
QB
George Rogers
South Carolina
RB
[52]

December 28, 1981
Kelvin Bryant
Ethan Horton
North Carolina
TB
TB
Gary Anderson
Arkansas
RB
[53]

December 30, 1982
Greg Allen
Florida State
TB
Paul Woodside
West Virginia
K

December 30, 1983
Tony Lilly
Florida
S
Owen Gill
Iowa
FB
[54]

December 28, 1984
Thurman Thomas
Oklahoma State
RB
Mike Hold
South Carolina
QB
[55]

December 30, 1985
Chip Ferguson
Florida State
QB
Thurman Thomas
Oklahoma State
RB
[56]

December 27, 1986
Rodney Williams
Clemson
QB
Brad Muster
Stanford
RB
[57]

December 31, 1987
Wendell Davis
LSU
SE
Harold Green
South Carolina
RB
[58]

January 1, 1989
Wayne Johnson
Georgia
QB
Andre Rison
Michigan State
WR
[59]

December 30, 1989
Levon Kirkland
Clemson
LB
Mike Fox
West Virginia
DT
[60]

January 1, 1991
Offensive Line[n 2]
Michigan
N/A
Tyrone Ashley
Mississippi
DB
[61]

December 29, 1991
Cale Gundy
Oklahoma
QB
Tyrone Davis
Virginia
DB
[62]

December 31, 1992
Errict Rhett
Florida
RB
Reggie Lawrence
North Carolina State
WR
[63]

December 31, 1993
Brian Burgdorf
Alabama
QB
Corey Holliday
North Carolina
WR
[64]

December 30, 1994
James Stewart
Tennessee
TB
Maurice DeShazo
Virginia Tech
QB
[65]

January 1, 1996
Donovan McNabb
Syracuse
QB
Peter Ford
Clemson
CB
[66]

January 1, 1997
Oscar Davenport
North Carolina
QB
David Saunders
West Virginia
WR
[67]

January 1, 1998
Chris Keldorf
North Carolina
QB
Nick Sorensen
Virginia Tech
QB
[68]

January 1, 1999
Dez White
Joe Hamilton
Georgia Tech
WR
QB
Autry Denson
Notre Dame
RB
[69]

January 1, 2000
Nate Webster
Miami (Florida)
LB
Joe Hamilton
Georgia Tech
QB
[70]

January 1, 2001
Michael Vick
Virginia Tech
QB
Rod Gardner
Clemson
WR

January 1, 2002
Javon Walker
Florida State
WR
André Davis
Virginia Tech
WR
[71]

January 1, 2003
Philip Rivers
North Carolina State
QB
Cedric Hillard
Notre Dame
NG
[72]

January 1, 2004
Scott McBrien
Maryland
QB
Brian King
West Virginia
DB
[73]

January 1, 2005
Leon Washington
Florida State
RB
Kay-Jay Harris
West Virginia
RB
[74]

January 2, 2006
Cedric Humes
Virginia Tech
RB
Hunter Cantwell
Louisville
QB
[75]

January 1, 2007
Pat White
West Virginia
QB
Calvin Johnson
Georgia Tech
WR
[76]

January 1, 2008
Graham Harrell
Texas Tech
QB
Chris Long[n 3]
Virginia
DE
[77]

January 1, 2009
Joe Ganz
Nebraska
QB
DaQuan Bowers
Clemson
DE
[78]

January 1, 2010
EJ Manuel
Florida State
QB
Noel Devine
West Virginia
HB
[79]

January 1, 2011
Chris Relf
Mississippi State
QB
Denard Robinson
Michigan
QB
[80]

January 2, 2012
Andre Debose
Florida
WR
Etienne Sabino
Ohio State
LB
[81]

January 1, 2013
Jared Carpenter
Northwestern
S
Nickoe Whitley
Mississippi State
DB
[82]

January 1, 2014
Quincy Enunwa
Nebraska
WR
Todd Gurley
Georgia
TB
[83]

January 2, 2015
Joshua Dobbs
Tennessee
QB
Josey Jewell
Iowa
LB
[84]

January 2, 2016
Terry Godwin
Georgia
WR
Trace McSorley
Penn State
QB
[85]

