document_title: Rafael dos Anjos

question_text: who did dos anjos beat for the title

question_tokens: who did dos anjos beat for the title

text: Rafael dos Anjos

text: Early life[edit]

text: In a 2014 interview, dos Anjos stated that he was a troubled child, getting into fights in his hometown Niterói, Rio de Janeiro.[11] He originally started training Brazilian jiu jitsu under Daniel Matheus at age of nine.[11] According to dos Anjos, he stopped fighting on the streets when he began training jiu jitsu.[11]

text: Mixed martial arts career[edit]

text: The majority of dos Anjos' early career took place in his native country of Brazil. He would start off his career with a record of 2-2, with both losses coming by way of split decision. Dos Anjos would then rack up 9 straight victories, which included 6 submissions. His 11-2 record in regional circuits would be enough to get a call from the UFC.[12]

text: Ultimate Fighting Championship[edit]

text: Dos Anjos made his UFC debut at UFC 91, losing to Jeremy Stephens. The fight was stopped in the third round after a vicious uppercut knocked out dos Anjos.

text: For his second UFC fight, dos Anjos was next given Tyson Griffin at UFC Fight Night 18. The fight was a back-and-forth battle that showcased heart, skill, and technique from both fighters but ended in a unanimous decision loss for dos Anjos. The bout was awarded Fight of the Night honors.

text: Dos Anjos was scheduled to fight Matt Wiman on September 19, 2009 at UFC 103, but due to a knee injury suffered by Wiman, he instead faced Rob Emerson.[13] Dos Anjos got a much-needed win by unanimous decision.

text: Dos Anjos then defeated Kyle Bradley via unanimous decision at UFC Fight Night 20.[14]

text: At UFC 112, dos Anjos defeated Terry Etim via second round armbar submission, earning him Submission of the Night honors.[15]

text: Dos Anjos faced Clay Guida on August 7, 2010 at UFC 117.[16] Guida appeared to injure the jaw of dos Anjos in the first round with a hook and would go on to defeat dos Anjos by submission (jaw injury) after dos Anjos tapped from the pressure being applied to his jaw while Guida had arm-and-head control.[17]

text: Dos Anjos next faced George Sotiropoulos on July 2, 2011 at UFC 132 after replacing an injured Evan Dunham.[18] Dos Anjos showcased his vastly improved striking skills, knocking out Sotiropoulos cold in the first round with a right hand.

text: Dos Anjos faced Gleison Tibau on November 19, 2011 at UFC 139.[19] He was defeated by split decision.

text: Dos Anjos faced Kamal Shalorus on May 15, 2012 at UFC on Fuel TV: Korean Zombie vs. Poirier.[20] After dropping Shalorus with a head kick, dos Anjos submitted him via rear-naked choke in the first round.

text: After taking virtually no damage in the fight against Shalorus, dos Anjos quickly returned to face Anthony Njokuani on July 11, 2012 at UFC on Fuel TV: Munoz vs. Weidman, replacing an injured Paul Taylor.[21] He won the fight via unanimous decision, dominating Njokuani both in striking and grappling.

text: Dos Anjos faced Mark Bocek on November 17, 2012 at UFC 154.[22] He won the fight via unanimous decision, once again having the edge in both standup and ground fighting.

text: Dos Anjos next faced Evan Dunham on May 18, 2013 at UFC on FX 8.[23] He won the fight via unanimous decision. However, there was some controversy, as 10 out of 10 media outlets scored the bout in favor of Dunham.[24]

text: Dos Anjos faced Donald Cerrone on August 28, 2013 at UFC Fight Night 27.[25] Dos Anjos won via unanimous decision.

text: Dos Anjos was expected to face Rustam Khabilov on February 22, 2014 at UFC 170.[26] However, the bout was scrapped in the weeks leading up to the event. Dos Anjos instead faced Khabib Nurmagomedov on April 19, 2014 at UFC on Fox 11.[27] He lost the fight via unanimous decision.

text: Dos Anjos faced Jason High on June 7, 2014 at UFC Fight Night 42.[28] He won the fight via TKO due to punches in the second round.

text: Dos Anjos headlined UFC Fight Night 49 against Benson Henderson on August 23, 2014.[29] He won the fight via knockout in the first round.[30][31] The win also earned him his first Performance of the Night bonus award and made him the only man to stop Henderson by strikes.[32]

text: Dos Anjos faced Nate Diaz on December 13, 2014 at UFC on Fox 13.[33] He won the fight by unanimous decision. He dominated the first two rounds with superior striking and vicious leg kicks with the third round being controlled by dos Anjos on the mat.

text: UFC Lightweight Championship[edit]

text: Dos Anjos faced Anthony Pettis for the UFC Lightweight Championship on March 14, 2015 at UFC 185.[34] Dos Anjos won the bout via unanimous decision in a dominant fashion, earning him the UFC Lightweight Championship. After the fight, dos Anjos revealed that he had torn his MCL only a few weeks before the bout.[35] The win once again earned him a Performance of the Night bonus award.[36]

text: For his first title defense, dos Anjos faced Donald Cerrone in the main event at UFC on Fox 17 on December 19, 2015.[37] He won the fight via TKO at just 66 seconds into the first round, resulting in the fastest finish in UFC Lightweight title history.[38] The win also earned dos Anjos his third Performance of the Night bonus award.[39]

text: Dos Anjos was expected to face Conor McGregor on March 5, 2016 at UFC 196 for his second title defense of the lightweight belt.[40] However, it was announced on February 23 that dos Anjos had been forced out of the fight after breaking his foot during training.[41]

text: In his second title defense, dos Anjos faced Eddie Alvarez on July 7, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 90.[42] Despite closing as a three-to-one favorite to win the fight, he lost the bout via TKO in the first round.[43] Reports arose after the Alvarez fight that dos Anjos had passed out for three minutes moments before going out to fight, and that this was due to the effects of the gruelling weight cut.[44][45]

text: Post championship[edit]

text: Dos Anjos next faced Tony Ferguson on November 5, 2016 at The Ultimate Fighter Latin America 3 Finale.[46] He lost the fight via unanimous decision. Both participants were awarded Fight of the Night for their performance.[47][48]

text: Move up to welterweight[edit]

text: Dos Anjos faced Tarec Saffiedine, former Strikeforce title holder, in a welterweight bout on June 17, 2017 at UFC Fight Night: Holm vs. Correia.[49] He won the fight via unanimous decision.[50]

text: Dos Anjos faced Neil Magny on September 9, 2017 at UFC 215.[51] He won the fight via arm-triangle choke submission in the first round.[52] This win also earned dos Anjos his fourth Performance of the Night bonus award.[53]

text: Dos Anjos is scheduled to face Robbie Lawler on December 16, 2017 at UFC on Fox: Lawler vs. dos Anjos.[54][55]

text: Fighting style[edit]

text: Dos Anjos is known for his aggressive, high-volume striking, physical strength and strong takedown capabilities.[56][57] He will often come out aggressively in a Muay Thai stance, then use feints and kicks to back his opponent against the cage while swarming them with flurries of punches as well as takedowns. He is particularly noted for his left kick to the body and right hook to the head; he uses these strikes to limit his opponent's lateral movement as they attempt to get their backs away from the fence. On the ground he is noted for his powerful ground-and-pound, which includes punches and sharp elbow strikes.[56] In addition to his striking, Dos Anjos is a high-level black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu.[4]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: After receiving a broken jaw in the Guida fight, dos Anjos now has a titanium-fused jaw that he claims has broken some hands of later opponents.[58] Dr. Johnny Benjamin has disagreed with dos Anjos, pointing out that the titanium plate in his jaw is measured in millimeters.[59] Dos Anjos is married[60] and has a son as well as a stepson, Rafael Filho and Gustavo. Dos Anjos is a Christian.[61]

text: Championships and achievements[edit]

text:
Ultimate Fighting Championship

UFC Lightweight Championship (One time, former)
One successful title defense
Fight of the Night (Two times)
Submission of the Night (One time)
Performance of the Night (Four times) vs. Donald Cerrone, Anthony Pettis, Benson Henderson, and Neil Magny

Fight Matrix

Lineal MMA Lightweight Champion (One time, Former)

text: Mixed martial arts record[edit]

text:
Professional record breakdown
[show]

36 matches
27 wins
9 losses

By knockout
5
2

By submission
9
1

By decision
13
6

text:
Res.
Record
Opponent
Method
Event
Date
Round
Time
Location
Notes

Win
27–9
Neil Magny
Submission (arm-triangle choke)
UFC 215
000000002017-09-09-0000September 9, 2017
1
3:43
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Performance of the Night.

Win
26–9
Tarec Saffiedine
Decision (unanimous)
UFC Fight Night: Holm vs. Correia
000000002017-06-17-0000June 17, 2017
3
5:00
Kallang, Singapore
Welterweight debut.

