document_title: El Pollo Loco

question_text: what does el pollo loco mean in spanish

question_tokens: what does el pollo loco mean in spanish

text: El Pollo Loco

text: United States[edit]

text:
El Pollo Loco, Inc.

Fresh from the grill

Entrance to Costa Mesa headquarters

Trading name

El Pollo Loco

Type

Public

Traded as
NASDAQ: LOCO
S&P 600 Component

Industry
Casual dining restaurant, Restaurants

Founded

Guasave, Sinaloa, México (1975)
Los Angeles, California, United States (December 8, 1980; 37 years ago (1980-12-08))

Founder
Juan Francisco Ochoa

Headquarters
Costa Mesa, California

Number of locations

430[1]

Area served

United States
(California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Texas)

Key people

Steve Sather (President, CEO)
Kay Bogeajis (Chief Operating Officer)
Larry Roberts (Chief Financial Officer)
Ed Valle (Chief Marketing Officer)

Products
Fire-grilled chicken and related Mexican food

Website
elpolloloco.com

text: El Pollo Loco, Inc. is a restaurant chain based in the United States, specializing in Mexican-style grilled chicken. Restaurant service consists of: dine-in, take-out, with some locations offering drive through options. The company is headquartered in Costa Mesa, California and operates over 400 (as of March 2014) company-owned and franchised restaurants in the Southwestern United States. "El Pollo Loco" is Spanish for "The Crazy Chicken".

text: Fare[edit]

text: El Pollo Loco primarily prepares Mexican chicken entrees. The company describes its chicken as "citrus-marinated and fire-grilled." The American company also offer Mexican-style food such as tacos, burritos, enchiladas, and quesadillas.[2]

text: In a bid to compete with companies such as KFC and Chick-fil-A, El Pollo Loco experimented with offering deep fried chicken in the form of breaded chicken tenders at selected locations in the United States for a limited time during the Fall 2016.[3][4] This experiment is a big departure from its previous marketing campaigns that tout their fired-grilled chicken as a healthy alternative to fried chicken.

text: History[edit]

text: Juan Francisco Ochoa started the restaurant in Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico, in 1975.[5]

text: By 1979 the chain had expanded throughout northern Mexico. On December 8, 1980, Ochoa opened his first U.S. restaurant in Los Angeles, California at 503 Alvarado Street, near Sixth Street.[6][7] The first American location was only 1,500-square-feet and it grossed more than $125,000 per month during its first year of operation.[8] The initial menu was very simple: a choice of a half or whole chicken with a packet of warm tortillas and a cup of salsa.[8] A second location was opened in Santa Ana in the fall of 1981.[8]

text: In 1983, the 19 American restaurants in the chain were acquired by Denny's with an agreement that the Ochoa family would continue to operate the restaurants in Mexico.[9] After 18 months of new ownership, the American owned El Loco Pollo, Inc. had increased the number of locations in Southern California from 19 to 29 while adding 6 locations in distant Houston, Texas, with almost all of the new locations were franchise operations.[10]

text: Four years later the 70-unit El Pollo Loco was acquired by TW Services when TW Services purchased El Pollo Loco's then parent Denny's Inc. in 1987 for $218 million in cash.[11][12]

text: In May 1990, El Pollo Loco opened its 200th restaurant. That new restaurant was located in Yorba Linda, California.[13] During the early 1990s the company experimented with many different concepts to increase marketshare in the competitive Southern Californian fast food industry. In 1994 the company test marketed at a select few locations: a side-dish bar, salsa bar, and barbecue at some locations, while other locations tried selling french fries or ice cream.[14] Only salsa bars survived the test and were introduced chainwide the following year.[15] The company also tested home delivery and catering in 1995.[15]

text: In August 1995 El Pollo Loco earned a place in the Guinness Book of World Records for building the world's largest burrito in Anaheim, California. The burrito was 3,112 feet (949 m) long and weighed two tons.[16]

text: American Securities Capital Partners acquired the 274-location El Pollo Loco in 1999 for $114 Million from Advantica (formerly called TW Services)[17] and later sold it to Trimaran Capital Partners in 2005 for $400 Million with 328 locations.[18][19]

text: In January 2007, El Pollo Loco was featured on NBC TV's hit show The Apprentice: Los Angeles where contestants competed by creating and selling versions of El Pollo Loco's Pollo Bowl.[20] El Pollo Loco was recognized by the World Franchising Network as a Top Franchise for Hispanics in 2010.[21]

text: New locations were first open by franchisees in the states of Utah[22] and Oregon[23] in 2008. The 400th location was opened in Chelsea, Massachusetts in May 2008.[24]

text: In July 2014, El Loco Pollo (NASDAQ: LOCO) became a publicly traded company on NASDAQ.[25][26]

text: In October 2016, the company announced that it had teamed up with a Louisiana-based franchisee who plans to build and open two units in Lafayette, Louisiana, sometime in 2018.[27] In the following year, the Louisiana-based franchisee announced that construction of the first Lafayette was going to start in the upcoming month with an anticipated opening in the late spring of 2018.[27]

text: Temporary expansion eastward[edit]

text: Throughout its history, El Pollo Loco, Inc., tried at various times to expand beyond its core territories of California and the American Southwest, but all of these attempts were so far not very successful.

text: In 1987, then owner TW Services began to open restaurants in the Orlando area, starting in Winter Park, Florida.[28] Five restaurants were eventually built but all five were forced to close in 1991.[29]

text: A second expansion attempt, mainly though franchises, was started in 2006 under then owner Trimaran Capital Partners.[30][31][32] All of these locations were closed within six years.

text: During this time, El Pollo Loco or its franchisees briefly operated several restaurants in metro Atlanta,[33] and Boston,[24][34] New Jersey[35] and in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia;[36] these closed by 2011. The chain's franchised restaurants in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area[23][37] also closed in 2011. An El Pollo Loco in the Foxwoods Resort Casino in Connecticut[38] closed in spring 2012. The last of four Chicago area[39][40][41] stores closed at the end of 2012.

text: Locations within the United States[edit]

text: In the U.S., the El Pollo Loco chain operates over 400 company-owned and franchised restaurants in Arizona, California, Nevada, Texas, Utah, and coming in 2018 Louisiana.[42][43] In 2012, El Pollo Loco restaurants went through a major makeover.[44]

text: Locations outside North America[edit]

text: Under Denny's and its successors, El Pollo Loco, Inc., had sold franchise licenses to operators based in East Asia. By 1997, EPL, Inc., had franchises located in Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines.[45] The franchise licenses for both Malaysia and Singapore has since lapsed. In July 2016, the Delgado family, owners of the El Pollo Loco franchise in the Philippines, filed a lawsuit against EPL, Inc. in the Regional Trial Court so it could retain the El Pollo Loco trademark in that country after the franchise contract had terminated.[46]

text: Charity partners[edit]

text: The brand created Fire-Grilled Fundraisers, an initiative for nonprofit organizations to raise funds for their cause while dining at the restaurant. They also created El Pollo Loco Charities, a nonprofit 501(c) charity to provide meals to underprivileged families, in 2005.[47]

text: Mexico[edit]

text:
El Pollo Loco, S.A. de C.V.

¿Que lo hace diferente... único...?

Trading name

El Pollo Loco

Type

Private

Industry
Casual dining restaurant, Restaurants

Founded
Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico January 6, 1975; 43 years ago (1975-01-06)

Founder
Juan Francisco Ochoa

Headquarters
San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, Mexico

Number of locations

52 (October 2017)[48]

Area served

Mexico
(Coahuila, Michoacán, Nuevo León, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, and Mexico D.F.)

Products
Fire-grilled chicken and related Mexican food

Website
elpolloloco.com.mx

text: The El Pollo Loco locations in Mexico are not affiliated with or operated by the Costa Mesa, California-based El Pollo Loco, Inc. but are operated by Mexico-based El Pollo Loco, S.A. de C.V., which is still owned by founder Juan Francisco Ochoa and his family.[49] The company specializes in selling Sinaloa-style marinaded grilled chicken.

text: In Mexico, El Pollo Loco, S.A. de C.V., operates as El Pollo Loco in over 50 locations within Mexico City and the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, Michoacán, Sinaloa, and Tamaulipas, of which 28 of those being located in Nuevo León.[48]

text: History of the Mexican chain[edit]

text: Ochoa opened his first location in Guasave in the state of Sinaloa on January 6, 1974 at a small roadside location containing ten tables and with a starting working capital of 15 thousand pesos. His wife Flérida created a fruit-based marinade which was used to coat the chicken for several hours prior to grilling. After a few hours of operations on their first day, they sold out all 43 chickens.[49][50][51]

text: Three years later, Ochoa's brother Jaime quit his job and opened the company's second location in San Luis Potosi. This was quickly followed by other locations that were opened and operated by Ochoa's other brothers and sisters in Guadalajara, Morelia, Monterrey, and Saltillo.[49]

text: By the end of 1979, Ochoa had 85 restaurants in 20 cities throughout Northern Mexico with many of the locations operated by family members or close friends.[50] At that time, Ochoa thought about expanding north of the borders into areas of the United States that he had previously visited. In 1980, Ochoa opened his first U.S. location on Alvarado Street in Los Angeles, an area which had a high concentration of immigrants from Sinaloa.[7][49]

text: The company rapidly expanded on both sides of the international border during the early 1980s. However a number of bad decisions caused by a non-related manager caused the company to accumulate $3 million in debts and created a cash flow problem that forced Ochoa to sell his properties outside Mexico to help cover those debts.[49]

