document_title: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 10)

question_text: who is left in season 10 of rupaul's drag race

question_tokens: who is left in season 10 of rupaul 's drag race

text: RuPaul's Drag Race (season 10)

text: Contestants

text: (Ages and names stated are at time of contest)

text:
Contestant
Name
Age
Hometown
Outcome

Aquaria
Giovanni Palandrani[6]
21
Brooklyn, New York
TBA

Asia O'Hara[a]
Antwan Lee[7]
35
Dallas, Texas
TBA

Eureka[b]
David Huggard[8]
27
Johnson City, Tennessee
TBA

Kameron Michaels
Dane Young[9][10]
31
Nashville, Tennessee
TBA

Miz Cracker
Maxwell Heller[11]
33
Harlem, New York
5th Place

Monét X Change
Kevin Bertin[12]
27
The Bronx, New York
6th Place

The Vixen
Anthony Taylor[13][14]
26
Chicago, Illinois
7th Place

Monique Heart
Kevin Richardson[15]
31
Kansas City, Missouri
8th Place

Blair St. Clair
Andrew Bryson[16]
22
Indianapolis, Indiana
9th Place

Mayhem Miller
Dequan Johnson[17]
35
Riverside, California
10th Place

Dusty Ray Bottoms
Dustin Rayburn[18]
29
New York, New York
11th Place

Yuhua Hamasaki
Yuhua Ou[19]
27
New York, New York
12th Place

Kalorie Karbdashian Williams
Daniel Hernandez[20]
27
Albuquerque, New Mexico
13th Place

Vanessa Vanjie Mateo
Jose Cancel[21]
25
Tampa, Florida
14th Place

text:
Jump up ^ Asia T. O'Hara is simply known as Asia O’Hara on the show.
Jump up ^ Eureka O'Hara is simply known as Eureka on the show.

text: Contestant progress

text:
Contestant
1[22]
2[23]
3[24]
4[25]
5[26]
6[27]
7[28]
8[29]
9[30]
10[31]
11[32]
12

Aquaria
SAFE
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
LOW
HIGH
LOW
WIN
SAFE

Asia O'Hara
SAFE
SAFE
WIN
LOW
SAFE
SAFE
LOW
BTM2
WIN
HIGH
HIGH
SAFE

Eureka
SAFE
BTM2
HIGH
SAFE
WIN
WIN
HIGH
SAFE
BTM2
HIGH
HIGH
SAFE

Kameron Michaels
SAFE
HIGH
LOW
HIGH
SAFE
HIGH
SAFE
WIN
BTM2
BTM2
BTM2
SAFE

Miz Cracker
HIGH
HIGH
SAFE
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
SAFE
SAFE
LOW
WIN
ELIM

Monét X Change
SAFE
HIGH
SAFE
BTM2
BTM2
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
ELIM

The Vixen
SAFE
WIN
SAFE
SAFE
LOW
BTM2
BTM2
ELIM

Monique Heart
SAFE
LOW
SAFE
SAFE
HIGH
SAFE
ELIM

Blair St. Clair
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
SAFE
SAFE
ELIM

Mayhem Miller
WIN
HIGH
BTM2
SAFE
ELIM

Dusty Ray Bottoms
LOW
SAFE
SAFE
ELIM

Yuhua Hamasaki
HIGH
SAFE
ELIM

Kalorie Karbdashian Williams
BTM2
ELIM

Vanessa Vanjie Mateo
ELIM

text: Lip syncs

text:
Episode
Contestants
Song
Eliminated

1
Kalorie Karbdashian Williams
vs.
Vanessa Vanjie Mateo
“Ain't No Other Man”
(Christina Aguilera)
Vanessa Vanjie Mateo

2
Kalorie Karbdashian Williams
vs.
Eureka
"Best of My Love"
(The Emotions)
Kalorie Karbdashian Williams

3
Mayhem Miller
vs.
Yuhua Hamasaki
"Celebrity Skin"
(Hole)
Yuhua Hamasaki

4
Dusty Ray Bottoms
vs.
Monét X Change
"Pound the Alarm"
(Nicki Minaj)
Dusty Ray Bottoms

5
Mayhem Miller
vs.
Monét X Change
"Man! I Feel Like a Woman!"
(Shania Twain)
Mayhem Miller

6
Blair St. Clair
vs.
The Vixen
"I'm Coming Out"
(Diana Ross)
Blair St. Clair

7
Monique Heart
vs.
The Vixen
"Cut to the Feeling"
(Carly Rae Jepsen)
Monique Heart

8
Asia O'Hara
vs.
The Vixen
"Groove Is in the Heart"
(Deee-Lite)
The Vixen

9
Eureka
vs.
Kameron Michaels
"New Attitude"
(Patti Labelle)
None

10
Kameron Michaels
vs.
Monét X Change
"Good as Hell"
(Lizzo)
Monét X Change

11
Kameron Michaels
vs.
Miz Cracker
"Nasty Girl"
(Vanity 6)
Miz Cracker

12
Aquaria vs. Asia O’Hara vs. Eureka vs. Kameron Michaels
"Call Me Mother"
(RuPaul)
None

text: Guest judges

text: Listed in chronological order:[33]

text:
Christina Aguilera, singer, songwriter, actress
Halsey, singer, songwriter
Padma Lakshmi, actress, model
Courtney Love, singer, songwriter, actress
Nico Tortorella, actor, model
Logan Browning, actress
Tisha Campbell-Martin, actress, singer
Carrie Preston, actress, producer, singer
Shania Twain, singer, songwriter
Emily V. Gordon, writer, producer
Kumail Nanjiani, comedian, actor, writer
Audra McDonald, actress, singer
Kate Upton, model, actress
Andrew Rannells, actor, singer
Billy Eichner, comedian, actor, writer
Abbi Jacobson, comedian, writer, actress
Ilana Glazer, comedian, writer, actress
Miles Heizer, actor, musician
Lizzo, rapper, singer
Lena Dunham, actress, writer, director
Ashanti, singer, songwriter, actress
Todrick Hall, singer, director, choreographer

text: Special guests

text: Guests who appeared in episodes, but did not judge on the main stage.[34][35]

