document_title: How the West Was Won (film)

question_text: who played zeb in how the west was won

question_tokens: who played zeb in how the west was won

text: How the West Was Won (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film begins with narration by Spencer Tracy as the aerial-borne camera sweeps over the Rocky Mountains. "This land has a name today," says Tracy in the opening lines of the film, "and is marked on maps."

text: The film then moves into "The Rivers" sequence (considerably to the east of the Rockies).

text: The Rivers (1839)[edit]

text: Mountain man Linus Rawlings (Stewart) is making his way by horse and waterway through the mountains. He confers with a group of Indians. The scene then shifts to Zebulon Prescott and his family.

text: Prescott (Malden) and his family set out west for the frontier via the Erie Canal, the "West", at this time, being the Ohio River country, at the southern edge of Illinois. Along the journey, they meet Rawlings, who is traveling east, to Pittsburgh, to trade his furs. Rawlings and Zebulon's daughter, Eve (Carroll Baker), are attracted to each other, but Linus is not ready to settle down.

text: Linus Rawlings stops at an isolated trading post, run by a murderous clan of river pirates, headed by "Alabama Colonel" Jeb Hawkins (Walter Brennan). Linus is betrayed when he accompanies seductive Dora Hawkins (Brigid Bazlen), into a cave, modeled after a real outlaw haunt, now a part of Cave-in-Rock State Park, to see a "varmint". Dora Hawkins stabs him in the back and Rawlings falls into a deep hole. He is not seriously wounded, and he rescues the Prescott party from a similar fate. The bushwhacking thieves (Lee Van Cleef plays one), including Dora and Hawkins, are dispatched, being killed in an attack by Rawlings, in a form of rough frontier justice.

text: After Zebulon prays to God for their lost loved ones and commends to Him the thieves' souls "whether You want 'em or not", the settlers continue down the river, but their raft is caught in rapids, and Zebulon and his wife Rebecca (Agnes Moorehead) drown. Linus, finding that he cannot live without Eve, reappears and marries her. She insists on homesteading at the spot where her parents died.

text: This section was directed by Henry Hathaway.

text: The Plains (1851)[edit]

text: Eve's sister Lilith (Debbie Reynolds) chose to go back East but after some years finds herself touring in St. Louis, where she and her troupe are hired to perform trendy acts at the Music hall. She attracts the attention of professional gambler Cleve Van Valen (Gregory Peck). After overhearing that she has just inherited a California gold mine, and to avoid paying his debts to another gambler (John Larch), Cleve joins the wagon train taking her there. Wagonmaster Roger Morgan (Robert Preston) and he court her along the way, but she rejects them both, much to the dismay of her new friend and fellow traveler Agatha Clegg (Thelma Ritter), who is searching for a husband.

text: Surviving an attack by Cheyennes, Lilith and Cleve arrive at the mine, only to find that it is worthless. Cleve leaves. Lilith returns to work in a dance hall in a camp town, living out of a covered wagon. Morgan finds her and again proposes marriage unromantically. She tells him, "Not now, not ever."

text: Later, Lilith is singing in the music salon of a riverboat. By chance, Cleve is a passenger. When he hears Lilith's voice, he leaves the poker table (and a winning hand) to propose to her.  He tells her of the opportunities waiting in the rapidly growing city of San Francisco. She accepts his proposal.

text: This section also was directed by Henry Hathaway.

text: The Civil War (1861–1865)[edit]

text: Linus Rawlings joins the Union army as a captain in the American Civil War. Despite Eve's wishes, their son Zeb (Peppard) eagerly enlists as well, looking for glory and an escape from farming. Corporal Peterson (Andy Devine) assures them the conflict will not last very long. The bloody Battle of Shiloh shows Zeb that war is nothing like he imagined, and unknown to him, his father dies there. Zeb encounters a similarly disillusioned Confederate (Russ Tamblyn), who suggests deserting.

text: By chance, they overhear a private conversation between Generals Ulysses S. Grant (Harry Morgan) and William Tecumseh Sherman (Wayne). The rebel realizes he has the opportunity to rid the South of two of its greatest enemies and tries to shoot them, leaving Zeb no choice but to kill him with the bayonet from his shattered musket. Afterward, Zeb rejoins the army.

text: When the war finally ends, Zeb returns home as a lieutenant, only to find his mother has died. She had lost the will to live after learning that Linus had been killed. Zeb gives his share of the family farm to his brother, who is content to be a farmer, and leaves in search of a more interesting life.

text: This section was directed by John Ford.

text: The Railroad (1868)[edit]

text: Following the daring riders from the Pony Express and the construction of the  transcontinental telegraph line in the late 1860s, two ferociously competing railroad lines, the Central Pacific Railroad and the Union Pacific Railroad, one building westward and the other eastward, open up new territory to eager settlers.

text: Zeb becomes a lieutenant in the U.S. cavalry, trying to maintain peace with the Indians with the help of grizzled buffalo hunter Jethro Stuart (Fonda), an old friend of Linus'. When ruthless railroad man Mike King (Widmark) violates a treaty by building on Indian territory, the Arapahos retaliate by stampeding buffalo through his camp, killing many, including women and children. Disgusted, Zeb resigns and heads to Arizona.

text: A subplot was cut featuring Hope Lange as Stuart's daughter, Julie, who becomes involved in a love triangle with Zeb and King; she ultimately marries and abandons Zeb.[5][6]

text: This section was directed by George Marshall.

text: The Outlaws (1889)[edit]

text: In San Francisco, widowed Lilith auctions off her possessions (Cleve and she had made and spent several fortunes) to pay her debts. She travels to Arizona, inviting Zeb and his family to oversee her remaining asset, a ranch.

text: Zeb (now a marshal), his wife Julie (Carolyn Jones), and their children meet Lilith at Gold City's train station. However, Zeb also runs into an old enemy there, outlaw Charlie Gant (Wallach). Zeb had killed Gant's brother in a gunfight. When Gant makes veiled threats against Zeb and his family, Zeb turns to his friend and Gold City's marshal, Lou Ramsey (Lee J. Cobb), but Gant is not wanted for anything in that territory, so Ramsey can do nothing.

text: Zeb decides he has to act rather than wait for Gant to make good his threat someday. Suspecting Gant of planning to rob an unusually large gold shipment being transported by train, he prepares an ambush with Ramsey's reluctant help. Gant and his entire gang (one member played by Harry Dean Stanton) are killed in the shootout and resulting train wreck. In the end, Lilith and the Rawlings family travel to their new home.

text: Epilogue[edit]

text: A short epilogue shows modern Los Angeles and San Francisco in the early 1960s, including the four-level downtown freeway interchange and Golden Gate Bridge.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Spencer Tracy as Narrator

text: Introduced in "The Rivers"[edit]

text:
James Stewart as Linus Rawlings
Carroll Baker as Eve Prescott Rawlings
Debbie Reynolds as Lillith Prescott van Valen
Karl Malden as Zebulon Prescott
Agnes Moorehead as Rebecca Prescott
Walter Brennan as Col. Jeb Hawkins
Brigid Bazlen as Dora Hawkins
Lee Van Cleef as river pirate

text: Introduced in "The Plains"[edit]

text:
Gregory Peck as Cleve Van Valen
Robert Preston as Roger Morgan
Thelma Ritter as Agatha Clegg
John Larch as a gambler
David Brian as Lilith's attorney

text: Introduced in "The Civil War"[edit]

text:
George Peppard as Zeb Rawlings
Andy Devine as Corporal Peterson
Harry Morgan as Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
John Wayne as Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman
Russ Tamblyn as Confederate deserter
Raymond Massey as President Abraham Lincoln

text: Introduced in "The Railroad"[edit]

text:
Henry Fonda as Jethro Stuart
Richard Widmark as Mike King

text: Introduced in "The Outlaws"[edit]

text:
Carolyn Jones as Julie Rawlings
Lee J. Cobb as Marshal Lou Ramsey
Eli Wallach as Charlie Gant
Harry Dean Stanton as a member of Gant's gang
Mickey Shaughnessy as Deputy Stover

text: The film marked then 66-year-old Raymond Massey's last appearance as Abraham Lincoln, a role that he previously played on stage (Abe Lincoln in Illinois and the stage adaptation of John Brown's Body), on screen (Abe Lincoln in Illinois), and on television (The Day Lincoln Was Shot, and two more productions of Abe Lincoln in Illinois).

