document_title: House of Cards (season 5)

question_text: when was house of cards filmed season 5

question_tokens: when was house of cards filmed season 5

text: House of Cards (season 5)

text: Production[edit]

text: Casting began for the season on June 17, 2016.[1] Filming had begun by July 20, 2016,[2] and finished by February 14, 2017.[3]

text: On January 28, 2016, Netflix renewed House of Cards for a fifth season. It was also announced that series creator Beau Willimon would step down as showrunner following the fourth season.[4] It was announced in February 2016 that Melissa James Gibson and Frank Pugliese, who both joined the show in the third season, would serve as co-showrunners for the fifth season,[5] which was released on May 30, 2017.[6] In October 2016, it was announced that Patricia Clarkson and Campbell Scott had been cast for the fifth season.[7] The first trailer for the season was released on May 1, 2017.[8]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kevin Spacey as Francis "Frank" J. Underwood, the President of the United States[9]
Robin Wright as Claire Underwood, First Lady of the United States, former United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Democratic Vice Presidential Nominee, Vice President of the United States and the President of the United States[9]
Michael Kelly as Douglas "Doug" Stamper, the White House Chief of Staff[9]
Campbell Scott as Mark Usher,[10] top-level Republican campaign adviser and strategist
Patricia Clarkson as Jane Davis,[10] Deputy Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade
Paul Sparks as Thomas Yates,[9] speechwriter and Claire Underwood's lover
Derek Cecil as Seth Grayson,[11] the White House Press Secretary
Neve Campbell as LeAnn Harvey,[9] a Texas-based political consultant, the Underwood campaign manager
Joel Kinnaman as Will Conway, the Republican nominee for president and Governor of New York[9]
Dominique McElligott as Hannah Conway,[9] wife of New York Governor and Republican presidential nominee Will Conway
Boris McGiver as Tom Hammerschmidt, an editor at The Washington Herald and Lucas Goodwin's former boss
Korey Jackson as Sean Jeffries, a young reporter at The Washington Herald working under Hammerschmidt
Jayne Atkinson as Catherine Durant, Secretary of State[11]
Colm Feore as General Ted Brockhart, Republican Vice-Presidential Nominee
Damian Young as Aidan Macallan, a data scientist and NSA contractor who is friends with LeAnn Harvey
James Martinez as Alex Romero, a Democratic congressman from Arizona
Michel Gill as Garrett Walker, the former President of the United States and Frank's predecessor
Gerald McRaney as Raymond Tusk, former associate of President Walker's and Frank's adversary
Larry Pine as Bob Birch, the House Minority Leader and a Democratic U.S. Representative from Michigan
Curtiss Cook as Terry Womack, the House Minority Whip
Lars Mikkelsen as Viktor Petrov, the President of the Russian Federation
Wendy Moniz as Laura Moretti, widow of a liver transplant candidate
Reed Birney as Donald Blythe, the Vice President of the United States
Malcolm Madera as Eric Rawlings, a Civil War reenactor and personal trainer
Kate Lyn Sheil as Lisa Williams, a girlfriend of Rachel Posner's before Rachel's death
Jeremy Holm as Agent Nathan Green, the Deputy Director of the FBI
Kim Dickens as Kate Baldwin, a journalist and former White House Correspondent for the Wall Street Telegraph
Dan Ziskie as Jim Matthews, former Vice President of the United States and Governor of Pennsylvania.

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Prod.
code

53
1
"Chapter 53"
Daniel Minahan
Frank Pugliese
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
HOC-501

Chaos erupts when Frank steals the floor of the House and demands that Congress formally declare war on ICO. When the Speaker insists that Frank yield the floor, he insists that he "will not yield." Later, Frank and Claire attend Jim Miller's funeral, which is also attended by Will Conway and his wife. During the service, Jim's daughter Melissa blames Frank for the death of her father, before whispering something in his ear. Claire appears on Charlie Rose to debate Hammerschmidt, who claims that Frank's war on ICO is a diversion. Meanwhile, Conway goes into damage control when his wife claims that the mother of Josh Masterson is a victim, too. Claire speaks with Ms. Masterson and asks that she tell her son to surrender. The manhunt for Masterson heats up as the FBI closes in on a location on the Virginia border. However, Frank has been holding Masterson captive in an unknown location and has him summarily executed, informing the press that he "wishes" Masterson had been taken alive. Frank calls to speak with the Millers, but Jim's widow hangs up on him. Afterwards, Frank and Claire greet people outside the White House, telling them they have nothing to be afraid of.

54
2
"Chapter 54"
Daniel Minahan
Melissa James Gibson
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
HOC-502

At an event in New York City, Claire is informed that one of Frank's old friends has gone missing and is presumed dead. Meanwhile, Frank hosts a luncheon of the nation's governors, seeking to gain the support of the governors from five critical swing states. Catherine Durant states her opposition to Frank's "war" on terror, while Donald Blythe believes it has helped his poll numbers. Meanwhile, Aidan Macallan attempts to hack into a telecom switching center and delete everything that may implicate him and the Underwoods. As Aidan nervously awaits the file deletion, electronic devices around the Washington, D.C. area are affected in what Frank claims is an ICO cyber attack. He uses the incident to pressure Congress to accept his declaration of war. Meanwhile, Conway takes his kids trick-or-treating, but as the military mobilizes in response to the cyber attack, he has an outburst on live TV which Frank and Claire drink to.

55
3
"Chapter 55"
Alik Sakharov
John Mankiewicz
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
HOC-503

The day before the 2016 election, Conway holds a 24-hour live-stream call-in with voters and is asked a question by someone who knows about his time in the military; Hannah insists that Will is too humble to discuss the topic. While Claire and Frank campaign together in Pennsylvania, Doug confronts Governor Matthews for not following through with establishing voting centers or bringing in the National Guard. Back in D.C., Cathy alerts Frank to a Syrian national with strong ICO connections named Mohammad Kalabi. With Conway getting all the publicity, Frank calls into the 24-hour live stream and tells Conway that he can ask him any question he wants. Will responds by asking why he was never given a chance to complete the mission and save Mr. Miller after successfully negotiating the release of Miller's wife and daughter. Frank says the terrorists could tell Conway was weak, meaning Frank had to step in and take control. Frank's last-minute call grabs the morning headlines. However, the Underwoods are given worrying news: voter turnout is unsettlingly low across the country. Frank, however, insists that they are not going anywhere.

56
4
"Chapter 56"
Alik Sakharov
Kenneth Lin
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
HOC-504

On Election Day, voter turnout for Frank and Claire is low, and the polls are working in Conway's favor, yet he remains cautious. Frank calls the governor of Tennessee and tells him that the home of a suspected terrorist has been raided and a plot to bomb the state's polling stations has been uncovered, urging him to shut them down. A riot caused by a bomb-sniffing dog occurs at one Tennessee polling station and injures several people. Frank is able to convince the governor to halt voting and declare a state of emergency. A curfew is enacted, much to Conway's dismay. Amid terrorist threats, the governor of Ohio calls Frank and says he is considering closing down polling stations, while Frank adamantly tells him not to, pretending that he doesn’t want that to happen. After Conway wins the state of Pennsylvania, Frank calls him to concede the election, but slyly says to the camera audience, "What, do you think I learned nothing from Al Gore?" In the wake of the call, Conway, his wife Hannah, and some of his advisers are elated, but his campaign manager Mark Usher remains skeptical. Several hours pass and Frank has yet to publicly announce his concession, frustrating Conway. At that moment, the governor of Ohio makes a national TV broadcast to announce he felt he had no choice to close the Ohio polls due to the potential terror threat and that the results are not certifiable as a result. Several more states hold their election results as well, thereby leaving the election contested. In the Oval Office, Frank and Claire discuss remaining in power for decades to come.

57
5
"Chapter 57"
Michael Morris
Laura Eason
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
HOC-505

Nine weeks have passed since the unresolved election, which will now be decided by a contingent election in the House. A frustrated Conway believes he was fairly elected, and begins to show signs of a potential breakdown. Despite Frank's approval rating falling to 19%, Claire says they are done winning the American people and must now win over Congress. Hammerschmidt meets with Lisa Williams to discuss information regarding Doug, but he is hesitant to believe her. Frank talks to convince Alex Romero, a Democratic congressman, to sway other House Democrats to vote for him. Aidan, who had previously gone missing, calls LeAnn to tell her that he will leak incriminating information on the Underwoods if she doesn't get the authorities off his back. While LeAnn is able to flip a vote from Maine, Doug fails to win New Hampshire. On the day of the vote, Claire asks Donald to prevent a filibuster and keep Republicans off the floor. When he refuses, Claire begins insulting him and his late wife. Neither Conway nor Frank receive the 26 votes in the House needed to win, meaning that the Senate's vice presidential selection between Claire and General Ted Brockhart will assume the duties of the Presidency until the House votes again. Claire, alone in the White House residence, walks toward the camera and briefly looks directly at the camera audience as the episode ends.

58
6
"Chapter 58"
Michael Morris
Bill Kennedy
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
HOC-506

Claire becomes Acting President of the United States until the House votes again. Frank congratulates her on the position, even if it's just for a few weeks. Durant informs the Underwoods that a research facility in Antarctica has been taken over by an unidentified military group, suspecting the Russians. Meanwhile, it appears that Aidan has been kidnapped and may be forced to reveal secrets. Conway's campaign manager Mark Usher is able to secure a meeting for Conway with the Congressional Black Caucus, in the hopes they will consider supporting him instead of Frank, but the meeting goes very poorly. On a private plane back to New York, an exasperated Conway finally cracks under the pressure and curses out Usher, threatening to leave him on the tarmac upon arrival, then berates the pilots for not allowing him to fly the plane and declares maniacally that he will be President. Sean visits Lisa then tells Hammerschmidt, who fires him after discovering that Sean looked through his notes. He later investigates the death of Zoe Barnes. To avoid a mixed-ticket White House, Frank and Claire are able to convince Usher to support new elections in Ohio and Tennessee, so long as the Speaker approves. Claire, Frank, and Cathy learn it is the Russians who have kidnapped Aidan.