text: In September 1983, Ochoa sold the 19 U.S. locations, all of which were located in Southern California, to Denny's[9][52] for either $12.6 million[53] or $11.3 million.[10] At the time of the sale, Ochoa had retained 92 locations within Mexico.[9] As part of the agreement, Denny's promised to assist Ochoa in opening new locations in the parts of Mexico that Ochoa's company did not then occupy. In 2004, the Mexican company filed suit in U.S. Federal Court against the American company for failure to fulfill the joint expansion agreement. After three years of litigation, the Court ruled against the American company and ordered the American company to pay $22 million in damages and to return the ownership of the "El Pollo Loco" trademark and intellectual property within Mexico back to the Mexican company.[54][55]

text: As a result of the debt debacle created during the early 1980s by a non-family manager, the number of locations has since shrunk to approximately 40 locations, all of which are managed and operated by family members.[49]

text: After the sale of the American locations in 1983, Ochoa restricted his business activities to Mexico. However, the lure of new business activities north of the Rio Grande was too hard to resist and Ochoa opened his new business, called Taco Palenque, in Laredo, Texas in 1987.[56]

text: Fare[edit]

text: Unlike its American counterpart, the Mexican chain has kept its menu simple and focused on the grilled chicken. Deboned chicken or other meats like shrimp or carne asada are not available. Standard Mexican-American fare such as tacos, burritos, enchiladas, and quesadillas are also not available.[49][57]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: In January 2016, the Secretaría de Salud de Nuevo León, the Health Ministry for the Mexican state of Nuevo León, closed several franchised locations of El Pollo Loco for several health code violations.[58] At least one of the locations was owned by Mexican politician Marco González who claimed that the closures were politically motivated.[59]


document_title: List of New York Knicks seasons

question_text: how many games did the new york knicks win last year

root

text: List of New York Knicks seasons

text: Table key[edit]

text:
NBA champions
(1947–present) †

Division/Conference champions
(1947–1970/1971–present) *

Division champions
(1971–present) ^

Playoff berth
(1947–present) ¤

tag: table

text:
AMVP
NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player

Conf. finish
Final position in conference standings

COY
Coach of the Year

Div. finish
Final position in division standings

DPOY
Defensive Player of the Year

FMVP
NBA Finals Most Valuable Player

GB
Games behind first-place team in division[a]

Italics
Season in progress

JWKC
J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award

L
Number of regular season losses

MVP
Most Valuable Player

Ref.
Reference

ROY
Rookie of the Year

SIX
Sixth Man of the Year

W
Number of regular season wins

text: Seasons[edit]

text: Note: Statistics are correct as of the 2016–17 season.

tag: p

text:
Season
Conf.
Conf. finish[b]
Div.
Div. finish[b]
W[c]
L[c]
Win%
GB
Playoffs
Awards
Head coach
Ref.

1946–47
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
3rd ¤
33
27
.550
16
Won Quarterfinals vs. Cleveland Rebels, 2–1
Lost Semifinals to Philadelphia Warriors, 2–0[5]
—
Neil Cohalan
[6]

1947–48
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
2nd ¤
26
22
.542
1
Lost Quarterfinals to Baltimore Bullets, 2–1[7]
—
Joe Lapchick
[8]

1948–49
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
2nd ¤
32
28
.533
6
Won Division Semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets, 2–1
Lost Division Finals to Washington Capitols, 2–1[9]
—
Joe Lapchick
[10]

1949–50
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
2nd ¤
40
28
.588
13
Won Division Semifinals vs. Washington Capitols, 2–0
Lost Division Finals to Syracuse Nationals, 2–1[11]
—
Joe Lapchick
[12]

1950–51
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern *
3rd ¤
36
30
.545
4
Won Division Semifinals vs. Boston Celtics, 2–0
Won Division Finals vs. Syracuse Nationals, 3–2
Lost NBA Finals to Rochester Royals, 4–3[13] *
—
Joe Lapchick
[14]

1951–52
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern *
3rd ¤
37
29
.561
3
Won Division Semifinals vs. Boston Celtics, 2–1
Won Division Finals vs. Syracuse Nationals, 3–1
Lost NBA Finals to Minneapolis Lakers, 4–3[15] *
—
Joe Lapchick
[16]

1952–53
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern *
1st ¤
47
23
.671
—
Won Division Semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets, 2–0
Won Division Finals vs. Boston Celtics, 3–1
Lost NBA Finals to Minneapolis Lakers, 4–1[17] *
—
Joe Lapchick
[18]

1953–54
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
1st ¤
44
28
.611
—
Lost round-robin to Boston Celtics and Syracuse Nationals, 4–0[19]
—
Joe Lapchick
[20]

1954–55
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
2nd ¤
38
34
.528
5
Lost Division Semifinals to Boston Celtics, 2–1[21]
—
Joe Lapchick
[22]

1955–56
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
4th[d] ¤
35
37
.486
10
Lost Division third-place tiebreaker to Syracuse Nationals, 1–0[24]
—
Joe Lapchick
Vince Boryla
[23]

1956–57
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
4th
36
36
.500
8
—
—
Vince Boryla
[25]

1957–58
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
4th
35
37
.486
14
—
—
Vince Boryla
Andrew Levane
[26]

1958–59
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
2nd ¤
40
32
.556
12
Lost Division Semifinals to Syracuse Nationals, 2–0[27]
—
Andrew Levane
[28]

1959–60
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
4th
27
48
.360
32
—
—
Andrew Levane
Carl Braun
[29]

1960–61
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
4th
21
58
.266
36
—
—
Carl Braun
[30]

1961–62
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
4th
29
51
.363
31
—
—
Eddie Donovan
[31]

1962–63
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
4th
21
59
.263
37
—
—
Eddie Donovan
[32]

1963–64
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
4th
22
58
.275
37
—
—
Eddie Donovan
[33]

1964–65
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
4th
31
49
.388
31
—
Willis Reed[34] (ROY)
Eddie Donovan
Harry Gallatin
[35]

1965–66
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
4th
30
50
.375
25
—
—
Dick McGuire
[36]

1966–67
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
4th ¤
36
45
.444
32
Lost Division Semifinals to Boston Celtics, 3–1[37]
—
Dick McGuire
[38]

1967–68
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
3rd ¤
43
39
.524
19
Lost Division Semifinals to Philadelphia 76ers, 4–2[39]
—
Dick McGuire
Red Holzman
[40]

1968–69
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern
3rd ¤
54
28
.659
3
Won Division Semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets, 4–0
Lost Division Finals to Boston Celtics, 4–2[41]
—
Red Holzman
[42]

1969–70
—
5000000000000000000♠—
Eastern *
1st ¤
60
22
.732
—
Won Division Semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets, 4–3
Won Division Finals vs. Milwaukee Bucks, 4–1
Won NBA Finals vs. Los Angeles Lakers, 4–3[43]
Red Holzman[44] (COY)
Willis Reed[34]
(AMVP, FMVP & MVP)
Red Holzman
[45]

1970–71
Eastern
7000100000000000000♠1st ¤
Atlantic[e] ^
1st
52
30
.634
—
Won Conference Semifinals vs. Atlanta Hawks, 4–1
Lost Conference Finals to Baltimore Bullets, 4–3[48]
—
Red Holzman
[49]

1971–72
Eastern *
7000300000000000000♠3rd ¤
Atlantic
2nd
48
34
.585
8
Won Conference Semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets, 4–2
Won Conference Finals vs. Boston Celtics, 4–1
Lost Finals to Los Angeles Lakers, 4–1[50] *
—
Red Holzman
[51]

1972–73
Eastern *
7000300000000000000♠3rd ¤
Atlantic
2nd
57
25
.695
11
Won Conference Semifinals vs. Baltimore Bullets, 4–1
Won Conference Finals vs. Boston Celtics, 4–3
Won Finals vs. Los Angeles Lakers, 4–1[52]
Willis Reed[34] (FMVP)
Red Holzman
[53]

1973–74
Eastern
7000300000000000000♠3rd ¤
Atlantic
2nd
49
33
.598
7
Won Conference Semifinals vs. Capital Bullets, 4–3
Lost Conference Finals to Boston Celtics, 4–1[54]
—
Red Holzman
[55]

1974–75
Eastern
7000500000000000000♠5th ¤
Atlantic
3rd
40
42
.488
20
Lost First Round to Houston Rockets, 2–1[56]
Walt Frazier[57] (AMVP)
Red Holzman
[58]

1975–76
Eastern
7000700000000000000♠7th
Atlantic
4th
38
44
.463
16
—
—
Red Holzman
[59]

1976–77
Eastern
7000700000000000000♠7th
Atlantic
3rd
40
42
.488
10
—
—
Red Holzman
[60]

1977–78
Eastern
7000500000000000000♠5th ¤
Atlantic
2nd
43
39
.524
12
Won First Round vs. Cleveland Cavaliers, 2–0
Lost Conference Semifinals to Philadelphia 76ers, 4–0[61]
—
Willis Reed
[62]

1978–79
Eastern
7000700000000000000♠7th
Atlantic
4th
31
51
.378
23
—
—
Willis Reed
Red Holzman
[63]

1979–80
Eastern
7000700000000000000♠7th
Atlantic
4th[f]
39
43
.476
22
—
—
Red Holzman
[64]

1980–81
Eastern
7000400000000000000♠4th ¤
Atlantic
3rd
50
32
.610
12
Lost First Round to Chicago Bulls, 2–0[65]
Mike Glenn[66] (JWKC)
Red Holzman
[67]

1981–82
Eastern
7001100000000000000♠10th
Atlantic
5th
33
49
.402
30
—
—
Red Holzman
[68]

1982–83
Eastern
7000500000000000000♠5th ¤
Atlantic
4th
44
38
.537
21
Won First Round vs. New Jersey Nets, 2–0
Lost Conference Semifinals to Philadelphia 76ers, 4–0[69]
—
Hubie Brown
[70]

