document_title: Gold reserve

question_text: where is the most gold stored in the world

text: Gold reserve

text: Wartime relevance[edit]

text: During most of history, a nation's gold reserves were considered its key financial asset and a major prize of war. A typical view was expressed in a secret memorandum by the British Chief of the Imperial General Staff from October 1939, at the beginning of World War II. The British Military and the British Secret Service laid out "measures to be taken in the event of an invasion of Holland and Belgium by Germany" and presented them to the War Cabinet:

text: It will be for the Treasury in collaboration with the Bank of England, and the Foreign Office, to examine the possible means of getting the bullion and negotiable securities into the same place of safety. The transport of many hundreds of tons of bullion presents a difficult problem and the loading would take a long time. The ideal would of course be to have the gold transferred to this country or to the United States of America. [...] The gold reserves of Belgium and Holland amount to about £70 million and £110 million respectively. [Foot]Note: H. M. Treasury has particularly requested that this information, which is highly confidential should in no circumstances be divulged. The total weight of this bullion amounts to about 1800 tons and its evacuation would be a matter of the utmost importance would present a considerable problem if it had to be undertaken in a hurry when transport facilities were disorganized. At present this gold is believed to be stored at Brussels and The Hague respectively, neither of which is very well placed for its rapid evacuation in an emergency.[3]

text: The Belgian government rushed to ship the gold to a safe place: Dakar, the capital of Senegal, then part of the French colonial empire. After the Germans occupied Belgium and France in 1940, they demanded the Belgian gold reserve back. In 1941, Vichy French officials arranged the transport of 4,944 boxes with 198 tons of gold to officials of the German Reichsbank.[4]

text: IMF holdings[edit]

text: Since early 2011, the gold holdings of the IMF have been constant at 90.5 million troy ounces (2,814.1 metric tons).[5]

text: Officially reported holdings[edit]

text: The IMF regularly maintains statistics of national assets as reported by various countries.[6] This data is used by the World Gold Council to periodically rank and report the gold holdings of countries and official organizations.

text: On 17 July 2015, China announced that it increased its gold reserves by about 57 percent from 1,054 to 1,658 metric tons, while disclosing its official gold reserves for the first time in six years.[7][8]

text: The gold listed for each of the countries in the table may not be physically stored in the country listed, as central banks generally have not allowed independent audits of their reserves. Gold leasing by central banks could place into doubt the reported gold holdings in the table below.[9]

text:
Top 40 according to World Gold Council's latest rankings (as at April 2017)[10][11][12][13]

Rank
Country/Organization
Gold holdings
(in tonnes)
Gold's share of
forex reserves

1
 United States
8,133.5
75.0%

2
 Germany
3,375.6
69.6%

3
International Monetary Fund
2,814.0
N/A

4
 Italy
2,451.8
68.5%

5
 France
2,435.9
64.9%

6
 China
1,842.6
2.4%

7
 Russia
1,706.8
17.1%

8
  Switzerland
1,040.0
6.0%

9
 Japan
765.2
2.5%

10
 Netherlands
612.5
66.5%

11
 India
557.8
6.0%

12
 European Central Bank
504.8
27.7%

13
 Turkey[14]
456.1
17.0%

14
 Taiwan
423.6
3.8%

15
 Portugal
382.5
55.9%

16
 Saudi Arabia
322.9
2.6%

17
 United Kingdom
310.3
8.4%

18
 Lebanon
286.8
22.3%

19
 Spain
281.6
17.6%

20
 Austria
280.0
49.7%

21
 Kazakhstan
275.4
36.8%

22
 Belgium
227.4
36.6%

23
 Philippines
196.3
9.7%

24
 Venezuela
187.5
65.8%

25
 Algeria
173.6
6.2%

26
 Thailand
152.4
3.4%

27
 Singapore
127.4
2.0%

28
 South Africa
125.7
8.5%

29
 Sweden
125.3
10.9%

30
 Mexico
120.2
2.8%

31
 Libya
116.6
6.6%

32
 Greece
112.9
65.4%

33
 South Korea
104.4
1.1%

34
 Romania
103.7
9.6%

35
Bank for International Settlements
103.0
N/A

36
 Poland
103.0
3.7%

37
 Iraq
89.8
8.0%

38
 Australia
79.9
4.9%

39
 Kuwait
79.0
8.8%

40
 Indonesia
78.1
2.5%

-
Total for the Top 40
31,563.1

text: Private holdings[edit]

text:
Privately Held Gold[15]

Rank
Name
Type
Gold holdings
(in tonnes)

1
SPDR Gold Shares
ETF
672.7[16]

2
ETF Securities Gold Funds
ETF
215.2[15]

3
COMEX Gold Trust
ETF
164.7[15]

4
ZKB Physical Gold
ETF
138.7[15]

5
Central Fund of Canada
CEF
52.7[17]

6
Julius Baer Physical Gold Fund
ETF
49.1[15]

7
Sprott Physical Gold Trust
CEF
38.6[18]

8
BullionVault
Bailment
34.2[19]

9
GoldMoney
Bailment
34.1[20]

10
ABSA NewGold Exchange Traded Fund
ETF
26.6[21]

11
ETFS Physical Swiss Gold Shares
ETF
23.4[22]

12
Central GoldTrust
CEF
21.9[23]

13
Bullion Management Group
OEF
4.629

-
Total for the above 13

1,461.829

text: World holdings[edit]

text:
World Gold Holdings (2011)
(Source: United States Geological Survey)[24][25]

Location
Gold holdings
(in tonnes)
Share of total
world gold holdings

Total
171,300
100%

Jewellery
84,300
49.2%

Investment (bars, coins)
33,000
19.26%

Central banks
29,500
17.2%

Industrial
20,800
12.14%

Unaccounted
3,700
2.2%


document_title: The Lorax (1972 film)

question_text: who played the once ler in the lorax

question_tokens: who played the once ler in the lorax

root

text: The Lorax (1972 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: One night, a young boy living in a polluted, grim world wanders down 'the street of the lifted Lorax.' Along the dark street, he comes to the residence of a creature named The Once-ler, a dark green-colored being whose face is never seen. He takes up an audience with the boy, and begins to explain the tale regarding the Lorax.

tag: p

text: The land once thrived with Truffula trees when the Once-ler first came to the area in a horse-drawn cart. Living among the foliage are the brown Bar-ba-Loots, who eat Truffula fruit from the local trees. In the nearby pond live the Humming Fish, and overhead fly the Swomee Swans. The trees amaze the Once-ler with their texture and scent, and he soon builds a small shop in the area. After cutting down a Truffula tree, the Lorax pops out of its stump. The Lorax claims to speak for the trees, and demands to know what the Once-ler is doing. The Once-ler explains that he is using the Truffula tree's tufts to make something called a "Thneed... a fine thing that all people need." The multi-purpose item soon attracts the attention of many customers, and the Once-ler continues to cut down more Truffula trees. When it seems that the business is growing too big for just one Once-ler, he calls his relatives to help him with his thriving business.

text: As the Lorax protests against the Once-ler's actions, he is eventually standing under a truffula tree that was planted in the new developments that appear over time, when a bulldozer picks up the Truffula tree and the Lorax and the Lorax is thrown into a truck with the truffula tree and hauled to a factory, where the Lorax is put in a box.

text: Then everybody reminisces about how Thneeds, Inc. started and how famous the Once-ler has become and popular the company has gotten, showing "Once-ler Cones", "Once-ler Burgers", "Once-lermobile" and a blimp advertising Thneeds, then a stone with Thneed carved in it. Shortly after Thneeds, Inc. has produced its millionth product, the Lorax gets out of the box and despite his protest, falls back into the box to be shipped off with more finished Thneeds.

text: Soon the once beautiful area becomes choked with pollution and as the Once-ler is trying to find out how his company is doing in the Scandinavian market (by this point Thneeds, Inc. has expanded outside the USA), the Lorax comes into the Once-Ler's office to protest that the Brown Bar-ba-loots, which fed on Truffula fruits, are nearing starvation. The Lorax starts sending the fauna off to more hospitable habitats. After this, the Once-ler's conscience tells him he is doing a lot of bad things, to which the Once-ler responds, "But if I didn't do them, then someone else would." When his conscience agrees, the Once-ler says progress has to get bigger. As the Once-ler is thinking about how successful Thneeds are selling all over the country, the Lorax protests that the "smogulous smoke" fills the Swomee Swans' throats with smog, preventing them from singing. Finally, the pond that was home to the Humming Fish is filled with toxic waste called "Gluppity-Glupp" and "Schloppity-Schlopp" that clogs their gills.) Confronted by the Lorax, the Once-ler appears to be ready to listen, until his secretary explains that the company's stock report has come in, and 'Thneeds, Inc' is doing exceptionally well. The Once-ler then scoffs at the Lorax, claiming that he will keep on making Thneeds, regardless of the consequences. As he finishes his taunt, the sound of an ax is heard, and the two are witnessed to the leveling of the last Truffula tree. With no more trees, the factory shuts down, and the Once-ler's relatives pack up and leave. The Lorax sadly glances at the Once-ler, before he lifts him by the seat of his pants, and disappearing through a hole in the smog. On the spot where the Lorax last stood, sits a small pile of rocks, with a word carved into one: "Unless."