text: Episode 1

text:
Adore Delano, runner-up of season six and contestant on All Stars season two
Bob the Drag Queen, winner of season eight
Chad Michaels, runner-up of season four and winner of All Stars season one
Darienne Lake, contestant on season six
Delta Work, contestant on season three
Derrick Barry, contestant on season eight
Detox, contestant on season five and runner-up of All Stars season two
Jaymes Mansfield, contestant on season nine
Jessica Wild, contestant on season two
Jiggly Caliente, contestant on season four
Jinkx Monsoon, winner of season five
Jujubee, contestant on season two and All Stars season one
Katya, contestant on season seven and runner-up of All Stars season two
Kim Chi, runner-up of season eight
Laganja Estranja, contestant on season six
Manila Luzon, runner-up of season three and contestant on All Stars season one
Mariah Balenciaga, contestant on season three
Morgan McMichaels, contestant on season two and All Stars season three
Mrs. Kasha Davis, contestant on season seven
Ongina, contestant on season one
Pandora Boxx, contestant on season two and All Stars season one
Peppermint, runner-up of season nine
Raven, runner-up of season two and All Stars season one
Tempest DuJour, contestant on season seven
Trixie Mattel, contestant on season seven and winner of All Stars season three
Victoria "Porkchop" Parker, contestant on season one
Yara Sofia, contestant on season three and All Stars season one

text: Episode 2

text:
Andy Cohen, television personality[36]
Alyssa Edwards, contestant on season five and All Stars season two

text: Episode 4

text: Shawn Morales, Pit Crew member from seasons three to six

text: Episode 5

text: Ross Mathews

text: Episode 7

text:
Bianca Del Rio, winner of season six
Alex Trebek, game show host[37]

text: Episode 8

text:
Chad Michaels, runner-up of season four and winner of All Stars season one
Todrick Hall, singer, director, and choerographer

text: Episode 9

text:
Stephen Colbert, television host[36]
Randy Rainbow, comedian

text: Episode 10

text:
Anthony Padilla, actor, comedian, and YouTube personality
Chester See, singer, actor, and YouTube personality
Frankie Grande, dancer, actor, singer, and YouTube personality
Kingsley, comedian, blogger, and YouTube personality
Raymond Braun, actor, and YouTube personality
Tyler Oakley, author, and YouTube personality

text: Episode 11

text: Cheyenne Jackson, actor, singer[36]

text: Episodes

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date

118
1
"10s Across the Board[38]"
March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)[1]

The 14 queens enter the work room for the first time. RuPaul announces the first mini-challenge, the contestants must work the runway and stand out among previous contestants and winners; Monét X Change wins the mini-challenge.[22] For the maxi-challenge, RuPaul tasks the contestants to create a runway outfit from miscellaneous items found at a variety store; inspired by the first challenge on season one.[22] On stage, Aquaria, Asia O'Hara, Eureka, Kameron Michaels, Monét X Change, Monique Heart, and The Vixen are declared safe. Blair St. Clair, Mayhem Miller, Miz Cracker, and Yuhua Hamasaki all receive positive remarks, but Mayhem is declared the winner. Dusty Ray Bottoms, Kalorie Karbdashian Williams, and Vanessa Vanjie Mateo all received negative commentary for their runway looks.[22] Bottoms was declared safe, while Williams and Mateo lip-synced to Christina Aguilera's "Ain't No Other Man"; Williams won the lip-sync and Mateo was eliminated from the competition.[22]

Guest Judge: Christina Aguilera
Alternating Judges: Carson Kressley & Ross Mathews
Mini-Challenge: Stand out on the runway among a sea of legendary queens from past seasons.
Mini-Challenge Winner: Monét X Change
Mini-Challenge Prize: $2,000 gift card to FierceQueen.com
Maxi Challenge: Construct a runway outfit from miscellaneous items found at a variety store
Challenge Winner: Mayhem Miller
Maxi Challenge Prize: A luxury Hawaiian getaway to Hale Mohalu Guesthouse and Retreat
Bottom Two: Kalorie Karbdashian Williams & Vanessa Vanjie Mateo
Lip Sync Song: "Ain't No Other Man" by Christina Aguilera
Eliminated: Vanessa Vanjie Mateo
Farewell message: "Ladies I ❤ U The Vanjie way! xoxo Vanessa ❤!"

119
2
"PharmaRusical[38]"
March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)[39]

The 13 remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to perform a dance in 20 minute country quick drag for the mini-challenge, with special guest Andy Cohen judging their performances; Asia O'Hara and The Vixen are declared the winners and were made team captains for a live stage musical titled "PharmaRusical".[23] Team Asia O'Hara consisted of Aquaria, Dusty Ray Bottoms, Eureka, Kalorie Karbdashian Williams, Monique Heart, and Yuhua Hamasaki, with Team Vixen consisting of Blair St. Clair, Kameron Michaels, Mayhem Miller, Miz Cracker, and Monét X Change. The runway theme was "Very Best Drag." On the main stage, The Vixen's team is declared the winners with Vixen being the standout and winning the overall challange.[23] Asia O'Hara's team is declared the losers and are critiqued by the judges.[23] Heart, Eureka, and Williams are said to be the weakest of their team, Heart is announced as safe leaving Eureka and Williams to lip-sync to The Emotions' "Best of My Love"; Eureka is declared the winner of the lip-sync and Williams is subsequently eliminated from the competition.[23]

Guest Judges: Halsey & Padma Lakshmi
Alternating Judge: Ross Mathews
Mini-Challenge: Participate in the Hay Girl Hay hoedown
Mini-Challenge Winners: Asia O'Hara & The Vixen
Maxi Challenge: Perform in PharmaRusical
Runway Theme: Very Best Drag
Challenge Winner: The Vixen
Maxi Challenge Prize: Jewelry from Fierce Drag Jewels and a $2,000 gift card to Nailed by Cristy
Bottom Two: Eureka & Kalorie Karbdashian Williams
Lip Sync Song: "Best of My Love" by The Emotions
Eliminated: Kalorie Karbdashian Williams
Farewell message: "Thank you Sisters. I'm So Blessed to have met you all. Keep it Kute! KKW"

120
3
"Tap That App[38]"
April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)[39]

The 12 remaining queens were tasked by RuPaul to perform a skit to promote his self-titled chocolate bar. Blair St. Clair, Monét X Change, and Monique Heart are deemed the winners, and are selected as team leaders for the acting challenge "Tap That App", inspired by dating apps.[24] They are split into three teams: Team Blair consists of Eureka, Miz Cracker, and The Vixen; Team Monét are Aquaria, Asia O'Hara, and Yuhua Hamasaki; Team Monique are Dusty Ray Bottoms, Kameron Michaels, and Mayhem Miller. Subsequently, the runway theme for the episode was a look constructed with feathers.[24] On the main stage, Aquaria, Dusty Ray Bottoms, Miz Cracker, Monét X Change, Monique Heart and the Vixen are declared safe. Asia O'Hara, Blair St. Clair and Eureka are praised for their runway looks and performances, with Asia declared the winner of the main challenge. Conversely, Kameron Michaels, Mayhem Miller and Yuhua Hamasaki are criticized for their performances, though Kameron received rave reviews for her runway look.[24] Kameron was declared safe, while Mayhem and Yuhua lip-synced to Hole's "Celebrity Skin"; Mayhem won the lip-sync and Yuhua was eliminated from the competition.[24]

