document_title: The Collector (2009 film)

question_text: who is the killer in the movie the collector

text: The Collector (2009 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: A man named Larry and his wife return home to find the power is out. They discover a large box upstairs, and are horrified by its contents. They are then attacked by an unseen assailant.

text: Arkin O'Brien is an ex-convict working as a handyman. His latest customers are the Chase family. He is generally well-liked by the Chases, particularly their younger daughter Hannah. While working at the Chase home, Arkin notices several strange insects around the house. After work, Arkin meets his wife, whose debt to several loan sharks is due by midnight. In order to protect her and their daughter, Arkin plans a heist at the Chase home, which houses a valuable ruby. He breaks in, but as he attempts to crack the safe, a masked figure enters in the house and locks the door. Michael, the father, appears injured, and attempts to attack Arkin with a golf club, thinking Arkin is the perpetrator. However, Michael is incapacitated by a trap rigged with the club, and the masked man drags Michael into the basement. Arkin attempts to call 911, but the phone is rigged with another trap, and the windows have been boarded up and lined with razors, making escape impossible.

text: Arkin retreats to the basement; Michael informs him that his wife Victoria is trapped as well, his older daughter Jill is out, and Hannah is hiding somewhere, and that a gun is in the safe, giving him the combination. Arkin then finds a captive Victoria and has her distract the intruder while he goes upstairs to get to the safe. Upon opening the safe, Arkin gets the gun (which has no bullets) and pockets the ruby. While searching for Hannah, he finds the same box from the beginning of the film. Hearing noises coming from the box, he opens it to find a bloodied Larry, who explains that the masked man is a "collector" of people; he only collects one person in a household and kills everyone else like he did to his wife. For the people he does not collect, he brutally tortures them until death. Horrified, Arkin unsuccessfully tries to escape, while the Collector locks Larry back in the trunk.

text: Arkin goes back downstairs and discovers Michael dead. He goes to Victoria, who had been tortured, and frees her. They try to escape the basement, but after Victoria notices Michael's corpse, she panics and runs into the Collector, who stabs her multiple times, injuring her, and throws her back downstairs. Shortly after, Jill arrives home with her boyfriend Chad. As the two prepare to have sex on the kitchen table, they notice the Collector watching them. Chad attacks him but is killed when he is pushed into a room filled with several bear traps. Jill is captured, but she manages to make a 911 call before being taken. Using an alarm clock as a distraction, Arkin frees Jill, but she doesn't trust him and is killed by a trap when she reaches for a pair of scissors. Arkin eventually decides to escape the house, but in the process, he sees Hannah in the window with the Collector coming her way. Refusing to leave her behind, he reenters the house and prepares a trap to kill the Collector with Hannah.

text: However, the Collector uses Larry as a decoy, so the trap kills Larry instead. Arkin then sends Hannah down a laundry chute to the basement where she hides. Before Arkin can go down the chute, the Collector attacks and knocks out Arkin. The Collector then takes Arkin captive and brutally tortures him. A police officer responding to Jill's 911 call tries to arrest the Collector and is killed by the Collector's dog, but manages to call for backup before dying. The distraction gives Arkin time to free himself, but he discovers Victoria dead and armed explosives in the basement. After killing the Collector's dog with a flaming bucket and trapping the Collector in one of his own traps, Arkin finally escapes with Hannah. Arkin, seeing several approaching police cars, runs into the road to get their attention but is accidentally hit by one of the cars. While lying injured in the road he sees Hannah being scooped to safety by one of the policeman. An injured Arkin tells a police officer that the Collector was an exterminator also working at the Chase house. The explosives promptly detonate and destroy the house, but the Collector is seen running away from the house unharmed.

text: While Arkin is being taken to the hospital in an ambulance, he discovers that the ruby is still in his pocket. He begs the paramedic to call his wife, but before he can, something unknown suddenly slams into the ambulance, flipping it over. The ambulance doors swing open revealing the Collector, who had escaped from the burning house undetected. After murdering the injured paramedic, he then kidnaps Arkin by dragging him out of the overturned ambulance and locking him in the box before driving away in his van.

text: In a post-credits scene, the Collector is sitting on the box while watching film slides. Inside, Arkin is heard screaming that he will kill him once he gets out; the Collector then kicks the box to shut him up.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Josh Stewart as Arkin
Michael Reilly Burke as Michael Chase
Andrea Roth as Victoria Chase
Juan Fernández as The Collector
Karley Scott Collins as Hannah Chase
Daniella Alonso as Lisa
Haley Pullos as Cindy
William Prael as Larry Wharton
Diane Ayala Goldner as Gena Wharton
Alex Feldman as Chad
Madeline Zima as Jill Chase
Robert Wisdom as Roy

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was theatrically released on July 31, 2009 in the United States, and on DVD on April 6, 2010.[6] A rental version was made available February 12, 2010, through Blockbuster Video's Exclusive Line.[7] The DVD includes two deleted scenes, and also an alternative ending which is Arkin leaving after seeing Hannah in the window – thus cutting off the remaining 25 minutes of the film.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reviews[edit]

text: The Collector was met with generally negative reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 30%, based on 70 reviews, with an average rating of 4.2/10. The site's general consensus reads, "Increasingly tedious displays of gore makes this torture porn home-invasion-horror more programmatic than provocative."[8] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 29 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[9]

text: Clay Clane of BET noted that, "You will squirm, but aren't we getting a bit desensitized to these routine torture flicks? It's like seeing a pop songstress get naked for the billionth time – yeah, she's hot, but we have all seen it before."[10] Bloody Disgusting gave the film a 3.5/5 and wrote that The Collector is "a raw, gritty and uncompromising horror film that puts the previous Saw film to shame." The reviewer also believed that the character of the Collector had the potential to become a new horror icon.[11]

text: Box office[edit]

text: On the opening day, the film opened in 1,325 theaters, grossing $1,325,000.[12] The film has grossed $7,712,114.[13]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Speaking about a sequel, Patrick Melton said in an interview:

text:
I didn't think it necessarily would happen because while the movie did well for its budget, it certainly wasn't a blockbuster, but it did well enough that the film's producer, Mickey Liddell, wants to make a sequel and of course wants me and Marcus to be involved again.
So we are seeing if we can work out some sort of a deal for us to write it and for Marcus to direct, but right now it's just in the deal stage. It is a possibility. I couldn't imagine it being made without Marcus directing it."[14]

text: Shooting on the second film, The Collection, began in October 2010,[15] and the film was released on November 30, 2012. Josh Stewart reprised his role as Arkin.


document_title: Vikings (season 3)

question_text: who plays the wanderer in vikings season 3

root

text: Vikings (season 3)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Travis Fimmel as King Ragnar Lothbrok, the head of the Viking earldom of Kattegat who became king after Horik's death
Katheryn Winnick as Lagertha, a shieldmaiden and Ragnar's ex-wife; she controls the Earldom of Hedeby calling herself Earl Ingstad.
Clive Standen as Rollo, a warrior and Ragnar's brother[1]
Jessalyn Gilsig as Siggy, widow of Jarl Haraldson and Rollo's lover
Gustaf Skarsgård as Floki, a gifted shipbuilder and friend of Ragnar's
George Blagden as Athelstan, an Anglo-Saxon monk from Northumbria who is torn between the Viking gods and the Christian God; he is a friend and adviser to both King Ragnar and King Ecbert.
Alexander Ludwig as Bjorn Ironside, Ragnar and Lagertha's son, who has fallen in love with the shieldmaiden Þórunn
Alyssa Sutherland as Queen Aslaug, Brynhildr's daughter and Ragnar's second wife
Ben Robson as Kalf, the ruler of Hedeby in the absence of Lagertha[2]
Kevin Durand as Harbard, a wanderer[2]
Lothaire Bluteau as Emperor Charles of West Francia.[2]
Linus Roache as King Ecbert of Wessex, the ruthless king of Wessex

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Amy Bailey as Princess/Queen Kwenthrith of Mercia
Moe Dunford as Prince Aethelwulf of Wessex, son of King Ecbert
Maude Hirst as Helga, Floki's wife
Gaia Weiss as Þórunn (Thorunn), a freed slave and Björn's love interest
Jefferson Hall as Torstein, one of Ragnar's warriors
Jennie Jacques as Princess Judith of Northumbria, daughter of King Ælle, wedded to Aethelwulf
John Kavanagh as the Seer, a seiðmann
Steve Wall as Einar, a relative of late Jarl Sigvard and an opponent of Lagertha in Hedeby
Cathal O'Hallin as Hvitserk, second son of Ragnar and Aslaug
Cormac Melia as Ubbe, eldest son of Ragnar and Aslaug
Philip O'Sullivan as Bishop Edmund, serving at the court of King Ecbert
Aaron Monaghan as Prince Burgred, the younger brother of Princess Kwenthrith
Edvin Endre as Erlendur, son of King Horik
Georgia Hirst as Torvi, the widow of Jarl Borg and the new wife of Erlendur
Greg Orvis as Earl Siegfried
Frankie McCafferty as Sinric, a polyglot drifter
Owen Roe as Count Odo of Paris
Morgane Polanski as Princess Gisla of West Francia, the daughter of Emperor Charles[2]
Huw Parmenter as Roland, Count Odo's first-in-command and Therese's brother
Mark Huberman as Louis, a soldier in Paris
Karen Hassan as Therese, Roland's sister and Count Odo's mistress

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Ian Beattie as King Brihtwulf of Mercia
Ivan Kaye as King Aelle of Northumbria
Elinor Crawley as Thyri, Earl Haraldson and Siggy's daughter
Søren Pilmark as Stender, a farmer who escaped Wessex after Aethelwulf's raid
Eddie Drew as Odin, appearing in Ragnar's visions
Carl Shaaban as Jesus, appearing in Ragnar's visions
James Murphy as Ansgar, a monk who is trying to convert Vikings in Kattegat

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

20
1
"Mercenary"
Ken Girotti
Michael Hirst
February 19, 2015 (2015-02-19)

Ragnar tells Björn that he never wanted to be king, but only to explore and farm. Ragnar wants to return to Wessex to claim the land promised by King Ecbert. Floki feels that his new family with Helga is too happy, while Rollo wishes to be away from Siggy. Þórunn desires to be a shieldmaiden like Lagertha, much to Björn's displeasure; he believes her to be carrying his child. When Lagertha announces she intends to raid with Ragnar, Kalf, her right-hand man, offers to remain and take care of Hedeby. When they arrive in Wessex, King Ecbert informs Ragnar that to receive their land, the Vikings must fight for Princess Kwenthrith to appease King Ecbert's nobles. Lagertha is unsure about joining, so King Ecbert offers her the job of leading the Viking settlers in Wessex. The settlers go to the land to farm, while the warriors defeat Kwenthrith's uncle's army.

