document_title: Workweek and weekend

question_text: when did the term weekend come into use

question_tokens: when did the term weekend come into use

root

text: Workweek and weekend

text: History[edit]

text:
Part of a series onOrganised labour
Labour movement[show]
Timeline
New UnionismProletariat
Social Movement Unionism
SocialismSyndicalism
Anarcho-syndicalism

Labour rights[hide]
Child labourEight-hour day
Five-day work week
Annual leave
Collective bargaining
Minimum wage
Occupational safety and health

Trade unions[show]
Trade unions by country
Trade union federations
International comparisons
ITUCIWAWFTU

Strike action[show]
Chronological list of strikes
General strikeSecondary action
Sitdown strikeWork-to-rule

Labour parties[show]
Australian
British
Dutch
Irish
Israeli
Maltese
New Zealand
Norwegian

List of Labour parties

Academic disciplines[show]
Industrial relations
Labour economics
Labour history
Labour law
vte

tag: table

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2013)

text: A continuous seven-day cycle that runs throughout history, paying no attention whatsoever to the phases of the moon and having a fixed day of rest, was probably first practiced in Judaism, dated to the 6th century BC at the latest.[3][4]

tag: p

text: In Ancient Rome, every eight days there was a nundinae. It was a market day, during which children were exempted from school[5] and plebs ceased from work in the field and came to the city to sell the produce of their labor[6][7] or practice religious rites.[citation needed].

text: The French Revolutionary Calendar had ten-day weeks (called décades) and allowed décadi, one out of the ten days, as a leisure day.

text: In cultures with a four-day week, the three Sabbaths derives from the culture's main religious tradition: Friday (Muslim), Saturday (Jewish), and Sunday (Christian).

text: The present-day concept of the relatively longer 'week-end' first arose in the industrial north of Britain in the early part of the nineteenth century[1] and was originally a voluntary arrangement between factory owners and workers allowing Saturday afternoon off from 2pm in agreement that staff would be available for work sober and refreshed on Monday morning.[2] The Oxford English Dictionary traces the first use of the term weekend to the British magazine Notes and Queries in 1879.[8]

text: In 1908, the first five-day workweek in the United States was instituted by a New England cotton mill so that Jewish workers would not have to work on the Sabbath from sundown Friday to sundown Saturday.[9] In 1926, Henry Ford began shutting down his automotive factories for all of Saturday and Sunday. In 1929, the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Union was the first union to demand a five-day workweek and receive it. After that, the rest of the United States slowly followed, but it was not until 1940, when a provision of the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act mandating a maximum 40-hour workweek went into effect, that the two-day weekend was adopted nationwide.[9]

text: Over the succeeding decades, particularly in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, an increasing number of countries adopted either a Friday–Saturday or Saturday–Sunday weekend to harmonize with international markets. A series of workweek reforms in the mid-to-late 2000s and early 2010s brought much of the Arab World in synchronization with the majority of countries around the world, in terms of working hours, the length of the workweek, and the days of the weekend. The International Labour Organization (ILO) currently defines a workweek exceeding 48 hours as excessive. A 2007 study by the ILO found that at least 614.2 million people around the world were working excessive hours.[10]

text: Length[edit]

text: Actual workweek lengths have been falling in the developed world. Every reduction of the length of the workweek has been accompanied by an increase in real per-capita income.[11][verification needed] In the United States, the workweek length reduced slowly from before the Civil War to the turn of the 20th century. A rapid reduction took place from 1900 to 1920, especially between 1913 and 1919, when weekly hours fell by about eight percent.[12] In 1926, Henry Ford standardized on a five-day workweek, instead of the prevalent six days, without reducing employees' pay.[13] Hours worked stabilized at about 49 per week during the 1920s, and during the Great Depression fell below 40.[12] During the Depression, President Herbert Hoover called for a reduction in work hours in lieu of layoffs. Later, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which established a five-day, 40-hour workweek for many workers.[13] The proportion of people working very long weeks has since risen, and the full-time employment of women has increased dramatically.[14]

text: The New Economics Foundation has recommended moving to a 21-hour standard workweek to address problems with unemployment, high carbon emissions, low well-being, entrenched inequalities, overworking, family care, and the general lack of free time.[13][15][16][17][18][19] The Center for Economic and Policy Research states that reducing the length of the work week would slow climate change and have other environmental benefits.[20]

text: Around the world[edit]

text: (Countries listed alphabetically. Some countries have Saturday a normal school day. Some countries appear under the subsections for Muslim countries and the European Union.)

text:
Nation
Typical Hours  per Week
Working week
Typical hours worked (Maximum per day)

Afghanistan
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Albania
40
Monday–Friday
8

Algeria
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Angola
40
Monday–Friday
8

Argentina
40
Monday–Friday
8

Armenia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Azerbaijan
40
Monday–Friday
8

Austria
38.5
Monday–Friday
7.7

Australia
38[21]
Monday–Friday
7.6

Bahrain
40
Sunday–Thursday
8 (6 during Ramadan for Muslim employees)[22]

Bangladesh
40
Government offices and Banks: Sunday-Thursday
Else: Saturday-Thursday

8

Benin
40
Monday–Friday
8

Belarus
40
Monday–Friday
8

Belgium
38
Monday–Friday
7.6

Brazil
44
Monday–Friday
8.5

Brunei Darussalam
40
Monday–Thursday and Saturday
8

Burundi
50
Monday–Friday
10

Bulgaria
40
Monday–Friday
8

Canada
40
Monday–Friday
8

Cameroon
50
Monday–Friday
10

Chile
45
Monday–Friday
9

China
42
Monday–Friday
8

Croatia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Colombia
48
Monday–Friday /
Monday–Saturday

8

Costa Rica
48
Monday–Friday
8

Czech Republic
40
Monday–Friday
8

Denmark
37
Monday–Friday
7.4

Djibouti
40
Saturday–Thursday
6.7

Dominican Republic
40
Monday-Friday
8

Egypt
40 (30 during Ramadan)
Sunday–Thursday
8 (6 during Ramadan)

Ethiopia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Estonia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Equatorial Guinea
48
Monday–Saturday
8

Finland
38
Monday–Friday
8

France
35
Monday–Friday
7

Gabon
40
Monday–Friday
8

Gambia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Germany
40
Monday–Friday
8

Ghana
40
Monday–Friday
8

Greece
40
Monday–Friday
8

Hungary
40
Monday–Friday
8

Hong Kong
40-48
Monday–Saturday
8 (many people work on Saturday either a half-day or full-day)

India
45-60
Government offices and IT industry: Monday-Friday
Else: Monday–Saturday Sometimes: Monday

9 (including 1 hour lunch break) most of the Businesses are open on Saturdays. So often it is Monday-Saturday.

Indonesia
40
Monday–Friday
8, many people work a 6-day week with 7-hour days.

Iran
45
Saturday-Thursday/Saturday-Wednesday
8, (except 5-hours on thursday)

Iraq
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Ireland
40
Monday–Friday
8

Israel
42
Sunday–Thursday
8.4. Some people have a partial six-day workweek.

Italy
40
Monday–Friday
8

Côte d'Ivoire
40
Monday–Friday
8

Japan
40
Monday–Friday
8

Jordan
45
Sunday–Thursday
9

Kazakhstan
40
Monday–Friday
8

Kuwait
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Kenya
40
Monday–Friday
8

Lao People’s Democratic Republic
40
Monday–Friday
8

Latvia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Lebanon
40
Monday-Friday
8, Most of the people have a six-day workweek, with Saturday as a partial workday.

Lesotho
40
Monday–Friday
8

Libya
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Lithuania
40
Monday–Friday
8

Madagascar
40
Monday–Friday
8

Maldives
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Malawi
40
Monday–Friday
8

Mali
40
Monday–Friday
8

Malta
40
Monday–Friday
8

Mauritania
40
Monday–Friday
8

Malaysia
40
Sunday–Thursday(Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, and Terengganu)Monday–Friday(Federal Territory of Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, Pahang, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor, Perak, Penang, Perlis)
8

Mexico
48
Monday–Saturday
8

Mongolia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Morocco
44
Monday–Friday
8

Mozambique
40
Monday–Friday
8

Nepal
48
Sunday–Friday
7 (5 on Friday and 6 in Winter)

The Netherlands
40
Monday–Friday
8

New Zealand
40
Monday–Friday
8[23]

Nigeria
40
Monday–Friday
8

Norway
37.5
Monday–Friday
7.5

Oman
40 (30 during Ramadan)
Sunday–Thursday
8 (6 during Ramadan)

Pakistan
45 & 54
Monday–Friday
9 (including 1 hour lunch break) most of the Businesses are open on Saturdays. So often it is Monday-Saturday.

Palestine
45[24]
Saturday–Thursday [25]
8

Philippines
48
Monday–Saturday
9 (including 1 hour lunch break)

Poland
40
Monday–Friday
8

Portugal
40
Monday–Friday
8

Qatar
40 (25 During Ramadan)
Sunday–Thursday
8 (5 during Ramadan) (Line staff work 48 hours of the week, Saturday-Thursday)

Romania
40
Monday–Friday
8

Russia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Rwanda
40
Monday–Friday
8

Saudi Arabia
40 (30 during Ramadan)
Sunday–Thursday
8 (6 during Ramadan for Muslim employees)[26]

Senegal
40
Monday–Friday
8

Singapore
44
Monday–Friday
9[27]

Slovakia (Slovak Republic)
40
Monday–Friday
8

Spain
40
Monday–Friday
8

Sri Lanka

40

Monday–Friday

8

South Africa
45
Monday–Friday
9[28]

South Korea
40
Monday–Friday
8

Sudan
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Suriname
39.5
Monday–Friday
8; Monday–Thursday 7:00 – 15:00 / Friday 7:00 – 14.30

Swaziland
40
Monday–Friday
8

Sweden
40
Monday–Friday
8

Switzerland
42
Monday–Friday
8.4

Syria
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Seychelles
40
Monday–Friday
8

Taiwan
40
Monday–Friday
8; The Labor Standards Act stipulates that a worker shall have one mandatory day off and one flexible rest day in every seven days. See One fixed day off and one flexible rest day policy.