Guest Judges: Courtney Love & Nico Tortorella
Alternating Judge: Carson Kressley
Mini-Challenge: Perform in screen tests for Ru's provocative new RuPaul's Chocolate Bar campaign.
Mini-Challenge Winners: Blair St. Clair, Monét X Change, and Monique Heart
Maxi Challenge: Film ads for new dating apps
Runway Theme: Feathers
Challenge Winner: Asia O'Hara
Maxi Challenge Prize: $2,000 gift card to Casper Sleep and a $3,000 gift card to Catherine D'Lish
Bottom Two: Mayhem Miller & Yuhua Hamasaki
Lip Sync Song: "Celebrity Skin" by Hole
Eliminated: Yuhua Hamasaki
Farewell message: "我爱 you (I love you all! Season 10 is going to be amazing! - Yuhua Hamasaki)"

121
4
"The Last Ball on Earth[38]"
April 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)[39]

The 11 remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to be part of a satire photo-bombing photo shoot featuring infamous celebrity photos; Aquaria won the mini-challenge. For the maxi-challenge, RuPaul tasked the contestants to design three looks for "The Last Ball on Earth". The three categories are: Alaskan Winter Realness, Miami Summer Realness, and Martian Eleganza Extravaganza. On the main stage, Blair St. Clair, Eureka, Mayhem Miller, Monique Heart, and The Vixen were declared safe. Aquaria, Kameron Michaels, and Miz Cracker were all praised for their runway looks, and Aquaria won the main challenge. Asia O'Hara, Dusty Ray Bottoms, and Monét X Change were criticized for their runway looks, though all three were praised for their Miami Summer Realness costume. Asia was declared safe, while Dusty and Monet lip-synced to Nicki Minaj's "Pound the Alarm"; Monét won the lip-sync and Dusty was eliminated from the competition.

Guest Judges: Logan Browning & Tisha Campbell Martin
Alternating Judge: Ross Matthews
Mini-Challenge: Photobomb iconic celebrity pictures
Mini-Challenge Winner: Aquaria
Mini-Challenge Prize: $1,000 credit to Postmates
Maxi Challenge: Create three looks based on climate change; Alaskan Winter Realness, Miami Summer Realness, and Martian Eleganza Extravaganza
Challenge Winner: Aquaria
Maxi Challenge Prize: $2,000 gift card to D Bleu Dazzled and wigs courtesy of RockStar Wigs
Bottom Two: Dusty Ray Bottoms & Monét X Change
Lip Sync Song: "Pound the Alarm" by Nicki Minaj
Eliminated: Dusty Ray Bottoms
Farewell message: "NEVA LAVD YA! ❤ Dusty"

122
5
"The Bossy Rossy Show[38]"
April 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)[39]

The 10 remaining queens were tasked by RuPaul to get into quick drag and create an outfit inspired by the military; The Vixen wins the mini-challenge and pairs each contestant for the maxi-challenge.[40] In The Bossy Rossy Show, the queens must improvise through a storyline; Asia & The Vixen starred in a copycat storyline, Miz Cracker & Mayhem in a pickle phobia scene, Eureka & Aquaria in an adult baby scene, Blair & Monique in I Married a Cactus, and Kameron & Monét in a My Strange Addiction-style storyline.[40] The runway theme for the episode is denim and diamonds. On the main stage, Asia, Aquaria, Blair, and Kameron were declared safe. Miz Cracker and Monique Heart received praise on their performances and runway looks, however Eureka is declared the winner. Mayhem Miller, Monét X Change, and The Vixen were criticised for their performances, though The Vixen received positive remarks for her runway look. The Vixen is declared safe, while Mayhem and Monet lip-synced to "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" by Shania Twain. Monét wins the lip sync and Mayhem is eliminated from the competition.[40]

Guest Judges: Carrie Preston & Shania Twain
Alternating Judge: Carson Kressley
Mini-Challenge: Create a military inspired outfit to enlist in the Drag Army
Mini-Challenge Winner: The Vixen
Maxi Challenge: Working in pairs, improvise in the new day-time talk show "Bossy Rossy"
Runway Theme: Denim & Diamonds
Challenge Winner: Eureka
Maxi Challenge Prize: 2 VIP tickets to Cirque du Soleil: Zumanity in Las Vegas, including flights and accommodation.
Bottom Two: Mayhem Miller & Monét X Change
Lip Sync Song: "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" by Shania Twain
Eliminated: Mayhem Miller
Farewell message: "I ❤ to PARTY xoxo May"

123
6
"Drag Con Panel Extravaganza[38]"
April 26, 2018 (2018-04-26)[39]

The 9 remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to participate in a game of Sittin' on a Secret, where contestants sit on an object while blind-folded; Asia O'Hara wins the challenge by guessing the most objects. For the maxi challenge, RuPaul tasks the queens to take part in a special rendition of RuPaul's DragCon.[27] The queens get to choose their own teams: Blair St. Clair, The Vixen, & Miz Cracker as Team Hair, Eureka, Kameron, & Monét X Change as Team Body, and Asia O'Hara, Aquaria, & Monique Heart as Team Face. Additionally, RuPaul announces that their performances will be in front of a live audience, and each contestant will be ranked in a poll.[27] The runway theme for this episode is Hats Incredible. On the main stage, Aquaria, Asia, and Monique are declared safe. Eureka, Kameron, and Monét are selected as the top team of the week, with Eureka winning the and receiving the highest public vote. Blair, Miz Cracker, and The Vixen are deemed the bottom team for their performances. Miz Cracker is declared safe, while Blair and The Vixen lip-synced to "I'm Coming Out" by Diana Ross. The Vixen wins the lip sync and Blair is eliminated from the competition.[27]

Guest Judges: Kumail Nanjiani & Emily V. Gordon
Alternating Judge: Ross Mathews
Mini-Challenge: Identify objects only by sitting on them
Mini-Challenge Winner: Asia O'Hara
Mini-Challenge Prize: $2,000 hair care package from Art Lab Salon
Maxi Challenge: In teams, create and produce RuPaul's DragCon panels on hair, face, and body in front of a live audience.
Runway Theme: Hats Incredible
Challenge Winner: Eureka
Maxi Challenge Prize: Four-night stay and spa treatments for 2 at Saguaro in Palm Springs
Bottom Two: Blair St. Clair & The Vixen
Lip Sync Song: "I'm Coming Out" by Diana Ross
Eliminated: Blair St. Clair
Farewell message: "Let me be your STAR! xoxo Blair St. Clair"

