document_title: Dance India Dance

question_text: who is the winner of did season 1

question_tokens: who is the winner of did season 1

text: Dance India Dance

text: Selection process[edit]

text: The selection process can be further broken down into two distinct stages: the open Auditions and a second phase referred to as the Mega Auditions. The open Auditions take place in 5–6 major Indian cities and are typically open to anyone aged 15–30 at the time of their audition. The cities in which auditions are held varies from season to season but some, such as New Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata have featured in almost every season. During this stage, dancers perform a brief routine (typically individually) before three masters. The masters will then make an on-the-spot decision as to whether the dancer demonstrated enough ability.[1] If the dancer impressed the masters with his/her dancing abilities, masters will award a Hat called Taqdeer Ki Topi (Hat of Luck), moving them instantly one step forward in the competition.[2]

text: The second stage of the selection process, the Mega Auditions, is a several-day-long process in which the 100 hopefuls are tested for overall well-rounded dance ability, stamina, and their ability to perform under pressure. The dancers are put through a battery of rounds which test their ability to pick up various dance styles (typically some of the more well-represented genres that will later be prominent in the competition phase, such as Hip hop, Bollywood dance, Jazz, Bharat Natyam, Kathak, Mohiniyattam, Odissi and Contemporary). At the end of this process, only the top 36 competitors will be chosen. The top 36 are then again asked to give solo performances, after which 18 are chosen in the final auditions. Then, those top 18 get divided into 3 teams which are named according to the 3 masters of the show such as, Remo Ke Rangeelay, Terence Ki Toli and Geeta Ki Gang. Each team containing 6 dancers then competes in the show, learning new skills throughout the journey.[3]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Dance India Dance Season 1 was started on 30 January 2009. This season was hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Saumya Tandon. The grand finale was aired on 30 May 2009 and winner was Salman Yusuff Khan.

text: Masters:

text:
Remo D'Souza, his team was named Remo Ke Rangeelay.
Terence Lewis, his team was named Terence Ki Toli.
Geeta Kapoor, her team was named Geeta Ki Gang.

text: Finalists:

text:
Salman Yusuff Khan (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was the winner.
Alisha Singh (from Terence Ki Toli) was 1st runner-up.
Siddhesh Pal (from Geeta Ki Gang) was 2nd runner-up.
Jai Kumar Nair (from Terence Ki Toli) was 3rd runner-up.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Dance India Dance Season 2 was started on 18 December 2009. This season was also hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Saumya Tandon. The grand finale was aired on 23 April 2010 and winner was Shakti Mohan.[4]

text: Masters:

text: Finalists:

text:
Shakti Mohan (from Terence Ki Toli) was the winner.
Dharmesh Yelande (from Geeta Ki Gang) was 1st runner-up.
Punit Pathak (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was 2nd runner-up.
Binny Sharma (from Geeta Ki Gang) was 3rd runner-up.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Dance India Dance Season 3 was started on 24 December 2011. This season was also hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Saumya Tandon. The grand finale was aired on 24 April 2012 and winner was Rajasmita Kar.[5]

text: Masters:

text: Finalists:

text:
Rajasmita Kar (from Geeta Ki Gang) was the winner.
Pradeep Gurung (from Terence Ki Toli) was 1st runner-up.
Raghav Juyal (from Terence Ki Toli) was 2nd runner-up.
Sanam Johar (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was 3rd runner-up.
Mohena Singh (from Remo Ke Rangeelay) was 4th runner-up.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: Dance India Dance Season 4 was started on 26 October 2013. This season was hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Ishita Sharma. The grand finale was aired on 22 February 2014 and winner was Shyam Yadav.[6]

text: Masters:

text:
Mudassar Khan, his team was named Mudassar Ki Mandali.
Shruti Merchant, her team was named Shruti Ke Shandar.
Firoz Khan, his team was named Firoz Ki Fauj.

text: Finalists:

text:
Shyam Yadav (from Mudassar Ki Mandali) was the winner.
Manan Sachdeva (from Shruti Ke Shandar) was 1st runner-up.
Biki Das (from Firoz Ki Fauj) was 2nd runner-up.
Sumedh Mudgalkar (from Shruti Ke Shandar) was 3rd runner-up.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: Dance India Dance Season 5 was started on 27 June 2015. This season was hosted by Jay Bhanushali. The grand finale was aired on 10 October 2015 and winner was Proneeta Swargiary.[7]

text: Masters:

text:
Mudassar Khan, his team was named Mudassar Ki Mandali.
Punit Pathak, his team was named Punit Ke Panthers. Master Punit was a contestant in season 2.
Gaiti Siddiqui, her team was named Gaiti Ke Gangsters.

text: Finalists:

text:
Proneeta Swargiary (from Punit Ke Panthers) was the winner.
Nirmal Tarang (from Gaiti Ke Gangsters) was 1st runner-up.
Sahil Adanaya (from Gaiti Ke Gangsters) was 2nd runner-up.
Kaushik Mandal (from Mudassar Ki Mandali) was 3rd runner-up.
Ashish Vashistha (from Punit Ke Panthers) was 4th runner-up.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: Dance India Dance Season 6 is being aired from 4 November 2017. This season is being hosted by Amruta Khanvilkar and Sahil Khattar.[8]

text: Masters:

text:
Mudassar Khan, his team is named Mudassar Ki Mandali.
Marzi Pestonji, his team is named Marzi Ke Mastane.
Mini Pradhan, her team is named Mini Ke Masterblasters.

text: List of all hosts, judges and winners[edit]

text: Hosts[edit]

text:
Jay Bhanushali (first 5 seasons)
Saumya Tandon (first 3 seasons)
Ishita Sharma (season 4)
Amruta Khanvilkar (current)
Sahil Khattar (current)

text: Judges[edit]

text:
Mithun Chakraborty (Grandmaster)
Remo D'Souza (first 3 seasons)
Terence Lewis (first 3 seasons)
Geeta Kapoor (first 3 seasons)
Mudassar Khan (current, since season 4)
Shruti Merchant (season 4)
Firoz Khan (season 4)
Punit Pathak (season 5)
Gaiti Siddiqui (season 5)
Marzi Pestonji (current)
Mini Pradhan (current)

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Salman Yusuff Khan (season 1)
Shakti Mohan (season 2)
Rajasmita Kar (season 3)
Shyam Yadav (season 4)
Proneeta Swargiary (season 5)

text: Spinoffs[edit]

text: Dance Ke Superstars[edit]

text: Dance Ke Superstars featured contestants from the first two seasons to compete against each other. The show was judged by choreographers Remo D'Souza and Shiamak Davar, and featured a guest judge every week. Team Jalwa, the Season 2 DID contestants, won the series.

text: Dance India Dance Super Mom[edit]

text: Mithu Chowdhury from Kolkata was declared the winner of Dance India Dance Super Moms 2013 Season, and Cecille Rodrigues from Goa was the 1st runner-up, and Shraddha Shah Raj from Surat was the 2nd runner-up.[9]

text: The second season started in March 2015.[10] Harpreet Khatri who hails from Mumbai was announced the winner of Dance India Dance Super Moms Season 2 in 2015. Season 2 was anchored by popular TV actor Karan Wahi. Season 2 was judged by Geeta Kapoor, Govinda, and Terence Lewis.

text: DID Dance Ka Tashan[edit]

text: DID Dance Ka Tashan featured contestants from Dance India Dance Super Moms competing against contestants from Dance India Dance L'il Masters 2. The show aired in November 2013 and was judged by choreographer Ahmed Khan and Geeta Kapoor and hosted by TV actor Rithvik Dhanjani and India's Best Dramebaaz, Nihar. The show was won by Team Todu, the DID L'il Masters Season 2 contestants, Faisal, Soumya, Rohan, Om, Shalini, Deep, Tanay, Jeet and Shreya.