December 31, 2016
Dedrick Mills
Georgia Tech
RB
Stephen Johnson II
Kentucky
QB

December 30, 2017
Mark McLaurin
Mississippi State
S
Lamar Jackson
Louisville
QB
[86]

text:
Jump up ^ The bowl's official site omits Kupec as co-MVP for North Carolina in the 1979 game.
Jump up ^ Michigan's offensive linemen in the January 1991 game were Tom Dohring, Matt Elliott, Steve Everitt, Dean Dingman, and Greg Skrepenak.
Jump up ^ Other sources list Mikell Simpson, who rushed for 170 yards, as the Virginia MVP for the 2008 game.

text: Most appearances[edit]

text: Only teams with at least three appearances are listed.

text:
Rank
Team
Appearances
Record

T1
Florida
9
7–2

T1
Clemson
9
4–5

2
Georgia Tech
8
4–4

T3
Florida State
7
6–0–1

T3
North Carolina
7
5–2

T3
West Virginia
7
1–6

4
Auburn
6
4–2

T5
Tennessee
6
4–2

6
Georgia
5
3–1–1

T6
Virginia Tech
5
2–3

T6
Penn State
5
1–3–1

7
Maryland
4
3–0–1

T7
Texas Tech
4
3–1

T7
South Carolina
4
0–4

8
Mississippi State
3
2–1

T8
Oklahoma
3
2–1

T8
Pittsburgh
3
2–1

T8
Michigan
3
1–2

T8
Mississippi
3
1–2

T8
Missouri
3
1–2

T8
North Carolina State
3
1–2

T8
Notre Dame
3
1–2

text: Gator Bowl Hall of Fame[edit]

text: The Gator Bowl created a Hall of Fame in 1989, and admits new members annually. From 1989 through 2013, a total of 82 people connected with the bowl were inducted. With the bowl's name change in 2014, it appears inductions were suspended for two years, then resumed in 2016.

text:
Year
Inductees
[show]Ref.

1989
Dan Devine, Ray Graves, Ralph Jordan, Floyd Little, Archie Manning, Bobby Dodd
[87]

1990
Vince Dooley, Bobby Gage, Frank Howard, Pat Sullivan, Bob Woodruff, George R. Olsen

1991
Wally Butts, Bill Peterson, Ron Sellers, Ken Willard

1992
Maxie Baughan, Lu Gambino, Don Faurot, Johnny Vaught

1993
DeWitt Weaver, Tom Shannon, Joe Childress

1994
Doug Dickey, Rip Engle, Larry Libertore, Jr.

1995
Fred Biletnikoff, Frank Broyles, Nicholas Sacrinty, Richard Stratton, Steve Tensi

1996
Dave Robinson, Wade Mitchell, Jim Dooley, Dick Crum

1997
Judge John "Papa" Hall, Gene Stallings, Kim Hammond, John F. Lanahan

1998
Ross Browner, James Stewart, Danny Ford

1999
Jack Bush, Walter C. Dunbar, Jay Solomon

2000
Joe Paterno, Terry McMillan, Bob Bradley

2001
John David Crow, Don Nehlen, Carlisle Jones

2002
W. W. "Bill" Gay, Jackie Sherrill, Hugh Green

2003
Donny Anderson, Rodney Hampton, Ash Verlander

2004
Chip Ferguson, Bill Nimnicht, Jr., Steve Spurrier, Greg Allen

2005
Desmond Howard, Peter Kirill, Sr., Peahead Walker

2006
Dave Braine, Carl Cannon

2007
Don Davis, George Rogers, Bear Bryant
[88]

2008
Errict Rhett, Wendell Davis
[89]

2009
Wilford C. Lyon, Jr, Gary Pajcic, Bob Golic
[90]

2010
Bobby Bowden, Mike Tranghese
[91]

2011
Pat Jones, Anthony Carter, Bill Nimnicht Sr.
[92]

2012
Corky Rogers, Donald Orr
[93]

2013
Donovin Darius
[94]

2014
no inductees
[citation needed]

2015
no inductees
[citation needed]