21
2
"The Wanderer"
Ken Girotti
Michael Hirst
February 26, 2015 (2015-02-26)

A celebration is held in honor of the victory. Torstein's left arm becomes gangrenous and he asks Floki to amputate. Kwenthrith asks for the head of her uncle, and Ragnar questions her hatred; she admits to having been sexually abused as a child by him and her oldest brother. Concerned about Þórunn's safety, Björn lectures her and then proposes to marry her. Back in Kattegat, Helga, Siggy, and Aslaug share strange dreams about a stranger. In Hedeby, Kalf usurps the earldom with the help of Einar. Prince Aethelwulf searches for the young brother of the princess and his army. He captures a soldier who tells him they expect reinforcements. King Egbert, who woos Lagertha, offers her a necklace. Princess Judith tells Athelstan during confession that she dreamt of sleeping with him, and they share a kiss. Helga meets the stranger from her dreams.

22
3
"Warrior's Fate"
Jeff Woolnough
Michael Hirst
March 5, 2015 (2015-03-05)

Helga, Siggy, and Aslaug help Harbard with his hand, and he tells them stories about his travels and the gods. In England, the Vikings begin climbing the mountain to fight Kwenthrith's brother and his army. She asks Ragnar to spare her brother. Torstein volunteers to go first to make sure the army is there, and dies valiantly. In the battle, Þórunn is severely injured. Princess Kwenthrith's brother surrenders. In Kattegat, a fisherman catches two drowned young boys in his nets. Siggy visits the Seer to discuss Harbard and her dreams.

23
4
"Scarred"
Jeff Woolnough
Michael Hirst
March 12, 2015 (2015-03-12)

Aethelwulf attempts to befriend Rollo and Floki; Floki is unhappy about fighting for Christians. Kalf and Einar plan for Lagertha's return. Kalf says he has invited an important person to their village to help, who is King Horik's son Erlendur, now married to Jarl Borg's widow Torvi. Aslaug's two sons run out of their home and Siggy follows to find them walking across a frozen pond, where both boys fall through the thin ice. Siggy dives in after them, and Harbard helps pull them out as Siggy drowns. In England, as Princess Kwenthrith is giving a toast, she poisons her brother Burgred.

24
5
"The Usurper"
Helen Shaver
Michael Hirst
March 19, 2015 (2015-03-19)

The Vikings return to Kattegat, and the women learn of Torstein's death as the men learn of Siggy's. Ragnar is suspicious about why Aslaug was not watching the children. Floki becomes more outspoken about his hatred for Christians, and Athelstan. Helga tells Floki about Harbard, and he claims that Harbard is a god. Aethelwulf learns that Judith is with Athelstan's child, and he is sent to the settlement to resolve problems there. A messenger arrives to tell Lagertha that her earldom has been usurped by Kalf; she asks Ragnar to help her win it back. Ragnar tells the men that they will raid Paris in the spring. Ragnar returns with Lagertha to speak with Kalf, although he decides not to help fight for Lagertha. Aethelwulf leads his soldiers to the settlement, and kills all the settlers. Floki tells Ragnar that Aslaug slept with Harbard, and that Harbard is another name for Odin. King Ecbert finds out about the settlers' fate; he chides his nobles, then in private reveals that it was his plan all along.

25
6
"Born Again"
Helen Shaver
Michael Hirst
March 26, 2015 (2015-03-26)

Þórunn gives birth to a girl that she names Siggy. A farmer returns from Wessex and tells Ragnar about Aethelwulf's massacre. Athelstan has a sign from God. In Wessex, Judith gives birth to a son, but is then sentenced to having her ears and nose cut off for adultery. After one ear is removed, she reveals that Athelstan is the father. King Ecbert says the child is sent from God and will be christened Alfred. Earl Kalf leads a fleet to Kattegat to join the raid on Paris, along with Erlendur, and Torvi. Rollo reveals that Athelstan no longer wears his arm band. Floki receives a sign that "blood must be spilt", and kills Athelstan while he is praying. Ragnar carries Athelstan's body up the side of the mountain for burial, devastated.

26
7
"Paris"
Kelly Makin
Michael Hirst
April 2, 2015 (2015-04-02)

Ragnar's viking fleet, also reinforced by the earl Siegfried, arrives in Francia, and prepares for battle. Emperor Charles is asked by count Odo to evacuate Paris, but after privately consulting his daughter Gisla, he refuses. Ragnar shocks them when he decides to leave Floki in charge of the attack. Both Vikings and Franks prepare for the siege as the Christians pray for protection from the pagans.

27
8
"To the Gates!"
Kelly Makin
Michael Hirst
April 9, 2015 (2015-04-09)

The Vikings attack Paris. Lagertha, Kalf and Erlendur lead an attack on the city gate; meanwhile, Floki, Ragnar, Bjorn and Rollo try to breach the walls from boats on the river. Princess Gisla manages to restore faith in the Frank troops by revealing the Oriflamme, the holy banner of their patron, Saint Denis. Eventually the defense holds, repelling the Vikings. While the Franks celebrate their victory, at the Viking camp the warriors have to deal with their wounded, including a badly wounded Bjorn, and Ragnar who has been thrown down from the walls. Floki is consumed by his guilt, having trusted in the good omens of their gods. Helga, disgusted by his selfishness, leaves him.

28
9
"Breaking Point"
Ken Girotti
Michael Hirst
April 16, 2015 (2015-04-16)

With the Vikings still recovering, Ragnar orders another attack. Led by Rollo, Lagertha, and Kalf, they manage to pass the bridge, but they are once again pushed back. Siegfried is captured and executed on Gisla's insistence. Although the Franks have managed to defend the city, a plague has spread in Paris and citizens are dying. Count Odo begs the Emperor to come to terms with their enemy. Ragnar's wounds won't heal, leaving him weak. Trying to restore his leadership, he secretly meets the Franks; although offered gold and silver, Ragnar doesn't accept. Knowing his end is drawing near, he asks to be baptized, and to be buried inside the city. Meanwhile in Kattegat, Aslaug is in charge and deals with the Christian missionary Ansgar. Ansgar tries to carry a hot piece of metal to prove the might of the christian god. When he fails, Aslaug has him killed.

29
10
"The Dead"
Ken Girotti
Michael Hirst
April 23, 2015 (2015-04-23)

The Franks pay gold and silver to the Vikings, but they show no sign of leaving. Many people are still shocked at Ragnar's christening, and when the badly wounded leader dies, Bjorn is in charge. The warriors place Ragnar into a wooden coffin and escort it to the gates of Paris, where they meet the Bishop. The coffin is brought inside the Cathedral to be blessed, but Ragnar suddenly jumps out of the coffin alive. He takes Princess Gisla as a hostage and forces the guards to open the gates, allowing the Vikings to enter the city. Most of the Vikings then set sail for home, but a small party, led by Rollo, remain. Emperor Charles is determined to gain his favour, offering Rollo land and titles, and his daughter in marriage. While sailing home Ragnar tells Floki that he knows he is Athelstan's killer.

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: An Irish-Canadian co-production presented by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Vikings was developed and produced by Octagon Films and Take 5 Productions.[3] Morgan O'Sullivan, Sheila Hockin, Sherry Marsh, Alan Gasmer, James Flynn, John Weber, and Michael Hirst are credited as executive producers.[3] This season was produced by Steve Wakefield and Keith Thompson. Bill Goddard and Séamus McInerney act as co-producers.

tag: p

text: The production team for this season includes casting directors Frank and Nuala Moiselle, costume designer Joan Bergin, visual effects supervisors Julian Parry and Dominic Remane, stunt action designers Franklin Henson and Richard Ryan, composer Trevor Morris, production designer Mark Geraghty, editors Aaron Marshall for the first, third, fifth, seventh and ninth episodes, and Tad Seaborn for the second, fourth, sixth, eighth and tenth episodes, and cinematographer Pj Dillon.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating, with an average rating of 8/10 based on eleven reviews.[4] On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, it scored 81 out of 100, based on seven reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[5]


document_title: Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean

question_text: when did the atlantic ocean start to open

text: Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean

text: Description[edit]

text: Rocks from the North Atlantic Igneous Province have been found in Greenland, the Irminger Basin, Faroe Islands, Vøring Plateau (off Norway), Faroe-Shetland Basin, Hebrides, Outer Moray Firth and Denmark.[2] The supercontinent known as Pangea existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras and began to rift around 200 million years ago.[3][4] Pangea had three major phases of breakup. The first major phase began in the Early-Middle Jurassic, taking place between North America and Africa.[5] The second major phase of breakup began in the Early Cretaceous. The South Atlantic Ocean opened around 140 million years ago as Africa separated from South America, and about the same time, India separated from Antarctica and Australia, forming the central Indian Ocean.[citation needed] The final major phase of breakup occurred in the early Cenozoic, as Laurentia separated from Eurasia.[5] As the two plates broke free from each other, the Atlantic Ocean continued to expand.[5]

text: Iceland plume theory[edit]

text: The Iceland plume is a mantle plume under Iceland that carries hot material from the deep within Earth's mantle upwards to the crust. The rising hot material weakens the lithosphere, making the separation of plates easier.[6] The flow of hot plume material creates volcanism under the continental lithosphere. Iceland extends across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a divergent plate boundary, and it separates the Eurasian and North American plates. The ages of the earliest volcanic rocks from this plume lie in the late Paleocene, and both sides of the Atlantic Ocean contain these rocks.[7] Since these rocks have been dated to the late Paleocene, this lines up with the time of breakup of the North Atlantic continent, so some think it could have been a contributing factor.[7]

text: Plate tectonics[edit]

text: This theory views volcanism as the resultant of lithospheric processes rather than heat from the mantle rising up.[6] Instead of heat coming up from deep in the mantle, volcanic anomalies come from a shallow source.[6][8] Volcanism thus occurs where the crust is easier to break up because it has been stretched by lithospheric extension, allowing melt to reach the surface.[9] Volcanic anomalies are created by plate tectonics such as spreading plate boundaries or subduction zones.[9] The location of the volcanism is governed by the stress field in the plate and the amount of melt is governed by the fusibility of the mantle beneath.[6] Plate tectonics can explain most of the volcanism on Earth.