Loss
25–9
Tony Ferguson
Decision (unanimous)
The Ultimate Fighter Latin America 3 Finale: dos Anjos vs. Ferguson
000000002016-11-05-0000November 5, 2016
5
5:00
Mexico City, Mexico
Fight of the Night.

Loss
25–8
Eddie Alvarez
TKO (punches)
UFC Fight Night: dos Anjos vs. Alvarez
000000002016-07-07-0000July 7, 2016
1
3:49
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Lost the UFC Lightweight Championship.

Win
25–7
Donald Cerrone
TKO (body kick and punches)
UFC on Fox: dos Anjos vs. Cerrone 2
000000002015-12-19-0000December 19, 2015
1
1:06
Orlando, Florida, United States
Defended the UFC Lightweight Championship. Performance of the Night.

Win
24–7
Anthony Pettis
Decision (unanimous)
UFC 185
000000002015-03-14-0000March 14, 2015
5
5:00
Dallas, Texas, United States
Won the UFC Lightweight Championship. Performance of the Night.

Win
23–7
Nate Diaz
Decision (unanimous)
UFC on Fox: dos Santos vs. Miocic
000000002014-12-13-0000December 13, 2014
3
5:00
Phoenix, Arizona, United States
Catchweight (160.6 lbs) bout; Diaz missed weight.

Win
22–7
Benson Henderson
KO (punch)
UFC Fight Night: Henderson vs. dos Anjos
000000002014-08-23-0000August 23, 2014
1
2:32
Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States
Performance of the Night.

Win
21–7
Jason High
TKO (punches)
UFC Fight Night: Henderson vs. Khabilov
000000002014-06-07-0000June 7, 2014
2
3:36
Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States

Loss
20–7
Khabib Nurmagomedov
Decision (unanimous)
UFC on Fox: Werdum vs. Browne
000000002014-04-19-0000April 19, 2014
3
5:00
Orlando, Florida, United States

Win
20–6
Donald Cerrone
Decision (unanimous)
UFC Fight Night: Condit vs. Kampmann 2
000000002013-08-28-0000August 28, 2013
3
5:00
Indianapolis, Indiana, United States

Win
19–6
Evan Dunham
Decision (unanimous)
UFC on FX: Belfort vs. Rockhold
000000002013-05-18-0000May 18, 2013
3
5:00
Jaraguá do Sul, Brazil

Win
18–6
Mark Bocek
Decision (unanimous)
UFC 154
000000002012-11-17-0000November 17, 2012
3
5:00
Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Win
17–6
Anthony Njokuani
Decision (unanimous)
UFC on Fuel TV: Munoz vs. Weidman
000000002012-07-11-0000July 11, 2012
3
5:00
San Jose, California, United States

Win
16–6
Kamal Shalorus
Submission (rear-naked choke)
UFC on Fuel TV: Korean Zombie vs. Poirier
000000002012-05-15-0000May 15, 2012
1
1:40
Fairfax, Virginia, United States

Loss
15–6
Gleison Tibau
Decision (split)
UFC 139
000000002011-11-19-0000November 19, 2011
3
5:00
San Jose, California, United States

Win
15–5
George Sotiropoulos
KO (punch)
UFC 132
000000002011-07-02-0000July 2, 2011
1
0:59
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States

Loss
14–5
Clay Guida
Submission (jaw injury)
UFC 117
000000002010-08-07-0000August 7, 2010
3
1:51
Oakland, California, United States

Win
14–4
Terry Etim
Submission (armbar)
UFC 112
000000002010-04-10-0000April 10, 2010
2
4:30
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Submission of the Night.

Win
13–4
Kyle Bradley
Decision (unanimous)
UFC Fight Night: Maynard vs. Diaz
000000002010-01-11-0000January 11, 2010
3
5:00
Fairfax, Virginia, United States

Win
12–4
Rob Emerson
Decision (unanimous)
UFC 103
000000002009-09-19-0000September 19, 2009
3
5:00
Dallas, Texas, United States

Loss
11–4
Tyson Griffin
Decision (unanimous)
UFC Fight Night: Condit vs. Kampmann
000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009
3
5:00
Nashville, Tennessee, United States
Fight of the Night.

Loss
11–3
Jeremy Stephens
KO (punches)
UFC 91
000000002008-11-15-0000November 15, 2008
3
0:39
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States

Win
11–2
Takafumi Otsuka
Decision (split)
Fury FC 6 - High Voltage
000000002008-07-12-0000July 12, 2008
3
5:00
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Win
10–2
Takaichi Hirayama
Submission (armbar)
Pancrase: Shining 5
000000002008-06-01-0000June 1, 2008
1
1:25
Tokyo, Japan

Win
9–2
Gabriel Veiga
Decision (unanimous)
Fury FC 5 - Final Conflict
000000002007-12-06-0000December 6, 2007
3
5:00
São Paulo, Brazil

Win
8–2
Danilo Cherman
Submission (kimura)
Fury FC 4 - High Voltage
000000002007-08-04-0000August 4, 2007
2
3:38
Teresópolis, Brazil

Win
7–2
Maurício Souza
Submission (rear-naked choke)
XFC - Brazil
000000002007-04-29-0000April 29, 2007
1
6:24
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Win
6–2
Thiago Minu
Submission (rear-naked choke)
XFC - Brazil
000000002007-04-29-0000April 29, 2007
1
7:28
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Win
5–2
Johil de Oliveira
Submission (rear-naked choke)
Juiz de Fora - Fight 4
000000002007-04-07-0000April 7, 2007
1
2:50
Juiz de Fora, Brazil

Win
4–2
Mateus Trindade
Decision (unanimous)
Shooto - Brazil 11
000000002007-03-24-0000March 24, 2007
3
5:00
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Win
3–2
Diogo Oliveira
Submission (armbar)
TFMMA - Top Fighter MMA 2
000000002006-10-25-0000October 25, 2006
2
N/A
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Loss
2–2
Jorge Britto
Decision (split)
Arena - BH Combat
000000002005-06-04-0000June 4, 2005
3
5:00
Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Win
2–1
Felipe Arinelli
TKO (doctor stoppage)
Juiz de Fora - Fight 2
000000002005-04-26-0000April 26, 2005
2
N/A
Juiz de Fora, Brazil

Win
1–1
João Paulo Almeida
Decision (unanimous)
Arena - BH
000000002004-10-09-0000October 9, 2004
3
5:00
Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Loss
0–1
Adriano Abu
Decision (split)
Juiz de Fora - Fight 1
000000002004-09-25-0000September 25, 2004
3
5:00
Juiz de Fora, Brazil


document_title: Soft Costs

question_text: which of the following is not a soft cost of construction

root

text: Soft Costs

text: Soft Cost is a construction industry term but more specifically a contractor accounting term for an expense item that is not considered direct construction cost. Soft costs include architectural, engineering, financing, and legal fees, and other pre- and post-construction expenses.[1] The term has been replaced in most contractor accrual accounting with the term General & Administrative abbreviated G&A.

tag: p

text: For a contractor, soft costs are essentially construction costs incurred that are not labor and materials. Delay in Start Up insurance coverage and soft costs are not the same. Some soft costs may be incurred in the repair of a covered loss before the anticipated completion date is reached. These can be architect fees or engineering fees incurred to repair loss or damage to the insured property. Only those indirect costs that are above what would have been incurred up to the anticipated completion date but continue after such date due to the insured delay are soft costs that are covered by delay in completion or delay in start up coverage. Soft cost is a contractor accounting term for their expenses that are not associated with a particular construction task. Their construction trailer, water delivery, book keepers, etc. are all soft costs that continue on after the original anticipated completion date is reached, if the project is delayed. Only if the delay was caused by an insured loss would the insurance pick these expenses up, and only if the policy includes delay in start up coverage. Any repair costs which are not labor or materials and are indemnified to complete the repair of property loss should not be reported under delay in completion and there is no delay in completion until the anticipated date of completion is reached, and the project is not finished. Not all indirect costs are time related expenses that continue after the original date of completion. Those soft costs (indirect costs) which are continuing fixed expenses that continue because the project is delayed by an insured loss are soft costs that should be included with the delay in start up values. A soft cost to a contractor, such as his administration costs, can be a hard cost to the owner because what the contractor invoices the owner is the owner's direct cost. If the owner employs engineers to overlook construction as the project is executed, this will be a continuing expense during repair if the repair is done after the original completion date and would be reported in the delay in completion values. If the engineer cost was a one time charge for a design, he may need to be consulted in order for the loss to be repaired. This expense does not occur because of a delay, but is incurred to repair property damage and hence should be included in the construction costs if the intention is for that expense to be covered in the indemnification depending on policy wording. If the project is insured to the extent of the reported values, and that value was left out to compute the premium, the company may decline that cost in the indemnification.