1983–84
Eastern
7000500000000000000♠5th ¤
Atlantic
3rd
47
35
.573
15
Won First Round vs. Detroit Pistons, 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals to Boston Celtics, 4–3[71]
—
Hubie Brown
[72]

1984–85
Eastern
7001100000000000000♠10th
Atlantic
5th
24
58
.293
39
—
—
Hubie Brown
[73]

1985–86
Eastern
7001110000000000000♠11th
Atlantic
5th
23
59
.280
44
—
Patrick Ewing[74] (ROY)
Rory Sparrow[66][g]
(JWKC)
Hubie Brown
[75]

1986–87
Eastern
7001110000000000000♠11th
Atlantic
5th[h]
24
58
.293
35
—
—
Hubie Brown
Bob Hill
[76]

1987–88
Eastern
7000800000000000000♠8th ¤
Atlantic
3rd[i]
38
44
.463
19
Lost First Round to Boston Celtics, 3–1[78]
Mark Jackson[79] (ROY)
Rick Pitino
[77]

1988–89
Eastern
7000200000000000000♠2nd ¤
Atlantic ^
1st
52
30
.634
—
Won First Round vs. Philadelphia 76ers, 3–0
Lost Conference Semifinals to Chicago Bulls, 4–2[80]
—
Rick Pitino
[81]

1989–90
Eastern
7000500000000000000♠5th ¤
Atlantic
3rd
45
37
.549
8
Won First Round vs. Boston Celtics, 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals to Detroit Pistons, 4–1[82]
—
Stu Jackson
[83]

1990–91
Eastern
7000800000000000000♠8th ¤
Atlantic
3rd
39
43
.476
17
Lost First Round to Chicago Bulls, 3–0[84]
—
Stu Jackson
John MacLeod
[85]

1991–92
Eastern
7000400000000000000♠4th ¤
Atlantic
2nd[j]
51
31
.622
—
Won First Round vs. Detroit Pistons, 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals to Chicago Bulls, 4–3[87]
—
Pat Riley
[86]

1992–93
Eastern
7000100000000000000♠1st ¤
Atlantic ^
1st
60
22
.732
—
Won First Round vs. Indiana Pacers, 3–1
Won Conference Semifinals vs. Charlotte Hornets, 4–1
Lost Conference Finals to Chicago Bulls, 4–2[88]
Pat Riley[89] (COY)
Pat Riley
[90]

1993–94
Eastern *
7000200000000000000♠2nd ¤
Atlantic ^
1st
57
25
.695
—
Won First Round vs. New Jersey Nets, 3-1
Won Conference Semifinals vs. Chicago Bulls, 4–3
Won Conference Finals vs. Indiana Pacers, 4–3
Lost NBA Finals to Houston Rockets, 4–3[91] *
—
Pat Riley
[92]

1994–95
Eastern
7000300000000000000♠3rd ¤
Atlantic
2nd
55
27
.671
2
Won First Round vs. Cleveland Cavaliers, 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals to Indiana Pacers, 4–3[93]
Anthony Mason[94]
(SIX)
Pat Riley
[95]

1995–96
Eastern
7000500000000000000♠5th ¤
Atlantic
2nd
47
35
.573
13
Won First Round vs. Cleveland Cavaliers, 3–0
Lost Conference Semifinals to Chicago Bulls, 4–1[96]
—
Don Nelson
Jeff Van Gundy
[97]

1996–97
Eastern
7000300000000000000♠3rd ¤
Atlantic
2nd
57
25
.695
4
Won First Round vs. Charlotte Hornets, 3–0
Lost Conference Semifinals to Miami Heat, 4–3[98]
John Starks[94] (SIX)
Jeff Van Gundy
[99]

1997–98
Eastern
7000700000000000000♠7th ¤
Atlantic
2nd
43
39
.524
12
Won First Round vs. Miami Heat, 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals to Indiana Pacers, 4–1[100]
—
Jeff Van Gundy
[101]

1998–99[k]
Eastern *
7000800000000000000♠8th ¤
Atlantic
4th
27
23
.540
6
Won First Round vs. Miami Heat, 3–2
Won Conference Semifinals vs. Atlanta Hawks, 4–0
Won Conference Finals vs. Indiana Pacers, 4–2
Lost Finals to San Antonio Spurs, 4–1[104] *
—
Jeff Van Gundy
[103]

1999–00
Eastern
7000300000000000000♠3rd ¤
Atlantic
2nd
50
32
.610
2
Won First Round vs. Toronto Raptors, 3–0
Won Conference Semifinals vs. Miami Heat, 4–3
Lost Conference Finals to Indiana Pacers, 4–2[105]
—
Jeff Van Gundy
[106]

2000–01
Eastern
7000400000000000000♠4th ¤
Atlantic
3rd
48
34
.585
5
Lost First Round to Toronto Raptors, 3–2[107]
—
Jeff Van Gundy
[108]

2001–02
Eastern
7001130000000000000♠13th
Atlantic
7th
30
52
.366
22
—
—
Jeff Van Gundy
Don Chaney
[109]

2002–03
Eastern
7001100000000000000♠10th
Atlantic
6th[l]
37
45
.451
12
—
—
Don Chaney
[110]

2003–04
Eastern
7000700000000000000♠7th ¤
Atlantic
3rd
39
43
.476
8
Lost First Round to New Jersey Nets, 4–0[111]
—
Don Chaney
Herb Williams
Lenny Wilkens
[112]

2004–05
Eastern
7001120000000000000♠12th
Atlantic
5th[m]
33
49
.402
12
—
—
Lenny Wilkens
Herb Williams
[113]

2005–06
Eastern
7001150000000000000♠15th
Atlantic
5th
23
59
.280
26
—
—
Larry Brown
[114]

2006–07
Eastern
7001120000000000000♠12th
Atlantic
4th
33
49
.402
14
—
—
Isiah Thomas
[115]

2007–08
Eastern
7001140000000000000♠14th
Atlantic
5th
23
59
.280
43
—
—
Isiah Thomas
[116]

2008–09
Eastern
7001140000000000000♠14th
Atlantic
5th
32
50
.390
30
—
—
Mike D'Antoni
[117]

2009–10
Eastern
7001110000000000000♠11th
Atlantic
3rd
29
53
.354
21
—
—
Mike D'Antoni
[118]

2010–11
Eastern
7000600000000000000♠6th ¤
Atlantic
2nd
42
40
.512
14
Lost First Round to Boston Celtics, 4–0[119]
—
Mike D'Antoni
[120]

2011–12[n]
Eastern
7000700000000000000♠7th ¤
Atlantic
2nd
36
30
.545
14
Lost First Round to Miami Heat, 4–1[123]
Tyson Chandler[124] (DPOY)
Mike D'Antoni
Mike Woodson
[122]

2012–13
Eastern
7000200000000000000♠2nd ¤
Atlantic ^
1st
54
28
.659
—
Won First Round vs Boston Celtics, 4–2
Lost Conference Semifinals to Indiana Pacers, 4–2
J. R. Smith[94] (SIX)
Mike Woodson
[125]

2013–14
Eastern
7000900000000000000♠9th
Atlantic
3rd
37
45
.451
11
—
—
Mike Woodson
[126]

2014–15
Eastern
7001150000000000000♠15th
Atlantic
5th
17
65
.207
32
—
—
Derek Fisher
[127]

2015–16
Eastern
7001130000000000000♠13th
Atlantic
3rd
32
50
.390
24
—
—
Derek Fisher
Kurt Rambis
[128]

2016–17
Eastern
7001120000000000000♠12th
Atlantic
3rd
31
51
.378
22
—
—
Jeff Hornacek
[129]

text: All-time records[edit]

text:
Statistic
Wins
Losses
W–L%

New York Knicks regular season record (1946–present)
2,732
2,825
.492

New York Knicks postseason record (1946–present)
185
188
.496

All-time regular and postseason record
2,917
3,013
.492

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The formula is as follows:

G
a
m
e
s

b
e
h
i
n
d

=

(

T
e
a
m

A
′

s

w
i
n
s

−

T
e
a
m

B
′

s

w
i
n
s

)
+
(

T
e
a
m

B
′

s

l
o
s
s
e
s

−

T
e
a
m

A
′

s

l
o
s
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)

2

{\displaystyle \mathrm {Games} \ \mathrm {behind} ={\frac {(\mathrm {TeamA's} \ \mathrm {wins} -\mathrm {TeamB's} \ \mathrm {wins} )+(\mathrm {TeamB's} \ \mathrm {losses} -\mathrm {TeamA's} \ \mathrm {losses} )}{\mathrm {2} }}}