text: Dance India Dance L'il Masters[edit]

text: The first season of DID L'il Masters was judged by Farah Khan and Sandip Soparrkar. The four skippers and their teams were: Dharmesh ke Dhinchak, Jai ke Jhatang-Fatang, Vrushali ke Dhum-Dhadake and Amrita ke Aflatoon. Jeetumoni Kalita from Dharmesh ke Dhinchak was declared winner of the first season of Dance India Dance L'il Masters. Atul Banmoria was the 1st runner-up and Vaishnavi Patil was the 2nd runner-up , Sonik Chauhan from Delhi got the best performer award from Finalist and Tiyash Saha (Wild Card Entry) from Kolkata (Neerav ke Rockstars) got the 5th position and most entertaining participant of the Season , Ritika and Pallavi got 6th position.

text: DID L'il Masters 2 was judged by Master Geeta and Master Marzi. The four skippers and their teams were Prince ke Paltan, Raghav ke Rockstars, Kruti ke Krackers and Neerav ke Ninjas. 5 contestants, Jeet, Om, Faisal, Rohan and Saumya entered the grand finale. Faisal Khan, from Prince ke Paltan, was declared as the winner of the second season.[11][12] Om Chetry, Rohan Parkale and Saumya Rai came second, third and fourth respectively.

text: The third season began broadcasting on 1 March 2014.[13][14] Geeta Kapoor, Ahmad Khan and Mudassar Khan were judges, along with Sanam Johar, Raghav Crockroaz Juyal/ Omkar Shinde, Rahul Shetty and Paul Marshal Cardoz and Swarali Karulkar, as skippers.[15][16][17][18] The teams were Raghav/Omkar ke Rockstar, Sanam ke Superheroes, Rahul and Paul ke Rapchik Punters and Swarali ke Sparklers. Teriya Magar from Nepal was declared the winner,[19] and Anushka Chetry became the 1st runner-up. Sadhwin Shetty was the 2nd runner-up.

text: Dance India Dance L'il Masters North America Edition - Auditions were conducted in April 2014 with over 10,000 contestants auditioning from all across the US, Canada and Europe. Out of them 10 contestants were chosen and were flown to Mumbai, India to compete in the finals. The winner was Akhil and the second winner was Avantika Vandanapu

text: Dance Ke Superkids[edit]

text: Dance ke Superkids- Battle of the Baaps! featured contestants from the first two seasons of DID L'iL Masters. It was judged by Geeta Kapoor, Farah Khan and Marzi Pestonji and hosted by Jay Bhanushali and Shreya Acharya.[20][21] Team Yahoo, also known as DID L'il Masters Season 2, was led by Captain Raghav Juyal and choreographers: Kruti Mahesh and Prince Gupta. They won the competition with Faisal Khan, Soumya Rai, Rohan Parkale, Om Chetri, Jeet Das, Shalini Moitra and Tanay Malhara dancing their way to victory. Team Wakao, also known as DID L'il Masters Season 1, was led by Captain Dharmesh Yelande and choreographers: Mayuresh Vadkar and Vrushali Chavan; with dancing contestants: Jeetumoni Kalita, Vatsal Vithlani, Ruturaj Mahalim, Vaishnavi Patil, Atul Banmoria, Anurag Sarmah and Khyati Patel. The team fell just short of victory but thoroughly celebrated their time on the show all the same.

text: Dance India Dance Doubles[edit]

text: The shows consisted of 12 finalist couples. The Grand Finale was scheduled for filming 7 April 2011 at the Andheri Sports Complex for broadcast on 9 April 2011.[22] Amit and Falon were voted the winners of the season.


document_title: Abundance of the chemical elements

question_text: the two most abundant elements in earth’s atmosphere today are

question_tokens: the two most abundant elements in earth 's atmosphere today are

root

text: Abundance of the chemical elements

text: Universe[edit]

text:
Ten most common elements in the Milky Way Galaxy estimated spectroscopically[3]

Z
Element
Mass fraction (ppm)

1
Hydrogen
739,000

2
Helium
240,000

8
Oxygen
10,400

6
Carbon
4,600

10
Neon
1,340

26
Iron
1,090

7
Nitrogen
960

14
Silicon
650

12
Magnesium
580

16
Sulfur
440

tag: table

text: The elements – that is, ordinary (baryonic) matter made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, are only a small part of the content of the Universe. Cosmological observations suggest that only 4.6% of the universe's energy (including the mass contributed by energy, E = mc² ↔ m = E / c²) comprises the visible baryonic matter that constitutes stars, planets, and living beings. The rest is made up of dark energy (68%) and dark matter (27%).[4] These are forms of matter and energy believed to exist on the basis of scientific theory and observational deductions, but they have not been directly observed and their nature is not well understood.

tag: p

text: Most standard (baryonic) matter is found in intergalactic gas, stars, and interstellar clouds, in the form of atoms or ions (plasma), although it can be found in degenerate forms in extreme astrophysical settings, such as the high densities inside white dwarfs and neutron stars.

text: Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe; helium is second. However, after this, the rank of abundance does not continue to correspond to the atomic number; oxygen has abundance rank 3, but atomic number 8. All others are substantially less common.

text: The abundance of the lightest elements is well predicted by the standard cosmological model, since they were mostly produced shortly (i.e., within a few hundred seconds) after the Big Bang, in a process known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Heavier elements were mostly produced much later, inside of stars.

text: Hydrogen and helium are estimated to make up roughly 74% and 24% of all baryonic matter in the universe respectively. Despite comprising only a very small fraction of the universe, the remaining "heavy elements" can greatly influence astronomical phenomena. Only about 2% (by mass) of the Milky Way galaxy's disk is composed of heavy elements.

text: These other elements are generated by stellar processes.[5][6][7] In astronomy, a "metal" is any element other than hydrogen or helium. This distinction is significant because hydrogen and helium are the only elements that were produced in significant quantities in the Big Bang. Thus, the metallicity of a galaxy or other object is an indication of stellar activity, after the Big Bang.

text: In general, elements up to iron are made in large stars in the process of becoming supernovae. Iron-56 is particularly common, since it is the most stable element that can easily be made from alpha particles (being a product of decay of radioactive nickel-56, ultimately made from 14 helium nuclei). Elements heavier than iron are made in energy-absorbing processes in large stars, and their abundance in the universe (and on Earth) generally decreases with increasing atomic number.

text: Solar system[edit]

text:
Most abundant nuclides in the Solar System[8]

[show]Nuclide
A
Mass fraction in parts per million
Atom fraction in parts per million

Hydrogen-1
1
705,700
909,964

Helium-4
4
275,200
88,714

Oxygen-16
16
5,920
477

Carbon-12
12
3,032
326

Nitrogen-14
14
1,105
102

Neon-20
20
1,548
100

Other nuclides:
3,879
149

Silicon-28
28
653
30

Magnesium-24
24
513
28

Iron-56
56
1,169
27

Sulfur-32
32
396
16

Helium-3
3
35
15

Hydrogen-2
2
23
15

Neon-22
22
208
12

Magnesium-26
26
79
4

Carbon-13
13
37
4

Magnesium-25
25
69
4

Aluminium-27
27
58
3

Argon-36
36
77
3

Calcium-40
40
60
2

Sodium-23
23
33
2

Iron-54
54
72
2

Silicon-29
29
34
2

Nickel-58
58
49
1

Silicon-30
30
23
1

Iron-57
57
28
1

text: The following graph (note log scale) shows abundance of elements in the Solar System. The table shows the twelve most common elements in our galaxy (estimated spectroscopically), as measured in parts per million, by mass.[3] Nearby galaxies that have evolved along similar lines have a corresponding enrichment of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. The more distant galaxies are being viewed as they appeared in the past, so their abundances of elements appear closer to the primordial mixture. Since physical laws and processes are uniform throughout the universe, however, it is expected that these galaxies will likewise have evolved similar abundances of elements.