Tanzania
40
Monday–Friday
9

Togo
40
Monday–Friday
8

Thailand
40
Monday–Friday
8

Trinidad and Tobago
40
Monday–Friday
8

Tunisia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Turkey
45
Monday–Friday
9

Ukraine
40
Monday–Friday
8

United Arab Emirates
40-45 (30 during Ramadan)
Sunday–Thursday (since September 2006[29])
8 to 9 (regular hours minus 2 hours during Ramadan for all employees)[30]

United Kingdom
40
Monday–Friday
8

United States
40[31]
Monday–Friday
8

Uganda
48
Monday–Saturday
8

Vietnam
40[32]
Monday–Friday
8

Yemen
40
Sunday–Thursday
8

Congo, Democratic Republic of
40
Monday–Friday
8

Zambia
40
Monday–Friday
8

Zimbabwe

40

Monday–Friday

8; Most people work half a day on Saturday

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia the working week begins on Monday and terminates on Friday. An eight-hour working day is the norm. Working three weekdays a fortnight, for example, would therefore be approximately twenty-four hours (including or excluding traditional breaks tallying up to two hours). Some people work overtime with extra pay on offer for those that do, especially for weekend work. Shops open seven days a week in most states with opening hours from 9am to 5.30pm on weekdays, with some states having two "late night trading" nights on Thursday and Friday, when trading ceases at 9pm. Many supermarkets and low end department stores remain open until midnight and some trade 24/7. Restaurants and cinemas can open at all hours, save for some public holidays. Bars generally trade seven days a week but there are local municipal restrictions concerning trading hours. Banks trade on Monday to Friday, with some branches opening on Saturdays (and in some cases Sundays) in high demand areas. The Post Office (Australia Post) trades Monday to Friday as per retail shops but some retail post offices may trade on Saturdays and Sundays in some shopping centres. A notable exception to the above is South Australia whereby retail establishments are restricted to trading between the hours of 11am-5pm on Sundays.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: As a general rule, Brazil adopts a 44-hour working week, which typically begins on Monday and ends on Friday, with a Saturday-Sunday weekend. Brazilian Law,[33] however, also allows for shorter Monday-to-Friday working hours so employees can work on Saturdays or Sundays, as long as the weekly 44-hour limit is respected and the employee gets at least one weekend day. This is usually the case for malls, supermarkets and shops. The law also grants labor unions the right to negotiate different work weeks, within certain limits, which then become binding for that union's labor category. Overtime is allowed, limited to two extra hours a day, with an increase in pay.

text: Chile[edit]

text: The working week in Chile averages 45 hours, most often worked on a Monday-Friday schedule, but is not uncommon to work on Saturdays. Retail businesses mostly operate Monday through Saturday, with larger establishments being open seven days a week.

text: China (People's Republic)[edit]

text: In China, there is a five-day Monday-Friday working week, prior to which work on Saturday was standard. China began the two-day Saturday–Sunday weekend on May 1, 1995. Most government employees work 5 days a week (including officials and industrial management). Most manufacturing facilities operate on Saturdays as well. However, most shops, museums, cinemas and commercial establishments open on Saturdays, Sundays and holidays. Banks are also open throughout the weekend and on most public holidays.

text: During the period of public holidays, swapped holidays are common between the actual holiday and weekend, so a three-day or seven-day holiday periods are created. The nearby Saturday or Sunday may be changed to a normal working day. For example, on a three-day holiday period, if the actual holiday falls on a Tuesday, Monday will be swapped as a holiday, and citizens are required to work on the previous Saturday.

text: A number of provinces and municipalities across China, including Hebei, Jiangxi and Chongqing, have issued new policies, calling on companies to create 2.5-day weekends. Under the plan, government institutions, state-owned companies, joint-ventures and privately held companies are to be given incentives to allow their workers to take off at noon on Friday before coming back to the office on Monday.[34]

text: Hong Kong SAR[edit]

text: In Hong Kong, a typical working week for local enterprises begins on Monday and ends at 1pm on Saturday, although most employees have alternate Saturdays off. After the introduction of the five-day working week for the majority of government departments in 2006, most multinational enterprises and large local companies followed suit, extended the working day from 9am to 6pm so as to adopt a five-day work week. Despite the aforementioned official hours, many employees work overtime, and in the case of the financial industry in particular, working 12-hour days on a chronic basis is not uncommon.

text: Most commercial establishments in the retail sector such as restaurants, shops and cinemas, as well as public venues such as museums and libraries are open on Saturdays, Sundays and most public holidays. For schools, lessons are not normally held on Saturdays, but students may be required to go school on Saturdays for extra-curricular activities or make-up classes.

text: Colombia[edit]

text: In general, Colombia has a 48-hour working week. Depending on the business, people work five days for max 8 hours per day, typically Monday to Friday, or six days for eight hours a day, Monday to Saturday.[35]

text: European Union members[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2009)

text:
In Europe, the standard full-time working week begins on Monday and ends on Saturday. Most retail shops are open for business on Saturday. In Ireland, Italy, Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands and the former socialist states of Europe, large shopping centres open on Sunday.
In European countries such as Germany, there are laws regulating shop hours. With exceptions, shops must be closed on Sundays and from midnight until the early morning hours of every day.

text: Austria[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday 8 hours per day. Shops are open on Saturday. By law, almost no shop is open on Sunday. However, exceptions have been made, for example for bakeries, petrol stations and shops at railway stations, especially in the largest cities (Vienna, Graz, Salzburg, Linz).

text: Belgium[edit]

text:
The working week is Monday to Friday.
Working time must not exceed 8 hours per day and 38 hours per week (on average, annualised). Very few shops are open on Sunday.

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday, eight hours per day, forty hours per week. Most pharmacies, shops, bars, cafés, and restaurants will operate on Saturdays and Sundays.

text: Croatia[edit]

text:
The working week is Monday to Friday, seven and a half hours per day (+ 30 minutes lunch break), 37.5 hours per week (or 40 hours per week if lunch breaks are included as working hours).
Most pharmacies, shops, bars, cafés, and restaurants are open on Saturday and Sunday.

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text:
In the Czech Republic, full-time employment is usually Monday to Friday, eight hours per day and forty hours per week.
Many shops and restaurants are open on Saturday and Sunday, but employees still usually work forty hours per week.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: Denmark has an official 37-hour working week, with primary work hours between 6:00 and 18:00, Monday to Friday. In public institutions, a 30-minute lunch break every day is included as per collective agreements, so that the actual required working time is 34.5 hours. In private companies, the 30-minute lunch break is normally not included. The workday is usually 7.5 hours Monday to Thursday and 7 hours on Friday. Some small shops are closed Monday.[36]

text: Estonia[edit]

text: In Estonia, the working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday. Usually a working week is forty hours.

text: Finland[edit]

text: In Finland, the working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday. A full-time job is defined by law as being at least 32 and at most forty hours per week. In retail and restaurant occupations, among others, the weekly hours may be calculated as an average over three to ten weeks, depending on the employment contract. Banks and bureaus are closed on weekends. Most shops are open on Saturdays, while some are closed on Sundays.

text: France[edit]

text: The standard working week is Monday to Friday. Shops are also open on Saturday. Small shops may close on a weekday (generally Monday) to compensate workers for having worked on Saturday. By law, préfets may authorise a small number of specific shops to open on Sunday such as bars, cafés, restaurants, and bakeries, which are traditionally open every day but only during the morning on Sunday. Workers are not obliged to work on Sunday. School children have traditionally taken Wednesday off, or had only a half day, making up the time either with longer days for the rest of the week or sometimes a half day on Saturday. This practice was made much less common under new legislation rolled out over 2013–14.[37]

text: Greece[edit]

text: The standard working week is Monday to Friday. State jobs are from 07:00 until 15:00. Shops are open generally Mondays to Fridays from 09:00–21:00 and then from Saturdays generally 09:00-20:00. It is very rare for a shop to open on Sunday but from May to October shops at tourist attractions can open from 11:00 to 20:00

text: Hungary[edit]

text: In Hungary the working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday. Full-time employment is usually considered forty hours per week. For office workers, the work day usually begins between 8 and 9 o'clock and ends between 16:00 and 18:00, depending on the contract and lunch time agreements.

text: The forty-hour workweek of public servants includes lunch time. Their work schedule typically consists of 8.5 hours between Monday and Thursday (from 8:00 to 16:30) and 6 hours on Fridays (8:00–14:00).

text: Ireland[edit]

text: Ireland has a working week from Monday to Friday, with core working hours from 09:00 to 17:30. Retail stores are usually open until 21:00 every Thursday. Many grocery stores, especially in urban areas, are open until 21:00 or later, and some supermarkets and convenience stores may open around the clock. Shops are generally open all day Saturday and a shorter day Sunday (usually 10:00–12:00 to 17:00–19:00).

text: Italy[edit]

text: In Italy the 40-hour rule applies: Monday to Friday, 09:00 to 18:00, with a one-hour break for lunch. Sunday is always a holiday; Saturday is seldom a work day at most companies and universities, but it is generally a regular day for elementary, middle, and high schools.

text: In the past, shops had a break from 13:00 to 16:00 and they were generally open until 19:00/20:00. Working times for shops have been changed recently and now are at the owner's discretion; malls are generally open Tuesday to Sunday 09:00 to 20:00, 15:00 to 20:00 on Monday, with no lunchtime closing.[38]

text: Latvia[edit]

text: Latvia has a Monday to Friday working week capped at forty hours.[39] Shops are mostly open on weekends, many large retail chains having full working hours even on Sunday. Private enterprises usually hold hours from 9:00 to 18:00, however government institutions and others may have a shorter working day, ending at 17:00.

text: Luxembourg[edit]

text: The standard working week in Luxembourg is 40 hours per week with 8 hours per day.[40] Monday through Friday is the standard working week, though many shops and businesses open on Saturdays (though for somewhat restricted hours). Trading on Sundays is extremely restricted and generally limited to grocery stores opening on Sunday mornings.[41] However, shops are allowed to open in Luxembourg City during the first Sunday of the month[42], as well as in Luxembourg City and other larger towns on weekends towards the end of the year (Christmas shopping season)[43]. A few shopping malls located in the north of the country and in border towns (e.g. KNAUF[44], MASSEN[45] and Pall Center Pommerloch[46]) are also allowed to open almost every day of the year.

