document_title: Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People

question_text: who is the most powerful person in europe

text: Historical Top Ten rankings[edit]

text: Note: No list was released for 2017.

text:
2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015[2]

2016[3]

2018[4]

1

 Barack Obama
President of the United States

  Hu Jintao
General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

  Barack Obama
President of the United States

  Vladimir Putin
President of Russia

  Xi Jinping
General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

2

 Hu Jintao
General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

  Barack Obama
President of the United States

  Vladimir Putin
Prime Minister of Russia

  Angela Merkel
Chancellor of Germany

  Barack Obama
President of the United States

  Angela Merkel
Chancellor of Germany

  Donald Trump
President-elect of the United States

  Vladimir Putin
President of Russia

3

 Vladimir Putin
Prime Minister of Russia

  Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
King and Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia

  Hu Jintao
Presidents of China

  Vladimir Putin
President of Russia

  Xi Jinping
General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

  Barack Obama
President of the United States

  Angela Merkel
Chancellor of Germany

  Donald Trump
President of the United States

4

 Ben Bernanke
Chair of the Federal Reserve

  Vladimir Putin
Prime Minister of Russia

  Angela Merkel
Chancellor of Germany

  Bill Gates
Co-Chair of the Gates FoundationFounder of Microsoft

  Francis
Pope of the Holy See

  Xi Jinping
General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

  Angela Merkel
Chancellor of Germany

5

 Sergey Brin
 Larry Page
Co-Founders of Google

  Benedict XVI
Pope of the Holy See

  Bill Gates
Co-Chair of the Gates FoundationFounder of Microsoft

  Benedict XVI
Pope of the Holy See

  Angela Merkel
Chancellor of Germany

  Xi Jinping
General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

  Francis
Pope of the Holy See

  Jeff Bezos
Chairman and CEO of Amazon

6

 Carlos Slim
Chief executive of Telmex

  Angela Merkel
Chancellor of Germany

  Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
King of Saudi Arabia

  Ben Bernanke
Chair of the Federal Reserve

  Bill Gates
Co-Chair of the Gates FoundationFounder of Microsoft

  Janet Yellen
Chair of the Federal Reserve

  Bill Gates
Co-Chair of the Gates FoundationFounder of Microsoft

  Janet Yellen
Chair of the Federal Reserve

  Francis
Pope of the Holy See

7

 Rupert Murdoch
Chairman of News Corporation

  David Cameron
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

  Benedict XVI
Pope of the Holy See

  Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
King of Saudi Arabia

  Ben Bernanke
Chair of the Federal Reserve

  Bill Gates
Co-Chair of the Gates FoundationFounder of Microsoft

  Janet Yellen
Chair of the Federal Reserve

  Bill Gates
Co-Chair of the Gates FoundationFounder of Microsoft

8

 Mike Duke
Chief Executive of Walmart

  Ben Bernanke
Chair of the Federal Reserve

  Mario Draghi
President of the European Central Bank

  Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
King of Saudi Arabia

  Mario Draghi
President of the European Central Bank

  David Cameron
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

  Larry Page
Co-Founder of Google

  Mohammad bin Salman Al-Saud
Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia

9

 Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
King of Saudi Arabia

  Sonia Gandhi
President of the Indian National Congress

  Mark Zuckerberg
Founder & CEO of Facebook

  Xi Jinping
General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

  Mario Draghi
President of the European Central Bank

  Sergey Brin
  Larry Page
Co-Founders of Google

  Narendra Modi
Prime Minister of India

10

 Bill Gates
Co-Chair of the Gates FoundationFounder of Microsoft

  David Cameron
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

  Mike Duke
Chief Executive of Walmart

  David Cameron
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

  Larry Page
Co-Founder of Google

  Mark Zuckerberg
Co-Founder of Facebook

  Larry Page
Co-Founder of Google

text: Listed seven or more times[edit]

text: Listed every time[edit]

text:
Mukesh Ambani
Lloyd Blankfein
Michael Bloomberg
Sergey Brin
Warren Buffett
Jamie Dimon
Laurence D. Fink
Bill Gates
Li Ka-shing
Ali Khamenei
Angela Merkel
Rupert Murdoch
Benjamin Netanyahu
Larry Page
Vladimir Putin
Carlos Slim

tag: ul

text: Listed eight times[edit]

text:
Bernard Arnault (not listed: 2016)
Jeff Bezos (not listed: 2009)
Jeff Immelt (not listed: 2018)
Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan (not listed: 2009)
Charles Koch (not listed: 2009)
Robin Li (not listed: 2009)
Barack Obama (not listed: 2018)
Masayoshi Son (not listed: 2009)
Rex Tillerson (not listed: 2018)
Mark Zuckerberg (not listed: 2009)

text: Listed seven times[edit]

text:
Tim Cook (not listed: 2009 & 2010)
Mario Draghi (not listed: 2009 & 2010)
Xi Jinping (not listed: 2009 & 2010)
Christine Lagarde (not listed: 2009 & 2010)
Lakshmi Mittal (not listed: 2016 & 2018)
John Roberts (not listed: 2010 & 2011)
Akio Toyoda (not listed: 2010 & 2011)


document_title: A League of Their Own

question_text: who plays kit in a league of their own

question_tokens: who plays kit in a league of their own

root

text: A League of Their Own

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1988, Dottie Hinson (Geena Davis) attends the opening of the new All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame. She sees many of her former teammates and friends, prompting a flashback to 1943.

tag: p

text: When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball, candy magnate and Cubs owner Walter Harvey (Garry Marshall) persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women's league. Ira Lowenstein (David Strathairn) is put in charge, and Ernie Capadino (Jon Lovitz) is sent out to recruit players. Capadino attends an industrial-league softball game in rural Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie, the catcher for a local dairy's team. Dottie turns down Capadino's offer, happy with her simple farm life while waiting for her husband Bob (Bill Pullman) to come back from the war. Her sister and teammate, Kit (Lori Petty), however, is desperate to get away and make something of herself. Capadino is not impressed by Kit's hitting performance, but agrees to take her along if she can change Dottie's mind. Dottie agrees, but only for her sister's sake.

text: Dottie and Kit head out to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout. There they meet a pair of New Yorkers, taxi dancer "All the Way" Mae Mordabito (Madonna) and her best friend, bouncer Doris Murphy (Rosie O'Donnell), along with soft-spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner (Bitty Schram), illiterate, shy left fielder Shirley Baker (Ann Cusack), pitcher/shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander (Freddie Simpson), gentle left field/relief pitcher Betty "Spaghetti" Horn (Tracy Reiner), homely second baseman Marla Hooch (Megan Cavanagh), who was scouted by Ernie, Dottie and Kit in Fort Collins, Colorado, first baseman Helen Haley (Anne Ramsay), and Saskatchewan native Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers (Renée Coleman). They and eight others are selected to form the Rockford Peaches, while 48 others are split among the Racine Belles, Kenosha Comets, and South Bend Blue Sox.

text: The Peaches are managed by Jimmy Dugan (Tom Hanks), a former marquee Cubs slugger who initially treats the whole thing as a joke. The league attracts little interest at first. With a Life magazine photographer in the stands, Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular. Dottie obliges when a ball is popped up behind home plate, catching it while doing a split. The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover. A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames, but the owners remain unconvinced. Due to Kit's and Dottie's sibling rivalry, Kit is traded to the Peaches' rival, the Racine Belles.

text: The Peaches end the season qualifying for the league's World Series. In the locker room, Jimmy gives Betty a telegram that informs her her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater. The grief-stricken Betty leaves the team. Later that evening, Dottie receives a surprise when Bob, who was serving in Italy, shows up, having been discharged from the Army. The following morning, Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob. Unable to persuade her to at least play in the World Series, he tells her she will regret her decision.

text: The Peaches and Belles meet in the World Series, which reaches a seventh and deciding game. Dottie, having reconsidered during the drive back to Oregon, is the catcher for the Peaches, while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles. With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth, Dottie drives in the go-ahead run. Kit is the final batter. Under immense pressure, she gets a hit and, ignoring the third base coach's sign to stop, scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie's hand. The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners' support. After the game, the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves.

text: Back in the present, Dottie is reunited with several other players, including Kit. The fates of several of the characters are revealed: Jimmy, Bob, and Evelyn have died, while Marla has been married to Nelson, a man she met in a bar, for over 40 years. The original Peaches sing a team song composed by Evelyn and pose for a group photo.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Rockford Peaches[edit]

text:
Geena Davis as Dorothy "Dottie" Hinson (#8, catcher/assistant manager)

Lynn Cartwright as Older Dottie

Tom Hanks as Jimmy Dugan (manager)
Madonna as "All the Way" Mae Mordabito (#5, center field)

Eunice Anderson as Older Mae

Lori Petty as Kit Keller (#23, pitcher)

Kathleen Butler as Older Kit

Rosie O'Donnell as Doris Murphy (#22, third base)

Vera Johnson as Older Doris

Anne Ramsay as Helen Haley (#15, first base)

Barbara Pilavin as Older Helen

Megan Cavanagh as Marla Hooch (#32, second base)

Patricia Wilson as Older Marla

Freddie Simpson as Ellen Sue Gotlander (#1, shortstop/pitcher)

Eugenia McLin as Older Ellen Sue

Tracy Reiner as Betty "Spaghetti" Horn (#7, left field/relief pitcher)

Betty Miller as Older Betty

Bitty Schram as Evelyn Gardner (#17, right field)
Renée Coleman (credited as Renee Coleman) – Alice "Skeeter" Gaspers (#18, left field/center field/catcher)

Shirley Burkovich as Older Alice

Ann Cusack as Shirley Baker (#11, left field)

Barbara Erwin as Older Shirley

Robin Knight as Linda "Beans" Babbitt (shortstop)
Patti Pelton as Marbleann Wilkinson (second base)
Kelli Simpkins as Beverly Dixon (#4, outfield)
Connie Pounds-Taylor as Connie Calhoun (Outfield)

tag: table

text: On MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson, saying: "Demi Moore, I liked, but by the time we came around, she was pregnant."[3]

text: Others[edit]

text:
Jon Lovitz as Ernie Capadino, AAGPBL scout
David Strathairn as Ira Lowenstein, AAGPBL general manager

Marvin Einhorn as Older Ira

Garry Marshall as Walter Harvey, candy bar mogul and AAGPBL founder
Julie Croteau as Helen Haley (baseball double for Anne Ramsay)
Bill Pullman as Bob Hinson, Dottie's husband
Janet Jones as Racine pitcher
Téa Leoni as Racine first baseman
Don S. Davis as Charlie Collins, Racine coach
Eddie Jones as Dave Hooch, Marla's father
Justin Scheller as Stillwell Gardner, Evelyn's son

Mark Holton as Older Stillwell. He attends the Peaches' reunion at the Baseball Hall of Fame on behalf of his mother who had died.

