document_title: Timeline of The Walt Disney Company

question_text: when did the original disney movies come out

text: Timeline of The Walt Disney Company

text: The Walt Disney Company was founded in 1923, and found much success under Walt Disney's leadership through his death in 1966.

text:
Year

Notable Business Events

Notable Theatrical Releases

Notable Theme Park/destination Openings

Other Premieres

1923

Walt Disney signed a contract with M.J. Winkler to produce a series of Alice Comedies, beginning the Disney company under its original name "Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio", with brothers Walt and Roy Disney, as equal partners.[1]

First Alice's comedy, Alice's Wonderland, was released

1926

"Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio" changes name to "The Walt Disney Studio" shortly after moving into the new studio on Hyperion Avenue in the Silver Lake district.

1927

Oswald the Lucky Rabbit debuts.

1928

Walt loses the Oswald's series contract.
Walt and Roy come up with Mickey and Minnie Mouse.

Mickey Mouse debuts in Plane Crazy
Steamboat Willie (the first synchronized sound cartoon)

1929

On December 16, "The Walt Disney Studio" is replaced by "Walt Disney Productions, Ltd". Three other companies, "Walt Disney Enterprises", "Disney Film Recording Company", and "Liled Realty and Investment Company", are also formed.

The Skeleton Dance (the first Silly Symphonies cartoon)

1930

Distribution moved to Columbia Pictures

The Mickey Mouse comic strips by Floyd Gottfredson

1931

1932

Distribution moved from Columbia Pictures to United Artists

Flowers and Trees (the first Technicolor cartoon and first animated short to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film of 1932)
Mickey's Revue (which features the premiere of Goofy, originally called "Dippy Dawg")

1933

Three Little Pigs (winner of Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film of 1933)

1934

The Wise Little Hen (which features the premiere of Donald Duck)
The Tortoise and the Hare (Winner of Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film of 1934)

1936

Distribution moved from United Artists to RKO Radio Pictures.

1937

Walt Disney's first feature film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

1938

On September 29, "Walt Disney Enterprises", "Disney Film Recording Company", and "Liled Realty and Investment Company" and "Walt Disney Productions, Ltd." are merged to form "Walt Disney Productions".

1940

Studio moves to Burbank, California
Company goes public

Pinocchio
Fantasia

1941

A bitter animators' strike occurs
The studio begins making morale-boosting propaganda films for the United States during World War II

Dumbo

1942

Bambi

Donald Duck comics by Carl Barks

1943

Saludos Amigos

1944

The company is short on money; a theatrical re-release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs generates much-needed revenue and begins a reissue pattern for the animated feature films.

1945

The Three Caballeros (The first live action/cartoons Disney film)

1946

Make Mine Music
Song of the South

1947

Fun and Fancy Free

1948

The True-Life Adventures nature film series begins; it lasts until 1960.

Melody Time
Seal Island

1949

The studio begins production on its first all-live action feature, Treasure Island

The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad

licensed Ice Capades Disney segment[2]

1950

Cinderella
Treasure Island (Disney's first live-action film)

1951

Alice in Wonderland

1952

Uncle Scrooge comics by Carl Barks

1953

"WED Enterprises" is formed to control the rights to "Disney" and hold the Disneyland design team. It will later own and operate several attractions inside Disneyland, including the Disneyland Monorail System and the Disneyland Railroad.
Disney makes the Disneyland programming deal with American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres to fund Disneyland.[3]
Other Disneyland investors were Walt Disney/WED and Western Publishing[4]

Peter Pan

1954

The studio ends its distribution deal with RKO Radio Pictures and founds Buena Vista Film Distribution Company, Inc. to distribute its feature films.

20,000 Leagues Under the Sea

Disneyland anthology TV series on ABC (First Disney TV program & Disneyland funding program)

1955

Lady and the Tramp

Disneyland opens in Anaheim, California.

The Mickey Mouse Club (ABC-TV)
Magic Kingdom (ABC Radio)[5]

1957

Old Yeller

Zorro  (ABC)

1959

Sleeping Beauty
The Shaggy Dog
Darby O'Gill and the Little People

1960

Pollyanna
Swiss Family Robinson

1961

The studio purchases the film and merchandise rights to A.A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh books, which are a huge source of revenue (as well as litigation issues) to this day.[6]

One Hundred and One Dalmatians
The Absent-Minded Professor
The Parent Trap

1963

The Sword in the Stone

Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room opens at Disneyland. This is the first attraction to feature audio-animatronics.

1964

Mary Poppins (the first Disney film to receive a Best Picture Academy Award nomination)

1965

Disney News begins publication

1966

September: Walt Disney is diagnosed with lung cancer; died on December 15.

Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree[6]

text: After Walt Disney's death in 1966, the company began a slow decline with no clear direction, which culminated in an unsuccessful greenmail attempt to buy the company from current shareholders.

text:
Year

Notable Business Events

Notable Theatrical Releases

Notable Theme Park/destination Openings

Other Premieres

1967

Construction begins on Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando, Florida; the underlying governmental structure, called the Reedy Creek Improvement District, is signed into law.

The Jungle Book

Pirates of the Caribbean opens at Disneyland

1968

Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day
The Love Bug

1969

The Haunted Mansion opens at Disneyland

1970

The Aristocats

The Mouse Factory

1971

Roy Oliver Disney dies; Donn Tatum becomes chairman and Card Walker becomes president
Eastern Airlines is branded as "The Official Airline of Walt Disney World"

Bedknobs and Broomsticks

The Walt Disney World Resort opens

1972

1973

Robin Hood

Schoolhouse Rock

1974

Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too

1975

Escape to Witch Mountain

1976

Freaky Friday

The Muppet Show

1977

Walt's nephew Roy E. Disney, resigns from the company citing a decline in overall product quality and issues with manager.

The Rescuers
Pete's Dragon
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh

1978

Return from Witch Mountain

1979

Don Bluth and 12 fellow animators leave Disney to found their own studio.

The Black Hole (the first PG-rated Disney film, reversing a G-only policy that began with the 1968 introduction of the MPAA ratings system)

1980

1981

Plans for a cable network are announced.
The first Walt Disney's World on Ice show, produced by Feld Entertainment under license by Walt Disney Productions, tours the United States.

The Fox and the Hound

Dumbo is the first animated Disney home video release

1982

The Coca-Cola Company has an unsuccessful buyout attempt for Disney.
Walt's son-in-law Ron W. Miller succeeds Card Walker as CEO.

Tron (Would belatedly be hailed as a bold pioneering work with Computer Generated Imagery)

Experimental Prototype Community Of Tomorrow (EPCOT) Center opens at Walt Disney World Resort

1983

Disney Channel begins, while the anthology series ends.
The live action studio is renamed "Walt Disney Pictures".

Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore
Mickey's Christmas Carol, accompanied by a reissue of The Rescuers.

Tokyo Disneyland opens in Japan

Good Morning, Mickey!
Welcome to Pooh Corner

text: Michael Eisner is hired from Paramount to be the new CEO, along with Frank Wells as president. They bring leadership vision and place an emphasis on theme park expansion and improving the quality of film and television work.

text:
Year

Notable Business Events

Notable Theatrical Releases

Notable Theme Park/destination Openings

Other Premieres

1984

The Touchstone Films label is created to produce films aimed towards more mature audiences.
The studio narrowly escapes a buyout attempt by Saul Steinberg. In its aftermath, Roy Edward Disney and his business partner, Stanley Gold, remove Ron W. Miller as CEO and president, replacing him with Michael Eisner and Frank Wells.
The Walt Disney Classics video collection debuts.

Splash (first ever Touchstone film is released on the 9th of March 1984)
Tiger Town
Country

1985

In a reversal of a three-decade studio policy, the studio begins making cartoons for television beginning with Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears and The Wuzzles.
Touchstone Television (producer of The Golden Girls, Home Improvement and Boy Meets World) is founded
The home video release of Pinocchio becomes a best-seller.
Clarence Nash, the voice of Donald Duck for over 50 years, dies; he is succeeded by Tony Anselmo.
The animation studio is renamed "Walt Disney Feature Animation".

The Black Cauldron (the first PG-rated Disney animated film)
Return to Oz
Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend
The Journey of Natty Gann
My Science Project

Mousercise
Dumbo's Circus
Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears
The Wuzzles

1986

February 2: The anthology series is revived on ABC.
February 6: The company's name is changed from "Walt Disney Productions" to "The Walt Disney Company".
Bankruptcy of Eastern Airlines forces Walt Disney World to re-designate Delta Air Lines as its official airline. Eastern-sponsored "If You Had Wings" in the Magic Kingdom is later revamped and renamed "Delta Dreamflight".
Richard Rich leaves Disney to start his own studio.
The distribution company's name is changed from "Buena Vista Distribution Company" to "Buena Vista Pictures Distribution".
Disney teamed up with Studio Ghibli to distribute anime films internationally.

Down and Out in Beverly Hills (The company's first R-rated film, released under Touchstone Pictures)
The Great Mouse Detective
The Color of Money
Ruthless People

1987

First Disney Store opens in Glendale, California.
The company and the French government sign an agreement for the creation of the first Disney Resort in Europe: the Euro Disney project starts.
The company opens up a Hall of Fame called Disney Legends with Fred MacMurray as the first induction.
Touchstone Films is renamed "Touchstone Pictures".

Ernest Goes to Camp
Good Morning, Vietnam
Three Men and a Baby

DuckTales
Uncle Scrooge and Donald Duck comics by Don Rosa

1988

"Walt Disney Computer Software" founded as a video game division of The Walt Disney Company.