59
7
"Chapter 59"
Alik Sakharov
Tian Jun Gu
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
HOC-507

Claire and Frank argue over Mark Usher and are briefed in the Situation Room about the potential location of Ahmed Al Ahmadi, the leader of ICO. The generals believe Ahmed is in Damascus, but they’re divided on how to approach the situation. Hammerschmidt continues his investigation into Rachel Posner and her possible connection to Doug. Claire holds a meeting with Cathy and Jane Davis, but the three are moved to a bunker underground when a truck carrying radioactive material is missing. Doug calls LeAnn and Seth from the bunker, telling them to keep calm. Frank and Claire question Jane's security clearance. Doug informs Frank of a hot-mic recording where Brockhart says he’d actively tell his troops to disobey orders if Frank put them on the borders of Syria. Frank leaves the bunker and accuses Brockhart of orchestrating a fake terrorist threat in order to make them evacuate D.C. and effectively stage a coup d'etat to sabotage his election; after Brockhart names the general behind the plot, the truck is "found." The general is forced to resign, but not before telling Claire that neither she nor her husband deserve to be in the White House. The next day, the Underwoods accuse Usher of being involved in the incident, playing the Brockhart audio tape. When Usher insists he stop, Frank says "it gets so much better".

60
8
"Chapter 60"
Roxann Dawson
John Mankiewicz
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
HOC-508

Frank attends an elite weekend retreat to firm up support for the upcoming elections in Ohio and Tennessee. Among the attendees are Usher, Brockhart, Raymond Tusk, and Benjamin Grant, the head of Pollyhop. Claire is awakened in the middle of the night and hurried into the Situation Room, informed that a Russian research vessel carrying 100 people is sinking in the Antarctic. The next morning, Frank and Brockhart chat about the Al Ahmadi situation. After negotiating trade deals with China, Jane reveals to Claire that they are willing to aid the rescue, as there’s an American aboard the Russian ship. Claire asks for proof of the American's presence before moving forward. In the woods, Frank contacts Doug and tells him that Brockhart is making a deal with Tusk, and orders Doug to stop it. Frank remembers something that Tusk mentioned ("A little restraint would be unexpected") and tells Doug not to act on it. Claire plays hard ball with China on the rescue operation and a trade deal. Though China is hesitant at first, the rescue mission goes through and China gets credit, but the lost American is not found. On his way out, Grant gives Frank a recording of Conway's tirade on the plane. The next day, Frank and Claire meet with Usher in the Oval Office and inform him of the recording. With that leverage, the Underwoods are able to recruit Usher, who advises them how to release the recording.

61
9
"Chapter 61"
Roxann Dawson
Bill Kennedy
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
HOC-509

After winning the Ohio election, Frank becomes President-elect of the United States. Frank offers Conway a menial position when he calls to concede, prompting Conway to curse him. Frank and Claire celebrate with champagne in the Oval Office. Doug believes it is unwise to allow LeAnn and Usher into the administration; Frank agrees that LeAnn's connection to Aidan is worrisome, but Usher should stay. Meanwhile, LeAnn has lunch with Kate Baldwin, revealing she is being kicked out because Aidan stole NSA files and might leak classified material in Russia. Tom informs Claire that he is finished being her speechwriter. Romero threatens the Underwoods, saying he will convince Congress to reopen the Declaration of War Committee to investigate them. He demands two seats on the dais at Frank's inauguration and a line in the inaugural address about Medicare. Frank is sworn in, but his address does not address Romero or his concerns. Aidan unwillingly agrees to do an interview in Russia with Kate. However, he calls LeAnn, who tells him policemen have come to arrest him. During the inaugural ball, Frank and Eric Rawlings, the civil war re-enactor and personal trainer, share a darkly intimate moment. In the halls of the West Wing, Frank tells Claire that Congress is reopening its investigation into Frank. As the party breaks up, Frank blackmails Tom and tells him not to cheat on Claire again. Meanwhile, Hammerschmidt contacts Zoe's father, who reluctantly meets with him and says he had no idea that Zoe was in trouble. LeAnn, under the impression that giving up Aidan would save her job, is shocked when Doug fires her. In the Oval Office, Claire and Frank meet with Jane. Frank says he wants Aidan back on American soil.

62
10
"Chapter 62"
Agnieszka Holland
Kenneth Lin
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
HOC-510

As Frank discovers Jackie Sharp will be testifying before the Declaration of War Committee, Claire is informed that the American from the Antarctic expedition froze to death. Claire wants the body to get lost in transit. With Romero heading the committee, Frank tries to get in his good graces again by offering him the position of party whip. Romero, however, is not looking to negotiate. Jackie pleads the Fifth during her testimony. LeAnn becomes concerned about Aidan, who isn't willing to reveal what he told the Russians. Jane makes it clear that what is important is learning what Aidan divulged. She also informs the Underwoods that a gas attack is imminent in Homs, Syria, advising that they send in 30,000 troops after the attack and divert the committee's attention. When Frank and Claire tell Durant, she begins questioning the operation and later voices her protest to Jane. Doug confronts a frightened Lisa, who then calls Hammerschmidt and tells him about the encounter. LeAnn is confronted in a parking garage by Aidan, who is alive. The two share a close moment before he leaves. Frank is informed that Garrett Walker will be testifying. Though he is expected to plead the Fifth, tension arises when he and Frank meet before the hearing. Walker breaks his silence, revealing that it was Frank who got him involved in the Chinese money dealings. That night, LeAnn is given a voice recording revealing that Aidan has been murdered in his hotel room. Meanwhile, Jane shreds files regarding the dead Antarctic worker and Aidan.

63
11
"Chapter 63"
Agnieszka Holland
Laura Eason
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
HOC-511

On MSNBC, Seth and Hammerschmidt debate Walker's credibility in the wake of his testimony. Frank, Claire, Doug, and Usher discuss impeachment and the idea of censure, which Frank and Doug oppose. The next day, Hammerschmidt discovers leaked information that the White House staged the terrorist threat on Election Day. Seth panics in his office, while Frank discusses spying on all White House personnel to identify the leaker. While alone one night in the White House residence, Claire truly breaks the fourth wall for the first time in the series, and speaks directly to the camera audience, telling them that she has always known they have been there, but she is suspicious of them and their intentions, and that she is "ambivalent about attention." The FBI tells LeAnn that Aidan's death looked like a suicide, but the gun is missing. Meanwhile, Claire tells Tom she wants him to leave. Frank is confronted by Bob Birch and Terry Womack, who want Frank to consider resignation. Frank is speechless, partially because Womack himself is under investigation. Doug spies on West Wing staffers and is intrigued when LeAnn receives something unknown from Aidan. After confessing to Laura Moretti that he is the reason her husband died, Doug goes to LeAnn's apartment and the two have sex. An article drops the next day reporting that a source within the White House confirmed that Frank used questionable intelligence to close polling stations during the election. Frank confronts Cathy about this; she is cooperating with Romero. Frank later states that he believes Cathy is the leak, and that he has held on to her resignation. News breaks that Cathy will testify before the committee. An unknown source gives Hammerschimdt a "birthday card" containing a USB flash drive.

64
12
"Chapter 64"
Robin Wright
Frank Pugliese & Melissa James Gibson
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
HOC-512

In the Executive Residence, Frank tries to dissuade Cathy Durant from testifying before the committee, but she adamantly refuses his request. On her way out, Frank then pushes her down a flight of stairs, knocking her unconscious, and calls for help, claiming she's fallen. Cathy is hospitalized and thus prevented from testifying. Frank holds a press conference in the Oval Office regarding the Syrian gas bombings. However, reporters ask him about the growing possibility of impeachment. Frank is informed that Hammerschmidt is investigating Zoe's death and believes that it was not an accident. Needing to focus attention away from them, Frank and Claire agree that someone must take the fall for this alleged investigation. The next night, Claire and Frank hold a dinner for Doug, where they try to convince him to take the blame for Zoe's murder. Though initially off-put, Doug goes to LeAnn and "confesses" to the murder, though she doesn't believe him. It is revealed that Doug is in possession of birthday cards similar to those sent to Hammerschmidt. Claire discovers that Tom has been continuing his manuscript, which includes her confessions about the deaths of Zoe and Peter Russo. She goes to visit Tom to convince him not to publish his recent work, but he refuses and threatens to blackmail her. Claire and Tom have sex, but he suddenly dies from poison Claire had put in his whiskey. Mark then comes home the next morning and discovers his body, whereupon he is forced to quietly "dispose" of it. LeAnn and Nathan Green give their testimony. Frank, watching, debates whether he should testify as well. While he is urged not to, Frank goes to the committee, and while he claims to have done nothing wrong, he accuses the committee of trying to sabotage his presidency and that he respects the office too much to allow the investigation to go on. As a result, he announces he will resign the following day.

65
13
"Chapter 65"
Robin Wright
Melissa James Gibson & Frank Pugliese
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
HOC-513

Claire protests Frank's resignation, but he concludes it's the best outcome for everyone. Frank reveals that he has been planning this since the weekend retreat before the Ohio and Tennessee elections, where he concluded that the real power is not in who occupies the White House, but who “owns” it. He reveals he is behind the leaks to Hammerschmidt. Claire then confesses to him that she has killed Tom Yates and that there is no way it will lead back to them. After Frank resigns, Claire is sworn in and assumes the presidency, whereupon she leads an operation to track down Yusef Al-Ahmadhi, the elusive ICO terrorist plaguing the U.S. Doug gets interviewed by Hammerschmidt, who is continuing his investigation into Zoe's death. LeAnn is appointed as Claire’s Chief of Staff with the agreement that she turn over everything she knew about Aidan to Jane. However, shortly after she does so, Claire, Davis and Usher claim that the impending war means a more experienced Chief of Staff is needed, and LeAnn is presumably fired or forced to resign. That night, on her way to meet with Doug, LeAnn’s car is run off the road and she is presumed dead. Seth is also replaced at Claire's behest. Frank asks for a public pardon from Claire for both him and Doug. She agrees to do so in her upcoming TV broadcast, but tells Frank that for their secret arrangement to work, he has to leave the White House and make it appear that they are estranged. Frank reluctantly does so. That night, Claire gives her first televised address as the new President, informing the nation that they have killed Ahmadhi and that the U.S. is going to war with ICO. However, she gives no mention of a pardon to Frank or Doug, despite having agreed to do so. Frank, who has been watching the broadcast from his hotel room, angrily calls her to presumably demand an explanation, but Claire rejects the call, and stares towards the camera audience and coldly declares: "My turn."