Pauline Brailsford as Miss Cuthburt, Rockford chaperone

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Director Penny Marshall was inspired to make the film after viewing the 1987 documentary about the AAGPBL entitled "A League of their Own", on television. She had never heard of the league before, and contacted the film's creators Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson to collaborate with the scriptwriters Babaloo Mandel and Lowell Ganz on producing a screenplay for 20th Century Fox.[4] Fox eventually passed on the script and Marshall signed with Sony Pictures, who were eager to produce the film.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Marshall and the casting directors undertook an exhaustive search for actors, preferring those with previous experience playing baseball. Open casting calls were held in Los Angeles, New York and Chicago.

text: Locations[edit]

text: Filming the game scenes involved many physical mishaps: Anne Ramsay (Helen Haley) broke her nose with a baseball mitt while trying to catch a ball and the huge bruise seen in the film on actress Renee Coleman's thigh was real.[5] Discussing the skirts they wore playing baseball in the film, Geena Davis said on MLB Network's Costas at the Movies in 2013, "Some of our real cast, from sliding into home, had ripped the skin off their legs. It was nutty."[6]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
A League of Their Own:
Music From The Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
June 30, 1992

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
43:44

Label
Columbia Records

Producer
Various

Singles from A League of Their Own

"This Used to Be My Playground"
Released: June 16, 1992
"Now and Forever"
Released: July 1992

text: A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30, 1992. The album peaked at #159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25, 1992.[7] Although Madonna contributed "This Used to Be My Playground" to the film, featured over the closing credits, her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons.[8]

text:
"Now and Forever" – Performed by Carole King
"Choo Choo Ch'Boogie" – Performed by The Manhattan Transfer
"It's Only a Paper Moon" – Performed by James Taylor
"In a Sentimental Mood" – Performed by Billy Joel
"Two Sleepy People" – Performed by Art Garfunkel
"I Didn't Know What Time It Was" – Performed by James Taylor
"On the Sunny Side of the Street" – Performed by The Manhattan Transfer
"Flying Home" – Performed by Doc's Rhythm Cats
"Life Goes On" – Performed by Hans Zimmer
"The Final Game" – Performed by Hans Zimmer
"The All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Song" – Performed by The Rockford Peaches

tag: ol

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was released on July 1, 1992, and grossed $13.2 million in its first weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Batman Returns. In its second weekend it dropped just 15%, making $11.5 million and finishing first. It ended up being a commercial success, making $107.5 million in the United States, and $24.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $132.4 million, against a production budget of $40 million budget.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 78% based on 60 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Sentimental and light, but still thoroughly charming, A League of Their Own is buoyed by solid performances from a wonderful cast."[9] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score 67 out of 100, based 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[10] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[11]

text: The film was well received by critics, who praised the cast and their performances.[12][13][14][15][16]

text: AFI lists[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

Jimmy Dugan: "There's no crying in baseball!" – #54[17]

2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[18]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:

Nominated Sports Film[19]

text: On December 19, 2012, it was announced that the film would be preserved as part of the United States National Film Registry.[20]

text: 20th anniversary[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: With 2012 marking the 20th year since the film's release, A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu-ray on October 16, 2012.

text: Forty-seven former players of the AAGPBL reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it. Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame, reminiscent of the film's final scene depicting members of the AAGPBL and family coming together to witness the honoring of the Women's Professional Baseball League. The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse.[21]

text: Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville, Indiana, on June 6, 2012, where many of the film's game scenes were filmed. Bosse Field still retains many of the "Racine Belles" themes from the movie. The event included an outdoor screening of the film as well as a scene-setting display of cars featured in the film.[22] In addition to Bosse Field, the production used Huntingburg, Indiana's League Stadium, another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse that was renovated for the film.

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: A short-lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993, with Garry Marshall, Megan Cavanagh, Tracy Reiner, and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles. Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast.


document_title: Dethklok

question_text: who are the characters in metalocalypse based on

text: Dethklok

text: Fictional background[edit]

text: In the Metalocalypse series, Dethklok is depicted as an extremely popular and successful death metal band. The band's fan base includes billions of metal fanatics, who frequently endanger themselves to watch the band perform live.[8][9] With their widespread commercial success and lucrative sponsorship contracts, Dethklok is ranked as the world's seventh largest economy by the end of the second season.[10]

text: The members of Dethklok are often portrayed as incompetent at almost everything not related to their profession. The band struggles to perform everyday tasks, including shopping for groceries, preparing food, and maintaining proper social relationships. They are often assisted by their manager and lawyer, Charles Foster Offdensen, who frequently attempts to prevent the band from making poor decisions. The band's actions and uncanny misfortune have caught the attention of an Illuminati-style council, known as The Tribunal. The Tribunal is portrayed as Dethklok's antagonist throughout the series, and secretly monitors their actions in almost every episode. They describe Dethklok as the "world's greatest cultural force". The leader of The Tribunal (Mr. Salacia), however, frequently instructs the other members to allow Dethklok to do as they will.

text: Fictional band members[edit]

text: Nathan Explosion[edit]

text: Voiced by: Brendon Small

text: Nathan Explosion is the frontman, lead vocalist and "lyrical visionary" of Dethklok. Portrayed as a tall, bulky figure, with long black hair, black nails, and green eyes, Nathan speaks with a death growl even when not singing. He did not speak a word until he was five years old and in high school excelled only in frog dissection and football. According to his dating profile, Nathan describes his ethnicity as "White/Native American". He was raised in New Port Richey, Florida. He is the lead songwriting force in Dethklok, and uses violent imagery or plot elements when writing and composing song material. Nathan is slightly more sensible than the rest of the band, and a great deal more emotionally stable, though he is still incompetent at most things in life such as the use of a grocery store or reading a cooking recipe. Despite this, he does seem to have some knowledge in specific areas, such as negotiating a contract, extensive knowledge of rock culture, and a proficiency in French. He attempts to get his GED in "Go Forth And Die", and only fails in part due to the band's influence, and in "Fatherklok" tells Murderface not to interfere with Skwisgaar's father issues. Nathan sometimes acts in a parental manner towards Toki, and in the first episode insisted that the band never drinks before a show (though they had all been drinking all day.)

text: In the episode "Fatherklok", it was revealed that Nathan enjoys an excellent relationship with his father. He does, however find his parents embarrassing as they are normal parents and not "brutal" as seen in "Dethfam". A brief montage shows Nathan and his father fishing, racing go-karts, and playing Scrabble. He is the only member of the band who spends time with or likes his father, stating in the episode "Dethdad" he often drinks beer and goes hunting with his father regularly and would be very sad if his father died.

text: Small described Nathan as a "quarterback", and based his character's appearance and performance style on Cannibal Corpse vocalist George "Corpsegrinder" Fisher.[11]

text: Skwisgaar Skwigelf[edit]

text: Voiced by: Brendon Small

text: Skwisgaar Skwigelf is Dethklok's lead guitarist. He is described as "a handsome guy who thinks he's the greatest thing in the world". Show creator Brendon Small compares Skwisgaar's attitude and technical playing style to Yngwie Malmsteen.[11] He is tall and thin, with long blond hair, a studded belt with a skull buckle, and blue eyes. He played a Gibson Explorer for the first three seasons, but recently switched to the Gibson "Thunderhorse" Explorer for the fourth. He often carries around his guitars even when not playing. He is often referred to as the fastest guitar player in the world. He is depicted as having extreme sexual prowess and a preference for plump or elderly ladies. Hailing from Sweden, Skwisgaar has a marked Swedish accent and often makes mistakes when conjugating verbs. He is responsible for the majority of the arrangement of Dethklok's songs, writing the guitar lines as well as Murderface's bass lines. Skwisgaar also typically discards and re-records the rhythm guitar (and the bass guitar parts) recorded by Toki Wartooth for Dethklok's albums and frequently belittles him for his guitar playing skills, although he does appear to share something of a codependent relationship with him. This can be supported, as shown in The Doomstar Requiem during a flashback sequence in which the band holds auditions for a new rhythm guitarist. Skwisgaar originally disapproved of the idea, wanting Dethklok to be a four-piece. During Toki's audition, Toki was still inferior to Skwisgaar as a guitarist, and the rest of Dethklok originally were about to dismiss him, but Skwisgaar admitted that no other guitarist had made him play as well as he did, and requested that Toki stay in the band.

text: Toki Wartooth[edit]

text: Voiced by: Tommy Blacha, Mike Keneally (singing voice in Metalocalypse: The Doomstar Requiem)

text: Toki Wartooth is Dethklok's rhythm guitarist. He typically played a Gibson Flying V, but has switched to the Brendon Small "Snow Falcon" V for the fourth season. A native of "an abandoned town near Lillehammer", Norway, he was forced to constantly perform manual labor by his abusive parents. He has a distinct accent and often inappropriately pluralizes words, but refers to Pickles as "Pickle". Visually, he has a distinct Fu Manchu moustache, long brown hair, and very pale blue eyes.

text: Toki is the only Dethklok member with no prior band experience, as well as the only one not with the band in its initial form, having been chosen to replace the violent and egomaniacal Magnus Hammersmith. Small explains Toki's relationship with Skwisgaar as "...Norwegian to Skwisgaar's Swedish, pompous attitude. And, again, a second-class citizen in the same band",[11] and compared his guitar playing style to that of Iron Maiden.[11]

text: In contrast to the deep cynicism, grim outlook, promiscuity, and alcohol and drug abuse of the other band members, Toki's character is generally childlike, innocent, and good-natured. He has a boyish bedroom complete with action figures, stuffed animals, and wall posters, and a prominent hobby of his is building model planes. He is a Type 2 diabetic and requires insulin shots.

text: A recurring plot point is the death of people Toki grows fond of, including a guitar teacher and his father; the Tribunal has described him as an "angel of death". Any living thing that gets close to Toki – with the exception of Dr. Rockso and his bandmates – tends to die after a brief period of time.

text: Pickles[edit]

text: Voiced by: Brendon Small

text: Pickles is Dethklok's drummer. He was raised in Tomahawk, Wisconsin and speaks with a Upper Midwestern accent. He refers to himself as "very Irish American" and has long red hair, styled into dreadlocks and a comb-over skullet, and green eyes. He is depicted as having an average build with a strong propensity for drugs and alcohol abuse stemming from feelings of resentment towards his family. He comes off as the most socially-capable member of the band, able to grasp most concepts outside the scope of death metal that the other four cannot. In later seasons, this capacity often puts him at odds with Nathan, though ironically they are the only two the others can talk to on certain levels. Pickles is a multi-talented performer, whom IGN Magazine described as "the band's deepest thinker".[12] Pickles is the former front-man of a group called Snakes 'n' Barrels, providing the vocals and performing as the lead guitarist.

text: Brendon Small used the voice of Pickles on The Dethalbum to sing the chorus of the song "Hatredcopter", as well as the entirety of "Kill You", a song by Snakes N' Barrels "covered" by Dethklok, which serves as a bonus track. Describing the character, Small said, "I thought the drummer should be able to do a bunch of stuff, like Roger Taylor in Queen. Even though it's not based on his personality, it's what he can do in the band and what parts of the songs he does contribute to."[11]

text: The original design of the character was changed to avoid his looking too much like Devin Townsend.[13]

text: William Murderface[edit]

text: Voiced by: Tommy Blacha

text: William Murderface is Dethklok's bassist, who plays a Gibson Thunderbird Studio 5-string. He has brown hair, green eyes, a heavy lateral lisp and a gap in his front teeth. He has tattoos on the top and bottom parts of his abdomen, the top reading "Pobody's Nerfect", and the bottom saying "This Mess Is A Place". When he was a baby, Murderface's father killed his wife – Murderface's mother – with a chainsaw before turning it upon himself in front of Murderface in a grisly murder-suicide (Murderface believes this happened because he was ugly). This left Murderface to be raised by his grandparents.