^ Jump up to: a b The Conf. finish and Div. finish columns list regular season results and exclude postseason play.
^ Jump up to: a b The Wins and Losses columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play. Regular and postseason records are combined only below the table.
Jump up ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as Syracuse in the Eastern Division, they lost the tiebreaker and finished fourth.[23]
Jump up ^ Before the 1970–71 season, the NBA realigned into Eastern and Western conferences, with four divisions between them.[46] As a result of the realignment, New York was placed in the Eastern Conference as a member of the Atlantic Division.[47]
Jump up ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as Washington in the Atlantic Division, they lost the tiebreaker and finished fourth.[64]
Jump up ^ Sparrow and Michael Cooper were co-winners of the award.[66]
Jump up ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as New Jersey in the Atlantic Division, they lost the tiebreaker and finished fifth.[76]
Jump up ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as Washington in the Atlantic Division, they lost the tiebreaker and finished third.[77]
Jump up ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as Boston in the Atlantic Division, they lost the tiebreaker and finished second.[86]
Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50-game regular season schedule.[102][103]
Jump up ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as the Washington Wizards in the Atlantic Division, they lost the tiebreaker and finished sixth.[110]
Jump up ^ Though the Knicks had the same record as Toronto in the Atlantic Division, they lost the tiebreaker and finished fifth.[113]
Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66-game regular season schedule.[121][122]

tag: ol


document_title: Jackie Robinson

question_text: how old was jackie robinson when he was a rookie

question_tokens: how old was jackie robinson when he was a rookie

text: Jackie Robinson

text: Early life

text: Family and personal life

text: Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, into a family of sharecroppers in Cairo, Georgia. He was the youngest of five children born to Mallie (McGriff) and Jerry Robinson, after siblings Edgar, Frank, Matthew (nicknamed "Mack"), and Willa Mae.[8][9][10] His middle name was in honor of former President Theodore Roosevelt, who died 25 days before Robinson was born.[11][12] After Robinson's father left the family in 1920, they moved to Pasadena, California.[13][14][15]

text: The extended Robinson family established itself on a residential plot containing two small houses at 121 Pepper Street in Pasadena. Robinson's mother worked various odd jobs to support the family.[16] Growing up in relative poverty in an otherwise affluent community, Robinson and his minority friends were excluded from many recreational opportunities.[17] As a result, Robinson joined a neighborhood gang, but his friend Carl Anderson persuaded him to abandon it.[17][18][19]

text: John Muir High School

text: In 1935, Robinson graduated from Washington Junior High School and enrolled at John Muir High School (Muir Tech).[20] Recognizing his athletic talents, Robinson's older brothers Mack (himself an accomplished athlete and silver medalist at the 1936 Summer Olympics)[19] and Frank inspired Jackie to pursue his interest in sports.[21][22]

text: At Muir Tech, Robinson played several sports at the varsity level and lettered in four of them: football, basketball, track, and baseball.[15] He played shortstop and catcher on the baseball team, quarterback on the football team, and guard on the basketball team. With the track and field squad, he won awards in the broad jump. He was also a member of the tennis team.[23]

text: In 1936, Robinson won the junior boys singles championship in the annual Pacific Coast Negro Tennis Tournament and earned a place on the Pomona annual baseball tournament all-star team, which included future Hall of Famers Ted Williams and Bob Lemon.[24] In late January 1937, the Pasadena Star-News newspaper reported that Robinson "for two years has been the outstanding athlete at Muir, starring in football, basketball, track, baseball and tennis."[25]

text: Pasadena Junior College

text: After Muir, Robinson attended Pasadena Junior College (PJC), where he continued his athletic career by participating in basketball, football, baseball, and track.[26] On the football team, he played quarterback and safety. He was a shortstop and leadoff hitter for the baseball team, and he broke school broad-jump records held by his brother Mack.[15] As at Muir High School, most of Jackie's teammates were white.[24] While playing football at PJC, Robinson suffered a fractured ankle, complications from which would eventually delay his deployment status while in the military.[27][28] In 1938, he was elected to the All-Southland Junior College Team for baseball and selected as the region's Most Valuable Player.[22][29]

text: That year, Robinson was one of 10 students named to the school's Order of the Mast and Dagger (Omicron Mu Delta), awarded to students performing "outstanding service to the school and whose scholastic and citizenship record is worthy of recognition."[30] Also while at PJC, he was elected to the Lancers, a student-run police organization responsible for patrolling various school activities.[31]

text: An incident at PJC illustrated Robinson's impatience with authority figures he perceived as racist—a character trait that would resurface repeatedly in his life. On January 25, 1938, he was arrested after vocally disputing the detention of a black friend by police.[32] Robinson received a two-year suspended sentence, but the incident—along with other rumored run-ins between Robinson and police—gave Robinson a reputation for combativeness in the face of racial antagonism.[33] While at PJC, he was motivated by a preacher (the Rev. Karl Downs) to attend church on a regular basis, and Downs became a confidant for Robinson, a Christian.[34] Toward the end of his PJC tenure, Frank Robinson (to whom Robinson felt closest among his three brothers) was killed in a motorcycle accident. The event motivated Jackie to pursue his athletic career at the nearby University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he could remain closer to Frank's family.[22][35]

text: UCLA and afterward

text: After graduating from PJC in spring 1939,[36] Robinson enrolled at UCLA, where he became the school's first athlete to win varsity letters in four sports: baseball, basketball, football, and track.[37][38]

text: He was one of four black players on the Bruins' 1939 football team; the others were Woody Strode, Kenny Washington, and Ray Bartlett. Washington, Strode, and Robinson made up three of the team's four backfield players.[39] At a time when only a few black students played mainstream college football, this made UCLA college football's most integrated team.[40][41] They went undefeated with four ties at 6–0–4.[42]

text: In track and field, Robinson won the 1940 NCAA championship in the long jump at 24 ft 10 1⁄4 in (7.58 m).[43] Belying his future career, Robinson's "worst sport" at UCLA was baseball; he hit .097 in his only season, although in his first game he went 4-for-4 and twice stole home.[44]

text: While a senior at UCLA, Robinson met his future wife, Rachel Isum (b.1922), a UCLA freshman who was familiar with Robinson's athletic career at PJC.[45] He played football as a senior, but the 1940 Bruins won only one game.[46] In the spring, Robinson left college just shy of graduation, despite his mother's and Isum's reservations.[47] He took a job as an assistant athletic director with the government's National Youth Administration (NYA) in Atascadero, California.[48][49][50]

text: After the government ceased NYA operations, Robinson traveled to Honolulu in the fall of 1941 to play football for the semi-professional, racially integrated Honolulu Bears.[48][50] After a short season, Robinson returned to California in December 1941 to pursue a career as running back for the Los Angeles Bulldogs of the Pacific Coast Football League.[51] By that time, however, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor had taken place, drawing the United States into World War II and ending Robinson's nascent football career.[48]

text: Military career

text: In 1942, Robinson was drafted and assigned to a segregated Army cavalry unit in Fort Riley, Kansas. Having the requisite qualifications, Robinson and several other black soldiers applied for admission to an Officer Candidate School (OCS) then located at Fort Riley. Although the Army's initial July 1941 guidelines for OCS had been drafted as race neutral, few black applicants were admitted into OCS until after subsequent directives by Army leadership.[52] As a result, the applications of Robinson and his colleagues were delayed for several months.[53] After protests by heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis (then stationed at Fort Riley) and the help of Truman Gibson (then an assistant civilian aide to the Secretary of War),[54] the men were accepted into OCS.[48][53][55] The experience led to a personal friendship between Robinson and Louis.[56][57] Upon finishing OCS, Robinson was commissioned as a second lieutenant in January 1943.[38] Shortly afterward, Robinson and Isum were formally engaged.[53]

text: After receiving his commission, Robinson was reassigned to Fort Hood, Texas, where he joined the 761st "Black Panthers" Tank Battalion. While at Fort Hood, Robinson often used his weekend leave to visit the Rev. Karl Downs, President of Sam Huston College (now Huston-Tillotson University) in nearby Austin, Texas; Downs had been Robinson's pastor at Scott United Methodist Church while Robinson attended PJC.[32][58]

text: An event on July 6, 1944 derailed Robinson's military career.[59] While awaiting results of hospital tests on the ankle he had injured in junior college, Robinson boarded an Army bus with a fellow officer's wife; although the Army had commissioned its own unsegregated bus line, the bus driver ordered Robinson to move to the back of the bus.[60][61][62] Robinson refused. The driver backed down, but after reaching the end of the line, summoned the military police, who took Robinson into custody.[60][63] When Robinson later confronted the investigating duty officer about racist questioning by the officer and his assistant, the officer recommended Robinson be court-martialed.[60][64] After Robinson's commander in the 761st, Paul L. Bates, refused to authorize the legal action,[65] Robinson was summarily transferred to the 758th Battalion—where the commander quickly consented to charge Robinson with multiple offenses, including, among other charges, public drunkenness, even though Robinson did not drink.[60][66]

text: By the time of the court-martial in August 1944, the charges against Robinson had been reduced to two counts of insubordination during questioning.[60] Robinson was acquitted by an all-white panel of nine officers.[60] The experiences Robinson was subjected to during the court proceedings would be remembered when he later joined MLB and was subjected to racist attacks.[67] Although his former unit, the 761st Tank Battalion, became the first black tank unit to see combat in World War II, Robinson's court-martial proceedings prohibited him from being deployed overseas; thus, he never saw combat action.[68]

text: After his acquittal, he was transferred to Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky, where he served as a coach for army athletics until receiving an honorable discharge in November 1944.[69] While there, Robinson met a former player for the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro American League, who encouraged Robinson to write the Monarchs and ask for a tryout.[70] Robinson took the former player's advice and wrote to Monarchs' co-owner Thomas Baird.[71]

text: Post-military

text: After his discharge, Robinson briefly returned to his old football club, the Los Angeles Bulldogs.[51] Robinson then accepted an offer from his old friend and pastor Rev. Karl Downs to be the athletic director at Samuel Huston College in Austin, then of the Southwestern Athletic Conference.[72] The job included coaching the school's basketball team for the 1944–45 season.[58] As it was a fledgling program, few students tried out for the basketball team, and Robinson even resorted to inserting himself into the lineup for exhibition games.[72][73] Although his teams were outmatched by opponents, Robinson was respected as a disciplinarian coach,[58] and drew the admiration of, among others, Langston University basketball player Marques Haynes, a future member of the Harlem Globetrotters.[74]