text: The tale then switches back to the Once-ler talking to the boy, who is given the last Truffula seed by the Once-ler, encouraging the boy to help revitalize the long-dead trees by growing a brand new forest, with the possibility that the Lorax and all of his friends may then come back. The camera shows us a larger hole in the smog, which is the background image to the end credits.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Eddie Albert - Narrator
Bob Holt - The Lorax, Mr. Once-Ler
Athena Lorde - Ms. Funce-ler,
Harlen Carraher - Humming Fish
Thurl Ravenscroft - Singer
Matt Bennison - Ted

tag: ul

text: Credits[edit]

text:
Production Design by: Maurice Noble
Directed by: Hawley Pratt
Produced by: Friz Freleng and Ted Geisel
Executive Producer: David H. DePatie
Animation: Warren Batchelder, John Gibbs, Manny Gould, Bob Matz, Bob Richardson, Robert Taylor, Dick Thompson, Don Williams
Backgrounds: Richard H. Thomas
Camera: John Burton, Jr., Larry Hogan, Ray Lee
Film Editing: Lee Gunther, Joe Siracusa, Rick Steward
Executive In Charge of Production: Stan Paperny
Production Supervision: Harry Love
The Songs

Lyrics by: Dr. Seuss
Music by: Dean Elliott

Production Mixer: Steve Orr
Teleplay by: Dr. Seuss
Storyboard by: Irv Spector

text: Home release[edit]

text: To tie-in with the 40th anniversary of the special and the release of film The Lorax, Warner Home Video released the special on a deluxe edition DVD and Blu-ray on February 14, 2012.[1]


document_title: List of Bewitched characters

question_text: what was samantha's cousin's name on bewitched

question_tokens: what was samantha 's cousin 's name on bewitched

text: List of Bewitched characters

text: Samantha Stephens[edit]

text: Samantha Stephens (Elizabeth Montgomery) is a witch and the show's protagonist. She's married to a mortal named Darrin Stephens and has two magical children by him. Samantha often has difficulty adjusting to mortal life, even though she is trying to give up using her powers. She is perhaps the most sensible character in the show; she enjoys her mother's company and is able to take her jabs at mortal life with ease. She is optimistic and treats everyone with respect be they magical creatures, powerful witches and wizards, or ordinary people.

text: Darrin Stephens[edit]

text: Darrin Stephens (originally Dick York, seasons 1-5; later Dick Sargent, seasons 6-8) is a mortal married to Samantha. He did not know she was a witch until she told him after their marriage. He works as a Vice President/Account Executive at the McMann & Tate Advertising agency. Dick York was unable to continue his role as Darrin because of a severe back condition, the result of an accident during the filming of They Came To Cordura in 1959. Starting during the third season, York's disability caused ongoing shooting delays and script rewrites. After collapsing while filming the episode "Daddy Does His Thing" and being rushed to the hospital in January 1969, York left the show. Dick Sargent, who would go on to play Darrin in the sixth through eighth seasons, was cast for the role that same month.[1]

text: Endora[edit]

text: Endora (Agnes Moorehead), is Samantha's mother and Darrin's chief antagonist in the series. Like all witches, she never reveals her surname, indicating to Darrin that he would be unable to pronounce it. Endora finds mortals dull and disapproves of Darrin, as do many of Samantha's relatives. Endora refuses to even use Darrin's name, alternatively calling him "Derwood", "What's-his-name", "Darwin", "Dum-Dum", etc., all much to his annoyance. She refers to him as "Darrin" only eight times during the entire series.[2] Endora's ploys to provoke a breakup always fail as Samantha and Darrin's love overcomes every obstacle. Even though Endora casts countless farcical spells on Darrin, she never attempts to destroy him outright. During the first season, Endora threatens her warlock husband Maurice, after he destroys Darrin, saying that she will not have a human being on her conscience. It was one of the few times when Endora went out of her way to protect Darrin from Maurice (See episode 1-10). Endora, once, let Maurice kiss her. But, when she realizes that, after he has kissed her and disappeared, that she has contracted an illness which leaves her unable to use her powers, she is furious. until Maurice returns to gives her an antidote, and take her to, "the place we used to go to on the Milky Way", to have dinner. She doesn't get along with Darrin's mother, Phyllis Stephens, because she gets along too well with Phyllis' husband, Frank. But, they are civil to one another in, what Samantha calls, "killing one another with kindness". Endora does dote on her grandchildren, Tabitha and Adam; They call her "Grandmama".

text: Larry Tate[edit]

text: Larry Tate (David White) is Darrin's profit-obsessed boss and friend. Tate is a regular character. Tate's opinions turn on a dime to appease a client in an attempt to land a deal. However, there are two episodes that show evidence that Larry has deep feelings as well as having a sense of integrity. In the first season installment, "And Something Makes Three", Larry realizes he is to become a father for the first time and is almost overcome with joyful emotion. In the seventh season Christmas episode "Sisters at Heart", notwithstanding his obsession with the bottom line, Larry threatens to cancel an important client's account with McMann & Tate when he realizes the client is a racist.

text: Louise Tate[edit]

text: Louise Tate (Irene Vernon, and, after Vernon's departure from the show, Kasey Rogers) is Larry's wife and Samantha's closest mortal friend. Louise Tate was played by Irene Vernon during the first two seasons and then replaced by Kasey Rogers, who wore a short black wig to appear similar to Vernon. According to Rogers,[3]

text: Bill Asher noticed her tugging at the wig and asked why she was wearing it. She laughed and said, "because you told me to." He replied, "Why don't you take it off!" and she played Louise with red hair for the show's final three seasons.

text: Gladys Kravitz[edit]

text: Gladys Kravitz, whose maiden name was Gruber, (played originally by Alice Pearce, and, after Pearce's death during the run of the show, Sandra Gould) is Samantha and Darrin's nosy neighbor who lives across the street. She often witnesses incidents of witchcraft but, by the time her husband Abner gets to the window, there is nothing to see, thus, he never believes her.

text: Abner Kravitz[edit]

text: Abner Kravitz (George Tobias) is Gladys's retired husband. He doesn't believe the stories his wife tells about Samantha being a witch. By the time she gets him to come to the window to see some magic she has just witnessed, it is all over. His sister, Harriet (Mary Grace Canfield), stayed with her brother once while Gladys was out of town (around the time Alice Pearce died). Harriet also witnessed some behavior that caused her to share her sister-in-law's opinion of their neighbors. Abner again disagreed just as he always did with his wife.

text: Aunt Clara[edit]

text: Aunt Clara (Marion Lorne) is the only one of Samantha's relatives for whom Darrin regularly shows tolerance (and the only relative who regularly tolerates him). She is Samantha's bumbling, elderly, absent-minded-but-lovable aunt. The well-meaning Aunt Clara's spells usually backfire, and her entrances and exits are often a grand fumble, such as entering via a chimney or colliding with a wall. She has a collection of over a thousand doorknobs (inspired by Lorne's real-life collection).

text: Tabitha Stephens[edit]

text: Tabitha Stephens (Erin Murphy) (spelled Tabatha in production credits until season 5) is the daughter of Samantha and Darrin. She is born in season 2. She has supernatural powers. Tabitha Stephens' birth in the season 2 episode "And Then There Were Three" featured infant Cynthia Black in the role. For the remainder of the season, Tabitha was played by twins Heidi and Laura Gentry, followed by twins Tamar and Julie Young. Fraternal twin toddlers Diane Murphy and Erin Murphy were cast for the role at the beginning of season 3. In time, they began to look less alike, so Diane was dropped during season 4. Diane made several guest appearances in other roles, and filled in as Tabitha one last time in season 5's "Samantha Fights City Hall", because Erin had the mumps. Tabitha was played by Liberty Williams in the 1976 pilot and by Lisa Hartman in the 1977 series of the same name.

text: Adam Stephens[edit]

text: Adam Stephens (David Lawrence) is the son of Samantha and Darrin. Like his sister and his mother, he has supernatural powers. In the Tabitha TV show pilot, he is played by Bruce Kimmel and he also possessed warlock powers and a mischievous nature, but in the series itself, he was played by David Ankrum, and was often the disapproving mortal figure of the family, much like their father, Darrin was. Despite his entreaties to his sister to not use her powers, and his dismay when their Aunt Minerva (Karen Morrow) encouraged her to use them, he really does love his sister very much. A continuity error switched the birth order of Tabitha and Adam (in Bewitched, Tabitha is older and Adam is younger; in Tabitha, Adam is older and Tabitha is younger).