text: Soft costs differ from hard costs in both labor and materials; they are generally not considered to be exclusively related to physical construction. Rather, they are commonly perceived to entail non-construction costs such as taxes, marketing expenses, interest payments, and finance charges. The soft costs endorsement provided in the Builders’ Risk section of the AAIS Inland Marine Guide lists 10 types of soft costs: advertising, design fees, professional fees, financing, lease administration, realty taxes, general administration, lease expenses, permit fees, and insurance premiums.[2]

text: In recent years, a solution to the problem has emerged in the form of Delay in Opening coverage which can be provided in Builder's Risk Insurance. This coverage can provide indemnification for these indirect costs that may continue after the original completion date. Other soft costs that can be repeated in the repair of the property should be reported with the property values. A Draw Back expense proforma shows which soft costs are one time charges and which are continuing expenses throughout the project term. Engineer design fee is a one time charge that can be incurred again in a repair whereas engineer oversight of quality persists through the term and after. Unfortunately, these contractor accounting terms are being used when the owner is insured and many have erroneously equated hard costs with property and soft costs with business interruption which is called Delay in Opening[3] coverage being added to some builder's risk policies. With its popularity increasing in recent years, some insurers automatically include soft costs coverage, which can be activated by designating the limit on policy declarations. However, these modifications to builder's risk insurance will not cover the efficiency of business owners or managers. Soft costs can also refer to the failure of implementing a strategy in a timely manner, or the opportunity cost of delaying a solution to a problem for discussion or consideration. For this reason, it is important to understand that soft costs can refer to unforeseen construction costs (lost screws, damaged equipment), physical labor (task takes longer than expected, losing a key team member), or time wasted on strategy implementation (taking too long to decide a course of action).[4]


document_title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

question_text: who played drums on while my guitar gently weeps

text: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: Background and inspiration[edit]

text:
The Eastern concept is that whatever happens is all meant to be ... every little item that's going down has a purpose. "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was a simple study based on that theory ... I picked up a book at random, opened it, saw "gently weeps", then laid the book down again and started the song.[11]

– George Harrison

tag: div

text: George Harrison wrote "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" after his return from India, where the Beatles had been studying Transcendental Meditation under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi during the spring of 1968. The visit had allowed Harrison to re-engage with the guitar as his primary instrument, after focusing on the Indian sitar for the previous two years,[12] and also marked the start of a prolific period for him as a songwriter.[13][14] Inspiration for the song came to him when he was visiting his parents in Warrington, Cheshire, and he began reading the I Ching, or "The Book of Changes".[11] As Harrison put it, "[the book] seemed to me to be based on the Eastern concept that everything is relative to everything else, as opposed to the Western view that things are merely coincidental."[15] Embracing this idea of relativism, he committed to writing a song based on the first words he saw upon opening a book, which happened to be "gently weeps".[16] Harrison continued to work on the lyrics after this initial writing session.[15]

text: The song reflects the disharmonious atmosphere within the Beatles following their return from India.[17][18] Harrison had led the band in their highly publicised endorsement of Transcendental Meditation[19][20] and viewed this spiritual pursuit as superior in importance to their career momentum.[21] When discussing another song he wrote at this time, "Not Guilty", Harrison said it referred to "the grief I was catching" from John Lennon and Paul McCartney for leading them to Rishikesh[22] and supposedly hindering the group's career and the launch of their Apple record label.[23] Eric Clapton, with whom Harrison collaborated on several recordings throughout 1968 as a distraction from the Beatles,[24] said that "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" conveyed Harrison's spiritual isolation within the group.[25][nb 1] Author Jonathan Gould writes that, although in the past each of the Beatles had become temporarily subsumed in fads and personal interests, the level of Harrison's commitment to Indian spirituality as an alternative to the band was unprecedented.[28]

text: A demo that Harrison recorded at his home in Esher includes an unused verse: "I look at the trouble and see that it's raging / While my guitar gently weeps / As I'm sitting here, doing nothing but ageing …"[29] This version also includes the line "The problems you sow are the troubles you're reaping", which he similarly discarded. An early acoustic guitar and harmonium performance of the song features a slightly different third verse: "I look from the wings at the play you are staging / While my guitar gently weeps / As I'm sitting here, doing nothing but ageing …"[29] This version was released on the 1996 compilation Anthology 3 and was used as the basis of the 2006 Love remix, with a string arrangement by George Martin.[30]

text: Composition[edit]

text: Music[edit]

text: "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was one of the few Beatles compositions from early 1968 that changed markedly from demo form to the official recording.[31] Harrison's demos suggest the influence of folk music, yet the Beatles' version is in the heavy rock style typical of much of the band's late 1960s work.[32] While noting the importance of Harrison's return to the guitar during this period, Gould describes the song as "virtually a declaration of his recommitment to rock".[33]

text: The song as originally issued by the Beatles is in the key of A minor,[34] changing to A major over the bridges.[35] Aside from the intro, the composition is structured into two rounds of verse and bridge, with an instrumental passage extending the second of these verse sections, followed by a final verse and a long instrumental passage that fades out on the released recording.[35] All the sections consist of an even sixteen bars or measures, which are divided into four phrases.[35]

text: The chord progression over the verses includes a shift to a ♭7 (Am/G) on "all" (bass note G) and a 6 (D9 (major 3rd F♯)) after "love" (bass note F♯) to a ♭6 (Fmaj7) on "sleeping" (bass note F). According to musicologist Dominic Pedler, the 8–♭7–6–♭6 progression represents a hybrid of the Aeolian and Dorian modes.[36] The change to the parallel major key is heralded by a C chord as the verse's penultimate chord (replacing the D used in the second phrase of each verse) before the E that leads into the bridge.[35] Musicologist Alan Pollack views this combination of C and E as representing a sense of "arrival", after which the bridge contains "upward [harmonic] gestures" that contrast with the bass descents that dominate the verse.[35] Such contrasts are limited by the inclusion of minor triads (III, VI and II) played over the E chord that ends the bridge's second and fourth phrases.[37]

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: In his lyrics to "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", Harrison revisits the theme of universal love and the philosophical concerns that were evident in his overtly Indian-influenced compositions, particularly "Within You Without You".[38] The song is a lament for how a universal love for humankind is latent in all individuals yet remains unrealised.[38][39] In the description of theologian Dale Allison, the song "conveys spiritual angst and an urgent religious point of view without being explicitly theological".[40] Harrison sings of surveying "you all" and seeing "the love there that's sleeping".[41] Musicologist Walter Everett comments that the change from the minor-mode verse to the parallel major might express hope that "unrealized potential" described in the lyrics is to be "fulfilled", but the continued minor triads "seem to express a strong dismay that love is not to be unfolded".[37] During the bridges, Harrison adopts a repetitive rhyming scheme in the style of Bob Dylan[42] to convey how humankind has become distracted from its ability to manifest this love.[41] He sings of people that have been "inverted" and "perverted" from their natural perspective.[43]

text: According to Harrison biographer Joshua Greene, the song's message reflects the pessimism encouraged by world events throughout 1968, such as the assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy in the United States, and the Soviet Russian oppression of Czechoslovakia.[44][nb 2] Allison writes that the lyrics represent the "antithesis of spiritual triumphalism", in which Harrison "mourns because love has not conquered all".[43]

text: Recording[edit]

text: Early attempts and basic track[edit]

text: The Beatles recorded "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" several times during the sessions for their self-titled double album, also known as "the White Album".[46] The recording sessions, which began in late May 1968, were characterised by a lack of cooperation among the four band members,[47][48] and by what Lennon's bandmates regarded as the overly intrusive presence of his new romantic partner, Yoko Ono.[49][50] In this atmosphere, Harrison had initially been reluctant to present his new compositions to the group.[51][52] Take 1 on 25 July – the version later issued on Anthology 3 – was a solo performance by Harrison, playing his Gibson J-200 acoustic guitar, with an overdubbed harmonium part.[30][37][nb 3]

text: Sessions on 16 August and 5 September produced full band recordings of the song. In the case of the 16 August version, an overdubbing session on 3 September marked the first time that the Beatles had used eight-track recording at EMI Studios.[51][55] At the same session, Harrison overdubbed a backwards (or "backmasked") guitar solo, as he had done two years before on "I'm Only Sleeping", on the Revolver album, but he was not satisfied with the results.[56] The Beatles then remade the basic track on 5 September[37] – a session that marked Ringo Starr's return to the group after he had walked out on 22 August, upset at the unpleasant atmosphere.[57] While Harrison led the band in welcoming back their drummer, by installing a large flower display all over Starr's drum kit,[58] he continued to think that his bandmates were not giving their best to the song.[59][60]

text: Overdubs[edit]

text: On 6 September, during a ride from Surrey into London, Harrison asked Clapton to play guitar on the track. Clapton, who recognised Harrison's talent as a songwriter,[61] and considered that his abilities had long been held back by Lennon and McCartney,[62] was nevertheless reluctant to participate; he later recalled that his initial response was: "I can't do that. Nobody ever plays on Beatles records."[63] Harrison convinced him, and Clapton's lead guitar part, played on Harrison's Gibson Les Paul electric guitar "Lucy" (a recent gift from Clapton), was overdubbed that evening.[4][64] Recalling the session in his 2007 autobiography, Clapton says that, while Lennon and McCartney were "fairly non-committal", he thought the track "sounded fantastic", adding: "I knew George was happy, because he listened to it over and over in the control room."[65]

text: Harrison recalled that Clapton's presence also ensured that his bandmates "tr[ied] a bit harder" and "were all on their best behaviour".[4] The Beatles carried out the remaining overdubs, which included an ascending piano motif, played by McCartney, over the introduction,[66] Hammond organ by Harrison, and further percussion by Starr.[64] McCartney also added a second bass part, played on his Fender Jazz Bass[66] rather than on either of his preferred Höfner or Rickenbacker models.