text: Active vs. passive plates[edit]

text:
Active rifting, such as is formed by the Iceland plume, is driven by hotspot or mantle plume activity. From deep within the Earth, hot mantle rises to force doming of the crust.[10]
This causes thinning of the crust and lithosphere, then melting and underplating occur.[10]  Finally, there is rifting at the crest of the domed crust and volcanism occurs.[10]  In passive rifting, driven by plate tectonics, the crust and lithosphere extend as a result of plate boundary forces such as slab pull.[10]  Far field stresses thin the crust and lithospheric mantle, and hot asthenospheric mantle passively enters the thinned area.[10]  The upwelling of asthenosphere is not involved in the actual rifting process. The upward flow of the asthenosphere results in decompression melting, magmatic underplating and some volcanism that may occur in the rift area.[10]


document_title: Grace VanderWaal

question_text: who wrote the song i dont know my name

question_tokens: who wrote the song i dont know my name

text: Grace VanderWaal

text: Early life and music[edit]

text: VanderWaal was born near Kansas City, Kansas, to Tina and David VanderWaal, who lived in Lenexa at the time. David is of Dutch descent.[3] The family later moved to Suffern, New York.[4] Since winning America's Got Talent, VanderWaal has been home-schooled and enrolled in online courses.[5][6]

text: VanderWaal began composing her first songs at age three, using a wireless microphone.[7] As a preteen, she found songwriting inspiration by watching movies and trying to imagine what a character was feeling, and "what it would be like if I were them, and wrote a song."[8] She was inspired to learn the ukulele after watching a family friend play and seeing a Twenty One Pilots video on YouTube.[9] She then bought one, using money she had received for her 11th birthday, and watched more videos to teach herself how to play.[10][a] She has also played the saxophone in her school's marching band.[12] After learning to play the ukulele, VanderWaal began to perform during open mic events at small venues near her home[7] and to study music theory.[4] In July 2016, after her audition on AGT, VanderWaal performed at the Lafayette Theatre in Suffern and at the Ramapo Summer Concert Series at Palisades Credit Union Park.[13]

text: In 2015, VanderWaal began to record song covers and original songs, accompanying herself on ukulele, and post them on her YouTube channel, "Oh Never mind it's just me".[14][15] Julia Lennox of AndPop.com reviewed 15 of VanderWaal's covers, praising her arrangements, vocal delivery, musical taste, and "the combination of sass, attitude and confidence she brings to every cover".[16] She includes among her musical influences such artists as Jason Mraz, Twenty One Pilots and Katy Perry.[9][17]

text: Career[edit]

text: 2016: America's Got Talent[edit]

text: On the June 7, 2016, broadcast during the eleventh season of NBC's AGT, VanderWaal auditioned with her original song, "I Don't Know My Name", and was Howie Mandel's "golden buzzer" act.[14][18] Simon Cowell called VanderWaal "the next Taylor Swift."[19] Brittany Spanos in Rolling Stone magazine termed the song an "emotional, catchy, quirky tune".[20] VanderWaal continued to perform only original songs on the show, including her next performance at the quarterfinals on August 23, 2016, titled "Beautiful Thing", a song written for her sister; USA Today characterized VanderWaal's voice as "endearingly croaky".[21] Others have called it "raspy"[22] and "timelessly soulful".[23] For the semifinals on August 30, she performed "Light the Sky",[14] and for the September 13 finals, she sang "Clay", a song about dealing with bullies.[24] Lindsay Peoples wrote for New York Magazine: "The songs she wrote and performed on AGT were not only catchy but emotional and unique to her own sound, a mix of raw and folk".[25] AGT's video of VanderWaal's audition has accumulated more than 70 million views.[26] It was ranked as the No. 5 trending YouTube video of 2016.[27]

text: VanderWaal again performed "I Don't Know My Name" for the September 14 finale episode, then introduced a performance by Stevie Nicks, who compared her style with VanderWaal's and said, "[W]e like to be a little different ... and not like anybody else. She's got it. Whatever happens, Grace is going to the top."[28] At the end of the broadcast, VanderWaal was announced as the season 11 winner.[29] She was the second female winner and second child act winner in the show's history.[19]

text: Post-America's Got Talent[edit]

text: VanderWaal planned to use part of her AGT winnings to make a donation to charity and to buy two tree houses, built by the team from Treehouse Masters, for herself and her sister.[30] VanderWaal was a guest on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in September 2016,[31] and she headlined four sold-out concerts in the PH Showroom at the Las Vegas Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino in October, performing with other AGT finalists.[32] VanderWaal headlined the America's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular in December on NBC, where she performed her arrangement of "Frosty the Snowman".[33]

text: VanderWaal signed a recording deal with Columbia Records in September 2016[34] and released her debut EP, Perfectly Imperfect, on December 2, 2016. The five songs on the EP, include all four of VanderWaal's original songs from AGT and another original, "Gossip Girl", all produced by Greg Wells. A Walmart version features one additional song, "Missing You (Coffeehouse Version)".[5] The EP debuted on the Billboard 200 albums chart at No. 9[35] and was the best selling EP of 2016.[36] The lead single, "I Don't Know My Name", debuted on Billboard's Digital Song Sales chart at No. 37[37] and on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart at No. 24.[38] Another song on the EP, "Light the Sky", was featured as background music in Google's "Year in Search 2016" video.[39] Billboard magazine praised VanderWaal's vocals, finding them "reminiscent of a Taylor Swift-Regina Spektor hybrid".[40][41] Brianna Wiest of Teen Vogue wrote: "The EP takes you through Grace's range, touching on issues that are all-too-well-known for young people, as well as soul-stokingly beautiful medleys that almost anyone could relate to. ... [W]e see ... her ability to master both a softer, vowel-breaking folk tone as well as push through a serious power-ballad by the end. It's rare that you see both at once, but that's part of the magic of Grace's sound: it's at once completely new, and totally unexpected."[42]

text: VanderWaal promoted the EP with a series of appearances and performances. In November 2016, she performed "Light the Sky" and "Riptide" at halftime during a New York Knicks game at Madison Square Garden in New York City,[43] and "I Don't Know My Name" in the 2016 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade,[44] on NBC's Today show[6] and at the Christmas tree lighting at South Street Seaport, in New York City, where she also sang "Light the Sky".[45][46] In December, she sang "I Don't Know My Name" on The Wendy Williams Show,[47] at Cyndi Lauper's annual holiday fundraiser at the Beacon Theatre (where she also duetted with Lauper on "True Colors"),[48] on CBS's The Talk,[49] and at Z100's Jingle Ball Tour 2016 stop at Madison Square Garden.[50] In reviewing the last event, Jon Caramanica of The New York Times commented: "One of the loudest receptions of the night was for Grace VanderWaal, a precociously thoughtful 12-year-old singer-songwriter-ukulele player".[51] Later that month, VanderWaal returned to NBC's Today Show to sing her song "Light the Sky".[52]

text: 2017–present: Just the Beginning[edit]

text: In January 2017, VanderWaal sang "I Don't Know My Name" on Live with Kelly.[53] She performed atop the Empire State Building for engaged couples at the building's Valentine's Day lighting event in February.[54] In March 2017, she performed at WE Day Illinois at Allstate Arena to celebrate young people's action on social issues.[55] She also sang "Light the Sky" at the annual benefit gala "One Night for One Drop", organized by Cirque du Soleil at the New York-New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.[56] The same month, VanderWaal appeared twice at the 2017 Special Olympics World Winter Games in Austria, duetting with Jason Mraz on two of his songs at the opening ceremony and performing her own songs at the closing cerermony.[57][58] In April, she performed at WE Day charity events in Seattle,[59] and Los Angeles,[60] and she appeared at the 2017 Radio Disney Music Awards.[61] Her May appearances included a fundraiser at Ramapo High School in New Jersey for The Valley Hospital's children's programs.[62] In June 2017, VanderWaal launched Perfectly Imperfect in Japan, performing and meeting with fans there.[63] She also donated funds to help establish an elementary school show choir in the East Ramapo Central School District in 2017.[64]

text: By early 2017, VanderWaal began working on a full-length album, eventually titled Just the Beginning, that she said will be "more produced ... really the same sound ... [but] less acoustic" than her debut EP.[65][66] She told an interviewer for Rookie magazine about how her process changed for the album, writing songs "on demand" with a collaborator: "I've never done this before; it's kind of weird to go into a room with usually a 30-year-old man and just be like 'Oh, let me open up about my life to you and write a super personal song!'"[67] In June, she participated in VidCon's opening show, YouTube OnStage, in The Arena at Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim, California,[68] where she premiered the first single from the upcoming album, "Moonlight".[69][70] She later released additional singles from the album.[70][71] In July, she performed at the Starkey Gala in St. Paul, Minnesota, to support hearing charities.[72] In August, she returned to AGT as a guest performer, singing "Moonlight".[73] The same month, Windex used VanderWaal's "Beautiful Thing" as the soundtrack to an advertisement,[74] Honda used her cover of "Over the Rainbow" for a Japanese ad,[75] and SheKnows Media ranked "I Don't Know My Name" as one of the 16 most empowering songs for women so far in 2017.[76] In September, VanderWaal performed on Live with Kelly and Ryan.[77] The same month, she appeared on Treehouse Masters in an episode about the tree houses that VanderWaal had planned since her appearance on AGT,[78] and modeled at New York Fashion Week for Marc Jacobs.[79] She also promoted the album with performances in September on Ellen[80] and in October at the Austin City Limits Music Festival.[81]

text: She expects to release Just the Beginning on November 3, 2017,[66][82] and to begin her first tour, the Just the Beginning Tour, two days later.[83] By September 2017, the tour had sold out.[70]

text: VanderWaal's Instagram account has more than 1.9 million followers,[84] each of her YouTube channels has more than 1 million subscribers, with combined total views of more than 150 million,[85] and her Facebook page has more than 900,000 likes.[86]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: VanderWaal resides in Suffern, New York, with her mother, father, and older sister;[87] she also has an older brother.[7] Her father is a vice president of marketing at LG Electronics.[88]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Billboard magazine named VanderWaal to its 2016 21 Under 21 list of "music's hottest young stars",[31] and Variety listed her in its "Young Hollywood Impact Report 2017".[89] She was a finalist in the Best Female Artist category at the International Acoustic Music Awards in 2017, the youngest finalist in the awards' history.[90] VanderWaal won the 2017 Radio Disney Music Award for Best New Artist[91] and a 2017 Teen Choice Award.[92] Refinery29 included her on its 2017 list of 29 young actors, singers and activists "on the verge of superstardom."[93] In 2017, Billboard again named VanderWaal to its 21 Under 21 list.[94]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result

2016
America's Got Talent

Won

Radio Disney Music Awards
Best New Artist
Won

2017
Acoustic Music Awards
Best Female Artist
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Next Big Thing
Won

text: Discography[edit]

text: Albums[edit]

text:
List of Albums, with selected chart positions

Title
Details
Peak chart positions

US
CAN

Just the Beginning

Release date: November 3, 2017
Label: Columbia
Format: CD & digital download

—
—

text: EPs[edit]

text:
List of Albums, with selected chart positions

Title
EP details
Peak chart positions

US
[95]
CAN
[96]

Perfectly Imperfect

Released: December 2, 2016
Label: Columbia
Format: digital download

9
11

text: Singles[edit]

text:
List of singles, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name

Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Album

US
Bub.
[97]
AUS
[98]
BEL (Wa) Bub.
[99]

"I Don't Know My Name"
2016
24
82
—
Perfectly Imperfect

"Moonlight"
2017
—
—
3
Just the Beginning

"Sick of Being Told"
—
—
—

"So Much More than This"
—
—
—

"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.


