document_title: Smoking age

question_text: what age do you have to be to smoke in france

text: Smoking age

text: Smoking age laws by region[edit]

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Country

De jure

Notes

Legal age to smoke any tobacco products

Legal age to buy any tobacco products

 Algeria

None

19

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 19 years. (Chapitre IV sur les problèmes de santé l'article 93: "la vente de tabac ou produits du tabac aux mineurs est interdite".)[1]

 Angola

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18.[2]

 Benin

None

18

[3]

 Botswana

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18. Any person who sells, by retail, any tobacco product, shall display clearly, for the public, a notice to the effect that the sale of any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years is prohibited.[4]

 Burkina Faso

None

18

[5]

 Burundi

None

18

It is illegal to sell cigarettes to anyone under the age of 18. Other tobacco products are not regulated.[6]

 Cameroon

15

 Cape Verde

15

 Central African Republic

14

 Chad

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor. Minors and pregnant women may not smoke in public.[7]

 Comoros

None

18

The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited. Vendors of tobacco products must visibly and prominently display at their point of sale a notice of prohibition of the sale of tobacco to minors and by minors.[8]

 Republic of the Congo

18

[9]

 Democratic Republic of the Congo

18

It is illegal for minors to smoke in public, and for anyone to give or sell tobacco to a minor.(ARRETE MINISTERIEL N°1250 Article 1: L'usage, la vente, l'achat et la consommation du tabac, de ses produits et de ses dérivés sont strictement interdits aux mineurs.)[10]

 Djibouti

None

16

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor under the age of 16 years. A notice with the sale restrictions has to be placed at point of sale.[11]

 Egypt

18

The sale of tobacco products to persons under the age of 18 is prohibited.

 Equatorial Guinea

18

[12]

 Eritrea

None

18

[13]

 Ethiopia

None

18

"No person may directly or indirectly give, provide or sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18."[14]

 Gabon

None

18

[15]

 Gambia

None

 Ghana

18

[16]

 Guinea-Bissau

15

 Kenya

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. There is no minimum age to possess tobacco or smoke in public.[17]

 Lesotho

14

 Liberia

18

It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor. Minors may not consume tobacco at any public place.[18]

 Libya

None

18

It is strictly prohibited to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years.[19]

 Madagascar

None

18

[20]

 Malawi

14

 Mali

None

18

[21]

 Mauritius

18

A person must be 18 years old to purchase or to smoke cigarettes including any tobacco products as is indicated in Public Health (Restrictions on Tobacco Products) Regulations 1999, Sec. 2(e)(i)).

 Morocco

16

 Mozambique

None

18

[22]

 Namibia

None

18

It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor.[23]No minimum age prior to 14 April 2010.

 Niger

None18 (to enter smoking room or facility)

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor. Minors may not enter any smoking room or facility where smoking is permitted by law.[24]No minimum age prior to 17 July 2008.

 Nigeria

None

18

It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco products to a minor.[25]

 Republic of the Congo

14

 Rwanda

None

18

It is prohibited to involve a person under 18 in, buying, selling and exchanging of tobacco and tobacco products. It is also prohibited for the seller to sell tobacco and tobacco products to a person under 18.[26]

 São Tomé and Príncipe

None

16

[27]

 Senegal

None

18

It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years. (Chapitre III.- Accès aux produits du tabac: Article 17 Il est interdit de vendre ou d'offrir aux mineurs ou de faire vendre ou de faire offrir par les mineurs du tabac ou tout produit du tabac.)[28]

 Seychelles

18

[29]

 Somalia

15

 South Africa

18

It is illegal to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18.[30]

 South Sudan

15

 Swaziland

None

18

It is illegal to sell and give tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years.[31]

 Sudan

None18 (to enter smoking room or facility)

18

It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor. Anyone under the age of 18 may also not handle, store, work or produce with tobacco or within such a facility.[32]

 Tanzania

18

It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco products to a minor, and to smoke such tobacco products if the individual is younger than 18 years.[33]

 Togo

None

18

It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor.[34]

 Tunisia

None

18

[35]

 Uganda

None

21

It is now illegal for a person below the age of 21 to access cigarettes.[36]

 Zambia

None

16

It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under age 16. No minimum age for consumption and possession in public.No minimum age prior to 1 January 1993.[37]

 Zimbabwe

None

18

It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18. Minors may not sell tobacco.[38]

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Country

De jure

Notes

Smoking age

Purchase age

 Antigua and Barbuda

None

Antigua and Barbuda doesn't have any restrictions towards selling tobacco to minors or smoking in general.[39]

 Argentina

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors.[40]

 Bahamas

None

18

[41]

 Belize

None

 Bermuda

None

18

No person shall sell or supply any cigarettes, tobacco or tobacco products to a minor. A person selling or supplying any cigarettes, tobacco or tobacco products to a person who appears to be under 25 years of age shall, before selling or supplying them, ensure, by requiring photo identification, that the latter person is not a minor.[42]

 Bolivia

None

18

The sale of tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years is prohibited.[43]

 Brazil

None

18

It is illegal to "sell Products whose ingredients can cause physical or psychic dependence, even if only through improper use" (…). This also includes tobacco products of any kind.[44]

 British Virgin Islands

None

18

It is illegal to sell or offer to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to purchase, possess or consume tobacco.[45]

 Canada

Regulations by province and territory:

Province/territory

Smoking age

Purchase age

Notes

Federal Government

None

18[46]

It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18.The minimum age was 16 years of prior to 1994.[47]

 Alberta

18[48]

It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18. Further, minors are not permitted to smoke at any public place.

 British Columbia

None

19[49]

 Manitoba

None

18[50]

It is illegal to sell, give, buy for, lend or otherwise provide tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Parents can provide tobacco products to their children on private property. Further it is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies.

 New Brunswick

None

19[51]

It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years. It is also illegal to attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of, or for the purpose of resale to, a person under the age of 19 years.

 Newfoundland and Labrador

None

19[52]

It is illegal to sell, give or furnish, directly or indirectly, tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years.

 Northwest Territories

None

18[53]

No person shall sell or supply, or offer to sell or supply, tobacco or a tobacco accessory to a person under the age of 18. No one under the age of 18 years shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco or a tobacco accessory.

 Nova Scotia

19[54]

19[55]

No vendor or employee of a vendor shall sell or give tobacco or a tobacco product to a person under the age of nineteen years. No person shall purchase tobacco or a tobacco product on behalf of, or for the purpose of resale or give tobacco or a tobacco product, to a person under the age of nineteen years. No person under the age of nineteen years may possess tobacco.

 Nunavut

None

19[56]

No person shall sell or supply, or offer to sell or supply, tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old.

 Ontario

None

19[57]

No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old. No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who appears to be less than 25 years old unless he or she has required the person to provide identification and is satisfied that the person is at least 19 years old.

 Prince Edward Island

None

19[58]

No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years. No person shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of, or for the purpose of resale to, a person under the age of 19 years. It is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies.

 Quebec

None

18[59]

It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not give tobacco to a minor. The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not sell tobacco to an adult, if the operator knows the person is purchasing the tobacco for a minor.

 Saskatchewan

None

18[60]

It is illegal to sell, lend, assign, give or send tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Yukon

18 (federal law)

The territory Yukon has no legislations which restrict the sale of tobacco products to minors. Federal laws apply.

 Chile

None

18

It is illegal to sell any form of tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.[61]

 Colombia

None

18

It is forbidden for any individual  or  legal  entity  to  directly  or  indirectly  sell  tobacco  products  and  its derivatives in any of its presentations to minors under the age of 18 years.  In case of question, one must ask each tobacco purchaser to show that he has reached majority age.[62]

 Costa Rica

None

18

Tobacco products may not be sold to minors. Wholesale or retail vendors of products shall have the obligation, at their own expense, to display posters that are visible, clear and prominently placed on the inside of places of sale, stating that the sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited.[63]

 Cuba

None

18

Minors cannot legally buy tobacco,[64] but stores may sell it to those who look 13 or older.[citation needed]

 Cayman Islands

None

18

Tobacco Law, 2007 PART V – Section 10: No person shall sell tobacco to a minor.[65]

 Dominican Republic

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.[66]

 Ecuador

None

18

It is illegal to sell or let sell tobacco to or by a minor.[67]

 El Salvador

None

18

It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor.[68]

 Falkland Islands

None

 Guatemala

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Public consumption of tobacco by minors is prohibited. (El decreto 90-97, Código de Salud, indica en su artículo 50)[69]

 Guyana

None

18

No tobacco may be sold or furnished to a minor.[70]

 Haiti

None

18

 Honduras

None

21

The sale and/or gifting of tobaccoderived products to persons under 21 years of age is prohibited.[71]

 Jamaica

None

18

[72]

 Mexico

None

18

[73]

 Nicaragua

None

18

[74]

 Panama

None

18

The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited.[75]

 Paraguay

None

18

It is unlawful to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years.[76]

 Peru

18

The sale of tobacco products to/by minors under the age of 18 is prohibited.[77]

 Trinidad and Tobago

None

18

Tobacco shall not be sold to or by a child under the age of 18 years.[78]

 United States(50 states and integral territories)
The federal law requires states to have a minimum age of 18 years for sale/purchase of tobacco products (21 U.S.C. § 387f. (3)(a)(ii)). State and local laws may extend this ban and also prohibit supply, possession and consumption to/by person underage, or increase the age beyond 18. However, most states do not directly ban the consumption of tobacco by a minor. The federal law requiring states to have a minimum purchasing age at 18 is enforced by withholding FEMA disaster and non-disaster grants from states that have purchasing ages under 18, and currently no state falls under that category.