2016
Frank Beamer, Tom Shouvlin
[95]

2017
Leon Washington
[96]


document_title: Olympic symbols

question_text: how many rings are there in the olympic symbol

text: Olympic symbols

text: Motto[edit]

text: The Olympic motto is the hendiatris Citius, Altius, Fortius, which is Latin for "Faster, Higher, Stronger".[1] It was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin upon the creation of the International Olympic Committee in 1894. Coubertin borrowed it from his friend Henri Didon, a Dominican priest who was an athletics enthusiast.[2] Coubertin said "These three words represent a programme of moral beauty. The aesthetics of sport are intangible."[2] The motto was introduced in 1924 at the Olympic Games in Paris.[3] A more informal but well-known motto, also introduced by Coubertin, is "The most important thing is not to win but to take part!" Coubertin got this motto from a sermon by the Bishop of Pennsylvania during the 1908 London Games.[4]

text: Rings[edit]

text: The rings are five interlocking rings, coloured blue, yellow, black, green, and red on a white field, known as the "Olympic rings". The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by de Coubertin.[5] He appears to have intended the rings to represent the five participating continents: Africa, Asia, America, Oceania and Europe.[6] According to Coubertin, the colours of the rings together with the white of the background included the colours composing every competing nation's flag at the time. Upon its initial introduction, Coubertin stated the following in the August 1912 edition of Olympique:[7]

text: ... the six colours [including the flag's white background] combined in this way reproduce the colours of every country without exception. The blue and yellow of Sweden, the blue and white of Greece, the tricolour flags of France, England, the United States, Germany, Belgium, Italy and Hungary, and the yellow and red of Spain are included, as are the innovative flags of Brazil and Australia, and those of ancient Japan and modern China. This, truly, is an international emblem.

text: In his article published in the Olympic Revue the official magazine of the International Olympic Committee in November 1992, the American historian Robert Barney explains that the idea of the interlaced rings came to Pierre de Coubertin when he was in charge of the USFSA, an association founded by the union of two French sports associations and until 1925, responsible for representing the International Olympic Committee in France: The emblem of the union was two interlaced rings (like the vesica piscis typical interlaced marriage rings) and originally the idea of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung: for him, the ring symbolized continuity and the human being.[8].

text: The 1914 Congress was suspended due to the outbreak of World War I, but the symbol and flag were later adopted. They would first officially debut at the Games of the VII Olympiad in Antwerp, Belgium, in 1920.[9]

text: The symbol's popularity and widespread use began during the lead-up to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. Carl Diem, president of the Organizing Committee of the 1936 Summer Olympics, wanted to hold a torchbearers' ceremony in the stadium at Delphi, site of the famous oracle, where the Pythian Games were also held. For this reason he ordered construction of a milestone with the Olympic rings carved in the sides, and that a torchbearer should carry the flame along with an escort of three others from there to Berlin. The ceremony was celebrated but the stone was never removed. Later, two American authors, Lynn and Gray Poole, when visiting Delphi in the late 1950s, saw the stone and reported in their History of the Ancient Games[10] that the Olympic rings design came from ancient Greece. This has become known as "Carl Diem's Stone".[11] This created a myth that the symbol had an ancient Greek origin.

text: The current view of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) is that the symbol "reinforces the idea" that the Olympic Movement is international and welcomes all countries of the world to join.[12] As can be read in the Olympic Charter, the Olympic symbol represents the union of the "five continents" of the world and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games. However, no continent is represented by any specific ring. Prior to 1951, the official handbook stated that each colour corresponded to a particular continent: blue for Europe, yellow for Asia, black for Africa, green for Australia and Oceania and red for the Americas; this was removed because there was no evidence that Coubertin had intended it (the quotation above was probably an afterthought).[13] Nevertheless, the logo of the Association of National Olympic Committees places the logo of each of its five continental associations inside the ring of the corresponding colour.

text: Flag[edit]

text: The Olympic flag was created by Pierre de Coubertin in 1925.

text: The Olympic flag has a white background, with five interlaced rings in the centre: blue, yellow, black, green and red. This design is symbolic; it represents the five continents of the world, united by Olympism, while the six colours are those that appear on all the national flags of the world at the present time.

text: Specific flags[edit]

text: There are specific Olympic flags that are displayed by cities that will be hosting the next Olympic games. During each Olympic closing ceremony in what is traditionally known as the Antwerp Ceremony,[15] the flag is passed from the mayor of one host city to the next host, where it will then be taken to the new host and displayed at city hall. These flags should not be confused with the larger Olympic flags designed and created specifically for each games, which are flown over the host stadium and then retired. Because there is no specific flag for this purpose, the flags flown over the stadiums generally have subtle differences, including minor color variations, and, more noticeably, the presence (or lack) of white outlines around each ring.