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 71% based on 31 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The consensus reads, "House of Cards enjoys a confident return to form this season, though its outlandish edge is tempered slightly by the current political climate."[12] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 60 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[13]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: House of Cards received four major nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series, Kevin Spacey for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, Robin Wright for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series, and Michael Kelly for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.[14]


document_title: Oldest dated rocks

question_text: where is the oldest known rock on earth located

root

text: Oldest dated rocks

text: Oldest rocks by category[edit]

text: Oldest terrestrial material[edit]

text: The oldest material of terrestrial origin that has been dated is a zircon mineral of 4.404 ±0.008 Ga enclosed in a metamorphosed sandstone conglomerate in the Jack Hills of the Narryer Gneiss Terrane of Western Australia.[4] The 4.404 ±0.008 Ga zircon is a slight outlier, with the oldest consistently-dated zircon falling closer to 4.35 Ga.[5] This zircon is part of a population of zircons within the metamorphosed conglomerate, which is believed to have been deposited about 3.060 Ga, which is the age of the youngest detrital zircon in the rock. Recent developments in atom-probe tomography have led to a further constraint on the age of the oldest continental zircon, with the most recent age quoted as 4.374 Ga ±0.006.[6]

tag: p

text: Earth's oldest rock formation[edit]

text: The oldest rock formation is, depending on the latest research, either part of the Isua Greenstone Belt, Narryer Gneiss Terrane, Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt, or the Acasta Gneiss (on the Slave craton). The difficulty in assigning the title to one particular block of gneiss is that the gneisses are all extremely deformed, and the oldest rock may be represented by only one streak of minerals in a mylonite, representing a layer of sediment or an old dike. This may be difficult to find or map; hence, the oldest dates yet resolved are as much generated by luck in sampling as by understanding the rocks themselves.

text: It is thus premature to claim that any of these rocks, or indeed that of other formations of Hadean gneisses, is the oldest formations or rocks on Earth; doubtless, new analyses will continue to change our conceptions of the structure and nature of these ancient continental fragments.

text: Nevertheless, the oldest cratons on Earth include the Kaapvaal craton, the Western Gneiss Terrane of the Yilgarn craton (~2.9 – >3.2 Ga), the Pilbara Craton (~3.4 Ga), and portions of the Canadian Shield (~2.4 – >3.6 Ga). Parts of the poorly studied Dharwar craton in India are greater than 3.0 Ga. The oldest dated rocks of the Baltic Shield are 3.5 Ga old.[7]

text: Oldest rock on Earth[edit]

text: The Acasta Gneiss in the Canadian Shield in the Northwest Territories, Canada is composed of the Archaean igneous and gneissic cores of ancient mountain chains that have been exposed in a glacial peneplain. Analyses of zircons from a felsic orthogneiss with presumed granitic protolith returned an age of 4.031 ±0.003 Ga.[1]

text: On September 25, 2008, researchers from McGill University, Carnegie Institution for Science and UQAM announced that a rock formation, the Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt, exposed on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay in northern Quebec had a Sm-Nd model age for extraction from the mantle of 4.28 billion years.[8][9][10][11] However, it is argued that the actual age of formation of this rock, as opposed to the extraction of its magma from the mantle, is likely closer to 3.8 billion years, according to Simon Wilde of the Institute for Geoscience Research in Australia.[3]

text: 2008 microprobe research[edit]

text: The zircons from the Western Australian Jack Hills returned an age of 4.404 billion years, interpreted to be the age of crystallization. These zircons also show another interesting feature; their oxygen isotopic composition has been interpreted to indicate that more than 4.4 billion years ago there was already water on the surface of the Earth. The importance and accuracy of these interpretations is currently the subject of scientific debate. It may be that the oxygen isotopes and other compositional features (the rare-earth elements) record more recent hydrothermal alteration of the zircons rather than the composition of the magma at the time of their original crystallization.[citation needed] In a paper published in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters, a team of scientists suggest that rocky continents and liquid water existed at least 4.3 billion years ago and were subjected to heavy weathering by an acrid climate. Using an ion microprobe to analyze isotope ratios of the element lithium in zircons from the Jack Hills in Western Australia, and comparing these chemical fingerprints to lithium compositions in zircons from continental crust and primitive rocks similar to the Earth's mantle, they found evidence that the young planet already had the beginnings of continents, relatively cool temperatures and liquid water by the time the Australian zircons formed.[12]

text: Non-terrestrial rocks[edit]

text: One of the oldest Martian meteorites found on Earth, ALH84001, discovered in the Allan Hills of Antarctica, has been reported to have crystallized from molten rock 4.091 billion years ago.[13]

text: The Genesis Rock, (Lunar sample 15415) obtained from the Moon by astronauts during Apollo 15 mission, has been dated at 4.08 billion years.[14] During Apollo 16, older rocks, including Lunar sample 67215, dated at 4.46 billion years, were brought back.[15] Lunar sample 67215 is the oldest known rock on Earth, even though it originated on the Moon.


document_title: List of multiple Olympic gold medalists

question_text: who has the most medals in olympic history

text: List of multiple Olympic gold medalists

text: List of most Olympic gold medals over career[edit]

text:
This is a partial list of multiple Olympic gold medalists, listing people who have won four or more Olympic gold medals. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. (If they were, Ray Ewry would be second on the list with 10 gold). It includes top-three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top-three placings.
For simplicity, when an athlete has won medals for more than one nation, only the last nation he or she represented is mentioned here. The Olympics listed for each athlete only include games in which they won medals. See the particular article on the athlete for more details on when and for what nation an athlete competed. More medals are available in some events than others, and the number of events in which medals are available overall has changed over time.

text:
No.

Athlete

Nation

Sport

Years

Games

Gender

Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total

1

Michael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
23
3
2
28

2

Larisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
9
5
4
18

3

Paavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
1920–1928
Summer
M
9
3
0
12

4

Mark Spitz
 United States
Swimming
1968–1972
Summer
M
9
1
1
11

5

Carl Lewis
 United States
Athletics
1984–1996
Summer
M
9
1
0
10

6

Marit Bjørgen
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
2002–2018
Winter
F
8
4
3
15

7

Ole Einar Bjørndalen
 Norway
Biathlon
1998–2014
Winter
M
8
4
1
13

8

Bjørn Dæhlie
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
M
8
4
0
12

Birgit Fischer
 East Germany  Germany
Canoeing
1980–2004
Summer
F
8
4
0
12

10

Sawao Kato
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
8
3
1
12

Jenny Thompson
 United States
Swimming
1992–2004
Summer
F
8
3
1
12

12

Matt Biondi
 United States
Swimming
1984–1992
Summer
M
8
2
1
11

13

Usain Bolt
 Jamaica
Athletics
2008–2016
Summer
M
8
0
0
8

Ray Ewry
 United States
Athletics
1900–1908
Summer
M
8
0
0
8

15

Nikolai Andrianov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972–1980
Summer
M
7
5
3
15

16

Boris Shakhlin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
M
7
4
2
13

17

Věra Čáslavská
 Czechoslovakia
Gymnastics
1960–1968
Summer
F
7
4
0
11

18

Viktor Chukarin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
M
7
3
1
11

19

Aladár Gerevich
 Hungary
Fencing
1932–1960
Summer
M
7
1
2
10

20

Edoardo Mangiarotti
 Italy
Fencing
1936–1960
Summer
M
6
5
2
13

21

Isabell Werth
 Germany
Equestrian
1992–2016
Summer
F
6
4
0
10

22

Ryan Lochte
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
6
3
3
12

23

Allyson Felix
 United States
Athletics
2004–2016
Summer
F
6
3
0
9

Hubert Van Innis
 Belgium
Archery
1900–1920
Summer
M
6
3
0
9

Lyubov Yegorova
 Unified Team  Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1994
Winter
F
6
3
0
9

26

Akinori Nakayama
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
6
2
2
10

27

Valentina Vezzali
 Italy
Fencing
1996–2012
Summer
F
6
1
2
9

28

Gert Fredriksson
 Sweden
Canoeing
1948–1960
Summer
M
6
1
1
8

29

Chris Hoy
 Great Britain
Cycling
2000–2012
Summer
M
6
1
0
7

Jason Kenny
 Great Britain
Cycling
2008–2016
Summer
M
6
1
0
7

31

Vitaly Scherbo
 Unified Team  Belarus
Gymnastics
1992–1996
Summer
M
6
0
4
10

32

Ahn Hyun-SooViktor Ahn
 South Korea  Russia
Short track speed skating
2006–2014
Winter
M
6
0
2
8

Reiner Klimke
 United Team of Germany  West Germany
Equestrian
1964–1988
Summer
M
6
0
2
8

34

Pál Kovács
 Hungary
Fencing
1936–1960
Summer
M
6
0
1
7

35

Rudolf Kárpáti
 Hungary
Fencing
1948–1960
Summer
M
6
0
0
6

Nedo Nadi
 Italy
Fencing
1912–1920
Summer
M
6
0
0
6

Kristin Otto
 East Germany
Swimming
1988
Summer
F
6
0
0
6

Lidia Skoblikova
 Soviet Union
Speed skating
1960–1964
Winter
F
6
0
0
6

Amy Van Dyken
 United States
Swimming
1996–2000
Summer
F
6
0
0
6

40

Ireen Wüst
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
F
5
5
1
11

41

Takashi Ono
 Japan
Gymnastics
1952–1964
Summer
M
5
4
4
13

42

Carl Osburn
 United States
Shooting
1912–1924
Summer
M
5
4
2
11

43

Gary Hall, Jr.
 United States
Swimming
1996–2004
Summer
M
5
3
2
10

Ágnes Keleti
 Hungary
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
F
5
3
2
10

45

Nadia Comăneci
 Romania
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
5
3
1
9