document_title: Men's 200 metres world record progression

question_text: who held the 200m world record before usain bolt

text: Records 1951–1976[edit]

text:
Time

Wind

Auto

Athlete

Nationality

Location of race

Date

20.6y

Andy Stanfield

 United States

Philadelphia, United States

May 26, 1951[2]

20.6

Andy Stanfield

 United States

Los Angeles, United States

June 28, 1952[2]

20.6

0.0

Thane Baker

 United States

Bakersfield, United States

June 23, 1956[2]

20.6

20.75

Bobby Morrow

 United States

Melbourne, Australia

November 27, 1956[2]

20.6

Manfred Germar

 West Germany

Wuppertal, Germany

October 1, 1958[2]

20.6y

−1.6

Ray Norton

 United States

Berkeley, United States

March 19, 1960[2]

20.6

Ray Norton

 United States

Philadelphia, United States

April 30, 1960[2]

20.5y

Peter Radford

 United Kingdom

Wolverhampton, United Kingdom

May 28, 1960[2]

20.5

0.0

20.75

Stone Johnson

 United States

Stanford, United States

July 2, 1960[2]

20.5

0.0

Ray Norton

 United States

Stanford, United States

July 2, 1960[2]

20.5

20.65

Livio Berruti

 Italy

Rome, Italy

September 3, 1960[2]

20.5

20.62

Livio Berruti

 Italy

Rome, Italy

September 3, 1960[2]

20.5y

−1.1

20.67

Paul Drayton

 United States

Walnut, United States

June 23, 1962[2]

20.3y

−0.1

Henry Carr

 United States

Tempe, United States

March 23, 1963[2]

20.2y

0.5

Henry Carr

 United States

Tempe, United States

April 4, 1964[2]

20.0y

0.0

Tommie Smith

 United States

Sacramento, United States

June 11, 1966[3][2]

19.8A

0.9

19.83A

Tommie Smith

 United States

Mexico City, Mexico

October 16, 1968[2]

19.8A

0.9

19.86A

Donald Quarrie

 Jamaica

Cali, Colombia

August 3, 1971[2]

19.8+

1.3

Donald Quarrie

 Jamaica

Eugene, Oregon, United States

June 7, 1975[2]

text: (+) plus sign denotes en route time during longer race

text: John Carlos ran 19.7A seconds (19.92A auto) (1.9 ms wind), at altitude, at the 1968 US Olympic Trials in Echo Summit.  The run was not ratified as a world record because Carlos was wearing shoes with 'brush' spikes which did not have sanction as official footwear.

text: Henry Carr's winning time at the 1964 Olympics (17 October) was a hand timed 20.3 seconds.  The electronic time was 20.36 seconds, which was probably the fastest to that time.

text: Records post-1977[edit]

text: Beginning in 1975, the IAAF accepted separate automatically electronically timed records for events up to 400 metres. Starting on January 1, 1977, the IAAF required fully automatic timing to the hundredth of a second for these events.[2]

text: Tommie Smith's 1968 Olympic gold medal victory was the fastest recorded fully electronic 200 metre sprint up to that time.

text:
Time

Wind

Auto

Athlete

Nationality

Location of race

Date

19.83 A

0.9

Tommie Smith

 United States

Mexico City, Mexico

October 16, 1968[2]

19.72 A

1.8

Pietro Mennea

 Italy

Mexico City, Mexico

September 12, 1979[2]

19.66

1.7

Michael Johnson

 United States

Atlanta, United States

June 23, 1996[2]

19.32

0.4

19.313

Michael Johnson

 United States

Atlanta, United States

August 1, 1996[2]

19.30

−0.9

19.296

Usain Bolt

 Jamaica

Beijing, China

August 20, 2008[2]

19.19

−0.3

19.190

Usain Bolt

 Jamaica

Berlin, Germany

August 20, 2009[1][4][5]

text: The best automatic times at low altitude were 20.00 seconds by Valeriy Borzov at Munich in 1972, then 19.96 (Mennea, 1980), 19.75 (Carl Lewis, 1983) and 19.73 (Michael Marsh, 1992), before Michael Johnson ran 19.66 in 1996.


document_title: Gel point (petroleum)

question_text: how long does it take for diesel to freeze

text: Gel point (petroleum)

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Gel point is the temperature at which diesel or biodiesel fuel freezes solid and can no longer flow by gravity or be pumped through fuel lines. This phenomenon happens when a fuel reaches a low enough temperature whereby enough wax crystals have formed to prevent any movement in the oil. For #2 diesel this is usually around 17.5 °F (−8.1 °C).

text: For the fuel to become pumpable again, it needs to be brought above the gel point temperature to the Ungel point, which is typically near its pour point. However, most of the waxes will still remain in solid form and the fuel has to be warmed up further until its Remix temperature in order to completely remelt and redissolve the waxes.

text: Anti-gel additives are therefore commonly added to diesel or biodiesels where cold temperature is expected. They act to reduce the formation of wax crystals in the fuel, thereby lowering the pour point and the gel point of the fuel. Anti-gel additives may not necessarily affect the cloud point.


document_title: iPhone 7

question_text: what is the size of a iphone 7 plus

question_tokens: what is the size of a iphone 7 plus

text: iPhone 7

text: History[edit]

text: Prior to its official announcement, multiple aspects of the iPhone 7 were heavily rumored. Apple's plans to remove the 3.5 mm headphone jack received significant media attention.[15][16][17][18] Other rumors included a flush camera, stereo speakers,[19] a 256 gigabyte storage option, and a larger 3,100 mAh battery.[20]

text: On August 29, 2016, invitations to a press event at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium in San Francisco, California on September 7, 2016 were sent out to members of the media, prompting immediate speculation of the iPhone 7's upcoming announcement.[21][22] The iPhone 7 was officially announced at that event, with pre-orders beginning September 9, and general availability on September 16.[23][24][25]

text: iPhone 7 launched in 30 new countries later in September, with further international rollouts throughout October and November 2016.[26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Indonesia was the last country to release the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, with availability starting on March 31, 2017, following Apple's research and development investment in the country.[33]

text: On March 21, 2017, Apple announced an iPhone 7 with a red color finish (and white front), as part of its partnership with Product Red to highlight its AIDS fundraising campaign. It launched on March 24, 2017,[34][35] but it was later discontinued after the announcement of the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus.[citation needed]

text: In September 2017, Apple announced the iPhone 8 and iPhone 8 Plus as direct successors to the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus,[36] alongside the iPhone X.[37]

text: As of February 4, 2018, the NYPD has been rolling out about 600 phones per day to its officers, who get to choose between an iPhone 7 and an iPhone 7 Plus, switching from the failed Windows Phone.[38]

text: Specifications[edit]

text: Hardware[edit]

text: The iPhone 7's exterior is similar in shape and volume to iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S. Alongside the existing silver, gold, and rose gold colors, the device is offered in new colors of matte black, glossy "jet black",[23] and, for a limited time, red.[34][35] The "jet black" color is a dark shade, high-gloss black finish. It is created through a multi-step process, beginning with an anodization phase to make the surface of the casing a porous aluminum oxide, and then using a machine to sweep the casing through a powdered compound, absorbed by aluminum oxide. The process is concluded with an "ultrafine particle bath" for additional finishing; the entire process takes less than an hour.[39]

text: iPhone 7 is rated IP67 water and dust resistant,[40] although tests have resulted in malfunctions, specifically distorted speakers, after water exposure.[41] The warranty does not cover any water damage to the phone.[42]

text: iPhone 7's home button uses a capacitive mechanism for input rather than a physical push-button, as on previous models, meaning direct skin contact (or a capacitive glove) is required to operate the device.[43][44] Physical feedback is provided via a Taptic Engine vibrator, and the button is also pressure-sensitive.[45] iPhone 7 retains the "3D Touch" display system introduced on the iPhone 6S, providing pressure-sensitive touchscreen input.[23]

text: The iPhone 7 does not feature a 3.5 mm headphone jack; it was replaced by a second speaker grille that serves as a vent for the internal barometer.[46] A Lightning-to-3.5-mm-connector adapter, as well as in-ear headphones that use the Lightning connector, are bundled with the device,[23] and the adapter is also sold separately as an accessory.[47] The adapter is also compatible with other iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch devices running iOS 10.[48]

text: iPhone 7 uses the Apple A10 Fusion 64-bit system-on-chip, which consists of two low-power cores and two high-power cores (only two cores are used at any point in time[49]). The A10 chip also features a hexa-core graphics chip capable of "console-level gaming".[50] As with prior models, iPhone 7 is available in two sizes: one with a 4.7-inch screen, and a "Plus" variant with a 5.5-inch screen.[51] The displays have identical sizes and resolutions to iPhone 6S, but with a wider color gamut[23] and increased brightness.[52] The screen-to-body ratio is about ~66% and ~68% for the 7 and 7 Plus, respectively.[53][54]

text: Both device variants also contain a new iteration of Apple's motion coprocessor, the M10.[55] Unlike previous iPhone models, internal storage options for iPhone 7 begin at 32 GB instead of 16 GB, and max out at 256 GB.[56] iPhone 7 Plus offers 3 GB of RAM, more than any other previous iPhone;[49] the 4.7-inch iPhone 7 has 2 GB.[57]

text: The iPhone 7 includes a 12-megapixel rear-facing camera with a quad-LED "True Tone" flash; its aperture was widened to f/1.8, and the standard-size phone model adds optical image stabilization –  a feature that was previously exclusive to Plus models.[58] The iPhone 7 Plus includes a second 12-megapixel telephoto lens, which can be used to achieve 2× optical zoom, and up to 10× digital zoom. The front-facing camera was upgraded to a 7-megapixel sensor with automatic image stabilization.[23][59]

text: Software[edit]

text: iPhone 7 ships with iOS 10 pre-installed.[60] The iPhone 7 Plus received an exclusive portrait camera mode in the iOS 10.1 software update.[61] This camera mode is capable of producing a bokeh effect using depth of field analysis of the second camera of dual-lens in the back of iPhone 7 Plus.[62][63]

text: Accessories[edit]

text: Each iPhone 7 comes with a Lightning-to-3.5-mm adapter.[23] Apple sells the adapter independently as well.[47] Apple also unveiled several Bluetooth wireless headphones ostensibly intended for use with iPhone 7, including AirPods, wireless in-ear headphones, and three new Beats headphone products. All four products utilize an in-house wireless chip known as Apple W1, which is designed to provide low-power Bluetooth operation and integration with iOS and macOS products (though they are still compatible with other Bluetooth-supported devices).[64][65]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reception to the iPhone 7 was mixed. Gordon Kelly of Forbes noted that rival smartphones, such as the Samsung Galaxy S7, had increased battery life and added water resistance over its predecessor while retaining the headphone jack, and that the iPhone 7's camera photo quality was improved but still lagging behind some phones already on the market, including the Galaxy S7 and Nexus 6P. Kelly praised how Apple was able to extract improved brightness and accurate color reproduction from its LCD display panel, while noting that it was old technology which was also well behind rivals who had already moved to sharper 1080p or even 2K screens. The iPhone 7's exterior, which reuses the aging design of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6S, was criticized, especially the size of the device and thick top/bottom bezels, with Kelly writing that "the iPhone 7 Plus is simply far too big for a smartphone with a 5.5-inch display".[66]