Regulations by state:

State/territory

Smoking age

Purchase age

Notes

 Alabama

19 (including Alabama National Guard Bases) 18 (on military bases under federal law)[79]

It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years. Minors are prohibited from using and possessing tobacco products.The minimum age was introduced in 1896.[80]

 Alaska

None

19[81]

It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years. Possession by minors is prohibited. The minimum age requirement does not apply to a person who is a prisoner at an adult correctional facility.[82]The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1978.The minimum age was raised from 16 to 19 in 1988.[80]

 American Samoa

18

 Arizona

None

18[83]

It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products or smoking equipment to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for a minor to be in possession of tobacco or smoking equipment, or to receive them.

None

21[84][85]

Cottonwood and Douglas have raised their tobacco sales age to 21.

 Arkansas

18[86]

It is illegal to give or sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco products and to smoke in public.

18

21[87]

Helena–West Helena has raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21.

 California

18[88]

21[89]

As of 9 June 2016, it is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age, with an exception for people in active military service who are 18 years old. Before 9 June, the age to purchase tobacco was 18 years of age.

 Colorado

18[90]

It is illegal to sell, give or distribute tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Minors under the age of 18 years are prohibited from being in possession of any tobacco product.

18

21[91]

Aspen has raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21.

 Connecticut

None

18[92]

It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under 18. It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public.A minimum age of 16 was introduced in 1902.The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987.[80]

 Delaware

None

18[93]

Selling, giving or otherwhise distributing tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years is illegal. Minors under the age of 18 years are not allowed to attempt to purchase tobacco or to be in the possession of tobacco products.The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1953.The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1992.[80][94]

 Florida

None

18[95]

The Florida Statutes make it a criminal offence so sell or supply tobacco to an individual under the age of 18 years. Minors may also not be in possession of tobacco products.

 Georgia

None

18[96]

It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public. Minors are allowed to possess tobacco products and to consume those, in private home if permission is given by parents or legal guardian.The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1987.The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1993.[80][94]

 Guam

21

The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21, as of 1 January 2018.[97]

 Hawaii

21[98][99]

It is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age. It is also illegal for a person under 21 years of age to attempt to purchase tobacco.
The minimum age of 15 years was introduced on 11 November 1890.[100]
The minimum age was raised from 15 to 18 on 1 January 1988.[101]
The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 on 1 January 2016.[102]

 Idaho

18[103][104]

 Illinois

18[105][106][107]

18[105]

21[108]

Fourteen cities in Illinois, including Chicago and Naperville, have raised their tobacco sales age to 21.

 Indiana

None

18[109]

Giving, selling, providing and distributing tobacco to minors is illegal. Minors may not possess, accept or purchase tobacco. Minors are not allowed to enter a tobacco business, defined in state law as a business whose primary activity is the sale of tobacco products and accessories.The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1980.The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987.[80]

 Iowa

18[110]

It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco, to smoke in public or to purchase tobacco products. It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Kansas

None

18[111]

It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor. Minors may not possess or purchase or attempt to possess or purchase tobacco.

None

21[112]

Nineteen cities in Kansas, including Overland Park and Olathe, have raised their tobacco sales age to 21.

 Kentucky

None

18[113]

It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase or possess tobacco products. Prior to 1990 Kentucky had no minimum age to purchase tobacco. From 1990 until 1992 the minimum age was 16 years.In 1992 the age was raised from 16 to 18 years of age.[94]

 Louisiana

None

18[114]

It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor. A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco, except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian 21 years of age or older.Prior to 1991 there was no minimum age limit in Louisiana.

 Maine

18[115]

21[116]

It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor. A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco, except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian 21 years of age or older. Implementation for 21 and older July 2018.

 Maryland

None

18[117][118]

Minimum age raised from 16 to 18 in 1989.[94]

 Massachusetts

None

18[119]

It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors. Anyone else than the parents or guardian are prohibited from giving any form of tobacco to a minor.

None

21[120]

Over 100 cities in Massachusetts, including Boston, have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21 years.

 Michigan

18[121]

It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public. Minors are permitted to smoke on private premises.

18

21[122]

Ann Arbor and Genesee County have raised their tobacco sales age to 21.

 Minnesota

18[123]

It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public. Indian may furnish tobacco to an Indian under the age of 18 years if the tobacco is furnished as part of a traditional Indian spiritual or cultural ceremony.

18

21[124]

Four cities in Minnesota have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21.

 Mississippi

18[125]

It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public.

18

21[126]

Adams County has raised their tobacco sales age to 21.

 Missouri

None

18[127]

It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. It is not illegal to give tobacco to minors on private premises nor is it illegal for minors to smoke in public.Prior to 1992 Missouri did not have a minimum age limit.[94]

None

21[128]

Twelve cities in Missouri, including Kansas City, St. Louis and Jefferson City, have raised their tobacco sales age to 21.

 Montana

None

18[129]

Sale or distribution of tobacco products to persons under 18 years of age is prohibited, whether over the counter, by vending machine, or otherwise.Prior to 1993 there was no minimum age limit.[94]

 Nebraska

18[130][131]

It is illegal to sell, give or furnish, in any way tobacco to a minor. Minors may not smoke in public.

 Nevada

None

18[132]

 New Hampshire

18[133]

It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public.

 New Jersey

None

21[134]

No person shall sell, give or furnish to a person under 21 years of age, any cigarettes made of tobacco.The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1904.The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988.The minimum age was raised from 18 to 19 in 2005. The minimum age was raised from 19 to 21 on 1 November 2017.[80]

 New Mexico

None

18[135]

Prior to 1991 New Mexico had no minimum age.

 New York

None

18[136]

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years.

None

21[137]

New York City (among others) and come counties have raised the sales age for tobacco products to 21.

 North Carolina

None

18[138]

It is illegal for anyone under age 18 to buy, attempt to buy, to receive, or to use a false or misleading proof of age for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product or cigarette wrapping papers.The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1891.The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991.[80][94]

  North Dakota

18[139]

 Northern Mariana Islands

18

It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor.

 Ohio

18[140]

None

21[141]

Nine cities in Ohio, including Cleveland and Columbus, have raised their tobacco sales age to 21.

 Oklahoma

None

18[142]

It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years.The minimum age of 18 years was introduced in 1915.

 Oregon

None

21[143]

It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years since 1 January 2018.

 Pennsylvania

None

18[144]

It is illegal to sell, furnish, give or otherwise provide tobacco to a minor. Minors may not purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco products.The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1972.The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990.[80][94]

 Puerto Rico

None

18

 Rhode Island

18[145][146]

No person under eighteen years of age shall purchase, nor shall any person sell, give, or deliver to any person under eighteen years of age, any tobacco products. No person under eighteen years of age shall use or possess, tobacco in any public street, place, or resort, any tobacco and/or electronic nicotine delivery system in any form.The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1896.The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988.[80]

18

21[147]

Barrington and Central Falls have raised their sales age for tobacco products to 21 years.

 South Carolina

None

18[148]

It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors to purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, or attempt to possess a tobacco product, or present or offer proof of age that is false or fraudulent for the purpose of purchasing or possessing a tobacco product.

 South Dakota

None

18

Prior to 1989 South Dakota didn't regulate the sale of cigarettes to minors. Only smokeless tobacco products could not be sold to coal minors.

 Tennessee

None

18[149]

It is unlawful for a person who has not attained 18 years of age to possess a tobacco product, to purchase or accept receipt of a tobacco product, or to present or offer to any person any purported proof of age which is false, fraudulent, or not actually that person's own for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product.

 Texas

18[150]

It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public. Exception: The individual younger than 18 years of age possessed the cigarette or tobacco product in the presence of an adult parent, a guardian, or a spouse of the individual or an employer of the individual, if possession or receipt of the tobacco product is required in the performance of the employee's duties as an employee.The minimum age to purchase, possess and consume tobacco was 16 years of age from 1899 to 1989.[94]

18

21[151]

San Antonio has raised its sales age for tobacco products to 21.

 United States Virgin Islands

None

18

[152]

 Utah

19[153]

It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products or smoking devices to anyone under the age of 19 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 19 years to possess, consume, purchase any tobacco product.

 Vermont

None

18[154]

It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products.The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1888.The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991.[80][94]

 Virginia

18[155]

It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products.Prior to 1991 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age.[94]

 Washington

None

18[156]

It is illegal to sell, give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public.

 Washington, D.C.

None

21[157]

It is illegal to sell, give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21 years. It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public. Tobacco use is prohibited at organized sporting events.The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1891.The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990.[80][94]The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 in 2016.

 West Virginia

18[158]

It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess, consume or purchase tobacco products.

 Wisconsin

None

18[159]

It is illegal to sell, give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public.

 Wyoming

18[160]

It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess, consume or purchase tobacco products.Prior to 1991 Wyoming had no minimum purchase/sale age for tobacco products.[94]

 Uruguay

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor. A clearly legible notice with the sale ban to under anyone under the age of 18 years has to be placed inside and outside the premises.[161]

 Venezuela

None

18

It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor.[162]

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Country

De jure

Notes

Smoking age

Purchase age

 Afghanistan

18

It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal to smoke or the use of tobacco in public buildings such as hospitals, schools and restaurants.[163]

 Bhutan

Illegal

In 2004, Bhutan became the first country to ban the sale, cultivation, and production of tobacco. People 18 and over may bring a limited amount of tobacco into Bhutan if they pay import duties.