text: Playing career

text: Negro leagues and major league prospects

text: In early 1945, while Robinson was at Sam Huston College, the Kansas City Monarchs sent him a written offer to play professional baseball in the Negro leagues.[58][75] Robinson accepted a contract for $400 per month.[48][76] Although he played well for the Monarchs, Robinson was frustrated with the experience. He had grown used to a structured playing environment in college, and the Negro leagues' disorganization and embrace of gambling interests appalled him.[77][78] The hectic travel schedule also placed a burden on his relationship with Isum, with whom he could now communicate only by letter.[79] In all, Robinson played 47 games at shortstop for the Monarchs, hitting .387 with five home runs, and registering 13 stolen bases.[80] He also appeared in the 1945 Negro League All-Star Game, going hitless in five at-bats.[81]

text: During the season, Robinson pursued potential major league interests. No black man had played in the major leagues since Moses Fleetwood Walker in 1884, but the Boston Red Sox nevertheless held a tryout at Fenway Park for Robinson and other black players on April 16.[82][83] The tryout, however, was a farce chiefly designed to assuage the desegregationist sensibilities of powerful Boston City Councilman Isadore Muchnick.[84] Even with the stands limited to management, Robinson was subjected to racial epithets.[85] He left the tryout humiliated,[82] and more than fourteen years later, in July 1959, the Red Sox became the last major league team to integrate its roster.[86]

text: Other teams, however, had more serious interest in signing a black ballplayer. In the mid-1940s, Branch Rickey, club president and general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers, began to scout the Negro leagues for a possible addition to the Dodgers' roster. Rickey selected Robinson from a list of promising black players and interviewed him for possible assignment to Brooklyn's International League farm club, the Montreal Royals.[87] Rickey was especially interested in making sure his eventual signee could withstand the inevitable racial abuse that would be directed at him.[7][88] In a famous three-hour exchange on August 28, 1945,[89] Rickey asked Robinson if he could face the racial animus without taking the bait and reacting angrily—a concern given Robinson's prior arguments with law enforcement officials at PJC and in the military.[48] Robinson was aghast: "Are you looking for a Negro who is afraid to fight back?"[88][90] Rickey replied that he needed a Negro player "with guts enough not to fight back."[88][90] After obtaining a commitment from Robinson to "turn the other cheek" to racial antagonism, Rickey agreed to sign him to a contract for $600 a month, equal to $8,156 today.[91][92] Rickey did not offer compensation to the Monarchs, instead believing all Negro league players were free agents due to the contracts not containing a reserve clause.[93] Among those Rickey discussed prospects with was Wendell Smith, writer for the black weekly Pittsburgh Courier, who according to Cleveland Indians owner and team president Bill Veeck "influenced Rickey to take Jack Robinson, for which he's never completely gotten credit."[94]

text: Although he required Robinson to keep the arrangement a secret for the time being, Rickey committed to formally signing Robinson before November 1, 1945.[95] On October 23, it was publicly announced that Robinson would be assigned to the Royals for the 1946 season.[48][92][96] On the same day, with representatives of the Royals and Dodgers present, Robinson formally signed his contract with the Royals.[97] In what was later referred to as "The Noble Experiment",[48][98] Robinson was the first black baseball player in the International League since the 1880s.[99] He was not necessarily the best player in the Negro leagues,[100] and black talents Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson were upset when Robinson was selected first.[101] Larry Doby, who broke the color line in the American League the same year as Robinson, said, "One of the things that was disappointing and disheartening to a lot of the black players at the time was that Jack was not the best player. The best was Josh Gibson. I think that's one of the reasons why Josh died so early – he was heartbroken."[102]

text:
Rickey's offer allowed Robinson to leave behind the Monarchs and their grueling bus rides, and he went home to Pasadena.
That September, he signed with Chet Brewer's Kansas City Royals, a post-season barnstorming team in the California Winter League.[103] Later that off-season, he briefly toured South America with another barnstorming team, while his fiancée Isum pursued nursing opportunities in New York City.[104] On February 10, 1946, Robinson and Isum were married by their old friend, the Rev. Karl Downs.[48][105][106]

text: Minor leagues

text: In 1946, Robinson arrived at Daytona Beach, Florida, for spring training with the Montreal Royals of the Class AAA International League (the designation of "AAA" for the highest level of minor league baseball was first used in the 1946 season). Clay Hopper, the manager of the Royals, asked Rickey to assign Robinson to any other Dodger affiliate, but Rickey refused.[107]

text: Robinson's presence was controversial in racially charged Florida. As he was not allowed to stay with his teammates at the team hotel, he lodged instead at the home of a local black politician.[108][109] Since the Dodgers organization did not own a spring training facility (the Dodger-controlled spring training compound in Vero Beach known as "Dodgertown" did not open until spring 1948),[110] scheduling was subject to the whim of area localities, several of which turned down any event involving Robinson or Johnny Wright, another black player whom Rickey had signed to the Dodgers' organization in January. In Sanford, Florida, the police chief threatened to cancel games if Robinson and Wright did not cease training activities there; as a result, Robinson was sent back to Daytona Beach.[111][112] In Jacksonville, the stadium was padlocked shut without warning on game day, by order of the city's Parks and Public Property director.[113][114] In DeLand, a scheduled day game was postponed, ostensibly because of issues with the stadium's electrical lighting.[115][116]

text: After much lobbying of local officials by Rickey himself, the Royals were allowed to host a game involving Robinson in Daytona Beach.[117][118] Robinson made his Royals debut at Daytona Beach's City Island Ballpark on March 17, 1946, in an exhibition game against the team's parent club, the Dodgers. Robinson thus became the first black player to openly play for a minor league team against a major league team since the de facto baseball color line had been implemented in the 1880s.[2]

text: Later in spring training, after some less-than-stellar performances, Robinson was shifted from shortstop to second base, allowing him to make shorter throws to first base.[66] Robinson's performance soon rebounded. On April 18, 1946, Roosevelt Stadium hosted the Jersey City Giants' season opener against the Montreal Royals, marking the professional debut of the Royals' Jackie Robinson and the first time the color barrier had been broken in a game between two minor league clubs.[119] Pitching against Robinson was Warren Sandel who had played against him when they both lived in California. During Robinson's first at bat, the Jersey City catcher, Dick Bouknight, demanded that Sandel throw at Robinson, but Sandel refused. Although Sandel induced Robinson to ground out at his first at bat, Robinson ended up with four hits in his five trips to the plate; his first hit was a three-run home run in the game's third inning.[120] He also scored four runs, drove in three, and stole two bases in the Royals' 14–1 victory.[121] Robinson proceeded to lead the International League that season with a .349 batting average and .985 fielding percentage,[21] and he was named the league's Most Valuable Player.[122] Although he often faced hostility while on road trips (the Royals were forced to cancel a Southern exhibition tour, for example),[66] the Montreal fan base enthusiastically supported Robinson.[123][124] Whether fans supported or opposed it, Robinson's presence on the field was a boon to attendance; more than one million people went to games involving Robinson in 1946, an amazing figure by International League standards.[125] In the fall of 1946, following the baseball season, Robinson returned home to California and briefly played professional basketball for the short-lived Los Angeles Red Devils.[126][127]

text: Major leagues

text: Breaking the color barrier (1947)

text: In 1947, the Dodgers called Robinson up to the major leagues six days before the start of the season. With Eddie Stanky entrenched at second base for the Dodgers, Robinson played his initial major league season as a first baseman.[88] On April 15, Robinson made his major league debut at the relatively advanced age of 28 at Ebbets Field before a crowd of 26,623 spectators, more than 14,000 of whom were black.[128] Although he failed to get a base hit, he walked and scored a run in the Dodgers' 5–3 victory.[128] Robinson became the first player since 1880 to openly break the major league baseball color line.[129] Black fans began flocking to see the Dodgers when they came to town, abandoning their Negro league teams.[101]

text: Robinson's promotion met a generally positive, although mixed, reception among newspapers and white major league players.[125][130] However, racial tension existed in the Dodger clubhouse.[131] Some Dodger players insinuated they would sit out rather than play alongside Robinson. The brewing mutiny ended when Dodgers management took a stand for Robinson. Manager Leo Durocher informed the team, "I do not care if the guy is yellow or black, or if he has stripes like a fuckin' zebra. I'm the manager of this team, and I say he plays. What's more, I say he can make us all rich. And if any of you cannot use the money, I will see that you are all traded."[132]

text: Robinson was also derided by opposing teams. Some, notably the St. Louis Cardinals, threatened to strike if Robinson played, but also to spread the walkout across the entire National League. Existence of the plot was leaked by the Cardinals' team physician, Robert Hyland, to a friend, the New York Herald Tribune's Rutherford "Rud" Rennie. The reporter, concerned about protecting Hyland's anonymity and job, in turn leaked it to his Tribune colleague and editor, Stanley Woodward, whose own subsequent reporting with other sources protected Hyland.[133][134][135] The Woodward article made national headlines. After the threat was exposed, National League President Ford Frick and Baseball Commissioner Happy Chandler let it be known that any striking players would be suspended. "You will find that the friends that you think you have in the press box will not support you, that you will be outcasts," threatened Chandler. "I do not care if half the league strikes. Those who do it will encounter quick retribution. All will be suspended and I don't care if it wrecks the National League for five years. This is the United States of America and one citizen has as much right to play as another."[135][136][137][138] Woodward's article received the E. P. Dutton Award in 1947 for Best Sports Reporting.[135] New York Times columnist Red Smith turned to the Cardinals' 1947 racial strike in 1977, as a spate of commemorative articles appeared on the 30th anniversary of Robinson's signing with the Dodgers. Smith remembered his old Herald Tribune colleagues' part in exposing the players' strike conspiracy. It would have succeeded, wrote Smith, "…if Rud Rennie and Stanley Woodward hadn't exposed their intentions in the New York Herald Tribune."[139]