text: Mixing[edit]

text: Still wary that his contribution might present too much of a departure from the band's sound, Clapton requested that Harrison give the lead guitar track a more "Beatley" sound when mixing the song.[67][68] During final mixing for the White Album, on 14 October,[67] the guitar part was run through an ADT circuit with "varispeed", with engineer Chris Thomas manipulating the oscillator to achieve the desired "wobbly" effect.[69][nb 4] According to Everett, Lennon's tremolo-rich guitar part, recorded on 5 September, was retained only in the song's coda.[71]

text: Clapton's guitar contribution has been described as making this a "monumental" track. As particularly notable features, Everett highlights the increasing lengths of thrice-heard first scale degrees (0:17–0:19), the restraint shown by rests in many bars then unexpected appearances (as at 0:28–0:29), commanding turnaround phrases (0:31–0:33), expressive string bends marking modal changes from C to C♯ (0:47–0:53), power retransition (1:21–1:24), emotive vibrato (2:01–2:07), and a solo (1:55–2:31) with a "measured rise in intensity, rhythmic activity, tonal drive and registral climb".[66] In October 1968, Harrison reciprocated by co-writing "Badge" with Clapton and playing on Cream's recording of the track.[72][73] Released on Cream's final album, Goodbye, "Badge" reflected Harrison's pop sensibilities[73] and helped Clapton transition from the heavy blues style and its reliance on extended soloing, and onto the more song-based approach that he and Harrison admired in the Band's 1968 album Music from Big Pink.[74]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: Apple Records released The Beatles on 22 November 1968.[75] One of four Harrison compositions on the double album, "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was sequenced as the penultimate track on side one in the LP format,[76] between Lennon's "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill" and "Happiness Is a Warm Gun".[77][78] The song was issued as the B-side of "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da",[79] a McCartney-written song that had also tested the Beatles' patience during the White Album sessions.[80][81] This single was an international hit, topping charts in Australia, Austria, Switzerland[82] and West Germany,[83] but was not released in Britain or the United States.[54][79][nb 5]

text: According to music critic Tim Riley, Harrison's writing contributions "regain[ed] the promise" evident in his three songs on the Beatles' 1966 album Revolver.[85] Recalling the release in his 1977 book The Beatles Forever, Nicholas Schaffner said that, in returning to pop/rock songwriting after his excursions into the Indian classical style, Harrison's four White Album songs "firmly established him as a contender" beside Lennon and McCartney. In Schaffner's description, "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was the most instantly popular of "a quartet of more conventionally accessible pop songs [written by Harrison] that many felt were among the finest on the album".[86]

text: Among contemporary reviews, Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone said that "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was "one of George Harrison's very best songs", and likened it to "Blue Jay Way" in that it "recalls California, the simple Baja California beat, the dreamy words of the Los Angeles haze, the organic pace lapping around every room as if in invisible waves". Wenner found the lyrics "slightly self-righteous and preaching", representing "a general set of incidents, a message, like a sermon, impersonally directed to everyone", and concluded: "I am willing to bet something substantial that the lead guitarist on this cut is Eric Clapton, yet another involution of the circular logic on which this song [is] so superbly constructed as a musical piece."[87] In his review for the International Times, Barry Miles said the song was a "great tune" with "nice hi-hats" but a "lifeless" guitar part.[88] Alan Smith of the NME credited the "warm voice" and "very strong melody" to McCartney and said that the track was one of the "highlights ... moving into a slightly Hendrix thing" and was bound to be "Another hit for somebody".[89] Three weeks later, Smith acknowledged that the singer and composer was in fact Harrison, and added: "the words are evocative and the melody line is creeping into my mind to stay."[90] Geoffrey Cannon wrote in The Guardian: "George Harrison has seen the truth, and is anxious that we should see our truth. He's a preacher, man of fire. When his songs speak of 'you', the address is direct. He achieves his character in 'While My Guitar Gently Weeps', which, with Phil Ochs's 'Tape from California', is the first track I know that succeeds in making magnanimous love serious and touching."[91]

text: "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" became a staple of US rock radio during the early 1970s,[92] on a par with songs such as "Layla" by Clapton's short-lived band Derek and the Dominos, Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven" and the Who's "Won't Get Fooled Again".[85] In 1973, it appeared on the Beatles' double album compilation 1967–1970,[93] as one of only three tracks representing the White Album.[94] Capitol Records included it on The Best of George Harrison in 1976;[95] a year before this, Harrison released a sequel to the song, titled "This Guitar (Can't Keep from Crying)", which also served as the final single issued by Apple in its original incarnation.[96][97] The Beatles' recording also appeared on the soundtrack to Withnail and I, a 1987 comedy film set in late-1960s London and produced by Harrison's company HandMade Films.[98]

text: Despite his reluctance to record "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", McCartney later identified it as one of his favourite selections on the 1995–96 Anthology outtakes series,[99] and he grouped the song with "Something" and "Here Comes the Sun" as candidates for Harrison's "greatest track".[100] Starr paired it with "Something" as "Two of the finest love songs ever written", adding: "they're really on a par with what John and Paul or anyone else of that time wrote."[100] In their written tributes to Harrison following his death in November 2001, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards each expressed their admiration for the song.[101] Jagger said: "It's lovely, plaintive. Only a guitar player could write that ..."[102]

text: Harrison live performances[edit]

text: Harrison played "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" at every one of his comparatively rare concerts as a solo artist. Writing for Mojo in 2003, Ashley Kahn attributed the track's "classic" status to its evocation of "a band falling out of harmony" and, with regard to the enduring musical bond between Harrison and Clapton, its standing as "their song".[103] At Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh, held at Madison Square Garden in New York on 1 August 1971, Clapton performed the song on a Gibson Byrdland, a hollow-body guitar more suited to jazz[104] or country music than rock.[105] He later said that this was a poor decision and, as with his substandard playing at the event, one indicative of his descent into heroin addiction.[105][106][nb 6]

text: The version performed by Harrison during his set at the 1987 Prince's Trust Concert reunited him with Starr and Clapton,[108] and features an extended coda with the guitars of Harrison and Clapton interweaving. On their 1991 tour of Japan, Harrison and Clapton performed "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" with additional background vocals. An edit combining parts of the 14 December and 17 December Tokyo Dome performances of the song was included on Harrison's 1992 double album Live in Japan.[109]

text: Harrison also featured the song in the set list for his only other tour as a solo artist, a series of North American concerts over November–December 1974 with Ravi Shankar.[110] Harrison shared the lead guitarist's role with Robben Ford, often extending the piece to eight minutes.[111] While it was a popular inclusion in a set list that barely acknowledged Harrison's past as a former Beatle, his alteration of some of the lyrics – so that his guitar "gently smiles" and "tries to smile" – disappointed many concert-goers and reviewers.[110][112] Author Simon Leng comments that on Harrison's return to Madison Square Garden towards the end of the tour, his playing on the song nevertheless received a standing ovation.[113]