Who Framed Roger Rabbit
Oliver & Company
Beaches
Shoot to Kill
Cocktail

The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
Mickey's 60th Birthday

1989

Disney and Jim Henson discuss the possible acquisition of Jim Henson Productions, including The Muppets.

The Little Mermaid
Honey, I Shrunk the Kids
Dead Poets Society
Disorganized Crime
Turner & Hooch

Disney-MGM Studios opens at Walt Disney World.

Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers

1990

Jim Henson's death extinguishes the deal to buy his holdings.
The anthology series is canceled for the second time.
The Disney Afternoon television syndication block debuts.
"Hollywood Pictures" is created to produce films aimed towards more mature adult audiences.
Disney Adventures magazine begins publication.

The Rescuers Down Under
Green Card
Pretty Woman
Dick Tracy
Arachnophobia The first film by Hollywood Pictures
DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp, first full-length film produced by the Walt Disney Television Animation studio.

TaleSpin
The Muppets at Walt Disney World

1991

December 20: The first Disney Vacation Club Resorts opened at Walt Disney World.

Beauty and the Beast, (the first animated  film to ever be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture)
The Rocketeer
Wild Hearts Can't Be Broken
Father of the Bride
White Fang

Darkwing Duck
Dinosaurs

1992

The company is granted permission for a National Hockey League expansion franchise. The team is named the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim to coincide with the release of The Mighty Ducks.
Disney Family Fun Magazine Begins Publication.

The Mighty Ducks
Aladdin
Sister Act
Newsies
The Hand that Rocks the Cradle

Euro Disney Resort opens outside Paris.

Goof Troop
Adventures in Wonderland (quality of the theatrical releases)
The Little Mermaid (TV series)
Raw Toonage

1993

Disney acquires independent film distributor Miramax Films.
Winnie-the-Pooh merchandise outsells Mickey Mouse merchandise for the first time.
The Anaheim Mighty Ducks play their first game at the Anaheim Arena, a brand-new arena located just three miles (5 km) east of Disneyland.

Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey
Cool Runnings
Hocus Pocus
The Nightmare Before Christmas
What's Love Got to Do with It
A Far Off Place

Bonkers
Marsupilami
Boy Meets World
Bill Nye the Science Guy

1994

Frank Wells is killed in a helicopter crash.
Beauty and the Beast opens on Broadway.
Jeffrey Katzenberg resigns to co-found his own studio, DreamWorks SKG.
Plans for Disney's America, a historical theme park in Haymarket, Virginia, are abruptly dropped.
Euro Disneyland is renamed Disneyland Paris.
The Classics is superseded replaced with the Masterpiece Collection.
Disney News changes its name to Disney Magazine.

The Lion King
The Santa Clause
The Jungle Book (1994)
Angels in the Outfield
Blank Check
Quiz Show
Ed Wood

Aladdin (TV series)
Gargoyles

1995

In October, the company hires Hollywood super agent Michael Ovitz to be president.
On October 1, Disney Channel (UK and Ireland) launches at 6:30pm
DIC Entertainment became part of The Walt Disney Company after the acquirement of Capital Cities/ABC.

Pocahontas
Crimson Tide
Man of the House
A Goofy Movie
Toy Story

Runaway Brain
The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show
Timon & Pumbaa

1996

The company takes on the name of "Disney Enterprises, Inc." and acquires the Capital Cities/ABC group renaming it ABC, Inc., both as subsidiaries under a new parent company named "The Walt Disney Company"
Disney acquires Jumbo Pictures, producer of the Nickelodeon animated series Doug.
To celebrate the pairing, ABC's first Super Soap Weekend is held at Walt Disney World.
Disney makes deal with Tokuma Shoten for dubbing and releasing of Studio Ghibli films in the U.S. In December, Michael Ovitz, president of the company, leaves "by mutual consent".

The Hunchback of Notre Dame
The Rock
James and the Giant Peach
Ransom
101 Dalmatians (1996)

Quack Pack
Mighty Ducks (TV series)
Doug
Flash Forward
Jungle Cubs

1997

September 28: The anthology series is revived for a third time.
The home video division releases its first DVDs.
Disney takes control of the Major League Baseball franchise the California Angels of the American League, renaming the team the Anaheim Angels in order to coincide with Disney's hockey team the Mighty Ducks and to draw more tourism to Anaheim and nearby Disneyland.
The Lion King (musical) opens on Broadway.

Hercules
Flubber
Air Bud
Con Air
George of the Jungle

Recess
101 Dalmatians: The Series
Pepper Ann
Bear in the Big Blue House

1998

Disney and the Hong Kong Government announced a new resort in Hong Kong.
Disney Cruise Line sets sail with its first ship.
Toon Disney begins.

Six Days, Seven Nights
Mulan
Armageddon
A Bug's Life
Mighty Joe Young
The Parent Trap

Disney's Animal Kingdom opens.
Disney Magic launched.

PB&J Otter
Hercules (1998 TV series)
The Famous Jett Jackson
Bug Juice
Out of the Box
Rolie Polie Olie

1999

Tarzan
Inspector Gadget
Toy Story 2
Fantasia 2000
The Sixth Sense
The Insider

Disney Cruise Line ship Disney Wonder sets sail.

The Weekenders
Mickey Mouse Works

2000

Robert Iger becomes president.
Disney-owned TV channels including, owned-and-operated ABC stations, are pulled from Time Warner Cable briefly during a dispute over carriage fees.
Disney begins its Gold Classic Collection DVD line.
Disney shuts down Jumbo Pictures
Disney sold DiC Entertainment to Andy Heyward, the then-CEO of DiC Entertainment.

Dinosaur
Remember the Titans
The Emperor's New Groove
102 Dalmatians
Unbreakable
The Tigger Movie

Even Stevens
Teacher's Pet
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command

2001

Disney buys Fox Family Network including Saban Entertainment, owner of entertainment juggernaut Power Rangers, for $3 billion in July, giving Disney programming and cable network reaching 81 million homes.
Disney changes Fox Family Network to ABC Family.
Fort Worth billionaire Sid Bass is forced to sell his Disney holdings due to a margin call caused partially by the stock market fall that followed the 9/11 attacks.
Disney begins its Platinum Edition DVD line with Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, as well as the Walt Disney Treasures DVD box set line for the collector's market.

Atlantis: The Lost Empire
Monsters, Inc.
Pearl Harbor
The Princess Diaries
Recess: School's Out

Disney California Adventure Park opens on February 8.
Tokyo DisneySea opens on September 4.

Lizzie McGuire
House of Mouse
The Book of Pooh
Lloyd in Space
The Legend of Tarzan
The Proud Family
Stanley

2002

Miramax acquires the USA rights to the Pokémon movies starting with the fourth movie.
Miramax also acquire the distribution rights of the first three Bionicle movies.
Disney teams up with famous video game company Square (later known as Square Enix) to release their first ever role-playing game with various Disney characters, Kingdom Hearts.
Disney releases Spirited Away in the United States, which goes on to be the first anime film to win an Oscar for Best Animated Film.
Disney begins joint venture business with Sanrio for Sanrio's greeting cards.

Return to Never Land
Lilo & Stitch
Snow Dogs
The Santa Clause 2
Tuck Everlasting
Reign of Fire
Signs
Treasure Planet

Walt Disney Studios Park opens.

Teamo Supremo
Kingdom Hearts
Kim Possible
Fillmore!

2003

Roy E. Disney resigns as the chairman of Feature Animation and from the board of directors, citing similar reasons to those that drove him off 26 years earlier. Fellow director Stanley Gold resigns with him. They establish a group called "Save Disney" to apply public pressure to oust Michael Eisner.
Talks to extend distribution agreement with Pixar break down, and Pixar announces plans to seek a new distribution partner.[7]
Disney sells the Angels to billboard magnate Arturo Moreno.
Disney released their first (non-Touchstone/non-Miramax/non-Dimension/non-Hollywood) PG-13 rated film under the regular Walt Disney Pictures label was Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl.
Release of Toontown Online

Finding Nemo
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl
Brother Bear
Holes
Freaky Friday

That's So Raven
The Even Stevens Movie
The Cheetah Girls
Lilo & Stitch: The Series
JoJo's Circus
Inspector Gadget 2
Bionicle: Mask of Light
Power Rangers Ninja Storm
Digimon Frontier

2004

Comcast makes an unsuccessful and hostile $54.1-billion bid in stock for the company, plus the assumption of $11.9 billion in Disney debt, $66 billion in total.
Eisner is replaced by George J. Mitchell as chairman of the board after a 43% vote of no confidence.
Disney turns down distributing controversial documentary film Fahrenheit 9/11.
On February 17, Disney buys The Muppets, excluding the Sesame Street and Fraggle Rock characters, from The Jim Henson Company for $75 million.
Disney renames overseas Fox Kids channel/blocks to Jetix, with it appearing as a children's block on ABC Family and Toon Disney.
Disney Store chain sold and licensed to The Children's Place.

Home on the Range
Hidalgo
King Arthur
The Incredibles
The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement
National Treasure

Dave the Barbarian
Phil of the Future
Brandy & Mr. Whiskers
Higglytown Heroes
Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories
Power Rangers Dino Thunder

text: After becoming CEO, Robert Iger begins to rebuild the Disney brand by redirecting focus on core assets, such as feature animation and the theme parks. One early accomplishment was repairing the Disney-Pixar relationship, resulting in Disney's purchase of Pixar for $7 billion.

text:
Year

Notable Business Events

Notable Theatrical Releases

Notable Theme Park/destination Openings

Other Premieres

2005

Disney signs the Cheetah Girls on as a recording act.
Disney sells the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim to Henry Samueli of Broadcom, who changes the team name to Anaheim Ducks.
On July 8, Roy E. Disney rejoins the company as a consultant with the title of Director Emeritus.
Disneyland celebrates its 50th anniversary on July 17.
Bob Iger replaces Eisner as CEO.
Disney Magazine ceases publication.