124
7
"Snatch Game[38]"
May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)[39]

The eight remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to participate in the mini-challenge roast "Reading is Fundamental", with Eureka winning. RuPaul tasks the contestants to participate in the series Snatch Game, where each queen impersonates a celebrity; Aquaria plays as Melania Trump, Asia O'Hara as Beyonce, Eureka as Alana Thompson, Kameron Michaels as Chyna, Miz Cracker as Dorothy Parker, Monét x Change as Maya Angelou, Monique Heart as Maxine Waters, and The Vixen as Blue Ivy Carter. Additionally, the runway theme was inspired by mermaids.[28] On the main stage, Kameron and Miz Cracker were deemed safe. Eureka and Monét x Change received positive reviews for their performances, but received mixed commentary for their runway looks. Aquaria won her second challenge, based on her performance and runway look. Asia, Monique and The Vixen were all criticized for their impersonations and runway looks. Asia is declared safe, while Monique and The Vixen lip-synced to "Cut to the Feeling" by Carly Rae Jepsen. During the lip-sync, Monique did not know the words to the song, which ultimately made The Vixen win and Monique being eliminated from the competition.[28]

Guest Judges: Audra McDonald & Kate Upton
Alternating Judge: Carson Kressley
Mini-Challenge: Reading Is Fundamental
Mini-Challenge Winner: Eureka
Mini-Challenge Prize: $2,000 gift card to l.a.Eyeworks
Maxi Challenge: Impersonate celebrities in the annual comedy challenge of Snatch Game
Runway Theme: Mermaid Fantasy
Challenge Winner: Aquaria
Maxi Challenge Prize: 6-night stay at Grove Hotel on Fire Island
Bottom Two: Monique Heart & The Vixen
Lip Sync Song: "Cut to the Feeling" by Carly Rae Jepsen
Eliminated: Monique Heart
Farewell message: "Always abide in love & learn your words! Facts are facts"

125
8
"The Unauthorized Rusical[38]"
May 10, 2018 (2018-05-10)[39]

The seven remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to participate in an improv mini-challenge that pastiches a similar scene from the finale of season two. Each queen has to try and make RuPaul slap them, with Asia O'Hara winning the mini-challenge.[29] For the main challenge, the contestants were tasked by RuPaul to perform and sing in a live tribute act to American singer and actress Cher, titled "Cher: The Unauthorized Rusical". The contestants portray Cher from different phases of her career: Aquaria as Disco Cher, Asia O'Hara as Movie Star Cher, Eureka as Rock Star Cher, Kameron Michaels as '60s Cher, Miz Cracker as Comeback Cher, and Monét x Change and The Vixen as Variety Show Cher. Subsequently, the runway theme for this episode is Glitterific.[29]
On the main stage, Monét received positive comments for her performance and mixed reviews for her runway look, conversely for both Eureka and Miz Cracker with their runway and performance; all three contestants were deemed safe. Kameron was praised for both her runway look and Cher performance, winning the main challenge. Aquaria, Asia and The Vixen were complimented for their runway looks, but their performances placed them in the bottom three. Aquaria is declared safe, while Asia and The Vixen lip-synced to Groove Is In the Heart by Deee-Lite. Asia wins the lip sync and The Vixen is eliminated from the competition.[29]

Guest Judges: Billy Eichner & Andrew Rannells
Alternating Judge: Carson Kressley
Mini-Challenge: Attempt to make RuPaul slap them in a game called Slap Out of It
Mini-Challenge Winner: Asia O'Hara
Mini-Challenge Prize: $2,000 gift card to Sparkles Rhinestones
Maxi Challenge: Sing live in Cher: The Unauthorized Rusical
Runway Theme: Glitterific
Challenge Winner: Kameron Michaels
Maxi Challenge Prize: A luxury VIP getaway to Sofitel Hotel in Los Angeles
Bottom Two: Asia O'Hara & The Vixen
Lip Sync Song: "Groove Is In the Heart" by Deee-Lite
Eliminated: The Vixen
Farewell message: "EVIL Triumps when good queens do nothing! Buy My Album The Vixen"

126
9
"Breastworld[38]"
May 17, 2018 (2018-05-17)[39]

The six remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to participate in a guessing game which involves each queen trying to match the most underwear worn by the Pit Crew; Aquaria wins the mini-challenge.[30] For the maxi challenge, RuPaul tasks the queens to act in a show titled Breastworld, loosely inspired by the American television show Westworld. Since Aquaria won the mini-challenge, she got to assign the characters: Aquaria as Dyslexa, Asia O'Hara as Para Salin, Eureka as Rosie, Kameron Michaels as Muffy, Miz Cracker as Julie, and Monét X Change as Viv. Subsequently, the runway theme was Silver Foxy, where the queens have to dress as aged-versions of themselves.[30]
On the main stage, Aquaria's performance and runway look received warm reviews from the judges, but was ultimately declared safe. Asia and Monét were praised for their performances, though both their runway looks received mixed opinions; eventually, Asia was declared the winner of the main challenge. Eureka, Kameron and Miz Cracker were placed in the bottom three for their performances, though Eureka received negative reviews for her runway look. Miz Cracker is declared safe, while Eureka and Kameron lip-synced to "New Attitude" by Patti LaBelle; and both Eureka and Kameron won the lip-sync.[30]

Guest Judges: Abbi Jacobson & Ilana Glazer
Alternating Judge: Ross Mathews
Mini-Challenge: Find matching pairs of Pit Crew underwear in a game called Pants Down Bottoms Up
Mini-Challenge Winner: Aquaria
Maxi Challenge: The queens must act in the new hit series, "Breastworld"
Runway Theme: Silver Foxy
Challenge Winner: Asia O'Hara
Maxi Challenge Prize: 4-night stay at Frog Meadow Farm in Vermont
Bottom Two: Eureka & Kameron Michaels
Lip Sync Song: "New Attitude" by Patti LaBelle
Eliminated: None

127
10
"Social Media Kings Into Queens[38]"
May 24, 2018 (2018-05-24)[41]

