document_title: The Blind Side (film)

question_text: who plays mr tuohy in the blind side

question_tokens: who plays mr tuohy in the blind side

text: The Blind Side (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film opens with seventeen-year-old Michael ("Big Mike") Oher talking to an NCAA investigator. Then a flashback ensues.

text: Michael has been in foster care with different families in Memphis, Tennessee, due to his mother's drug addiction. Every time he is placed in a new home, he runs away. His friend's father, on whose couch Mike had been sleeping, asks Burt Cotton, the coach of Wingate Christian School, to help enroll his son and Mike. Impressed by Mike's size and athleticism, Cotton gets him admitted despite his poor academic record. Later, Michael is befriended by a younger student named Sean Jr. ("SJ"). SJ's mother, Leigh Anne Tuohy, is a strong-minded interior designer and the wife of wealthy businessman Sean Tuohy.

text: The school staff tell Michael that his father has died, apparently due to an accident. Later, Leigh Anne and Sean watch their daughter Collins playing volleyball. After the game, Sean notices Michael picking up leftover food on the bleachers.

text: One night, Leigh Anne notices Michael walking alone on the moist road, shivering in the cold without adequate clothing. When she learns that he plans to spend the night huddled outside the closed school gym, Leigh Anne offers to let him sleep on the couch in the Tuohy home.

text: The next morning, Leigh Anne notices that Michael has left. Seeing him walking away, she asks him to spend the Thanksgiving holiday with her family. Slowly, Michael becomes a member of the family. Later, Leigh Anne drives Michael to his mother's house. He sees an eviction notice posted on the door, and his mother is gone.

text: Leigh Anne's friends wonder what she is doing; they suggest that Collins might not be safe around Michael, but Leigh Anne rebukes them. She later asks Collins how she feels about it. Collins replies that they cannot just throw Michael out. When Leigh Anne seeks to become Michael's legal guardian, she learns he was taken from his drug-addict mother when he was seven and that no one knows her whereabouts. She is also told that, although he scored poorly in a career aptitude test, he was ranked in the 98th percentile in "protective instincts". When Michael appears to be hesitant to use his strength and size while learning to play football, Leigh Anne tells him, as an offensive lineman, he must protect his quarterback. From that moment, Michael improves drastically, well enough to play at the college level. However, to do that, he must meet the minimum grade point average to get in so the Tuohys hire a private tutor for him, the outspoken and kind Miss Sue.

text: Leigh Anne has a face-to-face conversation with Michael's mother about adopting him. Although she seems unresponsive in the beginning, the mother finally wishes Michael the best.

text: Michael is heavily recruited by many prestigious schools. SJ talks to coaches and negotiates on Michael's behalf – and his own. When Michael gets his grades high enough, he decides to attend Ole Miss, where Sean had played and Leigh Anne had been a cheerleader. That causes NCAA investigator Granger to look into the matter to determine if the Tuohys took him in and unduly influenced him just so he would play for their alma mater.

text: Michael runs away before the interview is over and confronts Leigh Anne about her motives for taking him in. He then proceeds to find his biological mother in Hurt Village. A gang leader welcomes him back, offers him a beer, and makes sexually offensive insinuations about Leigh Anne and Collins. When the gang leader threatens to go after them, Michael battles with him and other thugs. After thinking things over and questioning Leigh Anne, Michael tells Granger he chose Ole Miss because "it's where my family goes to school". Michael is accepted into college and says his farewells to the Tuohy family.

text: The film ends with information about and photos of the real Tuohy family and Michael Oher, who went on to play in the National Football League. He was drafted by the Baltimore Ravens in the first round of the 2009 NFL Draft.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Quinton Aaron as Michael "Big Mike" Oher
Sandra Bullock as Leigh Anne Tuohy
Tim McGraw as Sean Tuohy
Jae Head as Sean "S.J." Tuohy, Jr.
Lily Collins as Collins Tuohy
Kathy Bates as Miss Sue
Ray McKinnon as Coach Burt Cotton
Kim Dickens as Mrs. Boswell
Adriane Lenox as Denise Oher
Eaddy Mays as Elaine
Robert "IronE" Singleton as Alton

text: Coaches playing themselves[edit]

text:
Tommy Tuberville, the coach of Auburn
Nick Saban, the coach of Louisiana State
Lou Holtz, the coach of South Carolina
Phillip Fulmer, the coach of Tennessee
Houston Nutt, the coach of Arkansas
Ed Orgeron, the coach of Ole Miss

text: Production[edit]

text: The Blind Side was produced by Alcon Entertainment and released by Warner Bros. The film's production budget was $29 million.[1] Filming for the school scenes took place at Atlanta International School and The Westminster Schools in Atlanta, Georgia, and it features many of their students as extras. The film premiered on November 17 in New York City and New Orleans and opened in theaters on November 20 in the rest of the United States and in Canada.[6]

text: Academy Award winner Julia Roberts was originally offered Bullock's role, but turned it down.[7] Bullock initially turned down the starring role three times due to discomfort with portraying a devout Christian. By her own account, Bullock felt she couldn't objectively represent such a person's beliefs on screen.[8] But after a visit with the real Leigh Anne Tuohy, Bullock not only won the role, but also took a pay cut and agreed to receive a percentage of the profits instead.[9]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Blind Side opened in 3,110 theaters on its opening weekend, the weekend of November 20, 2009. It grossed a strong $34,510,000 in its opening weekend, the second highest gross of that weekend, behind The Twilight Saga: New Moon. It was the highest-grossing opening weekend of Sandra Bullock's career. The per-theater average for The Blind Side's opening weekend was $11,096.[10] In its opening weekend, the movie already earned more than its $29 million production budget. It proved to have remarkable staying power, taking in an additional $9.5 million, bringing its gross to $60,125,000 by the weekend of November 27, 2009.[11] The movie enjoyed a rare greater success for the second weekend than it did in its opening weekend, taking in an estimated $40 million, an increase of 18 percent, from November 27 to November 29, 2009, coming in second to New Moon once again, bringing its gross to $100,250,000.[1]

text: In its third weekend, the movie continued its trend of rare feats by moving up to the number one position with $20.4 million in sales after spending the previous two weekends in second place for a total gross of $128.8 million, due to strong word-of-mouth.[12] In its fourth weekend, it moved down to second place, dropping a slim 23% with an estimated $15.5 million for a total of $150.2 million in the United States and Canada as of December 13, 2009.[13] The film hit $200 million domestically on January 1, 2010, marking the first time a movie marketed with a sole actress' name above the title (Bullock's) has crossed the $200 million mark.[14] The Blind Side has also become the highest grossing football movie and sports drama of all time domestically [15][16] unadjusted for ticket inflation.[17] The Blind Side ended its domestic theatrical run on June 4, 2010 (nearly 7 months after it opened), earning a total of $255,959,475.[18] In the UK and Ireland, The Blind Side was released on March 26, 2010.[19] It was the third biggest release of that weekend behind Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang and Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland.[20]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received moderately positive reviews, with critics praising Sandra Bullock's performance. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 69%, based on 196 reviews, with a rating average of 6.1/10. The site's general consensus reads, "It might strike some viewers as a little too pat, but The Blind Side has the benefit of strong source material and a strong performance from Sandra Bullock."[21] Metacritic, which assigned a normalized score of 53 out of 100, based on reviews from 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[22] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[23]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2017)

text: Race controversy[edit]

text: The Blind Side has been criticized as presenting a white savior narrative in which Oher, an African-American male, is unable to overcome poverty and personal failure without the guidance of adoptive, white mother Tuohy. For example, Jeffrey Montez de Oca of the University of Colorado writes that in The Blind Side's portrayal of adoption, "charity operates as a signifying act of whiteness that obscures the social relations of domination that not only make charity possible but also creates an urban underclass in need of charity."[24] Melissa Anderson of the Dallas Observer argues that the "mute, docile" portrayal of Oher effectively endorses the Uncle Tom stereotype of African-American submission to white authority.[25]

text: Oher was later quoted as saying that "It's a great story. It seems like they helped me to get to this point. They're my family and without them I wouldn't be here," and "They taught me a lot of things, showed me a lot of different things. It shows that if you help somebody and give somebody a chance and don't judge people, look where they can get to."[26]

text: However, Oher was openly critical of the film's portrayal of him being taught the methods of football throughout the film, where in reality, he had always known the sport his whole life.[citation needed]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The Blind Side has earned numerous awards and nominations for the lead performance of the film's star, Sandra Bullock.

text:
Association

Category

Nominee

Result

Academy Awards

Best Picture

Gil Netter, Andrew Kosove and Broderick Johnson

Nominated

Best Actress in a Leading Role

Sandra Bullock

Won

Critics’ Choice Awards

Best Actress

Won

Golden Globe Awards

Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama

Won

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

Favorite Movie Actress

Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role

Won

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Movie Actress

Won

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association

Best Actress

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards

Movie Actress – Drama

Won

Breakout Male Actor

Quinton Aaron

Nominated

Favorite Drama Movie

The Blind Side

Won

ESPY Awards

Best Sports Movie

Won

Movieguide Awards

Best Movie for Mature AudiencesEpiphany Prize for Inspiring Movies

The Blind Side

Won[27]

text: Best Picture nomination[edit]

text: The nomination of The Blind Side for Best Picture was considered a surprise, even to its producers.[28] In an attempt to revitalize interest surrounding the awards, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences had upped the number of Best Picture nominees from a mandatory number of five to ten in time for the 82nd Academy Awards, the year The Blind Side was nominated.[29] However, in 2011, the Academy changed the policy, stating that the Best Picture category would feature between five and ten nominees depending on voting results, as opposed to a set number of nominees.[30][not in citation given] The change was interpreted as a response to films like The Blind Side being nominated for Best Picture to fill up the set number of spots.[31][32]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The movie features 23 songs by artists including Les Paul, Young MC, Lucy Woodward, The Books, Canned Heat, Five for Fighting, and the film's co-star Tim McGraw.[33] However, while the score soundtrack by Carter Burwell was released on CD, none of the featured songs were included.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Blind Side was released on DVD and Blu-ray on March 23, 2010. The Blind Side was available exclusively for rental from Blockbuster for 28 days.[34]

text: Redbox and Netflix customers had to wait 28 days before they were able to rent the movie.[35][36] This stems from the settlement of a lawsuit brought by Redbox against Warner Home Video, who, in an attempt to boost DVD sales, refused to sell wholesale titles to Redbox. On August 19, 2009 Redbox sued Warner Home Video[37] to continue purchasing DVD titles at wholesale prices. On February 16, 2010, Redbox settled the lawsuit[36] and agreed to a 28-day window past the street date.

