document_title: Service pistol

question_text: what kind of pistol does the army use

question_tokens: what kind of pistol does the army use

text: Service pistol

text: History[edit]

text: Prior to the introduction of cartridge-loading firearms, there was little standardization with regards to the handguns carried by military personnel, although it had been important for officers, artillerymen, and other auxiliary troops to have a means of defending themselves, especially as it was not always practical for them to have a full-length rifle or carbine.

text: Traditionally, soldiers (infantry and cavalry alike) and officers had carried swords for both personal protection and use in combat. The development of firearms in the mid-14th century changed the way battles were fought, and by the late-15th century it was no longer especially practical to close to hand-to-hand combat range to engage one's opponents, owing to the prevalence of pikes and musket-fire (pike and shot) on the battlefield.

text: Training was also a factor—it took a very long time to train new recruits in the use of longbows and swords—whereas the basic operation of an arquebus could be taught in a comparatively short time. As a result, swords were retained only by officers (who were less likely to be at the front of the pike-and-musket hedge) and by cavalry, for whom early single-shot handguns were of limited use.

text: The invention of the revolver in 1836 finally made a service pistol practical, as prior to this pistols had largely been single-shot weapons usually of no particular standardized pattern.

text: Although officers traditionally had been obliged to buy their own weapons, non-commissioned officers (NCOs) and other enlisted personnel were generally issued their weapons (which they were then expected to either pay for or return to the quartermaster if they were promoted). Service pistols, on the other hand, were generally issued to officers, NCO, and others who needed to carry personal weapons as part of their duties. Hence, it was quite common for officers to carry government-issued service pistols in combat.

text: The first service handguns were revolvers, but the development of semi-automatic pistols (the first practical example being the Mauser C96 "Broomhandle") gradually led to their replacement by semi-automatic handguns, such as the well-known German P08 Luger, the first semi-automatic service pistol to be widely adopted by an industrialised nation.

text: The British Army was the last major military service to adopt a semi-automatic service pistol as a standard sidearm, phasing out their Webley Mk IV, Enfield No 2 Mk I, and Smith & Wesson Victory revolvers in 1969,[1] after which the Browning Hi-Power became the Army's official service pistol.

text: Modern issue[edit]

text: Special operations soldiers often carry a handgun as a secondary weapon to serve in a supplementary capacity to their primary weapon (a rifle, carbine, submachine gun, or shotgun); this practice is not as prevalent among conventional soldiers. Soldiers who do not serve in a direct combat role are often issued a pistol (such as officers, artillery crews, and other rear-echelon personnel), but conventional riflemen are not generally issued a pistol as part of their standard kit. However, drivers are often issued a handgun since while driving, their rifle will be stowed on a rack and thus difficult to make ready quickly in an emergency whereas a handgun is more easily accessible. Service pistols are issued to military police and other soldiers acting in a law enforcement capacity as part of their duties.

text: The tradition of issuing pistols to officers as a primary weapon is being phased out by many nations. The United States Marine Corps, for example, recently began requiring all enlisted personnel and all officers below the rank of Lieutenant Colonel to carry the M4 Carbine as their primary weapon. British officers on combat duty are also normally issued with the standard rifle but are not required to carry it with them at all times, for example while operating as support staff the rifle would be stored in the base armory though this is the same for most support staff.

text: Issue by nation[edit]

text: Afghanistan[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Cartridge
Service Years
Service Branch

Smith & Wesson SW9VE[2][3][4]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
May and June 2005–Present (Afghan National Army)[2]
December 2005–Present (Afghan Border Police)[3]
May 2006–Present (Afghan National Army)[4]
Afghan National Army[2]
Afghan Border Police[3]
Afghan National Police[4]

text: Albania[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Cartridge

Tokarev TT[5]
Semi-automatic
7.62×25mm Tokarev

text: Algeria[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Cartridge

MAC Mle 1950[6]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum

Tokagypt[6]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum

text: Angola[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Cartridge

Tokarev TT[7]
Semi-automatic
7.62×25mm Tokarev

Makarov PM[7]
Semi-automatic
9×18mm Makarov

Stechkin APS[7]
Selective-fire
9×18mm Makarov

text: Argentina[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Steyr Mannlicher M1901[citation needed]
Semi-automatic and Fully
7.65mm Mannlicher
1905–1916[citation needed]