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: MGM had enjoyed a great success with the big screen remake of Ben Hur (1959) and initiated a number of spectacles, including remakes of Cimarron, Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, and Mutiny on the Bounty.[7]

text: In 1960, MGM dealt with Cinerama to make four films in that process. They were wondering what topic to tackle when Bing Crosby approached them with a proposition. He was developing a television spectacular called How the West Was Won based on photographs of the Old West in Life, with profits to go to St John's Hospital. Rosemary Clooney and he had recorded an album inspired by the same article called How the West Was Won. MGM bought the project from Crosby.[8]

text: The project was announced by MGM in June 1960. It was called The Great Western Story originally and the plan was to film a story of six segments featuring 12 stars with a linking overall storyline. Among the people to be featured were Buffalo Bill, the James brothers, and Billy the Kid.[9] A portion of the profits would go to St. John's Hospital.[10] (This led Irene Dunne and others to persuade the movie's stars to take less than their usual fees. However, the hospital later sued for a share of the film's profits.[11])

text: Bernard Smith was assigned to be producer, and he hired James Webb to write a script.[8] George Peppard was announced for the lead role in October 1960. Irene Dunne and Bing Crosby originally were announced as stars.[12] Laurence Harvey and John Wayne were going to appear in one sequence together.[13]

text: By April 1961, John Wayne and Spencer Tracy had firmed their plans to play General Sherman and Grant for a segment directed by John Ford. James Stewart had signed to play a leading role.[14] Other roles would go to Gregory Peck, Debbie Reynolds, Russ Tamblyn and Carroll Baker while Henry Hathaway and George Sherman would direct from a script by James Webb. Bing Crosby would do the narration.[15] Jim Hutton was meant to appear in the civil war segment.[16] Eventually, Harry Morgan appeared opposite Wayne when Tracy was unavailable.

text: Ultimately the film contained five sections: the 1830s migration, the 1840s gold rush, the Civil War, the construction of the railroad, and beating outlaws. Linking this would be the story of one family over three generations. The budget was set to at least $8 million. John Ford directed  the Civil War segment, George Marshall the railroad segment, and Henry Hathaway the rest.[8] "We wanted three old pros, no young geniuses," said Smith.[17]

text: Cinerama[edit]

text: How the West Was Won was one of only two dramatic feature films (the other being The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm) made using the three-strip Cinerama process. Although the picture quality when projected onto curved screens in theatres was stunning, attempts to convert the movie to a smaller screen suffer from that process's technical shortcomings. When seen in letterbox format, the actors' faces are nearly indistinguishable in long shots.

text: Shooting[edit]

text: Filming started in May 1961 by John Ford in Paducah, Kentucky. Producer Smith said, "it is essential for our purposes that virtually the whole movie be shot outdoors. Throughout the movie, one of the basic themes is to show little people against a vast country – huge deserts, endless plains towering mountains, broad rivers. We want to capture the spirit of adventure, the restless spirit that led these men and women across the country in [the] face of many difficulties and dangers."[18]

text: After Ford finished his segment, Hathaway took over on location.[18]

text: Parts of the film were shot in Monument Valley, Utah.[19] Parts of the film were also shot in Wildwood Regional Park in Thousand Oaks, California.[20][21]

text: Ford complained about having to dress such huge sets, since Cinerama photographed a much wider view than the standard single-camera process to which Hollywood directors were accustomed. Director Henry Hathaway was quoted as saying, "That damned Cinerama. Do you know a waist-shot is as close as you can get with that thing?"[22]

text: A more difficult problem was that the film had to be shot with the actors artificially positioned out of dramatic and emotional frame, and out of synchronization with one another. Only when the three-print Cinerama process was projected upon a Cinerama screen did the positions and emotions of the actors synchronize—such as normal eye contact or emotional harmony between actors in a dramatic sequence. Because of the nature of Cinerama, if the film were shown in flat-screen projection, it would appear as if the actors made no eye contact, at all. One brief scene of Mexican soldiers was generously sourced by John Wayne from the 1960 version of The Alamo, in which he starred, produced, and directed.

text: Stuntman Bob Morgan, husband of Yvonne De Carlo, was injured seriously and lost a leg during a break in filming a gunfight on a moving train while filming "The Outlaws" portion. Chains holding logs on a flat-bed car broke, crushing Morgan as he crouched beside them.[23]

text: In a scene in which George Peppard's character reminisces about his late father, Peppard improvised by doing an imitation of James Stewart's voice. Director John Ford initially objected, but Peppard felt it was important in such a long, sprawling film to remind the audience which character his father was supposed to be.

text: Hathaway later said making the film was "goddam trouble. They had an idiot for a producer and Sol Siegel was drunk most of the time. We spent so much money on the picture they almost decided not to do the last part. We had a meeting, and I said, 'You can't quit. You've got to show how the West was won. The West was won when the law took over'."[24]

text: Postproduction[edit]

text: Filming was finished in January 1962. After the film was shot, MGM ordered a new ending which rounded out the story of the family and involved shooting for another month. Henry Fonda and Debbie Reynolds were involved in this.[25]

text: The budget eventually reached $12 million.[26]

text: The film later inspired a television series of the same name.

text: Music[edit]

text: The music for the film was composed and conducted by Alfred Newman.  The soundtrack album was originally released by MGM Records. Dimitri Tiomkin, well known for scores to Western films, was the first composer approached to compose the music for the film.  However, Tiomkin became unavailable as a result of eye surgery, and Newman was hired as a replacement.

text: The score is widely considered to be one of Newman's best, and appears on the AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores list. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score, losing to Tom Jones.

text: Debbie Reynolds sings three songs in the film: "Raise a Ruckus Tonight" starting a party around the camp fire, "What Was Your Name in the States?", and "A Home in the Meadow"[27] to the tune of "Greensleeves", with lyrics by Sammy Cahn.[28] Her rendition is heard by Cleve (Gregory Peck), who is so moved, he proposes marriage. This scene ends The Plains segment.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Premiere[edit]

text: Surprisingly for such an American film, How the West Was Won had its world premiere in the United Kingdom at London's Casino Cinerama Theatre on November 2, 1962. The film ran at the Casino for 123 weeks, ending in April 1965.

text: Box-office performance[edit]

text: How the West Was Won was a massive commercial success. Produced on a then-large budget of $15 million, it grossed $46,500,000 at the North American box office,[29] making it the second-highest-grossing film of 1963. The film grossed $50 million worldwide.[3]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film won three Academy Awards for:[30][31]

text:
Best Writing, Story and Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen (James R. Webb)
Best Film Editing
Best Sound (Franklin Milton)

text: It was also nominated for:

text:
Best Picture
Best Art Direction – Set Decoration, Color (George Davis, William Ferrari, Addison Hehr, Henry Grace, Don Greenwood Jr., Jack Mills)
Best Cinematography, Color
Best Costume Design, Color
Best Music, Score – Substantially Original (Alfred Newman and Ken Darby)

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – number 25[32]
2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[33]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
Nominated Western Film[34]
Nominated Epic Film[34]

text: Restoration[edit]

text: In 2000, MGM gave Crest Digital the task of restoring the original Cinerama negative for How the West Was Won. As part of the process, they built their own authentic Cinerama screening room.[35] There have also been efforts, led by HP,[36] to combine the three image portions to make the Cinerama image look more acceptable on a flat screen. This has finally been accomplished on the latest DVD and Blu-ray Disc release. Previously, the lines where the three Cinerama panels joined were glaringly visible (as seen in the stills on this page), but this has been largely corrected on the Warner Bros. DVD and Blu-ray Disc—though the joints remain visible in places, especially against bright backgrounds.

text: The restoration also corrects some of the geometric distortions inherent in the process. For instance, in the final shot, the Golden Gate Bridge appears to curve in perspective as the camera flies underneath it, whereas in the Cinerama version, it breaks into three straight sections at different angles.

text: The Blu-ray Disc also contains a "SmileBox" version, simulating the curved-screen effect.

text: Though the aspect ratio of Cinerama was 2.59:1, Warner's new BD and DVD releases of the film offer an aspect ratio of 2.89:1, incorporating image information on both sides that was never meant to be seen when projected. The BD-exclusive SmileBox alternative has the intentional cropping intact.

text: In 2006, Warner Bros. Motion Picture Imaging performed digital restoration on How the West Was Won. It digitally restored the film frame by frame at Prasad Corporation to remove dirt, tears, scratches, and other damage—restoring the original look.[37] The restored Warner Bros. release has been shown on television since October 2008, on the Encore Westerns channel.[38][39][40]

text: Comic-book adaptation[edit]

text: Gold Key: How the West Was Won (July 1963)[41]


document_title: Naruto: Shippuden (season 17)

question_text: what episode in naruto shippuden does hinata appear

root

text: Naruto: Shippuden (season 17)

text: Episode listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date

362
"Kakashi's Resolve"
"Kakashi no Ketsui" (カカシの決意)
May 15, 2014

After repelling Naruto Uzumaki's Super Mini-Tailed Beast Ball while chiding Obito for deviating from the plan, including the method of his resurrection, Madara decides to take matters into his own hands to capture the remaining tailed beasts by using the First Hokage's Wood Dragon to bind Kurama and Gyuki. Meanwhile, Kakashi Hatake tries to understand Obito's reasons but is severely drained from overusing his Sharingan as he gets endlessly pummeled. Luckily, while stopping Madara's Susanoo from killing him, Killer Bee, and Guy, Naruto uses a shadow clone to save Kakashi. Hearing Naruto's words as an allusion to Obito's childhood ideals, Kakashi gains the resolve to protect his student. Convincing Naruto to let him control his body for a bit, Kurama reinvigorates Kakashi with a chakra boost and tricked Obito into warping the copy ninja into the other dimension so he can lose his advantage through Kamui. Afterwards, as Gyuki attempts to break through the Gedo Statue's barrier, Naruto turns his attention to the Gedo Statue as he and Killer Bee use two Tailed Beast Bombs in hopes to destroy the statue before its regeneration into the Ten-Tails is complete. Despite the apparent victory, the revived Ten-Tails appears from the fading smoke.

363
"The Allied Shinobi Forces Jutsu"
"Shinobi Rengōgun no Jutsu!" (忍連合軍の術!)
May 22, 2014

Following the Ten-Tails' arrival, Obito and Madara quickly attach themselves to it and launch an attack against Naruto and the others. However Kurama quickly takes charge of the situation and uses a strategy with Kakashi to deliver Gyuki close enough to the Ten-Tails to launch a Tailed Beast Ball at point blank range. However the Ten-Tails proves to be much to powerful for the pair of Tailed Beasts, forcing them to retreat into their hosts and leaving Naruto, Kakashi and Guy at the mercy of its own Tailed Beast Ball. However the Allied Shinobi Forces make a grand appearance, with Ino and Hinata able to deflect the attack. With their arrival, Naruto boldly proclaims to Madara that their "Allied Shinobi Forces Jutsu" is more powerful than the Infinite Tsukuyomi, also prompting Obito to join the argument. Meanwhile, Shikaku uses the opportunity to develop a strategy involving the Shinobi Forces which he eventually relays with the help of Inochi and they are able to immobilize the Ten-Tails inside a pit of concrete. Finally as the Shinobi Alliance charges at Madara and Obito, the Ten-Tails begins undergoing a metamorphosis.