text: As of July 9, 2013, units sold for the DVD stand at more than 8.4 million copies and has grossed a further $107,962,159 adding to its total gross.[38]


document_title: Catalase

question_text: where do you find catalase in the body

question_tokens: where do you find catalase in the body

root

text: Catalase

text: Structure[edit]

text: Human catalase forms a tetramer composed of four subunits, each of which can be conceptually divided into four domains.[12] The extensive core of each subunit is generated by an eight-stranded antiparallel b-barrel (b1-8), with nearest neighbor connectivity capped by b-barrel loops on one side and a9 loops on the other.[12] A helical domain at one face of the b-barrel is composed of four C-terminal helices (a16, a17, a18, and a19) and four helices derived from residues between b4 and b5 (a4, a5, a6, and a7).[12] Alternative splicing may result in different protein variants.

tag: p

text: History[edit]

text: Catalase was not noticed until 1818 when Louis Jacques Thénard, who discovered H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), suggested its breakdown is caused by an unknown substance. In 1900, Oscar Loew was the first to give it the name catalase, and found it in many plants and animals.[13] In 1937 catalase from beef liver was crystallised by James B. Sumner and Alexander Dounce[14] and the molecular weight was found in 1938.[15]

text: The amino acid sequence of bovine catalase was determined in 1969,[16] and the three-dimensional structure in 1981.[17]

text: Function[edit]

text: Action[edit]

text: Catalase catalyzes the following reaction:

text: The presence of catalase in a microbial or tissue sample can be demonstrated by adding hydrogen peroxide and observing the reaction. The production of oxygen can be seen by the formation of bubbles. This easy test, which can be seen with the naked eye, without the aid of instruments, is possible because catalase has a very high specific activity, which produces a detectable response, as well as the fact that one of the products is a gas.

text: Molecular mechanism[edit]

text: While the complete mechanism of catalase is not currently known,[18] the reaction is believed to occur in two stages:

text: Here Fe()-E represents the iron center of the heme group attached to the enzyme. Fe(IV)-E(.+) is a mesomeric form of Fe(V)-E, meaning the iron is not completely oxidized to +V, but receives some stabilising electron density from the heme ligand, which is then shown as a radical cation (.+).

text: As hydrogen peroxide enters the active site, it interacts with the amino acids Asn148 (asparagine at position 148) and His75, causing a proton (hydrogen ion) to transfer between the oxygen atoms. The free oxygen atom coordinates, freeing the newly formed water molecule and Fe(IV)=O. Fe(IV)=O reacts with a second hydrogen peroxide molecule to reform Fe(III)-E and produce water and oxygen.[18] The reactivity of the iron center may be improved by the presence of the phenolate ligand of Tyr358 in the fifth coordination position, which can assist in the oxidation of the Fe(III) to Fe(IV). The efficiency of the reaction may also be improved by the interactions of His75 and Asn148 with reaction intermediates.[18] In general, the rate of the reaction can be determined by the Michaelis-Menten equation.[19]

text: Catalase can also catalyze the oxidation, by hydrogen peroxide, of various metabolites and toxins, including formaldehyde, formic acid, phenols, acetaldehyde and alcohols. It does so according to the following reaction:

text: The exact mechanism of this reaction is not known.

text: Any heavy metal ion (such as copper cations in copper(II) sulfate) can act as a noncompetitive inhibitor of catalase. Furthermore, the poison cyanide is a competitive inhibitor of catalase at high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide.[20] Arsenate acts as an activator.[21] Three-dimensional protein structures of the peroxidated catalase intermediates are available at the Protein Data Bank.

text: Cellular role[edit]

text: Hydrogen peroxide is a harmful byproduct of many normal metabolic processes; to prevent damage to cells and tissues, it must be quickly converted into other, less dangerous substances. To this end, catalase is frequently used by cells to rapidly catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into less-reactive gaseous oxygen and water molecules.[22]

text: Mice genetically engineered to lack catalase are initially phenotypically normal.,[23] however, catalase deficiency in mice may increase the likelihood of developing obesity, fatty liver,[24] and type 2 diabetes.[25] Some humans have very low levels of catalase (acatalasia), yet show few ill effects.

text: Catalase is usually located in a cellular organelle called the peroxisome.[26] Peroxisomes in plant cells are involved in photorespiration (the use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide) and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (the breaking apart of diatomic nitrogen (N2) to reactive nitrogen atoms). Hydrogen peroxide is used as a potent antimicrobial agent when cells are infected with a pathogen. Catalase-positive pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Legionella pneumophila, and Campylobacter jejuni, make catalase to deactivate the peroxide radicals, thus allowing them to survive unharmed within the host.[27]

text: Like alcohol dehydrogenase, catalase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde, but it is unlikely that this reaction is physiologically significant.[28]

text: Distribution among organisms[edit]

text: The large majority of known organisms use catalase in every organ, with particularly high concentrations occurring in the liver in mammals.[29] One unique use of catalase occurs in the bombardier beetle. This beetle has two sets of liquids that are stored separately in two paired glands. The larger of the pair, the storage chamber or reservoir, contains hydroquinones and hydrogen peroxide, while the smaller, the reaction chamber, contains catalases and peroxidases. To activate the noxious spray, the beetle mixes the contents of the two compartments, causing oxygen to be liberated from hydrogen peroxide. The oxygen oxidizes the hydroquinones and also acts as the propellant.[30] The oxidation reaction is very exothermic (ΔH = −202.8 kJ/mol) and rapidly heats the mixture to the boiling point.[31]

text: Almost all aerobic microorganisms use catalase. It is also present in some anaerobic microorganisms, such as Methanosarcina barkeri.[32] Catalase is also universal among plants and occurs in most fungi.[33]

text: Catalase enzymes from various species have vastly differing optimum temperatures. Poikilothermic animals typically have catalases with optimum temperatures in the range of 15-25 °C, while mammalian or avian catalases might have optimum temperatures above 35 °C,[34][35] and catalases from plants vary depending on their growth habit.[34] In contrast, catalase isolated from the hyperthermophile archaeon Pyrobaculum calidifontis has a temperature optimum of 90 °C.[36]

text: Clinical significance and application[edit]

text: Catalase is used in the food industry for removing hydrogen peroxide from milk prior to cheese production.[37] Another use is in food wrappers where it prevents food from oxidizing.[38] Catalase is also used in the textile industry, removing hydrogen peroxide from fabrics to make sure the material is peroxide-free.[39]

text: A minor use is in contact lens hygiene – a few lens-cleaning products disinfect the lens using a hydrogen peroxide solution; a solution containing catalase is then used to decompose the hydrogen peroxide before the lens is used again.[40]

text: Bacterial identification (catalase test)[edit]

text: The catalase test is one of the three main tests used by microbiologists to identify species of bacteria. If the bacteria possess catalase (i.e., are catalase-positive), when a small amount of bacterial isolate is added to hydrogen peroxide, bubbles of oxygen are observed. The catalase test is done by placing a drop of hydrogen peroxide on a microscope slide. An applicator stick is touched to the colony, and the tip is then smeared onto the hydrogen peroxide drop.

text:
If the mixture produces bubbles or froth, the organism is said to be 'catalase-positive'. Staphylococci[41] and Micrococci[42] are catalase-positive. Other catalase-positive organisms include Listeria, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Burkholderia cepacia, Nocardia, the family Enterobacteriaceae (Citrobacter, E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Shigella, Yersinia, Proteus, Salmonella, Serratia), Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and Rhodococcus equi.
If not, the organism is 'catalase-negative'. Streptococcus[43] and Enterococcus spp. are catalase-negative.

tag: ul

text: While the catalase test alone cannot identify a particular organism, it can aid identification when combined with other tests such as antibiotic resistance. The presence of catalase in bacterial cells depends on both the growth condition and the medium used to grow the cells.

text: Capillary tubes may also be used. A small sample of bacteria is collected on the end of the capillary tube, without blocking the tube, to avoid false negative results. The opposite end is then dipped into hydrogen peroxide, which is drawn into the tube through capillary action, and turned upside down, so that the bacterial points downwards. The hand holding the tube is then tapped on the bench, moving the hydrogen peroxide down until it touches the bacteria. If bubbles form on contact, this indicates a positive catalase result. This test can detect catalase-positive bacteria at concentrations above about 105 cells/mL,[44] and is simple to use.

text: Bacterial virulence[edit]

text: Neutrophils and other phagocytes use peroxide to kill bacteria. The enzyme NADPH oxidase generates superoxide within the phagosome, which is converted via hydrogen peroxide to other oxidising substances like hypochlorous acid which kill phagocytosed pathogens.[45] In individuals with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) there is a defect in producing peroxide via mutations in phagocyte oxidases such as myeloperoxidase.[46] Normal cellular metabolism will still produce a small amount of peroxide and this peroxide can be used to produce hypochlorous acid to eradicate the bacterial infection. However, if individuals with CGD are infected with catalase-positive bacteria, the bacterial catalase can destroy the excess peroxide before it can be used to produce other oxidising substances. In these individuals the pathogen survives and becomes a chronic infection. This chronic infection is typically surrounded by macrophages in an attempt to isolate the infection. This wall of macrophages surrounding a pathogen is called a granuloma. Many bacteria are catalase positive, but some are better catalase-producers than others. The mnemonic "cats Need PLACESS to Belch their Hairballs" can be used to memorise the catalase-positive bacteria: nocardia, pseudomonas, listeria, aspergillus, candida, E. coli, staphylococcus, serratia, B. cepacia and H. pylori.[47]

text: Gray hair[edit]

text: Low levels of catalase may play a role in the graying process of human hair. Hydrogen peroxide is naturally produced by the body and broken down by catalase. If catalase levels decline, hydrogen peroxide cannot be broken down so well. The hydrogen peroxide interferes with the production of melanin, the pigment that gives hair its color.[48][49]

text: Interactions[edit]

text: Catalase has been shown to interact with the ABL2[50] and Abl genes.[50] Infection with the murine leukemia virus causes catalase activity to decline in the lungs, heart and kidneys of mice. Conversely, dietary fish oil increased catalase activity in the heart, and kidneys of mice.[51]


document_title: Justin Bieber

question_text: what type of music does justin bieber sing

question_tokens: what type of music does justin bieber sing

text: Justin Bieber

text: Early life

text: Bieber was born on March 1, 1994, in London, Ontario, at St Joseph's Hospital,[10] and was raised in Stratford, Ontario.[11] He is the only child of Jeremy Jack Bieber and Patricia "Pattie" Mallette. Bieber's parents were never married.[12] Mallette, who was underaged at the time of giving birth, raised her son with the help of her mother, Diane, and stepfather, Bruce.[13] His mother is of French-Canadian descent; his paternal great-grandfather was of German ancestry, and his other roots are English, Scottish and Irish.[14][15][16] He has also claimed that he has some undetermined Aboriginal Canadian ancestry.[17]