M1916/M1927[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
1916–1980[citation needed]

Ballester–Molina[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
1938–1985[citation needed]

Browning Hi-Power[8][9][10][11]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1960–1998[citation needed]

Bersa Thunder 9[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1998–Present[citation needed]

text: Australia[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Browning Hi-Power[12] (designated "Self-Loading Pistol 9 Millimetre Mark 3")[13]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
19??[citation needed]–Present

text: Austria[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

M1870/M1870-74/M1882 Gasser[citation needed]
Revolver
11.25×36R, 11.2×29.5 mm (Montenegrin)
1870–1898[citation needed]

Gasser-Kropatschek M1876[citation needed]
Revolver
9×26R
1876–1898[citation needed]

M1878 Gasser[citation needed]
Revolver
9×26R
1878–1898[citation needed]

Rast & Gasser M1898[citation needed]
Revolver
8mm Gasser
1898–1945[citation needed]

Roth–Steyr M1907[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
8mm Roth–Steyr
1907–1945[citation needed]

Steyr M1912[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9mm Steyr, 9×19mm Parabellum
1912–1945[citation needed]

Dienstpistole 11,43mm (M1911 pistol)[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
11,43mm Dienstpistole (.45 ACP)
1950–????[citation needed]

Walther P38[14]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1938–1995[citation needed]

Walther P1[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1957–1995[citation needed]

Glock 17,[14] designated Pistole 80 (P80)
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1980–Present[citation needed]

text: Bahrain[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Cartridge

Browning Hi-Power[15]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Browning Hi-Power[16]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1970–Present[citation needed]

Type 54 pistol
Semi-automatic
7.62×25mm Tokarev
1970–Present[17]

Bangladesh Ordnance Factories Type 92
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2008–Present[18]

text: Barbados[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Cartridge

Browning Hi-Power[19]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum

Smith & Wesson revolver[19]
Revolver
.38 S&W

text: Belgium[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Revolver de Cavalerie Mle. 1871[citation needed]
Revolver
11mm
1871–????[citation needed]

Revolver d'Officer Mle. 1878[citation needed]
Revolver
9.4×22mm Mle. 1877 et 1878
1878–????[citation needed]

Revolver Mle. 1886[citation needed]
Revolver
7.5mm Cartouche a Balle Mle 1886
1886–????[citation needed]

FN Model 1903[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9mm Browning Long
1903–????[citation needed]

Browning Hi-Power[20]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1935–Present[citation needed]

FN Five-seveN[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
5.7×28mm
2000–Present[citation needed]

text: Belize[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Cartridge

Browning Hi-Power[21]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum

text: Bermuda[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Browning Hi-Power[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1965–????[citation needed]

Beretta 92[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
 ????–Present[citation needed]

text: Brazil[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Pistola Parabellum[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
7.65×21mm Parabellum
1906–1937[citation needed]

M1911[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
1937–1984[citation needed]

S&W M1917[citation needed]
Double-action revolver
.45 ACP
1937–1984[citation needed]

IMBEL M911A1[22]
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
 ????–????[citation needed]

IMBEL M973[22]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
 ????–????[citation needed]

Beretta 92[22]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
 ????–????[citation needed]

Taurus PT92[22]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1984–Present[citation needed]

Taurus PT940[22]
Semi-automatic
.40 S&W
 ????–????[citation needed]

Taurus PT945[22]
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
 ????–????[citation needed]

text: Cambodia[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Tokarev TT[23]
Semi-automatic
7.62×25mm Tokarev
1950s–Present[citation needed]

Type 54[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
7.62×25mm Tokarev
1967–Present[citation needed]

Makarov PM[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×18mm Makarov
1967–Present[citation needed]

M1911[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
1950s–1975[citation needed]

Browning Hi-Power[23]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1967–Present[citation needed]

QSZ-92[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2005–Present[citation needed]

text: Canada[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Colt Model 1878[citation needed]
Revolver
.45 Colt
1885–1902[citation needed]

Colt New Service[citation needed]
Revolver
.45 Colt
1900–1928[citation needed]

Colt Model 1911[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
1914–1945[citation needed]