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: Canadian guitarist Jeff Healey covered "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" on his 1990 album Hell to Pay. Harrison participated in the recording, contributing on acoustic guitar and backing vocals.[114] Also issued as a single, Healey's version peaked at number 27 in Canada,[115] number 85 in the UK[116] and number 25 in New Zealand.[117]

text: During the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II concert at Buckingham Palace Garden on 3 June 2002, McCartney performed the song with Clapton, as a tribute to Harrison.[118] The performance appears on the DVD release Party at the Palace.[119] On 29 November the same year, Clapton, McCartney, Starr, Dhani Harrison, Jeff Lynne and Marc Mann performed "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" at the Concert for George in memory of Harrison.[118] This version showcased Clapton singing the lead vocal while McCartney provided background vocals and piano; Mann played Clapton's original fills and the mid-song solo. Author Ian Inglis writes that while Clapton was already "permanently associated" with "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" due to his presence on the White Album recording and the Concert for Bangladesh and Live in Japan versions, Clapton's long, closing solo at the Concert for George contained "perhaps the most expressive" playing of all these versions.[120]

text: American musician Todd Rundgren covered "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" for the 2003 album Songs from the Material World: A Tribute to George Harrison. Rundgren said of his contribution to the multi-artist tribute: "[Before the Beatles], I'd never heard the term 'lead guitarist.' George created the job description for my first paying gig, the vocation that I'm still lucky enough to practice today …"[121] Johnny Loftus of AllMusic views the recording as one of the collection's highlights, saying that Rundgren "effortlessly replicates the grandeur" of the Beatles' track.[122] As his personal tribute to Harrison,[123] Peter Frampton released a version of the song on his 2003 album Now.[124]

text: In 2004, when Harrison was inducted posthumously into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist, "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was played in tribute by a large band that included Tom Petty, Jeff Lynne, Steve Winwood, Marc Ma]], Dhani Harrison and Steve Ferrone.[118] The performance concluded with an extended guitar solo by Prince, who was also being inducted into the Hall of Fame.[125][126]

text: Among other cover versions, the song has also been recorded by guitarists such as Marc Ribot, Phish and Charlie Byrd, and on ukulele by Jake Shimabukuro.[127][128] Toto did a cover version for their album Through the Looking Glass and in a live performance in Live in Amsterdam.[127] Santana did a cover for his twentieth album Guitar Heaven: The Greatest Guitar Classics of All Time, in 2010, featuring singer India Arie and cellist Yo-Yo Ma.[129] Released as a single, it charted on Billboard's Adult Contemporary.[130] In 2016, Regina Spektor performed the song for the soundtrack to the film Kubo and the Two Strings, accompanied by Kevin Kmetz on a shamisen.

text: 2016 music video[edit]

text: In June 2016, Apple Corps and Cirque du Soleil released a music video for "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". The video was created for the tenth anniversary re-staging of Cirque du Soleil's Love theatrical production.[131] The video was directed by Dandypunk, André Kasten and Leah Moyer. Ryan Reed, describing the clip for rollingstone.com, wrote that "Dandypunk's hand-drawn illustrations depict Harrison's lyrics falling off the page into the air, transporting LOVE performer Eira Glover into a series of fantastical locations. Projection mapping – and no CGI – was used to create the clip."[132]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: According to Ian MacDonald,[133] Walter Everett[71] and John Winn:[64]

text: White Album version

text:
George Harrison – double-tracked vocals, backing vocal, acoustic guitar, Hammond organ
John Lennon – electric guitar with tremolo
Paul McCartney – harmony vocal, piano, bass guitar
Ringo Starr – drums, tambourine, castanets
Eric Clapton – lead guitar

tag: ul

text: Anthology 3 version

text:
George Harrison – vocals, acoustic guitar
Paul McCartney – organ

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Having contributed to "Ski-ing" on Harrison's debut solo album, Wonderwall Music, in January 1968, Clapton played on "Sour Milk Sea", a song that Harrison wrote and produced for his Apple Records signing Jackie Lomax.[26] Another Harrison composition from 1968, "Savoy Truffle", was inspired by Clapton's love of chocolate.[27]
Jump up ^ Greene comments that "Wilting Flowers" was the title of Time magazine's article summarising the year.[44] By contrast, at the start of 1968, Life had declared it "the Year of the Guru", partly as a result of the Beatles' championing of Eastern religion,[21] and had featured the Maharishi on the cover of the magazine.[45]
Jump up ^ This version remained in EMI's archives through the 1980s.[52] It was first presented for public hearing when Abbey Road Studios (formerly EMI Studios) hosted The Beatles at Abbey Road in 1983,[30] at which point EMI reported that Harrison was keen that the song be released "as soon as possible".[53] When remixing the recording for inclusion on the planned Sessions compilation album in 1984, however (and as later heard on Anthology 3),[54] Geoff Emerick chose to loop and repeat Harrison's concluding guitar phrase into a fadeout, and increased the volume of the harmonium.[30]
Jump up ^ In Ken Scott's recollection, the need to manually work the ADT oscillation was a result of the Beatles' impatience to use EMI's new eight-track recording equipment. The company's technical engineers had yet to carry out the conversion necessary to allow the effect to be applied automatically.[70]
Jump up ^ "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was listed with "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da", as a double A-side, when the single topped Australia's Go-Set National Top 40 chart.[84]
Jump up ^ This 1971 performance of the song was included on Harrison's 2009 compilation album Let It Roll.[107]

tag: ol


document_title: List of active volcanoes in the Philippines

question_text: what are the three most active volcanoes in the philippines

text: List[edit]

text: The list below showing 25 active volcanoes in the Philippines was based on the PHIVOLCS list with some included from the GVP. The number is not definite and depends on someone's definition of "active" or historical timeframe. Descriptions under Eruption were based on the GVP website. The frequency of Historical Eruptions excludes questionable or Uncertain accounts based on the two sources mentioned.

text:
Name
Elevation (ASL)[1]
Coordinates
Province(s)[1]
Eruptions[1]

m
ft

Description and current status

Ambalatungan Group
2,329
7,641
17°18′40″N 121°06′13″E / 17.310982°N 121.103668°E / 17.310982; 121.103668 (Ambalatungan Group)
Kalinga
0
Explosions in 1952 is uncertain.[4] Fumarolic with solfataras and thermal springs.

Babuyan Claro
843
2,766
9°31′23″N 121°56′24″E / 9.523°N 121.940°E / 9.523; 121.940 (Babuyan Claro)
Cagayan
3
Eruptions were recorded in 1831, 1860 and 1913. Askedna Hot Springs is in the southern base of the volcano.

Banahaw
2,169
7,116
14°04′N 121°29′E / 14.07°N 121.48°E / 14.07; 121.48 (Banahaw)
Laguna, Quezon
0
Eruptions were uncertain during the mudflows of 1730, 1743, 1843 and 1909.[5]

Biliran
1,340
4,400
11°33′29″N 124°30′47″E / 11.558°N 124.513°E / 11.558; 124.513 (Biliran)
Biliran
1
Phreatic eruption in 1939. Fumarolic with thermal springs

Bulusan
1,565
5,135
12°46′12″N 124°03′00″E / 12.770°N 124.05°E / 12.770; 124.05 (Bulusan)
Sorsogon
17
Eruptions years are from 1886 to 2011. Permanently monitored

Cabalian[1]

10°17′13.2″N 125°13.25′0″E / 10.287000°N 125.22083°E / 10.287000; 125.22083 (Cabalian)
Southern Leyte

Cagua
1,160
3,810
18°13′19″N 122°07′23″E / 18.222°N 122.123°E / 18.222; 122.123 (Cagua)
Cagayan
1
Eruption in 1860 and strong solfataric activity in 1907. Thermal areas are near the summit and NW to NNE flanks.

Camiguin de Babuyanes
712
2,336
18°49′48″N 121°51′36″E / 18.83°N 121.860°E / 18.83; 121.860 (Camiguin de Babuyanes)
Cagayan
1
Its only recorded eruption was in 1857. Fumarolic with thermal springs

Didicas
843
2,766
19°04′37″N 122°12′07″E / 19.077°N 122.202°E / 19.077; 122.202 (Didicas)
Cagayan
6
Eruptions in 1773, 1856, 1900, 1952, 1969 and 1978. A submarine volcano till 1952 when a permanent island was formed.[6]

Hibok‑Hibok
1,332
4,370
9°12′11″N 124°40′23″E / 9.203°N 124.673°E / 9.203; 124.673 (Hibok-Hibok)
Camiguin
5
Eruption in years 1827, 1862, 1871 and 1948–1952. Activity from 1897-1902 was only solfataric. Permanently monitored.

Iraya
1,009
3,310
20°28′08″N 122°00′36″E / 20.469°N 122.010°E / 20.469; 122.010 (Iraya)
Batanes
1
Last eruption was in 1454. Seismic swarm in 1998.

Iriga
1,143
3,750
13°27′25″N 123°27′25″E / 13.457°N 123.457°E / 13.457; 123.457 (Iriga)
Camarines Sur
0
The eruption in 1628 was discredited.[7]

Jolo Group
620
2,030
6°00′47″N 121°03′25″E / 6.013°N 121.057°E / 6.013; 121.057 (Jolo Group)
Sulu
0
Uncertain submarine eruption in 1897. Listed as Bud Dajo, a cinder cone on Jolo Island, in the PHIVOLCS list.

Kanlaon
2,435
7,989
10°24′43″N 123°07′55″E / 10.412°N 123.132°E / 10.412; 123.132 (Kanla-on)
Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental
26
Eruptions were recorded from 1886 to 2006. On November 23, 2015 the volcano had a small, steam-driven explosion. PHIVOLCS raised the alert level to 1 (mild restiveness). Permanently monitored.