text: Through Jeremy, Bieber has three younger half-siblings. Jeremy and his ex-girlfriend Erin Wagner have two children, a daughter Jazmyn (born 2009) and  a son Jaxon (born 2010). They broke up after seven years in 2014.[18] Jeremy later married his girlfriend Chelsey Rebelo in February 2018. They welcomed their daughter together, Bay (born in August 2018).[19][20] Bieber also has a step sister named Allie, the daughter of his step mother.[21] Pattie worked a series of low-paying office jobs, raising Bieber as a single mother in low-income housing. Bieber has maintained contact with his father.[22]

text: Bieber attended a French-language immersion elementary school in Stratford, the Jeanne Sauvé Catholic School.[13] Growing up, he learned to play the piano, drums, guitar, and trumpet.[11][23] He graduated from high school in Stratford, Ontario, the St. Michael Catholic Secondary School in 2012[24] with a 4.0 GPA.[25] In early 2007, aged 12, Bieber sang Ne-Yo's "So Sick" for a local singing competition in Stratford and was placed second.[23][26] Mallette posted a video of the performance on YouTube for their family and friends to see. She continued to upload videos of Bieber singing covers of various R&B songs, and Bieber's popularity on the site grew.[27]

text: Career

text: 2008–2010: Career beginnings and My World

text: When searching for videos of a different singer, Scooter Braun, a former marketing executive of So So Def Recordings, clicked on one of Bieber's 2007 videos by accident.[22] Impressed, Braun tracked down the theatre that Bieber was performing in, located Bieber's school, and finally contacted Mallette, who was reluctant because of Braun's Judaism. She remembered praying, "God, I gave him to you. You could send me a Christian man, a Christian label!", and, "God, you don't want this Jewish kid to be Justin's man, do you?" However, church elders convinced her to let Bieber go with Braun. At 13, Bieber went to Atlanta, Georgia, with Braun to record demo tapes.[22] Bieber began singing for Usher one week later.[28]

text: Bieber was soon signed to Raymond Braun Media Group (RBMG), a joint venture between Braun and Usher.[29] Justin Timberlake was also reportedly in the running to sign Bieber but lost the bidding war to Usher.[29][30] Usher then sought assistance in finding a label home for the artist from then manager Chris Hicks, who helped engineer an audition with his contact L.A. Reid of The Island Def Jam Music Group.[31] Reid signed Bieber to Island Records in October 2008 (resulting in a joint venture between RBMG and Island Records) and appointed Hicks as executive Vice-President of Def Jam, where he could manage Bieber's career at the label.[1][27][29][31] Bieber then moved to Atlanta with his mother to pursue further work with Braun and Usher.[29] Braun became Bieber's manager in 2008.[27]

text: Bieber's first single, "One Time", was released to radio while Bieber was still recording his debut album.[32] The song reached number 12 on the Canadian Hot 100 during its first week of release in July 2009[27] and later peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100. During fall 2009, it had success in international markets.[33] The song was certified platinum in Canada and the US and gold in Australia and New Zealand.[34][35][36] His first release, an extended play entitled My World, was released on November 17, 2009. The album's second single, "One Less Lonely Girl", and two promo singles, "Love Me" and "Favorite Girl", were released exclusively on the iTunes Store and charted within the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100.[33]

text: "One Less Lonely Girl" was later also released to radio and peaked within the top 20 in Canada and the US, and was certified gold in the latter.[33] My World was eventually certified platinum in the US and double platinum in both Canada and the United Kingdom.[37][38] To promote the album, Bieber performed on several live shows such as mtvU's VMA 09 Tour, European program The Dome, YTV's The Next Star, The Today Show,[39][40] The Wendy Williams Show, Lopez Tonight, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, It's On with Alexa Chung, Good Morning America, Chelsea Lately, and BET's 106 & Park. Bieber also guest starred in an episode of True Jackson, VP in late 2009.[41]

text: Bieber performed Ron Miller and Bryan Wells's "Someday at Christmas" for US President Barack Obama and first lady Michelle Obama at the White House for Christmas in Washington, which aired on December 20, 2009, on US television broadcaster TNT.[42] Bieber was also one of the performers for Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest, on December 31, 2009.[43] Bieber was a presenter at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards on January 31, 2010. He was invited to be a vocalist for the remake of "We Are the World" (a song written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie) for its 25th anniversary to benefit Haiti after the earthquake. Bieber sings the opening line, which was sung by Lionel Richie in the original version.[44]

text: On March 12, 2010, a version of K'naan's "Wavin' Flag", recorded by a collective of Canadian musicians known as Young Artists for Haiti, was released. Bieber is featured in the song, performing the closing lines.[45]

text: 2010–2011: My World 2.0 and Never Say Never

text: In January 2010, "Baby", was released from his debut album, My World 2.0. The song featured Ludacris, and became an international hit. It charted at number five on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaked at number three on the Canadian Hot 100[46] and reached the top ten in several international markets.[33] Two promo singles "Never Let You Go", and "U Smile" were top thirty hits on the US Hot 100, and top twenty hits in Canada.[33] According to review aggregator Metacritic, the album has received generally favourable reviews.[47] It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, making Bieber the youngest solo male act to top the chart since Stevie Wonder in 1963.[48] My World 2.0 also debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, Irish Albums Chart, Australian Albums Chart, and the New Zealand Albums Chart[33] and reached the top ten of fifteen other countries.[49][50]

text: To promote the album, Bieber appeared on several live programs including The View, the 2010 Kids' Choice Awards, Nightline, Late Show with David Letterman, The Dome and 106 & Park.[51] Sean Kingston appeared on the album's next single, "Eenie Meenie". The song reached the top ten in the United Kingdom and Australia, and the top-twenty of most other markets. On April 10, 2010, Bieber was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live.[52] On July 4, 2010, Bieber performed at the Macy's Fourth of July Fireworks Spectacular in New York City.[53] The following single from My World 2.0, "Somebody to Love", was released in April 2010, and a remix was released featuring Bieber's mentor Usher. On June 23, 2010, Bieber went on his first official headlining tour, the My World Tour, starting in Hartford, Connecticut, to promote My World and My World 2.0. Bieber featured in Soulja Boy's single in May 2010, titled "Rich Girl".[54] In July 2010, it was reported that Bieber was the most searched for celebrity on the Internet.[55] That same month his music video for "Baby", surpassed Lady Gaga's "Bad Romance" to become the most viewed, and also the most disliked YouTube video ever.[56][57] However, Taylor Swift's Blank Space surpassed its number of views in 2015.[58] In September 2010, it was reported that Bieber accounted for three per cent of all traffic on Twitter, according to an employee of the social-networking site.[59]

text: In Bieber's second album, because of puberty, his voice was deeper than it was in his first album.[60] In April 2010, the singer discussing his vocals remarked, "It cracks. Like every teenage boy, I'm dealing with it and I have the best vocal coach in the world. [...] Some of the notes I hit on 'Baby' I can't hit any more. We have to lower the key when I sing live."[61] Bieber guest-starred in the season premiere of the CBS crime drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, which aired on September 23, 2010. He played a "troubled teen who is faced with a difficult decision regarding his only brother", who is also a serial bomber. Bieber was also in a subsequent episode which aired on February 17, 2011, in which his character is killed.[62] Bieber performed a medley of "U Smile", "Baby", and "Somebody to Love" and briefly played the drums at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010.[63] Bieber announced in October 2010 that he would be releasing an acoustic album, called My Worlds Acoustic.[64] It was released on November 26, 2010 in the United States and featured acoustic versions of songs from his previous albums, and accompanied the release of a new song titled "Pray".[65]

text: A 3-D part-biopic, part-concert film starring Bieber entitled Justin Bieber: Never Say Never, was released on February 11, 2011, directed by Step Up 3D director Jon Chu. It topped the box office with an estimated gross of $12.4 million on its opening day from 3,105 theatres.[66] It grossed $30.3 million for the weekend and was narrowly beaten by the romantic comedy Just Go with It, which grossed $31 million.[67] Never Say Never reportedly exceeded industry expectations, nearly matching the $31.1 million grossed by Miley Cyrus's 2008 3-D concert film, Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert, which holds the record for the top debut for a music-documentary.[68] Never Say Never grossed a total of $98,441,954 worldwide.[69] The film is accompanied by his second remix album, Never Say Never – The Remixes, released February 14, 2011, and features remixes of songs from his debut album, with guest appearances from Miley Cyrus, Chris Brown, and Kanye West, among others.[70] One song from the album, "That Should Be Me (remix)", featured with American country band Rascal Flattts, won him his first award in country music for Collaborative Video of the Year in CMT Music Awards in June 2011. Time magazine named Bieber one of the 100 most influential people in the world on their annual list.[71] In June 2011, Bieber was ranked No. 2 on the Forbes list of Best-Paid Celebrities under 30. He is the youngest star, and 1 of 7 musicians on the list, having raked in $53 million in a 12-month period.[72] The same month, his collaborative single "Next to You" with American singer Chris Brown has released. The unfinished video for that song was leaked online on June 6, and the official video was released on June 17. On November 1, 2011, Bieber released the Christmas-themed Under the Mistletoe, his second studio album. It debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200, selling 210,000 copies in its first week of release.[73] The first single from the album, "Mistletoe" peaked at number one on the US Billboard Holiday Digital Songs chart.[74] Bieber re-recorded Mariah Carey's single "All I Want For Christmas Is You" with Carey as well for the album.[75]

text: 2011–2015: Believe, Journals, and other appearances

text: In late 2011, Bieber began recording his third studio album, entitled Believe. The following week, Bieber appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show to announce that the first single would be called "Boyfriend" and would be released on March 26, 2012.[76] The song debuted at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, selling a total of 521,000 digital units, the second-highest-ever debut digital sales week.[77] Bill Werde of Billboard noted that it failed to debut at number one because the digital download of the track was available only through iTunes Store, "restricting the buying option for those that do not frequent the Apple retail store".[78] "Boyfriend" became Bieber's first single ever to reach the top position on the Canadian Hot 100 by debuting at number one and staying on for one week.[77] Bieber featured in American hip hop group Far East Movement's song "Live My Live" from their fourth studio album Dirty Bass in February 2012. The song has emerged online, five days before its scheduled release date.[79]

text: His third studio album, Believe was released on June 19, 2012, by Island Records. The album marks a musical departure from the teen pop sound of his previous releases, and incorporates elements of dance-pop and R&B genres.[80] Intent on developing a more "mature" sound, Bieber collaborated with a wide range of urban producers for the release as well as some long-time collaborators, including Darkchild, Hit-Boy, Diplo, and Max Martin. Entertainment Weekly praised Bieber's musical shift, calling the album both a "reinvention and a reintroduction".[81] Rolling Stone noted the deeper voice and more "intense" beats found on the album, although it lampooned one of his euphemisms for newfound sexual maturity ("If you spread your wings, you can fly away with me").[82] Believe debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, becoming his fourth number-one album.[83][84][85] The album sold 57,000 copies in its first week in Canada, debuting atop the Canadian Albums Chart.[86] Bieber was featured on "Beautiful", the single from Carly Rae Jepsen' second studio album, Kiss.[87] In 2012, he was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal.