Ian Thorpe
 Australia
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
5
3
1
9

47

Ville Ritola
 Finland
Athletics
1924–1928
Summer
M
5
3
0
8

48

Polina Astakhova
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
5
2
3
10

49

Claudia Pechstein
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–2006
Winter
F
5
2
2
9

50

Elisabeta Lipă
 Romania
Rowing
1984–2004
Summer
F
5
2
1
8

51

Yukio Endo
 Japan
Gymnastics
1960–1968
Summer
M
5
2
0
7

Martin Fourcade
 France
Biathlon
2014–2018
Winter
M
5
2
0
7

Aaron Peirsol
 United States
Swimming
2000–2008
Summer
M
5
2
0
7

54

Mitsuo Tsukahara
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
5
1
3
9

55

Nathan Adrian
 United States
Swimming
2008–2016
Summer
M
5
1
2
8

Bradley Wiggins
 Great Britain
Cycling
2000–2016
Summer
M
5
1
2
8

57

Krisztina Egerszegi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1996
Summer
F
5
1
1
7

Tom Jager
 United States
Swimming
1984–1992
Summer
M
5
1
1
7

Larisa Lazutina
 Unified Team  Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
5
1
1
7

Willis A. Lee
 United States
Shooting
1920
Summer
M
5
1
1
7

Clas Thunberg
 Finland
Speed skating
1924–1928
Winter
M
5
1
1
7

Dana Vollmer
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
F
5
1
1
7

Hans Günter Winkler
 United Team of Germany  West Germany
Equestrian
1956–1976
Summer
M
5
1
1
7

Wu Minxia
 China
Diving
2004–2016
Summer
F
5
1
1
7

65

Thomas Alsgaard
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1994–2002
Winter
M
5
1
0
6

Anton Heida
 United States
Gymnastics
1904
Summer
M
5
1
0
6

Nellie Kim
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
5
1
0
6

Danuta Kozák
 Hungary
Canoeing
2008–2016
Summer
F
5
1
0
6

Katie Ledecky
 United States
Swimming
2012–2016
Summer
F
5
1
0
6

Ole Lilloe-Olsen
 Norway
Shooting
1920–1924
Summer
M
5
1
0
6

Don Schollander
 United States
Swimming
1964–1968
Summer
M
5
1
0
6

72

Bonnie Blair
 United States
Speed skating
1988–1994
Winter
F
5
0
1
6

Georgeta Damian
 Romania
Rowing
2000–2008
Summer
F
5
0
1
6

Missy Franklin
 United States
Swimming
2012–2016
Summer
F
5
0
1
6

Alfred Lane
 United States
Shooting
1912–1920
Summer
M
5
0
1
6

Steve Redgrave
 Great Britain
Rowing
1984–2000
Summer
M
5
0
1
6

Johnny Weissmuller
 United States
Swimming, Water polo
1924–1928
Summer
M
5
0
1
6

Zou Kai
 China
Gymnastics
2008–2012
Summer
M
5
0
1
6

79

Chen Ruolin
 China
Diving
2008–2016
Summer
F
5
0
0
5

Anastasia Davydova
 Russia
Synchronized swimming
2004–2012
Summer
F
5
0
0
5

Morris Fisher
 United States
Shooting
1920–1924
Summer
M
5
0
0
5

Eric Heiden
 United States
Speed skating
1980
Winter
M
5
0
0
5

Natalia Ishchenko
 Russia
Synchronized swimming
2008–2016
Summer
F
5
0
0
5

Svetlana Romashina
 Russia
Synchronized swimming
2008–2016
Summer
F
5
0
0
5

85

Raisa Smetanina
 Soviet Union Unified Team
Cross-country skiing
1976–1992
Winter
F
4
5
1
10

86

Alexander Popov
 Unified Team Russia
Swimming
1992–2000
Summer
M
4
5
0
9

87

Dara Torres
 United States
Swimming
1984–2008
Summer
F
4
4
4
12

88

Kornelia Ender
 East Germany
Swimming
1972–1976
Summer
F
4
4
0
8

Dawn Fraser
 Australia
Swimming
1956–1964
Summer
F
4
4
0
8

90

Sixten Jernberg
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1956–1964
Winter
M
4
3
2
9

Ludmilla Tourischeva
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
F
4
3
2
9

92

Ricco Groß
 Germany
Biathlon
1992–2006
Winter
M
4
3
1
8

Georges Miez
 Switzerland
Gymnastics
1924–1936
Summer
M
4
3
1
8

Otto Olsen
 Norway
Shooting
1920–1924
Summer
M
4
3
1
8

Emil Hegle Svendsen
 Norway
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
M
4
3
1
8

96

Ivan Patzaichin
 Romania
Canoeing
1968–1984
Summer
M
4
3
0
7

97

Alexei Nemov
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996–2000
Summer
M
4
2
6
12

98

Sven Kramer
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
M
4
2
3
9

99

Kjetil André Aamodt
 Norway
Alpine skiing
1992–2006
Winter
M
4
2
2
8

Inge de Bruijn
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
2
2
8

Sven Fischer
 Germany
Biathlon
1994–2006
Winter
M
4
2
2
8

Galina Kulakova
 Soviet Union
Cross-country skiing
1972–1980
Winter
F
4
2
2
8

Jason Lezak
 United States
Swimming
2000–2012
Summer
M
4
2
2
8

Roland Matthes
 East Germany
Swimming
1968–1976
Summer
M
4
2
2
8

Allison Schmitt
 United States
Swimming
2008–2016
Summer
F
4
2
2
8

106

Ivar Ballangrud
 Norway
Speed skating
1928–1936
Winter
M
4
2
1
7

Einar Liberg
 Norway
Shooting
1908–1924
Summer
M
4
2
1
7

108

Giuseppe Delfino
 Italy
Fencing
1952–1964
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

Christian d'Oriola
 France
Fencing
1948–1956
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

Lucien Gaudin
 France
Fencing
1920–1928
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

Matt Grevers
 United States
Swimming
2008–2012
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

Guo Jingjing
 China
Diving
2000–2008
Summer
F
4
2
0
6

Jin Jong-oh
 South Korea
Shooting
2004–2016
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

Olga Korbut
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972–1976
Summer
F
4
2
0
6

Janica Kostelić
 Croatia
Alpine skiing
2002–2006
Winter
F
4
2
0
6

Kevin Kuske
 Germany
Bobsleigh
2002–2018
Winter
M
4
2
0
6

117

Giovanna Trillini
 Italy
Fencing
1992–2008
Summer
F
4
1
3
8

118

Charles Daniels
 United States
Swimming
1904–1908
Summer
M
4
1
2
7

Kosuke Kitajima
 Japan
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
M
4
1
2
7

Lloyd Spooner
 United States
Shooting
1920
Summer
M
4
1
2
7

Libby Trickett
 Australia
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
F
4
1
2
7

122

Darya Domracheva
 Belarus
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
F
4
1
1
6

Doina Ignat
 Romania
Rowing
1992–2008
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Kim Soo-Nyung
 South Korea
Archery
1988–2000
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Elena Novikova-Belova
 Soviet Union
Fencing
1968–1976
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Murray Rose
 Australia
Swimming
1956–1960
Summer
M
4
1
1
6

Viktor Sidyak
 Soviet Union
Fencing
1968–1980
Summer
M
4
1
1
6

Gunde Svan
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1984–1988
Winter
M
4
1
1
6

Leontien van Moorsel
 Netherlands
Cycling
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Katrin Wagner-Augustin
 Germany
Canoeing
2000–2012
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Wang Meng
 China
Short track speed skating
2006–2010
Winter
F
4
1
1
6

132

Ben Ainslie
 Great Britain
Sailing
1996–2012
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Vladimir Artemov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1988
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Evelyn Ashford
 United States
Athletics
1984–1992
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Janet Evans
 United States
Swimming
1988–1992
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Ian Ferguson
 New Zealand
Canoeing
1984–1988
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Ramón Fonst
 Cuba
Fencing
1900–1904
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Fu Mingxia
 China
Diving
1992–2000
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Yevgeny Grishin
 Soviet Union
Speed skating
1956–1964
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Jayna Hefford
 Canada
Ice hockey
1998–2014
Winter
F
4
1
0
5

Yana Klochkova
 Ukraine
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Hannes Kolehmainen
 Finland
Athletics
1912–1920
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Johann Olav Koss
 Norway
Speed skating
1992–1994
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

André Lange
 Germany
Bobsleigh
2002–2010
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Greg Louganis
 United States
Diving
1976–1988
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Valentin Muratov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

John Naber
 United States
Swimming
1976
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Matti Nykänen
 Finland
Ski jumping
1984–1988
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Charles Pahud de Mortanges
 Netherlands
Equestrian
1924–1936
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Mel Sheppard
 United States
Athletics
1908–1912
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Ecaterina Szabo
 Romania
Gymnastics
1984
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Alexander Tikhonov
 Soviet Union
Biathlon
1968–1980
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Wang Nan
 China
Table tennis
2000–2008
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Hayley Wickenheiser
 Canada
Ice hockey
1998–2014
Winter
F
4
1
0
5

Venus Williams
 United States
Tennis
2000–2016
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Emil Zátopek
 Czechoslovakia
Athletics
1948–1952
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Nikolay Zimyatov
 Soviet Union
Cross-country skiing
1980–1984
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

158

Győző Kulcsár
 Hungary
Fencing
1964–1976
Summer
M
4
0
2
6

159

Ludger Beerbaum
 West Germany Germany
Equestrian
1988–2016
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

Simone Biles
 United States
Gymnastics
2016
Summer
F
4
0
1
5

Kathrin Boron
 Germany
Rowing
1992–2008
Summer
F
4
0
1
5

Chun Lee-Kyung
 South Korea
Short track speed skating
1994–1998
Winter
F
4
0
1
5

Teresa Edwards
 United States
Basketball
1984–2000
Summer
F
4
0
1
5

Natalie Geisenberger
 Germany
Luge
2010–2018
Winter
F
4
0
1
5

Marcus Hurley
 United States
Cycling
1904
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

Li Xiaopeng
 China
Gymnastics
2000–2008
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