Smith & Wesson 2nd Model "Hand Ejector"[citation needed]
Revolver
.455 Webley
1915–1951[citation needed]

Enfield No. 2 Mk I[citation needed]
Revolver
.38/200
1937–1964[citation needed]

Smith & Wesson "Military & Police"[citation needed]
Revolver
.38/200
1939–1964[citation needed]

Inglis Hi-Power[24]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1944–Present[citation needed]

SIG Sauer P225[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1991–Present[citation needed]

text: Chile[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Steyr M1912[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×23mm Steyr
1912–1948[citation needed]

Walther P38[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1938–1980s[citation needed]

FAMAE FN-750[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1980s–Present[citation needed]

text: Croatia[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Zastava M57[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
7.62×25mm Tokarev
1957–92[citation needed]

HS2000[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1999–Present[citation needed]

Springfield XDM[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2006–Present[citation needed]

text: People's Republic of China[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Mauser C96 "Broomhandle"[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
7.63×25mm Mauser
.45 ACP
1927–1953[citation needed]

TT pistol
Semi-automatic
7.62×25mm Tokarev
1930s–1951

Type 51/54
Semi-automatic
7.62×25mm Tokarev
1951–Present[citation needed]

Type 77
Semi-automatic
7.62×17mm Type 64
1981–Present[citation needed]

QSZ92-9
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1996–Present[citation needed]

QSZ92-5.8
Semi-automatic
5.8×21mm DAP92
1996–Present[citation needed]

QSW-06
Semi-automatic
5.8×21mm DCV05
2006–Present[citation needed]

QX-04
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Luger
.45 ACP
7.62×25mm Tokarev
.40 S&W
2010–Present[citation needed]

QSZ-11[25]
Semi-automatic
5.8×21mm DCV05
2013–Present

P12/P19[26]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Luger
2016–Present

text: Republic of China (Taiwan)[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Mauser C96[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
7.63×25mm Mauser
.45 ACP
1911–1950s[citation needed]

Luger P08[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1911–1950s[citation needed]

Browning Hi-Power[citation needed]
Semi automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1941–Present[citation needed]

M1911 pistol[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
1941–Present[citation needed]

T75 Pistol[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1986–Present[citation needed]

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Vz. 24
Semi-automatic
.380 ACP
1924–1952[citation needed]

Vz. 52
Semi-automatic
7.62×25mm Tokarev
1952–1982[citation needed]

Vz. 82
Semi-automatic
9×18mm Makarov
1983–1993[citation needed]

CZ 75
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1989–Present[citation needed]

text: Denmark[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Omdrejningspistol M1861[citation needed]
Pinfire revolver
11mm Lefaucheux
1861–1881[citation needed]

Omdrejningspistol M1865[citation needed]
Pinfire revolver
11mm Lefaucheux
1865–1940[citation needed]

Omdrejningspistol M1880[citation needed]
Double-action revolver
9mm Danish Army
1880–1945[citation needed]

Pistol M1910[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×23mm Largo
1910–1945[citation needed]

Pistol P.08[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1945–1975[citation needed]

Pistol M/46[8]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1946-2000[citation needed]

Pistol M/49 Neuhausen[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1949–Present[citation needed]

Glock 20[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
10mm Auto
200?–Present (Used by Siriuspatruljen)[citation needed]

text: Egypt[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Helwan Brigadier[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1955–Present[citation needed]

Maadi 920[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
~1990–Present[citation needed]

text: Estonia[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Browning Hi-Power[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1935–1940[citation needed]

Makarov pistol[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×18mm Makarov
1991–Present[citation needed]

Heckler & Koch USP[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2007–Present[citation needed]

text: Finland[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

7.65 PIST 19[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.32 ACP
1919–1971[citation needed]

7.65 PIST 23[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
7.65mm Parabellum
1922–1980s[citation needed]

9.00 PIST 35[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1935–1980s[citation needed]

9.00 PIST FN[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1940–1980s[citation needed]

9.00 PIST 80-91[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1980–Present[citation needed]

9.00 PIST 2003[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2003–Present[citation needed]

9.00 PIST 2008[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2008–Present[citation needed]

text: France[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Lefaucheux M1858[citation needed]
Revolver
12mm pinfire cartridge
1858–1873?[citation needed]