text: The Believe Tour, which further promoted the album, began in September 2012 in Glendale, Arizona.[88] On December 14, 2012, Bieber appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, where he announced plans to release an acoustic album titled Believe Acoustic, which was released on January 29, 2013.[89]

text: Bieber returned to Saturday Night Live as the host and musical guest on the February 9, 2013 episode. His appearance was panned by critics[90][91] and cast members, including Kate McKinnon, who stated that Bieber was not comfortable with his hosting duties, and Bill Hader, who stated that he did not enjoy the presence of Bieber or his entourage. Hader added that in his eight years on the program, Bieber was the only host who lived up to his reputation.[92][93]

text: On March 7, 2013, Bieber fainted backstage at London's O2 Arena after complaining of breathing problems throughout his performance and was taken to the hospital.[94] Bieber cancelled his second Lisbon, Portugal concert at the Pavilhão Atlântico, which was to be held on March 12, because of low ticket sales. The concert on March 11 went on.[95] In mid-August 2013, a remixed duet version of Michael Jackson's previously unreleased song "Slave To The Rhythm", featuring Justin Bieber leaked online.[96] In response to criticism over this remix, the MJ Estate had not authorized release of this recording, and has since made attempts to remove the song from as many sites and YouTube channels as possible.[97] Later, a song titled "Twerk" by rapper Lil Twist, featuring Bieber as well as Miley Cyrus, also leaked.[98] In September, Bieber was featured in Maejor Ali' song "Lolly" with Juicy J.[99]

text: On October 3, 2013, Bieber announced that he would release a new song every Monday for 10 weeks as a lead-up to the film Justin Bieber's Believe, which entered production in May 2012 and was released on December 25, 2013. The film is a follow-up to Justin Bieber: Never Say Never, and Jon M. Chu returned to direct.[100][101][102] The first song of Music Mondays, "Heartbreaker", was released on October 7. The second song, "All That Matters", was released on October 14, followed by "Hold Tight" on October 21, "Recovery" on October 28, "Bad Day" on November 4, and "All Bad" on November 11. The seventh song, "PYD" featuring R. Kelly, was released on November 18; it was followed by "Roller Coaster" on November 25, and "Change Me" on December 2. The final song, "Confident" featuring Chance the Rapper, was released on December 9, 2013. That same day, it was announced that all 10 tracks will be featured on an upcoming collection called Journals. It reportedly featured five additional unreleased songs, a music video for "All That Matters", and a trailer for Believe. Journals was only available for purchase via iTunes for a limited time only: from December 23, 2013, to January 9, 2014. The titles of the five new additional songs are: "One Life", "Backpack" featuring Lil Wayne, "What's Hatnin' " featuring Future, "Swap It Out", and "Memphis" featuring Big Sean and Diplo.[103] Bieber released a song titled "Home to Mama" featuring Australian singer Cody Simpson in November 2014.[104] The same month, Bieber topped Forbes' The Highest-Earning Celebrities Under 30 annual list.[105]

text: Because of the disbanding of Universal Music's division, The Island Def Jam Music Group, in April 2014, Bieber and a number of artists were subsequently transferred to a UMG related division Def Jam Recordings, causing Bieber and the other artists to no longer be signed to Island Records.[106][107]

text: In February 2015, Bieber released a song "Where Are Ü Now", with Jack Ü.[108] The song won a Grammy for Best Dance Recording at the 2016 Grammy Awards. In March 2015, Bieber made an appearance in the music video for Carly Rae Jepsen's single "I Really Like You".[109]

text: In March 2015 Bieber was the featured roastee in Comedy Central's annual roast special.[110] Bieber filmed an episode for the Fox TV reality series Knock Knock Live, and aired before the show was cancelled after two episodes.

text: 2015–present: Purpose, collaborations and upcoming fifth studio album

text: On August 28, 2015, Bieber released a new single titled "What Do You Mean?" as the lead single from his fourth studio album Purpose. The song is a blend of teen pop, electronic dance music and acoustic R&B and became Bieber's first number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100.[111] He became the youngest male artist to debut at the top of that chart, earning him a Guinness World Record. On October 23, 2015, Bieber released the album's second single titled "Sorry" as an instant download, with the pre-order of the album on iTunes. The song debuted at number two on the Billboard Hot 100.[112] After eight non-consecutive weeks at number two, on the week charting January 23, 2016, "Sorry" climbed to the top spot of the chart and became Bieber's second number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100. The third single from Purpose, "Love Yourself" also peaked at number one in the US, making Bieber the first male artist in almost a decade to have three number-ones from an album since Justin Timberlake last did it with his album FutureSex/LoveSounds in 2006/2007. "Company" was announced as the fourth single on March 8, 2016. On February 12, 2016, Bieber's first four albums were released on vinyl for the first time.[113]

text: Purpose was released on November 13, 2015, and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, becoming Bieber's sixth album to debut at the top of that chart.[114][115] It was the fourth best-selling album of 2015 with worldwide sales of 3.1 million copies.[116] As of June 2016, it had sold 4.5 million copies globally.[117] On November 11, 2015, Bieber announced he will embark on the Purpose Tour. The tour started in Seattle, Washington on March 9, 2016.[118] On July 24, 2017, Bieber cancelled the remaining dates of his Purpose Tour "due to unforeseen circumstances."[119][120]

text: On July 22, 2016, Bieber released a new single with Major Lazer and MØ titled "Cold Water". It debuted at number two, on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Bieber's third number-two debut on the chart, passing Mariah Carey's record to become the artist with the most number-two debuts; he also leads with the most top-two debuts at five.[121] In August 2016, French DJ DJ Snake and Bieber released their collaborative song "Let Me Love You" The song peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100.[122] Bieber and Post Malone released Deja Vu as the fourth single from Malone's debut album Stoney in September 2016.[123] He appears in the documentary Bodyguards: Secret Lives from the Watchtower.[124]

text: On April 16, 2017, Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee released a remix for their song "Despacito" featuring Justin Bieber. The song was Justin's first release in 2017 and the first in which he sings in Spanish.[125] The remix boosted the original song to the Hot 100's Top 10, being the first mostly Spanish language top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 since Macarena in 1996.[126] The remix is the most viewed song of all time on the crowdsourced media knowledge base Genius, with 21.2 million views.[127]

text: Bieber, along with Quavo, Chance the Rapper, and Lil Wayne provided vocals on DJ Khaled's single "I'm the One", released on April 28, 2017. The song reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.[128] One week later, Despacito topped the charts in the US, making the single the first mostly Spanish-language Hot 100 No. 1 in more than 20 years, becoming his fifth number one single and it made Bieber the first artist ever to notch new No. 1s in back-to-back weeks.[129] On June 9, 2017, French DJ David Guetta's single "2U", in which Bieber was featured, was released. The music video to "2U" is Victoria's Secret models lip synching to the song.[130][131][132]

text: On August 17, 2017, Bieber released the single "Friends" with American record producer and songwriter BloodPop. Songwriters Julia Michaels and Justin Tranter reunited with Bieber to construct the song, just as they helped create his single "Sorry" in 2015 on his studio album Purpose.[133] Bieber did not attend the 2018 Grammy Awards Show to perform the nominated song "Despacito", claiming that he would not make any award show appearances until his next album was finished.[134]

text: In July 2018, Bieber reunited with DJ Khaled in "No Brainer" co-featuring Chance The Rapper and Quavo. He also featured in the accompanying music video.[135]

text: Artistry

text: Musical style

text: Bieber's music is mainly pop, while he also incorporates elements of R&B. In 2010, Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone asserted that the content of his music was "offering a gentle introduction to the mysteries and heartaches of adolescence: songs flushed with romance but notably free of sex itself".[136] In January 2012, Bieber told V magazine that he doesn't want to sing about sex, drugs and swearing. He stated "I want to do it at my own pace. I don’t want to start singing about things like sex, drugs and swearing. I’m into love, and maybe I’ll get more into making love when I’m older. But I want to be someone who is respected by everybody."[137] But since then, Bieber gradually altered his artistry, with Peter Gicas of E! Online describing "PYD" as "sexed-up", while In Touch Weekly magazine describing his song with Maejor Ali and Juicy J "Lolly" might make his fans a bit uncomfortable because of its lyrics.[138][139] After his hit in 2015 on Jack Ü's track Where R Ü Now, Bieber released the EDM-fuelled album Purpose a collaboration with Diplo, DJ Snake and Major Lazer.[140]

text: Influences

text: Bieber has cited The Beatles, Boyz II Men, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson, Justin Timberlake, and Usher as his musical inspirations.[141][142][143] Bieber stated My World 2.0 was influenced by Timberlake.[144]

text: Voice

text: Bieber initially sang with a boy soprano voice,[145] before his voice broke, as was evidenced during a performance of "Pray" at the 2010 American Music Awards. Sean Michaels of The Guardian described puberty as "the biggest threat to his career" at the time.[146] Jody Rosen commented that Bieber sings with "swing and rhythmic dexterity" on his debut album, noting his tone to be "nasal".[136]

text: Bieber started to receive voice coaching from Jan Smith in 2008.[147]

text: As an adult singer, Bieber's voice type is tenor.[148][149] In a review of his Purpose album, Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph complimented his "soft, supple and seductive singing."[150] Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian also praised Bieber’s "affectedly breathy voice", noting that "the voice soon palls, but the songs are often interesting."[151]

text: Business ventures and endorsements

text: Bieber endorsed Adidas, beside Derrick Rose and Venus Williams, in 2012.[152] He became the new "face" and "body" of Calvin Klein in early 2015.[153] In June 2015, Bieber teamed up with StarShop, a new shopping app launched by Kevin Harrington.[154] In January 2015, Entertainment Tonight reported that entertainer Justin Bieber had used MYO-X, a dietary supplement, in preparation for a Calvin Klein underwear photo shoot.[155] Bieber was criticized for "…hyping the latest 'miracle' supplement MYO-X, to his 59 million Twitter fans."[156] Bieber endorses Beats By Dre, Elizabeth Arden and Best Buy.[157][158]

text: He has bandwagoned four fragrances as of 2014.[159] He launched his debut fragrance, Someday, in 2011;[159] it grossed more than three million US dollars in sales, at Macy's, in just under three weeks, which industry experts regard as a successful celebrity-led launch.[160] On the heels of that 2011 best-seller, he launched his second fragrance, Girlfriend, in June 2012.[161] His third fragrance, The Key, was launched in July 2013,[162] and his latest fragrance, Justin Bieber Collector's Edition, launched in 2014.