text: Murderface is "a self-hating bass player who's always trying to act like he's more important than he is", in part because his bass playing is usually mixed out completely.[11] Although Murderface's musical contribution is apparently totally unnecessary to the group's sound, Dethklok realizes when they expel him from the band in "Dethsiduals" that he imposes a mentality of negativity and hatred upon the band that is crucial to their songwriting.

text: Brendon Small describes Murderface as "thin-skinned and incredibly sensitive and just wants to be accepted constantly but can't get that because he's such a dick and pushes people away".[14] He is sensitive about his weight and appearance, which his bandmates often obliviously exacerbate. Murderface's voice was originally achieved by Tommy Blacha putting paper towels inside his mouth when voicing the character, but he has since refined his technique to forgo the paper towels.[15]

text: Actual band members[edit]

text:
Studio members:

Brendon Small – lead vocals, guitar, bass, keyboard
Gene Hoglan – drums (2007–present)
Bryan Beller – bass (2012–present)

Live members:

Brendon Small – lead vocals, guitar
Gene Hoglan – drums (2007–present)
Bryan Beller – bass, backing vocals (2007–present)
Mike Keneally – guitar, backing vocals (2007–present)
Pete Griffin – bass, backing vocals (2012)[16]

text: Touring history[edit]

text: In late 2007, Adult Swim organized a promotional tour featuring Dethklok and ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead.[17] The tour comprised performances at twelve college campuses, with tickets available to students only (except for 50 tickets set aside for the UCLA show in the Los Angeles area). The band featured Brendon Small, guitarist Mike Keneally, bassist Bryan Beller and drummer Gene Hoglan.[18] Tour information was made available on Adult Swim's promotional site.[19] In an interview with Ultimate Guitar, Brendon Small described the tour as being "like Gorillaz, with the animated characters" with Small's ensemble of musicians performing visibly.[20]

text: In a February 2008 interview on California radio station Indie 103.1 with Full Metal Jackie, plans for a summer 2008 tour were announced. Brendon Small described the tour as being like "a Disney ride but with murder". Dethklok toured the US in June and early July with Chimaira and Soilent Green. In April 2008, 27 seven dates were announced.[21]

text: Dethklok performed at Heavy MTL on June 21, 2008. They then toured with Chimaira and Soilent Green during June and July 2008. During the June 5, 2008, show at The Fillmore in San Francisco, an electrical fire broke out during Soilent Green's set. Attendees were hesitant to leave the building thinking that it was part of the show (in their fictional universe, Dethklok is infamous for causing disasters that result in deaths), which created a dangerous situation, but they soon realized that the fire was real and evacuated and the concert was rescheduled.[22][23]

text: Dethklok toured with co-headliner Mastodon, High on Fire, and Converge during October and November 2009. The band performed in San Bernardino on July 9, 2011, at the Mayhem Festival in place of Megadeth. Dethklok played a free show at San Diego Comic Con on July 13, 2012, on the USS Midway.[24] Dethklok was scheduled to play in Toronto, Ontario at the Heavy T.O. festival on August 11, 2012,[25] and also in Montreal, QC at Heavy MTL Festival on August 12, 2012;[26] however, Dethklok's appearances at both festivals were cancelled. Dethklok was also scheduled to play the main stage for both days of Knotfest on August 17 and 18, 2012;[27] however, Dethklok's appearance was cancelled. The band was scheduled to co-headline a tour in North America with Lamb of God (with special guest Gojira) in August 2012;[28] this tour was cancelled due to bail hearings at the time for Randy Blythe in the Czech Republic.[29]

text: Dethklok toured North America, in support of Dethalbum III, with Machine Head, All That Remains and The Black Dahlia Murder during November and December 2012.[30] Bassist Pete Griffin filled in for several shows while Bryan Beller was touring with his band, The Aristocrats.[16]

text: Dethklok performed at Festival Supreme on October 25, 2014, in Los Angeles, California.[31]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Dethklok received the award for best international band during the 2009 Revolver Golden God Awards.[32] A clip of the band's acceptance speech was played after they were announced as the recipients. They were presented the award by Chuck Billy, best known for his work as the vocalist for the thrash metal band Testament.[33][34] In 2013, Dethalbum III won an Independent Music Award for Best Metal/Hardcore Album.[35]

text: Discography[edit]

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
The Dethalbum (2007)
Dethalbum II (2009)
Dethalbum III (2012)
The Doomstar Requiem (2013)

text: EPs[edit]

text: Adult Swim Presents: ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead on Tour with Dethklok (split CD) (2007)

text: Singles[edit]

text:
"Bloodrocuted" (2007)
"Bloodlines" (2009)
"I Ejaculate Fire" (2012)
"Blazing Star" (2013)

text: Guest appearances[edit]

text: Zimmers Hole – When You Were Shouting at the Devil... We Were in League with Satan (guest vocals on "The Vowel Song" by Nathan Explosion) (2008)

text: Music videos[edit]

text: As lead band[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Director(s)
Album
Release for music video

2007
"Bloodrocuted"
Jon Schnepp &
Brendon Small
The Dethalbum
The Dethalbum deluxe edition bonus DVD, Metalocalypse season 2 DVD,
Dethalbum II deluxe edition bonus DVD

2008
"Murmaider"
Jon Schnepp
Metalocalypse season 2 DVD, Dethalbum II deluxe edition bonus DVD

"Briefcase Full of Guts"
Dethalbum II deluxe edition bonus DVD

"Birthday Dethday"

"Awaken"
Chris Prynoski

"Duncan Hills Coffee Jingle"
Jon Schnepp

"Dethharmonic"
Mark Brooks

"Castratikron"

"Go Forth and Die"
Chris Prynoski

"Hatredcopter"
Jon Schnepp

"Thunderhorse"

"Go into the Water"

2009
"Bloodlines"
Dethalbum II
Metalocalypse Season 3 Blu-ray extras

"Dethsupport"

"The Gears"

"Burn The Earth"

"Black Fire Upon Us"

2012
"I Ejaculate Fire"
Mark Brooks
Dethalbum III
Dethalbum III deluxe edition bonus DVD

"The Galaxy"[36]
Felipe Salazar

text: As featured band[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Director(s)

2010
"Black Rain"
(by Soundgarden)
Brendon Small

2013
'tallica Parking Lot (short film)
(by Robert Trujillo)
Juno Lee


document_title: List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents

question_text: who was the first astronaut to die in space

text: Astronaut fatalities[edit]

text: Astronaut and Cosmonaut fatalities during spaceflight[edit]

text: As of 2017[update], in-flight accidents have killed 18 astronauts, in four separate incidents.[2]

text: NASA astronauts who died on duty are memorialized at the Space Mirror Memorial at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Merritt Island, Florida. Cosmonauts who died on duty under the Soviet Union were generally honored by burial at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis in Moscow. No Soviet or Russian cosmonauts have died during spaceflight since 1971.

text: Four fatal in-flight accidents have occurred on missions which were considered spaceflights under the internationally accepted definition of the term, as well as one on the ground during rehearsal of a planned flight. In each case, all crew were killed. To date, no individual member of a multi-member crew has died during a mission or rehearsal.

text:
Date
Incident
Mission
Fatalities
Description

1967-04-24
Parachute failure
Soyuz 1
 Vladimir Komarov
The one-day mission was plagued by a series of mishaps with the new spacecraft type, culminating with its parachute not opening properly after atmospheric reentry. Komarov was killed when the capsule hit the ground at high speed.[3]
The Soyuz 1 crash site coordinates are 51°21′41″N 59°33′44″E / 51.3615°N 59.5622°E / 51.3615; 59.5622, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of Karabutak, Province of Orenburg in the Russian Federation, about 275 kilometres (171 mi) east-southeast of Orenburg. In a small park on the side of the road is a memorial monument: a black column with a bust of Komarov at the top.[4][5][6]

1971-06-30
Decompression
Soyuz 11
 Georgi Dobrovolski
 Viktor Patsayev
 Vladislav Volkov
The crew of Soyuz 11 were killed after undocking from space station Salyut 1 after a three-week stay. A cabin vent valve accidentally opened at service module separation. The recovery team found the crew dead. These three are the only human fatalities in space (above 100 kilometres (62 mi)) thus far.[7][8]
The Soyuz 11 landing coordinates are 47°21′24″N 70°07′17″E / 47.35663°N 70.12142°E / 47.35663; 70.12142, 90 kilometres (56 mi) southwest of Karazhal, Karagandy, Kazakhstan, and about 550 kilometres (340 mi) northeast of Baikonur, in open flat country far from any populated area. In a small circular fenced area at the site is a memorial monument in the form of a three-sided metallic column. Near the top of the column on each side is the engraved image of the face of a crew member set into a stylized triangle.[9][10][11]

1986-01-28
Vehicle disintegration during launch – Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
STS-51-L
 Gregory Jarvis
 Christa McAuliffe
 Ronald McNair
 Ellison Onizuka
 Judith Resnik
 Michael J. Smith
 Dick Scobee
The Space Shuttle Challenger was destroyed 73 seconds after lift-off on STS-51-L. The investigation found that cold weather conditions caused an O-ring seal to fail, allowing hot gases from the shuttle solid rocket booster (SRB) to impinge on the external propellant tank and booster strut. The strut and aft end of the tank failed, allowing the top of the SRB to rotate into the top of the tank. Challenger was thrown sideways into the Mach 1.8 windstream and broke up with the loss of all seven crew members. NASA investigators determined they may have survived the spacecraft disintegration, possibly unconscious from hypoxia; some tried to activate their emergency oxygen. Any survivors of the breakup were killed, however, when the largely intact cockpit hit the water at 320 km/h (200 mph), about 32 km (20 miles) east of Cape Canaveral at 28.64 degrees north, 80.28 degrees west.[12][13] About half of the vehicle's remains were never recovered, and fragments still wash ashore occasionally on the coast of Brevard County, Florida.[citation needed]

2003-02-01
Vehicle disintegration on re-entry – Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
STS-107
 Rick D. Husband
 William McCool
 Michael P. Anderson
 David M. Brown
 Kalpana Chawla
 Laurel B. Clark
 Ilan Ramon
The Space Shuttle Columbia was lost as it returned from a two-week mission, STS-107. Damage to the shuttle's thermal protection system (TPS) led to structural failure of the shuttle's left wing and the spacecraft ultimately broke apart. Investigation revealed damage to the reinforced carbon-carbon leading edge wing panel resulted from the impact of a piece of foam insulation that broke away from the external tank during the launch.[14]
The vehicle broke up over the southwestern United States and fell in fragments over eastern Texas and central Louisiana.