Chamelot Delvigne French 1873[citation needed]
Revolver
11mm
1873–1892[citation needed]

Lebel M1892[citation needed]
Revolver
8mm Lebel
1892–1945[citation needed]

MAB D[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.32 ACP
1923–1984[citation needed]

Modele 1935[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
7.65×20mm Longue
1935–1950[citation needed]

MAC 50[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1950–1988[citation needed]

Manurhin MR 73[citation needed]
Revolver
.357 Magnum
1973–Present[citation needed]

PAMAS G1s[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1984–Present[citation needed]

Glock 17[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1992–Present[citation needed]

SIG Sauer SP-2022[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2003–Present[citation needed]

text: Germany[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

M1879/M1883 Reichsrevolver[citation needed]
Revolver
10,6 dt. Ordonnanz (10,6×25)
1879–1918[citation needed]

Luger P08[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1904–1945[citation needed]

Mauser C96 "Broomhandle"[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
7.63×25mm Mauser
9×19mm Parabellum
1914–1945[citation needed]

Mauser 1914/1934[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.32 ACP
1914–1945[citation needed]

Walther PP/PPK[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.32 ACP, .380 ACP, 9×19mm Parabellum
1929–1970s[citation needed]

Walther P38[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1938–1960s[citation needed]

Mauser HSc[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.32 ACP
1939–1945[citation needed]

Walther P1[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1957–1993[citation needed]

Heckler & Koch P7[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
 ?–Present (Used by Military Police)[citation needed]

Makarov pistol (East Germany)[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×18mm Makarov
1951–1991[citation needed]

Heckler & Koch P8[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1993–Present[citation needed]

text: Hungary[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Frommer Stop[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.32 ACP
1919–1948[citation needed]

M48 Tokarev[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
7.62×25mm Tokarev
1948–1963[citation needed]

FEG PA-63[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9mm Makarov
1963–1996[citation needed]

FÉG Model P9RC[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1996–Present[citation needed]

Heckler & Koch USP[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2004–Present[citation needed]

text: India[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Pistol Auto 9mm 1A[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1981–Present[citation needed]

Glock 17[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
 ?–Present[citation needed]

text: Iran[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

SIG P226[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1990s–Present[citation needed]

text: Iraq[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Cartridge
Service Years
Service Branch

Browning Hi-Power[27]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1947–1980s[citation needed]

Tokarev pistol[27]
Semi-automatic
7.62×25mm Tokarev
 ????–????[citation needed]

Makarov pistol[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×18mm Makarov
1970s-2003[citation needed]

Tariq pistol[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1979-2003[citation needed]

Česká zbrojovka Uherský Brod CZ 75[27]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
 ????–????[citation needed]

M9 pistol[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2003–Present[citation needed]

Glock 19[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2003–Present[citation needed]

Zastava Arms CZ 99[28][29]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2008–Present[28][29]

Smith & Wesson M&P9[30]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
October 2008–Present[30]
Iraqi Military and Security Forces[30]

text: Israel[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Beretta M1951[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1950s–1990s[citation needed]

Browning Hi-Power[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1970s–1980s[citation needed]

Glock 17[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1996–Present[citation needed]

text: Italy[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Pistola Rotazione Modello 1872[citation needed]
Revolver
10.35mm
1872–????[citation needed]

Bodeo M1889[citation needed]
Revolver
10.35mm
1889–1945[citation needed]

Glisenti M1910[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9mm Glisenti
1910–1935[citation needed]

Beretta M1923[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9mm Glisenti
1923–1945[citation needed]

Beretta M1934[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.380 ACP
1935–1981[citation needed]

Beretta 92FS[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1981–Present[citation needed]

Beretta 90two
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2011–Present (limited)[31]

text: Japan[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Meiji Type 26[citation needed]
Revolver
9mm Meiji
1893–1945[citation needed]

Nambu Type 14[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
8mm Nambu
1915–1945[citation needed]

Nambu Type 94[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
8mm Nambu
1934–1945[citation needed]

M1911A1[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
1945–1989[citation needed]

Minebea P9[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1985–Present[citation needed]

text: Jordan[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Helwan Brigadier[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
19??–????[citation needed]

Beretta 92[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
19??–Present[citation needed]