text: Public image

text: General

text: Usher commented that while he and Bieber were both signed at the same age, "I had the chance to ramp up my success, where this has happened to Bieber abruptly". As a result, Usher, Braun, Bieber's bodyguard, and other adults surrounding Bieber constantly coach him on handling fame and his public image.[22] After signing Bieber, Usher appointed one of his former assistants, Ryan Good, to be Bieber's road manager and stylist. Good, once nicknamed Bieber's "swagger coach", created a "streetwise look" for the singer which consisted of baseball caps, hoodies, dog chains, and flashy sneakers. Amy Kaufman of The Los Angeles Times comments, "Though a product of a middle-class suburban upbringing in Stratford, Ontario, Bieber's manner of dress and speech ('Wassup man, how you doin'?' or 'It's like, you know, whateva' ') suggest he's mimicking his favourite rappers."[163] In 2013, Bieber said that he was "very influenced by black culture", but he neither thought "of it as black or white" nor tried to "act or pose in a certain way". To him, it was "a lifestyle—like a suaveness or a swag".[164] Wax statues of him with his hairstyle from that of his earlier career are on display at the Madame Tussauds wax museums in Amsterdam, London, and New York City.[165]

text:
"He's the only person in humanity who's grown up the way he has – with smartphones and cameras on him 24/7 ... Another kid can go out and have a good night on the town, and no one gives a crap, but Justin is the most Googled person on the planet – for four years straight!"
Scooter Braun, Bieber's manager, in 2013[164]

tag: div

text: Bieber was often featured in teen magazines, such as Tiger Beat,[22] and has been labelled as a "teen heartthrob".[166] In 2010, he was frequently criticized for looking and sounding younger than his age,[167] and the following year for an androgynous appearance, which had been commonly noted in the media, including his appearance on the cover of LOVE magazine's androgyny issue in 2011.[168] His teen-pop music, image (especially as a heartthrob to girls), and the media attention he receives have additionally been criticized.[167] He has been a target of Internet bloggers and message board posters, especially users of the Internet message board 4chan and of YouTube.[169] Nick Collins of The Daily Telegraph said that "Bieber's character appears to strike a particularly sour note with his Internet critics" who have questioned his manner of speech, among other things.[167]

text: YouTube and Twitter

text:
Bieber's early fanbase developed on YouTube and predated the release of his debut album My World.[170] According to Jan Hoffman of The New York Times, part of Bieber's appeal stems from his YouTube channel. Chicago Tribune noted that Bieber's fanbase, "Beliebers", was among the top words of 2010.[171] Long before the November 2009 release of My World, his YouTube videos attracted millions of views.[22] Braun recognized the appeal. Before flying him to Atlanta, Braun wanted to "build him up more on YouTube first" and had Bieber record more home videos for the channel. "I said: 'Justin, sing like there’s no one in the room. But let's not use expensive cameras.' We'll give it to kids, let them do the work, so that they feel like it's theirs", recalled Braun.[22] Bieber continues to upload videos to the same channel and has opened a Twitter account, from which he interacts with fans regularly;[27] his account was reported to have more than six million followers in November 2010.[172] Bieber surpassed Lady Gaga for having the most followed person on Twitter in January 2013. In early November 2013, Katy Perry surpassed him for having the most followers.[173] As of 2017, Bieber remains the second most followed user of Twitter, while his VEVO channel made him the third most subscribed user of YouTube until by 2018 where it became the second most subscribed user of YouTube.
The music video for Bieber's song "Baby" is the most disliked on YouTube, receiving over 7.8 million dislikes since its upload in 2010, as of  2017[update].[174] Guinness Book of World Records listed "Baby" as the most disliked video on YouTube and on the Internet as of 2013[175] and six of Bieber's music videos (more than any other artist) listed in the top 40 most disliked videos on YouTube.[176] Bieber was frequently a trending topic on Twitter when the feature first launched[177] because his fans frequently discussed him on the network,[178] and he was named the top trending star on Twitter in 2010;[179] Klout gave his account a score of 100.[180][181] In April 2013, the social media analysis company Socialbakers concluded that 16.7 million of Bieber's 37 million Twitter followers are not genuine.[182][183]

text: Personal life

text: As Bieber resides in the United States, he is reported to possess an O-1 visa for temporary resident status, based on "extraordinary ability or achievement" in a field.[184] Bieber has stated that he is not interested in obtaining US citizenship. He has praised Canada as being "the best country in the world" citing its government-run health care system as a model example.[185] In September 2018, TMZ reported that Bieber had begun the process of becoming an American citizen upon marriage to Hailey Baldwin.[186]

text: Relationships

text: Bieber's father, Jeremy Bieber, is a former carpenter and pro-am mixed martial artist. In March 2014, Rolling Stone characterized Jeremy as having "split with Justin's mom when Justin was a toddler, and wasn't always around afterward. But he has, as of late, accepted a place of honor in his superstar son's entourage".[187]

text: In December 2010, Bieber began dating Selena Gomez. After separating in November 2012, they reconciled a few weeks later before splitting up again in January 2013.[188][189][190][191][192] They later reconciled for a few months in each of 2013, 2014, and 2015.[193][194] Late in 2017, it was reported that they had gotten back together again. However, they broke up again in March 2018.[195][196]

text: As of July 7, 2018, Bieber is engaged to American model and television personality Hailey Baldwin.[197] They had briefly dated from December 2015 to January 2016 before splitting, then reconciled in May 2018. Bieber and Baldwin obtained a marriage license in September 2018,[198] leading to reports that they had a civil marriage ceremony at that time, with a religious ceremony to come shortly.[199] On September 14, Baldwin stated on Twitter that she and Bieber had not yet married, and were planning for the upcoming ceremony.[199]

text: Beliefs

text: Bieber's mother is Christian and raised him in that faith.[200] Bieber has described himself as a faithful adherent of Christianity, said he communicates with God via prayer, and that "he's the reason I'm here".[201] He reflected his faith in a music video with Brandon Burke, titled "#iPledge", in which he talks about God's forgiveness.[202] He was baptized by Pentecostal pastor Carl Lentz of Hillsong Church New York, who is a close friend, on January 9, 2014, after a born again experience.[203][204] On his Purpose tour he invited his pastor Judah Smith up on stage.[200] Many of Bieber's tattoos have religious significance including the medium-sized cross on his chest and a tiny cross under his eye. Bieber also covered up the "Son of God" text tattooed on his abdomen with a large design that features two angels, gothic arches, a skeleton and a serpent.[205]

text: Regarding sexual abstinence, Bieber told music magazine Rolling Stone in 2011, "I don't think you should have sex with anyone unless you love them." He added that he does not "believe in abortion", and that it is "like killing a baby." When asked about the case of abortion with regard to rape, however, he said, "I guess I haven't been in that position, so I wouldn't be able to judge that."[185][206] His view on sexual orientation is quoted as "everyone's own decision",[207] and he has contributed to the It Gets Better Project,[208] a non-profit group aiming to prevent suicide among LGBT youth.[209]

text: Philanthropy

text: Bieber supports Pencils of Promise,[210] a charity founded by Adam Braun, the younger brother of Bieber's manager. The organization builds schools in developing countries, and Bieber became manager for the organization's campaign in Guatemala. He serves as a celebrity spokesman for the organization[211] by running ads for the charity and its campaign "Schools4All".[212][213] He promises to visit schools that donate the most funds to the organization.[214] He takes part in the charity's fund-raising galas and donates parts of the proceeds from his concerts and Someday line of fragrances,[215] and various merchandising to the charity. He also appears in an animal welfare PSA for PETA encouraging people to volunteer at and adopt from animal shelters instead of buying pets from breeders or pet stores.[216] In 2013, Bieber launched his online #GiveBackPhilippines campaign for helping the victims of Typhoon Haiyan and travelled to Philippines after raising $3 million.[217] His work for The Philippines earned him a star on the Walk of Fame Philippines.[218] He also supports Children's Miracle Network Hospitals and Alzheimer's Association.[219][220]

text: Legal issues and controversies

text: Bieber had several run-ins with the law around the world before his first arrest in 2014,[221] including when he was accused of reckless driving in his neighbourhood in 2012, and charged in Brazil with vandalism in 2013.[221][222] One of his neighbours in Calabasas, California, accused Bieber of throwing eggs at his home on January 9, 2014, and causing thousands of dollars of damage.[221][223][224] On January 23, 2014, Bieber was arrested in Miami Beach, Florida, together with singer Khalil, on suspicion of driving under the influence (DUI), driving with an over six month expired license, and resisting arrest without violence.[222][225][226] Police said that Bieber told authorities he had consumed alcohol, smoked marijuana, and taken prescription drugs.[221] He has been released from these charges on a $2,500 bond.[227] A toxicology report revealed that Bieber had THC (a principal constituent of cannabis) and the anti-anxiety medication Xanax in his system at the time of his arrest.[228][229]

text: Following Bieber's arrest on the DUI charge, more than 270,000 people petitioned the White House seeking to have him deported from the United States. Although the number of signatures received was sufficient to require a response under published White House guidelines, the Obama Administration declined substantive comment on the petition.[230] Immigration Law expert Harlan York noted that the likelihood of Bieber being deported was extremely slim. York stated, "About a decade ago, the Supreme Court ruled that driving under the influence, typically, is not a basis to deport someone."[231]

text: On July 9, 2014, Bieber was charged with one misdemeanour count of vandalism in California for throwing eggs at his Calabasas neighbour's home in January.[224][232][233] Police earlier claimed that they had video footage of him high-fiving friends after the eggs were thrown.[224][234] With him pleading no contest to the charge, the Los Angeles County Superior Court sentenced him on July 9 to pay US$80,900 in restitution, serve two years' probation, complete twelve weeks of anger management, and five days of community service in what the district attorney termed a negotiated settlement. Since then, he has permanently moved to Beverly Hills, California.[224][232][233]