The six remaining queens were asked by RuPaul to appear in a commercial that promotes RuPaul's perfume for men, titled Trade. Each queen is to dress as butch men and deliver comedic improvisations for the mini-challenge, and Eureka wins.[31] Eureka is tasked by RuPaul to pair each contestant with six special guests for the make-over challenge: Aquaria gets paired with Kingsley, Asia O'Hara and Raymond Braun, Eureka and Frankie Grande, Kameron Michaels and Anthony Padilla, Miz Cracker and Chester See, and Monét X Change with Tyler Oakley. Subsequently, each pair took part in a home-made music video to RuPaul's song "Charisma Uniqueness Nerve and Talent".[31]
On the main stage, Asia and Eureka, alongside their drag daughters America O'Hara and Eufreaka, received postiive reviews for their performances and make-overs, but were declared safe. Miz Cracker and her drag daughter Miz Cookie were commended for their performances, make-over, and chemistry, and were deemed the winners of the challenge. The bottom queens of the week were Aquaria, Kameron and Monet, who were criticized for not having a make-over resemblance to their drag daughters Capricia Corn, Kelly Michaels, and Short Change. Aquaria is declared safe, while Kameron and Monet lip-synced to "Good as Hell" by Lizzo; Kameron wins the lip-sync and Monet is eliminated from the competition.[31]

Guest Judges: Miles Heizer & Lizzo
Alternating Judge: Ross Mathews
Mini-Challenge: Participate in a manly photoshoot advertising a new body spray, Trade
Mini-Challenge Winner: Eureka
Mini-Challenge Prize: $2,000 gift card to MuLondon
Maxi Challenge: Give drag makeovers to social media superstars
Challenge Winner: Miz Cracker
Maxi Challenge Prize: $2,000 gift card to Jane Doe Latex for the queen and a $2,000 gift card to Klein, Epstein, & Parker for their partner
Bottom Two: Kameron Michaels & Monét X Change
Lip Sync Song: "Good as Hell" by Lizzo
Eliminated: Monét X Change
Farewell message: "Long Live the Sponge!!! MXC"

128
11
"Evil Twins[38]"
June 7, 2018 (2018-06-07)[41]

Guest Judges: Lena Dunham & Ashanti
Alternating Judge: Carson Kressley
Mini-Challenge: Decorate a pancake in edible drag
Mini-Challenge Winner: Asia O'Hara
Mini-Challenge Prize: $2,000 gift card to The Spa on Rodeo
Maxi Challenge: Present two characters on the runway: best self and evil twin
Challenge Winner: Aquaria
Maxi Challenge Prize: A trip for 2 to The Grand Resort and Spa in Fort Lauderdale and two luggage sets from Radden Luggage
Bottom two: Kameron Michaels & Miz Cracker
Lip Sync Song: "Nasty Girl" by Vanity 6
Eliminated: Miz Cracker
Farewell message: "KNOW YOURSELF M"

129
12
"American[38]"
June 14, 2018 (2018-06-14)[41]

Guest Judge: Todrick Hall
Alternating Judges: Carson Kressley & Ross Mathews
Maxi Challenge: Write, record, and perform their own verse to RuPaul's song "American" and guest star on the "What's the Tee?" podcast with Michelle Visage
Lip Sync Song: "Call Me Mother" by RuPaul

130
13
"ReUnited[38]"
June 21, 2018 (2018-06-21)[41]

The queens reunite to discuss the season's highlights and drama

131
14
TBA
June 28, 2018 (2018-06-28)[41]

"America's Next Drag Superstar" and "Miss Congeniality" are crowned

Miss Congeniality:
Eliminated:
Runner-up:
Winner of RuPaul's Drag Race Season Ten:

text: Ratings

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)

1
"10's Across the Board"
March 22, 2018
0.39[42]
0.785[42]

2
"PharmaRusical"
March 29, 2018
0.29[43]
0.581[43]

3
"Tap That App"
April 5, 2018
0.42[44]
0.766[44]

4
"The Last Ball on Earth"
April 12, 2018
0.36[45]
0.694[45]

5
"The Bossy Rossy Show"
April 19, 2018
0.39[46]
0.692[46]

6
"Drag Con Panel Extravaganza"
April 26, 2018
0.41[47]
0.771[47]

7
"Snatch Game"
May 3, 2018
0.45[48]
0.840[48]

8
"The Unauthorized Rusical"
May 10, 2018
0.37[49]
0.723[49]

9
"Breastworld"
May 17, 2018
0.33[50]
0.698[50]

10
"Social Media Kings Into Queens"
May 24, 2018
0.35[51]
0.715[51]

11
"Evil Twins"
June 7, 2018
0.31[52]
0.631[52]

12
"American"
June 14, 2018
0.35[53]
0.761[53]


document_title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

question_text: how old did you have to be to put your name in the goblet of fire

root

text: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Plot introduction[edit]

text: Throughout the three previous novels in the Harry Potter series, the main character, Harry Potter, has struggled with the difficulties of growing up, and the added challenge of being a famed wizard: when Harry was a baby, Lord Voldemort, the most powerful Dark wizard in history, killed Harry's parents but mysteriously vanished after unsuccessfully trying to kill Harry, which left a lightning-shaped scar on Harry's forehead. This results in Harry's immediate fame and his being placed in the care of his abusive muggle, or non-magical, aunt and uncle, Aunt Petunia Dursley and Uncle Vernon Dursley, who have a son named Dudley Dursley.

tag: p

text: Harry learns that he is a wizard when he is 11 years old, and enrols in Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He befriends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, and is confronted by Lord Voldemort who is trying to regain power. In Harry's first year he has to protect the Philosopher's Stone from Voldemort and one of his faithful followers at Hogwarts. After returning to the school after summer break, students at Hogwarts are attacked by the legendary monster of the "Chamber of Secrets" after the chamber is opened. Harry ends the attacks by killing a Basilisk and defeating another attempt by Lord Voldemort to return to full strength. The following year, Harry hears that he has been targeted by escaped mass murderer Sirius Black. Despite stringent security measures at Hogwarts, Harry is confronted by Black at the end of his third year of schooling, and Harry learns that Black was framed and is actually Harry's godfather. He also learned that it was his father's old school friend Peter Pettigrew who actually betrayed his parents.