text: Disputed incidents[edit]

text:
Date
Incident
Mission
Fatalities
Description

1967-11-15
Control failure
X-15 Flight 3-65-97
 Michael J. Adams
During X-15 Flight 191, Adams' seventh flight, the plane had an electrical problem followed by control problems at the apogee of its flight. The pilot may also have become disoriented. During reentry from a 266,000 ft (50.4 mile, 81.1 km) apogee, the X-15 yawed and went into a spin at Mach 5. The pilot recovered, but went into a Mach 4.7 inverted dive. Excessive loading led to structural breakup at about 65,000 feet (19.8 km).[15] Adams was posthumously awarded astronaut wings, as his flight had passed an altitude of 50 miles (80.5 km),[16][17]

text: Fatalities during spaceflight training or testing[edit]

text: In addition to accidents during spaceflights, 13 astronauts, test pilots, and other personnel have been killed during training and test flights.

text:
Incident
Date
Mission
Fatalities
Description

Fire in altitude chamber
23 March 1961

 Valentin Bondarenko
First space-related fatality. During a 15-day endurance experiment in a low-pressure altitude chamber with at least 50% oxygen atmosphere, Vostok cosmonaut trainee Bondarenko dropped an alcohol-soaked cloth onto an electric hotplate. He suffered third-degree burns over most of his body and face, and died in a hospital 16 hours later.[18]

Training jet crash
31 October 1964

 Theodore Freeman
Freeman was in a T-38 jet trainer on landing approach to Ellington AFB near Houston, TX, when a goose smashed into the left side of the cockpit canopy. Shards of Plexiglas entered the engine intake and caused both engines to flame out. Freeman ejected too close to the ground for his parachute to open properly.[19][20]

Training jet crash
28 February 1966
Gemini 9
 Elliot See
 Charles Bassett
See and Bassett attempted to land their T-38 at Lambert Field in St. Louis, Missouri in bad weather, and crashed into the adjacent McDonnell Aircraft factory, where they were going for simulator training.[21][22]

Fire during spacecraft test
27 January 1967
Apollo 1
 Virgil "Gus" Grissom
 Edward H. White
 Roger Chaffee
An electrical fire in the cabin spread quickly in the pure oxygen atmosphere and claimed the lives of all three Apollo 1 crew members during a "plugs-out" test in preparation for their planned February 21 launch.[23]

Training jet crash
5 October 1967

 Clifton C. Williams
Williams, flying alone in a T-38 jet from Cape Kennedy, Florida to Houston, Texas, crashed due to an aileron control mechanical failure, about 15 miles (24 km) north of Tallahassee, Florida.[24] Williams ejected too low for the parachute to open properly.[25]

Training jet crash
8 December 1967

 Robert Lawrence
The first US African-American astronaut, selected for the Air Force Manned Orbiting Laboratory program, was killed when his F-104 Starfighter jet crashed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, while practicing a series of high speed, quick descent landings as copilot with Major Harvey Royer. Both crewmen ejected; Royer survived with injuries, but Lawrence was found in his ejection seat, the parachute unopened.[26][27]

Training jet crash
27 March 1968
Soyuz 3
 Yuri Gagarin
 Vladimir Seryogin
The first man in space was killed with flight instructor Vladimir Seryogin when their MiG-15UTI jet trainer crashed.[28] The likely cause was determined to be avoidance of a weather balloon.[29]

Drowned during water recovery training
11 July 1993

 Sergei Vozovikov
Sergei Yuriyevich Vozovikov was a member of the Soviet Air Force Cosmonaut Training Group 11. His Cosmonaut training was from 1 October 1991 to 6 March 1992. He drowned 11 July 1993 during water recovery training in the Black Sea, near Anapa, Russia.[30][31]

Spaceplane crash during test flight
31 October 2014

 Michael Alsbury
Michael Alsbury was killed and Peter Siebold was seriously injured when SpaceShipTwo VSS Enterprise disintegrated during a powered atmospheric test flight over California due to premature deployment of the feathering system.[32]

text: Non-fatal incidents during spaceflight[edit]

text: Apart from actual disasters, a number of missions resulted in some very near misses and also some training accidents that nearly resulted in deaths.

text:
Incident
Date
Mission
Description

Separation failure
12 April 1961
Vostok 1
During the flight of Vostok 1, after retrofire, the Vostok service module unexpectedly remained attached to the reentry module by a bundle of wires. The two halves of the craft were supposed to separate ten seconds after retrofire. But they did not separate until 10 minutes after retrofire, when the wire bundle finally burned through. The spacecraft went into wild gyrations at the beginning of reentry, before the wires burned through and the reentry module settled into the proper reentry attitude.[33]

Landing capsule sank in water
21 July 1961
Liberty Bell 7
After Liberty Bell 7 splashed down in the Atlantic, the hatch malfunctioned and blew, filling the capsule with water and almost drowning Gus Grissom, who managed to escape before it sank. Grissom then had to deal with a spacesuit that was rapidly filling with water, but managed to get into the helicopter's retrieval collar and was lifted to safety.[34] The spacecraft was recovered in 1999, having settled 300 nmi (560 km; 350 mi) southeast of Cape Canaveral in 15,000 ft (4,600 m) of seawater. An unexploded SOFAR bomb, designed for sound fixing and ranging in case the craft sank, had failed and had to be dealt with when it was recovered from the ocean floor in 1999.[35]

Spacesuit or airlock design fault
18 March 1965
Voskhod 2
The mission featured the world's first spacewalk, by Alexei Leonov. After his twelve minutes outside, Leonov's spacesuit inflated in the vacuum to the point where he could not reenter the airlock. He opened a valve to allow some of the suit's pressure to bleed off, and was barely able to get back inside the capsule after suffering side effects of the bends. Because the spacecraft was so cramped, the crew could not keep to their reentry schedule and landed 386 km off course in deep forest. They spent a night sheltering in the capsule from the cold, and a second night in a temporary hut built by rescuers before skiing with them to a clearing where a helicopter flew them to Perm.[36][37]

Engine shutdown at launch
12 December 1965
Gemini 6A
The first on-pad shutdown in the US Manned Program. Gemini 7 orbiting 185 miles (298 km) directly over Missile Row witnessed the event and reported they could clearly see the momentary exhaust plume before shutdown.[38]

Equipment failure
17 March 1966
Gemini 8
A maneuvering thruster refused to shut down and put their capsule into an uncontrolled spin.[39] After the Gemini spun up to one revolution per second, Neil Armstrong regained control by switching from the main attitude control system to the reentry system. Mission rules required a landing as soon as possible once the reentry thrusters were used, causing an early end to the flight.[40]

Separation failure
18 January 1969
Soyuz 5
Soyuz 5 had a harrowing reentry and landing when the capsule's service module initially refused to separate, causing the spacecraft to begin reentry faced the wrong way. The service module broke away before the capsule would have been destroyed, and so it made a rough but survivable landing far off course in the Ural mountains.

Struck twice by lightning during launch
14 November 1969
Apollo 12
Astronauts Pete Conrad, Alan Bean, and Dick Gordon experienced two lightning strikes during the launch of Apollo 12. The first strike, at 36 seconds after liftoff, knocked the three fuel cells offline and the craft switched to battery power automatically. The second strike, at 52 seconds after liftoff, knocked the onboard guidance platform offline. Four temperature sensors on the outside of the Lunar Module were burnt out and four measuring devices in the reaction control system failed temporarily. Fuel cell power was restored about four minutes later. The astronauts spent additional time in Earth orbit to make sure the spacecraft was functional before firing their S-IVB third stage engine and departing for the Moon.[41][42]

Struck by camera during splashdown
24 November 1969
Apollo 12
Astronaut Alan Bean was struck above the right eyebrow by a 16mm movie camera when the Apollo 12 spacecraft splashed down in the ocean. The camera broke free from its storage place. Bean suffered a concussion,[43] and a 1.25 cm cut above the eyebrow that required stitches.[44]

Premature engine shutdown
11 April 1970
Apollo 13
During the launch of Apollo 13, its Saturn V second stage suffered a premature shutdown on one of its five engines. The center engine shut down two minutes early. The remaining engines on the second and third stages were burned a total of 34 seconds longer. It was later determined that the shutdown was caused by pogo oscillation of the engine.[45][46][47]

Equipment failure
13 April 1970
Apollo 13
The Apollo 13 crew came home safely after a violent rupture of a liquid oxygen tank[48] deprived the Service Module of its ability to produce electrical power, crippling their spacecraft en route to the moon. They survived the loss of use of their command ship by relying on the Lunar Module as a "life boat" to provide life support and power for the trip home.[49]

One of three main parachutes failed
7 August 1971
Apollo 15
During descent, the three main parachutes of Apollo 15 opened successfully. However, when the remaining reaction control system fuel was jettisoned, one parachute was damaged by the discarded fuel causing it to collapse. The Apollo 15 and its crew still splashed down safely, at a slightly higher than normal velocity, on the two remaining main parachutes. If a second parachute had failed, the spacecraft would probably have been crushed on impact with the ocean, according to a NASA official.[50]

Separation failure
5 April 1975
Soyuz 18a
The Soyuz 18a mission nearly ended in disaster when the rocket suffered a second-stage separation failure during launch. This also interrupted the craft's attitude, causing the vehicle to accelerate towards the Earth and triggering an emergency reentry sequence. Due to the downward acceleration, the crew experienced an acceleration of 21.3 g rather than the nominal 15 g for an abort. Upon landing, the vehicle rolled down a hill and stopped just short of a high cliff. The crew survived, but Lazarev, the mission commander, suffered internal injuries due to the severe G-forces and was never able to fly again.

Gas poisoning on board
24 July 1975
Apollo Soyuz Test Project
During final descent and parachute deployment for the Apollo Soyuz Test Project Command Module, the U.S. crew were exposed to 300 µL/L of toxic nitrogen tetroxide gas (Reaction Control System oxidizer) venting from the spacecraft and reentering a cabin air intake. A switch was left in the wrong position. 400µL/L is fatal. Vance Brand lost consciousness for a short time. The crew members suffered from burning sensations of their eyes, faces, noses, throats and lungs. Thomas Stafford quickly broke out emergency oxygen masks and put one on Brand and gave one to Deke Slayton. The crew were exposed to the toxic gas from 24,000 ft (7.3 km) down to landing. About an hour after landing the crew developed chemical-induced pneumonia and their lungs had edema. They experienced shortness of breath and were hospitalized in Hawaii. The crew spent two weeks in the hospital. By July 30, their chest X-rays appeared to return to normal except for Slayton; he was diagnosed with a benign lesion, unrelated to the gas exposure, which was later removed.[51]

Landing capsule sank in water
16 October 1976
Soyuz 23
The Soyuz 23 capsule broke through the surface of a frozen lake and was dragged underwater by its parachute. The crew was saved after a very difficult rescue operation.[52]

Engine malfunction
12 April 1979
Soyuz 33
Engine failure forced Soyuz 33 to be aborted. It was the first-ever failure of a Soyuz engine during orbital operations. The crew, commander Nikolai Rukavishnikov and Bulgarian cosmonaut Georgi Ivanov, suffered a steep ballistic re-entry, but were safely recovered.