text: Robinson nonetheless became the target of rough physical play by opponents (particularly the Cardinals). At one time, he received a seven-inch gash in his leg from Enos Slaughter.[140] On April 22, 1947, during a game between the Dodgers and the Philadelphia Phillies, Phillies players and manager Ben Chapman called Robinson a "nigger" from their dugout and yelled that he should "go back to the cotton fields".[141][142] Rickey later recalled that Chapman "did more than anybody to unite the Dodgers. When he poured out that string of unconscionable abuse, he solidified and united thirty men."[143]

text: Robinson did, however, receive significant encouragement from several major league players. Robinson named Lee "Jeep" Handley, who played for the Phillies at the time, as the first opposing player to wish him well.[144] Dodgers teammate Pee Wee Reese once came to Robinson's defense with the famous line, "You can hate a man for many reasons. Color is not one of them."[145] In 1948, Reese put his arm around Robinson in response to fans who shouted racial slurs at Robinson before a game in Cincinnati.[146] A statue by sculptor William Behrends, unveiled at KeySpan Park on November 1, 2005, commemorates this event by representing Reese with his arm around Robinson.[147] Jewish baseball star Hank Greenberg, who had to deal with racial epithets during his career, also encouraged Robinson. Following an incident where Greenberg collided with Robinson at first base, he "whispered a few words into Robinson's ear", which Robinson later characterized as "words of encouragement."[148] Greenberg had advised him to overcome his critics by defeating them in games.[148] Robinson also talked frequently with Larry Doby, who endured his own hardships since becoming the first black player in the American League with the Cleveland Indians, as the two spoke to one another via telephone throughout the season.[149]

text: Robinson finished the season having played in 151 games for the Dodgers, with a batting average of .297, an on-base percentage of .383, and a .427 slugging percentage. He had 175 hits (scoring 125 runs) including 31 doubles, 5 triples, and 12 home runs, driving in 48 runs for the year. Robinson led the league in sacrifice hits, with 28, and in stolen bases, with 29.[150] His cumulative performance earned him the inaugural Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award (separate National and American League Rookie of the Year honors were not awarded until 1949).[151]

text: MVP, Congressional testimony, and film biography (1948–1950)

text: Following Stanky's trade to the Boston Braves in March 1948, Robinson took over second base, where he logged a .980 fielding percentage that year (second in the National League at the position, fractionally behind Stanky).[152] Robinson had a batting average of .296 and 22 stolen bases for the season.[153] In a 12–7 win against the St. Louis Cardinals on August 29, 1948, he hit for the cycle—a home run, a triple, a double, and a single in the same game.[154] The Dodgers briefly moved into first place in the National League in late August 1948, but they ultimately finished third as the Braves went on to win the league title and lose to the Cleveland Indians in the World Series.[155]

text: Racial pressure on Robinson eased in 1948 as a number of other black players entered the major leagues. Larry Doby (who broke the color barrier in the American League on July 5, 1947, just 11 weeks after Robinson) and Satchel Paige played for the Cleveland Indians, and the Dodgers had three other black players besides Robinson.[152] In February 1948, he signed a $12,500 contract (equal to $127,320 today) with the Dodgers; while a significant amount, this was less than Robinson made in the off-season from a vaudeville tour, where he answered pre-set baseball questions, and a speaking tour of the South. Between the tours, he underwent surgery on his right ankle. Because of his off-season activities, Robinson reported to training camp 30 pounds (14 kg) overweight. He lost the weight during training camp, but dieting left him weak at the plate.[156] In 1948, Wendell Smith's book, Jackie Robinson: My Own Story, was released.[157]

text: In the spring of 1949, Robinson turned to Hall of Famer George Sisler, working as an advisor to the Dodgers, for batting help. At Sisler's suggestion, Robinson spent hours at a batting tee, learning to hit the ball to right field.[158] Sisler taught Robinson to anticipate a fastball, on the theory that it is easier to subsequently adjust to a slower curveball.[158] Robinson also noted that "Sisler showed me how to stop lunging, how to check my swing until the last fraction of a second".[158] The tutelage helped Robinson raise his batting average from .296 in 1948 to .342 in 1949.[158] In addition to his improved batting average, Robinson stole 37 bases that season, was second place in the league for both doubles and triples, and registered 124 runs batted in with 122 runs scored.[88] For the performance Robinson earned the Most Valuable Player Award for the National League.[88] Baseball fans also voted Robinson as the starting second baseman for the 1949 All-Star Game—the first All-Star Game to include black players.[159][160]

text: That year, a song about Robinson by Buddy Johnson, "Did You See Jackie Robinson Hit That Ball?", reached number 13 on the charts; Count Basie recorded a famous version.[161] Ultimately, the Dodgers won the National League pennant, but lost in five games to the New York Yankees in the 1949 World Series.[152]

text: Summer 1949 brought an unwanted distraction for Robinson. In July, he was called to testify before the United States House of Representatives' Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) concerning statements made that April by black athlete and actor Paul Robeson. Robinson was reluctant to testify, but he eventually agreed to do so, fearing it might negatively affect his career if he declined.[162]

text: In 1950, Robinson led the National League in double plays made by a second baseman with 133.[154] His salary that year was the highest any Dodger had been paid to that point: $35,000[163] ($356,003 in 2017 dollars[164]). He finished the year with 99 runs scored, a .328 batting average, and 12 stolen bases.[153] The year saw the release of a film biography of Robinson's life, The Jackie Robinson Story, in which Robinson played himself,[165] and actress Ruby Dee played Rachael "Rae" (Isum) Robinson.[166] The project had been previously delayed when the film's producers refused to accede to demands of two Hollywood studios that the movie include scenes of Robinson being tutored in baseball by a white man.[167] The New York Times wrote that Robinson, "doing that rare thing of playing himself in the picture's leading role, displays a calm assurance and composure that might be envied by many a Hollywood star."[168]

text: Robinson's Hollywood exploits, however, did not sit well with Dodgers co-owner Walter O'Malley, who referred to Robinson as "Rickey's prima donna".[169] In late 1950, Rickey's contract as the Dodgers' team President expired. Weary of constant disagreements with O'Malley, and with no hope of being re-appointed as President of the Dodgers, Rickey cashed out his one-quarter financial interest in the team, leaving O'Malley in full control of the franchise.[170] Rickey shortly thereafter became general manager of the Pittsburgh Pirates. Robinson was disappointed at the turn of events and wrote a sympathetic letter to Rickey, whom he considered a father figure, stating, "Regardless of what happens to me in the future, it all can be placed on what you have done and, believe me, I appreciate it."[171][172][173]

text: Pennant races and outside interests (1951–1953)

text: Before the 1951 season, O'Malley reportedly offered Robinson the job of manager of the Montreal Royals, effective at the end of Robinson's playing career. O'Malley was quoted in the Montreal Standard as saying, "Jackie told me that he would be both delighted and honored to tackle this managerial post"—although reports differed as to whether a position was ever formally offered.[174][175]

text: During the 1951 season, Robinson led the National League in double plays made by a second baseman for the second year in a row, with 137.[154] He also kept the Dodgers in contention for the 1951 pennant. During the last game of the regular season, in the 13th inning, he had a hit to tie the game, and then won the game with a home run in the 14th. This forced a best-of-three playoff series against the crosstown rival New York Giants.[176]

text: Despite Robinson's regular-season heroics, the Dodgers lost the pennant on Bobby Thomson's famous home run, known as the Shot Heard 'Round the World, on October 3, 1951. Overcoming his dejection, Robinson dutifully observed Thomson's feet to ensure he touched all the bases. Dodgers sportscaster Vin Scully later noted that the incident showed "how much of a competitor Robinson was."[177] He finished the season with 106 runs scored, a batting average of .335, and 25 stolen bases.[153]

text: Robinson had what was an average year for him in 1952.[178] He finished the year with 104 runs, a .308 batting average, and 24 stolen bases.[153] He did, however, record a career-high on-base percentage of .436.[153] The Dodgers improved on their performance from the year before, winning the National League pennant before losing the 1952 World Series to the New York Yankees in seven games. That year, on the television show Youth Wants to Know, Robinson challenged the Yankees' general manager, George Weiss, on the racial record of his team, which had yet to sign a black player.[179] Sportswriter Dick Young, whom Robinson had described as a "bigot", said, "If there was one flaw in Jackie, it was the common one. He believed that everything unpleasant that happened to him happened because of his blackness."[180] The 1952 season was the last year Robinson was an everyday starter at second base. Afterward, Robinson played variously at first, second, and third bases, shortstop, and in the outfield, with Jim Gilliam, another black player, taking over everyday second base duties.[153] Robinson's interests began to shift toward the prospect of managing a major league team. He had hoped to gain experience by managing in the Puerto Rican Winter League, but according to the New York Post, Commissioner Happy Chandler denied the request.[181]

text: In 1953, Robinson had 109 runs, a .329 batting average, and 17 steals,[153] leading the Dodgers to another National League pennant (and another World Series loss to the Yankees, this time in six games). Robinson's continued success spawned a string of death threats.[182] He was not dissuaded, however, from addressing racial issues publicly. That year, he served as editor for Our Sports magazine, a periodical focusing on Negro sports issues; contributions to the magazine included an article on golf course segregation by Robinson's old friend Joe Louis.[183][184] Robinson also openly criticized segregated hotels and restaurants that served the Dodger organization; a number of these establishments integrated as a result, including the five-star Chase Park Hotel in St. Louis.[140][185]

text: World Championship and retirement (1954–1956)

text: In 1954, Robinson had 62 runs scored, a .311 batting average, and 7 steals. His best day at the plate was on June 17, when he hit two home runs and two doubles.[153][154] The following autumn, Robinson won his only championship when the Dodgers beat the New York Yankees in the 1955 World Series. Although the team enjoyed ultimate success, 1955 was the worst year of Robinson's individual career. He hit .256 and stole only 12 bases. The Dodgers tried Robinson in the outfield and as a third baseman, both because of his diminishing abilities and because Gilliam was established at second base.[186] Robinson, then 37 years old, missed 49 games and did not play in Game 7 of the World Series.[177] Robinson missed the game because manager Walter Alston decided to play Gilliam at second and Don Hoak at third base. That season, the Dodgers' Don Newcombe became the first black major league pitcher to win twenty games in a year.[187]