text: The abundance of elements is in keeping with their origin from the Big Bang and nucleosynthesis in a number of progenitor supernova stars. Very abundant hydrogen and helium are products of the Big Bang, while the next three elements are rare since they had little time to form in the Big Bang and are not made in stars (they are, however, produced in small quantities by breakup of heavier elements in interstellar dust, as a result of impact by cosmic rays).

text: Beginning with carbon, elements have been produced in stars by buildup from alpha particles (helium nuclei), resulting in an alternatingly larger abundance of elements with even atomic numbers (these are also more stable). The effect of odd-numbered chemical elements generally being more rare in the universe was empirically noticed in 1914, and is known as the Oddo-Harkins rule.

text: Relation to nuclear binding energy[edit]

text: Loose correlations have been observed between estimated elemental abundances in the universe and the nuclear binding energy curve. Roughly speaking, the relative stability of various atomic nuclides has exerted a strong influence on the relative abundance of elements formed in the Big Bang, and during the development of the universe thereafter. [9] See the article about nucleosynthesis for the explanation on how certain nuclear fusion processes in stars (such as carbon burning, etc.) create the elements heavier than hydrogen and helium.

text: A further observed peculiarity is the jagged alternation between relative abundance and scarcity of adjacent atomic numbers in the elemental abundance curve, and a similar pattern of energy levels in the nuclear binding energy curve. This alternation is caused by the higher relative binding energy (corresponding to relative stability) of even atomic numbers compared to odd atomic numbers, and is explained by the Pauli Exclusion Principle.[10] The semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF), also called Weizsäcker's formula or the Bethe-Weizsäcker mass formula, gives a theoretical explanation of the overall shape of the curve of nuclear binding energy.[11]

text: Earth[edit]

text: The Earth formed from the same cloud of matter that formed the Sun, but the planets acquired different compositions during the formation and evolution of the solar system. In turn, the natural history of the Earth caused parts of this planet to have differing concentrations of the elements.

text: The mass of the Earth is approximately 5.98×1024 kg. In bulk, by mass, it is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminium (1.4%); with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements.[12]

text: The bulk composition of the Earth by elemental-mass is roughly similar to the gross composition of the solar system, with the major differences being that Earth is missing a great deal of the volatile elements hydrogen, helium, neon, and nitrogen, as well as carbon which has been lost as volatile hydrocarbons. The remaining elemental composition is roughly typical of the "rocky" inner planets, which formed in the thermal zone where solar heat drove volatile compounds into space. The Earth retains oxygen as the second-largest component of its mass (and largest atomic-fraction), mainly from this element being retained in silicate minerals which have a very high melting point and low vapor pressure.

text:
Estimated abundances of chemical elements in the Earth.[13] The right two columns give the fraction of the mass in parts per million (ppm) and the fraction by number of atoms in parts per billion (ppb).

[show]Atomic Number
Name
Symbol
Mass fraction (ppm)
Atomic fraction (ppb)[13]

8
oxygen
O
297000
482,000,000

12
magnesium
Mg
154000
164,000,000

14
silicon
Si
161000
150,000,000

26
iron
Fe
319000
148,000,000

13
aluminum
Al
15900
15,300,000

20
calcium
Ca
17100
11,100,000

28
nickel
Ni
18220
8,010,000

1
hydrogen
H
260
6,700,000

16
sulfur
S
6350
5,150,000

24
chromium
Cr
4700
2,300,000

11
sodium
Na
1800
2,000,000

6
carbon
C
730
1,600,000

15
phosphorus
P
1210
1,020,000

25
manganese
Mn
1700
800,000

22
titanium
Ti
810
440,000

27
cobalt
Co
880
390,000

19
potassium
K
160
110,000

17
chlorine
Cl
76
56,000

23
vanadium
V
105
53,600

7
nitrogen
N
25
46,000

29
copper
Cu
60
25,000

30
zinc
Zn
40
16,000

9
fluorine
F
10
14,000

21
scandium
Sc
11
6,300

3
lithium
Li
1.10
4,100

38
strontium
Sr
13
3,900

32
germanium
Ge
7.00
2,500

40
zirconium
Zr
7.10
2,000

31
gallium
Ga
3.00
1,000

34
selenium
Se
2.70
890

56
barium
Ba
4.50
850

39
yttrium
Y
2.90
850

33
arsenic
As
1.70
590

5
boron
B
0.20
480

42
molybdenum
Mo
1.70
460

44
ruthenium
Ru
1.30
330

78
platinum
Pt
1.90
250

46
palladium
Pd
1.00
240

58
cerium
Ce
1.13
210

60
neodymium
Nd
0.84
150

4
beryllium
Be
0.05
140

41
niobium
Nb
0.44
120

76
osmium
Os
0.90
120

77
iridium
Ir
0.90
120

37
rubidium
Rb
0.40
120

35
bromine
Br
0.30
97

57
lanthanum
La
0.44
82

66
dysprosium
Dy
0.46
74

64
gadolinium
Gd
0.37
61

52
tellurium
Te
0.30
61

45
rhodium
Rh
0.24
61

50
tin
Sn
0.25
55

62
samarium
Sm
0.27
47

68
erbium
Er
0.30
47

70
ytterbium
Yb
0.30
45

59
praseodymium
Pr
0.17
31

82
lead
Pb
0.23
29

72
hafnium
Hf
0.19
28

74
tungsten
W
0.17
24

79
gold
Au
0.16
21

48
cadmium
Cd
0.08
18

63
europium
Eu
0.10
17

67
holmium
Ho
0.10
16

47
silver
Ag
0.05
12

65
terbium
Tb
0.07
11

51
antimony
Sb
0.05
11

75
rhenium
Re
0.08
10

53
iodine
I
0.05
10

69
thulium
Tm
0.05
7

55
cesium
Cs
0.04
7

71
lutetium
Lu
0.05
7

90
thorium
Th
0.06
6

73
tantalum
Ta
0.03
4

80
mercury
Hg
0.02
3

92
uranium
U
0.02
2

49
indium
In
0.01
2

81
thallium
Tl
0.01
2

83
bismuth
Bi
0.01
1

text: Crust[edit]

text: The mass-abundance of the nine most abundant elements in the Earth's crust is approximately: oxygen 46%, silicon 28%, aluminum 8.2%, iron 5.6%, calcium 4.2%, sodium 2.5%, magnesium 2.4%, potassium 2.0%, and titanium 0.61%. Other elements occur at less than 0.15%. For a complete list, see abundance of elements in Earth's crust.

text: The graph at left illustrates the relative atomic-abundance of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust— the part that is relatively accessible for measurements and estimation.

text: Many of the elements shown in the graph are classified into (partially overlapping) categories:

text:
rock-forming elements (major elements in green field, and minor elements in light green field);
rare earth elements (lanthanides, La-Lu, and Y; labeled in blue);
major industrial metals (global production >~3×107 kg/year; labeled in red);
precious metals (labeled in purple);
the nine rarest "metals" — the six platinum group elements plus Au, Re, and Te (a metalloid) — in the yellow field. These are rare in the crust from being soluble in iron and thus concentrated in the Earth's core.