The Pacifier
Chicken Little
Sky High
Herbie: Fully Loaded
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe

Hong Kong Disneyland opens.

Power Rangers S.P.D.
American Dragon: Jake Long
The Suite Life of Zack & Cody
Club Penguin
The Buzz on Maggie
Life Is Ruff
Kingdom Hearts II
Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys
Bionicle 3: Web of Shadows
Charlie and Lola
Little Einsteins
The Muppets' Wizard of Oz

2006

Disney's most successful tour The Party's Just Begun tour by The Cheetah Girls brings in USD $43 million. The tour was amongst the top 10 tours of 2006 coming in at number 3.
Disney acquires Pixar Animation Studios.
Disney Cinemagic launched on 16 March 2006 in United Kingdom.
Disney re-acquires the rights to Oswald the Lucky Rabbit from NBCUniversal, in exchange for ABC letting commentator Al Michaels work on NBC Sunday Night Football.
Disney introduced its current logo in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest.

The Wild
Cars
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause

High School Musical
The Emperor's New School
Yin Yang Yo!
Power Rangers Mystic Force
Hannah Montana
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse
The Cheetah Girls 2
The Replacements
Handy Manny
Wondertime magazine

2007

Acquires New Horizon Interactive along with Club Penguin.
ABC Radio Networks along with 22 non-Radio Disney and ESPN Radio affiliates are sold to Citadel Broadcasting.
Disney Adventures magazine ceases publication.
The company's flagship animation studio is renamed from Walt Disney Feature Animation to "Walt Disney Animation Studios".
The company begins to drop the Buena Vista brand from its division (e.g. Buena Vista Pictures Distribution is renamed "Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures").

Meet the Robinsons
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
Ratatouille
The Game Plan
Enchanted
National Treasure: Book of Secrets

Cory in the House
Power Rangers Operation Overdrive
Bunnytown
My Friends Tigger & Pooh
Kingdom Hearts: Re:Chain of Memories
Phineas and Ferb
High School Musical 2
Wizards of Waverly Place
Digimon Data Squad

2008

The anthology series is canceled for the third time.
Disney Store chain is reacquired from The Children's Place.
The subscription Disney Family Movies service launches, which streams returns uncut Disney films and shorts to television viewers.[8][9]
Control of The Muppets franchise is transferred from Disney Consumer Products to the Walt Disney Studios.[10]
December 23 – Disney declines the option on the next film in The Chronicles of Narnia series with Walden Media.[11]

The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian
WALL-E
Beverly Hills Chihuahua
High School Musical 3: Senior Year
Bolt
Bedtime Stories

Camp Rock
Power Rangers Jungle Fury
The Cheetah Girls: One World
Kingdom Hearts Coded
Studio DC: Almost Live
The Suite Life on Deck
Imagination Movers
Cars Toons: Mater's Tall Tales
The Little Mermaid opens on Broadway.

2009

Wayne Allwine, who had voiced Mickey Mouse starting with Mickey's Christmas Carol, dies; he is succeeded by Bret Iwan.
Disney XD and DisneyXD.com are launched, replacing Toon Disney and Jetix.[12]
Disney announces the formation of D23, an official fan community.
Walt Disney Studios enters a distribution deal with DreamWorks Pictures, wherein upon DreamWorks' films will be distributed through Touchstone Pictures.
Wondertime magazine ceases publication.
December 16 – Director Emeritus Roy E. Disney dies of stomach cancer.
December 31 – Disney acquires Marvel Entertainment and its properties.[13][14]

Race to Witch Mountain
Hannah Montana: The Movie
Up
Disney's A Christmas Carol
The Princess and the Frog

Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie
Kid vs. Kat
Zeke and Luther
I'm in the Band
Jimmy Two-Shoes
Have a Laugh!
Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days
Princess Protection Program
Power Rangers RPM
Sonny with a Chance
Jonas L.A.
Special Agent Oso
Jungle Junction
Disney twenty-three magazine begins publication.

2010

March 12, 2010 – Disney annonuces the closure of ImageMovers Digital for January 2011.[15]
Disney sells the Power Rangers franchise to Saban Brands for USD $100 million.
Disney lost the rights of Digimon in May 2010.
Disney sells Miramax Films to Filmyard Holdings for $660 million.[16]
Disney Channel ends one of its most successful television series, Hannah Montana.

Alice in Wonderland
Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time
Toy Story 3
The Sorcerer's Apprentice
Tangled
Tron: Legacy

Good Luck Charlie
Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil
The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes
Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep
Pair of Kings
Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam
Shake It Up
Take Two with Phineas and Ferb
Kingdom Hearts Re:coded
Epic Mickey
Fish Hooks
The Octonauts

2011

Disney Wonder repositioned to the West Coast.
Disney licenses global theme park rights to the Avatar franchise from James Cameron and Lightstorm Entertainment, and announces the first Avatar-themed project at Animal Kingdom in Walt Disney World.
Playhouse Disney on Disney Channel rebrands as Disney Junior.

Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
Cars 2
Winnie the Pooh
The Help
Real Steel
The Muppets
War Horse

The Disney Dream ship sets sail.

Jake and the Never Land Pirates
The Suite Life Movie
Lemonade Mouth
Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension
Good Luck Charlie, It's Christmas
Minnie's Bow-Toons
Sharpay's Fabulous Adventure
Once Upon a Time
Disney Universe
Geek Charming
Lego Pirates of the Caribbean: The Video Game
Jessie
So Random!
Kinect Disneyland Adventures
Kickin' It
Fort Boyard: Ultimate Challenge
A.N.T. Farm
Austin & Ally

2012

March 23: The anthology series is revived for a fourth time.
Disney Channel ends Wizards of Waverly Place, now beating That's So Raven as the longest running Disney Channel Original Series to date.
Disney Junior launches its own spin-off channel, replacing SoapNet on some providers, but not on all providers.
Rich Ross resigns as Chairman of The Walt Disney Studios, and is replaced by Alan F. Horn.
Disney acquires Lucasfilm from George Lucas, including its Star Wars and Indiana Jones properties for approximately $4.06 billion.[17]

John Carter
Marvel's The Avengers
Brave
Frankenweenie
Wreck-It Ralph
Lincoln

Disney California Adventure is re-dedicated.
The Disney Fantasy ship sets sail

Frenemies
Radio Rebel
Let It Shine
Lab Rats
Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance
Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two
Gravity Falls
Code: 9
Dog With a Blog
Tron: Uprising
Crash & Bernstein
Randy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja
Epic Mickey: Power of Illusion
Doc McStuffins
Sofia the First
Ultimate Spider-Man (TV series)

2013

Disney Cinemagic replaced with Sky Movies Disney at 18:00 on 28 March 2013 in United Kingdom.
Disney Interactive Studios shuts down development studio Junction Point Studios following the disappointing sales of Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two.
Lucasfilm closes its video game division LucasArts.
Frozen became the highest grossing animated feature, passing both The Lion King and Toy Story 3

Oz the Great and Powerful
Iron Man 3
Monsters University
The Lone Ranger
Thor: The Dark World
Frozen
Saving Mr. Banks

Mystic Point opened at Hong Kong Disneyland

Disney Infinity
Liv and Maddie
Teen Beach Movie
DuckTales: Remastered
Mickey Mouse (2013 TV series)
Henry Hugglemonster
Wander Over Yonder
Avengers Assemble
Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.
Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix
The Wizards Return: Alex vs. Alex
Mighty Med

2014

Frozen wins the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 86th Academy Awards, becoming the first win in the category for Walt Disney Animation Studios.
Big Hero 6 is the first Disney animated feature to use the in-credit text that it was created and produced at Walt Disney Animation Studios.
Disney acquired Maker Studios for $500 million.

Muppets Most Wanted
Captain America: The Winter Soldier
Maleficent
Guardians of the Galaxy
Big Hero 6
Into the Woods

The 7D
Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix
Fantasia: Music Evolved
I Didn't Do It
Kirby Buckets
Star Wars Rebels
Win, Lose or Draw
Girl Meets World
Sheriff Callie's Wild West
Disney Magical World
Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes

2015

Big Hero 6 wins the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 87th Academy Awards.
Disney combines its Consumer Products and Interactive Media divisions into one unified segment, Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media.
Marvel Studios is reorganized under the Walt Disney Studios.

Cinderella
Tomorrowland
Avengers: Age of Ultron
Inside Out
The Good Dinosaur
Ant-Man
Bridge of Spies
Star Wars: The Force Awakens

Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero
Star vs. the Forces of Evil
K.C. Undercover
Miles From Tomorrowland
Best Friends Whenever
Gamer's Guide to Pretty Much Everything
BUNK'D
Descendants
We Love Disney
Disney Infinity 3.0
Pickle and Peanut
Guardians of the Galaxy
The Muppets
Gravity Falls: Legend of the Gnome Gemulets
The Lion Guard
Star Wars: Battlefront

2016

January 12: ABC Family changes its name to Freeform.
April 14: Construction on a 14-acre Star Wars-themed land begins at Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios.
DreamWorks ends its film distribution deal with Disney.
May 10: Disney Interactive Studios exited from publishing its own games in order to focus on third-party development of video game adaptations of its franchises by other developers.