text: On August 13, 2014, the January DUI case was settled with a plea bargain; Bieber pleaded guilty to resisting an officer without violence and a lesser charge of driving without due care and attention. He was fined US$500 and sentenced to attend a 12-hour anger management course and a program that teaches the impact of drunken driving on victims. As part of the plea bargain, he made a US$50,000 contribution to Our Kids, a local children's charity.[235][236]

text:
"I didn't want to come off arrogant or conceited, or basically how I've been acting the past year, year and a half ... although what's happened in the past has happened, I just want to ... be kind and loving and gentle and soft."
Bieber reflects in a video posted in January 2015[237]

text: On September 1, 2014, Bieber was arrested and charged with assault and dangerous driving near his hometown of Stratford, Ontario, after a collision between a minivan and Bieber's all-terrain vehicle on August 29. Ontario police said that he then "engaged in a physical altercation" with an occupant of the minivan. He was released shortly and his lawyer blamed the incident on "the unwelcome presence of paparazzi".[238][239] On September 8, Toronto dropped an assault charge against him originally brought up on January 29 for an incident with a limousine driver in December 2013.[240][241] In November 2014, he was ordered to appear in Argentina within 60 days by a Buenos Aires court to give testimony on an alleged assault on a photographer on November 9, 2013.[242] When he failed to do so, an arrest warrant was issued and two of his bodyguards were released in Argentina in April 2015.[243]

text: In June 2014, a video emerged of a 15-year-old Bieber telling a joke about black people, which used the word "nigger" multiple times.[244] In the same month, a second video showed a 15-year-old Bieber giggling as he croons his song "One Less Lonely Girl", but parodying the main lyric as "One less lonely nigger", and stating that if he were to kill one, he would be "part of the KKK".[245][246] He apologized the day the latter was released: "Facing my mistakes from years ago has been one of the hardest things I've ever dealt with."[247]

text: In July 2017, the Chinese government banned Justin Bieber from performing in China. A Chinese Bieber fan reached out to the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Culture requesting the reason for the ban. The Bureau released a statement, explaining "Justin Bieber is a gifted singer, but he is also a controversial young foreign singer", and "In order to maintain order in the Chinese market and purify the Chinese performance environment, it is not suitable to bring in badly behaved entertainers."[248][249]

text: Achievements

text: Throughout his career, Bieber has sold an estimated 140 million records,[250] and is one of the best-selling music artists globally.[251] On November 23, 2012, Bieber was presented with the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal by the Prime Minister of Canada, Stephen Harper. He was one of 60,000 Canadians to receive the Diamond Jubilee medal that year.[252] In 2013, Bieber received a Diamond award from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) to recognize his single "Baby" as the highest-certified digital song of all time.[253][254] Bieber has earned ten Grammy nominations (including one win),[255][256][257] two Brit awards,[258][259] four NRJ Music Award nominations (including three wins),[260][261][262] thirteen Billboard Music Awards,[263] and numerous fan voted accolades which include eight American Music Awards and[264] twenty Teen Choice Awards.[265] He also has won eighteen MTV Europe Music Awards, which is the most awards received by a single artist to date.[266]

text: On November 13, 2015, the release of Purpose marked his sixth album to debut at number one. He also became the first artist, since Elvis Presley in 2005, to replace his own song as number one on the UK Singles Chart.[267] As of 2016, Bieber has received fourteen titles in the Guinness World Records, which include eight that were achieved from the success of his album Purpose  and was featured in the 2017 Edition. These records included the most streamed track on Spotify in one week, the most streamed album on Spotify in one week, the most simultaneous tracks and most simultaneous new entries on the US Billboard Hot 100 by a solo artist, the first act to occupy all top three positions simultaneously on the UK Singles Chart, the most followers on Twitter by a male, the most viewed music channel on YouTube by an individual, and the most subscribers on YouTube for a musician by a male.[268]

text: Bieber was included among the top ten in The Highest-Paid Celebrities Under 30 annual list in the world by Forbes magazine. He has been listed six times in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2017.[269]

text: Discography

text:
My World 2.0 (2010)
Under the Mistletoe (2011)
Believe (2012)
Purpose (2015)

text: Filmography

text:
Justin Bieber: Never Say Never (2011)
Men in Black 3 (2012)
Katy Perry: Part of Me (2012)
Zendaya: Behind the Scenes (2012)
Justin Bieber's Believe (2013)
Behaving Badly (2014)
Zoolander 2 (2016)
Killing Hasselhoff (2017)

text: Tours

text:
Urban Behavior Tour (2009)
My World Tour (2010–2011)
Believe Tour (2012–2013)
Purpose World Tour (2016–2017)


document_title: Nina Simone Sings the Blues

question_text: who wrote i want a little sugar in my bowl

text: Nina Simone Sings the Blues

text: Song information[edit]

text:
"My Man's Gone Now", from the opera Porgy & Bess by George Gershwin.
"Backlash Blues", one of Simone's civil rights songs. The lyrics were written by her friend and poet Langston Hughes.
"I Want a Little Sugar in My Bowl", based on a song by Simone's great example, Bessie Smith, but with somewhat different lyrics.
"The House of the Rising Sun", previously recorded by Simone in 1962 on Nina At The Village Gate. After its cover by The Animals became a hit she re-recorded it. The fast-paced version on this album is completely different from the slow, intimate version Simone recorded earlier on Nina at the Village Gate (1962).

text: Track listing[edit]

text: No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Do I Move You?"Nina Simone2:462."Day and Night"Rudy Stevenson2:353."In the Dark"Lil Green2:574."Real Real"Nina Simone2:215."My Man's Gone Now"George Gershwin, DuBose Heyward4:166."Backlash Blues"Langston Hughes, Nina Simone2:317."I Want a Little Sugar in My Bowl"Nina Simone2:328."Buck"Andy Stroud1:529."Since I Fell for You"Buddy Johnson2:5210."The House of the Rising Sun"Traditional3:5311."Blues for Mama"Nina Simone, Abbey Lincoln4:00

tag: table

text: showBonus tracks on 2006 reissueNo.TitleWriter(s)Length12."Do I Move You?" (Second version)Nina Simone2:1713."Whatever I Am"Willie Dixon2:35

text: showAdditional tracks on The Blues (1991)No.TitleWriter(s)Length12."The Pusher" (from It Is Finished)Hoyt Axton4:5013."Turn Me On" (from Silk & Soul)John D. Loudermilk2:2414."It's Nobody's Fault But Mine" (from Nina Simone and Piano)Blind Willie Johnson2:5915."Go to Hell" (from Silk & Soul)Morris Bailey, Jr.2:4616."I Shall Be Released" (from To Love Somebody)Bob Dylan3:5117."Gin House Blues" (from 'Nuff Said!)Fletcher Henderson, Henry Troy3:08

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Tracks 1-12

text:
Nina Simone - vocals, piano
Eric Gale - guitar
Rudy Stevenson - guitar
Ernie Hayes - organ
Bob Bushnell - bass
Bernard Purdie - drums, timpani
Buddy Lucas - harmonica, tenor saxophone

text: Track 13

text:
Nina Simone - vocals, piano
Eric Gale - guitar
Everett Barksdale - guitar
Weldon Irvine - organ
Richard Tee - organ
Jerry Jemmott - bass
probably Bernard Purdie - drums
Gordon Powell - vibes, percussion
Montego Joe - percussion
George Devens - percussion
Joe Shepley, Jimmy Nottingham, Harold Johnson, Wilbur Bascomb - trumpets
Jimmy Cleveland, Richard Harris - trombones
Seldon Powell, George Coleman, Norris Turney, Haywood Henry - saxophones
Ralph H. Fields, Eileen Gilbert, Jerome Graff, Milt Grayson, Hilda Harris, Noah Hopkins, Maeretha Stewart, Barbara Webb - vocals
Arranged and conducted by Weldon Irvine


document_title: List of countries by proven oil reserves

question_text: country with largest oil reserves in the world

text: Countries[edit]

text: Reserves amounts are listed in millions of barrels (MMbbl).

text:
Proven reserves (millions of barrels)

U.S. EIA (start of 2017)[1]

OPEC (end of 2015)[2]

BP (end of 2015)[3]

Other

Country

Rank

Reserves

Rank

Reserves

Rank

Reserves

Source/Date

Reserves

 Venezuela (see: Oil reserves in Venezuela)
1
300,878
1
300,878
1
300,900

 Saudi Arabia (see: Oil reserves in Saudi Arabia)
2
266,455
2
266,455
2
266,600

 Canada (see: Oil reserves in Canada)
3
169,709
26
4,118[4]
3
172,200
Natural Resources Canada, end 2014[5]
171,000

 Iran (see: Oil reserves in Iran)

4

158,400

3

158,400

4

157,800

 Iraq (see: Oil reserves in Iraq)
5
142,503
4
142,503
5
143,100

 Kuwait (see: Oil reserves in Kuwait)
6
101,500
5
101,500
7
101,500

 UAE (see: Oil reserves in the United Arab Emirates)
7
97,800
6
97,800
8
97,800

 Russia (see: Oil reserves in Russia)
8
80,000
7
80,000
6
102,400

 Libya (see: Oil reserves in Libya)
9
48,000
8
74,363
9
78,400

 Nigeria (see: Oil reserves in Nigeria)
10
37,062
9
37,062
11
37,100

 United States (see: Oil reserves in the United States)
11
35,000
10
36,685
10
55,000
ENI, end of 2015[6]
43,629

 Kazakhstan
12
30,000
11
30,000
12
30,000

 China
13
25,620
13
25,132
14
18,500

 Qatar
14
25,244
12
25,244
13
25,244

 Brazil
15
12,999
14
16,184
15
13,000
ENI, end of 2015[6]
16,848

 Algeria
16
12,200
15
12,200
17
12,200

 Angola
17 / 18
8,273
17
9,524
16
12,700

 Ecuador
17 / 18
8,273
18
8,273
19 / 20
8,000

 Mexico (see: Oil reserves in Mexico)
19
7,300
16
9,711
18
10,800
PEMEX[7] Start of 2015
9.700

 Azerbaijan
20
7,000
19
7,000
21
7,000

 Norway
21
6,611
33
5,139
19 / 20
8,000

 Oman
22
5,373
21
5,306
23
5,300

 Sudan/South Sudan
23
5,000
32
5,000
24
Sudan 1,500 / S. Sudan 3,500

 India
24
4,600
20
5,680
22
5,680
ENI, end of 2015[6]
5,692

 Egypt
25 / 26
4,400
24 / 25
4,400
29
3,500

 Vietnam
25 / 26
4,400
24 / 25
4,400
25
4,000

 Indonesia
27 / 28
3,600
29
3,230
27 / 28
3,600
ENI, end of 2015[6]
3,497

 Malaysia
27 / 28
3,600
28
3,750
27 / 28
3,600
ENI, end of 2015[6]
5,542

 Yemen
29
3,000

30
3,000

 United Kingdom
30
2,564
30
2,755
31
2,800
UK Oil & Gas Authority, end 2015[8]
2,618