text: In 1956, Robinson had 61 runs scored, a .275 batting average, and 12 steals.[153] By then, he had begun to exhibit the effects of diabetes and to lose interest in the prospect of playing or managing professional baseball.[181] Robinson ended his major league career when he struck out to end Game 7 of the 1956 World Series.[188] After the season, Robinson was traded by the Dodgers to the arch-rival New York Giants for Dick Littlefield and $35,000 cash (equal to $315,043 today). The trade, however, was never completed; unbeknownst to the Dodgers, Robinson had already agreed with the president of Chock full o'Nuts to quit baseball and become an executive with the company.[189] Since Robinson had sold exclusive rights to any retirement story to Look magazine two years previously,[189] his retirement decision was revealed through the magazine, instead of through the Dodgers organization.[190]

text: Legacy

text: Robinson's major league debut brought an end to approximately sixty years of segregation in professional baseball, known as the baseball color line.[129] After World War II, several other forces were also leading the country toward increased equality for blacks, including their accelerated migration to the North, where their political clout grew, and President Harry Truman's desegregation of the military in 1948.[191] Robinson's breaking of the baseball color line and his professional success symbolized these broader changes and demonstrated that the fight for equality was more than simply a political matter. Martin Luther King, Jr. said that he was "a legend and a symbol in his own time", and that he "challenged the dark skies of intolerance and frustration."[192] According to historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, Robinson's "efforts were a monumental step in the civil-rights revolution in America ... [His] accomplishments allowed black and white Americans to be more respectful and open to one another and more appreciative of everyone's abilities."[193]

text: Beginning his major league career at the relatively advanced age of twenty-eight, he played only ten seasons from 1947 to 1956, all of them for the Brooklyn Dodgers.[194] During his career, the Dodgers played in six World Series, and Robinson himself played in six All-Star Games.[5] In 1999, he was posthumously named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.[195]

text: Robinson's career is generally considered to mark the beginning of the post–"long ball" era in baseball, in which a reliance on raw power-hitting gave way to balanced offensive strategies that used footspeed to create runs through aggressive baserunning.[196] Robinson exhibited the combination of hitting ability and speed which exemplified the new era. He scored more than 100 runs in six of his ten seasons (averaging more than 110 runs from 1947 to 1953), had a .311 career batting average, a .409 career on-base percentage, a .474 slugging percentage, and substantially more walks than strikeouts (740 to 291).[153][194][197] Robinson was one of only two players during the span of 1947–56 to accumulate at least 125 steals while registering a slugging percentage over .425 (Minnie Miñoso was the other).[198] He accumulated 197 stolen bases in total,[153] including 19 steals of home. None of the latter were double steals (in which a player stealing home is assisted by a player stealing another base at the same time).[199] Robinson has been referred to by author David Falkner as "the father of modern base-stealing".[200]

text:
I'm not concerned with your liking or disliking me ... all I ask is that you respect me as a human being.
— Robinson, on his legacy[145]

tag: div

text: Historical statistical analysis indicates Robinson was an outstanding fielder throughout his ten years in the major leagues and at virtually every position he played.[201] After playing his rookie season at first base,[88] Robinson spent most of his career as a second baseman.[202] He led the league in fielding among second basemen in 1950 and 1951.[203][204] Toward the end of his career, he played about 2,000 innings at third base and about 1,175 innings in the outfield, excelling at both.[201]

text: Assessing himself, Robinson said, "I'm not concerned with your liking or disliking me ... all I ask is that you respect me as a human being."[145] Regarding Robinson's qualities on the field, Leo Durocher said, "Ya want a guy that comes to play. This guy didn't just come to play. He come to beat ya. He come to stuff the goddamn bat right up your ass."[205]

text: Portrayals on stage, film and television

text: Robinson portrayed himself in the 1950 motion picture The Jackie Robinson Story.[206] Other portrayals include:

text:
John Lafayette, in the 1978 ABC television special "A Home Run for Love" (broadcast as an ABC Afterschool Special).[207]
David Alan Grier, in the 1981 Broadway production of the musical The First.[208][209][210]
Michael-David Gordon, in the 1989 Off-Broadway production of the musical Play to Win.[211]
Andre Braugher, in the 1990 TNT television movie The Court-Martial of Jackie Robinson.[212][213]
Blair Underwood, in the 1996 HBO television movie Soul of the Game.[214][215]
Antonio Todd in "Colors", a 2005 episode of the CBS television series Cold Case.[216]
Chadwick Boseman, in the 2013 motion picture 42.[217][218][219][220]

tag: ul

text: Robinson was also the subject of a 2016 PBS documentary, Jackie Robinson, which was directed by Ken Burns and features Jamie Foxx doing voice-over as Robinson.[221]

text: Post-baseball life

text: Robinson once told future Hall of Fame inductee Hank Aaron that "the game of baseball is great, but the greatest thing is what you do after your career is over."[222] Robinson retired from baseball at age 37 on January 5, 1957.[223] Later that year, after he complained of numerous physical ailments, he was diagnosed with diabetes, a disease that also afflicted his brothers.[224] Although Robinson adopted an insulin injection regimen, the state of medicine at the time could not prevent the continued deterioration of Robinson's physical condition from the disease.[225]

text: In his first year of eligibility for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962,[68] Robinson encouraged voters to consider only his on-field qualifications, rather than his cultural impact on the game.[226] He was elected on the first ballot, becoming the first black player inducted into the Cooperstown museum.[21]

text: In 1965, Robinson served as an analyst for ABC's Major League Baseball Game of the Week telecasts, the first black person to do so.[227] In 1966, Robinson was hired as general manager for the short-lived Brooklyn Dodgers of the Continental Football League.[228][229] In 1972, he served as a part-time commentator on Montreal Expos telecasts.[230]

text: On June 4, 1972, the Dodgers retired his uniform number, 42, alongside those of Roy Campanella (39) and Sandy Koufax (32).[231] From 1957 to 1964, Robinson was the vice president for personnel at Chock full o'Nuts; he was the first black person to serve as vice president of a major American corporation.[21][232] Robinson always considered his business career as advancing the cause of black people in commerce and industry.[233] Robinson also chaired the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's (NAACP) million-dollar Freedom Fund Drive in 1957, and served on the organization's board until 1967.[232] In 1964, he helped found, with Harlem businessman Dunbar McLaurin, Freedom National Bank—a black-owned and operated commercial bank based in Harlem.[232] He also served as the bank's first chairman of the board.[234] In 1970, Robinson established the Jackie Robinson Construction Company to build housing for low-income families.[232][235]

text: Robinson was active in politics throughout his post-baseball life. He identified himself as a political independent,[236][237] although he held conservative opinions on several issues, including the Vietnam War (he once wrote to Martin Luther King, Jr. to defend the Johnson Administration's military policy).[238] After supporting Richard Nixon in his 1960 presidential race against John F. Kennedy, Robinson later praised Kennedy effusively for his stance on civil rights.[239] Robinson was angered by conservative Republican opposition to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, though a higher percentage of Democrats voted against it in both the House and Senate. He became one of six national directors for Nelson Rockefeller's unsuccessful campaign to be nominated as the Republican candidate for the 1964 presidential election.[232] After the party nominated Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona instead, Robinson left the party's convention commenting that he now had "a better understanding of how it must have felt to be a Jew in Hitler's Germany".[240] He later became special assistant for community affairs when Rockefeller was re-elected governor of New York in 1966.[232] Switching his allegiance to the Democrats, he subsequently supported Hubert Humphrey against Nixon in 1968.[190]

text: Robinson protested against the major leagues' ongoing lack of minority managers and central office personnel, and he turned down an invitation to appear in an old-timers' game at Yankee Stadium in 1969.[242] He made his final public appearance on October 15, 1972, throwing the ceremonial first pitch before Game 2 of the World Series at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati. He gratefully accepted a plaque honoring the twenty-fifth anniversary of his MLB debut, but also commented, "I'm going to be tremendously more pleased and more proud when I look at that third base coaching line one day and see a black face managing in baseball."[243][244] This wish was only fulfilled after Robinson's death: following the 1974 season, the Cleveland Indians gave their managerial post to Frank Robinson (no relation to Jackie), a Hall of Fame-bound player who would go on to manage three other teams. Despite the success of these two Robinsons and other black players, the number of African-American players in Major League Baseball has declined since the 1970s.[245][246]

text: Family life and death

text: After Robinson's retirement from baseball, his wife Rachel Robinson pursued a career in academic nursing. She became an assistant professor at the Yale School of Nursing and director of nursing at the Connecticut Mental Health Center.[247] She also served on the board of the Freedom National Bank until it closed in 1990.[248] She and Jackie had three children: Jackie Robinson Jr. (1946–1971), Sharon Robinson (b. 1950), and David Robinson (b. 1952).[249]

text: Robinson's eldest son, Jackie Robinson Jr., had emotional trouble during his childhood and entered special education at an early age.[250] He enrolled in the Army in search of a disciplined environment, served in the Vietnam War, and was wounded in action on November 19, 1965.[251] After his discharge, he struggled with drug problems. Robinson Jr. eventually completed the treatment program at Daytop Village in Seymour, Connecticut, and became a counselor at the institution.[252] On June 17, 1971, he was killed in an automobile accident at age 24.[253][254] The experience with his son's drug addiction turned Robinson Sr. into an avid anti-drug crusader toward the end of his life.[255]