Leonard Kniaseff
200
660
7°22′55″N 126°02′49″E / 7.382°N 126.047°E / 7.382; 126.047 (Leonard Kniaseff)
Compostela Valley
0
Last eruption was dated as c.120 AD.[8] Strong thermal features.

Makaturing
1,940
6,360
7°38′49″N 124°19′12″E / 7.647°N 124.32°E / 7.647; 124.32 (Makaturing)
Lanao del Sur
2
Eruption recorded in 1865 and 1882. The 1856 and 1858 eruptions was credited to Ragang[9][10]

Matutum
2,286
7,500
6°22′N 125°04′E / 6.37°N 125.07°E / 6.37; 125.07 (Matutum)
South Cotabato
0
Mountain was fumarolic on March 7, 1911, but if an eruption occurred was uncertain. Thermal springs in Akmoan and Linan.[11][12]

Mayon
2,460
8,070
13°15′25″N 123°41′06″E / 13.257°N 123.685°E / 13.257; 123.685 (Mayon)
Albay
50
Eruptions were recorded from 1616 to 2013. Permanently monitored. Volcanic activity is identified up to present. Alert Level 3 was raised. It could be advanced to Alert Level 5.

Musuan
646
2,119
7°52′37″N 125°04′05″E / 7.877°N 125.068°E / 7.877; 125.068 (Musuan)
Bukidnon
2
Eruptions in 1866 & 1867. Strong seismic swarm in 1976.

Parker
1,784
5,853
6°06′47″N 124°53′31″E / 6.113°N 124.892°E / 6.113; 124.892 (Mount Parker)
South Cotabato
1
A caldera-forming eruption occurred on January 4, 1641.

Pinatubo
1,445
4,741
15°08′N 120°21′E / 15.13°N 120.35°E / 15.13; 120.35 (Pinatubo)
Zambales, Tarlac, Pampanga
3
Reawakened in 1991 producing the 2nd largest eruption in the 20th century. Followed by milder eruptions in 1992 and 1993.

Ragang
2,815
9,236
7°42′N 124°30′E / 7.70°N 124.50°E / 7.70; 124.50 (Ragang)
Lanao del Sur, Cotabato
7
Eruption years are from 1765 to 1873. Eruptions were uncertain in 1915 and 1916.

San Pablo Volcanic Field
1,090
3,580
14°07′N 121°18′E / 14.12°N 121.30°E / 14.12; 121.30 (San Pablo Volcanic Field)
Laguna, Batangas
0
Last activity was the formation of Sampaloc Lake around 1350 AD +/- 100 years determined by anthropology[3][13]

Smith
688
2,257
19°32′02″N 121°55′01″E / 19.534°N 121.917°E / 19.534; 121.917 (Smith)
Cagayan
6
Eruption years are from 1652 to 1924. Combined with Babuyan Claro on the GVP list.

Taal
311
1,020
14°00′07″N 120°59′35″E / 14.002°N 120.993°E / 14.002; 120.993 (Taal)
Batangas
33
Eruption years is from 1572 to 1977. Showing signs of unrest since 1991 and permanently monitored.

Unnamed volcano
(Ibugos)
−24
−79
20°20′N 121°45′E / 20.33°N 121.75°E / 20.33; 121.75 (Unnamed volcano (Ibugos))
Batanes
3
Submarine eruptions in 1773, 1850 and 1854.

tag: table


question_text: who has the most goals in international soccer

text:
The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.
Find sources: "List of men's footballers with 50 or more international goals" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: As of 31 August 2017, a total of 57 male players have each scored fifty or more goals in official international association football matches. The only male player to score more than a hundred goals is Ali Daei, who scored 109 goals for Iran.

text: List[edit]

text: This list is sorted by the number of goals. Players with the same amount of goals scored are sorted by the goals-per-match average. Players who are currently active at international level are indicated in bold type.[1]

text: As of August 31, 2017.

text: Indicates the top scorer of the respective nation.

text:
#
Name
Nation
Confederation
International
goals
Caps
Goals
per match
Career span
Notes

1
Ali Daei
 Iran
AFC
109
149
0.73
1993–2006
[2]

2
Ferenc Puskás
 Hungary  Spain
UEFA
84
89
0.94
1945–1956 1961–1962

3
Kunishige Kamamoto
 Japan
AFC
80
84
0.95
1964–1977

4
Godfrey Chitalu
 Zambia
CAF
79
108
0.71
1968–1980
[3]

5
Hussein Saeed
 Iraq
AFC
78
137
0.57
1977–1990

Cristiano Ronaldo
 Portugal
UEFA
78
144
0.54
2003–
[4]

7
Pelé
 Brazil
CONMEBOL
77
91
0.85
1957–1971
[5]

8
Sándor Kocsis
 Hungary
UEFA
75
68
1.10
1948–1956

Bashar Abdullah
 Kuwait
AFC
75
133
0.56
1996–2007

10
Kinnah Phiri
 Malawi
CAF
71
115
0.62
1973–1981

Majed Abdullah
 Saudi Arabia
AFC
71
116
0.61
1977–1994

Kiatisuk Senamuang
 Thailand
AFC
71
134
0.53
1993–2007

Miroslav Klose
 Germany
UEFA
71
137
0.52
2001–2014

14
Stern John
 Trinidad and Tobago
CONCACAF
70
115
0.61
1995–2012

Piyapong Pue-on
 Thailand
AFC
70
100
0.70
1981–1997

16
Hossam Hassan
 Egypt
CAF
69
169
0.41
1985–2006
[6][7]

17
Gerd Müller
 West Germany
UEFA
68
62
1.10
1966–1974

Carlos Ruiz
 Guatemala
CONCACAF
68
132
0.52
1998–2016

Robbie Keane
 Republic of Ireland
UEFA
68
146
0.46
1998–2016[8]
[2][9][10]

20
Jasem Al-Huwaidi
 Kuwait
AFC
65
100
0.65
1992–2003

21
Didier Drogba
 Ivory Coast
CAF
65
104
0.61
2002–2014
[11]

22
Ronaldo
 Brazil
CONMEBOL
62
98
0.63
1994–2011

Zlatan Ibrahimović
 Sweden
UEFA
62
116
0.53
2001–2016

Ahmed Radhi
 Iraq
AFC
62
121
0.51
1982–1997

25
David Villa
 Spain
UEFA
59
98
0.60
2005–

Imre Schlosser
 Hungary
UEFA
59
68
0.87
1906–1927

27
Lionel Messi
 Argentina
CONMEBOL
58
119
0.49
2005–

Cha Bum-kun
 South Korea
AFC
58
135
0.42
1972–1986

29
Carlos Pavón
 Honduras
CONCACAF
57
101
0.56
1993–2010

Clint Dempsey
 United States
CONCACAF
57
138
0.41
2004–

Younis Mahmoud
 Iraq
AFC
57
148
0.39
2002–2016

Landon Donovan
 United States
CONCACAF
57
157
0.36
2000–2014

33
Romário
 Brazil
CONMEBOL
55
70
0.79
1987–2005

Kazuyoshi Miura
 Japan
AFC
55
89
0.62
1990–2000

Jan Koller
 Czech Republic
UEFA
55
91
0.60
1999–2009

Fandi Ahmad
 Singapore
AFC
55
101
0.55
1979–1997

37
Gabriel Batistuta
 Argentina
CONMEBOL
54
77
0.70
1991–2002

Sunil Chhetri
 India
AFC
54
94
0.57
2005–

Samuel Eto'o
 Cameroon
CAF
54
118
0.46
1997–2014
[12]

40
Joachim Streich
 East Germany
UEFA
53
98
0.54
1969–1984
[13]

Wayne Rooney
 England
UEFA
53
119
0.44
2003–2017

42
Poul Nielsen
 Denmark
UEFA
52
38
1.37
1910–1925

Ali Ashfaq
 Maldives
AFC
52
77
0.67
2003–2016

Neymar
 Brazil
CONMEBOL
52
78
0.67
2010–

Jon Dahl Tomasson
 Denmark
UEFA
52
112
0.46
1997–2010

Adnan Al Talyani
 United Arab Emirates
AFC
52
161
0.32
1983–1997

47
Lajos Tichy
 Hungary
UEFA
51
72
0.71
1955–1971

Lê Công Vinh
 Vietnam
AFC
51
83
0.61
2004–2016

Asamoah Gyan
 Ghana
CAF
51
106
0.48
2003–

Hakan Şükür
 Turkey
UEFA
51
112
0.46
1992–2007

Thierry Henry
 France
UEFA
51
123
0.41
1997–2010

Bader Al-Mutawa
 Kuwait
AFC
51
158
0.32
2003–2015

53
Edin Džeko
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
UEFA
50
85
0.59
2007–

Karim Bagheri
 Iran
AFC
50
87
0.58
1993–2010

Robin van Persie
 Netherlands
UEFA
50
102
0.49
2005–

Hwang Sun-hong
 South Korea
AFC
50
103
0.48
1988–2002

Shinji Okazaki
 Japan
AFC
50
108
0.46
2008–


document_title: Basalt

question_text: what is the origin of vesicles in a basalt

text: Basalt

text: Definition

text: By definition, basalt is an aphanitic (fine-grained) igneous rock with generally 45-55% silica (SiO2) and less than 10% feldspathoid by volume, and where at least 65% of the rock is feldspar in the form of plagioclase. It is the most common volcanic rock type on Earth, being a key component of oceanic crust as well as the principal volcanic rock in many mid-oceanic islands, including Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Réunion and the islands of Hawaii. Basalt commonly features a very fine-grained or glassy matrix interspersed with visible mineral grains. The average density is 3.0 g/cm3.