text: Nilay Patel of The Verge described the devices as being "full of aggressive breaks from convention" despite their design continuity with previous models (going as far as dubbing them "a prototype of next year's rumored drastic iPhone redesign disguised as an iPhone 6"), citing the headphone jack removal (which he felt was an attempt to encourage the use of wireless headphones), heterogeneous CPU, and home button redesign. The display quality was considered an improvement over previous models, albeit "not as insane" as the quad HD displays on competing phones. The Taptic Engine was considered the "first really valuable new UI concept I've seen on phones in years" (as opposed to the "gimmick" of 3D Touch), Patel felt that the cameras of the devices were a "step" above the 6S in terms of performance, and praised the dual-lens camera on the 7 Plus for enhancing the phone's camera functionality. However, he panned the lack of editing features that made use of them. In regards to the enhanced Bluetooth audio support provided by devices containing the W1 chip, he argued that Apple "took away an established open standard in favor of new technologies, but instead of making the experience of using those new technologies better across the board, it made every third-party wireless audio product a second-class citizen of the Apple ecosystem." Giving the iPhone 7 a 9 out of 10, he concluded that the devices were "legitimately among the most interesting, opinionated, powerful phones Apple has ever shipped, and the most confident expressions of the company's vision in a long time. iOS 10 is excellent, the cameras are better, and the performance is phenomenal. And the batteries last longer."[67]

text: John McCann of TechRadar wrote that for the first time, the phablet-sized iPhone 7 Plus was "markedly better" than the smaller model. He highlighted improved battery life and praised the camera, calling the Plus' dual cameras "excellent" for point-and-shoot, and "much improved" for low-light performance. McCann wrote that the lack of a headphone jack was "initially frustrating", but noted that it was a "positive step forward for the mobile industry", despite the "short-term effects ... making the most noise for now".[68]

text: Removal of the headphone jack[edit]

text: Criticism of the iPhone 7 centered around the removal of the headphone jack, including the inability to use wired headphones with the included adapter and charge the device simultaneously.[a][70]

text: In a particularly scathing article, Nilay Patel of The Verge wrote that removing the headphone jack - "ditching a deeply established standard" - would be "user-hostile and stupid". He goes on to list reasons why removing the port is negative, concluding with "No one is asking for this" and "Vote with your dollars".[71]

text: Gordon Kelly of Forbes noted that wireless audio technology was immature at the moment, with Bluetooth audio quality being inferior while Lightning audio reliability was still in question. The removal of the headphone jack meant "you’re being pushed into an era where you will have to pay more for decent headphones due to their need for an integrated DAC and/or Lightning licensing", and pointed out that "the only company to profit from this situation is Apple, who will now be charging licensing fees to millions of headphone companies".[66]

text: In particular, Apple's vice president Phillip Schiller, who announced the change, was mocked extensively online for stating that removing the headphone jack took 'courage'.[72][73] An online petition created by the consumer group SumOfUs, that accuses Apple of planned obsolescence and causing substantial electronic waste by removing the headphone jack,[74] reached over 300,000 signatures.[75]

text: Issues[edit]

text: Hissing noise[edit]

text: Some users have reported a strange hissing noise during heavy usage of the phone. CNET reports it as "faint buzzes and hums coming from the backside".[76] The Daily Telegraph speculates that the iPhone 7's new A10 Fusion processor is the source of the noise, linking to tweets that compare the phone's hissing sound to "hearing the fans spin up loudly whenever your Mac’s CPU gets used to its actual potential."[77] The issue has been referred to as Hissgate.[78][79]

text: Performance differences[edit]

text: The Guardian reported in October 2016 that storage tests from Unbox Therapy and GSMArena showed that the 32 GB iPhone 7 is "significantly" slower than the 128 and 256 GB versions, measuring data write speeds of 341 MB/s on a 128 GB iPhone 7 model versus 42 MB/s on a 32 GB model.[80] October 2016 network tests by Cellular Insights showed that models A1660 and A1661 with Qualcomm modems had "a significant performance edge" over models A1778 and A1784 with Intel modems. Inspection of the modems also found that the Qualcomm version's ability to use Ultra HD Voice had been turned off, likely to "level the playing field between the Qualcomm, and Intel variants". The report concluded with the statement that "We are not sure what was the main reason behind Apple's decision to source two different modem suppliers for the newest iPhone".[81][82] Bloomberg reported in November 2016 that tests by researchers from Twin Prime and Cellular Insights had shown the two modems to perform similarly on some U.S. cellular networks despite one of the modems being technically capable of faster connectivity. Apple spokeswoman Trudy Muller told the publication that "Every iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus meets or exceeds all of Apple’s wireless performance standards, quality metrics, and reliability testing ... In all of our rigorous lab tests based on wireless industry standards, in thousands of hours of real-world field testing, and in extensive carrier partner testing, the data shows there is no discernible difference in the wireless performance of any of the models". Bloomberg quoted analysts and technology advisers who stated that "[Apple] don’t want one version to get the reputation that it is better" and that "This may not impact the fanboys, but it may make other consumers think twice about buying an Apple phone, especially if they think they might be purchasing a sub-standard product".[83]

text: Explosions and smoke emissions[edit]

text: In a similar manner with the now-discontinued Samsung Galaxy Note 7, there have been reports of the iPhone 7 exploding or emitting smoke. In September 2016, one device reportedly exploded while in transit,[84][85] while another one had a "malfunction that caused the battery to blow up internally".[86] Another report about an iPhone 7 emitting smoke and "melting" was published in October 2016.[87]

text: Perception of slogan in Cantonese-speaking regions[edit]

text: The iPhone 7's "This is 7" slogan has been misunderstood when translated to certain other languages. The slogan in China translates to "7, is here.", while it becomes "Exactly is 7." in Taiwan, and "This, is exactly iPhone 7." in Hong Kong. In the Cantonese language, the slogan becomes "This is penis", due to "seven" pronounced tsat, a slang for "penis".[88][89]

text: Replacing the home button[edit]

text: In the iPhone 7, Apple added a software lock that prevents individuals from attempting to replace the home button on their own. Users are now required to go to an Apple Store to have repairs done, with "recalibration" of the button being necessary. This is a step further than Apple went with iPhone 5S, 6 and 6S, where only Touch ID functionality would get disabled but the "return-to-home" functionality still worked.[90][91]

text: Failure to connect to cellular service[edit]

text: Some iPhone 7 devices with the model numbers A1660, A1780 and A1779 suffer from a problem where they show a "No service" message even when cellular reception is available. Apple will repair those devices for free within two years of the first retail sale of the unit.[92]

text: Sales[edit]

text: Apple has deliberately withheld pre-order sales numbers, citing that these are "no longer a representative metric for our investors and customers".[93] Without releasing specific numbers, T-Mobile US stated that the iPhone 7 had broken the carrier's all-time record for first-day pre-order sales. The following weekend, T-Mobile US stated that iPhone 7 was its biggest iPhone launch ever, being "up nearly 4x compared to the next most popular iPhone".[94]

text: On September 14, 2016, two days before the iPhone 7 went on sale, Apple announced that due to high demand, they had sold out of all "jet black" iPhone 7's, and all colors of the iPhone 7 Plus.[95] This caused issues for customers in the iPhone Upgrade Program, who were unable to reserve new phones.[96] After customer complaints and a class action lawsuit,[97] Apple made changes to ensure members of the program could get new phones as soon as possible.[98]

text: In May 2017, analytics research company Strategy Analytics announced that iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus were the best-selling smartphones worldwide during the first quarter of 2017, selling 21.5 million and 17.4 million units, respectively.[99][100]

text: US carrier trade-in deals[edit]

text: For the initial U.S. sales of the iPhone 7, all four major wireless carriers announced trade-in deals. Under the deals, the monthly installment plan cost of the iPhone 7 is negated by a monthly credit on consumers' bill, but consumers who cancel their service with the carrier or pay off the phone prior to the installment contract completion will not receive credits for the remaining months.[101] Jacob Kastrenakes of The Verge noted that the deals effectively constituted a return to two-year phone contracts, in which the deals "essentially lock you into that carrier for two years".[102]

text: In the wake of these deals, Verizon announced they had seen an increase in sales over the release of the previous year's iPhone 6S, AT&T said that sales had exceeded its expectations, and T-Mobile and Sprint announced "huge increases in sales", with T-Mobile seeing a demand roughly four times higher for the 7 than the 6.[103]

text: Reports about trimmed production[edit]

text: In December 2016, DigiTimes reported that Apple had reduced production of the iPhone 7 because of decreasing demand for the product after the initial surge of interest waned. A reason cited was consumers and suppliers turning their attention to next year's iPhone model.[104][105]

text: A new report from Nikkei at the end of December included details on sales and production of the iPhone 7. The report, "based on data from suppliers", stated that Apple would trim production of the iPhone 7 by 10% in the first quarter of 2017, following "sluggish" sales. Nikkei reported that Apple previously trimmed production of the iPhone 7 by 20% due to accumulated inventory of the previous model, but that the new models had "sold more sluggishly than expected". Additionally, the report notes that the "iPhone 7 Plus, which features two cameras on its back face, remains popular", but "a shortage of camera sensors has curbed Apple's ability to meet demand for the phones".[106]

text: Timeline of iPhone models[edit]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Following the launch of the iPhone 7, Belkin announced an Apple-certified hub accessory that contains two Lightning ports, one intended as a Lightning pass-through for charging and the other for connecting Lightning headphones or the included Lightning-to-headphone jack adapter.[69]

tag: ol


document_title: Breadbasket

question_text: which province is called the breadbasket of pakistan

text: Breadbasket

text: Classical antiquity[edit]

text: Sicily and Africa were considered the breadbaskets of the Roman Republic. Later on, Egypt was considered the breadbasket of the Roman Empire. Crimea was the source of a huge quantity of grain supplied to Greek city-states, especially Athens.

text: Africa[edit]

text: Morocco[edit]

text: Since subsistence agriculture was the dominant economic system in most of Morocco's history, it's difficult to speak of a breadbasket region. All regions produced their own wheat and barley to feed themselves and their livestock. With the European commercial penetration in the second half of the 19th century, Morocco started to export wheat to Europe despite the objection of the ulama (religious establishment). The Chaouia and Doukkala plains became the most important suppliers of wheat for export. This is logical given their proximity to the coast. The ports of Casablanca and Feddala, today's Mohammedia, serviced the Chaouia Plain while the port of Mazagan serviced Doukkala.

text: After Morocco's independence, agriculture in Doukkala became geared toward irrigation so less area has been devoted to wheat, whereas Chaouia maintained its status as a major wheat producing region thanks to its dark soil called tirs and relatively abundant rainfall (avg. 400 mm/year).

text: South Africa[edit]

text: The Free State province is often considered the breadbasket of South Africa due to its wheat, sunflower and maize fields.[4]

text: The Overberg region in the Western Cape is also known as the breadbasket of South Africa[5] due to its large wheat fields, as well as fruit growing.

text: Rhodesia[edit]

text: Rhodesia was known as the breadbasket of Africa, exporting wheat, tobacco, and corn to the rest of the continent and beyond. Rhodesia contained the most fertile farmland on the continent.[6]

text: Asia[edit]

text: India[edit]

text: The Punjab and Haryana regions are considered the breadbaskets of India. West Bengal is said to be the "rice bowl" of India. Even though its rice production is just enough to be self-sufficient for the province's large population, it is the largest producer of rice in India.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: The Punjab province is considered the breadbasket of Pakistan.[7]

text: China[edit]

text: Sichuan has historically been known as the "province of abundance" due to its agricultural prowess. The regions on the banks of the Yellow River and Yangtze River southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces have also been known for their rich fertility.

text: Syria[edit]

text: The Al-Jazira area in northwestern Syria, and its Euphrates basin is considered the country's breadbasket due to its abundance of wheat.

text: Rice Bowl in Southeast Asia[edit]

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: The plains of Java are considered the rice bowls of Indonesia.