 Brunei

18

It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors to possess, buy or consume tobacco products.[164]

 Bangladesh

16

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 16 years. Any police-officer in uniform or any other person or class of persons duty authorized by the Government has the power to seize and destroy tobacco products of anyone under the age of 16 years whom he finds smoking in public.[165]

 Cambodia

None

18

Any act of selling or distributing all types of tobacco products to persons aged under 18 years or to pregnant women whose pregnancy is obvious or is realized must be punished with six days to one month in prison and a fine of 100,000 riel to 1 million riel.[166]

 China

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors. No one shall smoke on school or education premises. Weakly enforced to not enforced.No age limit prior to 29 December 2006.[167]

 Hong Kong

18

It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years.[168]

 India

None

18

It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years. It is illegal to sell tobacco within a radius of one hundred yards of any educational institution.[169]

 Indonesia

None

18

It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to pregnant women or anyone under the age of 18 years.[170]

 Iran

None

18

It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violation will result in confiscation of tobacco from the minor and a fine for the salesperson.[171]

 Iraq

14

 Israel

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor.No minimum age prior to 12 November 2004.[172]

 Jordan

None18 (consumption of water pipes on premises)

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor. It is also illegal to provide water pipes in cafes, restaurants and similar places.[173]

 Japan

20

It is illegal to supply tobacco to persons under 20 years. It is punishable by a  ¥10,000 fine.[174]

 Kazakhstan

None

18

[175]

 Kuwait

None

21

It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21 years.[176]

 Kyrgyzstan

None

18

No minor shall sell or be sold tobacco products.[177]

 Lebanon

18

18

It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor.[178]

 Macau

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for a minor to smoke or to obtain tobacco from a person of the legal age.[179]

 Malaysia

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor.[180]

 Maldives

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. The retailer must ensure that the buyer is at least 18 years of age. Furthermore, a clearly legible notice has to be displayed at point of sale stating that tobacco sales to minors are illegal.[181]

 Mongolia

21

   Nepal

None

18

It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco products to minors and pregnant women.[182]

 North Korea

None

17

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor.[183] (The tobacco law does not define the word "minor", but age of majority is reached at the age of 17 years).

 Oman

18

 Pakistan

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years. A clearly legible notice with the sale restriction has to be placed at point of sale.[184]

 Palestine

14

 Philippines

18

Only people over 18 may buy cigarettes and tobacco due to the "STOP for Health Act". (Stop Tobacco and Other Products for Health)[185]

 Qatar

None

18

It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco to a person unter the age of 18 years.[186]

 Saudi Arabia

18

 Singapore

18

Smoking age in Singapore is currently 18, increasing to 19 by 2019 and 21 by 2021.It is illegal to sell or give, directly or indirectly any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years. No minor is allowed to consume or possess any tobacco product in public.[187]

 South Korea

19

20

[188]

 Sri Lanka

None

21

It is the law to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 21 years.[189]

 Syria

None

18

It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.[190]

 Taiwan

18

It is illegal to sell or provide tobacco to persons under the age of 18 years. It is illegal to force, induce or use other means to cause a pregnant woman to smoke. It is illegal for a pregnant women or a minor to smoke. No penalty is provided for pregnant women who smoke.[191]

 Tajikistan

14

 Thailand

None

18

[192]

 Turkmenistan

Illegal

In January 2016, President Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedow reportedly banned tobacco sales in Turkmenistan.[193]

 United Arab Emirates

18

 Vietnam

18

It is illegal for people less than 18 years of age use, buy, and sell tobacco products. It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco product to people less than 18 years of age.[194]

 Yemen

14¿₡₯₠

text: Europe[edit]

text:
Country

De jure

Notes

Smoking age

Purchase age

 Albania

None

18

It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years.[195]

 Armenia

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco products anyone under the age of 18 years. Minors may not sell tobacco products.[196]No minimum age prior to 24 December 2004.

 Austria

16

The minimum age is regulated by each federal state, but is nationwide 16 years. It is illegal in every state to sell or give tobacco products to a person under the age of 16 years as well as the consumption by a person under the age of 16 years in any public place.[197]

 Azerbaijan

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. The packaging of tobacco products must contain a warning that sale to minors is prohibited.[198]No minimum age prior to 1 January 2002.

 Belarus

None

18

(Decree No. 28 of 2002 Section 32. "It is banned to sell tobacco products to citizens (by citizens) of the Republic of Belarus, foreign citizens and individuals with no citizenship under 18 years old.")[199]

 Belgium

None

16

("It is forbidden to sell tobacco products to young people under the age of 16 and advertising for tobacco products is forbidden.")[200]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

18

It is illegal to sell and gift tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors under the age of 18 years to gift, sell and consume tobacco products.[201]The minimum age was 15 years prior to 28 September 2004.No minimum age prior to 9 March 1998.[202]

 Bulgaria

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years.[203]

 Croatia

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors. It is the responsibility of any salesperson to ensure that no tobacco is sold to minors and therefore to request an ID to make sure that the purchaser is at least 18 years of age. Minors may not sell tobacco products.[204]

 Cyprus

None

18

It is illegal to sell or otherwise provide tobacco products to a minor. "(…)any  person  who  provides  a  tobacco product  to  a  minor  is  guilty  of  offense  and  in  any  case  of  his/her  conviction, he/she shall  be subject to a penalty not exceeding one thousand pounds or to incarceration not exceeding six months and/or to both penalties."[205]

 Czech Republic

None

18

Selling tobacco products to anyone under 18 is prohibited. Sale of tobacco products and tobacco through vending machines is permitted if the tobacco purchase age is not violated. The seller shall place a clearly visible notice displaying the sale restrictions of tobacco to person under the age of 18. A person selling tobacco must be 18 years or older, unless the minor is preparing for a future career in the hotel or tourism industry, as a cook-waiter or salesman. However, it is very easy to get tobacco products for minors as many sellers don't check the age.[206]The minimum age was 16 years prior to 2 September 1999.[207]

 Denmark

None

18

The minimum age was 16 years prior to 1 September 2008.[208]

 Estonia

18

The minimum age to purchase tobacco products or to smoke in public is set at 18. Minors may not be in possession of, or handle tobacco products.[209]

 Finland

18

Prior to October 2010 it was not illegal for minors to smoke in public.The minimum age was 16 years prior to 1 March 1995.[210]

 France

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Minors under the age of 18 years may not smoke in any school or on school property.[211] Vending machines outside a tobacco shop is prohibited.Prior to 21 July 2009 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age.

 Georgia

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 18.[212]

 Germany

18

The Protection of Young Persons Act states that children and young people under 18 years of age shall not be sold tobacco products nor should they be permitted to smoke in public. This does not apply to married adolescents.[213]Minimum age was 18 from 10 June 1943 until 1 January 1952.[214]Minimum age was 16 from 1 January 1952 to 1 September 2007.[215]

 Gibraltar

18

It is illegal to sell and furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Any police officer may confiscate tobacco from a minor in public.[216]The minimum age was 16 years prior to 7 July 2006.[217]

 Greece

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors.[218]

 Hungary

18

It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18. It is illegal to smoke under the age of 18. The sale of tobacco is prohibited within 200 m of schools and health care units.

 Iceland

None

18

It is illegal to sell or deliver tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Minors may not handle or sell tobacco products.[219]No minimum age prior to 1 January 1985.The minimum age was 16 years from 1 January 1985 to 1 October 1996.[220]

 Ireland

18

The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal. It is illegal to buy or smoke cigarettes if you are under the age of 18.[221]The minimum age was 16 years prior to 27 March 2002.[222]

 Italy

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violation is punished with a fine between €250.00 and €1000.00. If the law is violated more than once the fine is increased to €500.00 and €2,000.00 and a revocation of the tobacco license for at least 3 months.[223][224]Minimum age for electronic cigarettes was 16 prior to 1 May 2013.[225]

 Kosovo[a]

None

[226]

 Latvia

18

The sale of tobacco products to persons under the age of 18 is prohibited.[227]

 Liechtenstein

16

It is illegal for anyone under the age of 16 to possess or consume tobacco products.[228]

 Lithuania

18

No minimum age to smoke prior to 1 May 2015.

 Luxembourg

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years.[229][230]No minimum age prior to 1 January 2006.Minimum purchase age increased from 16 to 18 on 1 August 2017.

 Macedonia

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years.[231]

 Malta

None

18

"No person shall sell, supply or distribute by way of compensation or otherwise, any cigarettes, cigars, tobacco, tobacco products or smoking requisites to any person who is under the age of 18 years, or in any manner induce such person to smoke."[232]

 Moldova

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years.[233]

 Montenegro

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18. A poster with the sale restrictions must be placed at point of sale.[234]

 Netherlands

None

18

The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal.[235] Smoking of tobacco is prohibited by law in all public buildings and in public transport. As of 1 January 2004 every employee has the right to work in a smoke-free environment. All forms of tobacco advertising, promotion or sponsorship are prohibited.  Smoking remains prevalent in the Netherlands despite these efforts. Tobacco can be bought at every supermarket and at other stores.

 Norway

None

18

No age limit for use of tobacco but no sales of cigarettes or Swedish snus to people under 18 by law.[236] Vending machines are only allowed when they are cited inside an approved store, with a demand of buying a receipt from the cashier first.[236] and imitation tobacco products are not allowed. Cigarette commercials are also strictly forbidden by law. As of June 2004, smoking is prohibited in all public places, including restaurants, pubs and work places.

 Poland

None

18

Minors are not allowed to buy tobacco products.[237]

 Portugal

18

It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor as well as the consumption of a tobacco product in any public place by a minor. There is a proposition to ban vending machines in places accessible to people younger than 18.[238] Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 January 2008.

 Romania

None

18

There is a ban on sale of tobacco to those younger than 18. Vending machines selling tobacco are banned. There is no minimum legal age of smoking.