Zootopia
The Jungle Book
Captain America: Civil War
Finding Dory
Doctor Strange
Moana
Rogue One: A Star Wars Story

Shanghai Disneyland opens on June 16

Stuck in the Middle
Elena of Avalor
Adventures in Babysitting
Lab Rats: Elite Force
Disney Art Academy
Kingdom Hearts χ
Disney Magical World 2
Backstage (2016 TV series)
Bizaardvark
Walk the Prank
Kingdom Hearts HD 2.8 Final Chapter Prologue
Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens
Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures
Future-Worm!
Milo Murphy's Law
Mech-X4

2017

Zootopia wins the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 89th Academy Awards.
Disney ends its deal with Netflix beginning in 2019.
Disney announces that it had exercised an option to increase its stake in BAMTech to 75%, and would launch a subscription video-on-demand service featuring its entertainment content in 2019, which will replace Netflix as the subscription VOD rightsholder of all Disney theatrical film releases.
John Lasseter announces that he is taking a six-month leave of absence from the company, after acknowledging "missteps" in his behavior with employees. Media outlets report that Lasseter had a history of alleged sexual misconduct towards employees.
Disney announces its acquisition of key assets and businesses of 21st Century Fox from Rupert Murdoch.

Beauty and the Beast
Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
Cars 3
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales
Thor: Ragnarok
Coco
Star Wars: The Last Jedi

Pandora – The World of Avatar opens at Disney's Animal Kingdom

DuckTales
Mickey and the Roadster Racers
Big Hero 6: The Series
Tangled: The Series
Puppy Dog Pals
Andi Mack
Cars 3: Driven to Win
Billy Dilley's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer
The Disney Afternoon Collection
Raven's Home
Star Wars Battlefront II

2018

Disney announces that Lasseter would leave the company, and that Pete Docter and Jennifer Lee would assume the roles of chief creative officer for Pixar and Walt Disney Animation Studios, respectively.
In June, Comcast announces a $65 billion all cash counter-offer to acquire the Fox assets that Disney was set to purchase. Disney counterbid with a $71.3 billion offer. Comcast drops offer in pursuit of Sky PLC and Disney is free to acquire 21 Century Fox and all of the assets.

Black Panther
Avengers: Infinity War
Solo: A Star Wars Story
Ant-Man and the Wasp
Incredibles 2
Christopher Robin
The Nutcracker and the Four Realms
Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2
Mary Poppins Returns

Toy Story Land opens at Shanghai Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios

Big City Greens
Muppet Babies
Fancy Nancy
Kingdom Hearts III
Lego The Incredibles
Zombies
Legend of the Three Caballeros
Freaky Friday

text: Footnotes

text:
Notable Theatrical Releases are films that were the first to use a particular technology (sound, color, etc.), received major award nominations (Academy Award, Golden Globe, etc.), or are otherwise historically significant to The Walt Disney Company. Not all films released by Disney appear in this list; please see Lists of films released by Disney for a complete company listing.
Theme Park/destination Openings indicate when Disney theme parks open. The opening of attractions and park name changes will not appear in this list.
Other Premieres are the premiere dates for other notable Disney products, such as TV franchises (The Cheetah Girls, Hannah Montana, The Jonas Brothers), consumer products, video games (Kingdom Hearts), or home media premieres that were the first to use a particular technology. Other notability requirements include major award nominations (Emmy Award, Grammy Award), or are otherwise historically significant to The Walt Disney Company. Not all Disney products, TV programs, video games, or home media releases appear in this list.


document_title: Just Go with It

question_text: where did they hike in just go with it

question_tokens: where did they hike in just go with it

root

text: Just Go with It

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1988, Daniel "Danny" Maccabee (Adam Sandler), a 22-year old man, leaves his wedding right before the ceremony is about to begin after learning that his fiancee is cheating on him, and was only marrying him because he was going to be a doctor. He goes to drink alone at a bar, where a young, beautiful woman walks in. She sees that Danny has a wedding ring on his hand, and asks him about his wife, to which he explains how she recently left him for someone else, and the woman from the bar ends up sleeping with him.

tag: p

text: Twenty-three years later, Danny (now 45-years old) is now a successful plastic surgeon in Los Angeles who feigns unhappy marriages to get women, and to avoid romantic commitment that may lead to heartbreak. The only woman aware of his schemes is his office manager and best friend Katherine Murphy (Jennifer Aniston), a divorced mother of two. At a party, Danny meets Palmer (Brooklyn Decker), a sixth grade math teacher, without his wedding ring on, and they have a connection together. The next morning, she finds the ring and assumes he is married. She refuses to date him because her parents divorced due to adultery.

text: Instead of telling her the truth, Danny tells her that he is getting divorced from a woman named Devlin. Danny tells Palmer that they are getting divorced because she cheated on him with a man named "Dolph Lundgren" (not the actor). Palmer then insists on meeting Devlin. Danny asks Katherine to pose as "Devlin" and they go shopping for new clothes to dress like a trophy wife.

text: A made-over Katherine/"Devlin" then meets with Danny and Palmer and gives them her blessing. However, after hearing Katherine talking on the phone with her kids, Palmer assumes that her kids are Danny's as well. Danny then privately meets with Katherine's kids, Maggie (Bailee Madison) and Michael (Griffin Gluck), to get them to play along and gives them the aliases of "Kiki Dee" and "Bart" respectively. Danny accepts their demands for being his fake children.

text: Palmer meets the kids at a play center where Maggie has adopted a fake british accent, and Michael acts very morose. They blackmail Danny in front of Palmer to take them all to Hawaii. At the airport, they are all surprised by Danny's goofball cousin Eddie (Nick Swardson), who has adopted an Austrian disguise as the "Dolph Lundgren" that Danny had made up earlier. To maintain the lies, Danny and Katherine are forced to bring him along.

text: At the resort in Hawaii, Danny tells Eddie that he is considering asking Palmer to marry him. Katherine and Danny also run into the real-life Devlin Adams (Nicole Kidman) and her husband Ian Maxtone-Jones (Dave Matthews). Because of Katherine and Devlin's long-time rivalry, Katherine introduces Danny as her husband rather than admit she is a single mother. Over time, Katherine is impressed by Danny and his way of fun with her kids.

text: Katherine again runs into Devlin, who invites her and Danny out to dinner. Eddie agrees to take Palmer out to dinner so that Danny can go with Katherine. Since he is supposed to be a sheep salesman, Eddie's cover is nearly blown when he is forced to save the life of an actual sheep who choked on a toy whistle. At dinner, Devlin asks Danny and Katherine to tell each other what they admire most about each other, and, as Danny and Katherine talk, they start to feel a connection. Later, when Palmer and Eddie return from their dinner date, Palmer suggests that she and Danny get married now, since a drunken Eddie told her about Danny's plans of engagement. Danny and Katherine are both surprised by her proposition, but Danny ultimately agrees. Danny later calls Katherine regarding his confusion, but Katherine says that she will be taking a job in New York City to get a fresh start to her life.

text: The next day, Palmer confronts Katherine about Danny's feelings for her, which Katherine dismisses. Katherine then runs into Devlin at a bar and admits that she pretended to be married to Danny to avoid embarrassment. Devlin confesses that she is divorcing Ian because he is gay and also that he did not invent the iPod, but made his money by suing the Los Angeles Dodgers after getting hit by a foul ball. Katherine confides in Devlin about being in love with Danny, but then Danny shows up behind her, saying that he is not marrying Palmer and that he is in love with Katherine. Meanwhile, on the plane ride back to the mainland, Palmer meets a professional tennis player (Andy Roddick) who shares her interests. Sometime later, Danny and Katherine get married.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Adam Sandler as Dr. Daniel "Danny" Maccabee
Jennifer Aniston as Katherine Murphy, later Maccabee / Devlin Maccabee
Bailee Madison as Maggie Murphy / Kiki Dee Maccabee
Griffin Gluck as Michael Murphy / Bart Maccabee
Nick Swardson as Eddie Simms / Dolph Lundgren
Brooklyn Decker as Palmer Dodge
Nicole Kidman as Devlin Adams
Dave Matthews as Ian Maxtone-Jones
Rachel Dratch as Kirsten Brant
Kevin Nealon as Adon
Heidi Montag as Kimberly
Minka Kelly as Joanna Damon
Rakefet Abergel as Patricia
Dan Patrick as Tanner Patrick
Mario Joyner as Henderson
Keegan-Michael Key as Ernesto
Allen Covert as Brian (Soul Patch)
Andy Roddick as Himself
Unknown as the Kangaroo

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Originally titled "Holiday in Hawaii", and then "Pretend Wife",[3] it was released as "Just Go with It".

text: The film was shot in Los Angeles and the Hawaiian islands of Maui and Kauai between March 2, 2010 and May 25, 2010.[citation needed] The film is deliberately vague about which Hawaiian island its latter portion depicts; thus, the characters hike across a rope bridge on Maui and arrive in the next scene at a spectacular waterfall on Kauai, rather than the ordinary irrigation dam and pond on Maui where the actual trail terminates.

text: The characters stay at a Hawaiian hotel called the Waldorf Astoria. In actuality, the film was shot at the Grand Wailea in Maui, which is owned by Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts.[4]

text: One of the film's in-jokes is the scene wherein Decker's character meets her obvious soulmate - professional tennis player Andy Roddick - as Decker and Roddick are actually married.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released in theaters in the United States and Canada on February 11, 2011 and in Bulgaria on March 25, 2011.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Just Go with It grossed $103 million in the U.S. and Canada and $111.9 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $214.9 million.[5]

text: The film topped its opening weekend box office with $30.5 million.[6]  The biggest market in other territories being Russia, where it grossed $13,174,937.[7]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a rating of 18%, based on 137 reviews, with an average rating of 3.8/10. The site's consensus reads: "Just Go With It may be slightly better than some entries in the recently dire rom-com genre, but that's far from a recommendation."[8] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 33 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[9]

text: The Telegraph named Just Go with It in its "ten worst films of 2011" list, saying it is "a crass and overpopulated remake of Cactus Flower, served up as a mangy romcom of serial deceptions."[10] Christopher Orr of The Atlantic noted that "the title itself seems a plea for audiences' forbearance" and is part of a disappointing trend involving "the reimagining of good, if perhaps not quite classic, films associated with the latter 1960s and early 1970s."[11] Entertainment Weekly's Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote that Just Go With It "is saved from utter disaster, though, by Jennifer Aniston" who has "expert comic timing" and "plays like a grown-up."[12]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref

Golden Raspberry Awards

April 1, 2012

Worst Actor

Adam Sandler (also for Jack and Jill)

Won

Worst Supporting Actor

Nick Swardson (also for Jack and Jill)

Nominated

Worst Supporting Actress

Nicole Kidman

Nominated

Worst Screen Couple

Adam Sandler and either Jennifer Aniston or Brooklyn Decker

Nominated

Worst Director

Dennis Dugan (also for Jack and Jill)

Won

Teen Choice Awards

August 7, 2011

Choice Movie: Romantic Comedy

Just Go with It

Nominated

[13]

Choice Movie Actor: Romantic Comedy

Adam Sandler

Nominated

Choice Movie Actress: Romantic Comedy

Jennifer Aniston

Nominated

Choice Movie Breakout: Female

Brooklyn Decker

Won

Choice Movie: Chemistry

Adam Sandler and Jennifer Aniston

Won

tag: table

text: Home media[edit]

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released Just Go with It on DVD and Blu-ray disc on June 7, 2011. It has so far grossed $14,535,543 in North America DVD sales.[14]


document_title: The Purge: Election Year

question_text: where does the purge election year take place

text: The Purge: Election Year

text: Plot[edit]

text: A young Charlene (aka "Charlie") Roan and her family are tied up by a masked purger. He taunts them with his "purge playlist", and then tells them they will play a final purge game called "Mommy's Choice." He then proceeds to kill the rest of Charlie's family and leaves her as the only survivor. Eighteen years later, Roan is a U.S. Senator campaigning for the U.S. Presidency, promising to end the annual purge nights. Former police sergeant Leo Barnes is now head of security for Roan. The New Founding Fathers of America's (NFFA) leader, Caleb Warrens and their candidate, Minister Edwidge Owens, view Roan as a threat; in the guise of regaining the public's trust, they revoke immunity for government officials to kill her on Purge night.

text: Watching the presidential debate are deli owner Joe Dixon, his assistant Marcos, and former purger turned EMT Laney Rucker. A pair of teenage girls enters the store and shoplifts, only to be cornered by Joe. The girls mock Joe until Laney intervenes; recognizing her as a famous ex-Purger, they leave peacefully. Joe receives a phone call stating the cost of his purge insurance has increased beyond his affordability. Joe decides to guard his store himself, despite Marcos and Laney's pleas not to. At the same time, the country's so-called "Murder tourism" booms the economy due to tourists visiting the United States to participate in the annual Purge nights.

text: On the night of the purge, Joe guards his store and is joined by Marcos, and together they manage to repel an attack by the teenage girls. Laney and her partner Dawn patrol the city in an ambulance, providing medical care to the wounded. Roan decides to wait out the purge from her home rather than a secure location to secure the vote, and is accompanied by Barnes, Chief Couper, Eric, and additional security forces. However, a betrayal by Chief Couper and Eric allows a neo-Nazi paramilitary force led by Earl Danzinger to kill the security detail and invade the house. Barnes escorts Roan to safety, but is wounded in the process. He detonates a bomb in the house, killing Eric and Chief Couper.

text: Navigating the hostile streets of Washington D.C., Barnes and Roan attempt to seek shelter, but are ambushed by a gang of Purgers and taken captive. Before they can be executed, Joe and Marcos kill the gang, having seen the pair's plight from the store's rooftop. As they take shelter in the store, the teenage girls return with reinforcements. However, Laney runs over their leader and kills half the group. As the other Purgers threaten to break in, they leave for a safer hideout. The team is ambushed by Danzinger in a helicopter, and seeks refuge beneath an overpass wherein Barnes realizes they were tracked by the bullet lodged inside him, and manages to extract it. After a confrontation with a large number of Crips, the team helps their leader's injured comrade. In return, the Crips plant the bullet in another area to divert the paramilitary team, which they later eliminate.

text: The team arrives at an underground antipurge hideout run by Dante Bishop. Barnes discovers that Bishop's group intends to assassinate the NFFA, in an effort to end the purge. A large group of paramilitary forces arrives at the hideout looking for Bishop. Barnes and Roan escape back to the streets and meet Joe, Marcos, and Laney, who had left the hideout earlier to return to Joe's store. They board an ambulance.

text: While fleeing the city, the ambulance is hit by Danzinger's team. Roan is pulled from the van by the soldiers before Barnes can assist. Barnes leads the group and Bishop's team to a fortified cathedral where the NFFA plans to sacrifice her. Before Roan can be killed by the NFFA, the group arrives and assassinates Warrens, causing a shootout that kills the entire congregation except Owens and another NFFA loyalist, Harmon James, who escape. Owens is caught by Bishop's group, but Roan manages to persuade them to spare him. The remaining paramilitary forces arrive, killing Bishop and his team. Danzinger and Barnes engage in a melee which ends with the former's death. As Roan and the team free the imprisoned purge victims, James emerges and kills a released prisoner. Joe shoots him, but is fatally wounded. Before dying, Joe asks Marcos to take care of his store.

text: Two months later, Roan wins the election in a landslide, while Barnes is appointed the new Director of the Secret Service. Marcos and Laney renovate Joe's store and continue to run it in his memory. A news report then states that NFFA supporters have staged violent uprisings across the country in response to election results.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Frank Grillo as Leo Barnes,[5] former LAPD Police Sergeant turned Security Chief for Charlie Roan
Elizabeth Mitchell as Senator Charlie Roan,[6] former wife and U.S. Senator/presidential candidate running on an anti-Purge platform
Christy Coco as Young Charlie Roan
Mykelti Williamson[6] as Joe Dixon
Joseph Julian Soria[6] as Marcos Dali
Betty Gabriel[6] as Laney Rucker
Terry Serpico as Earl Danzinger, leader of a neo-Nazi paramilitary group
Raymond J. Barry as Caleb Warrens, NFFA leader and President of the United States
Edwin Hodge as Dante Bishop, an anti-Purge resistance fighter from the previous Purge films
Kyle Secor as Minister Edwidge Owens,[6] a pastor of a NFFA-affiliated cathedral
Brittany Mirabilé as Kimmy
Juani Feliz as Kimmy's friend
Kimberly Howe as Kimmy's friend
Ethan Phillips as Chief Couper
Cindy Robinson as Purge Announcement Voice
Liza Colón-Zayas as Dawn[6]
David Aaron Baker as NFFA Press Secretary Tommy Roseland
Christopher James Baker as Harmon James
Roman Blat as Uncle Sam
Jamal Peters as Gang Leader with Dying Friend
J. Jewels as Political Debater
Matt Walton as Reporter #1

text: Production[edit]

text: On October 6, 2014, it was announced that James DeMonaco would be back to write and direct the third film, while producers Sebastian Lemercier, Blumhouse Productions' Jason Blum, and Platinum Dunes partners Michael Bay, Andrew Form, and Brad Fuller, would also be back.[7] On August 3, 2015, it was announced that Frank Grillo would return for the sequel to play Leo Barnes.[5] On September 10, 2015, more cast was announced, including Betty Gabriel, Edwin Hodge, Kyle Secor, Joseph Julian Soria, Mykelti Williamson, and Elizabeth Mitchell.[6]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Shooting began on September 16, 2015. Although a few scenes were filmed in Washington, DC, most of the movie was shot in Rhode Island, both in its capital Providence,[8] and Woonsocket.[9]

text: The main streets of Woonsocket were transformed into the near-future Washington, DC.[10] The NFFA-captured Catholic cathedral where Owens' purge mass takes place, as well as the cathedral crypt scenes, were filmed at the St. Ann's Church Complex. The Rhode Island State House stood in as the White House and its rotunda and some of its interiors such as the Press Room and basement were also used for filming. Numerous landmarks of both Woonsocket and Providence make cameos in the film. The Roan household was shot in another part of Woonsocket and some of the interiors were shot on a soundstage to allow more room for cameras and crew.

text: Music[edit]

text: Nathan Whitehead returned to compose the score, having done the music for the first two Purge films. The soundtrack was released on July 1, 2016, to coincide with the release of the film.[citation needed]

text: Release[edit]

text:
Originally, the film was set to be released on Monday, July 4, 2016, to coincide with the Fourth of July, but was moved to Friday, July 1.[11]
It was released in the United Kingdom on August 26.