Unexpectedly high SRB ignition shock wave overpressure reached design limits of orbiter structure
12 April 1981
STS-1
During the launch of STS-1, the Solid Rocket Booster ignition shock wave overpressure was four times greater than expected (2.0 psi measured vs 0.5 psi predicted). Some of the aft structures on Space Shuttle Columbia reached their design limits (2.0 psi) from the overpressure. The overpressure bent four struts that supported two RCS fuel tanks in the nose of Columbia and the orbiter's locked body flap was pushed up and down 6 in (15 cm) by the shock wave. John Young and Robert Crippen in the crew cabin received a 3 g jolt from the shock wave. An improved water spray shock wave damping system had to be installed on the launch pad prior to launch.[53][54][55][56]

Fire in launch vehicle
26 September 1983
Soyuz T-10-1
A fuel spillage before the planned liftoff caused Soyuz T-10-1 to be engulfed in flames. The crew was narrowly saved by the activation of their launch escape system, with the rocket exploding two seconds later.

Leaked hydrazine fuel fire and explosion
8 December 1983
STS-9
In the last two minutes of the STS-9 mission, during Space Shuttle Columbia's final approach to the Edwards AFB runway, hydrazine fuel leaked onto hot surfaces of two of the three onboard auxiliary power units (APU) in the aft compartment of the shuttle and caught fire. About 15 minutes after landing, hydrazine fuel trapped in the APU control valves exploded, destroying the valves in both APUs. The fire also damaged nearby wiring. The fire stopped when the supply of leaked fuel was exhausted. All of this was discovered the next day when technicians removed an access panel and discovered the area blackened and scorched. It is believed that hydrazine leaked in orbit and froze, stopping the leak. After returning, the leak restarted and ignited when combined with oxygen from the atmosphere. There were no injuries during the incident.[57][58]

Space Shuttle in-flight engine failure
29 July 1985
STS-51-F
Five minutes, 45 seconds into ascent, one of three main engines aboard Challenger shut down prematurely due to a spurious high temperature reading. At about the same time, a second main engine almost shut down from a similar problem, but this was observed and inhibited by a fast acting flight controller. The failed SSME resulted in an Abort To Orbit (ATO) trajectory, whereby the shuttle achieves a lower than planned orbital altitude. Had the second engine failed within about 20 seconds of the first, a Transoceanic Abort Landing (TAL) abort might have been necessary. No bailout option existed until after mission STS-51-L, the Challenger disaster. But even with that option, a bailout (a "contingency abort") would never be considered when an "intact abort" option exists, and after five minutes of normal flight it would always exist unless a serious flight control failure or some other major problem beyond engine shutdown occurred.[59][60]

Sensor failure
6 September 1988
Mir EP-3
At the end of Mir EP-3, Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Lyakhov and Afghan cosmonaut Abdul Ahad Mohmand undocked from Mir in the spacecraft Soyuz TM-5. During descent they suffered a computer software problem combined with a sensor problem. The deorbit engine on the TM-5 spacecraft which was to propel them into atmospheric reentry, did not behave as expected. During an attempted burn, the computer shut off the engines prematurely, believing the spacecraft was out of alignment.[61] Lyakhov determined that they were not, in fact, out of alignment, and asserted that the problem was caused by conflicting signals picked up by the alignment sensors caused by solar glare.[61] With the problem apparently solved, two orbits later he restarted to deorbit engines. But the engines shut off again. The flight director decided that they would have to remain in orbit an extra day (a full revolution of the Earth), so they could determine what the problem was. During this time it was realised that during the second attempted engine burn, the computer had tried to execute the program which was used to dock with Mir several months earlier during EP-2.[61] After reprogramming the computer, the next attempt was successful, and the crew safely landed on 7 September.[62]

Thermal tile damage
6 December 1988
STS-27
Space Shuttle Atlantis' Thermal Protection System tiles sustained unusually severe damage during this flight. Ablative insulating material from the right-hand solid rocket booster nose cap had hit the orbiter about 85 seconds into the flight, as seen in footage of the ascent. The crew made an inspection of the shuttle's impacted starboard side using the shuttle's Canadarm robot arm, but the limited resolution and range of the cameras made it impossible to determine the full extent of the tile damage. Following reentry, more than 700 tiles were found to be damaged including one that was missing entirely. STS-27 was the most heavily damaged shuttle to return to earth safely.

Spacesuit puncture
8 April 1991
STS-37
During an extravehicular activity on STS-37, a small rod (palm bar) in a glove of EV2 astronaut Jay Apt's extravehicular mobility unit punctured the suit. Somehow, the astronaut's hand conformed to the puncture and sealed it, preventing any detectable depressurization. During post-flight debriefings, Apt said after the second EVA, when he removed the gloves, his right hand index finger had an abrasion behind the knuckle. A postflight inspection of the right hand glove found the palm bar of the glove penetrating a restraint and glove bladder into the index finger side of the glove. NASA found air leakage with the bar in place was 3.8 SCCM, well within the specification of 8.0 SCCM. They said if the bar had come out of the hole, the leak still would not have been great enough to activate the secondary oxygen pack. The suit would, however, have shown a high oxygen rate indication.[63]

Explosive release device punctures cargo bay bulkhead
12 September 1993
STS-51
Aboard Space Shuttle Discovery, during the STS-51 mission, while releasing the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite from the payload bay, both the primary and backup explosive release devices detonated. Only the primary device was supposed to have detonated. Large metal bands holding the satellite in place were ripped away, causing flying debris. The debris punctured the orbiter's payload bay bulkhead leading to the main engine compartment, damaging wiring trays and payload bay thermal insulation blankets. The puncture in the bulkhead was 3 mm by 13 mm in size. The crew was uninjured and the damage was not great enough to endanger the shuttle. The satellite was undamaged.[64]

Eye injury from Mir exercise equipment
18 May 1995
Mir
While exercising on the Mir EO-18/NASA 1/Soyuz TM-21 mission, astronaut Norman E. Thagard suffered an eye injury. He was using an exercise device, doing deep knee bends, with elastic straps. One of the straps slipped off of his foot, flew up, and hit him in the eye. Later, even a small amount of light caused pain in his eye. He said using the eye was, "like looking at the world through gauze." An ophthalmologist at Mission Control-Moscow prescribed steroid drops and the eye healed.[65]

Fire on board
23 February 1997
Mir
There was a fire on board the Mir space station when a lithium perchlorate canister used to generate oxygen leaked. The fire was extinguished after about 90 seconds, but smoke did not clear for several minutes.

Collision in space
25 June 1997
Mir
At Mir, during a re-docking test with the Progress M-34 cargo freighter, the Progress freighter collided with the Spektr module and solar arrays of the Mir space station. This damaged the solar arrays and the collision punctured a hole in the Spektr module and the space station began depressurizing. The onboard crew of two Russians and one visiting NASA astronaut were able to close off the Spektr module from the rest of Mir after quickly cutting cables and hoses blocking the hatch closure.

Main engine electrical short and hydrogen leak
23 July 1999
STS-93
Five seconds after liftoff, an electrical short knocked out controllers for two shuttle main engines. The engines automatically switched to their backup controllers. Had a further short shut down two engines, Columbia would have ditched in the ocean, although the crew could have possibly bailed out. Concurrently a pin came loose inside one engine and ruptured a cooling line, allowing a hydrogen fuel leak. This caused premature fuel exhaustion, but the vehicle safely achieved a slightly lower orbit. Had the failure propagated further, a risky transatlantic or RTLS abort would have been required.

Toxic ammonia leak during EVA
10 February 2001
ISS/STS-98
During EVA 1 on the STS-98 mission, NASA astronauts Robert L. Curbeam and Thomas D. Jones were connecting cooling lines on the International Space Station while working to install the Destiny Laboratory Module. A defective quick-disconnect valve allowed 5% of the ammonia cooling supply to escape into space. The escaping ammonia froze on the spacesuit of astronaut Curbeam as he struggled to close the valve. His helmet and suit were coated in toxic ammonia crystals an inch thick. Mission Control instructed Curbeam to remain outside for an entire orbit to allow the Sun to evaporate the frozen ammonia from his spacesuit. When they returned to the airlock, the astronauts pressurized, vented and then repressurized the air lock to purge any remaining toxic ammonia. After they removed their spacesuits, the crew wore oxygen masks for another 20 minutes to allow life-support systems in the airlock to further filter the air. No injuries resulted from the incident.[66]

Ballistic reentry, injured shoulder
3 May 2003
Soyuz TMA-1
The Soyuz TMA-1 capsule had a malfunction during its return to Earth from the ISS Expedition 6 mission and performed a ballistic reentry. The crew was subjected to about 8 to 9 G's during reentry. The capsule landed 500 km from the intended landing target. In addition, after landing the capsule was dragged about 15 meters by its parachute and ended up on its side in a hard landing. Astronaut Don Pettit injured his shoulder and was placed on a stretcher in a rescue helicopter and did not take part in post-landing ceremonies.[67][68][69]

29 unplanned rolls during ascent
29 September 2004
SpaceShipOne-16P
While piloting SpaceShipOne on suborbital flight 16P, the first of two flights that won the X-Prize for exceeding 100 km in altitude, astronaut Mike Melvill experienced 29 unplanned rolls during and after powered ascent. The rolls began at 50 seconds into the engine burn. The burn was stopped 11 seconds early after burning a total of 76 seconds. After engine cutoff, the craft continued rolling while coasting to apogee. The roll was finally brought under control after apogee using the craft's reaction jets. SpaceShipOne landed safely and Mike Melvill was uninjured.[70][71]

Separation failure
19 April 2008
Soyuz TMA-11
Soyuz TMA-11 suffered a reentry mishap similar to that suffered by Soyuz 5 in 1969. The service module failed to completely separate from the reentry vehicle and caused it to face the wrong way during the early portion of aerobraking. As with Soyuz 5, the service module eventually separated and the reentry vehicle completed a rough but survivable landing. Following the Russian news agency Interfax's report, this was widely reported as life-threatening[72][73] while NASA urged caution pending an investigation of the vehicle.[74] South Korean astronaut Yi So-Yeon was hospitalized after her return to South Korea due to injuries caused by the rough return voyage in the Soyuz TMA-11 spacecraft. The South Korean Science Ministry said that the astronaut had a minor injury to her neck muscles and had bruised her spinal column.[75]

Aborted spacewalk after water leak in suit
16 July 2013
ISS Expedition 36
During EVA-23 of Expedition 36 to the International Space Station, European Space Agency astronaut Luca Parmitano reported that water was steadily leaking into his helmet. Flight controllers elected to abort the EVA immediately, and Parmitano made his way back to the Quest airlock, followed by fellow astronaut Chris Cassidy. The airlock began repressurizing after a 1-hour and 32 minute spacewalk, and by this time Parmitano was having difficulty seeing, hearing, and speaking due to the amount of water in his suit. After repressurization, Expedition 36 commander Pavel Vinogradov and crewmembers Fyodor Yurchikhin and Karen Nyberg quickly removed Parmitano's helmet and soaked up the water with towels. Despite the incident, Parmitano was reported to be in good spirits and suffered no injury.[76][77][78] By December, 2013, NASA had determined the leak to have been caused by a design flaw in the Portable Life Support System liquid coolant. The designers failed to take into account the physics of water in zero-g, which unintentionally allowed coolant water to mix with the air supply.[79]

text: Non-fatal incidents during training[edit]

text: Non-astronaut fatalities[edit]

text: Fatalities caused by rocket explosions[edit]

text:
Date
Place
Death(s)
Rocket
Description

1930-05-17
Berlin, Germany
1

Max Valier killed by rocket engine explosion.[80]

1931-02-02
Mount Redoria near Milan, Italy
1

A liquid fueled, 132-pound (60 kg) meteorological rocket, that was constructed by American physicist, Dr. Darwin Lyon, exploded during tests, killing a mechanic and injuring three others. Dr. Lyon was not present when the explosion occurred.[81]

1933-10-10
Germany
3

Explosion in rocket manufacturing room of Reinhold Tiling[82]

1934-07-16
Kummersdorf, Germany
3

Ground test engine explosion

1944?
Tuchola Forest, German-occupied Poland
7
A4-rocket
An A4-rocket crashes at a test launch in a trench. Several soldiers who were in the trench were killed.