364
"The Ties That Bind"
"Tsunagareru Mono" (繋がれるもの)
June 5, 2014

In the midst of the Allied Shinobi Forces' attack, the Ten-Tails undergoes a sudden transformation, repels the attack and escape from the concrete pit. Madara and Obito launches the Tailed-Beast Balls in all directions, including the Allied HQ. The explosion destroys the headquarters, killing Shikaku and Inoichi. Afterwards, Madara outlines his plan to become the Ten-Tails' Jinchūriki to Obito. The Ten-Tails launch a barrage of wooden spikes to kill some ninjas, including Neji who saves Naruto. Obito uses the opportunity to demoralize Naruto. However, Hinata asks Naruto to not let Neji's death be a waste and Naruto boosts their morale with Kurama's chakra. Afterwards, Obito recklessly launches a close-ranged Tailed-Beast Ball, but is repelled by the recovered Bee.

365
"Those Who Dance in the Shadows"
"Shinobimau Mono-tachi" (忍び舞う者たち)
June 12, 2014

Naruto follows the strategy which Shikaku relayed to him before his death to share Kurama's chakra with his comrades and hence make the Allied Shinobi Forces much stronger than before. Using their newly gained powers the allied forces corner the Ten-Tails and manage to sever Obito and Madara's bond with it. Meanwhile Sasuke Uchiha, Orochimaru, Jugo and Suigetsu sneak into the Konoha and enter the Uchiha's Nakano Shrine, where Orochimaru breaks the Reaper Death Seal and performs the Reanimation Jutsu to reanimate all of the previous Hokages.

366
"The All-Knowing"
"Subete o Shiru Mono-tachi" (全てを知る者たち)
June 19, 2014

Having been reanimated by Orochimaru, the previous Hokages immediately suspect the former to be up to his old schemes until he adds that they were brought solely to answer Sasuke's questions. Sasuke wastes no time in getting Hiruzen to confirm the truth about Itachi and follows up by questioning Tobirama on the Uchiha clan, where the latter explains that the power of the Sharingan manifests when a clan member experiences deep emotional trauma, which in turn gives rise to hatred. Afterwards Orochimaru tells the Hokages of the ongoing war and when Tobirama tries to leave, Orochimaru threatens to use them to attack the Leaf Village if they fail to appease Sasuke's questions. Afterwards Sasuke asks Hashirama to explain the concepts of a "village" and "shinobi". Realizing that his answer would influence Sasuke's actions, Hashirama decides to begin his explanation by recounting his final climatic battle with Madara at the Valley of the End.

367
"Hashirama and Madara"
"Hashirama to Madara" (柱間とマダラ)
July 3, 2014

Hashirama continues to tell his story, telling of when he first met Madara at a river when they were children during a time where ninja were without villages and hired by feudal lords for numerous bloody conflicts. The two bond over their hardships of losing brothers in the fighting, and their mutual dream to end the wars and create peace. However, Hashirama's father Butsuma finds out about their meetings and reveals to his son that Madara is an Uchiha, and orders him to spy on him.

368
"The Era of Warring States"
"Sengoku Jidai" (戦国時代)
July 10, 2014

During the next meeting between Hashirama and Madara, the two try to warn each other that their families are after them. But when Butsuma and Tobirama arrive at the same time as Madara's brother Izuna and their father Tajima and the confrontation leads to Izuna almost being killed, Madara accepts the reality they live in and agrees to continue fighting against the Senju. As the years pass, Hashirama and Madara become the leaders of their respective clans as the conflict between their families continues with many casualties. During one such battle, Tobirama fatally wounds Izuna. The next time the Senju brothers encounter Madara in a later battle, he informs them that Izuna had succumbed to his injuries and had left him his eyes to continue protecting their clan. But despite having acquired the Eternal Mangekyō Sharingan, Madara is still defeated by Hashirama. Stopping Tobirama from delivering the final blow, Hashirama makes another attempt to offer Madara peace. But Madara tells him that he will accept if Hashirama takes his own life or Tobirama's. Hashirama agrees, and has his kin swear that the feud between their clans will end and that no harm will come to the Uchiha after his death. However, seeing his former friend's resolve, Madara stops Hashirama from taking his life and accepts his proposal. With peace between the Senju and the Uchiha, the establishment of Konoha soon follows.

369
"My True Dream"
"Hontō no Yume" (本当の夢)
July 24, 2014

With the Uchiha and the Senju clans forming an alliance, Madara and Hashirama's childhood dream of a village where children were not sent to battle has come to fruition. The village itself would ally with the Land of Fire. Having heard of his elder brother's intentions to choose Madara as the Hokage, Tobirama argues that things are done democratically now and everyone, even the Uchiha, would not see Madara in the same light as Hashirama. Madara brings Hashirama to the Naka Shrine, and tells him that he intends to leave the village. Not understanding Madara's true agenda, Hashirama attempts to persuade him to not leave the village but is unsuccessful, and after leaving Konoha, Madara continues to attack it and destroy his previous dream.

370
"Sasuke's Answer"
"Sasuke no Kotae" (サスケの答え)
July 31, 2014

The battle between Hashirama and Madara concludes with Hashirama killing Madara and resolving himself to endure in order to protect his dream. Back in present day, after hearing Hashirama's story and reflecting on Itachi's life, Sasuke decides that the village that Itachi sacrificed his life to protect should not be wasted, and decides to enter the battlefield to follow his will. After Karin joins back up with them, the resurrected Hokage prepare to head to the battlefield.

371
"Hole"
"Kazaana" (風穴)
August 7, 2014

As he continues defending his comrades from Obito and Madara's various attacks, Naruto begins to tire from micromanaging Kurama's chakra. The Ten-Tails begins going through another transformation and begins to perform a massive attack. Kakashi attempts to stop it with his Kamui before he is intercepted by Obito and the two go to the other dimension. The Ten-Tails's technique causes massive destruction yet the shinobi survive thanks to Naruto. Unfortunately Naruto, worn out and injured, leaves Nine-Tails Chakra Mode and causes the cloaks of the alliance to fade away. Meanwhile, Kakashi gains the upper hand against Obito, aiming his Lightning Blade at him, but stops due to not wanting to kill his former teammate. Kakashi tries to persuade him into reverting to how he was before but is taunted in response. Obito reveals that he is aware of the true story of Rin's death being that Mist ninjas planned to use her to unleash the Three-Tails on Konoha and she purposely made herself to die by Kakashi's hand to protect her village. He uses genjutsu to show Kakashi that his heart is empty and how Infinite Tsukuyomi can save people from this. The Ten-Tails begins preparing a large Tailed Beast Ball, much to the horror of the Alliance.

372
"Something to Fill the Hole"
"Umeru Mono" (埋めるもの)
August 14, 2014

Ten-Tails fires his enormous Tailed Beast Ball to the Alliance. Shikamaru, with the help of Ino's jutsu, devises a last-minute plan to counter its powerful attack by creating a earth barrier and Bee to slow down the Tailed Beast Ball to change its trajectory. However, it manages to pierce through barriers of the Alliance and Bee quickly blocks its on his own. The ball suddenly disappears as Minato arrives, telling the Alliance that he teleported it to the sea. The other Hokages soon arrive and create a special barrier to trap the Ten Tails. Sasuke arrives, much to the shock of Konoha 11, and he tells them that he has decided to protect the village and aspires to become Hokage. Reuniting with Naruto and Sakura Haruno, Team 7 prepare themselves against the Ten Tails. Meanwhile in Kamui's dimension, Obito continues to berate Kakashi about the failing reality in this world and value of comrades but Kakashi tells Obito that losing the feelings of his comrades is much worse than trash and he believes that his comrades will fill the hole inside his heart.

tag: table

text: Home releases[edit]

text: Japanese[edit]

text:
Volume
Date
Discs
Episodes
Reference

1
January 7, 2015
1
362–365
[3]

2
February 4, 2015
1
366–369
[3]

3
March 4, 2015
1
370–372, 376–377
[3]

text: English[edit]

text:
Viz Media (North America, Region 1 DVD)

Box set
Date
Discs
Episodes
Reference

29
January 17, 2017
2
362–374
[4]

30
April 4, 2017
2
375–388
[5]

text:
Madman Entertainment (United Kingdom, Region 2)

Volume
Date
Discs
Episodes
Reference

29
July 24, 2017
2
362–374
[6]

text:
Madman Entertainment (Australia/New Zealand, Region 4)

Collection
Date
Discs
Episodes
Reference

29
March 8, 2017
2
362–374
[7]

30
June 7, 2017
2
375–387
[8]


document_title: List of football federations

question_text: what are the six continental confederations of fifa

text: List of football federations

text: Global[edit]

text:
FIFA - Fédération Internationale de Football Association - 211 members - founded in 1904, represents nations from around the world, and is the overall governing body of recognised international football. Its premier tournament is the quadrennial FIFA World Cup.
NF-Board - New Federation Board - 18 members + 14 provisional - founded in 2003 represents nations, dependencies, unrecognized states, minorities, stateless peoples, regions and micronations not affiliated to FIFA. The main tournament was the VIVA World Cup. As of January 2013, this organisation has been disbanded.
ConIFA - Confederation of Independent Football Associations - 24 members - founded in 2013 represents nations, dependencies, unrecognized states, minorities and regions not affiliated to FIFA. The main tournament is the ConIFA World Football Cup.

tag: ul

text: Continental[edit]

text: FIFA Confederations[edit]

text: FIFA-member football associations are formed together into continental confederations, which organise continental national and club competitions.