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: In the Netherlands, the standard working week is Monday to Friday (40 hours).[47] Shops are almost always open on Saturdays and often on Sundays.

text: Poland[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Large malls are open on Saturday and Sunday; many small shops are closed on Sunday. SINCE 11 March 2018 all Malls and shops are close on Sunday trading is banned.

text: Under the new rules, trading will be banned on two Sundays a month.

text: The ban will be stepped up to three Sundays a month in 2019, while in 2020 trading will be prohibited on all Sundays except seven, including those in the run-up to Christmas and Easter.

text: March 11 will be the first Sunday on which trading is banned.

text: Bakeries, confectioners, petrol stations, florists, post offices, train stations and airports will be exempt from the ban.

text: Owners will be able to open their shops as long as they serve customers themselves.

text: Anyone infringing the new rules faces a fine of up to PLN 100,000 (EUR 23,900; USD 29,250). Repeat offenders may face a prison sentence

text: Portugal[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Street shops are almost always open on Saturday mornings but shopping centres are typically open every day (including Saturdays and Sundays).

text: Romania[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Shops are open on Saturday and Sunday. The weekend begins on Friday, and ends on Monday.

text: Slovakia[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Large malls are open on Saturday and Sunday; many small shops are closed on Sunday. All shops are closed on public holidays.

text: Spain[edit]

text: The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. The traditional opening hours are 9:00 to 13:00–14:00 and then 15:00–16:00 to 18:00 for most offices and workplaces. Most shops are open on Saturday mornings and many of the larger shopping malls are open all day Saturday and in some cities like Madrid, they are open most Sundays. Some restaurants, bars, and shops are closed Mondays, as Mondays are commonly a slow business day.[48]

text: Sweden[edit]

text: In Sweden, the standard working week is Monday to Friday, both for offices and industry workers. The standard workday is eight hours, although it may vary greatly between different fields and businesses. Most office workers have flexible working hours and can largely decide themselves on how to divide these over the week. The working week is regulated by Arbetstidslagen (Work time law) to a maximum of 40 hours per week.[49] The 40-hour-week is however easily bypassed by overtime. The law allows a maximum of 200 hours overtime per year.[50] There is however no overseeing government agency; the law is often cited as toothless.[citation needed]

text: Shops are almost always open on Saturdays and often on Sundays, supermarkets and shopping centres, so that employees there have to work. Traditionally, restaurants were closed on Mondays if they were opened during the weekend, but this has in recent years largely fallen out of practice. Many museums do however still remain closed on Mondays.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The traditional business working week is from Monday to Friday (35 to 40 hours depending on contract). In retail, and other fields such as healthcare, days off might be taken on any day of the week. Employers can make their employees work every day of a week, although the employer is required to allow each employee breaks of either a continuous period of 24 hours every week or a continuous period of 48 hours every two weeks.

text: Laws for shop opening hours differ between Scotland and the rest of the UK. In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, many shops and services are open on Saturdays and increasingly so on Sundays as well. In England and Wales, stores' maximum Sunday opening hours vary according to the total floor space of the store.[51] In Scotland, however, there is no restriction in law on shop opening hours on a Sunday.

text: Under the EU Working Time Directive, workers cannot be forced to work for more than 48 hours per week on average. However, the UK allows individuals to opt out if they so choose. Individuals can choose to opt in again after opting out, even if opting out was part of their employment contract. It is illegal to dismiss them or treat them unfairly for so doing – but they may be required to give up to 3 months notice to give the employer time to prepare, depending on what their employment contract says.[52]

text: The minimum holiday entitlement is now 28 days per year, but that can include public holidays, depending on the employee's contract.[53] England & Wales have eight, Scotland has nine, and Northern Ireland has ten permanent public holidays each year.[54][55] The 28 days holiday entitlement means that if the government creates a one-off public holiday in a given year, it is not necessarily a day off and it does not add 1 day to employees' holiday entitlement – unless the employer says otherwise, which some do.

text: Belarus[edit]

text:
The working week is Monday to Friday.
Working time must not exceed 8 hours per day and 40 hours per week (on average, annualised).

text: India[edit]

text: The standard working week in India for most office jobs begins on Monday and ends on Saturday. The work schedule is 60 hours per week, Sunday being a rest day. However, most government offices and the software industry follow a five-day workweek.[56] All major industries along with services like transport, hospitality, healthcare etc. work in shifts.

text: Central government offices follow a five-day week. State governments follow half-day working on the first, third, and fifth Saturdays of each month and rest on the second and fourth Saturdays, except West Bengal's government which follows a Monday–Friday workweek. There is usually no half working day in the private sector and people work in two or three shifts of 8hours each.

text: Generally establishments other than those having pure desk jobs are open until late evening in most cities, offering more flexibility of time to visitors. Most stores are open for six or seven days a week. Retail shops in malls are open on all days. Doctors are mostly available in morning and evening in their clinics and at hospitals during the day. Doctors usually work twelve hour days, six-days a week. Senior doctors and surgeons work more. Most visiting doctors attached to hospitals visit on all days.

text: Many services are open till 8:00 pm or 9:00 pm. Most restaurants are open on all days. Small eateries open early and bigger ones open around 11:00 am. Most eateries close between 9:00 pm and 11:00 pm. Many highway restaurants called dhabas are open for 24 hours a day. Dhabas are available in large numbers on all major state and national highways; outside city or village limits. Some highway fuel stations are open for 24 hours. Overall India works longer hours in most areas than most of the world and offers more flexibility of time for visitors.

text: Muslim countries[edit]

text: Thursday–Friday weekend[edit]

text:
Friday is the Muslim holiday when Jumu'ah prayers take place. Most of the Middle Eastern countries and some other predominantly Muslim countries used to consider Thursday and Friday as their weekend. However, this weekend arrangement is no longer observed by a significant number of Muslim countries (
see below).

text: Friday weekend (One day weekend)[edit]

text: Three countries in the Muslim world have Friday as the only weekend day and have a six-day working week.

text:
In Iran, Thursday is half a day of work for most public offices and all schools are closed, but for most jobs, Thursday is a working day. Foreign companies normally have Friday and Saturday as their weekend.
In Djibouti, many offices also tend to open early – around 7:00 or 8:00, then closing at 13:00 or 14:00, especially during the summer due to the afternoon heat.

tag: ul

text: Friday–Saturday weekend[edit]

text: Following reforms in a number of Arab states in the Persian Gulf in the 2000s and 2010s, the Thursday–Friday weekend was replaced by the Friday–Saturday weekend. This change provided for the Muslim offering of Friday prayers and afforded more work days to coincide with the working calendars of international financial markets.

text:
Algeria (2009)[57]
Afghanistan (2015)
Bahrain (2006)
Bangladesh
Egypt[58]
Iraq (2005–2006)[58]
Jordan (Week of January 8, 2000)[59][60]
Kuwait (2007)
Libya (2005–2006)
Malaysia (only in the states of Johor, Kelantan, Terengganu, and Kedah)
Maldives (2013)
Oman (2013)
Palestine
Qatar
Saudi Arabia (2013)[61][62][63]
Sudan (2008)
Syria (2005–2006)[64]
United Arab Emirates (2006)[29]
Yemen (2013)[65]

text: Saturday–Sunday weekend[edit]

text: Other countries with Muslim-majority populations or significant Muslim populations follow the Saturday–Sunday weekend, such as Indonesia, Lebanon, Turkey, Tunisia and Morocco. While Friday is a working day, a long midday break is given to allow time for worship.

text:
Indonesia On Friday, due to prayer time for Muslims, the lunch break is extended up to 2 hours or more. Shopping malls are always open and very crowded on Saturday and Sunday. Thus, some banks offer weekend banking services, especially for branches located in or near shopping malls.
Lebanon The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week. Some institutions, however, also work 4 hours on Saturdays . Large malls are open on Saturday and Sunday; many small shops close on Sunday.
Malaysia (Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur, Labuan and Putrajaya, Selangor, Perak, Penang, Perlis, Sarawak, Sabah, Pahang, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan except the states of Johor, Kelantan, Terengganu and Kedah, which have a Friday–Saturday weekend)
Mauritania (2014)[66]
Morocco The working week is Monday to Friday, 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week.
Pakistan follows the standard international 40-hour working week, from Monday to Friday, with Saturday and Sunday being the weekend.[67] However, in many schools and enterprises, Friday is usually considered a half-day.
Senegal The working week is Monday to Friday, with a large break on Friday afternoon.
Tunisia The working week is Monday to Friday; 8 hours per day, 40 hours in total per week.
Turkey Working above 45 hours is considered overtime, and the employer is required to pay 1.5x the hourly wage per hour.

text: Non-contiguous working week[edit]

text: Brunei Darussalam has a non-contiguous working week, consisting of Monday to Thursday plus Saturday. The days of rest are Friday (for Jumu'ah prayers) and Sunday.

text: Some non-government companies in Brunei adopted the working week of Monday to Friday, while the weekend starts on Saturday until Sunday. Depending on the company rules, employees may be required to work half-day on Saturday.