text: Basalt is defined by its mineral content and texture, and physical descriptions without mineralogical context may be unreliable in some circumstances. Basalt is usually grey to black in colour, but rapidly weathers to brown or rust-red due to oxidation of its mafic (iron-rich) minerals into hematite and other iron oxides and hydroxides. Although usually characterized as "dark", basaltic rocks exhibit a wide range of shading due to regional geochemical processes. Due to weathering or high concentrations of plagioclase, some basalts can be quite light-coloured, superficially resembling andesite to untrained eyes. Basalt has a fine-grained mineral texture due to the molten rock cooling too quickly for large mineral crystals to grow; it is often porphyritic, containing larger crystals (phenocrysts) formed prior to the extrusion that brought the magma to the surface, embedded in a finer-grained matrix. These phenocrysts usually are of olivine or a calcium-rich plagioclase, which have the highest melting temperatures of the typical minerals that can crystallize from the melt.

text: Basalt with a vesicular texture is called vesicular basalt, when the bulk of the rock is mostly solid; when the vesicles are over half the volume of a specimen, it is called scoria. This texture forms when dissolved gases come out of solution and form bubbles as the magma decompresses as it reaches the surface, yet are trapped as the erupted lava hardens before the gases can escape.

text: The term basalt is at times applied to shallow intrusive rocks with a composition typical of basalt, but rocks of this composition with a phaneritic (coarser) groundmass are generally referred to as diabase (also called dolerite) or, when more coarse-grained (crystals over 2 mm across), as gabbro. Gabbro is often marketed commercially as "black granite."

text: In the Hadean, Archean, and early Proterozoic eras of Earth's history, the chemistry of erupted magmas was significantly different from today's, due to immature crustal and asthenosphere differentiation. These ultramafic volcanic rocks, with silica (SiO2) contents below 45% are usually classified as komatiites.

text: Etymology

text: The word "basalt" is ultimately derived from Late Latin basaltes, a misspelling of Latin basanites "very hard stone", which was imported from Ancient Greek βασανίτης (basanites), from βάσανος (basanos, "touchstone") and perhaps originated in Egyptian bauhun "slate".[2] The modern petrological term basalt describing a particular composition of lava-derived rock originates from its use by Georgius Agricola in 1556 in his famous work of mining and mineralogy De re metallica, libri XII. Agricola applied "basalt" to the volcanic black rock of the Schloßberg (local castle hill) at Stolpen, believing it to be the same as the "very hard stone" described by Pliny the Elder in Naturalis Historiae.[3]

text: Types

text:
Tholeiitic basalt is relatively rich in silica and poor in sodium. Included in this category are most basalts of the ocean floor, most large oceanic islands, and continental flood basalts such as the Columbia River Plateau.

High and low titanium basalts. Basalt rocks are in some cases classified after their titanium (Ti) content in High-Ti and Low-Ti varieties. High-Ti and Low-Ti basalts have been distinguished in the Paraná and Etendeka traps[4] and the Emeishan Traps.[5]
Mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) is a tholeiitic basalt commonly erupted only at ocean ridges and is characteristically low in incompatible elements.[6][7]

E-MORB, enriched MORB
N-MORB, normal MORB
D-MORB, depleted MORB

High-alumina basalt may be silica-undersaturated or -oversaturated (see normative mineralogy). It has greater than 17% alumina (Al2O3) and is intermediate in composition between tholeiitic basalt and alkali basalt; the relatively alumina-rich composition is based on rocks without phenocrysts of plagioclase.
Alkali basalt is relatively poor in silica and rich in sodium. It is silica-undersaturated and may contain feldspathoids, alkali feldspar and phlogopite.
Boninite is a high-magnesium form of basalt that is erupted generally in back-arc basins, distinguished by its low titanium content and trace-element composition.
Ocean island basalt
Lunar basalt

text: Occurrence

text: On Earth, most basalt magmas have formed by decompression melting of the mantle. Basalt commonly erupts on Io (the third largest moon of Jupiter),[8] and has also formed on the Moon, Mars, Venus, and the asteroid Vesta.

text: The crustal portions of oceanic tectonic plates are composed predominantly of basalt, produced from upwelling mantle below, the ocean ridges.

text: Petrology

text: The mineralogy of basalt is characterized by a preponderance of calcic plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene. Olivine can also be a significant constituent. Accessory minerals present in relatively minor amounts include iron oxides and iron-titanium oxides, such as magnetite, ulvospinel, and ilmenite. Because of the presence of such oxide minerals, basalt can acquire strong magnetic signatures as it cools, and paleomagnetic studies have made extensive use of basalt.

text: In tholeiitic basalt, pyroxene (augite and orthopyroxene or pigeonite) and calcium-rich plagioclase are common phenocryst minerals. Olivine may also be a phenocryst, and when present, may have rims of pigeonite. The groundmass contains interstitial quartz or tridymite or cristobalite. Olivine tholeiitic basalt has augite and orthopyroxene or pigeonite with abundant olivine, but olivine may have rims of pyroxene and is unlikely to be present in the groundmass. Ocean floor basalts, erupted originally at mid-ocean ridges, are known as MORB (mid-ocean ridge basalt) and are characteristically low in incompatible elements.

text: Alkali basalts typically have mineral assemblages that lack orthopyroxene but contain olivine. Feldspar phenocrysts typically are labradorite to andesine in composition. Augite is rich in titanium compared to augite in tholeiitic basalt. Minerals such as alkali feldspar, leucite, nepheline, sodalite, phlogopite mica, and apatite may be present in the groundmass.

text: Basalt has high liquidus and solidus temperatures—values at the Earth's surface are near or above 1200 °C (liquidus) and near or below 1000 °C (solidus); these values are higher than those of other common igneous rocks.

text: The majority of tholeiitic basalts are formed at approximately 50–100 km depth within the mantle. Many alkali basalts may be formed at greater depths, perhaps as deep as 150–200 km.[citation needed] The origin of high-alumina basalt continues to be controversial, with disagreement over whether it is a primary melt or derived from other basalt types by fractionation.[9]:65

text: Geochemistry

text: Relative to most common igneous rocks, basalt compositions are rich in MgO and CaO and low in SiO2 and the alkali oxides, i.e., Na2O + K2O, consistent with the TAS classification.

text: Basalt generally has a composition of 45–55 wt% SiO2, 2–6 wt% total alkalis, 0.5–2.0 wt% TiO2, 5–14 wt% FeO and 14 wt% or more Al2O3. Contents of CaO are commonly near 10 wt%, those of MgO commonly in the range 5 to 12 wt%.

text: High-alumina basalts have aluminium contents of 17–19 wt% Al2O3; boninites have magnesium contents of up to 15 percent MgO. Rare feldspathoid-rich mafic rocks, akin to alkali basalts, may have Na2O + K2O contents of 12% or more.

text: The abundances of the lanthanide or rare-earth elements (REE) can be a useful diagnostic tool to help explain the history of mineral crystallisation as the melt cooled. In particular, the relative abundance of europium compared to the other REE is often markedly higher or lower, and called the europium anomaly. It arises because Eu2+ can substitute for Ca2+ in plagioclase feldspar, unlike any of the other lanthanides, which tend to only form 3+ cations.

text: Mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) and their intrusive equivalents, gabbros, are the characteristic igneous rocks formed at mid-ocean ridges. They are tholeiitic basalts particularly low in total alkalis and in incompatible trace elements, and they have relatively flat rare earth element (REE) patterns normalized to mantle or chondrite values. In contrast, alkali basalts have normalized patterns highly enriched in the light REE, and with greater abundances of the REE and of other incompatible elements. Because MORB basalt is considered a key to understanding plate tectonics, its compositions have been much studied. Although MORB compositions are distinctive relative to average compositions of basalts erupted in other environments, they are not uniform. For instance, compositions change with position along the Mid-Atlantic ridge, and the compositions also define different ranges in different ocean basins.[10] Mid-ocean ridge basalts have been subdivided into varieties such as normal (NMORB) and those slightly more enriched in incompatible elements (EMORB).