 Syria
31 / 32
2,500
31
2,500
32
2,500

 Uganda
31 / 32
2,500

 Argentina
33
2,185
32
2,380
33
2,400
Argentine Petroleum Institute[9]
2,330

 Colombia
34
2,002
33
2,308
34
2,300

 Gabon
35
2,000
34
2,000
35
2,000

 Australia
36
1,821
27
3,982
26
4,000
Geoscience Australia[10] end of 2014
4,002

 Congo, Republic of the (Brazzaville)
37
1,600

36
1,600

 Chad
38
1,500

37
1,500

 Brunei
39 / 40
1,100
35
1,100
39 / 40
1,100

 Equatorial Guinea
39 / 40
1,100

39 / 40
1,100

 Ghana (see: Oil reserves in Ghana)
41
660

 Romania
42 / 43
600

42 / 46
600

 Turkmenistan
42 / 43
600
36
600
42 / 46
600

 Uzbekistan
44
594
37
594
42 / 46
600

 Italy
45
557

42 / 46
600
ENI, end of 2015[6]
595

 Denmark
46
491
38
511
42 / 46
600
ENI, end of 2015[6]
550

 Peru
47
473

38
1,400
ENI, end of 2015[6]
1,489

 Tunisia
48
425

47 / 48
400

 Thailand
49
396

47 / 48
400

 Ukraine
50
395
39
395

 Pakistan
51
350

ENI, end of 2015[6]
236

 Turkey
52
300

ENI, end of 2015[6]
284

 Trinidad and Tobago
53
243

41
700
ENI, end of 2015[6]
830

 Bolivia
54
211

ENI, end of 2015[6]
210

 Cameroon
55
200

 Belarus
56
198
40
198

 Congo, Democratic Republic of the (Kinshasa)
57
180

 Albania
58
168

 Papua New Guinea
59
159

ENI, end of 2015[6]
158

 Chile
60 / 62
150

 Niger
60 / 62
150

 Spain
60 / 62
150

 Germany
63
145

ENI, end of 2015[6]
229

 Myanmar
64
139

 Philippines
65
139

 Poland
66
138

ENI, end of 2015[6]
151

 Bahrain
67
125

 Cuba (see: Oil reserves in Cuba)
68
124

ENI, end of 2015[6]
124

 Netherlands
69
113

ENI, end of 2015[6]
141

 Ivory Coast
70
100

 Suriname
70
83.9

 Guatemala
71
83.1

 France
72
72.4

 Serbia
73
77.5

 Croatia
74
71.0

 New Zealand
75
56.9

 Japan
76
44.1

 Austria
77
43.0

 Kyrgyzstan
78
40.0

 Georgia
79
35.0

 Bangladesh
80
28.0

 Hungary
81
25.1

ENI, end of 2015[6]
35

 Mauritania
82
20.0

 Bulgaria
83 / 85
15.0

 Czech Republic
83 / 85

15.0

 South Africa
83 / 85

15.0

 Israel
86
12.7

ENI, end of 2015[6]
12

 Lithuania
87 / 88
12.0

 Tajikistan
87 / 88
12.0

 Greece
89
10.0

 Slovakia
90
9.00

 Benin
91
8.00

 Belize
92
6.70

 Taiwan
93
2.38

 Barbados
94
2.08

 Jordan
95
1.00

ENI, end of 2015[6]
1

 Morocco
96
0.68

 Ethiopia
97
0.43

 Afghanistan

0

US Geological Survey[11]
80

World total

1,726,685

1,481,526

1,697,600

text: Different sources[edit]

text: Sources sometimes differ on the volume of proven oil reserves. The differences sometimes result from different classes of oil included, and sometimes result from different definitions of proven.

text: Comparison of proven oil reserves from some widely used sources (billions of barrels, as of 31 Dec. 2014/1 Jan. 2015)

text:
Source

Canada

Iran

Russia

Saudi Arabia

United States

Venezuela

BP[12]

172.9

157.8

103.2

267.0

48.5

298.3

OPEC[13]

4.2[4]

157.5

80.0

266.6

36.5

300.0

US Central Intelligence Agency[14]

171.0

157.8

103.2

268.3

36.5

298.4

US Energy Information Administration[15]

172.5

157.8

80.0

268.3

39.9

298.4


document_title: Nepal Rastra Bank

question_text: who appoints the governer of nepal rastra bank

text: Nepal Rastra Bank

text: Regional offices[edit]

text: It has seven regional offices, located at Biratnagar, Janakpur, Birgunj, Pokhara, Siddharthanagar, Nepalgunj, and Dhangadhi.[5]

text: Governors of Nepal Rastra Bank[edit]

text: The Governor of the Central Bank of Nepal Rastra Bank functions as the chief executive of the central bank of Nepal. Prior to its establishment, the responsibilities of the central bank (mainly issuing of currency) were held by the Central Treasury of Nepal, Sadar Muluki Khana from September 1945 to February 1960.[6]

text:
List of Sadar Muluki Khanas[6]

No.
Name of Khajanchees
Term of office

1.
Janak Raj Pandit

2.
Bharat Raj Pandit
until 22 January 1952

3.
Narendra Raj Pandit
22 January 1952 – 25 April 1956

text:
List of Governors of Nepal Rastra Bank[7]

No.
Name of Governor
Term of office

1.
Himalaya Shamsher J.B. Rana
26 April 1956 – 7 February 1961

2.
Laxmi Nath Gautam
8 February 1961 – 17 June 1965

3.
Pradyuma Lal Rajbhandari
18 June 1965 – 13 August 1966

4.
Bhekh Bahadur Thapa
14 August 1966 – 26 July 1967

5.
Yadav Prasad Pant
24 April 1968 – 28 April 1973

6.
Kul Shekhar Sharma
29 April 1973 – 12 December 1978

vacant[citation needed]
13 December 1978 – 12 June 1979

7.
Kalyana Bikram Adhikary
13 June 1979 – 8 December 1984

vacant[citation needed]
9 December 1984 – 24 March 1985

8.
Ganesh Bahadur Thapa
25 March 1985 – 22 June 1990

vacant[citation needed]
23 June 1990 – 9 August 1990

9.
Hari Shankar Tripathi
10 August  1990 – 17 January 1995

10.
Satyendra Pyara Shrestha
18 January 1995 – 17 January 2000

11.
Tilak Bahadur Rawal
31 January 2000 – 28 August 2000

12.
Deependra Purush Dhakal
August 29, 2000 – April 8, 2001

(11.)
Tilak Bahadur Rawal
9 April 2001 – 17 January 2005

13.
Bijaya Nath Bhattarai
18 January 2005 – 15 January 2009

Krishna Bahadur Manandhar[a]
5 July 2007 - 15 January 2009

14.
Deependra Bahadur Kshetry
January 16, 2009 – July 26, 2009

(13.)
Bijaya Nath Bhattarai
26 July 2009 – 30 January 2010

vacant[citation needed]
31 January 2010 – March 21, 2010

15.
Yuba Raj Khatiwada
22 March 2010 – 19 March 2015

16.
Chiranjivi Nepal
since 20 March 2015

text: Board of Directors[edit]

text: The Governor of Nepal Rastra Bank chairs the Board of Directors, composed of a Secretary of the Ministry of Finance, two deputy Governors, and three other members with background in Economics, Monetary, Banking, Finance and Commercial Laws. All are appointed by the Government of Nepal for a tenure of five years.[8]

text: Current Board of Directors[edit]

text:
Chiranjivi Nepal
Governor and Chairman
since 22 March 2015

Rajan Khanal
Secretary at the Ministry of Finance
since 9 April 2018

Chinta Mani Siwakoti
Deputy Governor
since 2 March 2016

Shiba Raj Shrestha
Deputy Governor
since 2 March 2016

Sri Ram Poudyal
Member
since 16 April 2017

Ramjee Regmi
Member
since 16 April 2017

Subodh Kumar Karna
Member
since 24 April 2018

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Acting Governor of Nepal Rastra Bank who signed on note.[citation needed]

tag: ol


document_title: Daredevil (season 3)

question_text: when will season 3 of daredevil be released

text: Daredevil (season 3)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Toa Fraser and Alex Garcia Lopez directed episodes in the season.[1][2]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock / Daredevil[3]
Deborah Ann Woll as Karen Page[3]
Elden Henson as Franklin "Foggy" Nelson[3]
Vincent D'Onofrio as Wilson Fisk / Kingpin[3]
Wilson Bethel[4]
Jay Ali as Rahul "Ray" Nadeem[5]

text: Notable guests[edit]

text:
Amy Rutberg as Marci Stahl[6]
Danny Johnson as Benjamin Donovan[7]
Annabella Sciorra as Rosalie Carbone[8]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: At San Diego Comic-Con International 2016, Marvel and Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a third season, with the expectation that Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez would return as showrunners from the second season.[9] In October 2017, it was announced that Erik Oleson would replace Petrie and Ramirez as showrunner for the season.[3]

text: Writing[edit]

text: The ending of the miniseries The Defenders, which sees Matt Murdock waking up in a convent surrounded by nuns after being presumed dead, implied elements of the season would be inspired by the "Born Again" story arc.[10][11] Charlie Cox was excited to adapt "Born Again", calling it "an amazing story" and that the implications of the story on the season "would be very exciting". He cautioned, however, that it would not be a "page-for-page" adaptation, "because if you do [that], then you become a foregone conclusion. There may be elements from "Born Again", but I'm sure there will be elements that are unfamiliar and surprising and different in order for the show to be compelling to fans who know the comics very well."[12]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Cox, Woll, Henson, and D'Onofrio all return in the season, reprising their roles as Matt Murdock / Daredevil, Karen Page, Franklin "Foggy" Nelson, and Wilson Fisk / Kingpin, respectively.[3] In November 2017, Wilson Bethel was cast as a new series regular, an FBI agent,[4] and in January 2018, Joanne Whalley was revealed to have been cast as Maggie, a nun who cares deeply about Murdock's safety,[13] and was mentioned at the end of The Defenders.[10] Jay Ali was cast as Rahul "Ray" Nadeem, another FBI agent, by March.[5]