Viper Jaws pistol[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2005–Present[citation needed]

text: Kenya[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Cartridge

Browning Hi-Power[32]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum

text: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Type 68[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
7.62×25mm Tokarev
1960s–Present[citation needed]

text: Republic of Korea (South Korea)[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

M1911A1[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
1945–1989[citation needed]

Daewoo Precision Industries K5[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1989–Present[citation needed]

text: Kuwait[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Browning Hi-Power[33]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
19??–????[citation needed]

text: Lebanon[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Browning 1911[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
1940–Present[citation needed]

Browning Hi-Power[34]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1940–Present[citation needed]

Walther P38[34]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1940–????[citation needed]

Colt Commander[34]
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
1940–Present[citation needed]

Helwan Brigadier[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1950–Present[citation needed]

Beretta 92[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1980–Present[citation needed]

text: Libya[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Tokarev TT[35]
Semi-automatic
7.62×25mm Tokarev
19??–????[citation needed]

Beretta M1951[35]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
19??–????[citation needed]

Makarov PM[35]
Semi-automatic
9×18mm Makarov
19??–????[citation needed]

Stechkin APS[35]
Selective-fire
9×18mm Makarov
19??–????[citation needed]

text: Myanmar[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Browning Hi-Power[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1969–Present[citation needed]

SIG Sauer P226[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2003–Present[citation needed]

text: Netherlands[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Beaumont–Adams NM.73[citation needed]
Revolver
.450 Adams
1873–1940[citation needed]

Browning M25 no.1[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.32 ACP
1925–1946[citation needed]

Browning M25 no.2[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.380 ACP
1933–1946[citation needed]

Browning M46[8]
Semi.automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1946–1994[citation needed]

Glock 17[36]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1994–Present[36]

text: Norway[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Lefaucheux M1864[citation needed]
Revolver
11mm Lefaucheux
1864–1931[citation needed]

Nagant M1883[citation needed]
Revolver
9mm Nagant
1883–1931[citation needed]

Selvspenner M/1893[citation needed]
Revolver
7.5mm Swedish Nagant
1893–1940[citation needed]

Kongsberg M1914[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
1914–1993[citation needed]

Luger P08[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1945–1987[citation needed]

Walther P38[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1945–1987[citation needed]

Glock P80[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1985–Present[citation needed]

text: Panama[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Browning Hi-Power[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1935–Present[citation needed]

text: Peru[edit]

text: Poland[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Pistolet Vis wz. 35
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1935–1947[citation needed]

Pw wz. 33
Semi-automatic
7.62×25mm Tokarev
1947–1964[citation needed]

P-64
Semi-automatic
9×18mm Makarov
1964–1983[citation needed]

P-83 Wanad
Semi-automatic
9×18mm Makarov
1983–2000[citation needed]

WIST-94
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1999–Present[citation needed]

text: Portugal[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Beaumont–Adams[citation needed]
Revolver
 ?? (later converted for .450 Adams)
1863–??[citation needed]

Galand-Sommerville Revolver[citation needed]
Revolver
9mm and 12mm
1872–??[citation needed]

Nagant M1878 Officer's Model[37]
Revolver
9.1×17mmR
1878[37]–1908[citation needed]

Nagant M1886 Trooper's Model[37]
Revolver
9.1×17mmR
1886[37]–1908[citation needed]

Pistola m/1908[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
7.65×21mm Parabellum
1908–1961[citation needed]

Pistola m/1915[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.32 ACP
1915–??[citation needed]

FN P35[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1935–Present[citation needed]

Pistola m/943[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1941–1961[citation needed]

Walther P38[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1961–Present[citation needed]

SIG P228[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
199?–Present[citation needed]

HK USP[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
200?–Present[citation needed]

Glock 19[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2009–Present[citation needed]

text: Russia / Soviet Union[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Smith & Wesson Model 3[citation needed]
Revolver
.44 Russian
1873–1895[citation needed]

Nagant M1895
Revolver
7.62×38mmR
1895–1950[citation needed]

Mauser C96[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
7.63×25mm Mauser
1917–19??[citation needed]

TT pistol
Semi-automatic
7.62×25mm Tokarev
1933–1952[citation needed]

Makarov pistol
Semi-automatic
9×18mm Makarov
1951–Present[citation needed]