text: Israel[edit]

text:
In Israel, the standard workweek is 42 hours as prescribed by law. The typical workweek is five days, Sunday to Thursday, with 8.4 hours a day as the standard, with anything beyond that considered overtime. A minority of jobs operate on a partial six-day Sunday-Friday workweek.
[68] Many Israelis work overtime hours, with a maximum of 12 overtime hours a week permitted by law. Most offices and businesses run on a five-day week, though many stores, post offices, banks, and schools are open and public transportation runs six days a week. Almost all businesses are closed during Saturday, and most public services except for emergency services, including almost all public transport, are unavailable on Saturdays. However, some shops, restaurants, cafes, places of entertainment, and factories are open on Saturdays, and a few bus and share taxi lines are active.[69][70][71] Employees who work Saturdays, particularly service industry workers, public sector workers, and pilots, are compensated with alternative days off.[72] In 2014, the average workweek was 45.8 hours for men and 37.1 hours for women.[73]

text: Japan[edit]

text: The standard business office working week in Japan begins on Monday and ends on Friday, 40 hours per week. This system became common between 1980 and 2000. Before then, most workers in Japan worked full-time from Monday to Friday and a half day on Saturday, 45–48 hours per week. Public schools and facilities (excluding city offices) are generally open on Saturdays for half a day.[74]

text: Mexico[edit]

text: Mexico has a 48-hour work week (8 hours × 6 days),[75] it is a custom in most industries and trades to work half day on Saturday. Most public employees work Monday to Friday as well in some office companies. Shops and retailers open on Saturday and Sunday in most large cities.

text: Mongolia[edit]

text: Mongolia has a Monday to Friday working week, with a normal maximum time of 40 hours. Most shops are also open on weekends, many large retail chains having full opening hours even on Sunday. Private enterprises conduct business from 9:00 to 18:00, and government institutions may have full working hours.

text: Nepal[edit]

text: Nepal follows the ancient Vedic calendar, which has the resting day on Saturday and the first day of the working week on Sunday.[76] Schools in Nepal are off on Saturdays, so it is common for pupils to go to school from Sunday to Friday.

text: In November 2012, the home ministry proposed a two-day holiday per week plan for all government offices except at those providing essential services like electricity, water, and telecommunications.[77] This proposal followed a previous proposal by the Nepali government, i.e. Load-shedding Reduction Work Plan 2069 BS, for a five working day plan for government offices as part of efforts to address the problem of load-shedding. The proposal has been discussed in the Administration Committee; it is not yet clear whether the plan includes private offices and educational institutions.

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: In New Zealand the working week is typically Monday to Friday 8:30 to 17:00, but it is not uncommon for many industries (especially construction) to work a half day on Saturday, normally from 8:00 or 9:00 to about 13:00. Supermarkets, malls, independent retailers, and increasingly, banks, remain open seven days a week.

text: Russia[edit]

text: In Russia the common working week begins on Monday and ends on Friday with 8 hours per day.

text: Federal law defines a working week duration of 5 or 6 days with no more than 40 hours worked. In all cases Sunday is a holiday. With a 5-day working week the employer chooses which day of the week will be the second day off. Usually this is a Saturday, but in some organizations (mostly government), it is Monday. Government offices can thereby offer Saturday service to people with a normal working schedule.

text: There are non-working public holidays in Russia; all of them fall on a fixed date. By law, if such a holiday coincides with an ordinary day off, the next work day becomes a day off. An official public holiday cannot replace a regular day off. Each year the government can modify working weeks near public holidays in order to optimize the labor schedule. For example, if a five-day week has a public holiday on Tuesday or Thursday, the calendar is rearranged to provide a reasonable working week.

text: Exceptions include occupations such as transit workers, shop assistants, and security guards. In many cases independent schemes are used. For example, the service industry often uses the X-through-Y scheme (Russian: X через Y) when every worker uses X days for work and the next Y days for rest.

text: Soviet Union[edit]

text: In the Soviet Union the standard working week was 41 hours: 8 hours, 12 min. Monday to Friday. Before the mid-1960s there was a 42-hour 6-day standard working week: 7 hours Monday to Friday and 6 hours on Saturday.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: In Singapore the common working week is 5-day work week, which runs from Monday to Friday beginning 8:30 a.m. and end at 5 p.m. – 6 p.m. Some companies work a half day on Saturdays. Shops, supermarkets and malls are open seven days a week and on most public holidays.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: In South Africa the working week traditionally was Monday to Friday with a half-day on Saturday and Sunday a public holiday. However, since 2013 there have been changes to the working week concept based on more than one variation. The week can be 5 days of work, or more. The maximum number of hours someone can work in a week remains 45.[78]

text: Thailand[edit]

text: In Thailand the working week is Monday to Saturday for a maximum of 44 to 48 hours per week (Saturday can be a half or full day).[citation needed]

text: However, government offices and some private companies have modernised through enacting the American and European standard of working Monday through Friday.[citation needed]

text: Currently, 50% of the luxury beach resorts in Phuket have a five-day working week. Of the remaining 50%, 23% have taken steps to reform their 6-day workweek through such measures as reducing the working week from 6 days to 5.5 days.[citation needed]

text: United States[edit]

text: The standard working week in the United States begins on Monday and ends on Friday, 40 hours per week, with Saturday and Sunday being weekend days. However, in practice, only 42% of employees work 40-hour weeks. The average workweek for full-time employees is 47 hours.[79] Most stores are open for business on Saturday and often on Sunday as well, except in a few places where prohibited by law (see Blue law). Increasingly, employers are offering compressed work schedules to employees. Some government and corporate employees now work a 9/80 work schedule (80 hours over 9 days during a two-week period)—commonly 9 hour days Monday to Thursday, 8 hours on one Friday, and off the following Friday. There are also some government or corporate employees that work a 10/40 schedule–40 hours per week over 4 days, usually with Fridays off. Jobs in healthcare, law enforcement, transportation, retail, and other service positions commonly require employees to work on the weekend or to do shift work.[80]

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: Vietnam has a standard 48-hour six-day workweek. Monday to Friday are full workdays and Saturday is a partial day. Work typically begins at 8:00 AM and lasts until 5:00 PM from Monday to Friday and until 12:00 PM on Saturdays. This includes a one-hour lunch break. Government offices and banks follow a five-day workweek from Monday to Friday..[81][82]


document_title: The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants (film)

question_text: where was sisterhood of the traveling pants filmed in greece

text: Plot[edit]

text: Four teenage girls—Carmen, Tibby, Bridget, and Lena—are best friends from Bethesda, Maryland, who are about to separate for the summer for the first time in their lives. Lena is spending the summer in Greece with her grandparents; Tibby is staying at home; Bridget is going to soccer camp in Mexico; and Carmen is visiting her father in South Carolina. On one of their final days they went shopping together, the girls find a seemingly ordinary pair of jeans that fit them all perfectly and flatter their figures, despite their very different measurements. The girls dub them the Traveling Pants and decide to share them equally over the course of the summer. They part the next day, and the film focuses on each girl's journey separately.

text: Carmen Lowell[edit]

text: During the summer, Carmen goes to her dad's house in South Carolina. On arrival, she is shocked when her dad immediately introduces her to a new family that he is about to marry into; they are blonde White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, unlike Carmen who was raised by her Puerto Rican mother. During her time there, her father and her new family neglect her emotionally, driving her to throw a stone through their dining room window, and catch a bus back to Maryland. At home she tells Tibby about her time with her dad and Tibby convinces her to confront her father with a phone call and finally tell him that she's mad at him. Carmen tells her father and he apologizes. Her summer ends with the four of them returning south where she is an attendant at her father's wedding, where at the reception he makes a public apology for having snubbed her. And then she accepted his apology.

text: Lena Kaligaris[edit]

text: Through the unexpected intervention of the Pants, Lena meets a local Greek boy named Kostas Dounas. Lena learns from her grandparents that her family and Kostas' family are sworn enemies stemming from an old family feud. Despite this, Kostas continues to pursue Lena, and the two develop feelings for each other. Lena holds back, though, until one day when she admits to herself that she is afraid of love. Once she makes this realization, she begins a secret relationship with Kostas. On their last night together, Kostas tells Lena that he loves her. Before Lena can answer, Lena's family barges in, angrily pulling her away. Lena later confronts her grandfather and asks to go see Kostas before he leaves, to which her grandfather agrees. Kostas and Lena share a passionate kiss, and Lena confesses her love for him.

text: Tibby Rollins[edit]

text: While on the job at a discount department store, Tibby hears a loud crashing sound, and finds a young girl who has fainted in the deodorant aisle. She frantically calls for help, and the girl is taken away in an ambulance. When Lena mails the magical Pants to Tibby, they are delivered to the wrong house. Bailey Graffman, the girl who had fainted at the store, has them.

text: Fascinated by Tibby's movie, or "suckumentary" as she calls it, Bailey becomes Tibby's self-appointed assistant. Tibby is annoyed by this at first, but gradually grows to accept Bailey. She later learns from Bailey's neighbor that Bailey has leukemia.

text: Bailey eventually goes to the hospital with a bad infection. Tibby avoids the hospital for a while, but eventually visits Bailey, bringing the Traveling Pants. She offers them to Bailey and pleads with her to take them so that they can help her. Bailey responds by saying that the pants have already worked their magic on Bailey by bringing her and Tibby together. Tibby spends a lot of time with Bailey in the hospital after that. A couple of days later, Tibby receives a phone call in the morning from Mrs. Graffman, Bailey's mother, saying that Bailey died in the night. Sadly, the pants cannot cure cancer.

text: When Carmen comes back home from South Carolina, Tibby visits her to try to help her with her feelings of being snubbed by her father. Carmen lashes out at Tibby by saying that she has no feelings, and Tibby leaves in tears. The pair reconcile, and later go to Bridget's house in order to bring her out of her depression.

text: Over the course of the film, Tibby undergoes dramatic changes in her outlook due to her time with Bailey.