tag: ol

text: Note that there are two breaks where the unstable (radioactive) elements technetium (atomic number: 43) and promethium (atomic number: 61) would be. These elements are surrounded by stable elements, yet both have relatively short half lives (~ 4 million years and ~ 18 years respectively). These are thus extremely rare, since any primordial initial fractions of these in pre-Solar System materials have long since decayed and disappeared. These two elements are now only produced naturally through the spontaneous fission of very heavy radioactive elements (for example, uranium, thorium, or the trace amounts of plutonium that exist in uranium ores), or by the interaction of certain other elements with cosmic rays. Both technetium and promethium have been identified spectroscopically in the atmospheres of stars, where they are produced by ongoing nucleosynthetic processes.

text: There are also breaks in the abundance graph where the six noble gases would be, since they are not chemically bound in the Earth's crust, and they are only generated by decay chains from radioactive elements in the crust, and are therefore extremely rare there.

text: The eight naturally occurring very rare, highly radioactive elements (polonium, astatine, francium, radium, actinium, protactinium, neptunium, and plutonium) are not included, since any of these elements that were present at the formation of the Earth have decayed away eons ago, and their quantity today is negligible and is only produced from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium.

text: Oxygen and silicon are notably the most common elements in the crust. On Earth and in rocky planets in general, silicon and oxygen are far more common than their cosmic abundance. The reason is that they combine with each other to form silicate minerals. In this way, they are the lightest of all of the two-percent "astronomical metals" (i.e., non-hydrogen and helium elements) to form a solid that is refractory to the Sun's heat, and thus cannot boil away into space. All elements lighter than oxygen have been removed from the crust in this way.

text: Rare-earth elements[edit]

text: "Rare" earth elements is a historical misnomer. The persistence of the term reflects unfamiliarity rather than true rarity. The more abundant rare earth elements are similarly concentrated in the crust compared to commonplace industrial metals such as chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, or lead. The two least abundant rare earth elements (thulium and lutetium) are nearly 200 times more common than gold. However, in contrast to the ordinary base and precious metals, rare earth elements have very little tendency to become concentrated in exploitable ore deposits. Consequently, most of the world's supply of rare earth elements comes from only a handful of sources. Furthermore, the rare earth metals are all quite chemically similar to each other, and they are thus quite difficult to separate into quantities of the pure elements.

text: Differences in abundances of individual rare earth elements in the upper continental crust of the Earth represent the superposition of two effects, one nuclear and one geochemical. First, the rare earth elements with even atomic numbers (58Ce, 60Nd, ...) have greater cosmic and terrestrial abundances than the adjacent rare earth elements with odd atomic numbers (57La, 59Pr, ...). Second, the lighter rare earth elements are more incompatible (because they have larger ionic radii) and therefore more strongly concentrated in the continental crust than the heavier rare earth elements. In most rare earth ore deposits, the first four rare earth elements – lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium – constitute 80% to 99% of the total amount of rare earth metal that can be found in the ore.

text: Mantle[edit]

text: The mass-abundance of the eight most abundant elements in the Earth's mantle (see main article above) is approximately: oxygen 45%, magnesium 23%, silicon 22%, iron 5.8%, calcium 2.3%, aluminum 2.2%, sodium 0.3%, potassium 0.3%.

text: The mantle differs in elemental composition from the crust in having a great deal more magnesium and significantly more iron, while having much less aluminum and sodium.

text: Core[edit]

text: Due to mass segregation, the core of the Earth is believed to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements.[12]

text: Ocean[edit]

text: The most abundant elements in the ocean by proportion of mass in percent are oxygen (85.84), hydrogen (10.82), chlorine (1.94), sodium (1.08), magnesium (0.1292), sulfur (0.091), calcium (0.04), potassium (0.04), bromine (0.0067), carbon (0.0028), and boron (0.00043).

text: Atmosphere[edit]

text: The order of elements by volume-fraction (which is approximately molecular mole-fraction) in the atmosphere is nitrogen (78.1%), oxygen (20.9%),[14] argon (0.96%), followed by (in uncertain order) carbon and hydrogen because water vapor and carbon dioxide, which represent most of these two elements in the air, are variable components. Sulfur, phosphorus, and all other elements are present in significantly lower proportions.

text: According to the abundance curve graph (above right), argon, a significant if not major component of the atmosphere, does not appear in the crust at all. This is because the atmosphere has a far smaller mass than the crust, so argon remaining in the crust contributes little to mass-fraction there, while at the same time buildup of argon in the atmosphere has become large enough to be significant.

text: Urban soils[edit]

text: For a complete list of the abundance of elements in urban soils, see Abundances of the elements (data page)#Urban soils.

text: Human body[edit]

text:
Elemental abundance in the human body

[show]Element
Proportion (by mass)

Oxygen
65

Carbon
18

Hydrogen
10

Nitrogen
3

Calcium
1.5

Phosphorus
1.2

Potassium
0.2

Sulfur
0.2

Chlorine
0.2

Sodium
0.1

Magnesium
0.05

Iron
< 0.05

Cobalt
< 0.05

Copper
< 0.05

Zinc
< 0.05

Iodine
< 0.05

Selenium
< 0.01

text: By mass, human cells consist of 65–90% water (H2O), and a significant portion of the remainder is composed of carbon-containing organic molecules. Oxygen therefore contributes a majority of a human body's mass, followed by carbon. Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The next 0.75% is made up of the next five elements: potassium, sulfur, chlorine, sodium, and magnesium. Only 17 elements are known for certain to be necessary to human life, with one additional element (fluorine) thought to be helpful for tooth enamel strength. A few more trace elements may play some role in the health of mammals. Boron and silicon are notably necessary for plants but have uncertain roles in animals. The elements aluminium and silicon, although very common in the earth's crust, are conspicuously rare in the human body.[15]

text: Below is a periodic table highlighting nutritional elements.[16]

text:
Nutritional elements in the periodic table

H

He

Li
Be

B
C
N
O
F
Ne

Na
Mg

Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar

K
Ca
Sc

Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr

Rb
Sr
Y

Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe

Cs
Ba
La
*
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn

Fr
Ra
Ac
**
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og

*
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu

**
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr

text:
The four basic organic elements

  Quantity elements

  Essential trace elements

  Suggested function from deprivation effects or active metabolic handling, but no clearly-identified biochemical function in humans

  Limited circumstantial evidence for trace benefits or biological action in mammals

  No evidence for biological action in mammals, but essential in some lower organisms.
(In the case of lanthanum, the definition of an essential nutrient as being indispensable and irreplaceable is not completely applicable due to the extreme similarity of the lanthanides. Thus Ce, Pr, and Nd may be substituted for La without ill effects for organisms using La, and the smaller Sm, Eu, and Gd may also be similarly substituted but cause slower growth.)


document_title: Chinese zodiac

question_text: what year in the chinese zodiac is it

question_tokens: what year in the chinese zodiac is it

text: Chinese zodiac

text: Name[edit]

text: The Chinese zodiac is called 生肖 or Shēngxiào in Mandarin. Identifying this scheme using the generic term "zodiac" reflects several superficial similarities to the Western zodiac: both have time cycles divided into 12 parts, each labels at least the majority of those parts with names of animals, and each is widely associated with a culture of ascribing a person's personality or events in his or her life to the supposed influence of the person's particular relationship to the cycle.

text: Nevertheless, there are major differences which render the term inaccurate: the animals of the Chinese zodiac are not associated with constellations spanned by the ecliptic plane. The Chinese 12-part cycle corresponds to years, rather than months. The Chinese zodiac is represented by 12 animals, whereas some of the signs in the Western zodiac are not animals, despite the implication of the etymology of the word zodiac.