Stechkin automatic pistol[citation needed]
Selective-fire
9×18mm Makarov
1951–Present[citation needed]

Izhmekh MP-443 Grach
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2003–Present[citation needed]

text: Serbia[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Nagant M1891[citation needed]
Revolver
7.5mm Ordnance
1891–1945[citation needed]

Mauser C96[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
7.63×25mm Mauser
1903–1945[citation needed]

Luger P08[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1910–1945[citation needed]

Ruby pistol[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.32 ACP
1916–1945[citation needed]

Browning M1910/22[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.380 ACP
1922–1945[citation needed]

Zastava CZ 99[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1991–Present[citation needed]

text: South Africa[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Browning Hi-Power[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
19??[citation needed]

Star Model BM[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
19??–1988[citation needed]

Vektor Z88[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1988–Present[citation needed]

Vektor SP1/SP2[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1992–Present[citation needed]

Beretta PX4[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2010–Present[citation needed]

text: Spain[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Lefaucheux M1858[citation needed]
Double-Action Revolver
12mm
1858–??[citation needed]

Smith & Wesson Model 3[citation needed]
Revolver
.44 Russian
1874–??[citation needed]

Merwin Hulbert Model 1888[citation needed]
Revolver
11mm
1888–??[citation needed]

Bergmann 1903[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×23mm Largo
1905–1914[citation needed]

Campogiro 1913/1916[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×23mm Largo
1916–1921[citation needed]

Astra 400 Model 1921[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×23mm Largo
1921–1946[citation needed]

Star Super A[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×23mm Largo
1946–1986[citation needed]

Star B Super[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1970–1986[citation needed]

Llama M82[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1984–Present[citation needed]

Heckler & Koch USP[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2004–Present[citation needed]

text: Sweden[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Revolver m/1863[citation needed]
Revolver
11mm Lefaucheux
1863–1880[citation needed]

Revolver m/1871[citation needed]
Revolver
11×17mm Centerfire
1871–1887[citation needed]

Revolver m/1863-79[citation needed]
Revolver
11×17mm Centerfire
1879–1887[citation needed]

Revolver m/1887[citation needed]
Revolver
7.5mm Swedish Nagant
1887–1945[citation needed]

Pistol m/07[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9mm Browning Long
1907[38]–1988[citation needed]

Pistol m/39[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1939–19??[citation needed]

Pistol m/40[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1940–1993[citation needed]

Pistol 88 (Glock 17)[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1988–Present[citation needed]

Pistol 88B (Glock 19)[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1988–Present[citation needed]

text: Switzerland[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Ordonnanzrevolver 1872[citation needed]
Revolver
10.4mm Swiss rimfire
1872–1878[citation needed]

Ordonnanzrevolver 1878[citation needed]
Revolver
10.4mm Swiss centrefire
1878–1882[citation needed]

Schmidt M1882[citation needed]
Revolver
7.5mm Swiss
1882–1946[citation needed]

Luger pistol[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
7.65×21mm Parabellum
1900–1949[citation needed]

SIG P210[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1949–1975[citation needed]

Walther PPK[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.32 ACP
1965–19??[citation needed]

SIG P220[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1975–Present[citation needed]

SIG Pistole 03[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2003–Present[citation needed]

text: Thailand[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

FN M1900[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.32 ACP
1901–1945[citation needed]

Nambu Type A[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
8×22mm Nambu
1920s–?[citation needed]

M1911 pistol[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
1943–Present[citation needed]

HK USP[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
2003–Present[citation needed]

text: Turkey[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Mauser C96[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
7.63×25mm Mauser
1896–1945[citation needed]

Luger P08[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
7.65×21mm Parabellum
1898–1945[citation needed]

FN Model 1903[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.32 ACP
1912–1955[citation needed]

vz. 50[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.32 ACP
1955-2000[citation needed]

MKEK Kırıkkale[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.380 ACP, .32 ACP
1945–2000[citation needed]

Beretta 70[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.32 ACP
1958-2000[citation needed]

Llama X-A[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.32 ACP
1950-2000[citation needed]

M1911[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
1953-2000[citation needed]

Beretta Cheetah[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.380 ACP, .32 ACP
1976-2000[citation needed]

CZ 75[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1976–Present[citation needed]

Beretta 92[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1980s–Present[citation needed]