text: Bridget Vreeland[edit]

text: Shortly after arriving at soccer camp in Baja California, Mexico, Bridget develops a crush on one of the coaches, Eric Richman. She reveals to Eric that a psychiatrist who evaluated her following her mother's suicide described her as "single-minded to the point of recklessness," presumably as a way of avoiding dealing with her mother's death. This statement aptly describes Bridget's pursuit of Eric, despite the fact that flings between coaches and campers are forbidden. She flirts with Eric and shows off for him during games.

text: When Bridget's turn with the Traveling Pants finally comes, she puts them on that night and walks around outside Eric's cabin, leading him to the beach. Bridget loses her virginity, which leaves Bridget feeling empty and listless, even after she returns home. After learning about this in a letter, Lena calls Carmen and Tibby, and they arrive at Bridget's house to cheer her up. She tells them she is worried she is like her mother, whose mood also swung easily from very up to very down, eventually resulting in deep depression and suicide. Carmen and Tibby comfort Bridget by reassuring her that she is stronger than her mother. Eric visits Bridget and apologizes for his behavior over the summer, and tells her that while she is too young for him now, he hopes she will give him a shot when she is older, giving Bridget much-needed closure.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Amber Tamblyn as Tabitha "Tibby" Tomko-Rollins
Alexis Bledel as Lena Kaligaris
America Ferrera as Carmen Lowell
Blake Lively as Bridget Vreeland
Bradley Whitford as Carmen's father, Albert "Al" Lowell
Jenna Boyd as Bailey Graffman
Nancy Travis as Lydia Rodman

Kyle Schmid as Paul Rodman
Mike Vogel as Eric Richman
Michael Rady as Kostas Dounas
Kristie Marsden as Soccer Pal Olivia
Emily Tennant as Krista Rodman
Leonardo Nam as Brian McBrian
Rachel Ticotin as Christina
Erica Hubbard as Soccer Pal Diana

text: Production[edit]

text: Principal photography started on the island of Santorini, Greece. Filming then continued in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico.[3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: According to review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "This adaptation of a beloved novel charms with its heartwarming tale of friendship and young adulthood; realistic portrayals of the lives of teenage girls lend the comedy-drama sincerity, and may capture hearts outside the female-centric demographic." It has a score of 77% based on 125 reviews.[4] Metacritic gave the film a score of 66%, with "generally favorable reviews", based on 34 reviews.[5] Yahoo! Movies gave the film a B rating based on 13 different critics.[6]

text: Box office[edit]

text: On its opening weekend, the film opened #5 at the box office with $9,833,340.[7] As of November 14, 2008, the film has grossed $42,013,878 worldwide.[8]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The DVD & VHS were released in the US on October 11, 2005. It has yet to be released on Blu-ray.

text: Soundtrack and score[edit]

text: The song album was released by Columbia Records on May 24, 2005.

text:
These Days – Chantal Kreviazuk (3:57)
Unwritten – Natasha Bedingfield (4:19)
Time of Our Lives – Paul van Dyk (3:37)
Black Roses Red – Alana Grace (4:12)
If God Made You (Radio Remix) – Five for Fighting (4:16)
Just for You – William Tell (3:46)
Closer to You – Brandi Carlile (2:54)
No Sleep Tonight – The Faders (3:00)
I Want You to Know – Chantal Kreviazuk (3:19)
Be Be Your Love – Rachael Yamagata (4:14)
Sun's Gonna Rise – Shannon Curfman (3:55)
Simple – Katy Perry (3:39)
Always There in You – Valli Girls (an early track involving members of HAIM)[9] (3:46)

tag: ol

text: The album of Cliff Eidelman's score was released by Varèse Sarabande on July 12, 2005.

text:
Prologue (3:44)
Deja Blue (1:04)
Fate (1:01)
Rules of the Pants (3:26)
A Touch of Greece (1:18)
Honey (1:10)
The Traveling Pants (:53)
Reflection (2:07)
Running (1:26)
Traveling to Baja (:39)
The Way of the Pants (:34)
Letter (1:48)
Broken Heart (1:16)
A Brave Soul (1:15)
Last Words (:58)
Us (2:18)
Sisterhood Reunites (1:14)
Together (1:29)
The Traveling Song (3:17)
Piano Suite (4:03)

text: Awards[edit]

text:
2006 – Won; Imagen Foundation Awards for Best Actress (America Ferrera)
2006 – Nominated; ALMA Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture (America Ferrera)
2006 – Nominated; Young Artist Award for Best Family Feature Film – Drama
2006 – Nominated; Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film – Supporting Young Actress (Jenna Boyd)
2005 – Nominated; Satellite Award for Outstanding Actress in a Supporting Role, Comedy or Musical (America Ferrera)
2005 – Nominated; Satellite Award for Outstanding Youth DVD (Widescreen Edition)
2005 – Nominated; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress: Drama (Alexis Bledel)
2005 – Nominated; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress: Drama (Amber Tamblyn)
2005 – Nominated; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Performance – Female (America Ferrera)
2005 – Nominated; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Performance – Female (Jenna Boyd)
2005 – Nominated; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Performance – Female (Blake Lively)
2005 – Nominated; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Performance – Male (Michael Rady)
2005 – Nominated; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Hissy Fit (America Ferrera)
2005 – Nominated; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Love Scene (Alexis Bledel and Michael Rady)
2005 – Nominated; Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie: Drama


document_title: Colorado River (Texas)

question_text: where does the colorado river in texas start from

text: Colorado River (Texas)

text: Course[edit]

text: The Colorado River originates south of Lubbock, on the Llano Estacado, near Lamesa. It flows generally southeast, out of the Llano Estacado and through the Texas Hill Country, through several reservoirs including Lake J.B. Thomas, E.V. Spence Reservoir, and Lake O.H. Ivie. The river flows through several more reservoirs before reaching Austin, including Lake Buchanan, Inks Lake, Lake Lyndon B. Johnson, commonly referred to as Lake LBJ and Lake Travis. The Llano River joins the Colorado at Lake LBJ near Kingsland. The Pedernales River joins the Colorado at Lake Travis near Briarcliff. After passing through Austin, the Colorado River continues flowing southeast until emptying into Matagorda Bay on the Gulf of Mexico, near Matagorda. The Texas waterway is not connected to, nor part of, the longer and more well-known Colorado River.

text: History[edit]

text: The Colorado River, which means "red"[5] or "reddish" river in Spanish,[6] was frequently confused by Spanish explorers with the Brazos River to the north.[3] The European discoverer of these two neighboring rivers called the present Colorado River the Brazos de Dios, and called the present Brazos the Colorado River, and later the names were reversed.[6]

text: The upper Colorado River was controlled by Comanches from the early 18th century to the late 19th century. In 1757, Spanish Texas attempted to establish an outlying Catholic mission on the San Saba River, near its confluence with the Colorado River. Nearly defenseless and viewed by the Comanche tribe as a territorial invasion, the mission was sacked in 1758 by about 2,000 Comanches and their allies. The Comanche were not effectively challenged on the upper Colorado River for nearly a century.[7]

text: River modifications[edit]

text: The river is an important source of water for farming, cities, and electrical power production. Major man-made reservoirs on the river include  Lake Buchanan, Inks Lake, Lake LBJ, Lake Marble Falls, Lake Travis, Lake Austin, and Lady Bird Lake in Austin. Collectively, these lakes are known as the Highland Lakes. In addition to power plants operating on each of the major lakes, waters of the Colorado are used for cooling the South Texas Nuclear Project, near Bay City. The Colorado River Municipal Water District owns and operates three reservoirs upstream of the Highland Lakes, Lake J. B. Thomas near Snyder, E.V. Spence Reservoir near Robert Lee, and O. H. Ivie Reservoir near Ballinger.

text: Flood control and use of the Colorado River is managed by two agencies established by the Texas Legislature, the Upper Colorado River Authority, and the Lower Colorado River Authority. There are 11 major reservoirs along the Colorado River.[8]

text: Major tributaries[edit]

text: The Colorado River is joined by five significant tributaries: Concho River, Pecan Bayou, Llano River, San Saba River and Pedernales River. Beals Creek is also a tributary fed by arroyos such as Sulphur Springs Draw, McKenzie, Seminole, Monument, Mustang, Midland, and Johnson Draws.[9]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Pennybacker Bridge crossing the Lake Austin portion of the Colorado River.

Colorado River 5 mi (8 km) from its source along the Caprock Escarpment, border of Dawson and Borden County, Texas.

Colorado River under the Regency Suspension Bridge on the border of Mills and San Saba counties.

Scenic view of Colorado River meandering under a bridge overpass under State Highway 60 in Wharton.

Scene on the Colorado River, Austin, Texas (postcard, circa 1907)

Historical marker on US 90A between Eagle Lake and Altair explains the difficulty of navigating the lower Colorado River in the 1800s.