 Russia

None

18

Retail sales of tobacco products to any person under the age of 18 years are an offence.[239]

 Serbia

None

18

The sale to persons under 18 is prohibited. Contrary to that, a lot of salesmen sell cigarettes to minors in Serbia. Acquiring tobacco products is very easy for minors despite the law.

 Slovakia

None

18

Tobacco sales to under 18 year olds are prohibited.[240]

 Slovenia

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18. ID-Card or passport has to be shown if requested.[241]

 Spain

None

18

It is illegal to sell any tobacco product or other smoking substances (e.g. electronic cigarettes) to a person under the age of 18 years.[242]Minimum age was 16 in most regions prior to 1 January 2006.

 Sweden

None

18

It is illegal to sell or commercially distribute tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.[243]No minimum age prior to 1 January 1997.

  Switzerland

Regulations by canton:

States/territories

Smoking age

Purchase age

Notes

 Aargau

None

16

It is an offence to sell or supply (except for Parents) any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age.[244]

 Appenzell Ausserrhoden

None

16

It is an offence to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age.[245]

 Appenzell Innerrhoden

None

No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors.[246]

 Basel-Landschaft

None

18

Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[247]

 Basel-Stadt

None

18

Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[248]

 Bern

None18 (to enter smoking facility or premises)

18

Selling or giving any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[249]

 Fribourg

None

16

Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[250]

 Geneva

None

No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors.[246]

 Glarus

None

16

Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[251]

 Graubünden

None

16

[252]

 Jura

None

18

It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor.[253]

 Luzern

None

16

Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful.[254]

 Neuchâtel

None

18

Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful.[255]

 Nidwalden

None

18

Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful.[256]

 Obwalden

None

No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors.[246]

 Schaffhausen

None

18

Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful.[246]

 Schwyz

None

No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors.[246]

 Solothurn

None

16

Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful.[257]

 St. Gallen

None

16

Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[258]

 Thurgau

None

16

Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[259]

 Ticino

None

18

Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful.[246]

 Uri

None

16

Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful.[260]

 Valais

None

16

Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. Currently the cantonal government is planning to raise the minimum age to 18 years.[261]

 Vaud

None

18

Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful.[262]

 Zug

None

18

Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful.[263]

 Zürich

None

16

Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[264]

 Turkey

None

18

 Ukraine

14

18

 United Kingdom

18 (purchase de jure) 16 (public possession & purchase de facto)

 England and  Wales:It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18.[265] The minimum age to smoke in public is 16 and authorities have the duty to seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 16.[266]Minimum age to purchase was 16 from 1908 to 1 October 2007.
No minimum age prior to 1908.

18

 Scotland:  A person who sells a tobacco product or cigarette papers to a person under the age of 18 commits an offence. Any person under the age of 18 who buys or attempts to buy a tobacco product or cigarette papers commits an offence as well as an adult who knowlingly buys a tobacco product or cigarette papers on behalf of a person under the age of 18.[267] Any constable who has reasonable grounds for suspecting that a person in a public place is under the age of 18, and in possession of a tobacco product or cigarette papers may require the person to surrender the tobacco product.[268]Minimum age was 16 prior to 30 September 2007.

18

Northern Ireland:A person who sells to a person under the age of 18 any tobacco or cigarette papers, whether for his own use or not, shall be guilty of an offence. A member of the Police Service of Northern Ireland may seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 18 whom he finds smoking in any street or public place.[269]Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 September 2008.

text: ^ Disputed.

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Country

De jure

Notes

Smoking age

Purchase age

 Australia

Regulations by state/territory:

Province/territory

Smoking age

Purchase age

Notes

 Australian Capital Territory

None

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a person under the age of 18 years.[270] Further it is illegal to buy a tobacco product for a minor.[271]

 New South Wales

None

18

It is illegal to sell any tobacco or non-tobacco smoking product to a person who is under the age of 18 years.[272]

 Northern Territory

None

18

It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a minor or on behalf of a minors. It is illegal to smoke in a vehicle with a person under the age of 18 years present.[273][274]

 Queensland

None

18

It is illegal for an adult to supply a tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years; however, a responsible adult for a child does not commit an offence by supplying a smoking product to the child.[275]

 South Australia

None

18

It is an offence to supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years.[276]

 Tasmania

None

18

It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.Minimum age was 16 prior to 1 January 1997.[277]

 Victoria

None

18

It is illegal to supply tobacco to a minor. Smoking in a vehicle with a person under 18 present is an offence.[278]

 Western Australia

None

18

It is illegal to sell, deliver or supply tobacco or smoking implement to a minor. Purchase on behalf of people under 18 prohibited.[279][280]

 Fiji

None

18

It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor.[281]

 Micronesia, Federated States of

18

It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor.

 New Zealand

None

18

It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor under 18 years.[282]No minimum age prior to 1903.Minimum age of 15 years from 1903 to 1988.Minimum age of 16 years from 1988 to 1998.[283][284]'

 Palau

None

1821 (Only rolling papers and elaus)

It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. If the purchaser appears to be under the age of 30 years, ID must be checked before sale. It is illegal to employ anyone under the age of 21 handling tobacco products. It is illegal to sell rolling papers and elaus to anyone under the age of 21 years.[285]

 Papua New Guinea

None

18

It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.[286]

 Samoa

21

It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years. It is not illegal for a person under the age of 21 years to possess or smoke tobacco in public.[287]

 Solomon Islands

None

18

It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor.[288]

 Tonga

None

18

It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor.[289]

 Tokelau

16

It is illegal for a person under 16 to smoke tobacco.[290]

 Vanuatu

18

It is illegal to sell tobacco to a persons under 18. It is illegal for persons under 18 to smoke tobacco.[291]

text: Historical regulations[edit]

text:
Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the European Union as of 1995:   Minimum age is 18  Minimum age is 16  No minimum age

Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the USA as of 1989:[292]   Minimum age is 19  Minimum age is 18  Minimum age is 17  Minimum age is 16  No minimum age


document_title: Rocky Mountain Christmas

question_text: who wrote please daddy don't get drunk this christmas

question_tokens: who wrote please daddy do n 't get drunk this christmas

root

text: Rocky Mountain Christmas

text:
Rocky Mountain Christmas
Cover art from CD reissueStudio album by John DenverReleased
October 1, 1975Recorded
August 1975Genre
Christmas, folkLabel
RCA RecordsProducer
Milton OkunJohn Denver chronology

Windsong(1975)Windsong1975

Rocky Mountain Christmas (1975)

Spirit (1976)Spirit1976

tag: table

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic [1]

text: Rocky Mountain Christmas is the tenth studio album by American singer-songwriter John Denver, released in October, 1975.

tag: p

text: His first Christmas-themed release,  the album includes renditions of several traditional carols and popular Christmas standards; re-recorded versions of two songs from earlier Denver albums, "Aspenglow" from Take Me to Tomorrow and "Please, Daddy (Don't Get Drunk This Christmas)" from Farewell Andromeda; and the newly penned compositions "Christmas for Cowboys" and "A Baby Just Like You".

text: Track listing[edit]

text: Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Aspenglow"John Denver2:212."The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)"Mel TorméRobert Wells3:133."Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"Johnny Marks1:464."Silver Bells"Jay LivingstonRay Evans2:105."Please, Daddy (Don’t Get Drunk This Christmas)"Bill DanoffTaffy Danoff2:346."Christmas for Cowboys"Steve Weisberg2:29

text: Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Away in a Manger"TraditionalDenver[a]2:052."What Child Is This"TraditionalDenver[a]2:333."Coventry Carol"TraditionalDenver[a]2:194."Oh Holy Night"TraditionalDenver[a]2:535."Silent Night, Holy Night"TraditionalDenver[a]3:286."A Baby Just Like You"DenverJoe Henry2:40

text: showCD edition (bonus tracks)No.TitleWriter(s)Length13."Jingle Bells"TraditionalDenver[b]1:0614."White Christmas"Irving Berlin2:2115."The Music Is You"Denver1:2716."Perhaps Love"Denver1:5217."Dreamland Express"Denver4:05

text: Notes

text:
^a  signifies arranged and adapted by
^b  signifies adapted by

tag: ul

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
John Denver - vocals, 6- and 12-string guitars
Dick Kniss - bass
Lee Holdridge - piano, celeste, harpsichord, tack piano
Steve Weisberg - guitar
John Sommers - guitar, mandolin
Hal Blaine - drums, percussion
Herb Lovelle - drums
George Marge - English horn, oboe on "Silver Bells"
Harvey Estrin - flute on "Silver Bells"
Sid Sharp - violin
William Kurasch - violin
Samuel Boghossian - viola
Jesse Erhlich - cello
Pearl Kaufman - piano, harpsichord
Chuck Collazzi - guitar on "What Child Is This"

text:
Kris O'Connor - production assistance
Mickey Crofford - engineer
Acy Lehman - art direction
Peter Palombi - cover illustration


document_title: List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal

question_text: who has held the office for chief minister for the longest time

text: List of Chief Ministers of West Bengal

text: Colour key for parties[edit]

text:
All-India Muslim League
  All India Trinamool Congress
  Bangla Congress
  Communist Party of India (Marxist)
  Independent
  Indian National Congress
  Krishak Praja Party
  N/A (President's rule)

text: Premiers of Bengal[edit]

text:
No
Name
Took office[2]
Left office
Duration
Election
Party

1
A. K. Fazlul Huq[a]
1 April 1937
1 December 1941
5 years, 351 days
1937
Krishak Praja Party

12 December 1941
29 March 1943

2
Khawaja Nazimuddin
29 April 1943
31 March 1945
7002733000000000000♠2 years, 2 days
All-India Muslim League

3
H. S. Suhrawardy
23 April 1946
14 August 1947
7002478000000000000♠1 year, 113 days
1946

text: Chief Ministers of West Bengal[edit]

text:
No[b]
Name
Took office[4][5]
Left office
Duration
Assembly[6]
(election)
Party[7]
(alliance)