text: Home Media[edit]

text: The Purge: Election Year was released on  digital platforms on September 20, 2016[12] and on Blu-Ray and DVD on October 4, 2016.[13] A 4K UHD Blu-Ray release occurred  on June 12, 2018.[14]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Purge: Election Year grossed $79.2 million in North America and $39.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $118.6 million, against a budget of $10 million.[3] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $44.8 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues.[15]

text: In the United States and Canada, the film opened alongside The BFG and The Legend of Tarzan, and was projected to gross around $25 million in its opening weekend.[16] The film grossed $3.6 million from Thursday night previews, outperforming both of its predecessors (the original's $3.4 million in 2013 and The Purge: Anarchy's in $2.6 million in 2014).[17] In its opening weekend, the film grossed $31.4 million, landing in between the $34 million debut for the first film and the $29 million opening for the second, and finished third at the box office behind Finding Dory ($41.4 million) and The Legend of Tarzan ($38.6 million). The film grossed a total of $34.8 million over its four-day July 4 holiday frame.[18]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an "rotten" approval rating of 53% based on 145 reviews and an average rating of 5.4/10.  The audience approval rating was lower at 48%. The site's critical consensus reads, "It isn't particularly subtle, but The Purge: Election Year's blend of potent jolts and timely themes still add up to a nastily effective diversion."[19] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 55 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[20] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[21]

text: A.O. Scott of The New York Times gave the movie a positive review, saying ""The Purge: Election Year" takes itself just seriously enough to provide the expected measure of fun - a blend of aggression, release and relief."[22] On the other hand, Alan Zilberman of the Washington Post gave the movie 1.5 stars out of 4, saying "Even DeMonaco seems bored by the sieges, escapes and gun battles. Silly one-liners are the only saving grace, and that's because such acting veterans as Williamson know how to sell them."[23]

text: Film critic Christian Toto gave the movie a negative review saying "Like its predecessors, “Election Year” wallows in violence. It adores it. The uglier, the better. And, of course, the cooler, the better.  “Election Year” is like a feverish Daily Kos blog post brought to life. It’s crude but aimed directly at genre fans who can tolerate preaching as long as the blood keeps flowing.[24]

text: Prequel[edit]

text: In September 2016, James DeMonaco, who wrote and directed every film in the series thus far, stated that the fourth Purge film would be a prequel to the trilogy. The film will reportedly show how the United States got to the point of accepting the Purge Night.[25]

text: On February 17, 2017, DeMonaco announced that a fourth installment is in development at Universal Studios. DeMonaco will write the script, while Jason Blum from Blumhouse Productions and Michael Bay, Brad Fuller, and Andrew Form from Platinum Dunes will return to produce the film with Sébastien K. Lemercier.[26] The film was set for a July 4, 2018 release date.[27]

text: On July 20, 2017, it was announced that Gerard McMurray will be directing the fourth film titled, The First Purge.[28]


document_title: Motte-and-bailey castle

question_text: when was the first motte and bailey castle built

text: Motte-and-bailey castle

text: Architecture

text: Structures

text: A motte-and-bailey castle was made up of two structures, a motte, a type of mound–often artificial–topped with a wooden or stone structure known as a keep; and at least one bailey, a fortified enclosure built next to the motte. The term "motte and bailey" is a relatively modern one, and is not medieval in origin.[2] The word "motte" is the French version of the Latin mota, and in France the word motte was initially an early word for a turf; it then became used to refer to a turf bank, and by the 12th century was used to refer to the castle design itself.[3] The word "bailey" comes from the Norman-French baille, or basse-cour, referring to a low yard.[4] In medieval sources, the Latin term castellum was used to describe the bailey complex within these castles.[5]

text: One contemporary account of these structures comes from Jean de Colmieu around 1130, describing the Calais region in northern France. De Colmieu described how the nobles would build "a mound of earth as high as they can and dig a ditch about it as wide and deep as possible. The space on top of the mound is enclosed by a palisade of very strong hewn logs, strengthened at intervals by as many towers as their means can provide. Inside the enclosure is a citadel, or keep, which commands the whole circuit of the defences. The entrance to the fortress is by means of a bridge, which, rising from the outer side of the moat and supported on posts as it ascends, reaches to the top of the mound."[6] At Durham Castle, contemporaries described how the motte-and-bailey superstructure arose from the "tumulus of rising earth" with a keep rising "into thin air, strong within and without" with a "stalwart house...glittering with beauty in every part".[7]

text: Motte

text: Mottes were made out of earth and flattened on top, and it can be very hard to determine whether a mound is artificial or natural without excavation.[8] Some were also built over older artificial structures, such as Bronze Age barrows.[9] The size of mottes varied considerably, with these mounds being 3 metres to 30 metres in height (10 feet to 100 feet), and from 30 to 90 metres (98 to 295 ft) in diameter.[10] This minimum height of 3 metres (9.8 feet) for mottes is usually intended to exclude smaller mounds which often had non-military purposes.[11] In England and Wales, only 7% of mottes were taller than 10 metres (33 feet) high; 24% were between 10 and 5 metres (33 and 16 ft), and 69% were less than 5 metres (16 feet) tall.[12] A motte was protected by a ditch around it, which would typically have also been a source of the earth and soil for constructing the mound itself.[13]

text: A keep and a protective wall would usually be built on top of the motte. Some walls would be large enough to have a wall-walk around them, and the outer walls of the motte and the wall-walk could be strengthened by filling in the gap between the wooden walls with earth and stones, allowing it to carry more weight; this was called a garillum.[14] Smaller mottes could only support simple towers with room for a few soldiers, whilst larger mottes could be equipped with a much grander building.[15] Many wooden keeps were designed with a bretasche, a square building that overhung from the upper floors of the building, enabling better defences and a more sturdy structural design.[16] The early 12th-century chronicler Lambert of Ardres described the wooden keep on top of the motte at the castle of Ardres, where the "first storey was on the surface of the ground, where were cellars and granaries, and great boxes, tuns, casks, and other domestic utensils. In the storey above were the dwelling and common living-rooms of the residents in which were the larders, the rooms of the bakers and butlers, and the great chamber in which the lord and his wife slept...In the upper storey of the house were garret rooms...In this storey also the watchmen and the servants appointed to keep the house took their sleep".[17] Wooden structures on mottes could be protected by skins and hides to prevent them being easily set alight during a siege.[15]

text: Bailey

text: The bailey was an enclosed courtyard overlooked by the motte and surrounded by a wooden fence called a palisade and another ditch.[18] The bailey was often kidney-shaped to fit against a circular motte, but could be made in other shapes according to the terrain.[18] The bailey would contain a wide number of buildings, including a hall, kitchens, a chapel, barracks, stores, stables, forges or workshops, and was the centre of the castle's economic activity.[19] The bailey was linked to the motte either by a flying bridge stretching between the two, or, more popularly in England, by steps cut into the motte.[20] Typically the ditch of the motte and the bailey joined, forming a figure of eight around the castle.[21] Wherever possible, nearby streams and rivers would be dammed or diverted, creating water-filled moats, artificial lakes and other forms of water defences.[22]

text: In practice, there was a wide number of variations to this common design.[23] A castle could have more than one bailey: at Warkworth Castle an inner and an outer bailey was constructed, or alternatively, several baileys could flank the motte, as at Windsor Castle.[24] Some baileys had two mottes, such as those at Lincoln.[24] Some mottes could be square instead of round, such as at Cabal Trump.[24] Instead of single ditches, occasionally double-ditch defences were built, as seen at Berkhamsted.[24] Local geography and the intent of the builder produced many unique designs.[25]

text: Construction and maintenance

text: Various methods were used to build mottes. Where a natural hill could be used, scarping could produce a motte without the need to create an artificial mound, but more commonly much of the motte would have to be constructed by hand.[20] Four methods existed for building a mound and a tower: the mound could either be built first, and a tower placed on top of it; the tower could alternatively be built on the original ground surface and then buried within the mound; the tower could potentially be built on the original ground surface and then partially buried within the mound, the buried part forming a cellar beneath; or the tower could be built first, and the mound added later.[26]

text: Regardless of the sequencing, artificial mottes had to be built by piling up earth; this work was undertaken by hand, using wooden shovels and hand-barrows, possibly with picks as well in the later periods.[27] Larger mottes took disproportionately more effort to build than their smaller equivalents, because of the volumes of earth involved.[27] The largest mottes in England, such as Thetford, are estimated to have required up to 24,000 man-days of work; smaller ones required perhaps as little as 1,000.[28] Contemporary accounts talk of some mottes being built in a matter of days, although these low figures have led to suggestions by historians that either these figures were an underestimate, or that they refer to the construction of a smaller design than that later seen on the sites concerned.[29] Taking into account estimates of the likely available manpower during the period, historians estimate that the larger mottes might have taken between four and nine months to build.[30] This contrasted favourably with stone keeps of the period, which typically took up to ten years to build.[31] Very little skilled labour was required to build motte and bailey castles, which made them very attractive propositions if forced peasant labour was available, as was the case after the Norman invasion of England.[20] Where the local workforce had to be paid – such as at Clones in Ireland, built in 1211 using imported labourers – the costs would rise quickly, in this case reaching £20.[32]

text: The type of soil would make a difference to the design of the motte, as clay soils could support a steeper motte, whilst sandier soils meant that a motte would need a more gentle incline.[15] Where available, layers of different sorts of earth, such as clay, gravel and chalk, would be used alternatively to build in strength to the design.[33] Layers of turf could also be added to stabilise the motte as it was built up, or a core of stones placed as the heart of the structure to provide strength.[34] Similar issues applied to the defensive ditches, where designers found that the wider the ditch was dug, the deeper and steeper the sides of the scarp could be, making it more defensive.[15] Although militarily a motte was, as Norman Pounds describes it, "almost indestructible", they required frequent maintenance.[35] Soil wash was a problem, particularly with steeper mounds, and mottes could be clad with wood or stone slabs to protect them.[20] Over time, some mottes suffered from subsidence or damage from flooding, requiring repairs and stabilisation work.[36]

text: Although motte-and-bailey castles are the best known castle design, they were not always the most numerous in any given area.[37] A popular alternative was the ringwork castle, involving a palisade being built on top of a raised earth rampart, protected by a ditch. The choice of motte and bailey or ringwork was partially driven by terrain, as mottes were typically built on low ground, and on deeper clay and alluvial soils.[38] Another factor may have been speed, as ringworks were faster to build than mottes.[39] Some ringwork castles were later converted into motte-and-bailey designs, by filling in the centre of the ringwork to produce a flat-topped motte.[40] The reasons for why this decision was taken are unclear; motte-and-bailey castles may have been felt to be more prestigious, or easier to defend; another theory is that like the terpen in Netherlands, or Vorburg and Hauptburg in Lower Rhineland, raising the height of the castle was done to create a drier site.[40]