Jon Olsen
 United States
Swimming
1992–1996
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

Stanislav Pozdnyakov
 Unified Team Russia
Fencing
1992–2004
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

Sanya Richards-Ross
 United States
Athletics
2004–2012
Summer
F
4
0
1
5

Viorica Susanu
 Romania
Rowing
2000–2008
Summer
F
4
0
1
5

Giorgio Zampori
 Italy
Gymnastics
1912–1924
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

172

Simon Ammann
 Switzerland
Ski jumping
2002–2010
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Tobias Arlt
 Germany
Luge
2014–2018
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Sue Bird
 United States
Basketball
2004–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Fanny Blankers-Koen
 Netherlands
Athletics
1948
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Tamika Catchings
 United States
Basketball
2004–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Dario Cologna
 Switzerland
Cross-country skiing
2010–2018
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Betty Cuthbert
 Australia
Athletics
1956–1964
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Tamás Darnyi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1992
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Deng Yaping
 China
Table tennis
1992–1996
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Harrison Dillard
 United States
Athletics
1948–1952
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Paul Bert Elvstrøm
 Denmark
Sailing
1948–1960
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Anastasia Ermakova
 Russia
Synchronized swimming
2004–2008
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Mohamed Farah
 Great Britain
Athletics
2012–2016
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Jenő Fuchs
 Hungary
Fencing
1908–1912
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Kaori Icho
 Japan
Wrestling
2004–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Michael Johnson
 United States
Athletics
1992–2000
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Robert Korzeniowski
 Poland
Athletics
1996–2004
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Alvin Kraenzlein
 United States
Athletics
1900
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Lenny Krayzelburg
 United States
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Viktor Krovopuskov
 Soviet Union
Fencing
1976–1980
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Lisa Leslie
 United States
Basketball
1996–2008
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Pat McCormick
 United States
Diving
1952–1956
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Al Oerter
 United States
Athletics
1956–1968
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Caroline Ouellette
 Canada
Ice hockey
2002–2014
Winter
F
4
0
0
4

Jesse Owens
 United States
Athletics
1936
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Carlo Pavesi
 Italy
Fencing
1952–1960
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Matthew Pinsent
 Great Britain
Rowing
1992–2004
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Paulo Radmilovic
 Great Britain
Water polo, Swimming
1908–1920
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Henri Saint Cyr
 Sweden
Equestrian
1952–1956
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Vladimir Salnikov
 Soviet Union
Swimming
1980–1988
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Carl Schuhmann
 Germany
Gymnastics, Wrestling
1896
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Diana Taurasi
 United States
Basketball
2004–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Laura Trott
 Great Britain
Cycling
2012–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Nicole Uphoff
 West Germany Germany
Equestrian
1988–1992
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Lasse Virén
 Finland
Athletics
1972–1976
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Thomas Wassberg
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1980–1988
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Tobias Wendl
 Germany
Luge
2014–2018
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Serena Williams
 United States
Tennis
2000–2012
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Bärbel Wöckel
 East Germany
Athletics
1976–1980
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Zhang Yining
 China
Table tennis
2004–2008
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

tag: table

text: Timeline[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of Olympians that have held the record for most titles won. It includes titles won in 1896 and 1900, before gold medals were awarded for first place. All record-holders have competed at Summer Games rather than Winter Games.

text:
Gold medals

Date

Athlete

Nation

Sport

Record gold-medal event

Earlier gold-medal events

Gender

1[1]

1896-04-06

James Connolly

 United States

Athletics

Triple jump

—

M

Robert Garrett

 United States

Athletics

Discus

M

1896-04-07

Ellery Clark

 United States

Athletics

Long jump

M

Thomas Burke

 United States

Athletics

400 metres

M

2[1]

Robert Garrett

 United States

Athletics

Shot put

see above

M

1896-04-09

Edwin Flack

 Australia

Athletics

800 metres

1896 - 1

M

Fritz Hofmann, Konrad Böcker, Alfred Flatow, Gustav Flatow, Georg Hilmar, Fritz Manteuffel, Karl Neukirch, Richard Röstel, Gustav Schuft, Carl Schuhmann, Hermann Weingärtner

 Germany

Gymnastics

Team horizontal bar

1896 - 1

M

3[1]

Carl Schuhmann

 Germany

Gymnastics

Vault

see previous

M

Hermann Weingärtner

 Germany

Gymnastics

Horizontal bar

see above

M

1896-04-10

Alfred Flatow

 Germany

Gymnastics

Parallel bars

see above

M

4

1896-04-11[1]

Carl Schuhmann

 Germany

Wrestling

Greco-Roman

see above

M

1900-07-16

Alvin Kraenzlein

 United States

Athletics

200 metre hurdles

1900 - 1, 2, 3

M

1904-08-05

Marcus Hurley

 United States

Cycling

1 mile

1904 - 1, 2, 3

M

1904-08-29

Ray Ewry

 United States

Athletics

Standing long jump

1900 - 1, 2, 3

M

5

1904-08-31

Standing high jump

6

1904-09-03

Standing triple jump

7

1908-07-20

Athletics

Standing long jump

8

1908-07-23

Standing high jump

1924-07-13

Paavo Nurmi

 Finland

Athletics

Team cross-country

1920 - 1, 2, 31924 - 4, 5, 6, 7

M

9

1928-07-29

Athletics

10000 metres

1964-10-23

Larisa Latynina

 Soviet Union

Gymnastics

Floor exercise

1956 - 1, 2, 3, 4 1960 - 5, 6, 7 1964 - 8

F

1972-09-04

Mark Spitz

 United States

Swimming

4 × 100 metre medley relay

1968 - 1, 2 1972 - 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

M

1996-07-29

Carl Lewis

 United States

Athletics

Long jump

1984 - 1, 2, 3, 4 1988 - 5, 6 1992 - 7, 8

M

2008-08-12

Michael Phelps

 United States

Swimming

200 metre freestyle

2004 - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 2008 - 7, 8

M

10

2008-08-13

200 metre butterfly

11

4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

12

2008-08-15

200 metre individual medley

13

2008-08-16

100 metre butterfly

14

2008-08-17

4 × 100 metre medley relay

15

2012-07-31

Swimming

4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

16

2012-08-02

200 metre individual medley

17

2012-08-03

100 metre butterfly

18

2012-08-04

4 × 100 metre medley relay

19

2016-08-07

Swimming

4 × 100 metre freestyle relay

20

2016-08-09

200 metre butterfly

21

4 × 200 metre freestyle relay

22

2016-08-11

200 metre individual medley

23

2016-08-13

4 × 100 metre medley relay

text: List of most career gold medals in individual events[edit]

text: This list currently includes all Olympians with three or more gold medals won as individuals (not as part of a team of two or more).

text:
No.

Athlete

Nation

Sport

Years

Games

Gender

Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total

1

Michael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
13
2
1
16

2

Ray Ewry
 United States
Athletics
1900–1908
Summer
M
8
0
0
8

3

Věra Čáslavská
 Czechoslovakia
Gymnastics
1964–1968
Summer
F
7
1
0
8

Carl Lewis
 United States
Athletics
1984–1996
Summer
M
7
1
0
8

5

Larisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
6
5
3
14

6

Nikolai Andrianov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972–1980
Summer
M
6
3
3
12

7

Bjørn Dæhlie
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
M
6
3
0
9

Paavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
1920–1928
Summer
M
6
3
0
9

9

Boris Shakhlin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
M
6
2
2
10

10

Usain Bolt
 Jamaica
Athletics
2008–2016
Summer
M
6
0
0
6

Lidia Skoblikova
 Soviet Union
Speed skating
1960–1964
Winter
F
6
0
0
6

12

Marit Bjørgen
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
2002–2018
Winter
F
5
3
2
10

13

Ole Einar Bjørndalen
 Norway
Biathlon
1998–2014
Winter
M
5
3
1
9

Viktor Chukarin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
M
5
3
1
9

Sawao Kato
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
5
3
1
9

16

Nadia Comăneci
 Romania
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
5
1
1
7

Krisztina Egerszegi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1996
Summer
F
5
1
1
7

Gert Fredriksson
 Sweden
Canoeing
1948–1960
Summer
M
5
1
1
7

Clas Thunberg
 Finland
Speed skating
1924–1928
Winter
M
5
1
1
7

20

Vitaly Scherbo
 Unified Team Belarus
Gymnastics
1992–1996
Summer
M
5
0
4
9

21

Bonnie Blair
 United States
Speed skating
1988–1994
Winter
F
5
0
1
6

22

Eric Heiden
 United States
Speed skating
1980
Winter
M
5
0
0
5

23

Ireen Wüst
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
F
4
4
1
9

24

Lyubov Yegorova
 Unified Team Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1994
Winter
F
4
3
0
7

25

Kjetil André Aamodt
 Norway
Alpine skiing
1992–2006
Winter
M
4
2
2
8

Akinori Nakayama
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
4
2
2
8

Claudia Pechstein
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–2006
Winter
F
4
2
2
8

28

Ivar Ballangrud
 Norway
Speed skating
1928–1936
Winter
M
4
2
1
7

29

Martin Fourcade
 France
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
M
4
2
0
6

Jin Jong-oh
 South Korea
Shooting
2004–2016
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

Janica Kostelić
 Croatia
Alpine skiing
2002–2006
Winter
F
4
2
0
6

Hubert Van Innis
 Belgium
Archery
1900–1920
Summer
M
4
2
0
6

33

Inge de Bruijn
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Ágnes Keleti
 Hungary
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

Mark Spitz
 United States
Swimming
1968–1972
Summer
M
4
1
1
6

Leontien van Moorsel
 Netherlands
Cycling
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
1
1
6

37

Ben Ainslie
 Great Britain
Sailing
1996–2012
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Janet Evans
 United States
Swimming
1988–1992
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Yevgeny Grishin
 Soviet Union
Speed skating
1956–1964
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Anton Heida
 United States
Gymnastics
1904
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Yana Klochkova
 Ukraine
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
1
0
5

Johann Olav Koss
 Norway
Speed skating
1992–1994
Winter
M
4
1
0
5

Greg Louganis
 United States
Diving
1976–1988
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Alexander Popov
 Unified Team Russia
Swimming
1992–2000
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