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: Kedah is considered the rice bowl of Malaysia, accounting for about half of Malaysia's total production of rice. In 2008, the government of Kedah banned the conversion of paddy fields to housing and industrial lots to protect the rice industry.

text: Philippines[edit]

text: The province of Nueva Ecija found on Luzon island is considered the rice granary of the Philippines because of the vast tracts of land used for rice production.

text: Myanmar/Burma[edit]

text: The Irrawaddy Delta in Myanmar used to be one of the most important sources of rice in the region until its production declined due to various reasons, including the country's unstable political situation.

text: Thailand[edit]

text: The Chao Phraya delta is considered the rice bowl of Thailand.

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: The Mekong delta in Vietnam is considered the country's rice bowl.

text: Europe[edit]

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: Southern Dobruja, a fertile plain region in Bulgaria's northeast between the Danube and the Black Sea, is commonly considered the country's breadbasket.[8][9]

text: Cyprus[edit]

text: The central plain called Mesaoria surrounding the capital Nicosia has long served as the island's granary.

text: Finland[edit]

text: Province of Southwest Finland has the warmest climatic conditions in continental Finland and fertile soil, making it the breadbasket of Finland.[10]

text: France[edit]

text: The Beauce plains are considered the breadbasket of France.

text: Germany[edit]

text: East Prussia was considered as breadbasket of German Reich.[11]

text: Hungary[edit]

text: The Hungarian Plain has produced significant amounts of corn and grain. In the early 20th century, 34% of Europe's total corn production and 11% of the European flour production was grown in Hungary.

text: Portugal[edit]

text: Alentejo is considered the breadbasket of Portugal.

text: Romania[edit]

text: In the 19th century, Romania was considered part of Europe's breadbasket.[12]

text: Ukraine[edit]

text: During Tsarist times, the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire were referred to as the Empire's breadbasket.[13] During the Soviet era, the mantle passed to the Ukrainian SSR.

text: There is also the Central Black Earth Region within Russia proper.

text: Serbia[edit]

text: Vojvodina was considered the breadbasket of Serbia. About 70% of its agricultural products are corn, 20% industrial herbs, and 10% other agricultural cultures.

text: Spain[edit]

text: Andalusia is considered the breadbasket of Spain. The primary cultivation is dryland farming of cereals, olive trees, vineyards and sunflowers. Using irrigation, a large amount of maize, strawberries, citrus and rice are also grown on the banks of the Guadalquivir river.

text: Slovenia[edit]

text: In the 18th century, there were plans to drain the Ljubljana Marsh and transform it into the breadbasket of Carniola.[14][15]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Eastern England, particularly East Anglia, the Vale of York and south-east England are considered the main crop-producing areas of the UK.

text: North America[edit]

text: In Canada, a major grain-growing area is also called the Canadian prairies. Sometimes the province of Saskatchewan, also known for producing a huge supplement of potash, is further singled out from within this region as the main breadbasket of Canada. In the United States, an important region is the Corn Belt, where maize and soybeans are major crops, which generally extends from the Great Lakes south through Missouri.[16] Further to the west in the United States and Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains, is the Wheat Belt, where the climate is too severe for maize or soybeans.[17]

text: Additionally, the San Joaquin Valley in California has also been called the breadbasket of the world.[18] The San Joaquin Valley produces the majority of the 12.8% of the United States' agricultural production (as measured by dollar value) that comes from California.[19] Grapes - table, raisin, and to a lesser extent, wine - are perhaps the valley's highest-profile product, but equally (if not more) important are cotton, nuts (especially almonds and pistachios), citrus, and vegetables. 70% of the world's and 100% of the U.S. supply of almonds comes from the valley. Oranges, peaches, garlic, tangerines, tomatoes, kiwis, hay, alfalfa and numerous other crops have been harvested with great success. According to the 2002 Census of Agriculture’s ranking of market value of agricultural products sold, nine of the nation’s top 10, and 12 of the top 20, producing counties are in California.[20]

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: The Murray-Darling Basin is seen as Australia's breadbasket, being the source of 40% of the nation's agricultural income, a third of the wheat harvest, 95% of the rice crop and other products such as fruit, wine and cotton.[21]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: When New Zealand became a British colony, the fertile lands produced food that would be shipped back to England, causing New Zealand to become colloquially known (occasionally along with Australia) as Britain's breadbasket, subsequently leading to the Dunedin being the first ship to complete a truly successful transport of refrigerated meat. She was refitted with a refrigeration machine with which she took the first load of frozen meat from New Zealand to the United Kingdom.

text: South America[edit]

text: Argentina[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2015)

text: Chile[edit]

text: In the 19th century, access to the Californian and Australian markets made wheat export a very lucrative activity.[22] In the mid-19th century, those countries experienced large gold rushes, which created a large demand for wheat. Chile was at the time the "only wheat producer of some importance in the Pacific".[23]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Brazil is also seen as a breadbasket, as it is the world's largest supplier of coffee and contains vast tracts of arable land.


document_title: Constitution of Nepal

question_text: when was the first written constitution declared in nepal

text: Constitution of Nepal

text: Struggles in Promulgating a New Constitution[edit]

text: The Interim Constitution provides for a Constituent Assembly, which was charged with writing Nepal's permanent constitution.  Under the terms of the Interim Constitution, the new constitution was to be promulgated by April 28, 2010, but the Constituent Assembly postponed the promulgation by a year because of disagreements. On May 25, 2011, the Supreme Court of Nepal ruled that the 2010 extension of the Interim Constitution was not right. Since May 29, 2011 the Constituent Assembly repeatedly extended the Interim Constitution.

text:
On May 28, 2012, the Constituent Assembly was dissolved after it failed to finish the constitution after the latest extension, ending four years of constitution drafting and leaving the country in a legal vacuum.
New elections were held on November 19, 2013 to the Second Nepalese Constituent Assembly and political leaders pledged to draft a new constitution within a year. The new assembly expressly committed that the new constitution would be promulgated on January 22, 2015. However, due to continued differences on key issues including system of governance, judicial system and federation issues like number, name and areas of the states to be carved, the constitution could not be finalized and promulgated in time.

text: Sailent features of the Constitution[edit]

text: The constitution is largely written in gender neutral terms. Some of the important aspects of the constitution include the following:

text:
The Constitution restructured Nepal into a federal republic. The Constitution divided the nation into seven provinces and completed the transition of Nepal from constitutional monarchy to republicanism and from a unitary system to federalism.
Nepal is defined in article 4 as an "independent, indivisible, sovereign, secular, inclusive, democratic, socialism-oriented, federal democratic republican state."
A bicameral parliamentary system was created with two Federal houses and unicameral parliamentary systems in each province.
A mixed electoral system was adopted for the elections of the lower Federal house with both first-past-the-post and proportional electoral aspects used to elect members.
The rights of gender and sexual minorities are protected by the new constitution with provisions of special laws to protect, empower and develop minority groups as well as allowing them to get citizenship in their chosen gender.
The rights of women were explicitly recognized, the constitution stating that “women shall have equal ancestral right without any gender-based discrimination.”
Acts leading to conversions from one religion to another were banned, and acts that undermine or jeopardize the religion of another prohibited. At the same time the constitution declares the nation to be secular and neutral toward all religions.
Nepal also has continued not to use the death penalty. Nepal had abolished capital punishment in 1990 after the promulgation of that year's Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal.

text: Preamble[edit]

text:
We,the Sovereign People of Nepal ,
Internalizing the people's sovereign right and right to autonomy and self-rule, while
maintaining freedom, sovereignty, territorial integrity, national unity, independence
and dignity of Nepal,
Recalling the glorious history of historic people's movements, armed conflict,
dedication and sacrifice undertaken by the Nepalese people at times for the interest of
the nation, democracy and progressive changes, and respecting for the martyrs and
disappeared and victim citizens,
Ending all forms of discrimination and oppression created by the feudalistic,
autocratic, centralized, unitary system of governance,
Protecting and promoting social and cultural solidarity, tolerance and harmony, and
unity in diversity by recognizing the multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious,
multi-cultural and diverse regional characteristics, resolving to build an egalitarian
society founded on the proportional inclusive and participatory principles in order to
ensure economic equality, prosperity and social justice, by eliminating discrimination
based on class, caste, region, language, religion and gender and all forms of caste-
based untouchability, and
Being committed to socialism based on democratic norms and values including the
people's competitive multiparty democratic system of governance, civil liberties,
fundamental rights, human rights, adult franchise, periodic elections, full freedom of
the press, and independent, impartial and competent judiciary and concept of the rule
of law, and build a prosperous nation,Do hereby pass and promulgate this Constitution, through the Constituent Assembly,
in order to fulfil the aspirations for sustainable peace, good governance, development
and prosperity through the federal, democratic, republican, system of governance.

text: Previous Constitutions[edit]

text:
In the 68-year history of constitutional development up to this Constitution, Nepal experienced 7 different constitutions in different time periods.
Previous constitutions of Nepal were enacted in 1948, 1951, 1959, 1962, 1990 and 2007.

text: The Nepal Government Act 2004[edit]

text: In 2004, the Government of Nepal Act was enacted. Since the mid-nineteenth century, the country had been a monarchy where the prime ministers, from the Rana dynasty, had sweeping control over the affairs of the state. The 1948 document introduced limited democratic elements, but the experiment was not successful due to the misgivings of the Rana rulers to give away power. This constitution was declared on 26 January, 1948 by PM Padma Shumsher. It consisted of 6 parts, 68 articles and 2 schedules.