text: Signs[edit]

text: The zodiac traditionally begins with the sign of the Rat. The following are the twelve zodiac signs (each with its associated Earthly Branch) in order and their characteristics.[2] Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water as nature five elements.

text:
Rat – 鼠 (子) (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Water)
Ox – 牛 (丑) (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Earth)
Tiger – 虎 (寅) (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Wood)
Rabbit – 兔 (卯) (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Wood)
Dragon – 龍 (辰) (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Earth)
Snake – 蛇 (巳) (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Fire)
Horse – 馬 (午) (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Fire)
Goat – 羊 (未) (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Earth)
Monkey – 猴 (申) (Yang, 1st Trine, Fixed Element Metal)
Rooster – 雞 (酉) (Yin, 2nd Trine, Fixed Element Metal)
Dog – 狗 (戌) (Yang, 3rd Trine, Fixed Element Earth)
Pig – 豬 (亥) (Yin, 4th Trine, Fixed Element Water)

text: In Chinese astrology the animal signs assigned by year represent what others perceive you as being or how you present yourself. It is a common misconception that the animals assigned by year are the only signs and many Western descriptions of Chinese astrology draw solely on this system. In fact, there are also animal signs assigned by month (called inner animals), by day (called true animals) and hours (called secret animals). The Earth is all 12 signs, 5 seasons.

text: While a person might appear to be a Dragon because they were born in the year of the Dragon, they might also be a Snake internally, an Ox truly, and a Goat secretively.

text: A conflict between a person's zodiac sign and how they live is known as Tai Sui or kai sui.

text: Chinese calendar[edit]

text: Years[edit]

text: Within the Four Pillars, the year is the pillar representing information about the person's family background and society or relationship with their grandparents. The person's age can also be easily deduced from the sign of the person, the current sign of the year and the person's perceived age (teens, mid 20s, 40s and so on). For example, a person who is a Tiger is either 12, 24, 36 or 48 years old in 2010, the year of the Tiger. In 2011, the year of the Rabbit, that person is one year older.

text: The following table shows the 60-year cycle matched up to the Gregorian calendar for the years 1924–2043 (see sexagenary cycle article for years 1804–2043). The sexagenary cycle begins at lichun about February 4 according to some astrological sources.[3]