text: Antwerp flag[edit]

text: The first Olympic flag was presented to the Jr.National Olympics at the 1920 Summer Olympics by the city of Antwerp, Belgium. At the end of the Games, the flag could not be found and a new Olympic flag had to be made for the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. Despite it being a replacement, the IOC officially still calls this the "Antwerp Flag" instead of the "Paris Flag".[16] It was passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics or Winter Olympics until the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway, when a separate Olympic flag was created to be used only at the Winter Olympics (see below). The 1924 flag then continued to be used at the Summer Olympics until the Games of Seoul 1988 when it was retired.

text: In 1997, at a banquet hosted by the US Olympic Committee, a reporter was interviewing Hal Haig Prieste who had won a bronze medal in platform diving as a member of the 1920 US Olympic team. The reporter mentioned that the IOC had not been able to find out what had happened to the original Olympic flag. "I can help you with that," Prieste said, "It's in my suitcase." At the end of the Antwerp Olympics, spurred on by teammate Duke Kahanamoku, he climbed a flagpole and stole the Olympic flag. For 77 years the flag was stored away in the bottom of his suitcase. The flag was returned to the IOC by Prieste, by then 103 years old, in a special ceremony held at the 2000 Games in Sydney.[17] The original Antwerp Flag is now on display at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland, with a plaque thanking him for donating it.[18]

text: Oslo flag[edit]

text: The Oslo flag was presented to the IOC by the mayor of Oslo, Norway, during the 1952 Winter Olympics. Since then, it has been passed to the next organizing city for the Winter Olympics. Currently, the actual Oslo flag is kept preserved in a special box, and a replica has been used during recent closing ceremonies instead.[19]

text: Seoul flag[edit]

text: As a successor to the Antwerp Flag,[20] the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Summer Olympics by the city of Seoul, South Korea, and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics. The Seoul flag is currently on display at the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building.

text: Rio de Janeiro flag[edit]

text: As a successor to the Seoul Flag,[21] the Rio flag was presented to the IOC at the 2016 Summer Olympics by the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics, Tokyo.

text: Singapore flag[edit]

text: For the inaugural Youth Olympic Games, an Olympic flag was created for the junior version of the Games. The flag is similar to the Olympic flag, but has the host city and year on it and was first presented to Singapore by IOC President Jacques Rogge.[22][23] During the closing ceremony on 26 August 2010, Singapore officials presented it to the next organizing committee, Nanjing 2014.[24]

text: Innsbruck flag[edit]

text: For the inaugural winter Youth Olympic Games, an Olympic flag was presented to the IOC at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics by the city of Innsbruck, Austria, and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Winter Youth Olympics.

text: Flame and torch relay[edit]

text: The modern tradition of moving the Olympic Flame via a relay system from Greece to the Olympic venue began with the Berlin Games in 1936. Months before the Games are held, the Olympic Flame is lit on a torch, with the rays of the Sun concentrated by a parabolic reflector, at the site of the Ancient Olympics in Olympia, Greece. The torch is then taken out of Greece, most often to be taken around the country or continent where the Games are held. The Olympic torch is carried by athletes, leaders, celebrities, and ordinary people alike, and at times in unusual conditions, such as being electronically transmitted via satellite for Montreal 1976, submerged underwater without being extinguished for Sydney 2000, or in space and at the North Pole for Sochi 2014. On the final day of the torch relay, the day of the Opening Ceremony, the Flame reaches the main stadium and is used to light a cauldron situated in a prominent part of the venue to signify the beginning of the Games.

text: Medals and diplomas[edit]

text: The Olympic medals awarded to winners are another symbol associated with the Olympic games. The medals are made of gold-plated silver – for the gold medals – silver, or bronze, and are awarded to the top three finishers in a particular event. Each medal for an Olympiad has a common design, decided upon by the organizers for the particular games. From 1928 until 2000, the obverse side of the medals contained an image of Nike, the traditional goddess of victory, holding a palm in her left hand and a winner's crown in her right. This design was created by Giuseppe Cassioli. For each Olympic games, the reverse side as well as the labels for each Olympiad changed, reflecting the host of the games.