Old postcard of Bull Creek in Austin

Colorado River east of Columbus, Texas


document_title: Bow (music)

question_text: how many horse hairs are on a violin bow

text: Bow (music)

text: Materials and manufacture[edit]

text: A bow consists of a specially shaped stick with other material forming a ribbon stretched between its ends, which is used to stroke the string and create sound. Different musical cultures have adopted various designs for the bow. For instance, in some bows a single cord is stretched between the ends of the stick. In the Western tradition of bow making—bows for the instruments of the violin and viol families—a hank of horsehair is normally employed.

text: The manufacture of bows is considered a demanding craft, and well-made bows command high prices. Part of the bow maker's skill is the ability to choose high quality material for the stick. Historically, Western bows have been made of pernambuco wood from Brazil. However, pernambuco is now an endangered species whose export is regulated by international treaty,[1] so makers are currently adopting other materials: woods such as Ipê (Tabebuia)[2] and synthetic materials, such as carbon fiber epoxy composite and fiberglass. Carbon fiber bows have become very popular, and some of the better carbon fiber bows are now comparable to fine pernambuco sticks.

text: For the frog,[3] which holds and adjusts the near end of the horsehair, ebony is most often used, but other materials, often decorative, were used as well, such as ivory and tortoiseshell. Materials such as mother of pearl or abalone shell are often used on the slide which covers the mortise, as well as in round decorative "eyes" inlaid on the side surfaces. Sometimes "Parisian eyes" are used, with the circle of shell surrounded by a metal ring. The metal parts of the frog, or mountings, may be used by the maker to mark various grades of bow, ordinary bows being mounted with nickel silver, better bows with silver, and the finest being gold-mounted. (Not all makers adhere uniformly to this practice.) Near the frog is the grip, which is made of a wire, silk, or "whalebone" wrap and a thumb cushion made of leather or snakeskin. The tip plate of the bow may be made of bone, ivory, mammoth ivory, or metal, such as silver.

text: A bow maker or archetier typically uses between 150 and 200 hairs [4] from the tail of a horse for a violin bow. Bows for other members of the violin family typically have a wider ribbon, using more hairs. There is a widely held belief among string players, neither proven nor disproven scientifically, that white hair produces a "smoother" sound and black hair (used mainly for double bass bows) is coarser and thus produces a "rougher" sound. Lower quality (inexpensive) bows often use nylon or synthetic hair. Rosin, or colophony, a hard, sticky substance made from resin (sometimes mixed with wax), is regularly applied to the bow hair to increase friction.

text: In making a wooden bow, the greater part of the woodworking is done on a straight stick. According to James McKean,[5] "the bow maker graduates the stick in precise gradations so that it is evenly flexible throughout". These gradations were originally calculated by François Tourte, discussed below. In order to shape the curve or "camber" of the bow stick, the maker carefully heats the stick in an alcohol flame, a few inches at a time, bending the heated stick gradually to the proper shape. A metal or wooden template is used to get the model's exact curve and shape while heating.

text: The art of making wooden bows has changed little since the 19th century; most modern composite sticks roughly resemble the Tourte design. Various inventors have tried, at times, to come up with new ways of bow-making; the Incredibow,[6] for example, has a straight stick cambered only by the fixed tension of the synthetic hair.

text: Types of bow[edit]

text: Slightly different bows, varying in weight and length, are used for the violin, viola, cello, and double bass.

text: These are generally variations on the same basic design. However, two distinct forms of the double bass bow are in current usage. The "French" overhand bow is constructed along the same lines as the bow used with the other instruments of the orchestral string family. The French stick is grasped from opposite the frog. The "German" or "Butler" underhand bow is broader and longer than the French bow with a larger frog curved to fit the palm of the hand. The German stick is grasped with the hand encompassing the frog loosely. The German bow is the older of the two designs, having superseded the earlier arched bow. The French bow became popular with its adoption in the 19th century by virtuoso Giovanni Bottesini. Both are found in the orchestra, though typically an individual bass player prefers to perform using one or the other type of bow.

text: Bowing[edit]

text: The characteristic long, sustained, and singing sound produced by the violin, viola, violoncello, and double bass is due to the drawing of the bow against their strings. This sustaining of musical sound with a bow is comparable to a singer using breath to sustain sounds and sing long, smooth, or legato melodies.

text: In modern practice, the bow is almost always held in the right hand while the left is used for fingering. When the player pulls the bow across the strings (such that the frog moves away from the instrument), it is called a down-bow; pushing the bow so the frog moves toward the instrument is an up-bow (the directions "down" and "up" are literally descriptive for violins and violas, and are employed in analogous fashion for the cello and double bass). Two consecutive notes played in the same bow direction are referred to as a hooked bow; a down-bow following a whole down-bow is called a retake.

text: Generally, the down-bow stroke is used for the strong musical beats, the up-bow for weak beats. However, in the viola da gamba, it is the reverse; thus violinists, violists, and cellists look like they are "pulling" on the strong beats when they play, whereas gamba players look like they are "stabbing" on the strong beats. The difference almost certainly results from the different ways in which the bow is held in these instrument families: violin/viola/cello players hold the wood part of the bow closer to the palm, whereas gamba players use the opposite orientation, with the horsehair closer. The orientation appropriate to each instrument family permits the stronger wrist muscles (flexors) to reinforce the strong beat.

text: String players control their tone quality by touching the bow to the strings at varying distances from the bridge, emphasizing the higher harmonics by playing sul ponticello ("on the bridge"), or reducing them, and emphasizing the fundamental frequency by playing sul tasto ("on the fingerboard").

text: Occasionally, composers ask the player to use the bow by touching the strings with the wood rather than the hair; this is known by the Italian phrase col legno ("with the wood"). Coll'arco ("with the bow") is the indication to use the bow hair to create the sound in the normal way.

text: History[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: The question of when and where the bow was invented is of interest because the technique of using it to produce sound on a stringed instrument has led to many important historical and regional developments in music, as well as the variety of instruments used.

text: Pictorial and sculptural evidence from early Egyptian, Indian, Hellenic, and Anatolian civilizations indicate that plucked stringed instruments existed long before the technique of bowing developed. In spite of the ancient origins of the bow and arrow, it would appear that bowed string instruments only developed during a comparatively recent period.

text: Eric Halfpenny, writing in the 1988 Encyclopædia Britannica, says, "bowing can be traced as far back as the Islamic civilization of the 10th century ... it seems likely that the principle of bowing originated among the nomadic horse riding cultures of Central Asia, whence it spread quickly through Islam and the East, so that by 1000 it had almost simultaneously reached China, Java, North Africa, the Near East and Balkans, and Europe."[7] Halfpenny notes that in many Eurasian languages the word for "bridge" etymologically means "horse," and that the Chinese regarded their own bowed instruments (huqin) as having originated with the "barbarians" of Central Asia.

text: The Central Asian theory is endorsed by Werner Bachmann, writing in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Bachmann notes evidence from a tenth-century Central Asian wall painting for bowed instruments in what is now the city of Kurbanshaid in Tajikistan.

text: Circumstantial evidence also supports the Central Asian theory. All the elements that were necessary for the invention of the bow were probably present among the Central Asian horse riding peoples at the same time:

text:
In a society of horse-mounted warriors (the horse peoples included the Huns and the Mongols), horsehair obviously would have been available.
Central Asian horse warriors specialized in the military bow, which could easily have served the inventor as a temporary way to hold horsehair at high tension.
To this day, horsehair for bows is taken from places with harsh cold climates, including Mongolia,[8] as such hair offers a better grip on the strings.
Rosin, crucial for creating sound even with coarse horsehair, is used by traditional archers to maintain the integrity of the string and (mixed with beeswax) to protect the finish of the bow.[9]

text: (From all this it is tempting to imagine the invention of the bow: the Mongol warrior, having just used rosin on his equipment, idly stroked his harp or lyre with a rosin-dusted finger and produced a brief continuous sound, which caused him to have an inspiration; whereupon he seized his bow, restrung it with horsehair, and so on. Obviously, the degree to which this fantasy is true will never be known.)

text: However the bow was invented, it soon spread very widely. The Central Asian horse peoples occupied a territory that included the Silk Road, along which goods and innovations were transported rapidly for thousands of miles (including, via India, by sea to Java). This would account for the near-simultaneous appearance of the musical bow in the many locations cited by Halfpenny.

text: The modern Western bow[edit]

text: The kind of bow in use today was brought into its modern form largely by the bow maker François Tourte in 19th-century France. Pernambuco wood which was imported into France to make textile dye, was found by the early French bow masters to have just the right combination of strength, resiliency, weight, and beauty. According to James McKean, Tourte's bows, "like the instruments of Stradivari, are still considered to be without equal."[5]

text: Historical bows[edit]

text: The early 18th-century bow referred to as the Corelli-Tartini model is also referred to as the Italian 'sonata' bow. This basic Baroque bow supplanted by 1725 an earlier French dance bow which was quite short with a little point. The French dance bow was held with the thumb under the hair and played with short, quick strokes for rhythmic dance music. The Italian sonata bow was longer, from 24 to 28 inches (61–71 cm.), with a straight or slightly convex stick. The head is described as a pike's head, and the frog is either fixed (the clip-in bow) or has a screw mechanism. The screw is an early improvement, indicative of further changes to come. As compared to a modern Tourte-style bow, the Corelli-Tartini model is shorter and lighter, especially at the tip, the balance point is lower down on the stick, the hair more yielding, and the ribbon of hair narrower—about 6 mm wide.

text: In the early bow (the Baroque bow), the natural bow stroke is a non-legato norm, producing what Leopold Mozart called a "small softness" at the beginning and end of each stroke.

text: A lighter, clearer sound is produced, and quick notes are cleanly articulated without the hair leaving the string.

text: A truly great example of such a bow, described by David Boyden,[10] is part of the Ansley Salz Collection at the University of California at Berkeley. It was made around 1700, and is attributed to Stradivari.

text: Towards the middle of the century (18th century), there was a move into the Transitional period, the separation of hair from stick became greater, particularly at the head. This greater separation is necessary because the stick becomes longer and straighter, approaching a concave shape.

text: Up until the advent of the bow by Tourte, there was absolutely no standardization of bow features during this Transitional period, and every bow was different in weight, length and balance. In particular, the heads varied enormously by any given maker.

text: Another transitional type of bow may be called the Cramer bow, after the violinist Wilhelm Cramer (1746–99) who lived the early part of his life in Mannheim (Germany) and, after 1772, in London. This bow and models comparable to it in Paris, generally prevailed between the gradual demise of the Corelli-Tartini model and the birth of the Tourte—that is, roughly 1750 until 1785. In the view of top experts, the Cramer bow represents a decisive step towards the modern bow.

text: The Cramer bow and others like it were gradually rendered obsolete by the advent of François Tourte's standardized bow. The hair (on the Cramer bow) is wider than the Corelli model but still narrower than a Tourte, the screw mechanism becomes standard, and more sticks are made from pernambuco, rather than the earlier snakewood, ironwood, and china wood, which were often fluted for a portion of the length of the stick.[11]

text: Fine makers of these Transitional models were Duchaîne, La Fleur, Meauchand, Tourte père, and Edward Dodd.