1960-10-24
Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakh SSR
At least 78
R-16
The Nedelin catastrophe caused by ignition of second-stage engines on the pad.[83]

1964-04-14
Cape Canaveral, US
3
Delta rocket
The third stage of a Delta rocket had just been joined to the Orbiting Solar Observatory satellite in the spin test facility building at Cape Kennedy. Eleven workers were in the room when the 205 kg of solid fuel in the third stage ignited. Sidney Dagle, 29; Lot D. Gabel, 51, and John Fassett, 30, were severely burned and later died of their injuries. Eight others were injured, but survived. The ignition was caused by a spark of static electricity.[84][85][86]

1964-05-07
Braunlage, West Germany
3
Mail rocket
Mail rocket built by Gerhard Zucker exploded and debris hit crowd of spectators.[87]

1966-12-14
Baikonur Cosmodrome, USSR
1
Soyuz 7K-OK
Soyuz 7K-OK No.1: Second unmanned Soyuz test flight. Launch escape system fired 27 minutes after an aborted launch causing a fire and subsequent explosion when pad workers had already returned to the launch pad.[88]

1973-06-26
Plesetsk Cosmodrome, USSR
9
Kosmos-3M launch vehicle
Launch explosion of Kosmos-3M rocket

1980-03-18
Plesetsk Cosmodrome, USSR
48
Vostok-2M launch vehicle
Explosion while fueling up a Vostok-2M rocket[89]

1990-09-07
Edwards AFB, CA United States
1
Titan IV
A Titan IV launch vehicle solid rocket booster was being hoisted by a crane into a rocket test stand at Edwards AFB, California. The bottom section of the booster broke free, hit the ground and ignited. One person, Alan M. Quimby, 27, a civilian employee of Wyle Laboratories, was killed and 9 others were injured in the accident.[90][91]

1991-08-09
Komaki, Aichi, Japan
1
H-II launch vehicle
Engineer Arihiro Kanaya, 23, was conducting a high pressure endurance test on a pipe used in the first stage rocket engine of the H-2 (H-II) launch vehicle when it exploded. The explosion caused a 14 cm thick door in the testing room to fall on Kanaya and fracture his skull, killing him. The accident happened at the Nagoya Guidance and Propulsion Systems Works Of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in Komaki, Aichi, Japan.[92]

1993-02-27
Esrange, Sweden
1

Bror Thornéus, a technician from Sweden was killed when a sounding rocket ignited during testing of its ignition system at the European Sounding Rocket Range (Esrange), located outside the town of Kiruna in northern Sweden.[93][94]

1995-01-26
Xichang, China
6+
Long March rocket
Long March rocket veered off course after launch [2]

1996-02-15
Xichang, China
6-100
Long March rocket
Intelsat 708 Satellite, a Long March rocket, veered off course immediately after launch, crashing in the nearby village 22 seconds later. and destroying 80 houses. According to official Chinese reports there were 6 fatalities and 57 injuries resulting from the incident, but other accounts estimated 100 fatalities.[95]

2002-10-15
Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia
1
Soyuz-U
A Soyuz-U exploded 29 seconds after launch, killing a soldier, Ivan Marchenko, and injuring 8 others. Fragments of the rocket started a forest fire nearby, and a Block D strap-on booster caused damage to the launchpad.[96]

2003-08-22
Alcântara, Brazil
21
VLS-1
VLS-1 V03: Explosion of an unmanned rocket during launch preparations[97]

2007-07-26
Mojave Spaceport, California
3

Explosion during a test of rocket systems by Scaled Composites during a nitrous oxide injector test[98]

text: Other non-astronaut fatalities[edit]

text:
Date
Place
Deaths
Associated Space vehicle
Description

1968-05-16
Kennedy Space Center, US
1
Apollo 4
Pad worker William B. Bates, 46, was killed while hooking up an 8-inch (20 cm) high-pressure water line to the mobile service structure on Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A, which should not have been pressurized at the time. The cap blew off with 180 psi pressure, striking him in the chest.[99][100]

1981-03-19
Kennedy Space Center, US
3
STS-1
Anoxia due to nitrogen atmosphere in the aft engine compartment of Columbia during a countdown demonstration test for STS-1. Five workers were involved in the incident. John Bjornstad died at the scene; Forrest Cole went into a coma and died two weeks later, and Nick Mullon died 14 years later from complications of injuries sustained.[101][102][103][104]

1981-05-05
Kennedy Space Center, US
1
STS-2
Construction worker Anthony E. Hill, 22, fell more than 100 feet (30 m) from the Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B service structure. Workers were preparing LC-39B for a planned September 1981 launch of the Space Shuttle Columbia.[100]

1985-12-04
Vandenberg AFB, US
1

Carl Reich, 49, of Lompoc, CA, an iron worker employed by Hensel Phelps Construction of Greeley, CO, fell 18 stories from the mobile service structure of the SLC-6 Space Shuttle launch complex, while bolting a platform onto the structure.[105][106]

1988-05-04
Henderson, Nevada, US
2

PEPCON disaster, explosion of a factory that produced ammonium perchlorate for solid-fuel rocket boosters of the Space Shuttle and other launchers.

1989-12-22
Cape Canaveral, US
1

A worker refurbishing the 11th level of the Cape Canaveral, Atlas Launch Complex 36B launch tower, was killed when an air hose he was using was caught by the pad elevator. The hose wrapped around the worker and pulled him into the elevator shaft, crushing him. The pad was being refurbished for commercial satellite launches by General Dynamics starting in 1990.[107]

1995-05-05
Guiana Space Centre, French Guiana
2
Ariane 5
Two technicians died from Anoxia due to major nitrogen leak in confined area of umbilical mast at Ariane 5 launch area during cryogenic M1 main stage testing.[108][109]

2001-07-08
Cape Canaveral, US
1

Worker disconnecting a coupling on a temporary pipe used to purge a liquid oxygen system near Launch Complex 37. Unexpected buildup of pressure caused the coupling to break loose and strike the employee in the head.[110][111]

2001-10-01
Cape Canaveral, US
1

Crane operator Bill Brooks was killed in an industrial accident at Launch Complex 37.[111]

2002-05-12
Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan
8
Space Shuttle Buran
Workers repairing the roof of the Baikonur Cosmodrome N-1/Energia vehicle assembly building died when the roof suffered a total structural collapse and crashed 80 meters (260 ft) to the ground. Buran Shuttle was destroyed.[112]

2010-05-05
Redstone Arsenal, US
2

Ammonium perchlorate explosion in a solid rocket fuel test area.[113]

2011-03-14
Launch Pad 39A, USA
1
Space Shuttle
A person working as a swing-arm contractor fell to his death during preparations for a Space Shuttle mission.[114][115]

2013-11-09
Plesetsk, Russia
2

Two workers cleaning out a propellant tank died when exposed to poisonous nitrogen tetroxide gases within the tank[116][117]

2017-06-14
Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan
2
Progress MS-06
An ISS resupply mission, debris from the launch caused a wildfire which killed one worker employed to recover rocket debris. Another employee was injured and died a few days afterward in hospital.[118]


document_title: List of islands of Greece

question_text: what is the second largest island in greece

text: List of islands of Greece

text: Islands of Greece by size[edit]

text: The following are the largest Greek islands listed by surface area. The table includes all islands of over 37 square miles (96 km2).

text:
Island
Area
(sq. miles)
(km2)
Cluster

1
Crete
3,219
8,336

2
Euboea
1,417
3,670

3
Lesbos
630
1,633
North Aegean Islands

4
Rhodes
541
1,401
Dodecanese

5
Chíos
325
842.3
North Aegean Islands

6
Cephalonia
302
781
Ionian Islands

7
Corfu
229
592.9
Ionian Islands

8
Lemnos
184
477.6
North Aegean Islands

9
Samos
184
477.4
North Aegean Islands

10
Naxos
166
429.8
Cyclades

11
Zakynthos
157
406
Ionian Islands

12
Thassos
147
380.1

13
Andros
147
380.0
Cyclades

14
Lefkada
117
303
Ionian Islands

15
Karpathos
116
300
Dodecanese

16
Kos
112
290.3
Dodecanese

17
Kythira
108
279.6
Ionian Islands

18
Icaria
99
255
North Aegean Islands

19
Skyros
81
209
Northern Sporades

20
Paros
75
195
Cyclades

21
Tinos
75
194
Cyclades

22
Samothrace
69
178
North Aegean Islands

23
Milos
58
151
Cyclades

24
Kea
51
132
Cyclades

25
Amorgos
47
121
Cyclades

26
Kalymnos
42.5
110
Dodecanese

27
Ios
41.7
108
Cyclades

28
Kythnos
38.4
99.4
Cyclades

29
Astypalaia
37.2
96.4
Dodecanese

30
Ithaca
37.1
96.2
Ionian Islands

text: Saronic Islands[edit]

text: Inhabited islands[edit]

text:
Aegina
Agistri
Dokos
Hydra
Poros
Salamina
Spetses

text: Uninhabited islands[edit]

text: This list includes islands that may have been inhabited in the past but are now uninhabited:

text:
Agios Georgios
Agios Georgios Salaminos
Agios Ioannis Diaporion
Agios Thomas Diaporion
Alexandros Hydras
Falkonera
Fleves
Kyra Aiginis
Laousses Islets
Leros Salaminos
Modi Porou
Moni Aiginas
Patroklou
Platia
Platia Aeginis
Psili
Psyttaleia
Revythoussa
Romvi
Spetsopoula
Stavronisi Hydras
Trikeri Hydras
Velopoudrase
Ypsili Diaporion
Ypsili Argolidos

text: Northern Sporades[edit]

text: Main islands[edit]

text:
Alonissos
Skiathos
Skopelos
Skyros

text: Other islands and islets[edit]

text:
Adelfoi Islets
Agios Georgios Skopelou
Arko Skiathou
Aspronisi Skiathou
Dasia
Erinia (Rineia Skyrou)
Gioura
Grammeza
Korakas Alonissou
Kyra Panagia
Lekhoussa
Manolas Alonissou
Maragos Skiathou
Peristera
Piperi
Polemika Alonissou
Praso Skantzouras
Psathoura
Repio
Sarakino
Skandili
Skantzoura
Skyropoula
Tsougria
Tsougriaki
Valaxa

text: Ionian Islands[edit]

text: Main seven[edit]