Emil Zátopek
 Czechoslovakia
Athletics
1948–1952
Summer
M
4
1
0
5

46

Ahn Hyun-SooViktor Ahn
 South Korea  Russia
Short track speed skating
2006–2014
Winter
M
4
0
2
6

47

Marcus Hurley
 United States
Cycling
1904
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

Roland Matthes
 East Germany
Swimming
1968–1976
Summer
M
4
0
1
5

49

Simon Ammann
 Switzerland
Ski jumping
2002–2010
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Dario Cologna
 Switzerland
Cross-country skiing
2010–2018
Winter
M
4
0
0
4

Tamás Darnyi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1992
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Paul Bert Elvstrøm
 Denmark
Sailing
1948–1960
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Mohamed Farah
 Great Britain
Athletics
2012–2016
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Fu Mingxia
 China
Diving
1992–2000
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Chris Hoy
 Great Britain
Cycling
2004–2012
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Kaori Icho
 Japan
Wrestling
2004–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Kosuke Kitajima
 Japan
Swimming
2004–2008
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Hannes Kolehmainen
 Finland
Athletics
1912–1920
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Robert Korzeniowski
 Poland
Athletics
1996–2004
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Alvin Kraenzlein
 United States
Athletics
1900
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Katie Ledecky
 United States
Swimming
2012–2016
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Pat McCormick
 United States
Diving
1952–1956
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Al Oerter
 United States
Athletics
1956–1968
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

Kristin Otto
 East Germany
Swimming
1988
Summer
F
4
0
0
4

Lasse Virén
 Finland
Athletics
1972–1976
Summer
M
4
0
0
4

66

Karin Enke
 East Germany
Speed skating
1980–1988
Winter
F
3
4
1
8

Gunda Niemann-Stirnemann
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
4
1
8

68

Takashi Ono
 Japan
Gymnastics
1952–1960
Summer
M
3
3
4
10

69

Sixten Jernberg
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1956–1964
Winter
M
3
3
1
7

70

Anastasiya Kuzmina
 Slovakia
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
F
3
3
0
6

Ville Ritola
 Finland
Athletics
1924–1928
Summer
M
3
3
0
6

72

Alexei Nemov
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996–2000
Summer
M
3
2
5
10

73

George Eyser
 United States
Gymnastics
1904
Summer
M
3
2
1
6

Knut Holmann
 Norway
Canoeing
1992–2000
Summer
M
3
2
1
6

Ralph Rose
 United States
Athletics
1904–1912
Summer
M
3
2
1
6

Martina Sáblíková
 Czech Republic
Speed skating
2010–2018
Winter
F
3
2
1
6

77

Klaus Dibiasi
 Italy
Diving
1964–1976
Summer
M
3
2
0
5

Georg Hackl
 West Germany Germany
Luge
1988–2002
Winter
M
3
2
0
5

Sven Kramer
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
M
3
2
0
5

Georges Miez
 Switzerland
Gymnastics
1928–1936
Summer
M
3
2
0
5

Aaron Peirsol
 United States
Swimming
2000–2008
Summer
M
3
2
0
5

Ralf Schumann
 East Germany Germany
Shooting
1988–2008
Summer
M
3
2
0
5

Sun Yang
 China
Swimming
2012–2016
Summer
M
3
2
0
5

Alberto Tomba
 Italy
Alpine skiing
1988–1994
Winter
M
3
2
0
5

85

Johan Grøttumsbråten
 Norway
Nordic combined, Cross-country skiing
1924–1932
Winter
M
3
1
2
6

Jackie Joyner-Kersee
 United States
Athletics
1984–1996
Summer
F
3
1
2
6

Kim Rhode
 United States
Shooting
1996–2016
Summer
F
3
1
2
6

88

Charles Daniels
 United States
Swimming
1904–1908
Summer
M
3
1
1
5

Darya Domracheva
 Belarus
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
F
3
1
1
5

Shane Gould
 Australia
Swimming
1972
Summer
F
3
1
1
5

Li Ning
 China
Gymnastics
1984
Summer
M
3
1
1
5

Vreni Schneider
 Switzerland
Alpine skiing
1988–1994
Winter
F
3
1
1
5

Daniela Silivaş
 Romania
Gymnastics
1988
Summer
F
3
1
1
5

Leon Štukelj
 Yugoslavia
Gymnastics
1924–1936
Summer
M
3
1
1
5

Ian Thorpe
 Australia
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
3
1
1
5

Pieter van den Hoogenband
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
3
1
1
5

Valentina Vezzali
 Italy
Fencing
1996–2012
Summer
F
3
1
1
5

Wang Meng
 China
Short track speed skating
2006–2010
Winter
F
3
1
1
5

99

Vladimir Artemov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1988
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Kenenisa Bekele
 Ethiopia
Athletics
2004–2008
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Niccolò Campriani
 Italy
Shooting
2012–2016
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Deborah Compagnoni
 Italy
Alpine skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
1
0
4

Kornelia Ender
 East Germany
Swimming
1972–1976
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

John Flanagan
 United States
Athletics
1900–1908
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Ramón Fonst
 Cuba
Fencing
1900–1904
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Dawn Fraser
 Australia
Swimming
1956–1964
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Gillis Grafström
 Sweden
Figure skating
1920–1932
Both
M
3
1
0
4

Michael Groß
 West Germany
Swimming
1984–1988
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Tomas Gustafson
 Sweden
Speed skating
1984–1988
Winter
M
3
1
0
4

Harry Hillman
 United States
Athletics
1904–1908
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Maria Höfl-Riesch
 Germany
Alpine skiing
2010–2014
Winter
F
3
1
0
4

Katinka Hosszú
 Hungary
Swimming
2016
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Alexander Karelin
 Soviet Union Unified Team Russia
Wrestling
1988–2000
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Jason Kenny
 Great Britain
Cycling
2008–2016
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Nellie Kim
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Ingrid Krämer
 United Team of Germany
Diving
1960–1964
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Matti Nykänen
 Finland
Ski jumping
1984–1988
Winter
M
3
1
0
4

Tamara Press
 Soviet Union
Athletics
1960–1964
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Myer Prinstein
 United States
Athletics
1900–1904
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Murray Rose
 Australia
Swimming
1956–1960
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Viktor Saneyev
 Soviet Union
Athletics
1968–1980
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

Ard Schenk
 Netherlands
Speed skating
1968–1972
Winter
M
3
1
0
4

Ecaterina Szabo
 Romania
Gymnastics
1984
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Anky van Grunsven
 Netherlands
Equestrian
1996–2008
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Saori Yoshida
 Japan
Wrestling
2004–2016
Summer
F
3
1
0
4

Jan Železný
 Czechoslovakia Czech Republic
Athletics
1988–2000
Summer
M
3
1
0
4

127

Tirunesh Dibaba
 Ethiopia
Athletics
2004–2016
Summer
F
3
0
3
6

128

Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi
 Finland
Cross-country skiing
1984–1994
Winter
F
3
0
2
5

Katja Seizinger
 Germany
Alpine skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
0
2
5

130

Simone Biles
 United States
Gymnastics
2016
Summer
F
3
0
1
4

Pyrros Dimas
 Greece
Weightlifting
1992–2004
Summer
M
3
0
1
4

Ugo Frigerio
 Italy
Athletics
1920–1932
Summer
M
3
0
1
4

Martin Sheridan
 United States
Athletics
1904–1908
Summer
M
3
0
1
4

Michelle Smith
 Ireland
Swimming
1996
Summer
F
3
0
1
4

Zou Kai
 China
Gymnastics
2008–2012
Summer
M
3
0
1
4

136

Thomas Alsgaard
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1994–2002
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Hjalmar Andersen
 Norway
Speed skating
1952
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Kristin Armstrong
 United States
Cycling
2008–2016
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Félicia Ballanger
 France
Cycling
1996–2000
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Brooke Bennett
 United States
Swimming
1996–2000
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Fanny Blankers-Koen
 Netherlands
Athletics
1948
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Mike Burton
 United States
Swimming
1968–1972
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Betty Cuthbert
 Australia
Athletics
1956–1964
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Tony Estanguet
 France
Canoeing
2000–2012
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Archie Hahn
 United States
Athletics
1904
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Thorleif Haug
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1924
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Sonja Henie
 Norway
Figure skating
1928–1936
Winter
F
3
0
0
3

Bud Houser
 United States
Athletics
1924–1928
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Vyacheslav Ivanov
 Soviet Union
Rowing
1956–1964
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Ivar Johansson
 Sweden
Wrestling
1932–1936
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Michael Johnson
 United States
Athletics
1992–2000
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Kakhi KakhiashviliAkakios Kakiasvilis
 Unified Team Greece
Weightlifting
1992–2000
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Pertti Karppinen
 Finland
Rowing
1976–1984
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Tatyana Kazankina
 Soviet Union
Athletics
1976–1980
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Jean-Claude Killy
 France
Alpine skiing
1968
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Eric Lemming
 Sweden
Athletics
1908–1912
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

James Lightbody
 United States
Athletics
1904
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Mijaín López
 Cuba
Wrestling
2008–2016
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Paul Masson
 France
Cycling
1896
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Alexander Medved
 Soviet Union
Wrestling
1964–1972
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Debbie Meyer
 United States
Swimming
1968
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Halil Mutlu
 Turkey
Weightlifting
1996–2004
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Nedo Nadi
 Italy
Fencing
1912–1920
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Tadahiro Nomura
 Japan
Judo
1996–2004
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Jesse Owens
 United States
Athletics
1936
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

László Papp
 Hungary
Boxing
1948–1956
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Marie-José Pérec
 France
Athletics
1992–1996
Summer
F
3
0
0
3

Toni Sailer
 Austria
Alpine skiing
1956
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Buvaisar Saitiev
 Russia
Wrestling
1996–2008
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Vladimir Salnikov
 Soviet Union
Swimming
1980–1988
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Félix Savón
 Cuba
Boxing
1992–2000
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Peter Snell
 New Zealand
Athletics
1960–1964
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Teófilo Stevenson
 Cuba
Boxing
1972–1980
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Kamil Stoch
 Poland
Ski jumping
2014–2018
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Naim Süleymanoğlu
 Turkey
Weightlifting
1988–1996
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Marianne Timmer
 Netherlands
Speed skating
1998–2006
Winter
F
3
0
0
3