text:
Year
AssociatedElement
HeavenlyStem
EarthlyBranch
AssociatedAnimal
Year

1924–1983
1984–2043

1
Feb 05 1924–Jan 23 1925
Yang Wood
甲
子
Rat
Feb 02 1984–Feb 19 1985

2
Jan 24 1925–Feb 12 1926
Yin Wood
乙
丑
Ox
Feb 20 1985–Feb 08 1986

3
Feb 13 1926–Feb 01 1927
Yang Fire
丙
寅
Tiger
Feb 09 1986–Jan 28 1987

4
Feb 02 1927–Jan 22 1928
Yin Fire
丁
卯
Rabbit
Jan 29 1987–Feb 16 1988

5
Jan 23 1928–Feb 09 1929
Yang Earth
戊
辰
Dragon
Feb 17 1988–Feb 05 1989

6
Feb 10 1929–Jan 29 1930
Yin Earth
己
巳
Snake
Feb 06 1989–Jan 26 1990

7
Jan 30 1930–Feb 16 1931
Yang Metal
庚
午
Horse
Jan 27 1990–Feb 14 1991

8
Feb 17 1931–Feb 05 1932
Yin Metal
辛
未
Goat
Feb 15 1991–Feb 03 1992

9
Feb 06 1932–Jan 25 1933
Yang Water
壬
申
Monkey
Feb 04 1992–Jan 22 1993

10
Jan 26 1933–Feb 13 1934
Yin Water
癸
酉
Rooster
Jan 23 1993– Feb 09 1994

11
Feb 14 1934–Feb 03 1935
Yang Wood
甲
戌
Dog
Feb 10 1994–Jan 30 1995

12
Feb 04 1935–Jan 23 1936
Yin Wood
乙
亥
Pig
Jan 31 1995–Feb 18 1996

13
Jan 24 1936–Feb 10 1937
Yang Fire
丙
子
Rat
Feb 19 1996–Feb 06 1997

14
Feb 11 1937–Jan 30 1938
Yin Fire
丁
丑
Ox
Feb 07 1997–Jan 27 1998

15
Jan 31 1938–Feb 18 1939
Yang Earth
戊
寅
Tiger
Jan 28 1998–Feb 15 1999

16
Feb 19 1939–Feb 07 1940
Yin Earth
己
卯
Rabbit
Feb 16 1999–Feb 04 2000

17
Feb 08 1940–Jan 26 1941
Yang Metal
庚
辰
Dragon
Feb 05 2000–Jan 23 2001

18
Jan 27 1941–Feb 14 1942
Yin Metal
辛
巳
Snake
Jan 24 2001–Feb 11 2002

19
Feb 15 1942–Feb 04 1943
Yang Water
壬
午
Horse
Feb 12 2002–Jan 31 2003

20
Feb 05 1943–Jan 24 1944
Yin Water
癸
未
Goat
Feb 01 2003–Jan 21 2004

21
Jan 25 1944–Feb 12 1945
Yang Wood
甲
申
Monkey
Jan 22 2004–Feb 08 2005

22
Feb 13 1945–Feb 01 1946
Yin Wood
乙
酉
Rooster
Feb 09 2005–Jan 28 2006

23
Feb 02 1946–Jan 21 1947
Yang Fire
丙
戌
Dog
Jan 29 2006–Feb 17 2007

24
Jan 22 1947–Feb 09 1948
Yin Fire
丁
亥
Pig
Feb 18 2007–Feb 06 2008

25
Feb 10 1948–Jan 28 1949
Yang Earth
戊
子
Rat
Feb 07 2008–Jan 25 2009

26
Jan 29 1949–Feb 16 1950
Yin Earth
己
丑
Ox
Jan 26 2009–Feb 13 2010

27
Feb 17 1950–Feb 05 1951
Yang Metal
庚
寅
Tiger
Feb 14 2010–Feb 02 2011

28
Feb 06 1951–Jan 26 1952
Yin Metal
辛
卯
Rabbit
Feb 03 2011–Jan 22 2012

29
Jan 27 1952–Feb 13 1953
Yang Water
壬
辰
Dragon
Jan 23 2012–Feb 09 2013

30
Feb 14 1953–Feb 02 1954
Yin Water
癸
巳
Snake
Feb 10 2013–Jan 30 2014

31
Feb 03 1954–Jan 23 1955
Yang Wood
甲
午
Horse
Jan 31 2014–Feb 18 2015

32
Jan 24 1955–Feb 11 1956
Yin Wood
乙
未
Goat
Feb 19 2015–Feb 07 2016

33
Feb 12 1956–Jan 30 1957
Yang Fire
丙
申
Monkey
Feb 08 2016–Jan 27 2017

34
Jan 31 1957–Feb 17 1958
Yin Fire
丁
酉
Rooster
Jan 28 2017–Feb 15 2018

35
Feb 18 1958–Feb 07 1959
Yang Earth
戊
戌
Dog
Feb 16 2018–Feb 04 2019

36
Feb 08 1959–Jan 27 1960
Yin Earth
己
亥
Pig
Feb 05 2019–Jan 24 2020

37
Jan 28 1960–Feb 14 1961
Yang Metal
庚
子
Rat
Jan 25 2020–Feb. 11 2021

38
Feb 15 1961–Feb 04 1962
Yin Metal
辛
丑
Ox
Feb 12 2021–Jan 31 2022

39
Feb 05 1962–Jan 24 1963
Yang Water
壬
寅
Tiger
Feb 01 2022–Jan 21 2023

40
Jan 25 1963–Feb 12 1964
Yin Water
癸
卯
Rabbit
Jan 22 2023–Feb 09 2024

41
Feb 13 1964–Feb 01 1965
Yang Wood
甲
辰
Dragon
Feb 10 2024–Jan 28 2025

42
Feb 02 1965–Jan 20 1966
Yin Wood
乙
巳
Snake
Jan 29 2025–Feb 16 2026

43
Jan 21 1966–Feb 08 1967
Yang Fire
丙
午
Horse
Feb 17 2026–Feb 05 2027

44
Feb 09 1967–Jan 29 1968
Yin Fire
丁
未
Goat
Feb 06 2027–Jan 25 2028

45
Jan 30 1968–Feb 16 1969
Yang Earth
戊
申
Monkey
Jan 26 2028–Feb 12 2029

46
Feb 17 1969–Feb 05 1970
Yin Earth
己
酉
Rooster
Feb 13 2029–Feb 02 2030

47
Feb 06 1970–Jan 26 1971
Yang Metal
庚
戌
Dog
Feb 03 2030–Jan 22 2031

48
Jan 27 1971–Feb 14 1972
Yin Metal
辛
亥
Pig
Jan 23 2031–Feb 10 2032

49
Feb 15 1972–Feb 02 1973
Yang Water
壬
子
Rat
Feb 11 2032–Jan 30 2033

50
Feb 03 1973–Jan 22 1974
Yin Water
癸
丑
Ox
Jan 31 2033–Feb 18 2034

51
Jan 23 1974–Feb 10 1975
Yang Wood
甲
寅
Tiger
Feb 19 2034–Feb 07 2035

52
Feb 11 1975–Jan 30 1976
Yin Wood
乙
卯
Rabbit
Feb 08 2035–Jan 27 2036

53
Jan 31 1976–Feb 17 1977
Yang Fire
丙
辰
Dragon
Jan 28 2036–Feb 14 2037

54
Feb 18 1977–Feb 06 1978
Yin Fire
丁
巳
Snake
Feb 15 2037–Feb 03 2038

55
Feb 07 1978–Jan 27 1979
Yang Earth
戊
午
Horse
Feb 04 2038–Jan 23 2039

56
Jan 28 1979–Feb 15 1980
Yin Earth
己
未
Goat
Jan 24 2039–Feb 11 2040

57
Feb 16 1980–Feb 04 1981
Yang Metal
庚
申
Monkey
Feb 12 2040–Jan 31 2041

58
Feb 05 1981–Jan 24 1982
Yin Metal
辛
酉
Rooster
Feb 01 2041–Jan 21 2042

59
Jan 25 1982–Feb 12 1983
Yang Water
壬
戌
Dog
Jan 22 2042–Feb 09 2043

60
Feb 13 1983–Feb 01 1984
Yin Water
癸
亥
Pig
Feb 10 2043–Jan 29 2044

text: Months and solar terms[edit]

text: Within the Four Pillars, the month is the pillar representing information about the person's parents or childhood. Many Chinese astrologers consider the month pillar to be the most important one in determining the circumstances of one's adult life.

text: The 12 animals are also linked to traditional Chinese agricultural calendar, which runs alongside the better known Lunar calendar. Instead of months, this calendar is divided into 24 two week segments known as Solar Terms. Each animal is linked to two of these solar terms for a period similar to the Western month. Unlike the 60 year Lunar calendar, which can vary by as much as a month in relation to the Gregorian calendar, the agricultural calendar varies by only one day, beginning on the Gregorian calendar on February 3 or 4 every year. Again unlike the cycle of the lunar years, which begins with the Rat, the agricultural calendar begins with the Tiger as it is the first animal of spring. Around summer days are longer than winter days, because it occurs differences of perihelion and aphelion.

text: As each sign is linked to a month of the solar year, it is thereby also linked to a season. Each of the elements is also linked to a season (see above), and the element that shares a season with a sign is known as that sign's fixed element. In other words, that element is believed to impart some of its characteristics to the sign concerned. The fixed element of each sign applies also to the year and hour signs, and not just the monthly sign. It is important to note that the fixed element is separate from the cycle of elements which interact with the signs in the 60-year cycle.

text:
Season

Lunar month

Fixed element

Solar longitude

Solar term

Gregorian date

Approx. Western zodiac

Spring

1st – 寅 (yin) Tiger

Wood

314°

立春 lìchūn

Feb 4 – Feb 19

Aquarius

329°

雨水 yǔshuǐ

Feb 20 – Mar 5

Pisces

2nd – 卯 (mao) Rabbit

Wood

344°

啓蟄 qǐzhé (驚蟄 jīngzhé)

Mar 6 – Mar 20

359°

春分 chūnfēn

Mar 21 – Apr 4

Aries

3rd – 辰 (chen) Dragon

Wood

14°

清明 qīngmíng

Apr 5 – Apr 20

29°

穀雨 gǔyǔ

Apr 21 – May 4

Taurus

Summer

4th – 巳 (si) Snake

Fire

44°

立夏 lìxià

May 5 – May 21

59°

小滿 xiǎomǎn

May 22 – Jun 5

Gemini

5th – 午 (wu) Horse

Fire

74°

芒種 mángzhòng

Jun 6 – Jun 21

89°

夏至 xiàzhì

Jun 22 – Jul 6

Cancer

6th – 未 (wei) Goat

Fire

104°

小暑 xiǎoshǔ

Jul 7 – Jul 22

119°

大暑 dàshǔ

Jul 23 – Aug 6

Leo

Autumn

7th – 申 (shen) Monkey

Metal

134°

立秋 lìqiū

Aug 7 – Aug 22

149°

處暑 chùshǔ

Aug 23 – Sep 7

Virgo

8th – 酉 (you) Rooster

Metal

164°

白露 báilù

Sep 8 – Sep 23

181°

秋分 qiūfēn

Sep 24 – Oct 7

Libra

9th – 戌 (xu) Dog

Metal

194°

寒露 hánlù

Oct 8 – Oct 23

211°

霜降 shuāngjiàng

Oct 24 – Nov 6

Scorpio

Winter

10th – 亥 (hai) Pig

Water

224°

立冬 lìdōng

Nov 7 – Nov 22

244°

小雪 xiǎoxuě

Nov 23 – Dec 6

Sagittarius

11th – 子 (zi) Rat

Water

251°

大雪 dàxuě

Dec 7 – Dec 21

271°

冬至 dōngzhì

Dec 22 – Jan 5

Capricorn

12th – 丑 (chou) Ox

Water

284°

小寒 xiǎohán

Jan 6 – Jan 20

299°

大寒 dàhán

Jan 21 – Feb 3

Aquarius

text: Day[edit]

text: Four pillars calculator can determine the zodiac animal of the day.[4] Chinese animal signs rule over days of the week, too. The term for them is “True Animals”. If your astrologer wishes to prepare a chart, it is essential he or she knows the animals of your day of birth. Given there are only seven days of the week and 12 animals, there is some repetition or doubling up. The animals for each day are as follows:

text:
Monday: Goat
Tuesday: Dragon, Pig
Wednesday: Horse, Rooster
Thursday: Rat
Friday: Rabbit, Snake, Dog
Saturday: Ox, Tiger
Sunday: Monkey

tag: ul

text: Compatibility[edit]

text: As the Chinese zodiac is derived according to the ancient Five Elements Theory, every Chinese sign is composed of five elements[citation needed] with relations, among those elements, of interpolation, interaction, over-action, and counter-action—believed to be the common law of motions and changes of creatures in the universe. Different people born under each animal sign supposedly have different personalities,[citation needed] and practitioners of Chinese astrology consult such traditional details and compatibilities to offer putative guidance in life or for love and marriage.[5]

text: Chinese Zodiac Compatibility Grid[6]

text:
Sign
Best Match
Match
No Match

Rat
Rat, Dragon, Monkey
Snake, Rooster, Ox, Pig, Rabbit, Goat, Dog, Tiger
Horse

Ox
Ox, Snake, Rooster
Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Dog, Tiger, Horse, Pig, Rabbit
Goat