text: Amy Rutberg also reprises her role as Marci Stahl in the season,[6] as does Danny Johnson as Benjamin Donovan.[7] Annabella Sciorra appears in the season as Rosalie Carbone, following up on her character's previous appearance in the second season of Luke Cage.[8]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the season began on November 13, 2017, in New York City.[14] A week of filming for the season in March 2018 took place in the town of Windham, New York, with set photos revealing that the town was representing Fagan Corners, Vermont,[15] the hometown of Karen Page in the comics.[16] The production paid for the renovation of a local store to portray a diner for the series, and used the town's emergency helicopter pad. Additional filming locations for the week included nearby ski areas and a country club.[15]

text: Release[edit]

text: The third season of Daredevil is scheduled to be released in 2018 on the streaming service Netflix, worldwide,[9][3] in Ultra HD 4K.[17] Initially thought to be releasing in 2017,[9] Netflix COO Ted Sarandos stated in July 2016 that the season would not debut until 2018 at the earliest, after The Defenders released on August 18, 2017.[18][19] Cox was hopeful the season would debut in 2018,[12] and in October 2017, Marvel revealed the season was indeed expected to release in 2018.[3]


document_title: Super Size Me

question_text: the guy who ate mcdonald's for a month and lost weight

question_tokens: the guy who ate mcdonald 's for a month and lost weight

text: Super Size Me

text: Synopsis

text: As the film begins, Spurlock is in physically above average shape according to his personal trainer. He is seen by three physicians (a cardiologist, a gastroenterologist, and a general practitioner), as well as a nutritionist and a personal trainer. All of the health professionals predict the "McDiet" will have unwelcome effects on his body, but none expected anything too drastic, one citing the human body as being "extremely adaptable". Prior to the experiment, Spurlock ate a varied diet but always had vegan evening meals to appease his girlfriend, Alexandra, a vegan chef. At the beginning of the experiment, Spurlock, who stood 6 feet 2 inches (188 cm) tall, had a body weight of 185 pounds (84 kg).

text: Experiment

text: Spurlock followed specific rules governing his eating habits:

text:
He must fully eat three McDonald's meals per day: breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
He must consume every item on the McDonald's menu at least once over the course of the 30 days (he managed this in nine days).
He must only ingest items that are offered on the McDonald's menu, including bottled water. All outside consumption of food is prohibited.
He must only Super Size the meal when offered; he may not request to Super Size items.
He will attempt to walk about as much as a typical United States citizen, based on a suggested figure of 5,000 standardized distance steps per day,[12] but he did not closely adhere to this, as he walked more while in New York than in Houston.

text: On February 1, Spurlock starts the month with breakfast near his home in Manhattan, where there is an average of four McDonald's locations (and 66,950 residents, with twice as many commuters) per square mile (2.6 km²). He aims to keep the distances he walks in line with the 5,000 steps (approximately two miles) walked per day by the average American.

text: Day 2 brings Spurlock's first (of nine) Super Size meal, at the McDonald's on 34th Street and Tenth Avenue, which happens to be a meal made of a Double Quarter Pounder with Cheese, Super Size French fries, and a 42-ounce Coke, which takes 22 minutes to eat. He experiences steadily increasing stomach discomfort during the process, and then vomits in the McDonald's parking lot.

text: After five days Spurlock has gained 9.5 pounds (4.3 kg) (from 185.5 to about 195 pounds). It is not long before he finds himself experiencing depression, and he claims that his bouts of depression, lethargy, and headaches could be relieved by eating a McDonald's meal. His general practitioner describes him as being "addicted". At his second weigh-in, he had gained another 8 pounds (3.6 kg), putting his weight at 203.5 pounds (92.3 kg). By the end of the month he weighs about 210 pounds (95 kg), an increase of about 24.5 pounds (about 11 kg). Because he could only eat McDonald's food for a month, Spurlock refused to take any medication at all. At one weigh-in Morgan lost 1 lb. from the previous weigh-in, and a nutritionist hypothesized that he had lost muscle mass, which weighs more than an identical volume of fat. At another weigh-in, a nutritionist said that he gained 17 pounds (7.7 kg) in 12 days.

text: Spurlock's girlfriend, Alexandra Jamieson, attests to the fact that Spurlock lost much of his energy and sex drive during his experiment. It was not clear at the time whether or not Spurlock would be able to complete the full month of the high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet, and family and friends began to express concern.

text: On Day 21, Spurlock has heart palpitations. His internist, Dr. Daryl Isaacs, advises him to stop what he is doing immediately to avoid any serious health problems. He compares Spurlock with the protagonist played by Nicolas Cage in the movie Leaving Las Vegas, who intentionally drinks himself to death in a matter of weeks. Despite this warning, Spurlock decides to continue the experiment.

text: On March 2, Spurlock makes it to day 30 and achieves his goal. In thirty days, he has "Supersized" his meals nine times along the way (five of which were in Texas, four in New York City). His physicians are surprised at the degree of deterioration in Spurlock's health. He notes that he has eaten as many McDonald's meals as most nutritionists say the ordinary person should eat in 8 years (he ate 90 meals, which is close to the number of meals consumed once a month in an 8-year period).

text: Findings

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The documentary's end text states that it took Spurlock 5 months to lose 20.1 pounds (9.1 kg) and another 9 months to lose the last 4.5 pounds (2.0 kg). His then-girlfriend Alex, now his ex-wife, began supervising his recovery with her "detox diet", which became the basis for her book, The Great American Detox Diet.[13]

text: The movie ends with a rhetorical question, "Who do you want to see go first, you or them?" This is accompanied by a cartoon tombstone, which reads "Ronald McDonald (1954–2012)", which originally appeared in The Economist in an article addressing the ethics of marketing to children.[14]

text: A short epilogue was added to the film. It showed that the salads can contain even more calories than burgers if the customer adds liberal amounts of cheese and dressing prior to consumption. Also, it described McDonald's discontinuation of the Super Size option six weeks after the movie's premiere, as well as its recent emphasis on healthier menu items such as salads, and the release of the new adult Happy Meal. McDonald's denied that these changes had anything to do with the film.

text: Reception

text: Super Size Me premiered at the 2004 Sundance Film Festival, where Morgan Spurlock won the Grand Jury Prize for directing the film.[15] The film opened in the U.S. on May 7, 2004, and grossed a total of $11,536,423 worldwide, making it the 22nd highest-grossing documentary film of all time.[16] It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary but lost to the film Born into Brothels. Super Size Me received two thumbs up on At the Movies with Ebert and Roeper. The film received overall positive reviews from critics, as well as movie-goers, and holds a 93% "Certified Fresh" rating on the film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes.

text: Caroline Westbrook for BBC News stated that the hype for the documentary was proper "to a certain extent", because of its serious message, and that, overall, the film's "high comedy factor and over-familiarity of the subject matter render it less powerful than other recent documentaries – but it still makes for enjoyable, thought-provoking viewing."[17] One reviewer said "he's telling us something everyone already knows: Fast food is bad for you."[18][dead link]

text: Robert Davis of Paste said the movie accomplished some of its goals and addressed an important topic, but at the same time sometimes looked more like a publicity stunt than a documentary. He primarily criticized the dramatic and unscientific approach of Super Size Me, saying Spurlock unnecessarily ate more than he had to and ignored his nutritionist's advice. Davis explained he would have been more interested had the documentary been about trying to eat as healthy as possible at McDonald's: "You could choose low-fat options, but it would be impossible to get enough vegetables and fiber, and the low-fat meal would be incredibly bland, the product of a system that has worked to optimize food delivery and consistency and, in doing so, has invented foods so devoid of flavor that they require dressings, oils, beef tallow and goopy coatings to make them more than just textured blobs. The industry has worked hard to convince consumers that these odd, sweet flavors are not only good but also unique, recognizable parts of a brand. Spurlock doesn’t attempt to convey this message, presumably because the affects [sic] of too few vegetables and too little fiber aren’t as dramatic as speedy weight-and-cholesterol gains."[19]

text: McDonald's UK responded that the author intentionally consumed an average of 5,000 calories per day and did not exercise, and that the results would have been the same regardless of the source of overeating.[20]

text: Counter-claims

text: In his reply documentary Fat Head, Tom Naughton "suggests that Spurlock's calorie and fat counts don't add up" and noted Spurlock's refusal to publish the Super Size Me food log. The Houston Chronicle reports: "Unlike Spurlock, Naughton has a page on his Web site that lists every item (including nutritional information) he ate during his fast-food month."[21]  About 1/3 of Spurlock's calories came from sugar. His nutritionist, Bridget Bennett, warned him about his excess intake of sugar from "milkshakes and Cokes". It is revealed toward the end of the movie that over the course of the diet, he consumed "over 30 pounds (14 kg) of sugar, and over 12 pounds (5.4 kg) of fat from their food". About 2000 calories in a lb. of sugar, of nearly 5000 calories consumed per day, accounted for just under 36% percent of his caloric intake.[original research?]

text: After eating exclusively at McDonald's for one month, Soso Whaley said, "The first time I did the diet in April 2004, I lost 10 pounds (going from 175 to 165) and lowered my cholesterol from 237 to 197, a drop of 40 points." Of particular note was that she exercised regularly and did not insist on consuming more food than she otherwise would. Despite eating at only McDonald's every day, she maintained her caloric intake at around 2,000 per day.[22]

text: After John Cisna, a high school science teacher, lost 60 pounds while eating exclusively at McDonald's for 180 days, he said, "I'm not pushing McDonald's. I'm not pushing fast food. I'm pushing taking accountability and making the right choice for you individually... As a science teacher, I would never show Super Size Me because when I watched that, I never saw the educational value in that... I mean, a guy eats uncontrollable amounts of food, stops exercising, and the whole world is surprised he puts on weight? What I'm not proud about is probably 70 to 80 percent of my colleagues across the United States still show Super Size Me in their health class or their biology class. I don't get it."[23]

text: Impact

text: Six weeks after the film's debut, McDonald's dropped its supersize portions.[24] In the United Kingdom, McDonald's publicized the website www.supersizeme-thedebate.co.uk, which included a response to and criticisms of the film.[25] In theaters in the UK, the company placed a brief ad in the film's trailers, pointing to the URL and stating "See what we disagree with. See what we agree with".

text: Internationally, Super Size Me was a major success in the box office of Australia.[26]  Thus, McDonald's in Australia took that documentary very seriously, and tried to respond. They created an advertising campaign that included three elements: two advertisements for TV and one produced to be shown in movie theaters.[26]

text: The film was the inspiration for the BBC television series The Supersizers... in which the presenters dine on historical meals and take medical tests to ascertain the impact on their health.[27]