Yvonne van Gennip
 Netherlands
Speed skating
1988
Winter
F
3
0
0
3

Ulrich Wehling
 East Germany
Nordic combined
1972–1980
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Johnny Weissmuller
 United States
Swimming
1924–1928
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Carl Westergren
 Sweden
Wrestling
1920–1932
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Shaun White
 United States
Snowboarding
2006–2018
Winter
M
3
0
0
3

Bradley Wiggins
 Great Britain
Cycling
2004–2012
Summer
M
3
0
0
3

Nikolay Zimyatov
 Soviet Union
Cross-country skiing
1980–1984
Winter
M
3
0
0
3


document_title: The Emoji Movie

question_text: who plays the main emoji in the emoji movie

text: The Emoji Movie

text: Plot

text: Gene is an emoji that lives in Textopolis, a digital city inside the phone of his user Alex. He is the son of two meh emojis named Mel and Mary, and is able to make multiple expressions despite his parents' upbringing. His parents are hesitant of him going to work, but Gene insists so that he can feel useful. Upon receiving a text from his crush Addie, Alex decides to send her an emoji. When Gene is selected, he panics, makes a confusing expression, and wrecks the text center. Gene is called in by Smiler, a smiley emoji and leader of the text center, who concludes that Gene is a "malfunction" and therefore must be deleted. Gene is chased by bots, but is rescued by Hi-5, a once popular emoji who has since lost his fame due to lack of use. He tells Gene that he can be fixed if they find a hacker, and Hi-5 accompanies him so that he can reclaim his fame.

text: Smiler sends more bots to look for Gene when she finds out that he has left Textopolis, as his actions have caused Alex to think that his phone needs to be fixed. Gene and Hi-5 come to a piracy app where they meet the hacker emoji Jailbreak, who wants to reach Dropbox so that she can live in the cloud. The trio is attacked by Smiler's bots, but manage to escape into the game Candy Crush. Jailbreak reveals that Gene can be fixed in the cloud, and the group goes off into the Just Dance app. While there, Jailbreak is revealed to be a princess emoji, named Linda, who fled home too after tiring of being stereotyped. They are once again attacked by bots, and their actions cause Alex to delete the Just Dance app. Gene and Jailbreak escape, but Hi-5 is taken along with the app and ends up in the trash.

text: Mel and Mary go searching for Gene and have a very lethargic argument. They make up in the Instagram app when Mel reveals that he, too, is a malfunction, explaining Gene's behavior. While traveling through Spotify, Jailbreak admits that she likes Gene just the way he is, and that he should not be ashamed of his malfunction. They make it to the trash and rescue Hi-5, but are soon attacked by an upgraded bot. They evade it and enter Dropbox, where they encounter a firewall. The gang get past it with a password being Addie's name and make it to the cloud, where Jailbreak prepares to reprogram Gene. Gene admits his feelings for Jailbreak, but she wishes to stick to her plan of venturing into the cloud, unintentionally causing Gene to revert to his apathetic programming out of heartbreak. The upgraded bot takes Gene, and Hi-5 and Jailbreak race after them.

text: As Smiler prepares to delete Gene, Mel and Mary arrive and are also threatened. Jailbreak and Hi-5 arrive and disable the bot, which falls on top of Smiler. Alex has since taken his phone to the store and asks to have his phone erased to fix the problem. Out of desperation, Gene prepares to have himself texted to Addie, making numerous faces to express himself. Realizing that Addie received a text from him, Alex stops his phone from getting erased, saving the emoji and finally getting to speak with Addie. Gene accepts himself for who he is and is celebrated by all of the emojis.

text: In a mid-credits scene, Smiler is seen wearing numerous braces due to her teeth being cracked by the bot, playing and losing a game of Go Fish in the "loser lounge" with the other forgotten and unused emotions, implying that she was demoted for her crimes.

text: Cast

text:
T. J. Miller as Gene, an outsider "meh" emoji who can show multiple expressions.[4][10]
James Corden as Hi-5, a hand emoji representing a high five signal.[6][5][11]
Anna Faris as Jailbreak, a codebreaker emoji.[11]
Maya Rudolph as Smiler, a smiley emoji and leader of the text center.[12]
Steven Wright as Mel Meh, Gene's emoji father.[4]
Jennifer Coolidge as Mary Meh, Gene's emoji mother.[12]
Patrick Stewart as Poop, a poop emoji.[5][13]
Christina Aguilera as Akiko Glitter, a "super cool" dancer that lives inside the Just Dance app.[14]
Sofía Vergara as Flamenca, a flamenco dancer emoji.[15]
Sean Hayes as Steven, a devil emoji.[16]
Rachael Ray as Spam, a spam message.[17]
Jeff Ross as an Internet troll.[18]
Jake T. Austin as Alex, a human teenager who owns the phone where Gene and his emoji friends live.[12]
Tati Gabrielle as Addie McCallister, Alex's crush.[19]
Rob Riggle as an ice cream emoji.[4][20]

text: Production

text: The film was inspired by director Tony Leondis' love of Toy Story.[21] Wanting to make a new take on the concept, he began asking himself, "What is the new toy out there that hasn't been explored?" At the same time, Leondis received a text message with an emoji, which helped him realize that this was the world he wanted to explore.[21] In fleshing out the story, Leondis considered having the emojis visit the real world. However, his producer felt that the world inside a phone was much more interesting, which inspired Leondis to create the story of where and how the emojis lived.[21] As Leondis is gay, he connected to Gene's plight of "being different in a world that expects you to be one thing," and in eventually realizing that the feeling held true for most people, Leondis has said the film "was very personal".[21]

text: In July 2015, it was announced that Sony Pictures Animation had won the bidding war against Warner Bros. and Paramount Pictures over production rights to make the film,[22] with the official announcement occurring at the 2016 CinemaCon.[23]

text: On World Emoji Day on June 17, 2016, Miller was announced as the lead.[10] Leondis created the part with Miller in mind, although the actor was initially hesitant to play the role, only accepting after Leondis briefed him on the story.[24] Leondis chose Miller because "when you think of irrepressible, you think of TJ. But he also has this surprising ability to break your heart".[24] In October 2016, it was announced that Ilana Glazer and Corden would join the cast as well.[6] Glazer was later replaced by Anna Faris.[11]

text: Singer Ricky Reed recorded the song "Good Vibrations" for the film.[25]

text: Release

text: In November 2015, Sony scheduled the film to be released on August 11, 2017.[26] A year later, it was moved to August 4, 2017, with Baby Driver taking its previous date.[27] In late March 2017, the film was moved one week earlier, to July 28, 2017, switching places with Sony Pictures' The Dark Tower.[28]

text: On December 20, 2016, a teaser trailer for the film was released.[4] A second trailer was later released on May 16, 2017.[29][30] Sony promoted the latter release of the trailer by hosting a press conference in Cannes, the day before the 2017 Cannes Film Festival, which featured T. J. Miller parasailing in.[31] Variety called the event "slightly awkward",[32] and The Hollywood Reporter described it as "promotional ridiculousness".[31]

text: Days prior the film's release, Sony was criticized after the film's official Twitter account posted a promotional picture of a parody of The Handmaid's Tale, featuring Smiler. The parody was considered to be "tasteless" due to the overall themes of the work, and the image was deleted afterward.[33][34]

text: The film's theatrical release is preceded by Puppy!, a Hotel Transylvania short directed by Genndy Tartakovsky.[35][36]

text: Home media

text: The Emoji Movie will be released on Blu-ray and DVD on October 24, 2017 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.[37]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: As of August 27, 2017[update], The Emoji Movie has grossed $76.4 million in the United States and Canada and $67.7 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $144.1 million, against a production budget of $50 million.[3]

text: The Emoji Movie was released alongside Atomic Blonde, and was projected to gross around $20 million from 4,075 theaters in its opening weekend.[38] The film made $900,000 from Thursday night previews and $10.1 million on its first day.[39] It went on to debut to $24.5 million, finishing second at the box office behind Dunkirk.[40]

text: Review embargoes for the film were lifted midday July 27, only a few hours before the film premiered to the general public, in a move considered among one of several tactics studios are using to try to curb bad Rotten Tomatoes ratings.[41] Speaking of the effect embargoing reviews until last minute had on the film's debut, Josh Greenstein, Sony Pictures president of worldwide marketing and distribution, said, "The Emoji Movie was built for people under 18 ... so we wanted to give the movie its best chance. What other wide release with a score under 8 percent has opened north of $20 million? I don't think there is one."[41] In the film's second weekend it dropped nearly 50%, grossing $12.4 million and finishing in 3rd.[42]

text: Critical response

text: Critics panned The Emoji Movie, calling it "unfunny and a waste of time", and comparing it unfavorably to The Lego Movie, Inside Out and Wreck-It Ralph.[8][9][43] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 8% based on 93 reviews, with an average rating of 2.5/10. The site's critical consensus displays a no symbol emoji ("🚫") in place of text.[44] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 12 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".[45] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.[40]

text: David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a D, writing: "Make no mistake, The Emoji Movie is very, very, very bad (we're talking about a hyperactive piece of corporate propaganda in which Spotify saves the world and Sir Patrick Stewart voices a living turd), but real life is just too hard to compete with right now."[46] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap was also critical of the film, calling it "a soul-crushing disaster because it lacks humor, wit, ideas, visual style, compelling performances, a point of view or any other distinguishing characteristic that would make it anything but a complete waste of your time".[19]

text: Glen Kenny of The New York Times described the film as "nakedly idiotic", stating that the film plays off a Hollywood idea that the "panderingly, trendily idiotic can be made to seem less so".[47] Owen Gleiberman of Variety lambasted the film as "hectic situational overkill" and "lazy" while viciously criticizing the film, writing: "There have been worse ideas, but in this case the execution isn't good enough to bring the notion of an emoji movie to funky, surprising life."[18] Writing in The Guardian, Charles Bramesco called the film "insidious evil" and wrote that it was a little more than an exercise in advertising smartphone downloads to children.[48]


document_title: A Dog's Purpose (film)

question_text: who plays old ethan in a dogs purpose

question_tokens: who plays old ethan in a dogs purpose

text: A Dog's Purpose (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the 1950s, a feral puppy named Toby is whisked away to the dog pound and quickly euthanized, wondering if "fun" truly is life's purpose.