text:
Cephalonia
Corfu
Ithaki or Ithaca
Kythira
Lefkada
Paxi
Zakynthos

text: Others[edit]

text:
Antikythera
Antipaxi
Arkoudi
Atokos
Diaplo
Drakonera
Elafonissos
Ereikoussa
Kalamos
Kalogiros
Karlonisi
Kastos
Kravia
Kythros
Lamprinos
Lazaretto
Madouri
Makri
Makropoula
Mathraki
Meganisi
Modia Islets
Omfori
Othonoi
Oxeia
Petalas
Pistros
Pontikos
Provati
Skorpios
Skorpidi
Sofía
Sparti Lefkados
Strofades
Thilia
Vidos
Vromonas

text: Dodecanese Islands[edit]

text: Main 12 islands[edit]

text:
Astypalaia
Kalymnos
Karpathos
Kasos
Kastellorizo (Megisti)
Kos
Leros
Nisyros
Patmos
Rhodos
Symi
Tilos

text: Minor islands[edit]

text:
Adelfoi Islet
Agathonissi
Agioi Theodoroi Halkis
Agreloussa
Alimia
Antitilos
Anydros Patmou
Arefoussa
Arhangelos
Arkoi
Armathia
Astakida
Faradonesia
Farmakonisi
Fokionissia
Fragos
Gaidourosnissi Tilou
Glaros Kinarou
Gyali
Halavra
Halki
Hiliomodi Patmou
Hondro
Htenies
Imia/Kardak (disputed)[4][5][disputed 1]
Kalavros Kalymnou
Kalolimnos
Kalovolos
Kamilonisi
Kandeloussa
Karavolas Rodhou
Kinaros
Koubelonisi
Kouloundros
Kouloura Leipson
Kounoupoi
Koutsomytis
Leipsoi
Levitha
Makronisi Leipson
Makronissi Kasou
Makry Aspronisi Leipson
Makry Halkis
Marathos
Marmaras
Mavra Levithas
Megalo Aspronisi Leipson
Megalo Glaronisi
Megalo Sofrano
Mesonisi Seirinas
Mikro Glaronisi
Mikro Sofrano
Nero
Nimos
Paheia Nisyrou
Pergoussa
Piganoussa
Pitta
Plati Kasou
Plati Pserimou
Plati Symis
Pontikoussa
Prasonissi Rodhou
Prasouda
Pserimos
Rho
Safonidi
Saria
Seirina
Sesklio
Stroggyli
Stroggyli Kastellorizou
Strogulli Kritinias
Strogyli Kasou
Syrna
Telendos
Tragonisi
Zaforas

text: Aegean Islands[edit]

text: Of the Aegean Sea[edit]

text:
Agios Efstratios
Chios
Fournoi Korseon

Agios Minas
Thymaina

Ikaria
Lesbos
Lemnos
Oinousses

Pasas

Psara

Antipsara

Samos

Samiopoula

text: Of the Thracian Sea[edit]

text:
Samothraki
Thasos

text: The Cyclades[edit]

text: Main islands[edit]

text:
Amorgos
Anafi
Andros
Antiparos
Delos
Donoussa
Folegandros
Gyaros
Ios
Iraklia
Kea
Keros
Kimolos
Koufonisia
Kythnos
Makronissos
Milos
Mykonos
Naxos
Paros
Polyaigos
Santorini/Thera
Schoinoussa
Serifos
Sifnos
Sikinos
Syros
Thirasia
Tinos

text: Other islands and islets[edit]

text:
Agios Nikolaos Donoussas
Ananes
Ano Antikeros
Antimilos
Anydros Amorgou
Askania
Despotiko
Eschati
Glaronisi
Gramvoussa
Hristiana
Htapodia Mykonou
Kalogiros
Kardiotissa
Kato Antikeros
Kato Koufonisi
Kitriani
Kramvoniss
Lagousa
Liadi Island
Makares
Megalo
Nea Kameni
Nikouria
Pahia Anaphis
Palea Kameni
Rhineia
Saliagos
Serifopoula
Stroggyli Parou
Vous

text: Cretan islands[edit]

text: This is a list of islands, islets, and rocks that surround the island of Crete.

text: Of the Aegean Sea[edit]

text:
Afendis Christos
Agia Varvara (island)
Agioi Apostoloi
Agioi Pandes
Agioi Theodoroi
Agios Nikolaos
Anavatis
Antimilos
Arnaouti
Aspros Volakas
Avgo
Crete
Daskaleia
Dia
Diapori
Dionysades
Dragonada
Elasa
Ftena Trachylia
Gianysada
Glaronisi
Gramvousa, Agria
Gramvousa, Imeri
Grandes
Kalydon (Spinalonga)
Karavi
Karga
Katergo

Kavallos
Kefali
Kolokythas
Koursaroi
Kyriamadi
Lazaretta
Leon
Mavros
Mavros Volakas
Megatzedes
Mochlos
Nikolos
Palaiosouda
Paximada
Paximadaki
Peristeri
Peristerovrachoi
Petalida
Petalouda
Pontikaki
Pontikonisi
Praso Kissamou
Prosfora
Pseira
Sideros
Souda
Valenti
Vryonisi

The islet of Leon, on the left, next to the larger islet of Souda, within Souda bay

Spinalonga (Kalydon)

The islet of Pontikonisi (mouse island) which has the shape of a mouse.

text: Of the Libyan Sea[edit]

text:
Agia Eirini
Agriomandra
Ammoudi tous Volakous
Artemis
Chrysi
Elafonisi
Fotia
Gaidouronisi
Gavdopoula
Gavdos
Koufonisi (Lefki)
Loutro
Makroulo
Marmaro

Megalonisi
Mikronisi
Papadoplaka
Paximadia
Prasonisi, Gavdou
Prasonisi, Rethymnou
Psarocharako
Psyllos
Schistonisi
Strongyli
Thetis
Trachilos
Trafos
Treis Volakous

The islet of Trafos in the Libyan Sea

text: Euboea and surrounding islands[edit]

text:
Euboea
Atalanti
Hersonisi
Kavalliani
Lichades
Lithari
Mandilou
Manolia
Megalos Petalios
Petalioi
Stouronisi

text: Islets close to mainland[edit]

text:
Alatas Trikeriou
Ammouliani (Chalkidiki)
Antitrikeri (Thessaly)
Elafonisos (Peloponnese)
Kefalonia (islet)
Kelifos (Halkidiki)
Paleo Trikeri (Thessaly)
Proti Island (Peloponnese)
Sapientza (Peloponnese)
Schiza (Peloponnese)
Sphacteria (Peloponnese)
Trizonia island (Central Greece)

text: Pera Island (Arta Hipirus[6][better source needed])

text: Lake and river islands[edit]

text:
Agios Achilleios (Small Prespa Lake)
Ioannina Island (Pamvotida)
Vidronisi (Small Prespa Lake)

text: Lagoon islands[edit]

text:
Aitoliko (Aitoliko Lagoon)
Dolmas (Missolonghi Lagoon)
Kleisova (Missolonghi Lagoon)
Prokopanistos (Missolonghi Lagoon)
Vasiladi (Missolonghi Lagoon)
Tourlida (Missolonghi Lagoon)


document_title: Book of Deuteronomy

question_text: what is the meaning of the book of deuteronomy

text: Book of Deuteronomy

text: Structure[edit]

text: Patrick D. Miller in his commentary on Deuteronomy suggests that different views of the structure of the book will lead to different views on what it is about.[5] The structure is often described as a series of three speeches or sermons (chapters 1:1–4:43, 4:44–29:1, 29:2–30:20) followed by a number of short appendices[6] – Miller refers to this as the "literary" structure; alternatively, it is sometimes seen as a ring-structure with a central core (chapters 12–26, the Deuteronomic Code) and an inner and an outer frame (chapters 4–11/27–30 and 1–3/31–34)[6] – Miller calls this the covenantal substructure;[5] and finally the theological structure revealed in the theme of the exclusive worship of Yahweh established in the first of the Ten Commandments ("Thou shalt have no other god before me") and the Shema.[5]

text: Summary[edit]

text: (The following "literary" outline of Deuteronomy is from John Van Seters;[7] it can be contrasted with Alexander Rofé's "covenantal" analysis in his Deuteronomy: Issues and Interpretation.[8])

text:
Chapters 1–4: The journey through the wilderness from Horeb (Sinai) to Kadesh and then to Moab is recalled.
Chapters 4–11: After a second introduction at 4:44–49 the events at Mount Horeb are recalled, with the giving of the Ten Commandments. Heads of families are urged to instruct those under their care in the law, warnings are made against serving gods other than Yahweh, the land promised to Israel is praised, and the people are urged to obedience.
Chapters 12–26, the Deuteronomic code: Laws governing Israel's worship (chapters 12–16a), the appointment and regulation of community and religious leaders (16b–18), social regulation (19–25), and confession of identity and loyalty (26).
Chapters 27–28: Blessings and curses for those who keep and break the law.
Chapters 29–30: Concluding discourse on the covenant in the land of Moab, including all the laws in the Deuteronomic code (chapters 12–26) after those given at Horeb; Israel is again exhorted to obedience.
Chapters 31–34: Joshua is installed as Moses's successor, Moses delivers the law to the Levites (a priestly caste), and ascends Mount Nebo or Pisgah, where he dies and is buried by God. The narrative of these events is interrupted by two poems, the Song of Moses and the Blessing of Moses.

text: The final verses, Deuteronomy 34:10–12, "never again did there arise in Israel a prophet like Moses," make a claim for the authoritative Deuteronomistic view of theology and its insistence that the worship of the Hebrew God as the sole deity of Israel was the only permissible religion, having been sealed by the greatest of prophets.[9]

text: Deuteronomic code[edit]

text: Deuteronomy 12–26, the Deuteronomic Code, is the oldest part of the book and the core around which the rest developed.[10] It is a series of mitzvot (commands) to the Israelites regarding how they ought to conduct themselves in Canaan, the land promised by Yahweh, God of Israel. The following list organizes most of the laws into thematic groups:

text: Laws of religious observance[edit]

text:
All sacrifices are to be brought and vows are to be made at a central sanctuary. (12:1–28)
The worship of Canaanite gods is forbidden and the order is given to destroy their places of worship. (12:29–31)
Native mourning practices such as deliberate disfigurement are forbidden. (14:1–2)
The procedure for tithing produce or donating its equivalent is given. (14:22–29)
A catalogue of which animals are permitted and which forbidden for consumption is given. (14:3–20)
The consumption of animals which are found dead and have not been slaughtered is prohibited. (14:21)
Sacrificed animals must be without blemish. (15:21, 17:1)
First-born male livestock must be sacrificed. (15:19–23)
The Pilgrimage Festivals of Passover, Shavuot, and Sukkot are instituted. (16:1–17)
The worship at Asherah groves and setting up of ritual pillars are forbidden. (16:21–22)
Prohibition of mixing kinds. (22:9-11)
Tzitzit are obligatory. (22:12)

text: Laws concerning officials[edit]

text:
Judges are to be appointed in every city. (16:18)
Judges are to be impartial and bribery is forbidden. (16:19–20)
A central tribunal is established. (17:8–13)
Should the Israelites choose to be ruled by a King, regulations for the office are given. (17:14–20)
Regulations of the rights, and revenue, of the Levites are given. (18:1–8)
Concerning the future (unspecified) prophet. (18:9–22)
Regulations for the priesthood are given. (23:1–8)