text: Serena[edit]

text: Serena (Elizabeth Montgomery) is Samantha's cousin on Maurice's side.[4] Serena is egocentric and looks like Samantha (except for a tattoo under her left eye). Also played by Montgomery, Serena is credited as "Pandora Spocks" (a spin on the phrase "Pandora's box") in many of her appearances from 1969 to 1971. Serena is first seen in episode, #54, "And Then There Were Three".[5] Serena is the antithesis of Samantha, in most episodes sporting a beauty mark on her cheek, raven-black cropped hair and mod mini-skirts. Ever mischievous, bawdy and irresponsible, Serena often flirts with Larry Tate (calling the white-haired Tate "Cotton-Top"), just for sport. She occasionally dates mortals, and has been known to flirt with Darrin, while pretending to be Samantha. Despite her conduct and frequent co-plotting with Endora, Serena has been known to assist Samantha and Darrin, although she finds them "both a bit square".

text: Uncle Arthur[edit]

text: Uncle Arthur (Paul Lynde), Endora's prank-loving brother, makes several appearances. Despite many practical jokes at Darrin's expense, Uncle Arthur has a less antagonistic relationship with him than Endora. In one episode, both Serena and Uncle Arthur go head-to-head with the Witches Council to support the Stephens' union, only to have their own powers suspended. Samantha is clearly very fond of her uncle, and vice versa.

text: Dr. Bombay[edit]

text: Dr. Hubert Bombay (Bernard Fox) is a witch doctor and womanizer, almost always accompanied by a buxom assistant in a nurse's outfit. He constantly cracks stale jokes. A strange occurrence or condition caused by a supernatural illness is occasionally used as a plot device, and his assistance is often sought. He could be summoned by the phrase: "Calling Dr. Bombay, calling Dr. Bombay. Emergency, come right away." His first name, Hubert, was revealed in the final episode of the spinoff "Tabitha" where he marries his mortal nurse.

text: Esmeralda[edit]

text: Esmeralda (Alice Ghostley) is the Stephens' anxiety-ridden and magically inept "Yoo-Hoo" maid. She is prone to uncontrolled bursts of magic (especially when she sneezes) and becomes invisible when she's nervous. Like Clara, her magic is unpredictable but, because her powers are weak the manifestations usually fade away in time. Esmeralda was introduced in 1969 after Lorne's death. Ghostley stated that she did not consider her character as a replacement for Clara.

text: Phyllis Stephens[edit]

text: Phyllis Stephens (Mabel Albertson) is Darrin's strait-laced mother who visits occasionally but never learns of Samantha's supernatural powers. Phyllis makes inopportune surprise visits (which often cause Samantha to use magic to clean up the house quickly). Phyllis often becomes discombobulated and complains of "a sick headache" after accidentally witnessing something inexplicable. She and Endora do not get along, as Endora often displays contempt for her mortal counterpart. Phyllis also once thought her husband was having an affair with Endora, which did not help relations between the two. They are civil to one another in what Samantha refers to as "killing each other with kindness".

text: Frank Stephens[edit]

text: Frank Stephens (Robert F. Simon, Roy Roberts) is Darrin's laid-back father. He loves musicals and operas and once, during the first season he and Endora go together to a musical, from which he doesn't come back that night. He and his wife, Phyllis, get near to a divorce, until Samantha and Endora use their magic to bring them back together.

text: Maurice[edit]

text: Maurice (Maurice Evans) is Samantha's father, an urbane thespian, and the only warlock in the House of Lords. He often embellishes his entrances and exits with strained Shakespearean verse. Bewitched is unique for pre-1970s sitcoms in that it portrays Endora and Maurice in, as Maurice describes to his private secretary, "an informal marriage". Maurice once introduces Endora as "her (Samantha's) mother", and Endora twice threatens, if she doesn't get what she wants, to "move back in" with Maurice, a prospect that terrifies him. In the episode "Samantha's Good News", Endora threatens to file for an "ectoplasmic interlocutory" (i.e. "divorce"), only to wrangle Maurice's affection. He is also a member of the Warlock's Club in London. Maurice refers to Darrin with incorrect names (like Endora), including "Duncan" and "Dustbin", with Endora going so far as to "correct" him, saying "that's Durwood". Once in the series he kisses Endora, and after takes her to "the little place, we used to go to on the Milky Way" (episode: "A Plague on Maurice and Samantha"). Like Endora, he dotes on his grandchildren, Tabitha and Adam, who are allowed to call him "Grandpa".

text: Aunt Enchantra and Aunt Hagatha[edit]

text: Aunt Enchantra and Aunt Hagatha are two of Samantha's other aunts. They occasionally ride in an antique car called "Macbeth" (sometimes driven by chauffeur Rasputin, other times operating sans driver), which enters the Stephens' home through the wall. Enchantra was played by three different actresses, including Estelle Winwood, while Hagatha was played by five, including Jane Connell, Reta Shaw, and Ysabel MacCloskey.

text: Apothecary[edit]

text: An unnamed witches' apothecary (Bernie Kopell) is an amorous old warlock from whom help for supernatural illnesses is occasionally sought. He appears in four episodes.

text: Betty[edit]

text: Betty, the secretary at McMann and Tate, was played by various actresses, including Jill Foster (ten appearances) and Marcia Wallace.[6]

text: Sheila Summers[edit]

text: Sheila Summers (Nancy Kovack) is Darrin's wealthy former fiancée and Samantha's nemesis. She appeared three times in the series (in the pilot episode ("I, Darrin, Take This Witch, Samantha", and in "Snob in the Grass", where she tries to seduce Darrin, only to be publicly humiliated by Samantha's witchcraft). She also appeared in the 1968 episode "If They Never Met".

text: Howard McMann[edit]

text: Howard McMann (Roland Winters, Leon Ames) is Larry Tate's business partner, and appears only twice during the series in "Man of the Year" and "What Makes Darrin Run".

text: Charlie Leach[edit]

text: Charlie Leach (Robert Strauss) is a conniving private investigator who attempts to blackmail Samantha, with disastrous results, in "Follow that Witch" and "Catnapped". In the first episode, he was working for a client of Darrin's who was considering hiring the advertising firm. In the second episode, he caught Samantha using her powers. The Leaches were the reverse of the Kravitzes with Charlie convinced that Samantha was a witch, while his wife, Charmaine (Virginia Martin) was convinced that her husband was crazy. However, unlike the Kravitzes, Charlie used blackmail to get Samantha to give him what he wants, but it always backfired when Samantha used her powers to defeat him. After "Catnapped", Charlie and Charmaine were never seen or spoken of again.

text: Characters from history and other fiction[edit]

text: Thanks to witchcraft, a number of interesting characters were seen, including Benjamin Franklin, Franklin Pierce, George and Martha Washington, Paul Revere, Sigmund Freud, Julius Caesar, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, Leonardo da Vinci, Napoleon, King Henry VIII, Cleopatra, Bonanno Pisano, Santa Claus, Jack of Jack and the Beanstalk, Mother Goose, The Artful Dodger, Hansel and Gretel, The Tooth Fairy, the Loch Ness Monster, a leprechaun, Prince Charming, Sleeping Beauty, Willie Mays (playing himself), and Boyce and Hart (playing themselves).