Tiger
Tiger, Dog, Horse
Pig, Rabbit, Goat, Snake, Rooster, Ox, Dragon, Rat
Monkey

Rabbit
Rabbit, Pig, Goat
Dog, Tiger, Horse, Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Snake, Ox
Rooster

Dragon
Dragon, Monkey, Rat
Snake, Rooster, Ox, Pig, Rabbit, Goat, Tiger, Horse
Dog

Snake
Snake, Rooster, Ox
Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Dog, Tiger, Horse, Rabbit, Goat
Pig

Horse
Horse, Dog, Tiger
Pig, Rabbit, Goat, Snake, Rooster, Ox, Dragon, Monkey
Rat

Goat
Goat, Pig, Rabbit
Dog, Tiger, Horse, Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Snake, Rooster
Ox

Monkey
Monkey, Dragon, Rat
Snake, Rooster, Ox, Pig, Rabbit, Goat, Dog, Horse
Tiger

Rooster
Rooster, Snake, Ox
Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Dog, Tiger, Horse, Pig, Goat
Rabbit

Dog
Dog, Tiger, Horse
Pig, Rabbit, Goat, Snake, Rooster, Ox, Monkey, Rat
Dragon

Pig
Pig, Rabbit, Goat
Dog, Tiger, Horse, Dragon, Monkey, Rat, Rooster, Ox
Snake

text: Four Pillars[edit]

text: The Four Pillars method can be traced back to the Han dynasty (201 BC – 220 AD), and is still much used in Feng shui astrology and general analysis today. The Four Pillars or columns chart is called such as the Chinese writing causes it to fall into columns. Each pillar or column contains a stem and a branch—and each column relates to the year, month, day and hour of birth. The first column refers to the year animal and element, the second to the month animal and element, the third to the day animal and element, and the last to the hour animal and element.

text: Within the Four Pillars, the year column purports to provide information about one's ancestor or early age, and the month column about one's parents or growing age. The day column purports to offer information about oneself (upper character) and one's spouse (lower character) or adult age, and the hour column about children or late age.[7]

text: Four Animal Trines[edit]

text: First Trine[edit]

text: The first Trine consists of the Rat, Dragon, and Monkey. These three signs are said to be intense and powerful individuals capable of great good, who make great leaders but are rather unpredictable. The three are said to be intelligent, magnanimous, charismatic, charming, authoritative, confident, eloquent and artistic, but can be manipulative, jealous, selfish, aggressive, vindictive, and deceitful.

text: Second Trine[edit]

text: The second Trine consists of the Ox, Snake, and Rooster. These three signs are said to possess endurance and application, with slow accumulation of energy, meticulous at planning but tending to hold fixed opinions. The three are said to be intelligent, hard-working, modest, industrious, loyal, philosophical, patient, goodhearted and morally upright, but can also be self-righteous, egotistical, vain, judgmental, narrow-minded, and petty.

text: Third Trine[edit]

text: The third Trine consists of the Tiger, Horse, and Dog. These three signs are said to seek true love, to pursue humanitarian causes, to be idealistic and independent but tending to be impulsive. The three are said to be productive, enthusiastic, independent, engaging, dynamic, honorable, loyal and protective, but can also be rash, rebellious, quarrelsome, anxious, disagreeable, and stubborn.

text: Fourth Trine[edit]

text: The fourth Trine consists of the Rabbit, Goat, and Pig. These three signs are said to have a calm nature and somewhat reasonable approach; they seek aesthetic beauty and are artistic, well-mannered and compassionate, yet detached and resigned to their condition. The three are said to be caring, self-sacrificing, obliging, sensible, creative, empathetic, tactful and prudent, but can also be naive, pedantic, insecure, selfish, indecisive, and pessimistic.

text: Zodiac origin stories[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: There are many stories and fables to explain the beginning of the zodiac. Since the Han Dynasty, the 12 Earthly Branches have been used to record the time of day. However, for the sake of entertainment and convenience, they have been replaced by the 12 animals. The 24 hours are divided into 12 periods, and a mnemonic refers to the behavior of the animals:

text: Earthly Branches may refer to a double-hour period. In the latter case it is the center of the period; for instance, 马 (Horse) means noon or a period from 11:00 am to 1:00 pm.

text:
Rat (Zishi): 23:00 to 00:59. This is the time when Rats are most active in seeking food. Rats also have a different number of digits on front and hind legs, thus earning the symbol of "turn over" or "new start".
Ox (Choushi): 01:00 to 02:59. This is the time when Oxen begin to chew the cud slowly and comfortably.
Tiger (Yinshi): 03:00 to 04:59. This is the time when Tigers hunt their prey more and show their ferocity.
Rabbit (Maoshi): 05:00 to 06:59. This is the time when the Jade Rabbit is busy pounding herbal medicine on the Moon according to the tale.
Dragon (Chenshi): 07:00 to 08:59. This is the time when Dragons are hovering in the sky to give rain.
Snake (Sishi): 09:00 to 10:59. This is the time when Snakes are leaving their caves.
Horse (Wushi): 11:00 to 12:59. This is the time when the Sun is high overhead and while other animals are lying down for a rest, Horses are still standing.
Goat (Weishi): 13:00 to 14:59. This is the time when Goats eat grass and urinate frequently.
Monkey (Shenshi): 15:00 to 16:59. This is the time when Monkeys are lively.
Rooster (Youshi): 17:00 to 18:59. This is the time when Roosters begin to get back to their coops.
Dog (Xushi): 19:00 to 20:59. This is the time when Dogs carry out their duty of guarding the houses.
Pig (Haishi): 21:00 to 22:59. This is the time when Pigs are sleeping sweetly.

text: The Great Race[edit]

text: An ancient folk story tells that Cat and Rat were both very bad at swimming. Although they were poor swimmers, they were both quite intelligent. To get to the meeting called by the Jade Emperor, they had to cross a river to reach the meeting place. The Jade Emperor had also decreed that the years on the calendar would be named for each animal in the order they arrived to the meeting. Cat and Rat decided that the best and fastest way to cross the river was to hop on the back of Ox. Ox, being kindhearted and naive, agreed to carry them both across.

text: Midway across the river, the Rat pushed the Cat into the water. Approaching the other side, the Rat jumped off the Ox and rushed to the Jade Emperor. It was named as the first animal of the zodiac calendar. The Ox, came in second. The third one to come was the Tiger. Even though it was strong and powerful it explained to the Jade Emperor that the currents were pushing him downstream.

text: Suddenly, from a distance came a thumping sound, and the Rabbit arrived. It explained how it crossed the river: by jumping from one stone to another in a nimble fashion. Halfway through, it almost lost the race, but it was lucky enough to grab hold of a floating log that later washed him to shore. For that, it became the fourth animal in the zodiac cycle. In fifth place was the flying Dragon. The Jade Emperor was wondering why such a swift airborne creature such as the Dragon failed to come in first.

text: The Dragon explained that it had to stop by a village and brought rain for all the people, and therefore it was held back. Then, on its way to the finish, it saw the helpless Rabbit clinging onto a log so it did a good deed and gave a puff of breath to the poor creature so that it could land on the shore. The Jade Emperor was astonished of the Dragon's good nature, and it was named as the fifth animal. As soon as it had done so, a galloping sound was heard, and the Horse appeared.