Premier of West Bengal

1
Prafulla Chandra Ghosh
15 August 1947
22 January 1948
160 days
Not yet created
Indian National Congress

2
Bidhan Chandra Roy
23 January 1948
25 January 1950
7002733000000000000♠2 years, 2 days

Chief Minister of West Bengal

(2)
Bidhan Chandra Roy
Bowbazar
26 January 1950
30 March 1952
7003453900000000000♠12 years, 156 days
(total: 14 years, 158 days)
Not yet created
Indian National Congress

31 March 1952
5 April 1957
First Assembly (1952–57)
(January 1952 election)

6 April 1957
2 April 1962
Second Assembly (1957–62)
(March 1957 election)

3 April 1962
1 July 1962
Third Assembly (1962–67)
(February 1962 election)

3
Prafulla Chandra Sen[c]
Arambagh East
1 July 1962
28 February 1967
7003170300000000000♠4 years, 242 days

4
Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee
Tamluk
1 March 1967
21 November 1967
265 days
Fourth Assembly (1967–68)
(February 1967 election)
Bangla Congress
(United Front)

(1)
Prafulla Chandra Ghosh
Jhargram
21 November 1967
19 February 1968
90 days
(total: 250 days)
Independent
(Progressive Democratic Front)

–
Vacant[d]
(President's rule)
20 February 1968
25 February 1969
7002371000000000000♠1 year, 5 days
Dissolved
N/A

(4)
Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee
Tamluk
25 February 1969
30 July 1970
7002520000000000000♠1 year, 155 days
Fifth Assembly (1969–70)
(February 1969 election)
Bangla Congress
(United Front)

–
Vacant[d]
(President's rule)
30 July 1970
2 March 1971
215 days
Dissolved
N/A

(4)
Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee
Tamluk
2 April 1971
25 June 1971
84 days
(total: 2 years, 139 days)
Sixth Assembly (1971)
(March 1971 election)
Indian National Congress

–
Vacant[d]
(President's rule)
25 June 1971
19 March 1972
268 days
Dissolved
N/A

5
Siddhartha Shankar Ray
Malda
20 March 1972
30 April 1977
7003186700000000000♠5 years, 41 days
Seventh Assembly (1972–77)
(March 1972 election)
Indian National Congress

–
Vacant[d]
(President's rule)
30 April 1977
20 June 1977
51 days
Dissolved
N/A

6
Jyoti Basu
Satgacchia
21 June 1977
23 May 1982
7003853800000000000♠23 years, 137 days
Eighth Assembly (1977–82)
(June 1977 election)
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
(Left Front)

24 May 1982
29 March 1987
Ninth Assembly (1982–87)
(May 1982 election)

30 March 1987
18 June 1991
Tenth Assembly (1987–91)
(March 1987 election)

19 June 1991
15 May 1996
Eleventh Assembly (1991–96)
(May 1991 election)

16 May 1996
5 November 2000
Twelfth Assembly (1996–2001)
(May 1996 election)

7
Buddhadeb Bhattacharya
Jadavpur
6 November 2000
14 May 2001
7003384000000000000♠10 years, 188 days

15 May 2001
17 May 2006
Thirteenth Assembly (2001–06)
(May 2001 election)

18 May 2006
13 May 2011
Fourteenth Assembly (2006–11)
(April–May 2006 election)

8
Mamata Banerjee
Bhabanipur
20 May 2011
25 May 2016
7003236700000000000♠6 years, 175 days
Fifteenth Assembly (2011–16)
(April–May 2011 election)
All India Trinamool Congress

27 May 2016
Incumbent
Sixteenth Assembly (2016–21)
(April–May 2016 election)


document_title: The Girl Who Leapt Through Time

question_text: the girl who leapt through time who is the aunt

text: The Girl Who Leapt Through Time

text: Plot[edit]

text: Kazuko Yoshiyama, a third-year middle school student, is cleaning the school science lab with her classmates, Kazuo Fukamachi and Gorō Asakura, when she smells a lavender-like scent and faints. After three days, strange events transpire around Kazuko, including the burning of Gorō's house after an earthquake. The next morning, at the exact moment of a car accident, Kazuko is transported 24 hours into the past.

text: She relives the day and relates her strange experience to Kazuo and Gorō. They do not believe her at first, but they are convinced when she accurately predicts the earthquake and ensuing fire. Fukushima, their science teacher, explains Kazuko's new ability as "teleportation" and "time-leap". To solve the riddle of her power, she must leap back four days.

text: Finally, Kazuko's determination enables her to make the leap. Back in the science room, she meets a mysterious man who has assumed her friend Kazuo's identity. He is really "Ken Sogoru", a time-traveler from AD 2660. His intersection with the girl's life is the accidental effect of a "time-leaping" drug. Ken remains for a month, and Kazuko falls in love with him. When he leaves, he erases all memories of himself from everyone he has met, including Kazuko. As the book ends, Kazuko has the faint memory of somebody promising to meet her again every time she smells lavender.

text: Publication history[edit]

text: The novel was first serialized in the Japanese youth magazines Chu-3 Course and Kō-1 Course, from November 1965 to May 1966, and has been regularly re-edited in Japan ever since, notably in 1967 (ISBN 4-04-130510-1), in 1997 for the release of the second film (ISBN 4-89-456306-1), and in a new version in 2006 for the release of the animated film, including two more stories: Akumu no shinsô and Hateshinaki tagen uchû (ISBN 4-04-130521-7). The novel is also published in foreign countries, like France (La Traversée du temps, 1983).,[4] South Korea, and China.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: 1972 television series[edit]

text: NHK produced two adaptations titled Time Traveler and Zoku Time Traveler, aired in 1972. Starring Mayumi Asano.

text: 1983 film[edit]

text: The 1983 live-action film is a direct adaptation of the novel, released on July 16, 1983 in Japan by Tōei, directed by Nobuhiko Ōbayashi, with a screenplay by Wataru Kenmotsu, and starring idol Tomoyo Harada in her first film. It's been since released internationally on DVD, with English sub-titles, under several unofficial English titles (The Little Girl Who Conquered Time, Girl of Time, The Girl Who Cut Time, among others).

text: 1983 short story[edit]

text: Yasutaka Tsutsui wrote a short story parodying his own novel titled Scenario: Toki o Kakeru Shōjo in response to the film adaptation.

text: 1985 drama[edit]

text: Adapted to an episode of Getsuyō Drama Land. Starring Yoko Minamino.

text: 1994 drama[edit]

text: The second live-action television adaptation aired as a five-episode Japanese television live-action TV series broadcast on Fuji Television between February 19 and March 19, 1994. It was directed by Masayuki Ochiai and Yūichi Satō, with screenplay by Ryōichi Kimizuka and music by Joe Hisaishi. It stars the then-rookie idol Yuki Uchida in the main role.

text: 1997 film[edit]

text: The second live-action film adaptation of was released in Japan on November 8, 1997, directed by Haruki Kadokawa, with a screenplay by Ryōji Itō, Chiho Katsura and Haruki Kadokawa, starring beginner Nana Nakamoto in the main role.

text: 2002 TV film[edit]

text: The novel was adapted into one third of the Shinshun! Love Stories anthology film starring members of the all-girl J-pop group Morning Musume. The segment was written by Toshio Terada, starring Abe Natsumi and directed by Kazuhiro Onohara.

text: 2006 anime film[edit]

text: The Girl Who Leapt Through Time was produced by the animation studio Madhouse and distributed through Kadokawa Herald Pictures, first released in theaters in Japan on July 15, 2006. The film was later released on DVD on April 20, 2007 in Japan in regular and limited editions. The protagonist of the novel is the aunt of the film's protagonist.

text: 2010 film[edit]

text: A third Japanese live-action film adaptation of The Girl Who Leapt Through Time[5] was announced in Yahoo Japan and released on March 13, 2010. The theme song of the film was performed by Ikimono-gakari. The movie features Riisa Naka, who previously voiced the protagonist Makoto Konno in the 2006 animated film, as the lead character, Akari Yoshiyama, the daughter of Kazuko Yoshiyama. The film is a sequel to the original tale in which Kazuko's daughter, Akari, travels back in time to relay a message to Ken.

text: 2016 drama[edit]

text: A 5 episode live-action television series was aired on 2016, with Fuma Kikuchi of Sexy Zone and Yuina Kuroshima.