text: The Nepal Interim Government Act 1951[edit]

text: The Interim Government of Nepal Act 1951 was promulgated after the Revolution of 1951 at the end of the Rana period. This text strengthened the authority of the king, and introduced relevant reforms such as the creation of the Supreme Court and the inclusion of fundamental rights and socio-economic goals to be pursued by the state. This constitution was promulgated on 30 March, 1951 by King Tribhuwan. It consisted of 7 parts, 73 articles and 3 schedules.

text: The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1959[edit]

text: The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1959 followed the previously mentioned interim text. Despite the establishment of a bicameral parliament, the king continued to hold important powers such as the prerogative to appoint half of the members of the Senate and the suspension of parliament under certain circumstances. This constitution was promulgated on 12 February, 1959. It consisted of 10 parts, 77 articles and 3 schedules.

text: Constitution of Nepal 1962[edit]

text: The democratic experiment was short-lived, as in 1962 a new constitution came in to eliminate political parties, and to introduce the so-called panchayat system. In this model, panchayats were councils organized at the local level, presumably to ensure the representation of citizens. However, the king exercised much stronger authority than in the 1959 regime. and could modify the constitution or suspend it in case of emergency. This constitution was promulgated on 16 December, 1962 by King Mahendra. It consisted of 20 parts, 97 articles and 6 schedules.

text: Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1990[edit]

text: In 1990, the first Jana Andolan, Popular Revolt, brought multi-party democracy back to Nepal. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 1990 lifted the ban on political parties, described a democratic representative system where the authority of the king was curtailed, and enshrined fundamental rights. Although the 1990 constitution substantially increased the democratic character of the state in comparison with the Panchayat Regime, critiques have argued that this text did not adequately represent all sectors of society, even though Nepal is a multi-cultural country where diverse social groups coexist. This constitution was promulgated on 9 November, 1990 by King Birendra. It consisted of 23 parts, 133 articles and 3 schedules.

text: Nepal Interim Constitution 2007[edit]

text: Again following the 2007 democracy movement in Nepal, Interim Constitution was promulgated in 2007. This constitution was promulgated on 15 January, 2007. It consisted of 25 parts, 167 articles and 4 schedules. It has articles on citizenship, fundamental rights, responsibilities, directive principles and policies of the State, the Executive, Legislature-Parliament, the Constituent Assembly, the legislative procedure, the financial procedure, the Judiciary, the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority, the Auditor General, the Public Service Commission, the Election Commission, the National Human Rights Commission, the Attorney General, structure of State and local self-governance, political parties, emergency powers, provisions regarding the army, amendment of the Constitution and transitional provisions.

text: Controversy over 2015 Constitution[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The promulgation of the new constitution was immediately followed by virtual blockade of all checkpoints at Nepal-India border. Various Human Rights Activists and some ethnic groups in lowland Nepal have accused the Constitution of being gender discriminatory especially in regards to citizenship provisions. They allege new constitution makes it difficult for woman to pass on citizenship to their children as compared to men.

text:
Similarly, Madhesi and indigenous population view that the new constitution fails to address demands of marginalized communities and support status-quo of the ruling groups. They are protesting mainly over the federal delineation of new states as proposed in the constitution fearing existing demarcation could affect their political representation.
With the protest ongoing since August 15, 2015 or earlier, at least 45 people, including 8 security personals and one Indian National, have been killed. Human Rights Watch has criticized the Nepal Government as well as the protesters for violation of human rights during the protest. Additionally, there is controversy over Nepalese citizenship rules, which Nepal deems to protect the state from being overwhelmed by Indian immigrants, and which India claims discriminates against Madhesis of Indian origins, the draft constitution and final constitution that passed differ on this issue.

text: Parts of the Constitution[edit]

text: The Constitution has 35 parts which are as follows:

text: 1. Preliminary (Part 1)

text: 2. Citizenship (Part 2)

text: 3. Fundamental Rights and Duties (Part 3)

text: 4. Directive Principles, Policies and Responsibilities of the State (Part 4)

text: 5. Restructuring of the State and distribution of State power (Part 5)

text: 6. President and Vice-President (Part 6)

text: 7. Federal Executive (Part 7)

text: 8. Federal Parliament(Part 8)

text: 9. Federal Legislative Procedure(Part 9)

text: 10. Federal Financial Procedures (Part 10)

text: 11. Judiciary (Part 11)

text: 12. Attorney General (Part 12)

text: 13. Provincial Executive (Part 13)

text: 14. Provincial Legislature (Part 14)

text: 15. Provincial Legislative Procedure (Part 15)

text: 16. Financial Procedures of Province (Part 16)

text: 17. Local Executive (Part 17)

text: 18. Local Legislature(Part 18)

text: 19. Local Financial Procedure(Part 19)

text: 20. Interrelationship between the Federation, Provinces and Local Levels (Part 20)

text: 21. Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (Part 21)

text: 22. Auditor General (Part 22)

text: 23. Public Service Commission(Part 23)

text: 24. Election Commission(Part 24)

text: 25. National Human Rights Commission (Part 25)

text: 26. National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission (Part 26)

text: 27. Other Commissions (Part 27)

text: 28. Provision regarding National Security(Part 28)

text: 29. Provision relating to Political Parties (Part 29)

text: 30. Emergency Power (Part 30)

text: 31. Amendment of the Constitution (Part 31)

text: 32. Miscellaneous(Part 32)

text: 33. Transitional Provisions(Part 33)

text: 34. Definitions and Interpretations (Part 34)

text: 35. Short title, Commencement and Repeal (Part 35)

text: Citizenship Provisions in the Constitution of Nepal 2015[edit]

text: The conditions to be fulfilled to be a Nepalese Citizen are outlined below (Copied from Section 11, Part 2, Constitution of Nepal, 2015)(final)

text: (1) The persons who have acquired citizenship of Nepal at the commencement of this Constitution and the persons who are eligible to acquire citizenship of Nepal under this Part shall be deemed to be the citizens of Nepal.

text: (2) The following persons who have their permanent domicile in Nepal shall be deemed to be citizens of Nepal by descent:-

text: (3) A child of a citizen who has acquired citizenship of Nepal by birth before the commencement of this Constitution shall, if his/her father and mother both are the citizens of Nepal, shall be entitled to Nepali citizenship by descent upon his/her attaining the age of maturity.

text: (4) Every child found in Nepal whereabouts of whose paternity and maternity is not known shall, until the mother or father is traced, be deemed a citizen of Nepal by descent.

text: (5) A person born to a Nepali citizen mother and having his/her domicile in Nepal but whose father is not traced, shall be conferred the Nepali citizenship by descent.

text: Provided that in case his/her father is found to be a foreigner, the citizenship of such a person shall be converted to naturalized citizenship according to the Federal law.

text: (6) If a foreign woman married to a Nepali citizen so wishes, she may acquire naturalized citizenship of Nepal as provided for in a Federal law.

text: (7) Notwithstanding anything contained elsewhere in this Article, in case of a person born to Nepali woman citizen married to a foreign citizen, he/she may acquire naturalized citizenship of Nepal as provided for by a Federal law if he/she is having the permanent domicile in Nepal and he/she has not acquired citizenship of the foreign country.

text: Provided that if his/her father and mother both are the citizen of Nepal at the time of acquisition of the citizenship, he/she, if born in Nepal, may acquire citizenship by descent.

text: (8) Except provided for in this Article, Government of Nepal may confer naturalized citizenship of Nepal according to Federal law.

text: (9) Government of Nepal may confer honorary citizenship according to Federal law.

text: (10) In case any area is annexed into Nepal by merger, the persons having domicile in such area shall be citizens of Nepal subject to a Federal law.

text: Fundamental rights guaranteed in the Constitution (Part 3)[edit]

text: 1. Right to Life of Dignity (Article 16)

text: 2. Right to Freedom (Article 17)

text: 3. Right to Equality (Article 18)

text: 4. Right to Communication (Article 19)

text: 5. Right regarding Justice (Article 20)

text: 6. Right of the Victim of Crime (Article 21)

text: 7. Right against Torture (Article 22)

text: 8. Right against Preventive Detention (Article 23)

text: 9. Right against Untouchability and Discrimination (Article 24)

text: 10. Right to Property (Article 25)

text: 11. Right to Religious Freedom (Article 26)

text: 12. Right to Information (Article 27)

text: 13. Right to Privacy (Article 28)

text: 14. Right against Exploitation (Article 29)

text: 15. Right to Fresh Environment (Article 30)

text: 16. Right regarding Education (Article 31)

text: 17. Right to Language and Culture (Article 32)

text: 18. Right to Employment (Article 33)

text: 19. Right to Labour (Article 34)

text: 20. Right regarding Health (Article 35)

text: 21. Right regarding Food (Article 36)

text: 22. Right to Residence (Article 37)

text: 23. Women's Rights (Article 38)

text: 24. Children's Rights (Article 39)

text: 25. Dalit's Rights (Article 40)

text: 26. Senior Citizen's Rights (Article 41)

text: 27. Right to Social Justice (Article 42)

text: 28. Right to Social Security (Article 43)

text: 29. Consumer's Rights (Article 44)

text: 30. Right against Exile (Article 45)

text: 31. Right to Constitutional Remedy (Article 46)

text: Constitutional Organs (Part 21-27)[edit]

text: The following are the Constitutional organs of Nepal:

text: 1. Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA) (Part 21)

text: 2. Auditor General (Part 22)

text: 3.  Public Service Commission (Part 23)

text: 4.  Election Commission (Part 24)

text: 7. Other Commissions (Part 27)

text: a. National Women Commission

text: b. National Dalit Commission

text: c. National Inclusive Commission

text: d. National Aborigines Commission

text: e. Madhesi Commission

text: f. Tharu Commission

text: g. Muslim Commission

text: Schedules of the Constitution[edit]

text: The Constitution has 9 schedules as follows:

text: 1.	Nepali National Flag (Schedule 1)

text: 2.	National Anthem of Nepal (Schedule 2)

text: 3.	Coat of Arms of Nepal (Schedule 3)

text: 4.	Provinces and Districts within provinces (Schedule 4)

text: 5.	List of Federal Powers/Jurisdiction (Schedule 5)

text: 6.	List of Provincial Powers/Jurisdiction (Schedule 6)

text: 7.	List of Concurrent (federal and provincial) powers/jurisdiction (Schedule 7)

text: 8.	List of Powers/Jurisdiction for Local Level (Schedule 8)

text: 9.	List of Concurrent Powers/Jurisdiction for Federation, Province and Local Level (Schedule 9)


document_title: Much Ado About Nothing (1993 film)

question_text: where did they film much ado about nothing

text: Much Ado About Nothing (1993 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Having just crushed an uprising by his half-brother, Don John, Don Pedro of Aragon and his noblemen visit their friend Leonato in Messina. Accompanying Don Pedro is the witty Benedick, former lover of Leonato's equally sharp-tongued niece, Beatrice. Also present are Benedick's friend Claudio, a young count; and Don John who, despite his rebellion, has apparently reconciled with his brother. Claudio has been thinking of Leonato's beautiful daughter Hero since before he went to war, and returns to find her as attractive as ever. Don Pedro, learning of his friend's feelings, decides to act on his behalf and arranges the match at a party. An unrepentant Don John attempts to foil it, but unsuccessfully – the match is made. Needing something to pass the time until the wedding, Don Pedro decides to arrange a similar fate for Beatrice and Benedick, whose animosity for each other is clear.