Sarsılmaz Kılınç 2000[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2000–Present[citation needed]

Girsan Yavuz 16 Compact[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2000–Present[citation needed]

Tisaş Zigana T, Zigana F[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2000–Present[citation needed]

Sarsılmaz ST-9[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2015–Present[citation needed]

text: Tuvalu[edit]

text: Ukraine[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Cartridge
Service Years

Makarov pistol[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×18mm Makarov
1951–Present[citation needed]

Fort-12[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×18mm Makarov
1999–Present[citation needed]

text: United Arab Emirates[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Browning Hi-Power[39]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1971–2007[citation needed]

Heckler & Koch P7M13[39]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
 ????–????[citation needed]

Caracal F[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2007–Present[citation needed]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Calibre
Service Years

Beaumont–Adams[citation needed]
Revolver
.450 Adams
1853–1880[citation needed]

Enfield Mk I & Mk II[citation needed]
Revolver
.476 Enfield
1880–1887[citation needed]

Webley Mk I-VI[citation needed]
Revolver
.455 Webley
1887–1947[citation needed]

S&W .44 Hand Ejector[citation needed]
Revolver
.455 Webley
1914–1918[citation needed]

Colt Government Model[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.455 Webley
1914–1918[citation needed]

Enfield No 2 Mk I[citation needed]
Revolver
.38/200
1932–1963[citation needed]

Webley Mk IV[citation needed]
Revolver
.38/200
1932–1963[citation needed]

Smith & Wesson M&P or Victory Model[citation needed]
Revolver
.38/200
1940–1963[citation needed]

Colt M1911A1[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
1942–1945[citation needed]

Inglis Hi-Power[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1944–1980s[citation needed]

Browning Hi-Power[40] (designated L9A1)[41]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1967[42] – 2014[citation needed]

SIG Sauer P226[40] (designated L105A1 / L105A2)[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1995–Present[citation needed]

Glock 17 Generation 4[41] (designated L131A1)[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2013–Present[43]

text: United States[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Caliber
Service Years
Service Branch

Harpers Ferry Model 1805[citation needed]
Flintlock
.54
1805–?[citation needed]

Model 1816 Flintlock Pistol[citation needed]
Flintlock
.54
1816–?[citation needed]

Model 1836 Flintlock Pistol[citation needed]
Flintlock
.54
1836–1842[citation needed]

Model 1842 Percussion Pistol[citation needed]
Percussion Cap
.54
1842–1865[citation needed]

Colt M1847 Walker[citation needed]
Cap and ball revolver, single-action
.44
1847–1848[citation needed]

Colt M1848 Dragoon[citation needed]
Cap and ball revolver, single-action
.44
1848–1860[citation needed]

Colt M1851 Navy[citation needed]
Cap and ball revolver, single-action
.36
1851–1873[citation needed]

Colt Army Model 1860[citation needed]
Cap and ball revolver, single-action
.44
1860–1873[citation needed]

Remington Model 1858[citation needed]
Cap and ball revolver, single-action
.36, .44
1862–1875[citation needed]

Smith & Wesson Model No. 3[citation needed]
Single-action cartridge revolver
.44 S&W American
1871–1873[citation needed]

Colt Single Action Army[citation needed]
Single-action cartridge revolver
.45 Colt
1873–1892[citation needed]

Smith & Wesson Model No. 3[citation needed]
Single-action cartridge revolver
.45 Schofield
1875–1898[citation needed]

Colt M1892[citation needed]
Double-action revolver
.38 Long Colt
1892–1909[citation needed]

M1909[citation needed]
Double-action revolver
.45 Colt
1909–1911[citation needed]

M1911
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
1911–1924[citation needed]

M1917
Revolver
.45 ACP
1917–1954[citation needed]

M1911A1
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
1924–Present[citation needed]

Beretta M9
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1985[44][45][46]–Present

SIG Sauer M11
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
1988–Present[citation needed]
U.S. Navy

Heckler & Koch Mark 23 Mod 0
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
1996–Present[citation needed]
United States Special Operations Command[citation needed]

SIG P229 DAK[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.40 S&W
2006–Present[citation needed]
United States Coast Guard[citation needed]