text: The underlying reasons for the change from the old Corelli-Tartini model to the Cramer and, finally, to the Tourte were naturally related to musical demands on the part of composers and violinists. Undoubtedly the emphasis on cantabile, especially the long drawn out and evenly sustained phrase, required a generally longer bow and also a somewhat wider ribbon of hair.[12] These new bows were ideal to fill the new, very large concert halls with sound and worked great with the late classical and the new romantic repertoire.

text: Today, with the rise of the historically informed performance movement, string players have developed a revived interest in the lighter, pre-Tourte bow, as more suitable for playing stringed instruments made in pre-19th-century style.

text: Stradivarius bows[edit]

text: A Stradivari bow, The King Charles IV Violin Bow attributed to the Stradivari Workshop, is currently in the collection of the National Music Museum at the University of South Dakota in Vermillion, South Dakota. The Rawlins Gallery violin bow, NMM 4882, is attributed to the workshop of Antonio Stradivari, Cremona, ca. 1700. This bow is one of two bows (the other in a private collection in London) attributed to the workshop of Antonio Stradivari.[13]

text: Other types of bow[edit]

text: The Chinese yazheng and yaqin, and Korean ajaeng zithers are generally played by "bowing" with a rosined stick, which creates friction against the strings without any horsehair. The hurdy-gurdy's strings are similarly set into vibration by means of a "rosin wheel," a wooden wheel which contacts the strings as it is rotated by means of a crank handle, creating a "bowed" tone.

text: Maintenance[edit]

text: Careful owners always loosen the hair on a bow before putting it away. James McKean recommends that the owner "loosen the hair completely, then bring it back just a single turn of the button." The goal is to "keep the hair even but allow the bow to relax."[5] Over-tightening the bow, however, can also be damaging to the stick and cause it to break.[14]

text: Since hairs may break in service, bows must be periodically rehaired, an operation usually performed by professionals rather than by the instrument owner.

text: Bows sometimes lose their correct camber (see above), and are recambered using the same heating method as is used in the original manufacture.

text: Lastly, the grip or winding of the bow must occasionally be replaced to maintain a good grip and protect the wood.

text: These repairs are usually left to professionals, as the head of the bow is extremely fragile, and a poor rehair, or a broken ivory plate on the tip, can lead to ruining the bow.

text: Nomenclature[edit]

text: In vernacular speech the bow is occasionally called a fiddlestick. Bows for particular instruments are often designated as such: violin bow, cello bow, and so on.


document_title: List of Chicago Blackhawks seasons

question_text: when was the last time the blackhawks were not in the playoffs

text: List of Chicago Blackhawks seasons

text: This is a list of seasons completed by the Chicago Blackhawks professional ice hockey club of the National Hockey League.  This list documents the records and playoff results for all seasons the team has completed since their inception in 1926.

text:
Stanley Cup Champions

Conference Champions

Division/Reg. Season Leader

League Leader

text: Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

text:
NHL season
Team season
GP
W
L
T
OTL
Pts
GF
GA
PIM
Finish
Playoffs

Chicago Black Hawks

1926–27
1926–27
44
19
22
3
—
41
115
116
448
3rd, American
Lost in Quarterfinals, 5–10 (TG) (Bruins)

1927–28
1927–28
44
7
34
3
—
17
68
134
375
5th, American
Did not qualify

1928–29
1928–29
44
7
29
8
—
22
33
85
363
5th, American
Did not qualify

1929–30
1929–30
44
21
18
5
—
47
117
111
573
2nd, American
Lost in Quarterfinals, 2–3 (TG) (Canadiens)

1930–31
1930–31
44
24
17
3
—
51
108
78
416
2nd, American
Won in Quarterfinals, 4–3 (TG) (Maple Leafs)  Won in Semifinals, 3–0 (TG) (Rangers)  Lost in Finals, 2–3 (Canadiens)

1931–32
1931–32
48
18
19
11
—
47
86
101
464
2nd, American
Lost in Quarterfinals, 2–6 (TG) (Maple Leafs)

1932–33
1932–33
48
16
20
12
—
44
88
101
401
4th, American
Did not qualify

1933–34
1933–34
48
20
17
11
—
51
88
83
337
2nd, American
Won in Quarterfinals, 4–3 (TG) (Canadiens)  Won in Semifinals, 6–2 (TG) (Maroons)  Stanley Cup champions, 3–1 (Red Wings)

1934–35
1934–35
48
26
17
5
—
57
118
88
375
2nd, American
Lost in Quarterfinals, 0–1 (TG) (Maroons)

1935–36
1935–36
48
21
19
8
—
50
93
92
411
3rd, American
Lost in Quarterfinals, 5–7 (TG) (Americans)

1936–37
1936–37
48
14
27
7
—
35
99
131
291
4th, American
Did not qualify

1937–38
1937–38
48
14
25
9
—
37
97
139
258
3rd, American
Won in Quarterfinals, 2–1 (Canadiens)  Won in Semifinals, 2–1 (Americans)  Stanley Cup champions, 3–1 (Maple Leafs)

1938–39
1938–39
48
12
28
8
—
32
91
132
367
7th, NHL
Did not qualify

1939–40
1939–40
48
23
19
6
—
52
112
120
351
4th, NHL
Lost in Quarterfinals, 0–2 (Maple Leafs)

1940–41
1940–41
48
16
25
7
—
39
112
139
335
5th, NHL
Won in Quarterfinals, 2–1 (Canadiens)  Lost in Semifinals, 0–2 (Red Wings)

1941–42
1941–42
48
22
23
3
—
47
145
155
365
4th, NHL
Lost in Quarterfinals, 1–2 (Bruins)

1942–43
1942–43
50
17
18
15
—
49
179
180
361
5th, NHL
Did not qualify

1943–44
1943–44
50
22
23
5
—
49
178
187
240
4th, NHL
Won in Semifinals, 4–1 (Red Wings)  Lost in Finals, 0–4 (Canadiens)

1944–45
1944–45
50
13
30
7
—
33
141
194
245
5th, NHL
Did not qualify

1945–46
1945–46
50
23
20
7
—
53
200
178
339
3rd, NHL
Lost in Semifinals, 0–4 (Canadiens)

1946–47
1946–47
60
19
37
4
—
42
193
274
467
6th, NHL
Did not qualify

1947–48
1947–48
60
20
34
6
—
46
195
225
572
6th, NHL
Did not qualify

1948–49
1948–49
60
21
31
8
—
50
173
211
695
5th, NHL
Did not qualify

1949–50
1949–50
70
22
38
10
—
54
203
244
620
6th, NHL
Did not qualify

1950–51
1950–51
70
13
47
10
—
36
171
280
615
6th, NHL
Did not qualify

1951–52
1951–52
70
17
44
9
—
43
158
241
627
6th, NHL
Did not qualify

1952–53
1952–53
70
27
28
15
—
69
169
175
736
4th, NHL
Lost in Semifinals, 3–4 (Canadiens)

1953–54
1953–54
70
12
51
7
—
31
133
242
797
6th, NHL
Did not qualify

1954–55
1954–55
70
13
40
17
—
43
161
235
733
6th, NHL
Did not qualify

1955–56
1955–56
70
19
39
12
—
50
155
216
826
6th, NHL
Did not qualify

1956–57
1956–57
70
16
39
15
—
47
169
225
809
6th, NHL
Did not qualify

1957–58
1957–58
70
24
39
7
—
55
163
202
906
5th, NHL
Did not qualify

1958–59
1958–59
70
28
29
13
—
69
197
208
921
3rd, NHL
Lost in Semifinals, 2–4 (Canadiens)

1959–60
1959–60
70
28
29
13
—
69
191
180
970
3rd, NHL
Lost in Semifinals, 0–4 (Canadiens)

1960–61
1960–61
70
29
24
17
—
75
198
180
1072
3rd, NHL
Won in Semifinals, 4–2 (Canadiens)  Stanley Cup champions, 4–2 (Red Wings)

1961–62
1961–62
70
31
26
13
—
75
217
186
894
3rd, NHL
Won in Semifinals, 4–2 (Canadiens)  Lost in Finals, 2–4 (Maple Leafs)

1962–63
1962–63
70
32
21
17
—
81
194
178
906
2nd, NHL
Lost in Semifinals, 2–4 (Red Wings)

1963–64
1963–64
70
36
22
12
—
84
218
169
1116
2nd, NHL
Lost in Semifinals, 3–4 (Red Wings)

1964–65
1964–65
70
34
28
8
—
76
224
176
1051
3rd, NHL
Won in Semifinals, 4–3 (Red Wings)  Lost in Finals, 3–4 (Canadiens)

1965–66
1965-66
70
37
25
8
—
82
240
187
815
2nd, NHL
Lost in Semifinals, 2–4 (Red Wings)

1966–67
1966–67
70
41
17
12
—
94
262
170
757
1st, NHL
Lost in Semifinals, 2–4 (Maple Leafs)

1967–68
1967–68
74
32
26
16
—
80
212
222
606
4th, East
Won in Quarterfinals, 4–2 (Rangers)  Lost in Semifinals, 1–4 (Canadiens)

1968–69
1968–69
76
34
33
9
—
77
280
246
842
6th, East
Did not qualify

1969–70
1969–70
76
45
22
9
—
99
250
170
901
1st, East
Won in Quarterfinals, 4–0 (Red Wings)  Lost in Semifinals, 0–4 (Bruins)

1970–71
1970–71
78
49
20
9
—
107
277
184
1280
1st, West
Won in Quarterfinals, 4–0 (Flyers)  Won in Semifinals, 4–3 (Rangers)  Lost in Finals, 3–4 (Canadiens)