text: Manga[edit]

text: The novel was adapted in 2004 into a two-volume manga called The Girl Who Runs Through Time (時をかける少女, Toki o Kakeru Shōjo), illustrated by Gaku Tsugano, and story by Yasutaka Tsutsui (ISBN 4-04-713620-4 & ISBN 4-04-713640-9). The manga was released in English on October 2008 by CMX Manga. A manga adaptation of the 2006 anime film was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's Shōnen Ace manga magazine between April 26 and June 26, 2006, illustrated by Ranmaru Kotone; the chapters were later collected into a single bound volume which went on sale on July 26, 2006. Another manga, known as Toki wo Kakeru Shoujo - After (時をかける少女 After), set as prelude to the 2010 film was serialized in Young Ace magazine.[6]


document_title: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

question_text: when is teacher’s day celebrated in india

question_tokens: when is teacher 's day celebrated in india

text: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

text: Biography[edit]

text: Early life[edit]

text: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was born in a Telugu-speaking Hindu Brahmin family, in a village near Thiruttani in the erstwhile Chittoor district of Madras Presidency near the border of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states. His surname was Sarvepalli, for his forefathers were from Sarvepalli, a village fifteen miles from Nellore town. his grand father migrated to Tiruttani in erstwhile Chittoor district of the Madras Presidency.[6][7] His father's name was Sarvepalli Veeraswami and his mother's name was Sarvepalli Sita (Sitamma). His early years were spent in Thiruttani and Tirupati. His father was a subordinate revenue official in the service of a local zamindar (local landlord). His primary education was at K.V High School at Thiruttani. In 1896 he moved to the Hermansburg Evangelical Lutheran Mission School in Tirupati and Government Higher Secondary School, Walajapet.[8]

text: Education[edit]

text: Radhakrishnan was awarded scholarships throughout his academic life. He joined Voorhees College in Vellore but switched to the Madras Christian College at the age of 17. He graduated from there in 1906 with a master's degree in Philosophy, being one of its most distinguished alumni.[9]

text: Radhakrishnan studied philosophy by chance rather than choice. Being a financially constrained student, when a cousin who graduated from the same college passed on his philosophy textbooks in to Radhakrishnan, it automatically decided his academic course.[10][11]

text: Radhakrishnan wrote his thesis for the M.A. degree on "The Ethics of the Vedanta and its Metaphysical Presuppositions".[12] It "was intended to be a reply to the charge that the Vedanta system had no room for ethics."[13] He was afraid that this M.A. thesis would offend his philosophy professor, Dr. Alfred George Hogg. Instead, Hogg commended Radhakrishnan on having done most excellent work.[citation needed] Radhakrishnan's thesis was published when he was only twenty. According to Radhakrishnan himself, the criticism of Hogg and other Christian teachers of Indian culture "disturbed my faith and shook the traditional props on which I leaned."[13] Radhakrishnan himself describes how, as a student,

text: The challenge of Christian critics impelled me to make a study of Hinduism and find out what is living and what is dead in it. My pride as a Hindu, roused by the enterprise and eloquence of Swami Vivekananda, was deeply hurt by the treatment accorded to Hinduism in missionary institutions.[3]

text: This led him to his critical study of Indian philosophy and religion[13] and a lifelong defence of Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism".[3]

text: Marriage and family[edit]

text: Radhakrishnan was married to Sivakamu,[note 1] a distant cousin, at the age of 16.[14] As per tradition the marriage was arranged by the family. The couple had five daughters and a son, Sarvepalli Gopal. Sarvepalli Gopal went on to a notable career as a historian. Sivakamu died in 1956. They were married for over 51 years.

text: Academic career[edit]

text: In April 1909, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was appointed to the Department of Philosophy at the Madras Presidency College. Thereafter, in 1918, he was selected as Professor of Philosophy by the University of Mysore, where he taught at its Maharaja's College, Mysore. [web 4][15] By that time he had written many articles for journals of repute like The Quest, Journal of Philosophy and the International Journal of Ethics. He also completed his first book, The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore. He believed Tagore's philosophy to be the "genuine manifestation of the Indian spirit". His second book, The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy was published in 1920.

text: In 1921 he was appointed as a professor in philosophy to occupy the King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science at the University of Calcutta. He represented the University of Calcutta at the Congress of the Universities of the British Empire in June 1926 and the International Congress of Philosophy at Harvard University in September 1926. Another important academic event during this period was the invitation to deliver the Hibbert Lecture on the ideals of life which he delivered at Harris Manchester College, Oxford in 1929 and which was subsequently published in book form as An Idealist View of Life.

text: In 1929 Radhakrishnan was invited to take the post vacated by Principal J. Estlin Carpenter at Harris Manchester College. This gave him the opportunity to lecture to the students of the University of Oxford on Comparative Religion. For his services to education he was knighted by George V in the June 1931 Birthday Honours,[web 5] and formally invested with his honour by the Governor-General of India, the Earl of Willingdon, in April 1932.[web 6] However, he ceased to use the title after Indian independence,[16]:9 preferring instead his academic title of 'Doctor'.

text: He was the Vice-Chancellor of Andhra University from 1931 to 1936. In 1936 Radhakrishnan was named Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics at the University of Oxford, and was elected a Fellow of All Souls College. That same year, and again in 1937, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, although this nomination process, as for all laureates, was not public at the time. Further nominations for the award would continue steadily into the 1960s. In 1939 Pt. Madan Mohan Malaviya invited him to succeed him as the Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University (BHU).[17] He served as its Vice-Chancellor till January 1948.

text: Political career[edit]

text: Radhakrishnan started his political career "rather late in life",[18] after his successful academic career.[18] His international authority preceded his political career.[3] In 1931 he was nominated to the League of Nations Committee for Intellectual Cooperation, where after "in Western eyes he was the recognized Hindu authority on Indian ideas and a persuasive interpreter of the role of Eastern institutions in contemporary society."[3] When India became independent in 1947, Radhakrishnan represented India at UNESCO (1946–52) and was later Ambassador of India to the Soviet Union, from 1949 to 1952. He was also elected to the Constituent Assembly of India. Radhakrishnan was elected as the first Vice-President of India in 1952, and elected as the second President of India (1962–1967).

text: Radhakrishnan did not have a background in the Congress Party, nor was he active in the struggle against British rules. He was the politician in shadow. [3] His motivation lay in his pride of Hindu culture, and the defence of Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism".[3] According to Brown,

text: He had always defended Hindu culture against uninformed Western criticism and had symbolized the pride of Indians in their own intellectual traditions.[3]

text: Teachers' Day[edit]

text: When he became the President of India, some of his students and friends requested him to allow them to celebrate his birthday, on 5 September. He replied,

text: "Instead of celebrating my birthday, it would be my proud privilege if September 5th is observed as Teachers' Day."

text: [citation needed] His birthday has since been celebrated as Teachers' Day in India.[web 7]

text: Charity[edit]

text: Along with Ghanshyam Das Birla and some other social workers in the pre-independence era, Radhakrishnan formed the Krishnarpan Charity Trust.

text: Philosophy[edit]

text: Radhakrishnan tried to bridge eastern and western thought,[19] defending Hinduism against "uninformed Western criticism",[3] but also incorporating Western philosophical and religious thought.[20]

text: Advaita Vedanta[edit]

text: Radhakrishnan was one of the most prominent spokesmen of Neo-Vedanta.[21][22][23] His metaphysics was grounded in Advaita Vedanta, but he reinterpreted Advaita Vedanta for a contemporary understanding.[web 2] He acknowledged the reality and diversity of the world of experience, which he saw as grounded in and supported by the absolute or Brahman.[web 2][note 2] Radhakrishnan also reinterpreted Shankara's notion of maya. According to Radhakrishnan, maya is not a strict absolute idealism, but "a subjective misperception of the world as ultimately real."[web 2]

text: Intuition and religious experience[edit]

text: "Intuition", or anubhava,[web 2] synonymously called "religious experience",[web 2] has a central place in Radhakrishnan's philosophy as a source of knowledge which is not mediated by conscious thought.[20] His specific interest in experience can be traced back to the works of William James (1842–1910), Francis Herbert Bradley (1846–1924), Henri Bergson (1859–1941), and Friedrich von Hügel (1852–1925),[20] and to Vivekananda,[25] who had a strong influence on Radhakrisnan's thought.[26] According to Radhakrishnan, intuition is of a self-certifying character (svatassiddha), self-evidencing (svāsaṃvedya), and self-luminous (svayam-prakāsa).[web 2] In his book An Idealist View of Life, he made a powerful case for the importance of intuitive thinking as opposed to purely intellectual forms of thought.[web 9] According to Radhakrishnan, intuition plays a specific role in all kinds of experience.[web 2] Radhakrishnan discernes five sorts of experience:[web 2]

text:
Cognitive Experience:

Sense Experience
Discursive Reasoning
Intuitive Apprehension

Psychic Experience
Aesthetic Experience
Ethical Experience
Religious Experience

tag: ol

text: Classification of religions[edit]

text: For Radhakrishnan, theology and creeds are intellectual formulations, and symbols of religious experience or "religious intuitions".[web 2] Radhakrishnan qualified the variety of religions hierarchically according to their apprehension of "religious experience", giving Advaita Vedanta the highest place:[web 2][note 3]

text:
The worshippers of the Absolute
The worshippers of the personal God
The worshippers of the incarnations like Rama, Kṛiṣhṇa, Buddha
Those who worship ancestors, deities and sages
The worshippers of the petty forces and spirits

text: Radhakrishnan saw Hinduism as a scientific religion based on facts, apprehended via intuition or religious experience.[web 2] According to Radhakrishnan, "[i]f philosophy of religion is to become scientific, it must become empirical and found itself on religious experience".[web 2] He saw this empiricism exemplified in the Vedas:

text: The truths of the ṛṣis are not evolved as the result of logical reasoning or systematic philosophy but are the products of spiritual intuition, dṛṣti or vision. The ṛṣis are not so much the authors of the truths recorded in the Vedas as the seers who were able to discern the eternal truths by raising their life-spirit to the plane of universal spirit. They are the pioneer researchers in the realm of the spirit who saw more in the world than their followers. Their utterances are not based on transitory vision but on a continuous experience of resident life and power. When the Vedas are regarded as the highest authority, all that is meant is that the most exacting of all authorities is the authority of facts.[web 2]

text: From his writings collected as The Hindu View of Life, Upton Lectures, Delivered at Manchester College, Oxford, 1926: "Hinduism insists on our working steadily upwards in improving our knowledge of God. The worshippers of the absolute are of the highest rank; second to them are the worshippers of the personal God; then come the worshippers of the incarnations of Rama, Krishna, Buddha; below them are those who worship deities, ancestors, and sages, and lowest of all are the worshippers of petty forces and spirits. The deities of some men are in water (i.e., bathing places), those of the most advanced are in the heavens, those of the children (in religion) are in the images of wood and stone, but the sage finds his God in his deeper self. The man of action finds his God in fire, the man of feeling in the heart, and the feeble minded in the idol, but the strong in spirit find God everywhere". The seers see the supreme in the self, and not the images."