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Cast of Characters

Character
Actor(s)
No. of episodes

Main Characters

Samantha Stephens
Elizabeth Montgomery
254

Darrin Stephens
Dick York (1964–1969)
Dick Sargent (1969–1972)
156 (York)
84 (Sargent)

Endora
Agnes Moorehead
147

Larry Tate
David White
166

Recurring Characters

Tabitha Stephens
Cynthia Black (1966)
Heidi and Laura Gentry (1966)
Tamar and Julie Young (1966)
Diane Murphy (1966–1968)
Erin Murphy (1966–1972)
116

Gladys Kravitz
Alice Pearce (1964–1966)
Sandra Gould (1966–1971)
27 (Pearce)
29 (Gould)

Abner Kravitz
George Tobias (1964–1971)
55

Louise Tate
Irene Vernon (1964–1966)
Kasey Rogers (1966–1972)
13 (Vernon)
33 (Rogers)

Aunt Clara
Marion Lorne (1964–1968)
28

Serena
Elizabeth Montgomery (1966–1972)
(credited as "Pandora Spocks")
24

Adam Stephens
unknown (1969–1970)
Greg and David Lawrence (1970–1972)
24

Phyllis Stephens
Mabel Albertson (1964–1971)
19

Dr. Bombay
Bernard Fox (1967–1972)
18

Esmeralda
Alice Ghostley (1969–1972)
15

Frank Stephens
Robert F. Simon (1964–67, 1971)
Roy Roberts (1967–1970)
13

Maurice
Maurice Evans
12

Uncle Arthur
Paul Lynde (1965–1971)
10

tag: table


document_title: Licensing Act 1988

question_text: when did pubs open all day in england

question_tokens: when did pubs open all day in england

text: Licensing Act 1988

text:
Licensing Act 1998
Long title
An Act to amend the Licensing Act 1964.Citation
1988 c. 17Territorial extent
England and WalesDatesRoyal assent
19 May 1988Other legislationRepealed by
Licensing Act 2003Status: RepealedText of statute as originally enacted

text: The Licensing Act 1988 is a statute, applying to England and Wales, which among other things, extended permissible opening hours for public houses to 11am to 11pm.  Previously pubs were not generally allowed to open from 3:00pm to 6:30pm in the afternoon.


document_title: Hess Corporation

question_text: when did they make the first hess truck

question_tokens: when did they make the first hess truck

text: Hess Corporation

text: History[edit]

text: In 1919, British oil entrepreneur Lord Cowdray formed Amerada Corporation to explore for oil in North America.[7] The firm was incorporated Feb. 7, 1920, in Delaware as a holding company for its principal subsidiary, the Amerada Petroleum Corporation. The oil producer experienced growth during most of the 1920s, hitting a peak in 1926 with a net income of US$4.9 million. However, in the years leading to the Great Depression, weakness in the oil markets contributed to sluggish profits. The aftermath of the market crash aggravated the unsteady oil industry. In the first quarter of 1930, the company experienced a minor loss. The early years of the Depression was a struggle against wavering demand and overproduction in some regions. Later into the 1930s, the financial forecast became more sanguine for Amerada.

text: In December 1941, the company reorganized by merging the holding company with the principal operating subsidiary, Amerada Petroleum Corporation, into a simplified operating company. The new entity also adopted the former subsidiary's name.

text: Robust postwar growth rocketed the company past US$100 million in sales in 1955.

text: Hess Oil and Chemical, an oil refiner and marketer founded by Leon Hess, acquired 10% of the company for US$100 million in 1966 after the British government sold a stake it had amassed during World War II. Albert Levinson became the senior vice president and designed the Hess logo. Hess and Amerada would announce plans for a merger in December 1968. Some Amerada stockholders led by Morton Adler criticized the arrangement as being too favorable for Hess. Adler argued Amerada's oil reserves would contribute the lion's share of assets for the proposed company, so Amerada stockholders should retain more control of the new company. Before the stockholder vote on the matter, Phillips Petroleum, an integrated oil firm, approached Amerada with its own merger proposal, but the offer was declined in March. Still interested, Phillips nonetheless stated it would not carry out a proxy fight against the proposed Hess deal. Hess fearing such a strategy, made a cash tender offer of US$140 million for an additional 1.1 million shares of Amerada, which would double its holding in the company. The new shares would be employed in a May stockholder vote deciding the merger's fate. The vote took place amidst shareholder rancor that in addition to echoing Adler's arguments, objected to Amerada's financing of the recently completed tender offer. Hess planned to cancel the shares and the cost of the acquisition would be absorbed by the newly formed company. One shareholder at the meeting quipped, "It looks to me as if Hess is buying Amerada with Amerada's money." Proponents of the deal won, and the US$2.4 billion merger combining a purely production company with a refinery and marketer operation was completed.[8] However controversy was not yet extinguished by the stockholder confirmation. A class action federal lawsuit in 1972 claiming the proxy vote information was misleading. In 1976, a court agreed that the company falsely claimed to have considered each company's assets as a reason for the merger.[9]

text: In February 2000, Hess acquired the 51% shares of the Meadville Corporation it didn't already own, and rebranded all 178 Merit gas stations as Hess.[10] The Merit gas station chain were primarily in the Boston, New York, and Philadelphia markets.

text: In 2001, Amerada Hess purchased Triton Energy Limited in a cash tender deal valued at approximately US$3.2 billion. Triton, one of the largest independent oil and natural gas exploration and production companies in the U.S., had earned a reputation as a maverick oil company due to its highly successful yet potentially risky overseas exploration.[11] According to Amerada Hess press releases at the time, Triton's major oil and gas assets in West Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia would strengthen its exploration and production business and give it access to long life international reserves. Hess also stated that the purchase was expected to immediately increase the company's per-day barrel output by more than 25 percent.[12]

text: Also in 2001, Amerada Hess entered into a joint venture with A.T. Williams Oil Co. of Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The company and its gas stations were called WilcoHess. Eventually, there were 1200 WilcoHess stations.[13]

text: Following on the heels of the Triton purchase, energy prices fell and global economies weakened. Amerada Hess struggled through the following years, posting a US$218 million loss in 2002 due primarily to a US$530 million charge relating to its write-down of the Ceiba oil field, but then posting steadily increasing profits from 2003 through 2006, when the company posted US$1.920 billion in net income.[14]

text: In May 2006, Amerada Hess Corp. changed its name to Hess Corp.[15]

text: On January 18, 2012 the company announced that it would close the Hovensa refinery in St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands by mid-February 2012. The refinery will then serve as a storage terminal

text: Hess will permanently close its Port Reading, New Jersey petroleum refinery by the end of February, 2013: Gas prices rose to their highest levels since October and Hess said it will lay off 170 of 217 employees, exit the refinery business and seek a buyer for its 19 storage terminals. It will focus on exploration and production.[16] A Hess press release[17] announces the company's plans for "Fully exiting the Company's downstream businesses, including retail, energy marketing, and energy trading."[18] there is no link between the rise in gas prices after the announcement of the closing of the Woodbridge (Port Reading) NJ facility. The output of that facility was more geared to the aviation and specialty fuels markets and not automotive grade products

text: On March 4, 2013 Hess announced that it would sell its domestic refineries and retail operations and that it would also sell its holdings in Indonesia and Thailand. The New York Times also reported that Hess retail and refinery operations contributed about 4 percent of the company's revenue. It also noted that Hess will sell its holdings in Indonesia and Thailand.[19] The company will focus exclusively on oil production, following a recent trend in the oil industry for companies to spin off their downstream assets and focus on their more profitable upstream business; ConocoPhillips and Marathon Oil have also made similar spinoffs in recent years with Phillips 66 and Marathon Petroleum, respectively.

text: In April 2013, Hess Corp announced it would be selling its Russian unit to Lukoil for $2.05 billion.[20] In July 2013, Hess Corp said it would sell its energy marketing unit to UK firm Centrica for around $1.03 billion.[21]

text: Hess Corp announced in October 2013 that it was planning on selling its East Coast and St.Lucia storage terminal network to Buckeye Partners LP for $850 million.[22]

text: Hess Corp announced in December 2013 that it is selling its Indonesian assets to an Indonesian petroleum consortium.[23]

text: On January 8, 2014, Hess filed for a tax free spin-off of its gas station network. The newly formed company was to be known as Hess Retail and will include over 1,200 stores throughout the Eastern United States.[24] Before completing the spin-off, Marathon Petroleum subsidiary Speedway LLC announced on May 22, 2014 that it would acquire the retail unit of Hess Corp for $2.87 billion. Following the closure of the acquisition in late 2014, all Hess gas stations will be rebranded as Speedway gas stations by the end of 2017.[25][26] The transaction completed the transformation of Hess into an energy company focused solely on exploration and production, effectively reversing the Amerada merger almost 50 years prior.

text: Environmental record[edit]

text: The New York Times reported on October 28, 1990, that a barge with a load of 31,000 barrels (4,900 m3) of kerosene struck a reef in the Hudson River, spilling 163,000 US gallons (620 m3) of fuel. Immediately, Hess assumed responsibility for the cleanup; the Coast Guard worked alongside the Red Star company to clean and to contain the spill to one area. Coast Guard official Mr. Holmes said "The weather and wind conditions are almost as close to perfect as they could get," and this contributed to a quicker and surer cleanup than could otherwise be. According to The New York Times, Mr. Holmes also said that 70 percent of the spill would be gone in three days due to the natural evaporation rate of kerosene. Even though most kerosene evaporates, toxic chemicals such as benzene stay in the water and harm certain fish. Hess claims that their corporate policy has "long stressed" their "fundamental commitment to comply with applicable environment, health and safety laws and regulations," and they claim to clean every spill made.[27][28]

text: In accordance with a New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) agreement the Hess Corporation will pay $1.1 million in fines and also "bring 65 gasoline stations and oil storage facilities into compliance with state requirements." The agreement addresses more than 100 violations at 65 gas stations and Hess's Brooklyn major oil storage facility. The agreement is aimed at resolving Hess's violations in the DEC's New York City and lower Hudson Valley regions.[29]

text: In a recent water contamination case against several major US oil companies, the Hess Corporation will pay part of a $422 million settlement. The case was filed by 153 public water providers in 17 states against the oil companies "over drinking water contamination caused by the gasoline additive Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE)." The settlement also stipulates that the settling parties pay their share of treatment costs of the plaintiff's wells that may become contaminated or require treatment for the next 30 years.[30]

text: In regard to greenhouse gas emissions Hess outlined in their 2006 Corporate Sustainability Report a "four element" strategy to reduce and control emissions. The strategy's steps include monitoring, measuring, managing, and mitigating. Through reporting results, energy efficiency and recovery, and carbon capture and trading the company intends to improve its environmental impact.[31]

text: Locations[edit]

text: Prior to the March 4, 2013 announcement of its withdrawal from refining and retail sales of petroleum products, Hess operated gas stations in Alabama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indonesia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.