text: Hidden on its hoof was the Snake, whose sudden appearance gave it a fright, thus making it fall back and giving the Snake the sixth spot, while the Horse placed seventh. After a while, the Goat, Monkey and Rooster came to the heavenly gate. With combined efforts they managed to arrive to the other side. The Rooster found a raft and the Monkey and the Goat tugged and pulled trying to get all the weeds out of the way.

text: The Jade Emperor was pleased with their teamwork and decided to name the Goat as the eighth animal followed by the Monkey and then the Rooster. The eleventh animal placed in the zodiac cycle was the Dog. Although it should have been the best swimmer it wanted to stay in the water and play for a bit. Though his explanation for being late was because it needed a good bath after a long spell. For that, it almost did not make it to the finish line.

text: Right when the Emperor was going to close the race, an "oink" sound was heard: it was the Pig. "Lazy little Pig" originated from this story. The Pig felt hungry in the middle of the race, so it stopped, ate something and then fell asleep. After it awoke, it finished the race in twelfth place and became the last animal to arrive. The cat eventually drowned, and did not make it in the zodiac. It is said that this is the reason cats always hunt Rats.

text: Another folk story tells that the Rat deceived the Ox into letting it jump on its back, in order for the Ox to hear the Rat sing,[8] before jumping off at the finish line and finishing first.

text: In Chinese mythology, a story tells that the cat was tricked by the Rat so it could not go to the banquet. This is why the cat is not part of the Chinese zodiac.

text: In Buddhism, legend has it[citation needed] that Gautama Buddha summoned all of the animals of the Earth to come before him before his departure from this Earth, but only 12 animals actually came to bid him farewell. To reward the animals who came to him, he named a year after each of them. The years were given to them in the order they had arrived.

text: The twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac were developed in the early stages of Chinese civilization, over hundreds of years before it developed into the current version; it is difficult to investigate its real origins. Most historians agree that the cat is not included, as they had not yet been introduced to China from India, with the arrival of Buddhism.

text: Problems with English translation[edit]

text: Due to confusion with synonyms during translation, some of the animals depicted by the English words did not exist in ancient China. For example, 羊 can mean Goat, ram or sheep. Similarly, 鼠 Rat can also be translated as mouse, as there are no distinctive words for the two genera in Chinese. Further, 豬 Pig is sometimes translated to boar after its Japanese name, and 牛 plainly means Ox and Cow, and not water buffalo, 水牛. 雞 Rooster may mean Chicken. However, Rooster is the most commonly used one among all the synonyms, same for 羊, 鼠, etc.

text: Chinese zodiac in other countries[edit]

text: The Chinese zodiac signs are also used by cultures other than Chinese. For one example, they usually appear on Korean New Year and Japanese New Year's cards and stamps. The United States Postal Service and those of several other countries issue a "Year of the ____" postage stamp each year to honor this Chinese heritage.

text: The Chinese lunar coins, depicting the zodiac animals, inspired the Canadian Silver Maple Leaf coins, as well as varieties from Australia, Korea, and Mongolia. The Chinese zodiac is an internationally popular theme, available from many of the world's government and private mints.

text: The Chinese zodiac is also used in some other Asian countries that have been under the cultural influence of China. However, some of the animals in the zodiac may differ by country.

text: Asia [edit]

text: The Korean zodiac is essentially identical to the Chinese zodiac, but the Sino-Korean word 양 (yang) normally refers specifically to a sheep in the Korean language (where a native Korean word 염소 yeomso is used to mean "Goat"), although the Chinese source of the loanword yang may refer to any goat-antelope.

text: The Japanese zodiac includes the Sheep  (hitsuji) instead of the Goat (which would be yagi), and the Wild boar (inoshishi, i) instead of the Pig (buta).[9] The Japanese have, since 1873, celebrated the beginning of the new year on January 1 as per the Gregorian calendar.

text: The Vietnamese zodiac is almost identical to the Chinese zodiac except the second animal is the Water Buffalo instead of the Ox, and the fourth animal is the Cat instead of the Rabbit.

text: The Cham zodiac uses the same animals and order as the Chinese zodiac, but replaces the Monkey with the turtle (known locally as kra). Similarly the Malay zodiac is identical to the Chinese but replaces two of the animals with the turtle (kura-kura) and mousedeer (kancil). One of the replaced animals is always the Rabbit, the other being either the Pig or Monkey.

text: The Thai zodiac includes a nāga in place of the Dragon[10] and begins, not at Chinese New Year, but either on the first day of fifth month in Thai lunar calendar, or during the Songkran festival (now celebrated every 13–15 April), depending on the purpose of the use.[11]

text: Bulgars, Huns and Turkic people [edit]

text: The European Huns used the Chinese zodiac.[citation needed] This common Chinese-Turkic Zodiac was in use in Balkan Bulgaria well into the Bulgars' adoption of Slavic languages and Orthodox Christianity[citation needed]. Following is the Hunnish or Bulgarian Pagan zodiac calendar, distinctive from the Greek zodiac but much in conformity with the Chinese one:

text: Torè calendar[edit]

text: Names of years

text:
Kuzgé – [Year of] Saravana - Rat
Shiger (Syger) – Ox
Kuman (Imén)
Ügur – Tiger, Myachè Ügur – Tiger
Taushan – Rabbit
Samar – Dragon Birgün (Bergen, Birig, Baradj) – Dragon
Dilan – Snake
Tykha – Horse
Téké – Goat
Bichin, Michin – Monkey
Tavuk – Rooster (also written tağuk—ğ is pronounced as v in Turk. verbs döğmek and öğmek)
It – Dog
Shushma – Pig (many[who?] mistake it as boar though) (Turk., Russ. "Kaban"—Translator's[who?] Note, also cognate of Turkish şişman, "fat")

text: In Kazakhstan, an animal cycle similar to the Chinese is used, but the Dragon is substituted by a snail (Kazakh: улу), and Tiger appears as a leopard (Kazakh: барыс).

text: In Mongolia, 12 year beasts are called "Арван хоёр жил" meaning "12 years"

text:
Hulgana - Хулгана - Rat
Ukher - Үхэр - Ox
Bar - Бар - Tiger
Tuulai - Туулай - Rabbit
Luu - Луу - Dragon
Mogoi - Могой - Snake
Mori - Морь - Horse
Honi - Хонь - Goat
Bichin, Michin, Mechin - Бич/Мич, Бичин, Мичин, Мэчин - Monkey
Tahiya - Тахиа - Rooster
Nohoi - Нохой - Dog
Gahai - Гахай - Pig

text: In Kyrgyz 12-year cycle is called "Мүчөл", words for Tiger, Dragon and Monkey are only used in 12-year cycle.

text:
Chychkan - Чычкан - Mouse
Uy - Уй - Cow
Bars - Барс - Tiger
Koyon - Коён - Rabbit
Uluu - Улуу - Dragon
Jylan - Жылан - Snake
Jylky - Жылкы - Horse
Koy - Кой - Sheep
Mechin - Мечин - Monkey
Took - Тоок - Chicken
It - Ит - Dog
Donuz - Доңуз - Wild boar

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
A chart indicating good and bad bloodletting days and when to guard against demons. Detail: The chart contains a sme ba (9 figures symbolizing the elements in geomancy) in the center with the Chinese pa-kua (8 trigrams) surrounded by 12 animals of months and years.

Soyombo and several Buddhist, tengrist and Chinese zodiac symbols in a wall mosaic.

Twelve Chinese zodiac jade figurines. Capital Museum, Beijing, China.