text: In 2004, the obverse side of the medals changed to make more explicit reference to the Greek character of the games. In this design, the goddess Nike flies into the Panathenic stadium, reflecting the renewal of the games. The design was by Greek jewelry designer Elena Votsi.[25]

text: Olympic diplomas are given to competitors placing fourth, fifth, and sixth since 1949, and to competitors placing seventh and eighth since 1981.

text: Anthems[edit]

text: The "Olympic Hymn", officially known as the "Olympic Anthem", is played when the Olympic Flag is raised. It was composed by Spyridon Samaras with words from a poem of the Greek poet and writer Kostis Palamas. Both the poet and the composer were the choice of Demetrius Vikelas, a Greek Pro-European and the first President of the IOC. The anthem was performed for the first time for the ceremony of opening of the 1896 Athens Olympic Games but wasn't declared the official hymn by the IOC until 1958. In the following years, every hosting nation commissioned the composition of a specific Olympic hymn for their own edition of the Games until the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley.

text: Other notable Olympic anthems and fanfares include:

text:
"Olympische Hymne": A composition for orchestra and mixed chorus composed by Richard Strauss for the 1936 Berlin Summer Olympics.
The "Olympic Fanfare" for the 1952 Helsinki Summer Olympics was originally composed by Aarre Merikanto for the 1940 Summer Olympics, which were cancelled. Merikanto's Fanfare won the fanfare contest organized in Finland in 1939, but the score was lost for over a decade; when rediscovered in 1951, it was decided to use it in 1952. It was recorded in 1953.[26]
"Bugler's Dream": Written in 1958 by Leo Arnaud as part of his Charge Suite, the theme is often thought of by Americans as the Olympic Theme" due to its usage in television coverage by ABC and NBC, starting with the 1964 Olympics.
The "Olympic March": The theme written by Yūji Koseki for the Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics theme song.
"Olympic Fanfare 1972": The winning submission for the Munich 1972 Summer Olympics theme song, used as the TV signature tune of the German Olympic Center (Deutsches Olympia-Zentrum, DOZ) and the prelude to the medal ceremonies, composed by Herbert Rehbein.[27] It was performed by the Orchestra of the Bavarian Broadcasting Company (Orchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks) and members of the Air Force Band Neubiberg, conducted by Willy Mattes.[citation needed]
"Olympic Fanfare and Theme": Composed by John Williams for the Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympics, the theme was performed in the opening ceremonies by the United States Army Herald Trumpets conducted by then-Captain David Deitrick.[28] The first recording, performed by an orchestra composed of Los Angeles-area musicians, was released in its entirety on the LP and cassette album The Official Music of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles 1984, with a concurrent Japan-only CD release (which went on to win a Grammy in 1985).[29] A slightly different arrangement of the piece was released on the Philips album By Request: The Best of John Williams and the Boston Pops Orchestra. In 1996, an alternate version of "Olympic Fanfare and Theme" was released on the album Summon the Heroes for the Atlanta Olympic Games, replacing the first part of the piece with Arnaud's Bugler's Dream. The theme was also used in closing ceremony of the 2010 Olympic Games, as the nations' flagbearers entered BC Place Stadium surrounding the Olympic Flame and when the Olympic Flag was brought into the stadium by Vancouver mayor Gregor Robertson.
"The Olympic Spirit": The theme written by John Williams for the 1988 Olympics in Seoul and used in the corresponding NBC broadcasts.
"Summon the Heroes": The theme written by John Williams for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.
"Theme from The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.": The theme song to this television show, composed by Randy Edelman, has been used by NBC for teaser commercial and promo spots since the 1996 Summer Olympics.[30]
"Call of the Champions": The theme written by John Williams for the 2002 Salt Lake Winter Olympics.

text: Several other composers have contributed Olympic music, including Henry Mancini, Francis Lai, Marvin Hamlisch, Philip Glass, David Foster, Mikis Theodorakis, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Vangelis, Basil Poledouris, Michael Kamen, and Mark Watters.it had oath too : we swear that we will take part in the Olympic Games in loyal competition, respecting the regulations which govern them and desirous of participating in them in the true spirit of sportsmanship for the honour of our country and for the glory of sports.