tag: p

text:
AFC - Asian Football Confederation - 46 members + 1 associate - founded in 1954, represents Asian nations in football. The main tournament is the AFC Asian Cup.
CAF - Confédération Africaine de Football - 54 members + 2 associate - founded in 1957 - represents African nations in football. The main tournament is the African Cup of Nations.
CONCACAF - Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football - 35 members + 6 associate - founded in 1961 represents North American, Central American and Caribbean nations. The main tournament is the CONCACAF Gold Cup.
CONMEBOL - Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol - 10 members - founded in 1916 represents South American nations in football. The main tournament is the Copa América.
OFC - Oceania Football Confederation - 11 members + 3 associate - founded in 1966 represents Oceanian nations in football. The main tournament is the OFC Nations Cup.
UEFA Union of European Football Associations - 55 members  - founded in 1954 represents European nations in football. The main tournament is the UEFA European Championship.

text: Non-FIFA Confederations[edit]

text: Two continental confederations exist within the NF-Board.

text:
CSANF - Consejo Sudamericano de Nuevas Federaciones - 4 members + 1 associate - founded in 2007 represents teams not affiliated to FIFA in South America.
NAANF - North America and Arctic New Federations - 0 members - founded in 2008, represents non-FIFA teams in North America, Central America, Caribbean and in the Arctic region.

text: Inter-continental[edit]

text: The following confederations consist of FIFA member associations that cross continental boundaries.

text: UAFA - Union of Arab Football Associations - 22 members - founded in 1974, represents Arab nations from Africa and Asia. The main tournament is the Arab Nations Cup.

text: Regional[edit]

text: Africa[edit]

text: Affiliated to CAF

text:
CECAFA - Council of East and Central African Football Associations - 10 members + 1 associate -  founded in 1927, represents nations generally regarded as forming the regions of East Africa and some nations of Central Africa. The main tournament is the CECAFA Cup.
COSAFA - Council of Southern African Football Associations - 14 members + 1 associate - founded in 1997, represents nations generally regarded as forming Southern Africa, as well as island states off the coast of Southern Africa. The main tournament is the COSAFA Cup.
WAFU (UFOA) - Union of West African Football Associations - 8 members - founded in 1977, one of two bodies that represent nations in West Africa. The main tournament is the WAFU Nations Cup.
UNAF - Union of North African Federations - 5 members - founded in 2005, represents nations regarded as forming North Africa.
UNIFFAC - Central African Football Federations' Union - 8 members - represents some of the nations that form Central Africa. The main tournament is the CEMAC Cup.

text: Asia[edit]

text: Affiliated to AFC

text:
WAFF - West Asian Football Federation - 12 members - founded in 2000, represents nations at the western extremity of the continent. The main tournament is the WAFF Championship.
AGCFF - Arab Gulf Cup Football Federation - 8 members - founded in 2016, represents the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. The main tournament is the Arabian Gulf Cup.
EAFF - East Asian Football Federation - 10 members - founded in 2002, represents nations generally agreed to constitute the "far east". The main tournament is the EAFF E-1 Football Championship.
SAFF - South Asian Football Federation - 7 members - founded in 1997, represents nations from South Asia. The main tournament is the SAFF Championship.
CAFA - Central Asian Football Association - 6 members - founded in 2015, represents nations from Central Asia. The main tournament is the CAFA Championship.
AFF - ASEAN Football Federation - 12 members - founded in 1984, represents nations from Southeast Asia. The main tournament is the AFF Championship.

text: North America[edit]

text: Affiliated to CONCACAF

text:
CFU - Caribbean Football Union - 30 members -  represents all nations in the Caribbean. The main tournament is the Caribbean Cup.
LIFA - Leeward Islands Football Association - 11 members - founded in 1949, represents nations of the Leeward archipelago and is affiliated to CFU. The main tournament is the Leeward Islands Tournament.
WIFA - Windward Islands Football Association - 4 members - represents nations of the Windward archipelago and is affiliated to CFU. The main tournament is the Windward Islands Tournament.
NAFU - North American Football Union - 3 members - represents the three sovereign nations of North America. The main tournament was the now defunct North American Nations Cup.
UNCAF Union Centroamericana de Fútbol - 7 members - represents the seven nations of Central America. The main tournament is the UNCAF Nations Cup.

text: Defunct[edit]

text:
CCCF - Confederacion Centroamericana y del Caribe de Futbol - 37 members - dissolved in 1961, represented Central America and Caribbean region and was directly affiliated to FIFA. The main tournament was the CCCF Championship.
CENF - Confederation of European New Federations - 0 members - founded in 2007 and dissolved in 2008, represented teams not affiliated to FIFA in Europe, and was affiliated to NF-Board. The main tournament was the CENF Cup, but was never played.
FIFI - Federation of International Football Independents - 5 members - represents nations, dependencies and unrecognized states not affiliated to FIFA. The main tournament was the FIFI Wild Cup.
IFU - International Football Union - 2 provisional members - founded in 2009 as an international football confederation for nations and territories not admitted to FIFA, was dissolved in 2010.
NAFC - North American Football Confederation - 4 members - founded in 1946 and dissolved in 1961, represented the North American region and was directly affiliated to FIFA. The main tournament was the NAFC Championship.
PFC Panamerican Football Confederation - 50 members - founded in 1946 represents teams from America. The main tournament is the Panamerican Championship.
UIAFA - Union Internationale Amateur de Football Association - 3, later 5 members - founded in 1908 and dissolved in 1912. Main tournament was the Amateur European Championship.


document_title: Seven Sages of Greece

question_text: of miletus one of the seven stages of greece

text: Seven Sages of Greece

text: The Seven Sages[edit]

text: The list of seven sages includes:

text:
Thales of Miletus (c. 624 – c. 546 BC) is the first well-known philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer. His advice, "Know thyself," was engraved on the front facade of the Temple of Apollo in Delphi.
Pittacus of Mytilene (c. 640 – 568 BC) governed Mytilene (Lesbos). He tried to reduce the power of the nobility and was able to govern with the support of the demos, whom he favoured.
Bias of Priene (fl. 6th century BC) was a politician and legislator of the 6th century BC.
Solon of Athens (c. 638 – 558 BC) was a famous legislator and reformer from Athens, framing the laws that shaped the Athenian democracy.
the fifth and sixth sage are variously given as two of: Cleobulus, tyrant of Lindos (fl. c. 600 BC), reported as either the grandfather or father-in-law of Thales; Periander of Corinth (b. before 634 BC, d. c. 585 BC); Myson of Chenae (6th century BC); Anacharsis the Scythian (6th century BC).
Chilon of Sparta (fl. 555 BC) was a Spartan politician to whom the militarization of Spartan society was attributed.

text: Sources and legends[edit]

text: The oldest[1] explicit mention on record of a standard list of seven sages is in Plato's Protagoras, where Socrates says:

text: ...There some, both at present and of old, who recognized that Spartanizing is much more a love of wisdom than a love of physical exercise, knowing that the ability to utter such [brief and terse] remarks belongs to a perfectly educated man. Among these were Thales of Miletus, and Pittacus of Mytilene, and Bias of Priene, and our own Solon, and Cleobulus of Lindus, and Myson of Chenae, and the seventh of them was said to be Chilon of Sparta. They all emulated and admired and were students of Spartan education, could tell their wisdom was of this sort by the brief but memorable remarks they each uttered when they met and jointly the first fruits of their wisdom to Apollo in his shrine at Delphi, writing what is on every man's lips: Know thyself, and Nothing too much. Why do I say this? Because this was the manner of philosophy among the ancients, a kind of laconic brevity.[2]

text: The section of the Protagoras in which appears this passage is "elaborately ironical", making it unclear which of its parts may be taken seriously,[3] although Diogenes Laertius later confirms that there were indeed seven such individuals who were held in high esteem for their wisdom well before Plato's time. According to Demetrius Phalereus, it was during the archonship of Damasias (582/1 BC) that the seven first become known as "the wise men", Thales being the first so acknowledged.[4]

text: Diogenes points out, however, that there was among his sources great disagreement over which figures should be counted among the seven.[5] Perhaps the two most common substitutions were to exchange Periander or Anacharsis for Myson. On Diogenes' first list of seven, which he introduces with the words "These men are acknowledged wise," Periander appears instead of Myson;[6] the same substitution appears in The Masque of the Seven Sages by Ausonius.[7] Both Ephorus[5] and Plutarch (in his Banquet of the Seven Sages) substituted Anacharsis for Myson. Diogenes Laertius further states that Dicaearchus gave ten possible names,[5] Hippobotus suggested twelve names,[8] and Hermippus enumerated seventeen possible sages from which different people made different selections of seven.[8] Leslie Kurke contends that "Aesop was a popular contender for inclusion in the group"; an epigram of the 6th century AD poet Agathias (Palatine Anthology 16.332) refers to a statue of the Seven Sages, with Aesop standing before them.[9]

text: Later tradition ascribed to each sage a pithy saying of his own, but ancient as well as modern scholars have doubted the legitimacy of such ascriptions.[10] A compilation of 147 maxims, inscribed at Delphi, was preserved by the fifth century AD scholar Stobaeus as "Sayings of the Seven Sages,"[11] but "the actual authorship of the...maxims set up on the Delphian temple may be left uncertain. Most likely they were popular proverbs, which tended later to be attributed to particular sages."[12]

text: In addition to being credited for pithy sayings, the wise men were also apparently famed for practical inventions; in Plato's Republic (600a), it is said that it "befits a wise man" to have "many inventions and useful devices in the crafts or sciences" attributed to him, citing Thales and Anacharsis the Scythian as examples.