text: To Radhakrishnan, Advaita Vedanta was the best representative of Hinduism, as being grounded in intuition, in contrast to the "intellectually mediated interpretations"[web 2] of other religions.[web 2][note 4] He objected against charges of "quietism"[note 5] and "world denial",[32] instead stressing the need and ethic of social service,[32] giving a modern interpretation of classical terms as tat-tvam-asi.[33] According to Radhakrishnan, Vedanta offers the most direct intuitive experience and inner realisation, which makes it the highest form of religion:

text: The Vedanta is not a religion, but religion itself in its most universal and deepest significance.[web 2]

text: Radhakrishnan saw other religions, "including what Radhakrishnan understands as lower forms of Hinduism,"[web 2] as interpretations of Advaita Vedanta, thereby Hinduizing all religions.[web 2]

text: Although Radhakrishnan was well-acquainted with western culture and philosophy, he was also critical of them. He stated that Western philosophers, despite all claims to objectivity, were influenced by theological influences of their own culture.[34]

text: Influence[edit]

text: Radhakrishnan was one of India's best and most influential twentieth-century scholars of comparative religion and philosophy,[2][web 2]

text: Radhakrishnan's defence of the Hindu traditions has been highly influential,[35] both in India and the western world. In India, Radhakrishnan's ideas contributed to the formation of India as a nation-state.[36] Radhakrishnan's writings contributed to the hegemonic status of Vedanta as "the essential worldview of Hinduism".[37] In the western world, Radhakrishnan's interpretations of the Hindu tradition, and his emphasis on "spiritual experience", made Hinduism more readily accessible for a western audience, and contributed to the influence Hinduism has on modern spirituality:

text: In figures such as Vivekananda and Radhakrishnan we witness Vedanta traveling to the West, where it nourished the spiritual hunger of Europeans and Americans in the early decades of the twentieth century.[37]

text: Appraisal[edit]

text: Radhakrishnan has been highly appraised. According to Paul Artur Schillp:

text: Nor would it be possible to find a more excellent example of a living "bridge" between the East and the West than Professor Radhakrishnan. Steeped, as Radhakrishnan has been since his childhood, in the life, traditions, and philosophical heritage of his native India, he has also struck deep roots in Western philosophy, which he has been studying tirelessly ever since his undergraduate college-days in Madras Christian College, and in which he is as thoroughly at home as any Western philosopher.[38]

text: And according to Hawley:

text: Radhakrishnan's concern for experience and his extensive knowledge of the Western philosophical and literary traditions has earned him the reputation of being a bridge-builder between India and the West. He often appears to feel at home in the Indian as well as the Western philosophical contexts, and draws from both Western and Indian sources throughout his writing. Because of this, Radhakrishnan has been held up in academic circles as a representative of Hinduism to the West. His lengthy writing career and his many published works have been influential in shaping the West's understanding of Hinduism, India, and the East.[web 2]

text: Criticism and context[edit]

text: Radhakrishnan's ideas have also received criticism and challenges, for their perennialist[21][39] and universalist claims,[40][41] and the use of an East-West dichotomy.[web 2]

text: Perennialism[edit]

text: According to Radhakrishnan, there is not only an underlying "divine unity"[39] from the seers of the Upanishads up to modern Hindus like Tagore and Gandhi,[39] but also "an essential commonality between philosophical and religious traditions from widely disparate cultures."[21] This is also a major theme in the works of Rene Guenon, the Theosophical Society, and the contemporary popularity of eastern religions in modern spirituality.[21][20][42] Since the 1970s, the Perennialist position has been criticised for its essentialism.[20][42] Social-constructionists give an alternative approach to religious experience, in which such "experiences" are seen as being determined and mediated by cultural determants:[20][42][note 6] As Michaels notes:

text: Religions, too, rely not so much on individual experiences or on innate feelings – like a sensus numinosus (Rudolf Otto) – but rather on behavioral patterns acquired and learned in childhood.[43]

text: Rinehart also points out that "perennialist claims notwithstanding, modern Hindu thought is a product of history",[39] which "has been worked out and expressed in a variety of historical contexts over the preceding two hundreds years."[39] This is also true for Radhakrishan, who was educated by missionaries[44] and, like other neo-Vedantins used the prevalent western understanding of India and its culture to present an alternative to the western critique.[21][45]

text: Universalism, communalism and Hindu nationalism[edit]

text: According to Richard King, the elevation of Vedanta as the essence of Hinduism, and Advaita Vedanta as the "paradigmatic example of the mystical nature of the Hindu religion"[46] by colonial Indologists but also neo-Vedantins served well for the Hindu nationalists, who further popularised this notion of Advaita Vedanta as the pinnacle of Indian religions.[47] It

text: ...provided an opportunity for the construction of a nationalist ideology that could unite Hindus in their struggle against colonial oppression.[48]

text: This "opportunity" has been criticised. According to Sucheta Mazumdar and Vasant Kaiwar,

text: ... Indian nationalist leaders continued to operate within the categorical field generated by politicized religion [...] Extravagant claims were made on behalf of Oriental civilization. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan's statement – "[t]he Vedanta is not a religion but religion itself in its "most universal and deepest significance" – is fairly typical.[40]

text: Rinehart also criticises the inclusivism of Radhakrishnan's approach, since it provides "a theological scheme for subsuming religious difference under the aegis of Vedantic truth."[41][note 7] According to Rinehart, the consequence of this line of reasoning is communalism,[41] the idea that "all people belonging to one religion have common economic, social and political interests and these interests are contrary to the interests of those belonging to another religion."[web 10] Rinehart notes that Hindu religiosity plays an important role in the nationalist movement,[41] and that "the neo-Hindu discource is the unintended consequence of the initial moves made by thinkers like Rammohan Roy and Vivekananda."[41] Yet Rinehart also points out that it is

text: ...clear that there isn't a neat line of causation that leads from the philosophies of Rammohan Roy, Vivekananda and Radhakrishnan to the agenda of [...] militant Hindus.[49][note 8]

text: Post-colonialism[edit]

text: Colonialism left deep traces in the hearts and minds of the Indian people, influencing the way they understood and represented themselves.[21] The influences of "colonialist forms of knowledge"[web 2] can also be found in the works of Radhakrishnan. According to Hawley, Radhakrishnan's division between East and West, the East being spiritual and mystical, and the West being rationt and colonialist forms of knowledge constructed during the 18th and 19th centuries. Arguably, these characterizations are "imagined" in the sense that they reflect the philosophical and religious realities of neither "East' nor West."[web 2]

text: Since the 1990s, the colonial influences on the 'construction' and 'representation' of Hinduism have been the topic of debate among scholars of Hinduism[53] Western Indologists are trying to come to more neutral and better-informed representations of India and its culture, while Indian scholars are trying to establish forms of knowledge and understanding which are grounded in and informed by Indian traditions, instead of being dominated by western forms of knowledge and understanding.[53][note 9]

text: Plagiarism Controversy[edit]

text: Radhakrishnan was accused of Plagiarism by his student Jadunath Sinha who accused him of copying from his doctoral thesis, “Indian Psychology of Perception" published in 1925 in his book "Indian Philosophy" published in 1927. Jadunath Sinha filed a case in the Calcutta High Court claiming damages for Rs 20000. Radhakrishnan filed counter case for defamation of character demanding Rs 100000 from Sinha. Though Jadunath Sinha's case was strong as many of his articles were already published, the High cost of litigation along with intervention of Syama Prasad Mookerjee who mediated between them made them settle the issue out of court.[54][55][56]

text: Awards and honours[edit]

text:
1931: appointed a Knight Bachelor in ,[web 5] although he ceased to use the title "Sir" after India attained independence.[57]
1938: elected Fellow of the British Academy.
1954: The Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award in India.[web 3]
1954: German "Order pour le Merite for Arts and Science"[web 11]
1961: the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade.
1962: Institution of Teacher's Day in India, yearly celebrated at 5 September, Radhakrishnan's birthday, in honour of Radhakrishnan's belief that "teachers should be the best minds in the country".[web 3]
1963: the British Order of Merit.
1968: Sahitya Akademi fellowship, The highest honour conferred by the Sahitya Akademi on a writer (he is the first person to get this award)
1975: the Templeton Prize in 1975, a few months before his death, for advocating non-aggression and conveying "a universal reality of God that embraced love and wisdom for all people."[web 12][note 10] He donated the entire amount of the Templeton Prize to Oxford University.
1989: institution of the Radhakrishnan Scholarships by Oxford University in the memory of Radhakrishnan. The scholarships were later renamed the "Radhakrishnan Chevening Scholarships".[58]
he was nominated fifteen times for the Nobel prize in literature, and eleven times for the Nobel Peace prize.[59]

text: Quotes[edit]

text: This page is a candidate to be copied to Wikiquote using the Transwiki process. If the page can be expanded into an encyclopedic article, rather than a list of quotations, please do so and remove this message.