text: In May 2014, Speedway LLC, a subsidiary of Marathon Petroleum Company, announced they would purchase Hess Corporation's retail business for $2.6 billion. Hess had 1,342 locations along the Eastern United States. The conversion from Hess branding to Speedway branding took place over the course of 2015.

text: Toy trucks[edit]

text: The Hess toy trucks, helicopters, police cars, airplanes, space shuttles and rescue vehicles have been popular Christmas gift traditions for over 50 years[32] in the US. It is one of the longest running toy brands on the US market.[33]

text: Since 1964, Hess gas stations have sold toy trucks each year around Christmas time.[34] Each year, the model changes to a new design. Older models are considered collectibles and typically sell for a few hundred or even thousands of dollars.[35] For example, the 1964 truck sells for about $1,400–2,000, depending on condition. Hess periodically has a rare truck such as the 1995 chrome truck with helicopter and the 2002 chrome Mini, which were given away at a stockholder meeting and, more recently, the 2006 truck given to New York Stock Exchange employees to commemorate its name change from Amerada Hess Corporation to Hess Corporation.

text: In Christmas of 2011, The Hess Corporation donated 900 of its 2011 Hess Toy Trucks and Race Cars to the Salvation Army for the underprivileged children in North Dakota. There was also a Hess Toy Truck Float in the annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York that participated from 2003 up to 2014 when the Hess Corporation's retail unit was sold.[36]

text: The toy truck business continued after the sale of Hess' retail unit to Speedway.[37]

text: Models[edit]

text: There have been several instances in which non-truck vehicles were sold under the Hess Toy Truck banner:[38][unreliable source?]

text:
1966 Tanker Ship, based on the Hess Voyager
1993 Patrol Car
2001 Helicopter with Motorcycle and Cruiser
2004 SUV with Motorcycles: Note: This marks the 40th anniversary of the Hess Toy Truck
2009 Race Car with Racer
2012 Helicopter and Rescue

text: All of the Hess Trucks are:

text:
1964-1965 Tanker Trailer
1966 Tanker Ship
1967 Tanker Truck
1968-1969 Tanker Truck
1970-1971 Fire Truck
1972 Tanker Truck
1973 No truck produced due to gas shortages, but the 1972 Tanker Truck made a comeback
1974 Tanker Truck Note: This marks the 10th anniversary of the Hess Toy Truck
1975-1976 Box Trailer
1977 Fuel Oil Tanker
1978 Fuel Oil Tanker
1979 No truck produced due to gas shortages
1980 Training Van
1981 No truck produced due to gas shortages
1982-1983 First Hess Truck
1984 Fuel Oil Tanker with Bank Note: This marks the 20th anniversary of the Hess Toy Truck
1985 First Hess Truck Bank
1986 Red Fire Truck
1987 Truck with Barrels
1988 Truck with Racer
1989 White Fire Truck Note: Similar to the 1986 Hess Fire Truck
1990 Tanker Truck
1991 Truck with Racer
1992 Truck with Racer
1993 Patrol Car Note: This is the first toy car made by Hess
1994 Rescue Truck Note: This marks the 30th anniversary of the Hess Toy Truck
1995 Truck with Helicopter
1996 Emergency Truck
1997 Truck with Racers
1998 Recreational Van with Motorcycle and Sand Buggy Note: Starting in 1998, mini toys were made with the full size trucks
1999 Space Shuttle Transport
2000 Fire Truck
2001 Helicopter with Motorcycle and Cruiser
2002 Truck with Airplane
2003 Truck with Race Cars
2004 SUV with Motorcycles Note: This marks the 40th anniversary of the Hess Toy Truck
2005 Emergency Truck with Rescue Vehicle
2006 Helicopter Transport
2007 Monster Truck with Motorcycles
2008 Truck with Front End Loader
2009 Race Car and Racer
2010 Jet Transporter
2011 Truck with Race Car
2012 Helicopter and Rescue
2013 Truck with Tractor
2014 50th Anniversary Tanker Truck & Miniature 1964 Hess Truck Tanker Replica Note: This was a limited production run and was only sold through the Hess Toy Truck website.
2014 Truck with Space Cruiser & Scout Note: This marks the 50th anniversary of the Hess Toy Truck. This was also the final year the Hess truck was sold at their gas stations.[39]
2015 Fire Truck & Ladder Rescue (sold only online)
2016 Truck with Dragster (sold only online)
2017 Dump Truck & Loader (sold only online)

text: Miniature trucks[edit]

text:
New York City portal
Companies portal

text: From 1998 to 2014 and returning in 2017, Hess has produced a mini truck from those years as well as the regular toy trucks. These are the following:

text:
1998 Tanker Truck related with the 1990 model
1999 Red Fire Truck related with the 1986 model
2000 First Hess Truck related with 1982 and 1985 models
2001 Truck with Racer related with the 1991 model
2002 Tanker Ship related with the 1966 model
2003 Patrol Car related with the 1993 model
2004 Tanker Truck related with the 1964 model Note: This marks the 40th anniversary of the Hess Toy Truck along with the 2004 SUV with Motorcycles
2005 Helicopter from the 1995 model
2006 Truck with Racer related with the 1992 model
2007 Rescue Truck related with the 1994 model
2008 Recreational Van with Motorcycle and Cruiser related with the 1998 model Note: This marks the 10th anniversary of the Hess Miniature Truck fleet
2009 Space Shuttle Transport related with the 1999 model
2010 Fire Truck related with the 2000 model
2011 Helicopter related with the 2001 model
2012 Truck with Airplane related with the 2002 model
2013 Truck with Racers related with the 2003 model
2014 Sport Utility Vehicle related with the 2004 model
2017 A boxed set of 3 vehicles were produced: the Emergency Truck related with the 2005 model, the Toy Truck and Helicopter related with the 2006 model, and the Monster Truck related with the 2007 model Note: This is only available through the Hess Toy Truck website.


document_title: Rachel Hughes

question_text: who got pushed off a cliff in emmerdale

question_tokens: who got pushed off a cliff in emmerdale

text: Rachel Hughes

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Rachel arrived in Beckindale in 1988 with her mother Kate and brother Mark after her parents divorced. Her mother began a feud with Joe Sugden in late 1988 after he shot and killed her dog because it was bothering his sheep. However, in early 1989, Joe and Kate fell in love and were married in April that year and Rachel was more accepting of her mother's new relationship unlike her brother Mark who wanted their parents to reconcile. Rachel began an affair with married man Pete Whiteley on her 18th birthday. He ended it when his wife, Lynn, became pregnant and they moved away from the village. Pete later returned and began seeing Rachel again until he was accidentally run over and killed by Rachel's mother, Kate. Lynn later got her revenge on Rachel by embarking on a relationship with Rachel's former stepfather, Joe. On 30 December 1993, a plane exploded over Beckindale, killing Rachel's brother, Mark. The disaster also left Chris Tate in a wheelchair. Rachel then began giving Chris swimming lessons and they embarked an affair. Chris's wife Kathy saw them kissing on their third wedding anniversary and attacked Rachel, banging her head against a wall. In December 1994, Rachel discovered that she was two months pregnant with Chris's baby and in June 1995, she gave birth to their son, Joseph Mark Tate, on the same day her former stepfather Joe Sugden died, naming her son in his honour. Kathy was present when Rachel went into labour and stayed with her on the journey to the hospital as Chris was nowhere to be found. This led to the two women becoming best friends and Rachel named Kathy as Joseph's godmother. On 7 December 1995, Rachel and Chris got married with Jack Sugden and his wife, Sarah, as witnesses. Chris wanted them to have another child and went for fertility treatment but Rachel secretly went on the pill. Chris and Rachel split up after Chris betrayed Rachel by stealing private information from her work file and Rachel was granted custody of Joseph. In July 1997, Rachel received news that her mother Kate had died of a brain haemorrhage. Rachel then embarked on an affair with Jack Sugden after he comforted her and attended the funeral with her for support. This was her third affair with a married man. However, Jack had no intention of breaking up his marriage and returned to his wife, Sarah.