text: According to a number of moralistic stories, there was a golden tripod (or, in some versions of the story, a bowl or cup) which was to be given to the wisest. Allegedly, it passed in turn from one of the seven sages to another, beginning with Thales, until one of them (either Thales or Solon, depending on the story) finally dedicated it to Apollo who was held to be wisest of all.[13]

text: According to Diogenes, Dicaearchus claimed that the seven "were neither wise men nor philosophers, but merely shrewd men, who had studied legislation."[14] And according to at least one modern scholar, the claim is correct: "With the exception of Thales, no one whose life is contained in [Diogenes'] Book I [i.e. none of the above] has any claim to be styled a philosopher."[15]


document_title: Baseball color line

question_text: who was the first african american to play in baseball's major leagues

question_tokens: who was the first african american to play in baseball 's major leagues

text: Baseball color line

text: Origins[edit]

text: Formal beginning of segregation followed the baseball season of 1867. On October 16, the Pennsylvania State Convention of Baseball in Harrisburg denied admission to the "colored" Pythian Baseball Club.[1]

text: Major League Baseball's National League, founded in 1876, had no black players in the 19th century, except for a recently discovered one, William Edward White, who played in a single game in 1879 and who apparently passed for being white. The National League and the other main major league of the day, the American Association, had no written rules against having African American players. In 1884, the American Association had two black players, Moses Fleetwood Walker and, for a few months of the season, his brother Weldy Walker, both of whom played for the Toledo Blue Stockings.

text: The year before, in 1883, prominent National League player Cap Anson had threatened to have his Chicago team sit out an exhibition game at then-minor league Toledo if Toledo's Fleet Walker played. Anson backed down, but not before uttering the “N word” on the field and vowing that his team would not play in such a game again.[2]

text: In 1884, the Chicago club made a successful threat months in advance of another exhibition game at Toledo, to have Fleet Walker sit out. In 1887, Anson made a successful threat by telegram before an exhibition game against the Newark Little Giants of the International League that it must not play its two black players, Fleet Walker and pitcher George Stovey.[3]

text: The influence of players such as Anson and the general racism in society led to segregation efforts in professional baseball. On July 14, 1887, the high-minor International League voted to ban the signing of new contracts with black players. By a 6-to-4 vote, the league’s entirely white teams voted in favor and those with at least one black player voted in the negative. The Binghamton, N.Y., team, which had just released its two black players, voted with the majority.[4]

text: Right after the vote, the sports weekly Sporting Life stated, “Several representatives declared that many of the best players in the league are anxious to leave on account of the colored element, and the board finally directed Secretary [C.D.] White to approve of no more contracts with colored men.” A lengthy 2016 essay that focused on claims of Anson’s alleged influence on the vote cited the Sporting Life report and showed that several historians have been lax by not conveying that Anson’s influence on the vote is a matter of speculation.[5]

text: On the afternoon of the International League vote, Anson’s Chicago team played the game in Newark alluded to above, with Stovey and the apparently injured Walker sitting out. Some historians with a negative view of Anson rewrote the sequence of events that day to undo the fact that the league vote took place at a meeting that was convened in the morning, before the game that afternoon. Anson biographer Howard W. Rosenberg, concluded that, “A fairer argument is that rather than being an architect [of segregation in professional baseball, as the late baseball racism historian Jules Tygiel termed Anson in his 1983 Baseball’s Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson and His Legacy], that he was a reinforcer of it, including in the National League – and that he had no demonstrable influence on changing the course of events apart from his team’s exhibition-game schedule.” The year 1887 was also the high point of achievement of blacks in the high minor leagues, and each National League team that year except for Chicago played exhibition games against teams with black players, including against Newark and other International League teams.[6]

text: Some of Anson’s notoriety stems from a 1907 book on early blacks in baseball by black minor league player and later black semi-professional team manager Sol White, who was elected to the Hall of Fame in 2006. White’s claims against Anson, such as that, “Were it not for this same man Anson, there would have been a colored player in the National League in 1887,” were analyzed at length by Rosenberg in his 2006 Anson biography and are referenced in a few places in his 2016 essay.[7]

text: After the 1887 season, the International League retained just two blacks for the 1888 season, both of whom were under contracts signed before the 1887 vote, Frank Grant of the Buffalo Bisons and Moses Fleetwood Walker of the Syracuse franchise, with Walker staying in the league for most of 1889.

text: In September 1887, eight members of the St. Louis Browns of the then-major American Association (who would ultimately change their nickname to the current St. Louis Cardinals) staged a mutiny during a road trip, refusing to play a game against the New York Cuban Giants, the first all-black professional baseball club, and citing both racial and practical reasons: that the players were banged up and wanted to rest so as to not lose their hold on first place. At the time, the St. Louis team was in Philadelphia, and a story that ran in the Philadelphia Times stated that “for the first time in the history of base ball the color line has been drawn." [8]

text: Blacks were gone from the high minors after 1889 and a trickle of them were left in the minor leagues within a decade. Besides White’s single game in 1879, the lone blacks in major league baseball for around 75 years were Fleet Walker and his brother Weldy, both in 1884 with Toledo.

text: A big change would take place starting in 1946, when Jackie Robinson played for the Montreal Royals in, fittingly, the International League.[9]

text: Covert efforts at integration[edit]

text: While professional baseball was formally regarded as a strictly white-men-only affair, the racial color bar was directed against black players exclusively. Other races were allowed to play in professional white baseball. One example was Charles Albert Bender, a star pitcher for the Philadelphia Athletics in 1910. Bender was the son of a Chippewa Indian mother and a German father and had the inevitable nickname "Chief" from the white players.[10]

text: As a result of this exclusive treatment of black players, deceptive tactics were used by managers to sign African Americans, including several attempts, with the player's acquiescence, to sign players who they knew full well were African American as Native Americans despite the ban. In 1901, John McGraw, manager of the Baltimore Orioles, tried to add Charlie Grant to the roster as his second baseman. He tried to get around the Gentleman's Agreement by trying to pass him as a Cherokee Indian named Charlie Tokohama. Grant went along with the charade. However, in Chicago Grant's African American friends who came to see him try out gave him away and Grant never got an opportunity to play ball in the big leagues.[11]

text: On May 28, 1916, British Columbian Jimmy Claxton temporarily broke the professional baseball color barrier when he played two games for the Oakland Oaks of the Pacific Coast League. Claxton was introduced to the team owner by a part-Native American friend as a fellow member of an Oklahoma tribe. The Zee-Nut candy company rushed out a baseball card for Claxton.[10] However, within a week, a friend of Claxton revealed that he had both Negro and Indigenous Canadian ancestors, and Claxton was promptly fired.[12] It would be nearly thirty more years before another black man, at least one known to be black, played organized white baseball.

text: There possibly were attempts to have people of African descent be signed as Hispanics. One possible attempt may have occurred in 1911 when the Cincinnati Reds signed two light-skinned players from Cuba, Armando Marsans and Rafael Almeida. Both of them had played "Negro Baseball", barnstorming as members of the integrated All Cubans. When questions arose about them playing the white man's game, the Cincinnati managers assured the public that "...they were as pure white as Castile soap."[10]

text: The African American newspaper New York Age had this to say about the signings:

text: Now that the first shock is over, it will not be surprising to see a Cuban a few shades darker breaking into the professional ranks. It would then be easier for colored players who are citizens of this country to get into fast company.[10]

text: The Negro leagues[edit]

text: The Negro National League was founded in 1920 by Rube Foster, independent of Organized Baseball's National Commission (1903–1920). The NNL survived through 1931, primarily in the midwest, accompanied by the major Eastern Colored League for several seasons to 1928. "National" and "American" Negro leagues were established in 1933 and 1937 which persisted until integration. The Negro Southern League operated consecutively from 1920, usually at a lower level. None of them, nor any integrated teams, were members of Organized Baseball, the system led by Commissioner Landis from 1921. Rather, until 1946 professional baseball in the United States was played in two racially segregated league systems, one on each side of the so-called color line. Much of that time there were two high-level "Negro major leagues" with a championship playoff or all-star game, as between the white major leagues.

text: Kenesaw Mountain Landis[edit]

text: During his 1921–1944 tenure as the first baseball commissioner, Kenesaw Mountain Landis has been alleged to have been particularly determined to maintain the segregation.[citation needed] It is possible that he was guided by his background as a federal judge, and specifically by the then-existing constitutional doctrine of "separate but equal" institutions (see Plessy v. Ferguson).[citation needed] He himself maintained for many years that black players could not be integrated into the major leagues without heavily compensating the owners of Negro league teams for what would likely result in the loss of their investments.[citation needed] In addition, integration at the major league level would likely have necessitated integrating the minor leagues, which were much more heavily distributed through the rural U.S. South and Midwest.[citation needed]

text: Although Landis had served an important role in helping to restore the integrity of the game after the 1919 World Series scandal, his unyielding stance on the subject of baseball's color line was an impediment.[according to whom?][how?][citation needed] His death in late 1944 was opportune, as it resulted in the appointment of a new Commissioner, Happy Chandler, who was much more open to integration than Landis was.

text: Bill Veeck and Branch Rickey[edit]

text: The only serious attempt to break the color line during Landis' tenure came in 1942, when Bill Veeck tried to buy the then-moribund Philadelphia Phillies and stock them with Negro league stars. However, when Landis got wind of his plans,[13] he and National League president Ford Frick scuttled it in favor of another bid by William D. Cox.