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The book opens with Harry seeing Frank Bryce being killed by Lord Voldemort in a vision, and is awoken by his scar hurting. The Weasleys then take Harry and Hermione Granger to the Quidditch World Cup, using a Portkey, to watch Ireland versus Bulgaria, with Ireland emerging victorious. There, Harry meets Cedric Diggory, who is attending the match with his father. After the match, Voldemort's followers attack the site, destroying spectators' tents and wreaking havoc. The Dark Mark gets fired into the sky, which leads to a panic since it is the first time the sign has been seen in 13 years. Winky, Barty Crouch Senior's house elf, is falsely accused of casting the Mark after she is found holding Harry's wand, which is revealed to have been used to cast the Mark, as Harry had lost it during the chaos of the Death Eaters' attack. Hermione, angry at this injustice, forms a society to promote the rights of house elves known as S.P.E.W. (Society for the Promotion of Elvish Welfare).

text: At Hogwarts, Professor Dumbledore announces that Alastor "Mad-Eye" Moody will be the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher for the year, and also that Hogwarts will host the Triwizard Tournament, with a prize of one thousand gold Galleons. However, only those over 17—the age of majority in the wizarding world—will be allowed to enter. It is the first time in 202 years that the Triwizard Tournament will be held. Students from Beauxbatons Academy and the Durmstrang Institute, other wizarding academies, will travel to Hogwarts, where they will stay for the year, in hopes of competing. At Halloween, the Goblet of Fire picks Fleur Delacour from Beauxbatons Academy; Viktor Krum (who is also the Seeker on Bulgaria's Quidditch team) from Durmstrang Institute; and Cedric Diggory from Hogwarts to compete in the tournament. However, it additionally gives a fourth name—Harry Potter—leading to suspicion and indignation from everyone and magically binding Harry to compete. Ron is jealous that Harry is once again in the limelight and refuses to speak to Harry.

text: Hagrid reveals to Harry that the first task involves dragons, and since Fleur and Krum's headmasters are also aware of this, and will surely tell them in advance, Harry informs Cedric as well. At the task, Harry has to pass a Hungarian Horntail to retrieve a golden egg that contains a hint to the next task, which he does by summoning his Firebolt broomstick with the Accio spell, and finishes the task tied for first with Krum. Ron and Harry subsequently reconcile, Ron now understanding the full danger of the tournament. When Harry opens the egg, though, it merely shrieks loudly. Hermione then takes Harry and Ron to the school kitchens, where house elves work. There, they meet a distraught Winky, who is struggling to get over the loss of her sacking. They also meet Harry's old friend Dobby, who has been employed at Hogwarts to work in the kitchens; he is the only known house elf to appreciate his freedom, despite his hardworking nature.

text: Meanwhile, gossipy reporter Rita Skeeter is writing scandalous articles of half-truths and outright fabrications in The Daily Prophet about those at Hogwarts, including Hermione, Harry, Hagrid, and Madame Maxime of Beauxbatons.

text: With the Yule Ball approaching, Harry must find a partner, but when he finally approaches his crush Cho Chang, Cedric has beaten him to her, so Harry and Ron ask Parvati and Padma Patil. Ron is shocked and jealous to see that Hermione is attending with Krum. Cedric gives Harry a tip on the egg, telling him to take it to the prefects' bathroom, but Harry refuses to listen, jealous over Cho.

text: Finally acting on the tip, Harry takes the egg to the prefects' bathroom, where Moaning Myrtle tells him to listen to the egg underwater; there the words become understandable. Harry learns that the task is to recover something he will "sorely miss", and starts looking for spells to help him breathe where the objects will be taken: The Black Lake. By the morning of the task, Harry still hasn't found a solution, but Dobby gives him some Gillyweed to give Harry gills. Harry completes the task by rescuing Ron from under the lake. Harry then takes a risk by also rescuing Fleur's younger sister, Gabrielle, after Fleur was unable to. After the judges confer, he earns enough points to tie him with Cedric for the lead.

text: One month before the final task, Harry and Krum are talking when they encounter Crouch, who appears to have gone insane, but manages to tell Harry to get Dumbledore. Leaving Krum with Crouch, Harry fetches Dumbledore but returns to find Krum stunned and Crouch gone. Harry returns to preparing for the final task, a hedge maze. Inside the maze, Harry is forced to incapacitate Krum, who has been bewitched, to save Cedric. Working together, the two reach the cup. They agree to touch it at the same time, and doing so, discover that it is a Portkey that transports them to a graveyard. There, Peter Pettigrew kills Cedric and uses Harry's blood (along with his own hand and Tom Riddle Sr.'s bone) to resurrect Lord Voldemort.

text: Voldemort summons his Death Eaters, berating them for thinking he was dead, before he reveals that he has a single "faithful servant" concealed at Hogwarts, who has been working to ensure that Harry would make it to the graveyard, and then challenges Harry to a duel. However, when he and Harry fire curses at each other, their wands connect due to their identical cores. Voldemort's wand releases the most recent spells it performed, resulting in imprints of his last victims appearing in the graveyard, including Harry's parents, who provide a distraction so that Harry can escape back to Hogwarts using the Portkey, taking Cedric's body with him.

text: When he returns, Moody takes him to his office, and reveals himself to be Voldemort's 'faithful servant'; he was the one who put Harry's name into the Goblet of Fire, and has been guiding him through the tournament from behind the scenes to ensure that he would grab the Portkey first. Before Moody can kill Harry, Dumbledore, McGonagall and Snape intervene. They learn that Moody is in fact Barty Crouch Jr., Mr. Crouch's son, disguised by Polyjuice Potion. Crouch had sentenced Crouch Jr. to life imprisonment in Azkaban over alleged ties to the Death Eaters but smuggled him out as a last favour to his dying wife. Crouch Jr. was the one who set off the Dark Mark at the Quidditch World Cup, doing it to scare the Death Eaters he felt had abandoned Voldemort. Eventually, Voldemort had gotten in contact with Crouch Jr. and had him impersonate Moody as part of his plan. Crouch Jr. also admits to killing Crouch Sr., to prevent him telling Dumbledore about Voldemort. The real Moody is found inside Crouch Jr.'s enchanted trunk and rescued. Harry is then declared the winner of the Triwizard Tournament and given his winnings.

text: Many people, including Fudge, do not believe Harry and Dumbledore about Voldemort's return, and as Fudge has the Dementor's Kiss performed, Crouch Jr. is unable to give testimony. Hermione discovers Rita Skeeter is an unregistered Animagus, who can take the form of a beetle, and blackmails her to force her to stop writing her libellous stories. Not wanting his tournament winnings, Harry gives them to Fred and George to start their joke shop and returns home with the Dursleys.