text: In late 1998, Rachel started dating schoolteacher Graham Clark and he began to exert control over her, by getting her to dye her hair and dress like his late wife Rebecca. In May 1999, Graham took Rachel on a picnic where she tried to end their relationship. When Graham tried to force himself on her, Rachel tried to flee but he cornered her on a clifftop. Rachel then told Graham that she knew he had killed his wife. Graham panicked and pushed Rachel off the cliff to her death. Graham then went back to the village and asked if anyone had seen her and most of the village went out to search for her. Graham looked on as a horrified Jack Sugden discovered Rachel's body.

text: In 2017, Rachel's son Joseph Tate returns to the village under the false name Tom Waterhouse to get revenge of Charity Dingle. Joseph talks about Rachel's death and how he doesn't remember her.

text: Reception[edit]

text: During a feature on the "wild women" of Emmerdale, a writer for the Daily Mirror said "Not the most obvious of scarlet women, given those jumpers and that helmet hairdo, Rachel did not let that stop her having steamy affairs with some unlikely locals. Let's face it, married farmer Jack Sugden is no one's idea of a sex magnet, and neither is the morose Chris Tate, Kathy's ex- husband. She also bedded Steve Marchant, who moved on to marry Kim. All her loves ended badly, none more so than her final fling with the psychotic Graham who threw her off a cliff then threw himself at Kathy's feet."[1]


document_title: ZF 8HP transmission

question_text: when did dodge start using 8 speed transmission

text: ZF 8HP transmission

text: Gear ratios[edit]

text: Below is a table of reference gear ratios as provided with the ZF 8HP transmission, though actual implementations may differ depending on the tuning and specifications of individual vehicle manufacturers such as BMW and Audi. Differences in gear ratios have a measurable, direct impact on vehicle dynamics, performance, waste emissions as well as gas mileage.

text:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
R

4.714
3.143
2.106
1.667
1.285
1.000
0.839
0.667
3.300

5.000
3.200
2.143
1.720
1.314
1.000
0.822
0.640
3.456

text: List of ZF 8HP variants[edit]

text:
Name

Max. gasoline torque (N·m)

Max. diesel torque (N·m)

Application examples

8HP30

300

300

-

8HP45 (a separate 845RE is for V6 Chryslers)[9]

450

500

BMW 1 Series (F20), BMW 2 Series M235i (F22), BMW 3 Series (F30), BMW 5 Series (F10/F11),  BMW X3 (F25), BMW X4 (F26), BMW X5 35i (E70), BMW X5 (F15, BMW X6 (F16), Chrysler 300 V6, Chrysler 300 C, Dodge Charger V6, RAM 1500 V6 (2013-    ), Jaguar XE, Lancia Thema V6, Volkswagen Amarok

8HP50 (2nd Generation)[10]

500

500

Alfa Romeo Giulia, Alfa Romeo Stelvio, BMW 1 Series (F20 LCI), BMW 2 Series M240i (F22), BMW 3 Series (F30 LCI), BMW 5 Series (F10), BMW 7 Series (G11), Jeep Wrangler/Wrangler Unlimited (JL) ,BMW X3 20D(G01), BMW X3 30i(G01), BMW X3 M40i(G01)

8HP55

550

550

Audi Q5, Audi Q7, Audi A8 and A8L (D4)

8HP70

700

700

BMW 7 Series (F01), BMW X5 50i (E70), BMW 5 series (F10/11), BMW 3 Series (F30) 335d, Dodge Durango V8, Iveco Daily, Jaguar F-Type (V6 and V8), Jeep Grand Cherokee 5.7L 8-cyl Engine Code [T] EZH (2014 -),  Jeep Grand Cherokee 6.4L 8-cyl Engine Code [J] ESG (2014 -), Jeep Grand Cherokee V8 & diesel, Ram 1500 V6, V8, & diesel, Range Rover Sport (2012), Rolls-Royce Phantom, Maserati Quattroporte (2013–), Dodge Charger V8 (2015-), Dodge Challenger V8 (2015-), Aston Martin Vanquish (2015), Aston Martin Rapide S (2015),[11] Alpina B3 (F30/31), Alpina B4 (F32/33)

8HP75 (2nd Generation)

750

750

Alfa Romeo Giulia Quadrifoglio, Alfa Romeo Stelvio Quadrifoglio,  Aston Martin DB11, Aston Martin V8 Vantage (2019), BMW 5 series (G30/G31/F90), BMW X5 M (F85), BMW X6 M (F86), BMW 7 Series (G11/12),[12] BMW X5 (F15)[13] BMW X3 30D (G01), RAM 1500 (2019-)

8HP90

900

1000

Rolls-Royce Ghost,[14] Rolls-Royce Wraith (2013), Bentley Mulsanne, Bentley Continental GT, Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat, Dodge Charger SRT Hellcat, Bentley Bentayga, Audi RS 6, Audi SQ7

8HP95 (2nd Generation)

900

1000

Jeep Grand Cherokee SRT Trackhawk, Rolls-Royce Ghost Black Badge, Rolls-Royce Wraith Black Badge, Rolls-Royce Dawn Black Badge, Aston Martin DBS Superleggera [15]

text: Applications[edit]

text: Alfa Romeo[edit]

text:
Alfa Romeo Giulia
Alfa Romeo Stelvio

text: Alpina[edit]

text:
Alpina D3
Alpina D4
Alpina B3
Alpina B4
Alpina XD3
Alpina D5
Alpina B5
Alpina B6
Alpina B7

text: Aston Martin[edit]

text:
Aston Martin Vanquish
Aston Martin Rapide
Aston Martin V8 Vantage (2019)
Aston Martin DB11[11]

text: Audi[edit]

text:
Audi A4 North American version
Audi A5 North American version
Audi A6[16]
Audi A7[17]
Audi A8[18]
Audi Q5 8AT version[19]
Audi Q7

text: Bentley[edit]

text:
Bentley Mulsanne (2010)
Bentley Continental GT
Bentley Continental Flying Spur (2013)

text: BMW[edit]

text:
BMW 1 Series
BMW 2 Series
BMW 3 Series
BMW 4 Series
BMW 5 Series
BMW 5 GT
BMW 6 Series
BMW 7 series
BMW X1 (First Generation)
BMW X3
BMW X4
BMW X5
BMW X6
BMW Z4

text: Chrysler[edit]

text:
Chrysler 300 V6 (2012+ MY),[20] V8 (2015+ MY)
3.6 (845RE)
5.7 (8HP70)

text: Dodge[edit]

text:
Dodge Challenger (2015+ MY)
3.6 (845RE)
5.7, 6.4 (8HP70)
6.2 (8HP90)
Dodge Charger
3.6, 2012+ MY,[21] 845RE
V8 (2015+ MY; 5.7, 6.4 8HP70; 6.2 8HP90)
Dodge Durango [22][23](2014 MY+)
3.6 (845RE)
5.7 (8HP70)

text: Haval[edit]

text:
H8 (2017-)
H9 (2017-)

text: Iveco[edit]

text: Iveco Daily 2014-on [24]

text: Jaguar[edit]

text:
F-Type
F-Pace
XE
XF (2012-)
XFR (2012-)
XJ

text: Jeep[edit]

text:
Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2) (2014 MY+)
3.6 (845RE)
3.0, 5.7, 6.4 (8HP70)
6.2 Supercharged (8HP95)

text: Lamborghini[edit]

text: Lamborghini Urus

text: Lancia[edit]

text: Thema V6

text: Land Rover[edit]

text:
Discovery 4/LR4
Range Rover
Range Rover Sport

text: Maserati[edit]

text:
Maserati Ghibli III
Maserati Quattroporte[25]
Maserati Levante

text: Ram Trucks[edit]

text:
Ram 1500 3.6 L V6 (2013 MY+)
Ram 1500 3.0 L V6 (2014 MY+)
Ram 1500 5.7L V8[26][27][28] (2013  MY+)

text: Rolls-Royce[edit]

text:
Rolls-Royce Ghost
Rolls-Royce Phantom (2013)
Rolls-Royce Wraith (2013)
Rolls-Royce Dawn
Rolls-Royce Phantom VIII

text: Volkswagen[edit]

text:
Volkswagen Amarok[29]
Volkswagen Crafter and MAN TGE (2017+) (longitudinally mounted engine only)

text: Potential future vehicle uses[edit]

text:
Maserati GranTurismo
Maserati Alfieri


document_title: Muscle fatigue

question_text: muscle fatigue occurs due to a buildup of

text: Muscle fatigue

text: Muscle contraction[edit]

text: Muscle cells work by detecting a flow of electrical impulses from the brain which signals them to contract through the release of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Fatigue (reduced ability to generate force) may occur due to the nerve, or within the muscle cells themselves.