text: In his autobiography, Veeck, as in Wreck, in which he discussed his abortive attempt to buy the Phillies, Veeck also stated that he wanted to hire black players for the simple reason that in his opinion the best black athletes "can run faster and jump higher" than the best white athletes.[14] Veeck realized that there was no actual rule against integration; it was just an unwritten policy, a "Gentlemen's Agreement." Veeck stated that Landis and Frick prevented him from buying and thus integrating the Phillies, on various grounds.[citation needed]

text: The authors of a controversial article in the 1998 issue of SABR's The National Pastime argued that Veeck invented the story of buying the Phillies, claiming Philadelphia's black press made no mention of a prospective sale to Veeck.[15] Subsequently, the article was strongly challenged by the late historian Jules Tygiel, who refuted it point-by-point in an article in the 2006 issue of SABR's The Baseball Research Journal,[16] and in an appendix, entitled "Did Bill Veeck Lie About His Plan to Purchase the ’43 Phillies?", published in Paul Dickson's biography, Bill Veeck: Baseball's Greatest Maverick.[17] Joseph Thomas Moore wrote in his biography of Doby, "Bill Veeck planned to buy the Philadelphia Phillies with the as yet unannounced intention of breaking that color line."[18] The Phillies ended up being the last National League team, and third-last team in the majors, to integrate, with John Kennedy debuting for the Phillies in 1957, 15 years after Veeck's attempted purchase.

text: Around 1945, Branch Rickey, General Manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, held tryouts of black players, under the cover story of forming a new team called the "Brooklyn Brown Dodgers." The Dodgers were, in fact, looking for the right man to break the color line. Rickey had an advantage in that he was already an employee of the Dodgers. Also, Landis had died by this time and new commissioner Happy Chandler was more supportive of integrating the major leagues.

text: Jackie Robinson and Larry Doby[edit]

text: The color line was breached when Rickey, with Chandler's support, signed the African American player Jackie Robinson in October 1945, intending him to play for the Dodgers. Chandler later wrote in his biography that although he risked losing his job as commissioner, he could not in good conscience tell black players they could not play with white players when they had fought alongside them in World War II.[citation needed]date

text: After a year in the minor leagues with the Dodgers' top minor-league affiliate, the Montreal Royals of the International League, Robinson was called up to the Dodgers in 1947. He endured epithets and death threats and got off to a slow start. However, his athleticism and skill earned him the first ever Rookie of the Year award, which is now named in his honor.

text: Less well-known was Larry Doby, who signed with Bill Veeck's Cleveland Indians that same year to become the American League's first African American player. Doby, a more low-key figure than Robinson, suffered many of the same indignities that Robinson did, albeit with less press coverage. As baseball historian Daniel Okrent wrote, "Robinson had a two year drum roll, Doby just showed up."[19] Both men were ultimately elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame on the merits of their play. Due to their success, teams gradually integrated African Americans on their rosters. (Almost a dozen years after his 1947 debut, Doby would become the first American player of African descent to appear for the Detroit Tigers, on April 10, 1959.)

text: Prior to the integration of the major leagues, the Brooklyn Dodgers led the integration of the minor leagues. Jackie Robinson and Johnny Wright were assigned to Montreal, but also that season Don Newcombe and Roy Campanella became members of the Nashua Dodgers in the class-B New England League. Nashua was the first minor-league team based in the United States to integrate its roster after 1898. Subsequently that season, the Pawtucket Slaters, the Boston Braves' New England League franchise, also integrated its roster, as did Brooklyn's class-C franchise in Trois-Rivières, Quebec. With one exception, the rest of the minor leagues would slowly integrate as well, including those based in the southern United States. The Carolina League, for example, integrated in 1951 when the Danville Leafs signed Percy Miller Jr. to their team.

text: The exception was the Class AA Southern Association. Founded in 1901 and based in the Deep South, it allowed only one black player, Nat Peeples of the 1954 Atlanta Crackers, a brief appearance in the league. Peeples went hitless in two games played and four at bats on April 9–10, 1954, was demoted one classification to the Jacksonville Braves of the Sally League, and the SA reverted to white-only status. As a result, its major-league parent clubs were forced to field all-white teams during the 1950s. By the end of the 1950s, the SA also was boycotted by civil rights leaders. The Association finally ceased operation after the 1961 season, still a bastion of segregation. Its member teams joined the International, Sally and Texas leagues, which were all racially integrated.

text: Reluctance of Boston Red Sox[edit]

text: The Boston Red Sox were the last major league team to integrate, holding out until 1959.[20] This was allegedly due to the steadfast resistance provided by team owner Tom Yawkey. In April 1945, the Red Sox refused to consider signing Jackie Robinson (and future Boston Braves outfielder Sam Jethroe) after giving him a brief tryout at Fenway Park.[20] The tryout, however, was a farce chiefly designed to assuage the desegregationist sensibilities of powerful Boston City Councilman Isadore Muchnick.[21] Even with the stands limited to management, Robinson was subjected to racial epithets.[20] Robinson left the tryout humiliated.[22] Robinson would later call Yawkey "one of the most bigoted guys in baseball".[23]

text: Boston city councilor Isadore Muchnick further spurred the Robinson tryout by threatening to revoke the team's exemption from Sunday blue laws.[citation needed] The segregation policy was enforced by Yawkey's general managers: Eddie Collins (through 1947), and Joe Cronin (1948–58). A pennant winning team in 1946, the year before integration, the Red Sox would perpetually fail to make the playoffs for the next twenty seasons, with implications being that Boston shut itself out by ignoring the expanded talent pool of black players.

text: On April 7, 1959 during spring training, Yawkey and general manager Bucky Harris were named in a lawsuit charging them with discrimination and the deliberate barring of black players from the Red Sox.[24] The NAACP issued charges of "following an anti-Negro policy", and the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination announced a public hearing on racial bias against the Red Sox.[25] Thus, the Red Sox were forced to integrate, becoming the last pre-expansion major-league team to do so when Harris promoted Pumpsie Green from Boston's AAA farm club. On July 21, Green debuted for the team as a pinch runner, and would be joined later that season by Earl Wilson, the second black player to play for the Red Sox.[26] In the early to mid 1960s, the team added other players of color to their roster including Joe Foy, José Tartabull, George Scott, George Smith, John Wyatt, Elston Howard and Reggie Smith. The 1967 Red Sox went on to win the "Impossible Dream" pennant but lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games in that year's World Series.

text: Tom Yawkey died in 1976, and his widow Jean Yawkey eventually sold the team to Haywood Sullivan and Edward "Buddy" LeRoux. As chief executive, Haywood Sullivan found himself in another racial wrangle that ended in a courtroom. The Elks Club of Winter Haven, Florida, the Red Sox spring training home, did not permit black members or guests. Yet the Red Sox allowed the Elks into their clubhouse to distribute dinner invitations to the team's white players, coaches, and business management. When the African-American Tommy Harper, a popular former player and coach for Boston, then working as a minor league instructor, protested the policy and a story appeared in the Boston Globe, he was promptly fired. Harper sued the Red Sox for racial discrimination and his complaint was upheld on July 1, 1986.[27]

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
African-American players in Major League baseball[28][29]

Year
In the major leagues
In the US population
Approximate ratio

1959
17%
11%
3:2

1975
27%
11%
5:2

2010
8%
12%
2:3

text: The under-representation of African-American players in U.S. baseball ended during the early years of the civil rights movement, but their representation has fallen in recent years[when?] and as of 2010 was lower than in 1959 when the hiring of black players was still very controversial.

text: Professional baseball firsts[edit]

text:
Player, professional: Bud Fowler, 1878. Fowler never played in the major leagues.
Player, major leagues: Moses Fleetwood Walker, debut game May 1, 1884, catcher for Toledo at Louisville
All-black team, openly professional: Cuban Giants, 1885
Integrated professional league in the U.S.: California Winter League, 1910
All-black team in a minor league:
pitcher, major leagues: Dan Bankhead, debut game August 26, 1947, for Brooklyn at home[30]
All-Star selection: Roy Campanella, Larry Doby, Don Newcombe, Jackie Robinson, 1949[31]
Most Valuable Player, major leagues: Jackie Robinson, 1949
field manager, level AAA: Héctor López, 1969
Nine-man lineup, major leagues: Pittsburgh Pirates, 1971
First black coach, major leagues: Buck O'Neil, Chicago Cubs, 1962
field manager, major leagues: Frank Robinson, debut game April 8, 1975, for Cleveland at home *
general manager, major leagues: Bill Lucas, 1976
First World Series winning manager: Cito Gaston with the Toronto Blue Jays, 1992. He repeated the next season.
First World Series Walk-Off Homerun: Joe Carter with the Toronto Blue Jays, 1993.
First National League manager to reach a World Series: Dusty Baker with the San Francisco Giants, 2002.

text: * A case has been made for Ernie Banks as the de facto first black manager in the major leagues. On May 8, 1973, Chicago Cubs manager Whitey Lockman was ejected from the game. Coach Ernie Banks filled in as manager for two innings of the 12-inning 3–2 win over the San Diego Padres. The Sporting News Official Baseball Guide prior to the 1974 season stated flatly that on May 8, "Ernie Banks became the major leagues' first black manager, but only for a day" (page 129). The other two regular coaches on the team were absent that day, opening this door for Banks for the one occasion, but Banks never became a manager on a permanent basis.


document_title: Iodine in biology

question_text: where is the most of the iodine in the body concentrated

text: Iodine in biology

text: Thyroid[edit]

text: Iodine's main role in vertebrate biology is as constituents of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These are made from addition condensation products of the amino acid tyrosine, and are stored prior to release in an iodine-containing protein called thyroglobulin. T4 and T3 contain four and three atoms of iodine per molecule, respectively. The thyroid gland actively absorbs iodine from the blood to make and release these hormones into the blood, actions which are regulated by a second hormone TSH from the pituitary. Thyroid hormones are phylogenetically very old molecules which are synthesized by most multicellular organisms, and which even have some effect on unicellular organisms.

text: Thyroid hormones play a basic role in biology, acting on gene transcription to regulate the basal metabolic rate. T3 acts on small intestine cells and adipocytes to increase carbohydrate absorption and fatty acid release, respectively.[1] A deficiency of thyroid hormones can reduce basal metabolic rate up to 50%, while in excessive production of thyroid hormones the basal metabolic rate can be increased by 100%.[2] T4 acts largely as a precursor to T3, which is (with minor exceptions) the biologically active hormone.