text: His strong spirit is reborn and reincarnated as a newborn Retriever puppy in 1961, Toby leaves his cage at a puppy mill and is found by two garbage men who plan to sell him for their own profit. They leave to drink and Toby is spotted locked inside their pick-up truck by a young boy named Ethan and his mother, who rescue him from the brink of death by heatstroke. After they convince Ethan's father, the dog is allowed to stay and renamed Bailey.

text: Bailey and Ethan bond quickly, especially over the summer when the family visits Ethan's maternal grandparents' farm, and Bailey now believes Ethan alone is his purpose. Years pass and after several attempts at advancing in his job failed, Ethan's father has become a deadbeat alcoholic, though teenage Ethan still tries to respect him - inviting him to a football game now that he has been named starting quarterback.

text: Over the summer, Ethan goes to a fair with Bailey and meets Hannah, who he quickly begins dating, with Bailey referring to her as "part of the pack". Ethan and Hannah spend their summer happy together though their senior years are upcoming, but they plan to go to the same school; popular Ethan getting a football scholarship and Hannah following him on an academic one. When he goes home one night though, Ethan's father is drunk and shouting at Ethan's mother. He turns on Ethan then and when his mother tries to keep them separated, he shoves her to the ground. Ethan orders his father to leave and never come back, and becomes "the leader of the pack."

text: Later, at a game watched by scouts, Ethan is offered a full 4-year scholarship to Michigan State, but that night a vindictive classmate named Todd throws a lit firecracker into Ethan's house as a prank, which unintentionally results in a house fire. Bailey alerts Ethan, who goes to save his mother. Unable to get out of the door, they head out through his mother's bedroom window upstair. Ethan first lowers her with her sheets to the neighbors below, then Bailey — but when trying to jump himself, Ethan badly fractures his leg, ending his dreams of an athletic scholarship. Bailey attacks Todd, who is apprehended by the police. Instead Ethan must go to an agricultural school where he will learn to take over his grandparents' farm. Falling into depression, self-pity and bitterness, he grudgingly breaks off his romance with Hannah before leaving for college. Sometime afterwards, an aged Bailey slowly expires at the veterinarian's office after sharing an eleventh-hour teary goodbye with Ethan.

text: Bailey reincarnates into another dog life, a female German Shepherd Police dog named Ellie, sometime in the late 1970s/early 1980s, while possessing full memories and experiences of his past lives. Ellie is partnered with a widowed officer named Carlos from the Chicago Police Department, and works hard at "showing" and "finding", now seeing the job as life's purpose. The two form a close relationship which ends after Ellie jumps into a rushing river and saves a kidnapped girl from drowning, and is then fatally shot during a struggle with the armed kidnapper who was a moment away from killing an unsuspecting Carlos.

text: Reborn again in the mid-1980s as a Pembroke Welsh Corgi, he forms a bond with an Atlanta college student named Maya who names him Tino. Maya is lonely, which Tino, having bonded closely with the girl, realizes, and makes his purpose to find her some happiness. She starts a relationship with another classmate named Al who she begins seeing after Tino falls for Al's dog, a black and white Landseer named Roxie, and allows her to open up to him. Maya and Al marry and have 3 children who all love the Corgi. In love with Roxie (though she does not seem to reciprocate the romance), Tino is permanently heartbroken when one day she does not return from the vet. As he lies dying of old age in the late 1990s, Tino thanks Maya for giving him one of his best lives.

text: Bailey is again reborn and reincarnated, this time, as a St. Bernard-Australian Shepherd mix, sometime during the next decade, only to be taken in by an abusive and neglectful urban couple who name him Waffles. Waffles is eventually dumped in an abandoned lot and reluctantly sets off in search of a new life. Walking past a dog park and remembering how long it had been since he played, Waffles meets a dog and her human who hold a familiar scent to him, though he knows neither of them. He gradually makes his way to the country area where he spent summers as Bailey without even realizing at first where he is headed. He joyfully reunites with his old master Ethan, who is now somewhere in his 50s, living a lonely life and apparently broken in spirit at his Grandparents' old farm, which he now owns and runs. Ethan, of course, initially has no idea who this wandering dog really is and hands him over to the local animal shelter. But he soon has a change of heart and reclaims him, naming him Buddy. Buddy, sensing that he has finally found the true purpose of life that has long evaded him, finds a way to reunite Ethan with a widowed Hannah, and they eventually get married.

text: Buddy finally convinces Ethan that he is his beloved childhood pet by performing some tricks and responding to key phrases that were known only to the two of them all those many, many long years ago. The dog in voiceover tells the viewer that life is about having fun; saving others; not getting caught in the past or regrets; finding someone to be with; and living for today.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Josh Gad as the voice of Toby, Bailey, Ellie, Tino, Waffles and Buddy.
Dennis Quaid as Ethan Montgomery (adult)[8]

KJ Apa as teenage Ethan Montgomery[8]
Bryce Gheisar as eight-year old Ethan Montgomery

Juliet Rylance as Elizabeth Montgomery, Ethan's mother.[8]
Peggy Lipton as Hannah (adult)[8]

Britt Robertson as young Hannah[8]

John Ortiz as Carlos Ruiz
Kirby Howell-Baptiste as Maya
Pooch Hall as Al[9]
Luke Kirby as Jim Montgomery, Ethan's father
Michael Bofshever as Bill, Ethan's grandfather
Gabrielle Rose as Fran, Ethan's grandmother
Logan Miller as Todd, the vindictive classmate

text: Production[edit]

text: In 2015, DreamWorks acquired the film rights for Cameron's novel.[10] On May 8, 2015, it was announced Lasse Hallström would direct the film.[11] On August 5, 2015, Britt Robertson and Dennis Quaid joined the cast.[8] On September 18, 2015, Pooch Hall was cast in the film.[9] On October 15, 2015, Bradley Cooper joined the cast to play the dog's inner voice.[12] He was eventually replaced by Josh Gad.[13] Principal photography began on August 17, 2015.[14]

text: Release[edit]

text: In December 2015, the film switched from a DreamWorks Pictures release to under the Amblin Entertainment banner as per Amblin Partners' newly enacted branded strategy.[15] The film was released by Universal Pictures on January 27, 2017.[16] Universal also distributed it overseas, except for countries where Mister Smith Entertainment handled international sales.

text: Box office[edit]

text: A Dog's Purpose has grossed $64.3 million in the United States and Canada and $130.6 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $194.9 million, against a production budget of $22 million.[3]

text: In North America was released alongside Resident Evil: The Final Chapter and Gold, and was projected to gross $18–22 million from 3,050 theaters in its opening weekend, slightly lower than initial $27 million tracking had the film debuting to before boycotts against the film were called for.[4] It made $466,000 from Thursday night previews and $5.3 million on its first day. It ended up debuting to $18.2 million, finishing second at the box office behind the second weekend of Universal's own Split.[17] The film dropped 40.6% in its second weekend, grossing $10.8 million and finishing third at the box office.[18]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 30% based on 121 reviews, and an average rating of 4.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A Dog's Purpose offers an awkward blend of sugary sentiment and canine suffering that tugs at animal-loving audiences' heartstrings with shameless abandon."[19] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score 43 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[20] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[21]

text: Home media[edit]

text: A Dog's Purpose was released on digital HD on April 18, 2017, and was followed by a release on Blu-ray and DVD on May 2, 2017, from Universal Studios Home Entertainment.[22][23] The film topped the home video sales chart for the week ending on May 7, 2017.[24]

text: Animal abuse allegations[edit]

text: Initial reaction[edit]

text: On January 18, 2017, a video surfaced on TMZ showing footage taken from the set of the film, which shows a German Shepherd named Hercules being dragged and dipped into rushing water while visibly resisting.[25] After a cut in the video, the next clip shows the dog being submerged in the water at the other end of the tank while a voice on set can be heard shouting "CUT IT!", and various people are then seen rushing towards the dog.[26] The American Humane Association, which ensures that animals are not harmed in entertainment productions, announced that its representative on set had been suspended over the incident, and that the incident is under further investigation.[27][28] PETA called for a boycott of the film.[29] Actor Josh Gad, who voices the dog in the movie, was not on set during the making of the film, but stated that he was "shaken and sad to see any animal put in a situation against its will".[30] Due to the release of the video, Universal Pictures cancelled the film's scheduled January 19 Los Angeles premiere.[31]

text: Director Lasse Hallström stated on Twitter that he "did not witness" the actions in the video, and was "very disturbed" by the footage.[32]

text: Validity of the video[edit]

text: Amblin Entertainment released a statement in regards to the incident, saying that "on the day of the shoot, Hercules did not want to perform the stunt portrayed on the tape so the Amblin production team did not proceed with filming that shot", and that "Hercules is happy and healthy".[33]

text: Dennis Quaid also came out against the TMZ video, stating that the video did not tell the whole story, saying:

text: My experience is that the animals were treated great. There was no animal abuse. That video that someone took and sold for money and held on to for a year and a half until right before the film's coming out, does not tell the whole story. First of all, it's been edited and manipulated. And I think it's a scam, to tell you the truth. What they (the viewers of the video) saw was completely out of context. It was edited...and all of the footage I saw, the dog was going into the water happily and had to be restrained, actually, from going into the water many times during that day.

text: Quaid also said that the video was shot

text: towards the end of the day and I would not say, in real context, that the dog was frightened. The dog was acting like a dog who was kind of tired of taking a bath and was ready to get out. And, in fact, that's what happened. They took the dog out.[34]

text: On February 4, 2017, the American Humane Association reported that an independent third-party animal-cruelty expert had concluded that safety measures on the set of the film were in place and the video had been deliberately edited to mislead the public.[5]

text: The film was released with AHAD approval number 06202.