text: Development[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the fourth book in the Harry Potter series. The first, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published by Bloomsbury on 26 June 1997; the second, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was published on 2 July 1998; and the third, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, followed on 8 July 1999.[1] Goblet of Fire is considerably longer than the first three; almost twice the size (the paperback edition was 636 pages). Rowling stated that she "knew from the beginning it would be the biggest of the first four". She said there needed to be a "proper run-up" for the conclusion and rushing the "complex plot" could confuse readers. She also stated that "everything is on a bigger scale" which was symbolic, as Harry's horizons widened both literally and metaphorically as he grew up. She also wanted to explore more of the magical world.[2]

text:
Until the official title's announcement on 27 June 2000, the book was called by its working title, 'Harry Potter IV.' Previously, in April, the publisher had listed it as Harry Potter and the Doomspell Tournament. However,[3] J. K. Rowling expressed her indecision about the title in an Entertainment Weekly interview.
"I changed my mind twice on what [the title] was. The working title had got out — Harry Potter and the Doomspell Tournament. Then I changed Doomspell to Triwizard Tournament. Then I was teetering between Goblet of Fire and Triwizard Tournament. In the end, I preferred Goblet of Fire because it's got that kind of cup of destiny feel about it, which is the theme of the book."[2]

text: Rowling mentioned that she originally had a Weasley relative named Malfalda, who, according to Rowling, "was the daughter of the 'second cousin who's a stockbroker' mentioned in Philosopher's Stone. This stockbroker had been very rude to Mr. and Mrs. Weasley in the past, but now he and his (Muggle) wife had inconveniently produced a witch, they came back to the Weasleys asking for their help in introducing her to wizarding society before she starts at Hogwarts".[4] Malfalda was supposed to be a Slytherin and who was to fill in the Rita Skeeter subplot, but eventually was removed as "there were obvious limitations to what an eleven year old closeted at school could discover". Rowling considered Rita Skeeter to be "much more flexible".[4] Rowling also admitted that the fourth book was the most difficult to write at the time, because she noticed a giant plot hole halfway through writing.[2] In particular, Rowling had trouble with the ninth chapter, "The Dark Mark", which she rewrote 13 times.[5]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Jeff Jensen, who interviewed Rowling for Entertainment Weekly in 2000, pointed out that bigotry is a big theme in the Harry Potter novels and Goblet of Fire in particular. He mentioned how Voldemort and his followers are prejudiced against Muggles and how in Goblet of Fire Hermione forms a group to liberate Hogwarts' house-elves who have "been indentured servants so long they lack desire for anything else".[2] When asked why she explored this theme, Rowling replied,

text: Because bigotry is probably the thing I detest most. All forms of intolerance, the whole idea of that which is different from me is necessarily evil. I really like to explore the idea that difference is equal and good. But there's another idea that I like to explore, too. Oppressed groups are not, generally speaking, people who stand firmly together – no, sadly, they kind of subdivide among themselves and fight like hell. That's human nature, so that's what you see here. This world of wizards and witches, they're already ostracized, and then within themselves, they've formed a loathsome pecking order.[2]

text: She also commented that she did not feel this was too "heavy" for children, as it was one of those things that a "huge number of children at that age start to think about".[2]

text: Publication and reception[edit]

text: UK/US release[edit]

text: Goblet of Fire was the first book in the Harry Potter series to be released in the United States on the same date as the United Kingdom, on 8 July 2000, strategically on a Saturday so children did not have to worry about school conflicting with buying the book.[1] It had a combined first-printing of over five million copies.[1] It was given a record-breaking print run of 3.9 million. Three million copies of the book were sold over the first weekend in the US alone.[6] FedEx dispatched more than 9,000 trucks and 100 planes to fulfil book deliveries.[7] The pressure in editing caused a mistake which shows Harry's father emerging first from Voldemort's wand; however, as confirmed in Prisoner of Azkaban, James died first, so then Harry's mother ought to have come out first.[8] This was corrected in later editions.[9]

text: Launch publicity[edit]

text: To publicise the book, a special train named Hogwarts Express was organised by Bloomsbury, and run from King's Cross to Perth, carrying J.K. Rowling, a consignment of books for her to sign and sell, also representatives of Bloomsbury and the press. The book was launched on 8 July 2000, on platform 1 at King's Cross – which had been given "Platform 9 3⁄4" signs for the occasion – following which the train departed. En route it called at Didcot Railway Centre, Kidderminster, the Severn Valley Railway, Crewe (overnight stop), Manchester, Bradford, York, the National Railway Museum (overnight stop), Newcastle, Edinburgh, arriving at Perth on 11 July. The locomotive was West Country class steam locomotive no. 34027 Taw Valley, which was specially repainted red for the tour; it later returned to its normal green livery (the repaints were requested and paid for by Bloomsbury). The coaches of the train included a sleeping car. A Diesel locomotive was coupled at the other end, for use when reversals were necessary, such as the first stage of the journey as far as Ferme Park, just south of Hornsey. The tour generated considerably more press interest than the launch of the film Thomas and the Magic Railroad which was premièred in London the same weekend.[10][11][12]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire has received mostly positive reviews. In The New York Times Book Review, author Stephen King stated the Goblet of Fire was "every bit as good as Potters 1 through 3" and praised the humour and subplots, although he commented that "there's also a moderately tiresome amount of adolescent squabbling...it's a teenage thing".[13] Kirkus Reviews called it "another grand tale of magic and mystery...and clicking along so smoothly that it seems shorter than it is". However, they commented that it did tend to lag, especially at the end where two "bad guys" stopped the action to give extended explanations, and that the issues to be resolved in sequels would leave "many readers, particularly American ones, uncomfortable".[14] For The Horn Book Magazine, Martha V. Parravano gave a mixed review, saying "some will find [it] wide-ranging, compellingly written, and absorbing; others, long, rambling, and tortuously fraught with adverbs".[15] A Publishers Weekly review praised the book's "red herrings, the artful clues and tricky surprises that disarm the most attentive audience" and saying it "might be her most thrilling yet."[16] Writing for The New Yorker, Joan Acocella noted that "where the prior volumes moved like lightning, here the pace is slower, the energy more dispersed. At the same time, the tone becomes more grim."[17]

text: Kristin Lemmerman of CNN said that it is not great literature: 'Her prose has more in common with your typical beach-blanket fare and the beginning contained too much recap to introduce characters to new readers, although Rowling quickly gets back on track, introducing readers to a host of well-drawn new characters.'[18] Writing for Salon.com, Charles Taylor was generally positive about the change of mood and development of characters.[19] Entertainment Weekly's reviewer Kristen Baldwin gave Goblet of Fire the grade of A-, praising the development of the characters as well as the many themes presented. However, she did worry that a shocking climax may be a nightmare factory for young readers.[20]

text: Awards and honours[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire won several awards, including the 2001 Hugo Award for Best Novel.[21] It won the 2002 Indian Paintbrush Book Award, the third after Philosopher's Stone and Prisoner of Azkaban.[22] The novel also won an Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Platinum Award for one of the best books, who claimed it was "more intense than the first three books".[23] In addition, Entertainment Weekly listed Goblet of Fire in second place on their list of The New Classics: Books – The 100 best reads from 1983 to 2008.[24]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was adapted into a film, released worldwide on 18 November 2005, which was directed by Mike Newell and written by Steve Kloves. The film grossed $102.7 million for the opening weekend,[25] and eventually grossed $896 million worldwide.[26] The film was also nominated for Best Art Direction at the 78th Academy Awards.[27]

text: Video game[edit]

text: It was also made into a video game for PC, PlayStation 2, Nintendo DS, Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, Game Boy Advance, and PlayStation Portable by Electronic Arts. It was released just before the film.