text: Iodine has a nutritional relationship with selenium. A family of selenium-dependent enzymes called deiodinases converts T4 to T3 (the active hormone) by removing an iodine atom from the outer tyrosine ring. These enzymes also convert T4 to reverse T3 (rT3) by removing an inner ring iodine atom; and convert T3 to 3,3'-Diiodothyronine (T2) also by removing an inner ring atom. Both of the latter are inactivated hormones which are ready for disposal and have essentially no biological effects. A family of non-selenium dependent enzymes then further deiodinates the products of these reactions.

text: Selenium also plays a very important role in the production of Glutathione, the body's most powerful antioxidant. During the production of thyroid hormones, hydrogen peroxide is produced, high Iodine in the absence of selenium destroys the thyroid gland (often felt as a sore throat feeling), the peroxides are neutralized through the production of glutathione from selenium. In turn an excess of selenium increases demand for iodine, and deficiency will result when a diet is high in selenium and low in iodine.

text: Extrathyroidal iodine[edit]

text: Iodine accounts for 65% of the molecular weight of T4 and 59% of the T3. The human body contains about 15–20 mg of iodine, mostly concentrated in thyroid tissue (70-80%). Extra-thyroidal iodine exists in several other organs including the mammary glands, eyes, gastric mucosa, the cervix, ovary and salivary glands. In the cells of these tissues iodide enters directly by sodium-iodide symporter (NIS). Different tissue responses for iodine and iodide occur in the mammary glands and the thyroid gland of rats.[3] The role of iodine in mammary tissue is related to fetal and neonatal development, but its role in the other tissues is unknown.[4] It has been shown to act as an antioxidant[4] and antiproliferant[5] in various tissues that can uptake iodine. Molecular iodine (I2) has a suppressive effect on benign and cancerous neoplasias.[5]

text: The US Food and Nutrition Board and Institute of Medicine recommended daily allowance of iodine ranges from 150 micrograms/day for adult humans to 290 micrograms/day for lactating mothers. However, the thyroid gland needs no more than 70 micrograms/day to synthesize the requisite daily amounts of T4 and T3. These higher recommended daily allowance levels of iodine seem necessary for optimal function of a number of body systems, including lactating breast, gastric mucosa, salivary glands, oral mucosa, arterial walls, thymus, epidermis, choroid plexus and cerebrospinal fluid, etc.[6][7][8] In amphibian metamorphosis iodine and thyroid hormones also exert a well-studied experimental model of apoptosis on the cells of gills, tail, and fins of tadpoles.[9] Moreover, iodine can add to double bonds of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid of cellular membranes, making them less reactive to free oxygen radicals.[10][11][12][13]

text: Dietary recommendations[edit]

text: The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for iodine in 2000. For people age 14 and up, the iodine RDA is 150 μg/day. RDA for pregnancy is 220 μg/day. RDA for lactation is 290 μg/day. For children 1–8 years, 90 μg/day. For children 8–13 years 130 μg/day.[14] As for safety, the IOM sets Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. The UL for adults is 1,100 μg/day. This UL was assessed by analyzing the effect of supplementation on thyroid-stimulating hormone.[4] Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs).[14]

text: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL defined the same as in United States. For women and men ages 18 and older the PRI is set at 150 μg/day. PRI for pregnancy or lactation 200 μg/day. For children ages 1–17 years the PRIs increase with age from 90 to 130 μg/day. These PRIs are comparable to the U.S. RDAs with the exception of lactation.[15] The European Food Safety Authority reviewed the same safety question and set its adult UL at 600 μg/day, which is a bit more than half the U.S. value.[16] Japan reduced its adult iodine UL from 3,000 µg to 2,200 µg in 2010 but then increased it back to 3,000 µg in 2015.[17]

text: For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For iodine labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 150 μg, and remained at 150 μg in the May 27, 2016 revision.[18] A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake. The original deadline to be in compliance was July 28, 2018, but on September 29, 2017 the FDA released a proposed rule that extended the deadline to January 1, 2020 for large companies and January 1, 2021 for small companies.[19]

text: Food sources[edit]

text: Natural sources of iodine include sea life, such as kelp and certain seafood, as well as plants grown on iodine-rich soil.[20][21] Iodized salt is fortified with iodine.[21] According to a Food Fortification Initiative 2016 report, 130 countries have mandatory iodine fortification of salt and an additional 10 have voluntary fortification.[citation needed]

text: Range of observed intakes[edit]

text: As of 2000, the median intake of iodine from food in the United States was 240 to 300 μg/day for men and 190 to 210 μg/day for women.[14] In Japan, consumption is much higher due to the frequent consumption of seaweed or kombu kelp,[4] The average daily intake ranges from 1,000 to 3,000 μg/day. Previous estimates were of an average intake as high as 13,000 μg/day.[22]

text: Deficiency[edit]

text: Worldwide, iodine deficiency affects two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of mental retardation.[23] Mental disability is a result which occurs primarily when babies or small children are rendered hypothyroidic by a lack of the element (new hypothyroidism in adults may cause temporary mental slowing, but not permanent damage).

text: In areas where there is little iodine in the diet, typically remote inland areas and semi-arid equatorial climates where no marine foods are eaten, iodine deficiency also gives rise to hypothyroidism, symptoms of which are extreme fatigue, epidemic goitre (swelling in the thyroid gland), mental slowing, depression, weight gain, and low basal body temperatures.[24]

text: The addition of iodine to table salt has largely eliminated this problem in the wealthier nations, but as of March 2006, iodine deficiency remained a serious public health problem in the developing world.[25] Iodine deficiency is also a problem in certain areas of Europe. In Germany it has been estimated to cause a billion dollars in health care costs per year.[4]

text: Iodine and cancer risk[edit]

text:
Breast cancer. The mammary gland actively concentrates iodine into milk for the benefit of the developing infant, and may develop a goiter-like hyperplasia, sometimes manifesting as fibrocystic breast disease, when iodine level is low. Studies indicate that iodine deficiency, either dietary or pharmacologic, can lead to breast atypia and increased incidence of malignancy in animal models, while iodine treatment can reverse dysplasia,[3][26][27] with elemental iodine (I2) having been found to be more effective in reducing ductal hyperplasias and perilobular fibrosis in iodine-deficient rats than iodide (I−).[3] On the observation that Japanese women who consume iodine-rich seaweed have a relatively low rate of breast cancer, iodine is suggested as a protection against breast cancer.[28][29] Iodine is known to induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells.[30] Laboratory evidence has demonstrated an effect of iodine on breast cancer that is in part independent of thyroid function, with iodine inhibiting cancer through modulation of the estrogen pathway. Gene array profiling of the estrogen responsive breast cancer cell line shows that the combination of iodine and iodide alters gene expression and inhibits the estrogen response through up-regulating proteins involved in estrogen metabolism. Whether iodine/iodide will be useful as an adjuvant therapy in the pharmacologic manipulation of the estrogen pathway in women with breast cancer has not been determined clinically.[26]
Iodine and stomach cancer. Some researchers have found an epidemiologic correlation between iodine deficiency, iodine-deficient goitre, and gastric cancer;[31][32][33] a decrease in the death incidence from stomach cancer after iodine-prophylaxis.[34] In the proposed mechanism, the iodide ion functions in gastric mucosa as an antioxidant reducing species that detoxifies poisonous reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide.

text: Iodine, Thyroxine and Apoptosis[edit]

text: Iodine and thyroxine also stimulate the spectacular apoptosis of the cells of the larval gills, tail and fins in amphibians metamorphosis, and stimulate the evolution of their nervous system transforming the aquatic, vegetarian tadpole into the terrestrial, carnivorous frog. In fact, amphibian frog Xenopus laevis serves as an ideal model system for the study of the mechanisms of apoptosis.[35][36][37][38]

text: Precautions and toxicity of elemental iodine[edit]

text: Elemental iodine is an oxidizing irritant and direct contact with skin can cause lesions, so iodine crystals should be handled with care. Solutions with high elemental iodine concentration such as tincture of iodine are capable of causing tissue damage if use for cleaning and antisepsis is prolonged. Although elemental iodine is used in the formulation of Lugols Solution, it becomes tri-iodide upon reacting with potassium iodide used in the solution and is non-toxic. Only a small amount of elemental iodine will dissolve in water, adding potassium iodide allows a much higher amount of elemental iodine to dissolve through the reaction of I2-I3. This allows Lugols to come in strengths varying from 2%-15% iodine.[39]

text: Elemental iodine (I2) is poisonous if taken orally in larger amounts; 2–3 grams of it is a lethal dose for an adult human.[40][41] Potassium Iodide on the other hand has an LD50 that is high in several other animals; in rabbits it is 10 g/kg, in rats it is 14 g/kg, and in mouse it is 22 g/kg.[42] The tolerable upper intake level for iodine, established by the Food and Nutrition Board, is 1,100 µg/day for adults. The safe upper limit of consumption set by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan is 3 mg/day (3000 µg/day).[43]

text: The biological half-life of iodine is different in the various organs of the body, from 100 days in the thyroid, to 14 days in the kidneys and spleen, to 7 days in the reproductive organs. Typically the daily urinary elimination rate ranges from 100 to 200 µg/L in humans.[44] However, the Japanese diet, high in kelp, contains 1,000 to 3,000 µg of iodine per day, and research indicates the body is able to readily eliminate excess iodine that isn't needed for thyroid hormone production.[45] Literature reports as much as 30,000 µg/L (30 mg/L) of iodine being safely excreted in the urine in a single day, with levels returning to the standard range in a couple of days, depending on seaweed intake.[46] One study concluded the range of total body iodine content in males was 12.1 mg to 25.3 mg, with a mean of 14.6 mg.[47] It is presumed that once thyroid-stimulating hormone is suppressed the body simply eliminates excess iodine, and as a result, long term supplementation with high doses of iodine has no additional effect once the body is replete with enough iodine. It is unknown if the thyroid is the rate limiting factor in generating thyroid hormone from iodine and tyrosine, but assuming it isn’t, a short term loading dose of one or two weeks at the tolerable upper intake level could quickly restore thyroid function in iodine deficient patients.