1971–72
1971–72
78
46
17
15
—
107
256
166
844
1st, West
Won in Quarterfinals, 4–0 (Penguins)  Lost in Semifinals, 0–4 (Rangers)

1972–73
1972–73
78
42
27
9
—
93
284
225
864
1st, West
Won in Quarterfinals, 4–1 (Blues)  Won in Semifinals, 4–1 (Rangers)  Lost in Finals, 2–4 (Canadiens)

1973–74
1973–74
78
41
14
23
—
105
272
164
877
2nd, West
Won in Quarterfinals, 4–1 (Kings)  Lost in Semifinals, 2–4 (Bruins)

1974–75
1974–75
80
37
35
8
—
82
268
241
1112
3rd, Smythe
Won in Preliminary Round, 2–1 (Bruins)  Lost in Quarterfinals, 1–4 (Sabres)

1975–76
1975–76
80
32
30
18
—
82
254
261
944
1st, Smythe
Lost in Quarterfinals, 0–4 (Canadiens)

1976–77
1976–77
80
26
43
11
—
63
240
298
1104
3rd, Smythe
Lost in Preliminary Round, 0–2 (Islanders)

1977–78
1977–78
80
32
29
19
—
83
230
220
1308
1st, Smythe
Lost in Quarterfinals, 0–4 (Bruins)

1978–79
1978–79
80
29
36
15
—
73
244
277
1254
1st, Smythe
Lost in Quarterfinals, 0–4 (Islanders)

1979–80
1979–80
80
34
27
19
—
87
241
250
1325
1st, Smythe
Won in Preliminary Round, 3–0 (Blues)  Lost in Quarterfinals, 0–4 (Sabres)

1980–81
1980–81
80
31
33
16
—
78
304
315
1660
2nd, Smythe
Lost in Preliminary Round, 0–3 (Flames)

1981–82
1981–82
80
30
38
12
—
72
332
363
1775
4th, Norris
Won in Division Semifinals, 3–1 (North Stars)  Won in Division Finals, 4–2 (Blues)  Lost in Conference Finals, 1–4 (Canucks)

1982–83
1982–83
80
47
23
10
—
104
338
268
1185
1st, Norris
Won in Division Semifinals, 3–1 (Blues)  Won in Division Finals, 4–1 (North Stars)  Lost in Conference Finals, 0–4 (Oilers)

1983–84
1983–84
80
30
42
8
—
68
277
311
1358
4th, Norris
Lost in Division Semifinals, 2–3 (North Stars)

1984–85
1984–85
80
38
35
7
—
83
309
299
1432
2nd, Norris
Won in Division Semifinals, 3–0 (Red Wings)  Won in Division Finals, 4–2 (North Stars)  Lost in Conference Finals, 2–4 (Oilers)

1985–86
1985–86
80
39
33
8
—
86
351
349
1537
1st, Norris
Lost in Division Semifinals, 0–3 (Maple Leafs)

Chicago Blackhawks

1986–87
1986–87
80
29
37
14
—
72
290
310
1692
3rd, Norris
Lost in Division Semifinals, 0–4 (Red Wings)

1987–88
1987–88
80
30
41
9
—
69
284
328
2228
3rd, Norris
Lost in Division Semifinals, 1–4 (Blues)

1988–89
1988–89
80
27
41
12
—
66
297
335
2496
4th, Norris
Won in Division Semifinals, 4–2 (Red Wings)  Won in Division Finals, 4–1 (Blues)  Lost in Conference Finals, 1–4 (Flames)

1989–90
1989–90
80
41
33
6
—
88
316
294
2426
1st, Norris
Won in Division Semifinals, 4–3 (North Stars)  Won in Division Finals, 4–3 (Blues)  Lost in Conference Finals, 2–4 (Oilers)

1990–91
1990–91
80
49
23
8
—
106
284
211
2412
1st, Norris
Lost in Division Semifinals, 2–4 (North Stars)

1991–92
1991–92
80
36
29
15
—
87
257
236
2663
2nd, Norris
Won in Division Semifinals, 4–2 (Blues)  Won in Division Finals, 4–0 (Red Wings)  Won in Conference Finals, 4–0 (Oilers)  Lost in Finals, 0–4 (Penguins)

1992–93
1992–93
84
47
25
12
—
106
279
230
2394
1st, Norris
Lost in Division Semifinals, 0–4 (Blues)

1993–94
1993–94
84
39
36
9
—
87
254
240
2125
5th, Central
Lost in Conference Quarterfinals, 2–4 (Maple Leafs)

1994–951
1994–95
48
24
19
5
—
53
156
115
1123
3rd, Central
Won in Conference Quarterfinals, 4–3 (Maple Leafs)  Won in Conference Semifinals, 4–0 (Canucks)  Lost in Conference Finals, 1–4 (Red Wings)

1995–96
1995–96
82
40
28
14
—
94
273
220
1880
2nd, Central
Won in Conference Quarterfinals, 4–0 (Flames)  Lost in Conference Semifinals, 2–4 (Avalanche)

1996–97
1996–97
82
34
35
13
—
81
223
210
1763
5th, Central
Lost in Conference Quarterfinals, 2–4 (Avalanche)

1997–98
1997–98
82
30
39
13
—
73
192
199
1546
5th, Central
Did not qualify

1998–99
1998–99
82
29
41
12
—
70
202
248
1807
3rd, Central
Did not qualify

1999–2000
1999–2000
82
33
37
10
2
78
242
245
1444
3rd, Central
Did not qualify

2000–01
2000–01
82
29
40
8
5
71
190
233
1234
4th, Central
Did not qualify

2001–02
2001–02
82
41
27
13
1
96
216
207
1234
3rd, Central
Lost in Conference Quarterfinals, 1–4 (Blues)

2002–03
2002–03
82
30
33
13
6
79
207
226
1189
3rd, Central
Did not qualify

2003–04
2003–04
82
20
43
11
8
59
188
259
1318
5th, Central
Did not qualify

2004–05
2004–05
Season cancelled due to 2004–05 NHL Lockout

2005–06
2005–06
82
26
43
—
13
65
211
285
1518
4th, Central
Did not qualify

2006–07
2006–07
82
31
42
—
9
71
201
258
1330
5th, Central
Did not qualify

2007–08
2007–08
82
40
34
—
8
88
239
235
1371
3rd, Central
Did not qualify

2008–09
2008–09
82
46
24
—
12
104
264
216
1129
2nd, Central
Won in Conference Quarterfinals, 4–2 (Flames) Won in Conference Semifinals, 4–2 (Canucks) Lost in Conference Finals, 1–4 (Red Wings)

2009–10
2009–10
82
52
22
—
8
112
271
209
908
1st, Central
Won in Conference Quarterfinals, 4–2 (Predators) Won in Conference Semifinals, 4–2 (Canucks) Won in Conference Finals, 4–0 (Sharks) Stanley Cup champions, 4–2 (Flyers)

2010–11
2010–11
82
44
29
—
9
97
258
225
720
3rd, Central
Lost in Conference Quarterfinals, 3–4 (Canucks)

2011–12
2011–12
82
45
26
—
11
101
248
238
828
4th, Central
Lost in Conference Quarterfinals, 2–4 (Coyotes)

2012–133
2012–13
48
36
7
—
5
77
155
102
438
1st, Central
Won in Conference Quarterfinals, 4–1 (Wild)  Won in Conference Semifinals, 4–3 (Red Wings)  Won in Conference Finals, 4–1 (Kings)  Stanley Cup champions, 4–2 (Bruins)

2013–14
2013–14
82
46
21
—
15
107
267
220
681
3rd, Central
Won in First Round, 4–2 (Blues)  Won in Second Round, 4–2 (Wild) Lost in Conference Finals, 3–4 (Kings)

2014–15
2014–15
82
48
28
—
6
102
229
189
570
3rd, Central
Won in First Round, 4–2 (Predators)  Won in Second Round, 4–0 (Wild) Won in Conference Finals, 4–3 (Ducks)Stanley Cup champions, 4–2 (Lightning)

2015–16
2015–16
82
47
26
—
9
103
235
209
581
3rd, Central
Lost in First Round, 3–4 (Blues)

2016–17
2016–17
82
50
23
—
9
109
244
213
566
1st, Central
Lost in First Round, 0–4 (Predators)

2017–18
2017–18
82
33
39
—
10
76
229
256
597
7th, Central
Did not qualify

Reg. season totals4
6,352
2,720
2,672
814
146
6,400
19,107
19,187
90,639

62 playoff appearances, 6 Stanley Cups

text: TG = Total Goals


document_title: Menocchio

question_text: name the italian who reinterpreted the message of bible

text: Menocchio

text: Domenico Scandella (1532–1599), also known as Menocchio, was a miller from Montereale, Italy, who in the 16th century was tried by the Inquisition for his unorthodox religious views, and burnt at the stake for heresy in 1599. His life and beliefs are known from the Inquisition records, and has been the subject of the book The Cheese and the Worms by Carlo Ginzburg.[1][2][3][4]

text: Biography[edit]

text: His parents were Zuane and Menega. He lived most of his life in Montereale, except for two years when he was banished from the town for brawling.

text: He had learned to read and read a number of contemporary works on religion and history. From these, he developed his religious views that departed substantially from Catholic orthodoxy of the time.

text: He was first tried for heresy in 1583, and abjured his statements in 1584, but spent another 20 months in prison in Concordia. Released in 1586, he claimed to have reformed. He continued to be in house arrest and had to wear a sign of a burning cross on his garments as a visible sign of his crimes. In 1598, he was arrested again as a lapsed heretic, having continued to speak to many people about his beliefs. In 1599, he was declared a heresiarch and was executed by burning.

text: During his trial, he argued that the only sin was to harm one's neighbor and that to blaspheme caused no harm to anyone but the blasphemer. He went so far as to say that Jesus was born of man and Mary was not a virgin, that the Pope had no power given to him from God but simply exemplified the qualities of a good man, and that Christ had not died to "redeem humanity".[5]