text: Robinson did not long outlive his son. Complications from heart disease and diabetes weakened Robinson and made him almost blind by middle age. On October 24, 1972, nine days after his appearance at the World Series, Robinson died of a heart attack at his home on 95 Cascade Road in North Stamford, Connecticut; he was 53 years old.[88][253] Robinson's funeral service on October 27, 1972, at Upper Manhattan's Riverside Church adjacent to Grant's Tomb in Morningside Heights, attracted 2,500 mourners.[256][257] Many of his former teammates and other famous baseball players served as pallbearers, and the Rev. Jesse Jackson gave the eulogy.[256] Tens of thousands of people lined the subsequent procession route to Robinson's interment site at Cypress Hills Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York, where he was buried next to his son Jackie and mother-in-law Zellee Isum.[256] Twenty-five years after Robinson's death, the Interboro Parkway was renamed the Jackie Robinson Parkway in his memory. This parkway bisects the cemetery in close proximity to Robinson's gravesite.[258]

text: After Robinson's death, his widow founded the Jackie Robinson Foundation, and she remains an officer as of 2018.[259] On April 15, 2008, she announced that in 2010 the foundation will be opening a museum devoted to Jackie in Lower Manhattan.[260] Robinson's daughter, Sharon, became a midwife, educator, director of educational programming for MLB, and the author of two books about her father.[261] His youngest son, David, who has six children, is a coffee grower and social activist in Tanzania.[262][263]

text: Awards and recognition

text: According to a poll conducted in 1947, Robinson was the second most popular man in the country, behind Bing Crosby.[264] In 1999, he was named by Time on its list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.[265] Also in 1999, he ranked number 44 on the Sporting News list of Baseball's 100 Greatest Players[266] and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team as the top vote-getter among second basemen.[267] Baseball writer Bill James, in The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, ranked Robinson as the 32nd greatest player of all time strictly on the basis of his performance on the field, noting that he was one of the top players in the league throughout his career.[268] Robinson was among the 25 charter members of UCLA's Athletics Hall of Fame in 1984.[44] In 2002, Molefi Kete Asante included Robinson on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.[269] Robinson has also been honored by the United States Postal Service on three separate postage stamps, in 1982, 1999, and 2000.[270]

text: The City of Pasadena has recognized Robinson in several ways. Brookside Park, situated next to the Rose Bowl, features a baseball diamond and stadium named Jackie Robinson Field.[271] The city's Human Services Department operates the Jackie Robinson Center, a community outreach center that provides health services.[272] In 1997, a $325,000 bronze sculpture (equal to $495,450 today) by artists Ralph Helmick, Stu Schecter, and John Outterbridge depicting oversized nine-foot busts of Robinson and his brother Mack was erected at Garfield Avenue, across from the main entrance of Pasadena City Hall; a granite footprint lists multiple donors to the commission project, which was organized by the Robinson Memorial Foundation and supported by members of the Robinson family.[273][274]

text: Major League Baseball has honored Robinson many times since his death. In 1987, both the National and American League Rookie of the Year Awards were renamed the "Jackie Robinson Award" in honor of the first recipient (Robinson's Major League Rookie of the Year Award in 1947 encompassed both leagues).[275][276] On April 15, 1997, Robinson's jersey number, 42, was retired throughout Major League Baseball, the first time any jersey number had been retired throughout one of the four major American sports leagues. Under the terms of the retirement, a grandfather clause allowed the handful of players who wore number 42 to continue doing so in tribute to Robinson, until such time as they subsequently changed teams or jersey numbers.[277] This affected players such as the Mets' Butch Huskey and Boston's Mo Vaughn. The Yankees' Mariano Rivera, who retired at the end of the 2013 season,[278][279] was the last player in Major League Baseball to wear jersey number 42 on a regular basis. Since 1997, only Wayne Gretzky's number 99, retired by the NHL in 2000, has been retired league-wide.[280] There have also been calls for MLB to retire number 21 league-wide in honor of Roberto Clemente, a sentiment opposed by the Robinson family.[281] The Hispanics Across America advocacy group wants Clemente's number set aside the way the late Robinson's No. 42 was in 1997, but Sharon Robinson maintained the position that such an honor should remain in place for Jackie Robinson only.

text: As an exception to the retired-number policy, MLB began honoring Robinson by allowing players to wear number 42 on April 15, Jackie Robinson Day, which is an annual observance that started in 2004.[282][283] For the 60th anniversary of Robinson's major league debut, MLB invited players to wear the number 42 on Jackie Robinson Day in 2007.[282] The gesture was originally the idea of outfielder Ken Griffey, Jr., who sought Rachel Robinson's permission to wear the number.[284] After receiving her permission, Commissioner Bud Selig not only allowed Griffey to wear the number, but also extended an invitation to all major league teams to do the same.[285] Ultimately, more than 200 players wore number 42, including the entire rosters of the Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Mets, Houston Astros, Philadelphia Phillies, St. Louis Cardinals, Milwaukee Brewers, and Pittsburgh Pirates.[282] The tribute was continued in 2008, when, during games on April 15, all members of the Mets, Cardinals, Washington Nationals, and Tampa Bay Rays wore Robinson's number 42.[286][287] On June 25, 2008, MLB installed a new plaque for Robinson at the Baseball Hall of Fame commemorating his off-the-field impact on the game as well as his playing statistics.[226] In 2009, all uniformed personnel (players, managers, coaches, and umpires) wore number 42 on April 15.[288]

text: At the November 2006 groundbreaking for Citi Field, the new ballpark for the New York Mets, it was announced that the main entrance, modeled on the one in Brooklyn's old Ebbets Field, would be called the Jackie Robinson Rotunda. The rotunda was dedicated at the opening of Citi Field on April 16, 2009.[289] It honors Robinson with large quotations spanning the inner curve of the facade and features a large freestanding statue of his number, 42, which has become an attraction in itself. Mets owner Fred Wilpon announced that the Mets—in conjunction with Citigroup and the Jackie Robinson Foundation—will create a Jackie Robinson Museum and Learning Center, located at the headquarters of the Jackie Robinson Foundation at One Hudson Square, along Canal Street in lower Manhattan. Along with the museum, scholarships will be awarded to "young people who live by and embody Jackie's ideals."[290][291][292] The museum hopes to open by 2019.[293] At Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, a statue of Robinson was introduced in 2017.[294]

text: Since 2004, the Aflac National High School Baseball Player of the Year has been presented the "Jackie Robinson Award".[295]

text: Robinson has also been recognized outside of baseball. In December 1956, the NAACP recognized him with the Spingarn Medal, which it awards annually for the highest achievement by an African-American.[232] President Ronald Reagan posthumously awarded Robinson the Presidential Medal of Freedom on March 26, 1984,[296] and on March 2, 2005, President George W. Bush gave Robinson's widow the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest civilian award bestowed by Congress; Robinson was only the second baseball player to receive the award, after Roberto Clemente.[297] On August 20, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his wife, Maria Shriver, announced that Robinson was inducted into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts in Sacramento.[298]

text: A number of buildings have been named in Robinson's honor. The UCLA Bruins baseball team plays in Jackie Robinson Stadium,[299] which, because of the efforts of Jackie's brother Mack, features a memorial statue of Robinson by sculptor Richard H. Ellis.[300] The stadium also unveiled a new mural of Robinson by Mike Sullivan on April 14, 2013. City Island Ballpark in Daytona Beach, Florida was renamed Jackie Robinson Ballpark in 1990 and a statue of Robinson with two children stands in front of the ballpark. His wife Rachel was present for the dedication on September 15. 1990.[301][302] A number of facilities at Pasadena City College (successor to PJC) are named in Robinson's honor, including Robinson Field, a football/soccer/track facility named jointly for Robinson and his brother Mack.[303] The New York Public School system has named a middle school after Robinson,[304] and Dorsey High School plays at a Los Angeles football stadium named after him.[305] In 1976, his home in Brooklyn, the Jackie Robinson House, was declared a National Historic Landmark.[306] Brooklyn residents want to turn his home into a city landmark.[307] Robinson also has an asteroid named after him, 4319 Jackierobinson.[308] In 1997, the United States Mint issued a Jackie Robinson commemorative silver dollar, and five-dollar gold coin.[309] That same year, New York City renamed the Interboro Parkway in his honor.

text: In 2011, the U.S. placed a plaque at Robinson's Montreal home to honor the ending of segregation in baseball.[310] The house, at 8232 avenue de Gaspé near Jarry Park, was Robinson's residence when he played for the Montreal Royals during 1946. In a letter read during the ceremony, Rachel Robinson, Jackie's widow, wrote: "I remember Montreal and that house very well and have always had warm feeling for that great city. Before Jack and I moved to Montreal, we had just been through some very rough treatment in the racially biased South during spring training in Florida. In the end, Montreal was the perfect place for him to get his start. We never had a threatening or unpleasant experience there. The people were so welcoming and saw Jack as a player and as a man."[311]

text: On November 22, 2014, UCLA announced that it would officially retire the number 42 across all university sports, effective immediately. While Robinson wore several different numbers during his UCLA career, the school chose 42 because it had become indelibly identified with him.[312] The only sport this did not affect was men's basketball, which had previously retired the number for Walt Hazzard (although Kevin Love was actually the last player in that sport to wear 42, with Hazzard's blessing).[313][314][315][316] In a move paralleling that of MLB when it retired the number, UCLA allowed three athletes (in women's soccer, softball, and football) who were already wearing 42 to continue to do so for the remainder of their UCLA careers. The school also announced it would prominently display the number at all of its athletic venues.[312]

text: A jersey Robinson brought home with him in 1947 after his rookie season was sold at an auction for $2.05 million on November 19, 2017. The price was the highest ever paid for a post-World War II jersey.[317]