text: History

text: Emergence of the design

text: The motte-and-bailey castle is a particularly northern European phenomenon, most numerous in Normandy and Britain, but also seen in Denmark, Germany, Southern Italy and occasionally beyond.[41] European castles first emerged in the 9th and 10th centuries, after the fall of the Carolingian Empire resulted in its territory being divided among individual lords and princes and local territories became threatened by the Magyars and the Norse.[42] Against this background, various explanations have been put forward to explain the origins and spread of the motte-and-bailey design across northern Europe; there is often a tension among the academic community between explanations that stress military and social reasons for the rise of this design.[43] One suggestion is that these castles were built particularly in order to protect against external attack – the Angevins, it is argued, began to build them to protect against the Viking raids, and the design spread to deal with the attacks along the Slav and Hungarian frontiers.[44] Another argument is that, given the links between this style of castle and the Normans, who were of Viking descent, it was in fact originally a Viking design, transported to Normandy and Angers.[45] The motte-and-bailey castle was certainly effective against assault, although as historian André Debord suggests, the historical and archaeological record of the military operation of motte-and-bailey castles remains relatively limited.[46]

text: An alternative approach focuses on the links between this form of castle and what can be termed a feudal mode of society. The spread of motte-and-bailey castles was usually closely tied to the creation of local fiefdoms and feudal landowners, and areas without this method of governance rarely built these castles.[47] Yet another theory suggests that the design emerged as a result of the pressures of space on ringworks, and that the earliest motte-and-baileys were converted ringworks.[48][nb 1] Finally, there may be a link between the local geography and the building of motte-and-bailey castles, which are usually built on low-lying areas, in many cases subject to regular flooding.[49] Regardless of the reasons behind the initial popularity of the motte-and-bailey design, however, there is widespread agreement that the castles were first widely adopted in Normandy and Angevin territory in the 10th and 11th centuries.[50]

text: Initial development, 10th and 11th centuries

text: The earliest purely documentary evidence for motte-and-bailey castles in Normandy and Angers comes from between 1020 and 1040, but a combination of documentary and archaeological evidence pushes the date for the first motte and bailey castle, at Vincy, back to 979.[3] The castles were built by the more powerful lords of Anjou in the late 10th and 11th centuries, in particular Fulk III and his son, Geoffrey II, who built a great number of them between 987 and 1060.[51] Many of these earliest castles would have appeared quite crude and rustic by later standards, belying the power and prestige of their builders.[52] William the Conqueror, as the Duke of Normandy, is believed to have adopted the motte-and-bailey design from neighbouring Anjou.[53] Duke William went on to prohibit the building of castles without his consent through the Consuetudines et Justicie, with his legal definition of castles centring on the classic motte-and-bailey features of ditching, banking and palisading.[54]

text: By the 11th century, castles were built throughout the Holy Roman Empire, which then spanned central Europe. They now typically took the form of an enclosure on a hilltop, or, on lower ground, a tall, free-standing tower (German Bergfried.)[55] The largest castles, known in German as Hohenburgen, had well-defined inner and outer courts, but no mottes.[56] The motte-and-bailey design began to spread into Alsace and the northern Alps from France during the first half of the 11th century, spreading further into Bohemia and Austria in the subsequent years.[57] This form of castle was closely associated with the colonisation of newly cultivated areas within the Empire, as new lords were granted lands by the emperor and built castles close to the local gród, or town.[58] Motte-and-bailey castle building substantially enhanced the prestige of local nobles, and it has been suggested that their early adoption was because they were a cheaper way of imitating the still more prestigious hohenburgen, but this is usually regarded as unlikely.[59] In many cases, bergfrieds were converted into motte and bailey designs by burying existing castle towers within the mounds.[59]

text: In England, William invaded from Normandy in 1066, resulting in three phases of castle building in England, around 80% of which were in the motte-and-bailey pattern.[60] The first of these was the establishment by the new king of royal castles in key strategic locations, including many towns.[61] These urban castles could make use of the existing town's walls and fortification, but typically required the demolition of local houses to make space for them.[62] This could cause extensive damage: records suggest that in Lincoln 166 houses were destroyed, with 113 in Norwich and 27 in Cambridge.[63] The second and third waves of castle building in the late-11th century were led by the major magnates and then the more junior knights on their new estates.[64] Some regional patterns in castle building can be seen – relatively few castles were built in East Anglia compared to the west of England or the Marches, for example; this was probably due to the relatively settled and prosperous nature of the east of England and reflected a shortage of unfree labour for constructing mottes.[65] In Wales, the first wave of the Norman castles were again predominantly made of wood in a mixture of motte-and-bailey and ringwork designs.[66] The Norman invaders spread up the valleys, using this form of castle to occupy their new territories.[67] After the Norman conquest of England and Wales, the building of motte-and-bailey castles in Normandy accelerated as well, resulting in a broad swath of these castles across the Norman territories, around 741 motte-and-bailey castles in England and Wales alone.[68]

text: Further expansion, 12th and 13th centuries

text: Having become well established in Normandy, Germany and Britain, motte-and-bailey castles began to be adopted elsewhere, mainly in northern Europe, during the 12th and 13th centuries. Conflict through the Low Countries encouraged castle building in a number of regions from the late 12th century to the 14th century.[69] In Flanders, the first motte and bailey castles began relatively early at the end of the 11th century.[70] The rural motte-and-bailey castles followed the traditional design, but the urban castles often lacked the traditional baileys, using parts of the town to fulfil this role instead.[71] Motte-and-bailey castles in Flanders were particularly numerous in the south along the Lower Rhine, a fiercely contested border.[72] Further along the coast in Friesland, the relatively decentralised, egalitarian society initially discouraged the building of motte and bailey castles, although terpen, raised "dwelling mounds" which lacked towers and were usually lower in height than a typical motte, were created instead.[73] By the end of the medieval period, however, the terpen gave way to hege wieren, non-residential defensive towers, often on motte-like mounds, owned by the increasingly powerful nobles and landowners.[73] On Zeeland the local lords had a high degree of independence during the 12th and 13th centuries, owing to the wider conflict for power between neighbouring Flanders and Friesland.[74] The Zeeland lords had also built terpen mounds, but these gave way to larger werven constructions–effectively mottes–which were later termed bergen.[75] Sometimes both terpen and werven are called vliedburg, or "refuge castles".[76] During the 12th and 13th centuries a number of terpen mounds were turned into werven mottes, and some new werven mottes were built from scratch.[77] Around 323 known or probable motte and bailey castles of this design are believed to have built within the borders of the modern Netherlands.[11]

text: In neighbouring Denmark, motte-and-bailey castles appeared somewhat later in the 12th and 13th centuries and in more limited numbers than elsewhere, due to the less feudal society.[78] Except for a handful of mote and bailey castles in Norway, built in the first half of the 11th century and including the royal residence in Oslo, the design did not play a role further north in Scandinavia.[79]

text: The Norman expansion into Wales slowed in the 12th century but remained an ongoing threat to the remaining native rulers. In response, the Welsh princes and lords began to build their own castles, frequently motte-and-bailey designs, usually in wood.[80] There are indications that this may have begun from 1111 onwards under Prince Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, with the first documentary evidence of a native Welsh castle being at Cymmer in 1116.[81] These timber castles, including Tomen y Rhodywdd, Tomen y Faerdre, Gaer Penrhôs, were of equivalent quality to the equivalent Norman fortifications in the area, and it can prove difficult to distinguish the builders of some sites from the archaeological evidence alone.[82]

text: Motte-and-bailey castles in Scotland emerged as a consequence of the centralising of royal authority in the 12th century.[83] David I encouraged Norman and French nobles to settle in Scotland, introducing a feudal mode of landholding and the use of castles as a way of controlling the contested lowlands.[84] The quasi-independent polity of Galloway, which had resisted the rule of David and his predecessors, was a particular focus for this colonisation.[85] The size of these Scottish castles, primarily wooden motte and bailey constructions, varied considerably, from larger designs such as the Bass of Inverurie to smaller castles like Balmaclellan.[86]

text: Motte-and-bailey castles were introduced to Ireland following the Norman invasion of Ireland that began between 1166 and 1171 under first Richard de Clare and then Henry II of England, with the occupation of southern and eastern Ireland by a number of Anglo-Norman barons.[87] The rapid Norman success depended on key economic and military advantages; their cavalry enabled Norman successes in battles, and castles enabled them to control the newly conquered territories.[88] The new lords rapidly built castles to protect their possessions; most of these were motte-and-bailey constructions, many of them strongly defended.[89] Unlike Wales, the indigenous Irish lords do not appear to have constructed their own castles in any significant number during the period.[90][nb 2] Between 350 and 450 motte-and-bailey castles are believed to remain today, although the identification of these earthwork remains can be contentious.[92]

text: A small number of motte-and-bailey castles were built outside of northern Europe. In the late-12th century, the Normans invaded southern Italy and Sicily; although they had the technology to build more modern designs, in many cases wooden motte-and-bailey castles were built instead for reasons of speed.[93] The Italians came to refer to a range of different castle types as motta, however, and there may not have been as many genuine motte-and-bailey castles in southern Italy as was once thought on the basis of the documentary evidence alone.[94] In addition, there is evidence of the Norman crusaders building a motte and bailey using sand and wood in Egypt in 1221 during the Fifth Crusade.[95]

text: Conversion and decline, 13th–14th centuries

text: Motte-and-bailey castles became a less popular design in the mid-medieval period. In France, they were not built after the start of the 12th century, and mottes ceased to be built in most of England after around 1170, although they continued to be erected in Wales and along the Marches.[96] Many motte-and-bailey castles were occupied relatively briefly; in England many had been abandoned or allowed to lapse into disrepair by the 12th century.[97] In the Low Countries and Germany, a similar transition occurred in the 13th and 14th centuries.