text: Iodine vapor is very irritating to the eye, to mucous membranes, and in the respiratory tract. Concentration of iodine in the air should not exceed 1 mg/m³ (eight-hour time-weighted average).

text: When mixed with ammonia and water, elemental iodine forms nitrogen triiodide which is extremely shock sensitive and can explode unexpectedly.

text: Toxicity of Iodide ion[edit]

text: Excess iodine has symptoms similar to those of iodine deficiency. Commonly encountered symptoms are abnormal growth of the thyroid gland and disorders in functioning and growth of the organism as a whole. Iodide toxicity is similar to (but not the same as) toxicity to bromides or fluorides. Excess Bromine and Fluorine can be toxic to Iodine uptake (storage and use) in organisms, as both can selectively replace iodine biochemically.

text: Excess iodine can be more cytotoxic in the presence of selenium deficiency.[48] Iodine supplementation in selenium-deficient populations is theoretically problematic, partly for this reason.[4]

text: Amino Acid impacts

text:
Selenocysteine (abbreviated as Sec or U, in older publications also as Se-Cys)[49] is the 21st proteinogenic amino acid, and is the root of Iodide Ion toxicity when there is not enough Selenium biologically available.

Selenocysteine exists naturally in all kingdoms of life as a building block of selenoproteins.[50] Selenocysteine is a cysteine analogue with a selenium-containing selenol group in place of the sulfur-containing thiol group.
Selenocysteine is present in several enzymes (for example glutathione peroxidases, tetraiodothyronine 5' deiodinases, thioredoxin reductases, formate dehydrogenases, glycine reductases, selenophosphate synthetase 1, methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase B1 (SEPX1), and some hydrogenases).

Selenomethionine is a naturally occurring amino acid containing selenium.

The L-enantiomer of selenomethionine, known as L-selenomethionine, is a common natural food source of selenium and is the predominant form of selenium found in Brazil nuts, cereal grains, soybeans, and grassland legumes, while Se-methylselenocysteine, or its γ-glutamyl derivative, is the major form of selenium found in Astragalus, Allium, and Brassica species.[51]
In vivo, selenomethionine is randomly incorporated instead of methionine.

text: Hypersensitivity reactions to iodine-containing compounds[edit]

text: Some people develop a sensitivity to compounds of iodine but there are no known cases of people being directly allergic to "elemental" Iodine itself.[52]

text:
Application of tincture of iodine can cause a rash.
Some cases of reaction to Povidone-iodine (Betadine) have been documented to be a chemical burn.[53]
Eating iodine-containing foods can cause hives.

text: Medical use of iodine compounds (i.e. as a contrast agent, see above) can cause anaphylactic shock in highly sensitive patients, presumably due to sensitivity to the chemical carrier. Cases of sensitivity to iodine compounds should not be formally classified as iodine allergies, as this perpetuates the erroneous belief that it is the iodine to which patients react, rather than to the specific allergen.

text: Sensitivity to iodine containing compounds is rare but has a considerable effect given the extremely widespread use of iodine-based contrast media.[54]


document_title: Ocean's 11

question_text: who played duke santos in ocean's eleven

question_tokens: who played duke santos in ocean 's eleven

text: Ocean's 11

text: Plot[edit]

text: A gang of World War II 82nd Airborne veterans is recruited by Danny Ocean (Frank Sinatra) and Jimmy Foster (Peter Lawford) to rob five Las Vegas casinos (Sahara, Riviera, Desert Inn, Sands, and the Flamingo) on a single night.

text: The gang plans the elaborate New Year's Eve heist with the precision of a military operation. Josh Howard (Sammy Davis Jr.) takes a job as a sanitation worker driving a garbage truck while others work to scope out the various casinos. Sam Harmon (Dean Martin) entertains in one of the hotel's lounges. Demolition charges are planted on an electrical transmission tower and the backup electrical systems are covertly rewired in each casino.

text: At one minute and some odd seconds after midnight, while everyone in every Vegas casino is singing "Auld Lang Syne" the tower is blown up and Vegas goes dark. The backup electrical systems open the cashier cages instead of powering the emergency lights. The inside men sneak into the cashier cages and collect the money. They dump the bags of loot into the hotels' garbage bins, go back inside, and mingle with the crowds. As soon as the lights come back on, the thieves stroll out of the casinos. A garbage truck driven by Josh picks up the bags and passes through the police blockade. It appears to have gone off without a hitch.

text: Their ace electrician, Tony Bergdorf (Richard Conte), has a heart attack in the middle of the Las Vegas Strip and drops dead. This raises the suspicions of police, who wonder if there is any connection.

text: Reformed mobster Duke Santos (Cesar Romero) offers to recover the casino bosses' money for a price. He learns of Ocean being in town and his connection to Foster, who is the son of Duke's fiancée (Ilka Chase). Santos pieces together the puzzle by the time Bergdorf's body arrives at the mortuary.

text: Santos confronts the thieves, demanding half of their take. In desperation, the money is hidden in Bergdorf's coffin, with $10,000 set aside for Bergdorf's widow (Jean Willes). The group plans to take back the rest of the money, making no payoff to Santos, after the coffin is shipped to San Francisco.

text: This plan backfires when the funeral director talks Bergdorf's widow into having the funeral in Las Vegas, where the body is cremated – along with all of the money.

text: Production[edit]

text: Peter Lawford was first told of the basic story of the film by director Gilbert Kay, who heard the idea from a gas station attendant. Lawford eventually bought the rights in 1958, imagining William Holden in the lead.[4] Sinatra became interested in the idea, and a variety of writers worked on the project. When Lawford first told Sinatra of the story, Sinatra joked, "Forget the movie, let's pull the job!"[4]

text: The animated title sequence was designed by Saul Bass.[5] The film's closing shot shows the main cast walking away from the funeral home, with the Sands Hotel marquee behind them listing their names as headliners.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Ocean's 11[edit]

text: The film derives its name from this group of 11 people:[citation needed]

text:
Frank Sinatra as Danny Ocean
Dean Martin as Sam Harmon
Sammy Davis, Jr. as Josh Howard
Peter Lawford as Jimmy Foster
Richard Conte as Tony Bergdorf
Joey Bishop as "Mushy" O'Connors
Henry Silva as Roger Corneal
Buddy Lester as Vince Massler
Richard Benedict as "Curly" Steffans
Norman Fell as Peter Rheimer
Clem Harvey as Louis Jackson

text: Others[edit]

text:
Angie Dickinson as Beatrice Ocean
Cesar Romero as Duke Santos
Patrice Wymore as Adele Elkstrom
Akim Tamiroff as Spyros Acebos
Ilka Chase as Mrs. Restes
Jean Willes as Gracie Bergdorf
Hank Henry as Mr. Kelly, the mortician
Lew Gallo as Jealous Young Man
Robert Foulk as Sheriff Wimmer

text: Cameos[edit]

text:
Shirley MacLaine as Tipsy Woman (Martin's kisser) (uncredited)[citation needed]
George Raft as Jack Strager (Casino Owner)[6]
Red Skelton as Himself
Richard Boone as the Minister (voice) (uncredited)[citation needed]
Red Norvo as Himself/Hotel Vibraphonist (uncredited)[citation needed]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The Las Vegas portion of the film was all shot on location at the Flamingo, Sands, Desert Inn, Riviera, and Sahara hotels. One segment was also filmed at the former Las Vegas Union Pacific Depot.

text: In Los Angeles, two locations were used. The opening barber shop scene was filmed at 9740 Wilshire Boulevard, Beverly Hills. The scenes taking place at Spyros Acebos's house were filmed at 230 Ladera Drive, Beverly Hills, which at the time belonged to Hollywood agent Kurt Frings.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. Bosley Crowther of The New York Times disliked the film because "there is no built-in implication that the boys have done something wrong. There is just an ironic, unexpected and decidedly ghoulish twist whereby they are deprived of their pickings and what seems their just desserts. This is the flaw in the picture—this and the incidental fact that a wholesale holdup of Las Vegas would not be so easy as it is made to look."[7] Variety wrote that the film was "frequently one resonant wisecrack away from turning into a musical comedy. Laboring under the handicaps of a contrived script, an uncertain approach and personalities in essence playing themselves, the Lewis Milestone production never quite makes its point, but romps along merrily unconcerned that it doesn't."[8] Leo Sullivan of The Washington Post called the film "nothing more than a whopping sick joke in Technicolor ... It's a completely amoral tale, told for laughs."[9] Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film "has a pretty good surprise twist at the finish and is, of its type, a pretty good comedy-melodrama."[10] A mixed review in The Monthly Film Bulletin called it "an overlong, intermittently amusing picture full of surface effects and private jokes ... Despite Milestone's efforts, the first third tends to drag, due mainly to desultory characterisation, but when the raid begins both situations and dialogue improve considerably."[11]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, Ocean's 11 holds a rating of 48%, based on 27 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10.[12]

text: Blu-ray release[edit]

text: Ocean's 11 was released on Blu-ray on November 9, 2010 in a "50th Anniversary Edition". Bonus features include:[13]

text:
Special commentary by Frank Sinatra, Jr. and Angie Dickinson.
"Vegas Map" – Mini-documentaries of the five casinos involved in the movie.
Tonight Show clip of Angie Dickinson with Frank Sinatra as host from November 14, 1977.
"Tropicana Museum Vignette"