text: Relation to Harry Potter and the Cursed Child[edit]

text: Much of the plot of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child involves revisiting scenes from Goblet of Fire, with younger protagonists born long after these events travelling back in time in a misguided effort to change history and save Cedric Diggory - which only leads to them damaging events in the present and worsening the situation.


document_title: Plum pudding model

question_text: who came up with the plum pudding model

question_tokens: who came up with the plum pudding model

text: Plum pudding model

text: The plum pudding model is one of several scientific models of the atom. First proposed by J. J. Thomson in 1904[1] soon after the discovery of the electron, but before the discovery of the atomic nucleus, the model represented an attempt to consolidate the known properties of atoms at the time: 1) electrons are negatively-charged particles and 2) atoms are neutrally-charged.

text: Overview[edit]

text: In this model, atoms were known to consist of negatively charged electrons. Though Thomson called them "corpuscles", they were more commonly called "electrons" as G. J. Stoney proposed in 1894.[2] At the time, atoms were known to be neutrally charged. To account for this, Thomson knew atoms must also have a source of positive charge to balance the negative charge of the electrons. He considered three plausible models that would satisfy the known properties of atoms at the time:

text:
Each negatively-charged electron was paired with a positively-charged particle that followed it everywhere within the atom.
Negatively-charged electrons orbited a central region of positive charge having the same magnitude as all the electrons.
The negative electrons occupied a region of space that itself was a uniform positive charge (often considered as a kind of "soup" or "cloud" of positive charge).

tag: ol

text: Thomson chose the third possibility as the most likely structure of atoms. Thomson published his proposed model in the March 1904 edition of the Philosophical Magazine, the leading British science journal of the day. In Thomson's view:

text: ... the atoms of the elements consist of a number of negatively electrified corpuscles enclosed in a sphere of uniform positive electrification, ...[3]

text: With this model, Thomson abandoned his earlier "nebular atom" hypothesis in which atoms were composed of immaterial vortices. Being an astute and practical scientist, Thomson based his atomic model on known experimental evidence of the day. His proposal of a positive volume charge reflects the nature of his scientific approach to discovery which was to propose ideas to guide future experiments.

text: The orbits of electrons within the model were stabilized by the fact that when an electron moved away from the centre of the positively-charged sphere, it was subjected to a greater net positive inward force, because there was more positive charge inside its orbit (see Gauss's law). Electrons were free to rotate in rings which were further stabilized by interactions among the electrons, and spectroscopic measurements were meant to account for energy differences associated with different electron rings. Thomson attempted unsuccessfully to reshape his model to account for some of the major spectral lines experimentally known for several elements.

text: The plum pudding model usefully guided his student, Ernest Rutherford, to devise experiments to further explore the composition of atoms. As well, Thomson's model (along with a similar Saturnian ring model for atomic electrons put forward in 1904 by Nagaoka after James Clerk Maxwell's model of Saturn's rings), were useful predecessors of the more correct solar-system-like Bohr model of the atom.

text: The colloquial nickname "plum pudding" was soon attributed to Thomson's model as the distribution of electrons within its positively-charged region of space reminded many scientists of "plums" in the common English dessert, plum pudding.

text: In 1909, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden conducted experiments with thin sheets of gold. Their professor, Ernest Rutherford, expected to find results consistent with Thomson's atomic model. It wasn't until 1911 that Rutherford correctly interpreted the experiment's results[4][5] which implied the presence of a very small nucleus of positive charge at the center of gold atoms. This led to the development of the Rutherford model of the atom. Immediately after Rutherford published his results, Antonius Van den Broek made the intuitive proposal that the atomic number of an atom is the total number of units of charge present in its nucleus. Henry Moseley's 1913 experiments (see Moseley's law) provided the necessary evidence to support Van den Broek's proposal. The effective nuclear charge was found to be consistent with the atomic number (Moseley found only one unit of charge difference). This work culminated in the solar-system-like (but quantum-limited) Bohr model of the atom in the same year, in which a nucleus containing an atomic number of positive charges is surrounded by an equal number of electrons in orbital shells. As Thomson's model guided Rutherford's experiments, Bohr's model guided Moseley's research.

text: Related scientific problems[edit]

text: The plum pudding model with a single electron was used in part by the physicist Arthur Erich Haas in 1910 to estimate the numerical value of Planck's constant and the Bohr radius of hydrogen atoms. Haas' work estimated these values to within an order of magnitude and preceded the work of Niels Bohr by three years. Of note, the Bohr model itself only provides substantially-reasonable predictions for atomic and ionic systems having a single effective electron.

text: A particularly useful mathematics problem related to the plum pudding model is the optimal distribution of equal point charges on a unit sphere called the Thomson problem. The Thomson problem is a natural consequence of the plum pudding model in the absence of its uniform positive background charge.[6]

text: The classical electrostatic treatment of electrons confined to spherical quantum dots is also similar to their treatment in the plum pudding model.[7][8] In this classical problem, the quantum dot is modeled as a simple dielectric sphere (in place of a uniform, positively-charged sphere as in the plum pudding model) in which free, or excess, electrons reside. The electrostatic N-electron configurations are found to be exceptionally close to solutions found in the Thomson problem with electrons residing at the same radius within the dielectric sphere. Notably, the plotted distribution of geometry-dependent energetics has been shown to bear a remarkable resemblance to the distribution of anticipated electron orbitals in natural atoms as arranged on the periodic table of elements.[8] Of great interest, solutions of the Thomson problem exhibit this corresponding energy distribution by comparing the energy of each N-electron solution with the energy of its neighbouring (N-1)-electron solution with one charge at the origin. However, when treated within a dielectric sphere model, the features of the distribution are much more pronounced and provide greater fidelity with respect to electron orbital arrangements in real atoms.[9]