text: Isotope ratios of elements such as strontium, neodymium, lead, hafnium, and osmium in basalts have been much studied to learn about the evolution of the Earth's mantle. Isotopic ratios of noble gases, such as 3He/4He, are also of great value: for instance, ratios for basalts range from 6 to 10 for mid-ocean ridge tholeiitic basalt (normalized to atmospheric values), but to 15–24 and more for ocean-island basalts thought to be derived from mantle plumes.

text: Source rocks for the partial melts probably include both peridotite and pyroxenite (e.g., Sobolev et al., 2007).

text: Morphology and textures

text: The shape, structure and texture of a basalt is diagnostic of how and where it erupted—whether into the sea, in an explosive cinder eruption or as creeping pahoehoe lava flows, the classic image of Hawaiian basalt eruptions.

text: Subaerial eruptions

text: Basalt that erupts under open air (that is, subaerially) forms three distinct types of lava or volcanic deposits: scoria; ash or cinder (breccia); and lava flows.

text: Basalt in the tops of subaerial lava flows and cinder cones will often be highly vesiculated, imparting a lightweight "frothy" texture to the rock. Basaltic cinders are often red, coloured by oxidized iron from weathered iron-rich minerals such as pyroxene.

text: ʻAʻā types of blocky, cinder and breccia flows of thick, viscous basaltic lava are common in Hawaii. Pāhoehoe is a highly fluid, hot form of basalt which tends to form thin aprons of molten lava which fill up hollows and sometimes forms lava lakes. Lava tubes are common features of pahoehoe eruptions.

text: Basaltic tuff or pyroclastic rocks are rare but not unknown. Usually basalt is too hot and fluid to build up sufficient pressure to form explosive lava eruptions but occasionally this will happen by trapping of the lava within the volcanic throat and buildup of volcanic gases. Hawaii's Mauna Loa volcano erupted in this way in the 19th century, as did Mount Tarawera, New Zealand in its violent 1886 eruption. Maar volcanoes are typical of small basalt tuffs, formed by explosive eruption of basalt through the crust, forming an apron of mixed basalt and wall rock breccia and a fan of basalt tuff further out from the volcano.

text: Amygdaloidal structure is common in relict vesicles and beautifully crystallized species of zeolites, quartz or calcite are frequently found.

text: Columnar basalt

text: During the cooling of a thick lava flow, contractional joints or fractures form.[11] If a flow cools relatively rapidly, significant contraction forces build up. While a flow can shrink in the vertical dimension without fracturing, it can't easily accommodate shrinking in the horizontal direction unless cracks form; the extensive fracture network that develops results in the formation of columns. The topology of the lateral shapes of these columns can broadly be classed as a random cellular network. These structures are predominantly hexagonal in cross-section, but polygons with three to twelve or more sides can be observed.[12] The size of the columns depends loosely on the rate of cooling; very rapid cooling may result in very small (<1 cm diameter) columns, while slow cooling is more likely to produce large columns.

text: Submarine eruptions

text: Pillow basalts

text: When basalt erupts underwater or flows into the sea, contact with the water quenches the surface and the lava forms a distinctive pillow shape, through which the hot lava breaks to form another pillow. This "pillow" texture is very common in underwater basaltic flows and is diagnostic of an underwater eruption environment when found in ancient rocks. Pillows typically consist of a fine-grained core with a glassy crust and have radial jointing. The size of individual pillows varies from 10 cm up to several meters.

text: When pahoehoe lava enters the sea it usually forms pillow basalts. However, when a'a enters the ocean it forms a littoral cone, a small cone-shaped accumulation of tuffaceous debris formed when the blocky a'a lava enters the water and explodes from built-up steam.

text: The island of Surtsey in the Atlantic Ocean is a basalt volcano which breached the ocean surface in 1963. The initial phase of Surtsey's eruption was highly explosive, as the magma was quite fluid, causing the rock to be blown apart by the boiling steam to form a tuff and cinder cone. This has subsequently moved to a typical pahoehoe-type behaviour.

text: Volcanic glass may be present, particularly as rinds on rapidly chilled surfaces of lava flows, and is commonly (but not exclusively) associated with underwater eruptions.

text: Pillow basalt is also produced by some subglacial volcanic eruptions.

text: Life on basaltic rocks

text: The common corrosion features of underwater volcanic basalt suggest that microbial activity may play a significant role in the chemical exchange between basaltic rocks and seawater. The significant amounts of reduced iron, Fe(II), and manganese, Mn(II), present in basaltic rocks provide potential energy sources for bacteria. Some Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria cultured from iron-sulfide surfaces are also able to grow with basaltic rock as a source of Fe(II).[13] Fe- and Mn- oxidizing bacteria have been cultured from weathered submarine basalts of Loihi Seamount.[14] The impact of bacteria on altering the chemical composition of basaltic glass (and thus, the oceanic crust) and seawater suggest that these interactions may lead to an application of hydrothermal vents to the origin of life.

text: Distribution

text: Basalt is one of the most common rock types in the world. Basalt is the rock most typical of large igneous provinces. The largest occurrences of basalt are in the ocean floor that is almost completely made up by basalt. Above sea level basalt is common in hotspot islands and around volcanic arcs, specially those on thin crust. However, the largest volumes of basalt on land correspond to continental flood basalts. Continental flood basalts are known to exist in the Deccan Traps in India, the Chilcotin Group in British Columbia, Canada, the Paraná Traps in Brazil, the Siberian Traps in Russia, the Karoo flood basalt province in South Africa, the Columbia River Plateau of Washington and Oregon.

text: Many archipelagoes and island nations have an overwhelming majority of its exposed bedrock made up by basalt due to being above hotspots, for example, Iceland and Hawaii.

text: Ancient Precambrian basalts are usually only found in fold and thrust belts, and are often heavily metamorphosed. These are known as greenstone belts, because low-grade metamorphism of basalt produces chlorite, actinolite, epidote and other green minerals.

text: Lunar and Martian basalt

text: The dark areas visible on Earth's moon, the lunar maria, are plains of flood basaltic lava flows. These rocks were sampled by the manned American Apollo program, the robotic Russian Luna program, and are represented among the lunar meteorites.

text: Lunar basalts differ from their terrestrial counterparts principally in their high iron contents, which typically range from about 17 to 22 wt% FeO. They also possess a wide range of titanium concentrations (present in the mineral ilmenite),[15] ranging from less than 1 wt% TiO2, to about 13 wt.%. Traditionally, lunar basalts have been classified according to their titanium content, with classes being named high-Ti, low-Ti, and very-low-Ti. Nevertheless, global geochemical maps of titanium obtained from the Clementine mission demonstrate that the lunar maria possess a continuum of titanium concentrations, and that the highest concentrations are the least abundant.

text: Lunar basalts show exotic textures and mineralogy, particularly shock metamorphism, lack of the oxidation typical of terrestrial basalts, and a complete lack of hydration. While most of the Moon's basalts erupted between about 3 and 3.5 billion years ago, the oldest samples are 4.2 billion years old, and the youngest flows, based on the age dating method of crater counting, are estimated to have erupted only 1.2 billion years ago.

text: Basalt is also a common rock on the surface of Mars, as determined by data sent back from the planet's surface,[16] and by Martian meteorites.

text: Alteration of basalt

text: Metamorphism

text: Basalts are important rocks within metamorphic belts, as they can provide vital information on the conditions of metamorphism within the belt.

text: Metamorphosed basalts are important hosts for a variety of hydrothermal ore deposits, including gold deposits, copper deposits, volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits and others.

text: Weathering

text: Compared to other rocks found on Earth's surface, basalts weather relatively fast. The typically iron-rich minerals oxidise rapidly in water and air, staining the rock a brown to red colour due to iron oxide (rust). Chemical weathering also releases readily water-soluble cations such as calcium, sodium and magnesium, which give basaltic areas a strong buffer capacity against acidification. Calcium released by basalts binds up CO2 from the atmosphere forming CaCO3 acting thus as a CO2 trap. To this it must be added that the eruption of basalt itself is often associated with the release of large quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere from volcanic gases.

text: Uses

text: Basalt is used in construction (e.g. as building blocks or in the groundwork), making cobblestones (from columnar basalt) and in making statues. Heating and extruding basalt yields stone wool, said to be an excellent thermal insulator.

text: Carbon sequestration in basalt has been studied as a means of removing carbon dioxide, produced by human industrialization, from the atmosphere. Underwater basalt deposits, scattered in seas around the globe, have the added benefit of the water serving as a barrier to the re-release of CO2 into the atmosphere.[17]