text: Don Pedro, Leonato, and Claudio stage a conversation containing a false account of how much Beatrice loves Benedick, all the while knowing Benedick to be hiding within earshot. Hero and her gentlewoman Ursula play the same trick upon Beatrice. Each of them believes the story they hear about the other. In the midst of all of this good-natured scheming, Don John has been searching for ways to stop the marriage between Claudio and Hero. The night before the wedding, Don John's servant Borachio arranges a steamy liaison with Hero's gentlewoman Margaret at Hero's chamber window. Don John shows Don Pedro and Claudio this, and they believe that they are seeing Hero in the act of infidelity.

text: Against the revelry of the evening, the noble but incompetent constable Dogberry appoints a watch to keep the peace. The three hapless watchmen happen to hear Borachio bragging to his colleague Conrade about how he and Don John had succeeded in stopping the wedding. The watchmen apprehend Borachio and Conrade, and, in the morning, Dogberry attempts to have Leonato interrogate the prisoners. However, a hurried Leonato is unable to decipher what the bumbling Dogberry is trying to tell him. Amidst the confusion, Don John quietly flees.

text: At the wedding, Claudio publicly disgraces his would-be bride and storms away, along with most of the guests, except for Ursula, the Friar, Leonato, Beatrice, Antonio, and Benedick. They all agree to the Friar's plan to publish the tale that Hero, upon the grief of Claudio's accusations, suddenly died. Beatrice and Benedick linger a moment and eventually confess their love to one another. In the wake of this declaration, Beatrice asks Benedick to do the one thing that will satisfy her outrage with what has just happened – kill Claudio. With a heavy heart, he agrees to challenge his friend. Meanwhile, Borachio and Conrade are interrogated by Dogberry and his men. Despite Dogberry's incompetence, the truth of Don John's sinister machinations is revealed.

text: Moments after Benedick's challenge to Claudio, Leonato is made aware of what really happened. Leonato continues to pretend to Claudio that Hero is dead. Claudio entreats Leonato to impose whatever vengeance he sees fit for Claudio's part in Hero's disgrace and death. Leonato forgives Claudio on the condition that he publicly declare his wrongdoing and then marry Hero's cousin the next morning. Claudio agrees, and carries out the former by reciting an epitaph at Hero's tomb that night.

text: When the bride is brought forth the next day, she is revealed to be none other than Hero herself. She and Claudio profess their true, undying love for each other, as do Beatrice and Benedick, who agree to marry. Benedick renounces his challenge against Claudio and embraces him. Moments later, Don John is marched in, having been captured before he could escape. Those gathered begin to dance, with the two happy couples at the middle. Don Pedro remains behind, still single, but happy for his friends.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kenneth Branagh as Benedick, a nobleman in the court of Don Pedro. He is very self-righteous but shows himself to have good judgement during the "wedding" scene, as he is the only man from Don Pedro's entourage who implicitly believes Hero. His arrogance and selfishness make his relationship with Beatrice an argumentative one, but at the end of the film, Beatrice and Benedick agree to marry.
Emma Thompson as Beatrice, Leonato's niece, and Hero's cousin and chamber-mate. She is a strong-willed woman who charms and beguiles all who know her with her wit and cleverness. She confesses her love for Benedick and agrees to marry him.
Robert Sean Leonard as Count Claudio, a close friend of Don Pedro and Benedick, and fiancé to Hero, with whom he has been in love since before the men went to war against Don John. He does not believe Hero when she protests her innocence, and humiliates her by publicly casting her off during their wedding ceremony. When Borachio finally confesses and Hero's innocence becomes clear, Claudio is devastated over his part in her "death" (as Hero's father leads him to believe). He agrees to marry Hero's cousin at Leonato's request, and is reunited with his love when it is revealed that "sweet Hero" is still alive and now his bride in truth.
Kate Beckinsale as Hero, the sweet, innocent only child of Governor Leonato, in love with Claudio. She is falsely accused of being unfaithful to Claudio on the night before her wedding. At the end of the film, Don John's plot against her and Claudio is revealed and they are happily married as was planned in the beginning.
Denzel Washington as Don Pedro, Prince of Aragon; remarkable for being one of the few "marriageable" men in the piece who does not get married by the end of the play, though he does play matchmaker for others. In the second act, when he and Beatrice are alone, he quietly asks her, "will you have me, lady?", revealing his true feelings for her. Beatrice gently rebuffs his proposal, and the two remain friends. He believes, with Claudio, in Hero's alleged infidelity, but is likewise earnestly sorry when he learns the truth.
Keanu Reeves as Don John, Don Pedro's evil half-brother. After leading a failed rebellion against Don Pedro, he conspires with his men Borachio and Conrade to ruin Hero and Claudio's wedding by impugning Hero's honor. When his plot is found out, he attempts to escape but is captured and imprisoned.
Richard Briers as Leonato, Governor of Messina and the father of Hero. He loves his daughter immensely but upon hearing the false news that she was being unfaithful to Claudio, he wishes she had never been born if that would mean that he would be spared the pain of her disgrace. He eventually listens to the Friar's counsel and becomes party to the pretence that Hero has died in order to test Claudio's remorse over his humiliation of Hero, before finally reuniting the two young lovers in the last act.
Michael Keaton as Dogberry, the local constable. He is not half so clever as he thinks he is and has a bad habit for malapropisms. He solves crimes and misdeeds accidentally. He and his men accidentally catch Borachio boasting about his involvement with separating Claudio and Hero. His men arrest Borachio and his conspiring friends. He ultimately saves the day by forcing Borachio to confess his part in Don John's plot to Leonato.
Gerard Horan as Borachio, Don John's drunken henchmen. He assists Don John in ruining Claudio's and Hero's wedding by making Hero appear unfaithful and initially succeeds, but is caught boasting about his crime by Dogberry's men and forced to confess.
Imelda Staunton as Margaret, Hero's rather worldly waiting gentlewoman who is tricked by Borachio, and mistaken for Hero by Don Pedro and Claudio.
Brian Blessed as Antonio, the brother of Leonato. He is very kind-hearted, but is incredibly furious by the accusations leveled against his niece.
Ben Elton as Verges, the local headborough and Dogberry's partner.
Jimmy Yuill as Friar Francis, the priest at Claudio and Hero's wedding who later defends Hero from the accusations made against her.
Richard Clifford as Conrade, a henchman of Don John.
Phyllida Law as Ursula, Hero's other waiting gentlewoman.
Patrick Doyle as Balthazar, Don Pedro's musician.

text: Production[edit]

text: Much Ado About Nothing was filmed entirely at Villa Vignamaggio, Greve in Chianti, Florence. Tuscany, Italy.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Much Ado About Nothing

Film score by Patrick Doyle

Released
4 May 1993

Recorded
1993

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
59:02

Label
Epic Soundtrax

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

Filmtracks
 link

text: The music to Much Ado About Nothing was composed by frequent Kenneth Branagh collaborator Patrick Doyle, who makes a brief cameo in the film as Balthazar singing Sigh No More Ladies and Pardon, Goddess of the Night.[3] The soundtrack was released May 4, 1993 through Epic Soundtrax and features twenty-four tracks of score at a running time just under an hour.[4]

text:
"The Picnic" (2:57)
"Overture" (4:20)
"The Sweetest Lady" (2:05)
"The Conspirators" (2:39)
"The Masked Ball" (1:55)
"The Prince Woos Hero" (1:18)
"A Star Danced" (2:43)
"Rich She Shall Be" (1:42)
"Sigh No More Ladies" (1:58)
"The Gulling of Benedick" (3:12)
"It Must Be Requited" (1:58)
"The Gulling of Beatrice" (1:41)
"Contempt Farewell" (1:32)
"The Lady is Disloyal" (2:14)
"Hero's Wedding" (0:47)
"Take Her Back Again" (3:10)
"Die to Live" (4:43)
"You Have Killed a Sweet Lady" (3:03)
"Choose Your Revenge" (1:48)
"Pardon, Goddess of the Night" (4:32)
"Did I Not Tell You" (1:40)
"Hero Revealed" (1:26)
"Benedick the Married Man" (2:06)
"Strike Up Pipers" (2:41)

text: Reception[edit]

text: Much Ado About Nothing received general acclaim from critics. The film currently holds a 91% "Certified Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, a website that aggregates professional critiques, with the consensus "Kenneth Branagh's love for the material is contagious in this exuberant adaptation."[5]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it three out of four stars, calling it "cheerful from beginning to end."[6] Vincent Canby of The New York Times also wrote the film a positive review, praising Branagh's direction and calling it "ravishing entertainment."[7] Desson Thomson of The Washington Post praised Branagh's cuts to the text as giving "wonderful import to this silliness from long ago" and stated that "Kenneth Branagh has, once again, blown away the forbidding academic dust and found a funny retro-essence for the '90s."[8] Online critic James Berardinelli gave the film a glowing four-star review, calling it a "gem of a movie", especially praising the accessibility of the humor, the performances, and Branagh's lively direction, of which he wrote, "This film cements Branagh's status as a great director of Shakespeare, and perhaps of film in general, as well."[9]

text: Conversely, Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote the film a negative review, praising some moments as "invigorating fun", but ultimately calling it "overripe."[10] Most of the negative criticisms focused on particular casting choices, notably Keanu Reeves as Don John, and Michael Keaton as Dogberry.[6][10] For his performance in the film, Reeves was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor, where he lost to Woody Harrelson for Indecent Proposal.[11]

text: Much Ado About Nothing was ranked #11 on Rotten Tomatoes list of Greatest Shakespeare Movies.[12]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

British Academy Film Awards
Best Costume Design
Phyllis Dalton
Nominated

Cannes Film Festival
Palme d'Or
Kenneth Branagh
Nominated

Evening Standard British Film Awards
Best Actress
Emma Thompson
Won

Golden Globe Awards
Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Kenneth Branagh
Nominated

Independent Spirit Awards
Best Film
Kenneth Branagh, Stephen Evans, David Parfitt
Nominated

Best Female Lead
Emma Thompson
Nominated

London Film Critics' Circle
British Producer of the Year
Kenneth Branagh
Won

Golden Raspberry Award
Worst Supporting Actor
Keanu Reeves
Nominated

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[13]