text: One factor was the introduction of stone into castle building. The earliest stone castles had emerged in the 10th century, with stone keeps being built on mottes along the Catalonia frontier and several, including Château de Langeais, in Angers.[98] Although wood was a more powerful defensive material than was once thought, stone became increasingly popular for military and symbolic reasons.[99] Some existing motte-and-bailey castles were converted to stone, with the keep and the gatehouse usually the first parts to be upgraded.[100] Shell keeps were built on many mottes, circular stone shells running around the top of the motte, sometime protected by a further chemise, or low protective wall, around the base. By the 14th century, a number of motte and bailey castles had been converted into powerful stone fortresses.[101]

text: Newer castle designs placed less emphasis on mottes. Square Norman keeps built in stone became popular following the first such construction in Langeais in 994. Several were built in England and Wales after the conquest; by 1216 there were around 100 in the country.[102] These massive keeps could be either erected on top of settled, well established mottes, or could have mottes built around them – so-called "buried" keeps.[103] The ability of mottes, especially newly built mottes, to support the heavier stone structures, was limited, and many needed to be built on fresh ground.[104] Concentric castles, relying on several lines of baileys and defensive walls, made increasingly little use of keeps or mottes at all.[105]

text: Across Europe, motte-and-bailey construction came to an end. At the end of the 12th century the Welsh rulers began to build castles in stone, primarily in the principality of North Wales and usually along the higher peaks where mottes were unnecessary.[81] In Flanders, decline came in the 13th century as feudal society changed.[70] In the Netherlands, cheap brick started to be used in castles from the 13th century onwards in place of earthworks, and many mottes were levelled, to help develop the surrounding, low-lying fields; these "levelled mottes" are a particularly Dutch phenomenon.[106] In Denmark, motte and baileys gave way in the 14th century to a castrum-curia model, where the castle was built with a fortified bailey and a fortified mound, somewhat smaller than the typical motte.[107] By the 12th century, the castles in Western Germany began to thin in number, due to changes in land ownership, and various mottes were abandoned.[108] In Germany and Denmark, motte-and-bailey castles also provided the model for the later wasserburg, or "water castle", a stronghold and bailey construction surrounded by water, and widely built in the late medieval period.[109]

text: Today

text: In England, motte-and-bailey earthworks were put to various uses over later years; in some cases, mottes were turned into garden features in the 18th century, or reused as military defences during the Second World War.[110] Today, almost no mottes of motte-and-bailey castles remain in regular use in Europe, with one of the few exceptions being that at Windsor Castle, converted for the storage of royal documents.[111] The landscape of northern Europe remains scattered with their earthworks, and many form popular tourist attractions as part of the European heritage industry.


document_title: Cavalieri's principle

question_text: who calculated the volume of pyramids and cones

text: Cavalieri's principle

text: History[edit]

text: Cavalieri's principle was originally called the method of indivisibles, the name it was known by in Renaissance Europe. Cavalieri developed a complete theory of indivisibles, elaborated in his Geometria indivisibilibus continuorum nova quadam ratione promota (Geometry, advanced in a new way by the indivisibles of the continua, 1635) and his Exercitationes geometricae sex (Six geometrical exercises, 1647).[2]

text: In the 3rd century BC, Archimedes, using a method resembling Cavalieri's principle,[3] was able to find the volume of a sphere given the volumes of a cone and cylinder in his work The Method of Mechanical Theorems. In the 5th century AD, Zu Chongzhi and his son Zu Gengzhi established a similar method to find a sphere's volume.[4] The transition from Cavalieri's indivisibles to Evangelista Torricelli's and John Wallis's infinitesimals was a major advance in the history of the calculus. The indivisibles were entities of codimension 1, so that a plane figure was thought as made out of an infinity of 1-dimensional lines. Meanwhile, infinitesimals were entities of the same dimension as the figure they make up; thus, a plane figure would be made out of "parallelograms" of infinitesimal width. Applying the formula for the sum of an arithmetic progression, Wallis computed the area of a triangle by partitioning it into infinitesimal parallelograms of width 1/∞.

text: Examples[edit]

text: Spheres[edit]

text:
If one knows that the volume of a cone is

1
3

(

base

×

height

)

{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{3}}\left({\text{base}}\times {\text{height}}\right)}

, then one can use Cavalieri's principle to derive the fact that the volume of a sphere is

4
3

π

r

3

{\displaystyle {\frac {4}{3}}\pi r^{3}}

, where

r

{\displaystyle r}

 is the radius.

text:
That is done as follows: Consider a sphere of radius

r

{\displaystyle r}

 and a cylinder of radius

r

{\displaystyle r}

 and height

r

{\displaystyle r}

. Within the cylinder is the cone whose apex is at the center of one base of the cylinder and whose base is the other base of the cylinder. By the Pythagorean theorem, the plane located

y

{\displaystyle y}

 units above the "equator" intersects the sphere in a circle of area

π

(

r

2

−

y

2

)

{\displaystyle \pi \left(r^{2}-y^{2}\right)}

. The area of the plane's intersection with the part of the cylinder that is outside of the cone is also

π

(

r

2

−

y

2

)

{\displaystyle \pi \left(r^{2}-y^{2}\right)}

. As we can see, the area of every intersection of the circle with the horizontal plane located at any height

y

{\displaystyle y}

 equals to the area of the intersection of the plane with the part of the cylinder that is "outside" of the cone; thus, applying Cavalieri's principle, we could say that the volume of the half sphere equals to the volume of the part of the cylinder that is "outside" the cone. The aforementioned volume of the cone is

1
3

{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{3}}}

 of the volume of the cylinder, thus the volume outside of the cone is

2
3

{\displaystyle {\frac {2}{3}}}

 the volume of the cylinder. Therefore the volume of the upper half of the sphere is

2
3

{\displaystyle {\frac {2}{3}}}

 of the volume of the cylinder. The volume of the cylinder is

text: ("Base" is in units of area; "height" is in units of distance. Area × distance = volume.)

text:
Therefore the volume of the upper half-sphere is

(

2
3

)

π

r

3

{\displaystyle \left({\frac {2}{3}}\right)\pi r^{3}}

 and that of the whole sphere is

(

4
3

)

π

r

3

{\displaystyle \left({\frac {4}{3}}\right)\pi r^{3}}

.

text: Cones and pyramids[edit]

text: The fact that the volume of any pyramid, regardless of the shape of the base, whether circular as in the case of a cone, or square as in the case of the Egyptian pyramids, or any other shape, is (1/3) × base × height, can be established by Cavalieri's principle if one knows only that it is true in one case. One may initially establish it in a single case by partitioning the interior of a triangular prism into three pyramidal components of equal volumes. One may show the equality of those three volumes by means of Cavalieri's principle.

text: In fact, Cavalieri's principle or similar infinitesimal argument is necessary to compute the volume of cones and even pyramids, which is essentially the content of Hilbert's third problem – polyhedral pyramids and cones cannot be cut and rearranged into a standard shape, and instead must be compared by infinite (infinitesimal) means. The ancient Greeks used various precursor techniques such as Archimedes's mechanical arguments or method of exhaustion to compute these volumes.

text: The napkin ring problem[edit]

text: In what is called the napkin ring problem, one shows by Cavalieri's principle that when a hole is drilled straight through the centre of a sphere where the remaining band has height h, the volume of the remaining material surprisingly does not depend on the size of the sphere. The cross-section of the remaining ring is a plane annulus, whose area is the difference between the areas of two circles. By the Pythagorean theorem, the area of one of the two circles is π times r 2 − y 2, where r is the sphere's radius and y is the distance from the plane of the equator to the cutting plane, and that of the other is π times r 2 − (h/2) 2. When these are subtracted, the r 2 cancels; hence the lack of dependence of the bottom-line answer upon r.

text: Cycloids[edit]

text: N. Reed has shown[5] how to find the area bounded by a cycloid by using Cavalieri's principle. A circle of radius r can roll in a clockwise direction upon a line below it, or in a counterclockwise direction upon a line above it. A point on the circle thereby traces out two cycloids. When the circle has rolled any particular distance, the angle through which it would have turned clockwise and that through which it would have turned counterclockwise are the same. The two points tracing the cycloids are therefore at equal heights. The line through them is therefore horizontal (i.e. parallel to the two lines on which the circle rolls). Consequently each horizontal cross-section of the circle has the same length as the corresponding horizontal cross-section of the region bounded by the two arcs of cyloids. By Cavalieri's principle, the circle therefore has the same area as that region.

text: Consider the rectangle bounding a single cycloid arch. From the definition of a cycloid, it has width 2πr and height 2r, so its area is four times the area of the circle. Calculate the area within this rectangle that lies above the cycloid arch by bisecting the rectangle at the midpoint where the arch meets the rectangle, rotate one piece by 180° and overlay the other half of the rectangle with it. The new rectangle, of area twice that of the circle, consists of the "lens" region between two cycloids, whose area was calculated above to be the same as that of the circle, and the two regions that formed the region above the cycloid arch in the original rectangle. Thus, the area bounded by a rectangle above a single complete arch of the cycloid has area equal to the area of the circle, and so, the area bounded by the arch is three times the area of the circle.