text: Civil law[edit]

text:
Debts are to be released in the seventh year. (15:1–11)
Regulations of the institution of slavery and the procedure for freeing slaves. (15:12–18)
Regulations for the treatment of foreign wives taken in war (21:10-14)
Regulations permitting taking slaves and plunder in war (20:14)
Lost property, once found, is to be restored to its owner. (22:1–4)
Marriages between women and their stepsons are forbidden. (22:30)
The camp is to be kept clean. (23:9–14)
Usury is forbidden except for foreigners. (23:19–20)
Regulations for vows and pledges are given. (23:21–23, 24:6, 24:10–13)
The procedure for tzaraath (a disfigurative condition) is given. (24:8–9)
Hired workers are to be paid fairly. (24:14–15)
Justice is to be shown towards strangers, widows, and orphans. (24:17–18)
Portions of crops are to be given to the poor. (24:19–22)

text: Criminal law[edit]

text:
The rules for witnesses are given. (19:15–21)
The procedure for a bride who has been slandered is given. (22:13–21)
Various laws concerning adultery and rape are given. (22:22–29)
Kidnapping is forbidden. (24:7)
Just weights and measures are obligatory. (25:13–16)

text: Composition[edit]

text: Composition history[edit]

text: Since the evidence was first put forward by W.M.L de Wette in 1805, a broad consensus of scholars have accepted that the core of Deuteronomy was composed in Jerusalem in the 7th century BC in the context of religious reforms advanced by King Josiah (reigned 641–609 BC).[11] A broad consensus exists that sees its history in the following general terms:[3]

text:
In the late 8th century both Judah and Israel were vassals of Assyria. Israel rebelled, and was destroyed c.722 BC. Refugees fleeing to Judah brought with them a number of new traditions (new to Judah, at least). One of these was that the god Yahweh, already known and worshiped in Judah, was not merely the most important of the gods, but the only god who should be served. This outlook influenced the Judahite landowning elite, who became extremely powerful in court circles after they placed the eight-year-old Josiah on the throne following the murder of his father, Amon of Judah.
By the eighteenth year of Josiah's reign, Assyrian power was in rapid decline, and a pro-independence movement gathered strength in the court. This movement expressed itself in a state theology of loyalty to Yahweh as the sole god of Israel. With Josiah's support they launched a full-scale reform of worship based on an early form of Deuteronomy 5–26, which takes the form of a covenant (i.e., treaty) between Judah and Yahweh to replace that between Judah and Assyria. This covenant was formulated as an address by Moses to the Israelites (Deut.5:1).
The next stage took place during the Babylonian captivity. The destruction of the Kingdom of Judah by Babylon in 586 BC and the end of kingship was the occasion of much reflection and theological speculation among the Deuteronomistic elite, now in exile in the city of Babylon. They explained the disaster as Yahweh's punishment of their failure to follow the law, and created a history of Israel (the books of Joshua through Kings) to illustrate this.
At the end of the Exile, when the Persians agreed that the Jews could return and rebuild the Temple in Jerusalem, chapters 1–4 and 29–30 were added and Deuteronomy was made the introductory book to this history, so that a story about a people about to enter the Promised Land became a story about a people about to return to the land. The legal sections of chapters 19–25 were expanded to meet new situations that had arisen, and chapters 31–34 were added as a new conclusion.

text: Sources[edit]

text: The prophet Isaiah, active in Jerusalem about a century before Josiah, makes no mention of the Exodus, covenants with God, or disobedience to God's laws; in contrast Isaiah's contemporary Hosea, active in the northern kingdom of Israel, makes frequent reference to the Exodus, the wilderness wanderings, a covenant, the danger of foreign gods and the need to worship Yahweh alone; this has led scholars to the view that these traditions behind Deuteronomy have a northern origin.[12] Whether the Deuteronomic code – the set of laws at chapters 12–26 which form the original core of the book – was written in Josiah's time (late 7th century) or earlier is subject to debate, but many of the individual laws are older than the collection itself.[13] The two poems at chapters 32–33 – the Song of Moses and the Blessing of Moses were probably originally independent.[12]

text: Position in the Hebrew Bible[edit]

text: Deuteronomy occupies a puzzling position in the Bible, linking the story of the Israelites' wanderings in the wilderness to the story of their history in Canaan without quite belonging totally to either. The wilderness story could end quite easily with Numbers, and the story of Joshua's conquests could exist without it, at least at the level of the plot; but in both cases there would be a thematic (theological) element missing. Scholars have given various answers to the problem. The Deuteronomistic history theory is currently the most popular (Deuteronomy was originally just the law code and covenant, written to cement the religious reforms of Josiah, and later expanded to stand as the introduction to the full history); but there is an older theory which sees Deuteronomy as belonging to Numbers, and Joshua as a sort of supplement to it. This idea still has supporters, but the mainstream understanding is that Deuteronomy, after becoming the introduction to the history, was later detached from it and included with Genesis-Exodus-Leviticus-Numbers because it already had Moses as its central character. According to this hypothesis, the death of Moses was originally the ending of Numbers, and was simply moved from there to the end of Deuteronomy.[14]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Overview[edit]

text: Deuteronomy stresses the uniqueness of God, the need for drastic centralisation of worship, and a concern for the position of the poor and disadvantaged.[15] Its many themes can be organised around the three poles of Israel, Israel's God, and the covenant which binds them together.

text: Israel[edit]

text: The themes of Deuteronomy in relation to Israel are election, faithfulness, obedience, and God's promise of blessings, all expressed through the covenant: "obedience is not primarily a duty imposed by one party on another, but an expression of covenantal relationship."[16] Yahweh has chosen ("elected") Israel as his special property (Deuteronomy 7:6 and elsewhere),[17] and Moses stresses to the Israelites the need for obedience to God and covenant, and the consequences of unfaithfulness and disobedience.[18] Yet the first several chapters of Deuteronomy are a long retelling of Israel's past disobedience – but also God's gracious care, leading to a long call to Israel to choose life over death and blessing over curse (chapters 7–11).

text: God[edit]

text: Deuteronomy's concept of God changed over time. The earliest 7th century layer is monolatrous, not denying the reality of other gods but enforcing the worship of Yahweh in Jerusalem alone. In the later, Exilic layers from the mid-6th century, especially chapter 4, this becomes monotheism, the idea that only one god exists.[19] God is simultaneously present in the Temple and in heaven – an important and innovative concept called "name theology."[20]

text: After the review of Israel's history in chapters 1 to 4, there is a restatement of the Ten Commandments in chapter 5. This arrangement of material highlights God's sovereign relationship with Israel prior to the giving of establishment of the Law.[21]

text: Covenant[edit]

text: The core of Deuteronomy is the covenant that binds Yahweh and Israel by oaths of fidelity (Yahweh and Israel each faithful to the other) and obedience (Israel obedient to Yahweh).[22] God will give Israel blessings of the land, fertility, and prosperity so long as Israel is faithful to God's teaching; disobedience will lead to curses and punishment.[23] But, according to the Deuteronomists, Israel's prime sin is lack of faith, apostasy: contrary to the first and fundamental commandment ("Thou shalt have no other gods before me") the people have entered into relations with other gods.[24]

text: The covenant is based on seventh-century Assyrian suzerain-vassal treaties by which the Great King (the Assyrian suzerain) regulated relationships with lesser rulers; Deuteronomy is thus making the claim that Yahweh, not the Assyrian monarch, is the Great King to whom Israel owes loyalty.[25] The terms of the treaty are that Israel holds the land from Yahweh, but  Israel's tenancy of the land is conditional on keeping the covenant, which in turn necessitates tempered rule by state and village leaders who keep the covenant: "These beliefs", says Norman Gottwald, "dubbed biblical Yahwism, are widely recognised in biblical scholarship as enshrined in Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomistic History (Joshua through Kings)."[26]

text: Dillard and Longman in their Introduction to the Old Testament stress the living nature of the covenant between Yahweh and Israel as a nation:  The people of Israel are addressed by Moses as a unity, and  their allegiance to the covenant is not one of obeisance, but comes out of a pre-existing relationship between God and Israel, established with Abraham and attested to by the Exodus event, so that the laws of Deuteronomy set the nation of Israel apart, signaling the unique status of the Jewish nation.[27] The land is God's gift to Israel, and many of the laws, festivals and instructions in Deuteronomy are given in the light of Israel's occupation of the land. Dillard and Longman note that "In 131 of the 167 times the verb "give" occurs in the book, the subject of the action is Yahweh."[28] Deuteronomy makes the Torah the ultimate authority for Israel, one to which even the king is subject.[29]

text: Weekly Torah portions[edit]

text:
Devarim, on Deuteronomy 1–3: Chiefs, scouts, Edom, Ammonites, Sihon, Og, land for two and a half tribes
Va'etchanan, on Deuteronomy 3–7: Cities of refuge, Ten Commandments, Shema, exhortation, conquest instructions
Eikev, on Deuteronomy 7–11: Obedience, taking the land, golden calf, Aaron's death, Levites’ duties
Re'eh, on Deuteronomy 11–16: Centralized worship, diet, tithes, sabbatical year, pilgrim festivals
Shofetim, on Deuteronomy 16–21: Basic societal structure for the Israelites
Ki Teitzei, on Deuteronomy 21–25: Miscellaneous laws on civil and domestic life
Ki Tavo, on Deuteronomy 26–29: First fruits, tithes, blessings and curses, exhortation
Nitzavim, on Deuteronomy 29–30:  covenant, violation, choose blessing and curse
Vayelech, on Deuteronomy 31: Encouragement, reading and writing the law
Haazinu, on Deuteronomy 32: Punishment, punishment restrained, parting words
V'Zot HaBerachah, on Deuteronomy 33–34: Farewell blessing and death of Moses

text: Influence on Judaism and Christianity[edit]

text: Judaism[edit]

text: Deuteronomy 6:4–5: "Hear, O Israel (shema Yisra'el), the LORD is our God, the LORD is one!" has become the basic credo of Judaism, the Shema Yisrael, and its twice-daily recitation is a mitzvah (religious commandment). It continues, "Thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thy heart and all thy soul and all thy might";  it has therefore also become identified with the central Jewish concept of the love of God, and the rewards that come as a consequence.

text: Christianity[edit]

text: In the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus cited Deuteronomy 6:5 as a Great Commandment. The earliest Christian authors interpreted Deuteronomy's prophecy of the restoration of Israel as having been fulfilled (or superseded) in Jesus Christ and the establishment of the Christian Church (Luke 1–2, Acts 2–5), and Jesus was interpreted to be the "one (i.e., prophet) like me" predicted by Moses in Deuteronomy 18:15 (Acts 3:22–23). While the exact position of Paul the Apostle and Judaism is still debated, a common view is that in place of the elaborate code of laws (mitzvah) set out in Deuteronomy, Paul the Apostle, drawing on Deuteronomy 30:11–14, claimed that the keeping of the Mosaic covenant was superseded by faith in Jesus and the gospel (the New Covenant).[30]