text: Kotinos[edit]

text: The kotinos (Greek: κότινος),[31] is an olive branch, originally of wild olive-tree, intertwined to form a circle or a horse-shoe, introduced by Heracles.[32] In the ancient Olympic Games there were no gold, silver, or bronze medals. There was only one winner per event, crowned with an olive wreath made of wild olive leaves from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia. Aristophanes in Plutus makes a sensible remark why victorious athletes are crowned with wreath made of wild olive instead of gold.[33] The victorious athletes were honored, feted, and praised. Their deeds were heralded and chronicled so that future generations could appreciate their accomplishments.

text: Herodotus describes the following story which is relevant to the olive wreath. Xerxes was interrogating some Arcadians after the Battle of Thermopylae. He inquired why there were so few Greek men defending the Thermopylae. The answer was "All other men are participating in the Olympic Games". And when asked "What is the prize for the winner?", "An olive-wreath" came the answer. Then Tigranes, one of his generals uttered a most noble saying: "Good heavens! Mardonius, what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight? Men who do not compete for possessions, but for honour."[34]

text: However, in later times, this was not their only reward; the athlete was rewarded with a generous sum of money by his country. The kotinos tradition was renewed specifically for the Athens 2004 Games, although in this case it was bestowed together with the gold medal. Apart from its use in the awards-ceremonies, the kotinos was chosen as the 2004 Summer Olympics emblem.

text: Olympic salute[edit]

text: The Olympic salute is a variant of the Roman salute, with the right arm and hand are stretched and pointing upward, the palm is outward and downward, with the fingers touching. However, unlike the Roman Salute, the arm is raised higher and at an angle to the right from the shoulder.[35][36]The greeting is visible on the official posters of the games at Paris 1924[35] and Berlin 1936.[37]

text: The Olympic salute has fallen out of use since World War II because of its strong resemblance to the Nazi salute.[38] It was used for the last time by the French team in the opening ceremony of the 1948 Winter Olympics. [39]

text: Mascots[edit]

text: Since the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France, the Olympic Games have had a mascot, usually an animal native to the area or occasionally human figures representing the cultural heritage. The first major mascot in the Olympic Games was Misha in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Misha was used extensively during the opening and closing ceremonies, had a TV animated cartoon and appeared on several merchandise products. Nowadays, most of the merchandise aimed at young people focuses on the mascots, rather than the Olympic flag or organization logos.

text: Intellectual property[edit]

text: The Olympic movement is very protective of its symbols; as many jurisdictions have given the movement exclusive trademark rights to any interlocking arrangement of five rings, and usage of the word "Olympic". The rings are not eligible for copyright protection, both because of their date of creation and because five circles arranged in a pattern do not reach the threshold of originality required to be copyrighted.

text: The movement has taken action against numerous groups alleged to have violated their trademarks, including the Gay Games; the Minneapolis-based band The Hopefuls, formerly The Olympic Hopefuls; the Redneck Olympics or Redneck Games; Awana Clubs International, a Christian youth ministry who used the term for its competitive games; and Wizards of the Coast, publisher at the time of the IOC's complaint of the card game Legend of the Five Rings.

text: In 1938, the Norwegian brewery Frydenlund patented a label for its root beer which featured the five Olympic rings. In 1952, when Norway was to host the Winter Olympics, the Olympic Committee was notified by Norway's Patent Office that it was Frydenlund who owned the rights to the rings in that country. Today, the successor company Ringnes AS owns the rights to use the patented five rings on its root beer.[40] In addition, a few other companies have been successful in using the Olympic name, such as Olympic Paint, which has a paintbrush in the form of a torch as its logo, and the former Greek passenger carrier Olympic Airlines.

text: Certain other sporting organizations and events have been granted permission by the IOC to use the word "Olympics" in their name, such as the Special Olympics, an international sporting event held every four years for people with intellectual disabilities.

text: In recent years, organizing committees have also demanded the passing of laws to combat ambush marketing by non-official sponsors during the Games – such as the London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006 – putting heavy restrictions on using any term or imagery that could constitute an unauthorized association with the games, including mere mentioning of the host city, the year, and others.[41][42]