text: Nervous fatigue[edit]

text: Nerves are responsible for controlling the contraction of muscles, determining the number, sequence and force of muscular contraction. Most movements require a force far below what a muscle could potentially generate, and barring pathological nervous fatigue, is seldom an issue. But in extremely powerful contractions that are close to the upper limit of a muscle's ability to generate force, nervous fatigue (enervation), in which the nerve signal weakens, can be a limiting factor in untrained individuals.

text: In novice strength trainers, the muscle's ability to generate force is most strongly limited by nerve’s ability to sustain a high-frequency signal. After a period of maximum contraction, the nerve’s signal reduces in frequency and the force generated by the contraction diminishes. There is no sensation of pain or discomfort, the muscle appears to simply ‘stop listening’ and gradually cease to move, often going backwards. As there is insufficient stress on the muscles and tendons, there will often be no delayed onset muscle soreness following the workout.

text: Part of the process of strength training is increasing the nerve's ability to generate sustained, high frequency signals which allow a muscle to contract with its greatest force. It is this neural training that causes several weeks worth of rapid gains in strength, which level off once the nerve is generating maximum contractions and the muscle reaches its physiological limit. Past this point, training effects increase muscular strength through myofibrilar or sarcoplasmic hypertrophy and metabolic fatigue becomes the factor limiting contractile force.

text: Metabolic fatigue[edit]

text: Though not universally used, ‘metabolic fatigue’ is a common term for the reduction in contractile force due to the direct or indirect effects of two main factors:

text:
Shortage of fuel (substrates) within the muscle fiber
Accumulation of substances (metabolites) within the muscle fiber, which interfere either with the release of calcium (Ca2+) or with the ability of calcium to stimulate muscle contraction.

tag: ol

text: Substrates[edit]

text: Substrates within the muscle generally serve to power muscular contractions. They include molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), glycogen and creatine phosphate. ATP binds to the myosin head and causes the ‘ratchetting’ that results in contraction according to the sliding filament model. Creatine phosphate stores energy so ATP can be rapidly regenerated within the muscle cells from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate ions, allowing for sustained powerful contractions that last between 5–7 seconds. Glycogen is the intramuscular storage form of glucose, used to generate energy quickly once intramuscular creatine stores are exhausted, producing lactic acid as a metabolic byproduct.

text: Substrate shortage is one of the causes of metabolic fatigue. Substrates are depleted during exercise, resulting in a lack of intracellular energy sources to fuel contractions. In essence, the muscle stops contracting because it lacks the energy to do so.

text: Metabolites[edit]

text: Metabolites are the substances (generally waste products) produced as a result of muscular contraction. They include chloride, potassium, lactic acid, ADP, magnesium (Mg2+), reactive oxygen species, and inorganic phosphate. Accumulation of metabolites can directly or indirectly produce metabolic fatigue within muscle fibers through interference with the release of calcium (Ca2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum or reduction of the sensitivity of contractile molecules actin and myosin to calcium.

text: Chloride[edit]

text: Intracellular chloride partially inhibits the contraction of muscles. Namely, it prevents muscles from contracting due to "false alarms", small stimuli which may cause them to contract (akin to myoclonus). This natural brake helps muscles respond solely to the conscious control or spinal reflexes[citation needed] but also has the effect of reducing the force of conscious contractions.

text: Potassium[edit]

text: High concentrations of potassium (K+) also causes the muscle cells to decrease in efficiency, causing cramping and fatigue. Potassium builds up in the t-tubule system and around the muscle fiber as a result of action potentials. The shift in K+ changes the membrane potential around the muscle fiber. The change in membrane potential causes a decrease in the release of calcium (Ca2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.[1]

text: Lactic acid[edit]

text: It was once believed that lactic acid build-up was the cause of muscle fatigue.[2] The assumption was lactic acid had a "pickling" effect on muscles, inhibiting their ability to contract. The impact of lactic acid on performance is now uncertain, it may assist or hinder muscle fatigue.

text: Produced as a by-product of fermentation, lactic acid can increase intracellular acidity of muscles. This can lower the sensitivity of contractile apparatus to Ca2+ but also has the effect of increasing cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration through an inhibition of the chemical pump that actively transports calcium out of the cell. This counters inhibiting effects of potassium on muscular action potentials. Lactic acid also has a negating effect on the chloride ions in the muscles, reducing their inhibition of contraction and leaving potassium ions as the only restricting influence on muscle contractions, though the effects of potassium are much less than if there were no lactic acid to remove the chloride ions. Ultimately, it is uncertain if lactic acid reduces fatigue through increased intracellular calcium or increases fatigue through reduced sensitivity of contractile proteins to Ca2+.

text: Lactic acid is now used as a measure of endurance training effectiveness and VO2 max.[3]

text: Pathology[edit]

text: Muscle weakness may be due to problems with the nerve supply, neuromuscular disease (such as myasthenia gravis) or problems with muscle itself. The latter category includes polymyositis and other muscle disorders.

text: Molecular mechanisms[edit]

text: Muscle fatigue may be due to precise molecular changes that occur in vivo with sustained exercise. It has been found that the ryanodine receptor present in skeletal muscle undergoes a conformational change during exercise, resulting in "leaky" channels that are deficient in calcium release. These "leaky" channels may be a contributor to muscle fatigue and decreased exercise capacity.[4]

text: Effect on performance[edit]

text: Fatigue has been found to play a big role in limiting performance in just about every individual in every sport. In research studies, participants were found to show reduced voluntary force production in fatigued muscles (measured with concentric, eccentric, and isometric contractions), vertical jump heights, other field tests of lower body power, reduced throwing velocities, reduced kicking power and velocity, less accuracy in throwing and shooting activities, endurance capacity, anaerobic capacity, anaerobic power, mental concentration, and many other performance parameters when sport specific skills are examined.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

text: Electromyography[edit]

text: Electromyography is a research technique that allows researchers to look at muscle recruitment in various conditions, by quantifying electrical signals sent to muscle fibers through motor neurons. In general, fatigue protocols have shown increases in EMG data over the course of a fatiguing protocol, but reduced recruitment of muscle fibers in tests of power in fatigued individuals. In most studies, this increase in recruitment during exercise correlated with a decrease in performance (as would be expected in a fatiguing individual).[11][12][13][14]

text: Median power frequency is often used as a way to track fatigue using EMG. Using the median power frequency, raw EMG data is filtered to reduce noise and then relevant time windows are Fourier Transformed. In the case of fatigue in a 30-second isometric contraction, the first window may be the first second, the second window might be at second 15, and the third window could be the last second of contraction (at second 30). Each window of data is analyzed and the median power frequency is found. Generally, the median power frequency decreases over time, demonstrating fatigue. Some reasons why fatigue is found are due to action potentials of motor units having a similar pattern of repolarization, fast motor units activating and then quickly deactivating while slower motor units remain, and conduction velocities of the nervous system decreasing over time.[15][16][17][18]


document_title: I Feel Pretty (film)

question_text: who is the grandmother in i feel pretty

question_tokens: who is the grandmother in i feel pretty

text: I Feel Pretty (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Renee Bennett is a young woman of average physical attractiveness and fitness, who struggles with insecurity over her appearance. Out of a Chinatown basement office, she manages the website for cosmetics firm Lily LeClaire while aspiring to work in their Fifth Avenue headquarters. But she declines to apply for a receptionist position there after reading the job description's emphasis on being the beautiful "face" of LeClaire. One night, inspired by the movie, Big, Renee wishes at a fountain to be beautiful, but nothing happens. The next day, Renee falls off her SoulCycle bike, hitting her head, and losing consciousness. When she wakes, she has not changed physically, but she believes herself to be astonishingly beautiful.

text: Renee approaches the world with newfound confidence. When a man named Ethan speaks to her innocuously at the dry cleaner, she assumes that he is hitting on her, and insists that they exchange numbers. She applies for the receptionist position; impressed by Renee's attitude and idealistic admiration for the brand, CEO Avery LeClaire hires her. Renee quickly excels, impressing Avery's brother, Grant. Renee asks Ethan out, and on their date, she participates in a "bikini body" contest against women with idealized figures. She wins over the crowd, but loses the competition, and tells Ethan that she doesn't need external validation to know she's beautiful. Ethan praises her self-knowledge, and she appreciates his openness over not yet knowing himself. She brings him to her apartment, and they have sex.