text:
"It is not God that is worshipped but the authority that claims to speak in His name. Sin becomes disobedience to authority not violation of integrity."[60]
"Reading a book gives us the habit of solitary reflection and true enjoyment."[61]
"When we think we know, we cease to learn."[62]
"A literary genius, it is said, resembles all, though no one resembles him."[63]
"There is nothing wonderful in my saying that Jainism was in existence long before the Vedas were composed."[64]
"A life of joy and happiness is possible only on the basis of knowledge and science.”

text: Bibliography[edit]

text: Works by Radhakrishnan[edit]

text:
The philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore (1918), Macmillan, London, 294 pages
Indian Philosophy (1923) Vol.1, 738 pages. Vol 2, 807 pages. Oxford University Press.
The Hindu View of Life (1926), 92 pages
An Idealist View of Life (1929), 351 pages
Eastern Religions and Western Thought (1939), Oxford University Press, 396 pages
Religion and Society (1947), George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London, 242 pages
The Bhagavadgītā: with an introductory essay, Sanskrit text, English translation and notes (1948), 388 pages
The Dhammapada (1950), 194 pages, Oxford University Press
The Principal Upanishads (1953), 958 pages, HarperCollins Publishers Limited
Recovery of Faith (1956), 205 pages
A Source Book in Indian Philosophy (1957), 683 pages, Princeton University Press, with Charles A. Moore as co-editor.
Religion, Science & Culture (1968), 121 pages

text: Biographies and monographs on Radhakrishnan[edit]

text: Several books have been published on Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan:

text:
Schilpp, Paul Arthur, ed. (1992) [1952, Tudor]. The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0792-8.
Murty, K. Satchidananda; Ashok Vohra (1990). Radhakrishnan: his life and ideas. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-7914-0343-2.
Minor, Robert Neil (1987). Radhakrishnan: a religious biography. SUNY Press. ISBN 0-88706-554-6.
Gopal, Sarvepalli (1989). Radhakrishnan: a biography. Unwin Hyman. ISBN 0-04-440449-2.
Pappu, S.S. Rama Rao (1995). New Essays in the Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Delhi: South Asia Books. ISBN 978-81-7030-461-6.
Parthasarathi, G.; Chattopadhyaya, Debi Prasad, eds. (1989). Radhakrishnan: centenary volume. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.


document_title: Insurance in India

question_text: 1818 first european life insurance company in kolkata

text: Insurance in India

text: History[edit]

text: Insurance in its current form has its history dating back to 1818[citation needed], when Oriental Life Insurance Company[2] was started by Anita Bhavsar in Kolkata to cater to the needs of European community. The pre-independence era in India saw discrimination between the lives of foreigners (English) and Indians with higher premiums being charged for the latter.[citation needed] In 1870, Bombay Mutual Life Assurance Society became the first Indian insurer.[citation needed]

text: At the dawn of the twentieth century, many insurance companies were founded. In the year 1912, the Life Insurance Companies Act and the Provident Fund Act were passed to regulate the insurance business. The Life Insurance Companies Act, 1912 made it necessary that the premium-rate tables and periodical valuations of companies should be certified by an actuary. However, the disparity still existed as discrimination between Indian and foreign companies. The oldest existing insurance company in India is the National Insurance Company, which was founded in 1906, and is still in business.

text: The Government of India issued an Ordinance on 19 January 1956 nationalising the Life Insurance sector and Life Insurance Corporation came into existence in the same year. The Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) absorbed 154 Indian, 16 non-Indian insurers and also 75 provident societies—245 Indian and foreign insurers in all. In 1972 with the General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act was passed by the Indian Parliament, and consequently, General Insurance business was nationalized with effect from 1 January 1973. 107 insurers were amalgamated and grouped into four companies, namely National Insurance Company Ltd., the New India Assurance Company Ltd., the Oriental Insurance Company Ltd and the United India Insurance Company Ltd. The General Insurance Corporation of India was incorporated as a company in 1971 and it commenced business on 1 January 1973.

text: The LIC had monopoly till the late 90s when the Insurance sector was reopened to the private sector. Before that, the industry consisted of only two state insurers: Life Insurers (Life Insurance Corporation of India, LIC) and General Insurers (General Insurance Corporation of India, GIC). GIC had four subsidiary companies. With effect from December 2000, these subsidiaries have been de-linked from the parent company and were set up as independent insurance companies: Oriental Insurance Company Limited, New India Assurance Company Limited, National Insurance Company Limited and United India Insurance Company.

text: Industry structure[edit]

text:
By 2012 Indian Insurance is a US$72 billion industry. However, only two million people (0.2% of the total population of 1 billion) are covered under Mediclaim. With more and more private companies in the sector, this situation is expected to change. ECGC, ESIC and AIC provide insurance services for niche markets. So, their scope is limited by legislation but enjoy some special powers.
The majority of Western Countries have state run medical systems so have less need for medical insurance.  In the UK, for example, the corporate cover of employees, when added to the individual purchase of coverage gives approximately 11–12% of the population on cover [[3]]- due largely to usage of the state financed National Health Service (NHS), whereas in developed nations with a more limited state system, like USA, about 75% of the total population are covered under some insurance scheme.

text: Insurance repository[edit]

text: On 16 September 2013, IRDA launched "insurance repository" services in India. It is a unique concept and first to be introduced in India. This system enables policy holders to buy and keep insurance policies in dematerialised or electronic form. Policyholders can hold all their insurance policies in an electronic format in a single account called electronic insurance account (eIA). Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India has issued licences to five entities to act as Insurance Repository:

text:
CDSL Insurance Repository Limited (CDSL IR),
SHCIL Projects Limited
Karvy Insurance repository Limited
NSDL Database Management Limited
CAMS Repository Services Limited

text: Legal structure[edit]

text: The insurance sector went through a full circle of phases from being unregulated to completely regulated and then currently being partly deregulated. It is governed by a number of acts.

text: The Insurance Act of 1938[4] was the first legislation governing all forms of insurance to provide strict state control over insurance business. Life insurance in India was completely nationalised on 19 January 1956, through the Life Insurance Corporation Act. All 245 insurance companies operating then in the country were merged into one entity, the Life Insurance Corporation of India.

text: The General Insurance Business Act of 1972 was enacted to nationalise about 107 general insurance companies then and subsequently merging them into four companies. All the companies were amalgamated into National Insurance, New India Assurance, Oriental Insurance and United India Insurance, which were headquartered in each of the four metropolitan cities.Until 1999, there were no private insurance companies in India. The government then introduced the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act in 1999, thereby de-regulating the insurance sector and allowing private companies. Furthermore, foreign investment was also allowed and capped at 26% holding in the Indian insurance companies.

text: In 2006, the Actuaries Act was passed by parliament to give the profession statutory status on par with Chartered Accountants, Notaries, Cost & Works Accountants, Advocates, Architects and Company Secretaries.A minimum capital of US$80 million(Rs. 4 billion) is required by legislation to set up an insurance business.

text: Authorities[edit]

text: The primary regulator for insurance in India is the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) which was established in 1999 under the government legislation called the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999.[5][6]

text: The industry recognises examinations conducted by the IAI (for 280 actuaries), III (for 2.2 million retail agents, 361 brokers, 175 bancassurers, 125 corporate agents and 29 third-party administrators) and IIISLA (for 8,200 surveyors and loss assessors). There are 9 licensed web aggregators. TAC is the sole data repository for the non-life industry.  IBAI gives voice to brokers while GI Council and LI Council are platforms for insurers.  AIGIEA, AIIEA, AIIEF, AILICEF, AILIEA, FLICOA, GIEAIA, GIEU and NFIFWI cater to the employees of the insurers.  In addition, there are a dozen Ombudsman offices to address client grievances.

text: Insurance education[edit]

text: A number of institutions provide specialist education for the insurance industry, these include;

text:
National Insurance Academy, Pune, specialized in teaching, conducting research and providing consulting services in the insurance sector. NIA offers a two-year PGDM programme in insurance. NIA was founded as Ministry of Finance initiative with capital support from the then public insurance companies, both Life (LIC) and Non-Life (GIC, National, Oriental, United & New India).
Institute of Insurance and Risk Management, Hyderabad, was established by the regulator IRDA. The institute offers Postgraduate diploma in Life, General Insurance, Risk Management and Actuarial Sciences. The institute is a global learning and research centre in insurance, risk management, actuarial sciences. They provide consulting services for the financial industry.
Amity School of Insurance Banking and Actuarial science (ASIBAS) of Amity University, Noida and established in 2000, offers MBA programmes in Insurance, Insurance and Banking, and MSc/BSc actuarial sciences to a Post Graduate Diploma in Actuarial Sciences.
Pondicherry University offers an MBA in insurance management.  Pondicherry University is the only central university which offers insurance management in India.
Birla Institute of Management Technology is a graduate business school located in Greater Noida, established in 1988, offers a PGDM-IBM programme in insurance business management. This programme was launched in 2000 by the Centre for Insurance and Risk Management and is accredited by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority. Life Office Management Association (LOMA), USA is BIMTECH's educational partner and BIMTECH is an approved centre for LOMA examination.  The Chartered Insurance Institute (CII), UK has accorded recognition (by way of credits) to the BIMTECH PGDM-IBM programme. Their two-year PGDM programme in insurance business has been recognised as equivalent to the Associate level of the Insurance Institute of India, Mumbai.
National Law University, Jodhpur offers a two-year MBA and one year MS (for engineering graduates) programme in insurance.

text: To become an insurance advisor in India, Insurance Act, 1938 mandates that the individual has to be "a Major with sound mind". After the advent of IRDA as insurance regulator, it has framed various regulations, viz. training hours, examination and fees which are amended from time to time.  Since November 2011 IRDA has introduced a syllabus (IC-33) conceived and developed by CII, London.  The syllabus mainly aims to make an Insurance Agent a financial professional.