text: At LeClaire, Renee earns her coworkers' respect with her insight into the company's new diffusion line when she explains how the creative team's luxury sensibilities don't resonate with the new clientele of Target shoppers. Avery admits to Renee that she is insecure over her questionable voice. Avery invites Renee and Ethan to a dinner meeting with Grant, and company founder Lilly LeClaire, Avery and Grant's grandmother. Renee quickly builds a rapport with Lilly; to curry favor with Lilly, Avery invites Renee to an important business meeting in Boston.

text: Renee becomes less respectful of LeClaire visitors, who aren't fashionable or glamorous. She alienates her best friends, Vivian and Jane, by ditching them to attend an exclusive party with her coworkers, and by dismissing their attempts at conversation during a group date in an effort to make them seem sexier. She storms out after they criticize her. In Boston, she nearly gives into Grant's romantic overtures, but avoids a near kiss when she receives a message from Ethan. She locks herself in the hotel bathroom. Questioning her sense of self, she suffers a new head injury in a fall in the shower. When she awakens, she perceives her real physical appearance.

text: Devastated and believing a magical transformation has been reversed, she immediately returns to New York alone. Vivian and Jane reject Renee's apology. Assuming that Ethan will no longer be attracted to her, she breaks up with him over the phone, moments after speaking to him in person while believing he does not recognize her. Ethan is brokenhearted and confused. Renee tries to recreate her original injury at SoulCycle, but completes the workout without incident. She encounters her beautiful acquaintance, Mallory, devastated in the locker room over being dumped. She tells Renee that she suffers from low self-esteem, and feels like people assume any beautiful woman is unintelligent.

text: When Renee hears that Mallory is auditioning to model for the LeClaire diffusion line, she realizes that LeClaire is again out of touch with everyday women. She crashes the product launch and, in the course of displaying her own before-and-after photos, realizes that she was never transformed. She gives an impassioned speech about women accepting themselves as they are. She presents a collage of diverse women, featuring Vivian and Jane, who appreciate the gesture. Grant praises Avery for having the insight to hire Renee. The latter reconciles with Ethan, who tells her that she is the most beautiful woman in the world. She continues to attend SoulCycle.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Amy Schumer as Renee Bennett, an ordinary woman who struggles with feelings of insecurity and inadequacy on a daily basis. She wakes up from a fall believing she is beautiful and capable, despite looking and being the same as always.[5]
Michelle Williams as Avery LeClaire, Renee's stunning cosmetics company boss, Grant’s sister and Lilly’s granddaughter.[6]
Emily Ratajkowski as Mallory, a woman who Renee looks up to because of her good looks.
Rory Scovel as Ethan, Renee's love interest[7]
Aidy Bryant[8] as Vivian, one of Renee’s two best friends
Busy Philipps[8] as Jane, one of Renee’s two best friends
Naomi Campbell as Helen, CFO of Lily LeClaire
Lauren Hutton[8] as Lilly LeClaire, Grant and Avery's grandmother
Tom Hopper[8] as Grant LeClaire, Avery’s brother and Lilly’s grandson
Sasheer Zamata[8] as Tasha
Dave Attell[8] as Really Tan Dude
Adrian Martinez[8] as Mason
Olivia Culpo as Hope

text: Production[edit]

text: On April 17, 2017, it was announced that Amy Schumer was signed on to star in I Feel Pretty, written and directed by Abby Kohn and Marc Silverstein, and set to commence principal production on the East Coast, particularly in Boston, Massachusetts, in July 2017.[9]

text: In May 2017, STX Entertainment acquired domestic distribution rights for approximately $15 million at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival.[10] By May 31, 2017, Michelle Williams had joined the cast.[11] In June 2017, Emily Ratajkowski and Rafe Spall also joined.[12][13] By July 28, 2017, Rory Scovel had replaced Spall, due to a "travel issue" that couldn't be resolved before the shoot, and the film had commenced principal production, with New York City added to the scheduled locations.[14] On August 30, 2017, the supporting cast was announced.[8]

text: Release[edit]

text: I Feel Pretty was initially scheduled to be released on June 29, 2018, by STX Entertainment, but in February 2018 was moved up to April 27, 2018, due to strong test screening results.[15][16] The release date was later changed again to April 20, 2018, a week earlier, to avoid competition with Avengers: Infinity War, which after I Feel Pretty's initial move, had itself moved from its May 4, 2018 date to April 27.[17]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of  June 24, 2018[update], I Feel Pretty has grossed $48.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $39.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $88.4 million, against a production budget of $32 million.[2]

text: In the United States and Canada, I Feel Pretty was released alongside Traffik and Super Troopers 2, and was projected to gross $13–15 million from 3,440 theaters in its opening weekend.[18] It made $6.3 million on its first day, including $1 million from Thursday night previews which was better than the $650,000 made by Schumer's Snatched the year before. It went on to open to $16 million, finishing third behind A Quiet Place and Rampage. The opening was lower than both of Schumer's previous two films, Trainwreck ($30 million) and Snatched ($19.5 million).[19] In its second weekend the film dropped 49% to $8.1 million, remaining in third.[20] It dropped another 40% in its third week, making $4.9 million and coming in 4th.[21]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 34% based on 183 reviews, and an average rating of 5.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "I Feel Pretty has a charming star and the outline of a worthwhile comedy — but unlike its suddenly confident central character, it suffers from a fundamental lack of conviction."[22] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 47 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[23]

text: Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, with females under 18 giving it an "A+" and females under 25 grading it an "A." [19]

text: David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a "B–", saying: "Schumer's latest comedy could have used a few more polishes — it's a little flabby towards the backend, even if its star is totally fine just as she is — but it never slackens in its conviction that the world reflects how you feel about yourself, or in how empowering that can be if you come at it from the right angle."[24] Variety's Peter Debruge gave the film a moderately positive review, saying, "What sets I Feel Pretty apart is the inspired premise that Renee’s transformation takes place entirely in her head, while those around her are left befuddled by her sudden change of attitude — a concept that begs the question of why our society encourages women to second-guess their self-image in the first place."[25]

text: J.R. Kinnard of PopMatters wrote, "The only people who won't be bored by I Feel Pretty are those whom it offends. It's a gross miscalculation that might mean well, but fails to balance the sharpness and delicacy necessary to tackle the emotional carnage wrought by self-hatred. That it forgets to make us laugh is the final insult."[26]

text: Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, and criticized what he termed the hypocrisy of the filmmakers, saying, "...still: Is it really OK to get off making plus-size jokes just because you tack on a moralizing ending that teaches a lesson about body positivity? Can you have it both ways?"[27] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune also gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, and said, "I Feel Pretty [succumbs to all the wrong Hollywood contrivances]. It's just not funny or fresh enough, and that has everything to do with the material and how it's handled visually, and nothing to do with the people on the screen."[28]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee

Result

2018

MTV Movie & TV Awards

Best Comedic Performance

Amy Schumer

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Movie: Comedy

I Feel Pretty

Pending

Choice Movie Actress: Comedy

Amy Schumer

Pending

text: Controversies[edit]

text: After the release of the trailer, Jeffrey Wells of Hollywood Elsewhere pointed out that elements of I Feel Pretty appeared to resemble the plot of the 1945 film The Enchanted Cottage, without crediting it as an inspiration.[29] Others accused the film of apparently body shaming, with Cosmopolitan writing, "[it's] insulting to anyone and everyone — from Amy herself all the way to women that are larger, less able-bodied...AKA, all the things that are promoted in society to be 'better.'"[30][18]

text: Comedian Bill Maher vehemently defended the film against its allegations of body shaming, knocking Schumer's critics on his HBO television show Real Time with Bill Maher, stating, "Tonight I'd like to examine the reaction to Amy Schumer's new film I Feel Pretty, which the professionally offended have decided that even though it's a film by women filmmakers presenting an entirely pro-woman message, it does it the wrong way!"[31]

text: Singer Selena Gomez praised the film's message on Twitter writing, "This movie is so important to watch. I encourage all my ladies out there to go with your girls and watch! It’s our modern day 13 going on 30!!! #notgettingpaidtosaythis #truth." Oprah Winfrey, on her show Super Soul Conversation, stated the film is "Right on the mark” adding, “You know, you really walk out of that film and you feel what the definition of empowerment is, what the embodiment of empowerment is. You feel good about you, and you just can’t do better than that as an artist. You walk out and you feel good about you and less judgmental about other people."[citation needed]

text: In April 2018, Cineplex pulled the film's trailer after it screened before a showing of The Miracle Season. The trailer was pulled due to a complaint from a father, who argued that the trailer was not suitable for audiences at the screening given that it featured a scene in which Schumer appeared to be nude.[citation needed]