Heckler & Koch HK45C (designated Mark 24 Mod 0)[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
.45 ACP
2010–Present[citation needed]
United States Naval Special Warfare Command

SIG Sauer P226 MK25[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2011–Present[citation needed]
United States Navy SEALs)[citation needed]

Glock 19
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2015–Present
United States Navy SEALs)[47]

SIG Sauer M17 Modular Handgun System[48][49]
Semi-automatic
9×19mm Parabellum
2017–Present[48][49]

text: Vietnam[edit]

text:
Firearm
Type
Cartridge
Service Years

Tokarev TT[50]
Semi-automatic
7.62×25mm Tokarev

Type 68 pistol[50]
Semi-automatic
7.62×25mm Tokarev

Makarov pistol[citation needed]
Semi-automatic
9×18mm Makarov
1951–Present[citation needed]


document_title: Wyatt Earp (film)

question_text: who played josie in the movie wyatt earp

root

text: Wyatt Earp (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: A teenaged Wyatt Earp lives on the family farm. His older brothers, Virgil and James, are away at war serving with the Union Army. Wyatt dreams of war, and packs some belongings, bids his younger brothers and sisters goodbye, and attempts to run away, intending to lie about his age and join the Union Army. He does not make it off the farm before his father catches him and forces him to return home. A short while later, both brothers return home at the war's end, with James gravely wounded. Shortly afterwards, the family moves west. During this move, Wyatt first sees a man killed, shot during a gunfight. He gets sick at the sight, and vomits.

tag: p

text: Years pass, finding him working out west as a wagon driver. During his time there, he works also as a referee for fights, and finds himself at odds with a bully. Wyatt and the bully eventually come to the point of fighting, with the bully intending to shoot Wyatt. Wyatt disarms him and defeats him, taking his gun as a trophy.

text: Returning home to Missouri, Wyatt marries a childhood sweetheart, Urilla Sutherland. The two move into their own house, and he begins working as a policeman. Months later, while pregnant, his wife dies from typhoid fever. He stays by her side throughout the illness, becoming deeply depressed afterward. He burns their home and all they own, and begins drinking and drifting from town to town, eventually landing in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. He robs a man and steals his horse, but is captured a short time later. With Wyatt facing certain hanging, his father bails him out of jail, telling him to leave and never return to Arkansas.

text: He begins working as a buffalo hunter, where he meets Bat Masterson and his brother Ed Masterson. The three become friends and work together hunting buffalo, with the two brothers working as Wyatt's skinners. Years pass, and he begins working as a deputy marshal in Wichita, Kansas, and builds a reputation as a good lawman. He is recruited to work as a deputy in Dodge City, with a lower salary, but for extra money for each arrest made, in the end making more than he would have in Wichita. In Dodge City, he builds a hard reputation, and he kills his first man, a shooting witnessed by actress Josie Marcus. Wyatt becomes involved romantically with a prostitute, Mattie Blaylock, and the Mastersons begin working with him as deputies. Wyatt disagrees with Ed Masterson working as a lawman, believing him to be too passive. However, the Dodge City council decides that Ed is more acceptable than Wyatt due to the latter's excessive force, and fires him, appointing Ed to take his place. Wyatt then begins working for the railroad, capturing outlaws.

text: While pursuing outlaw Dave Rudabaugh, he is introduced to gunman and gambler Doc Holliday, in Fort Griffin, Texas, and the two become friends. Holliday assists Earp in locating Rudabaugh, whom he dislikes tremendously. Shortly afterward, Wyatt receives word that Ed Masterson has been killed, having shot and killed both his assailants before dying in the street. Wyatt returns to Dodge City to help bring law and order. After working there for a while, his family and he move to Tombstone, Arizona, under the protest of the Earp wives, and Mattie. Wyatt immediately finds himself at odds with the "Cowboy" gang. He meets and becomes romantically involved with Josie Marcus, which puts him at odds with her boyfriend, Sheriff Behan. This relationship also causes stress in his relationship with Mattie, and becomes the subject of rumor about town.

text: Wyatt and his brothers Morgan and Virgil arrest several Cowboys, and Virgil takes over as marshal following the murder of town marshal Fred White. The brothers find themselves at odds with the Cowboys often, and tension builds. Wyatt breaks up several altercations involving the Cowboys, particularly Ike Clanton, and Doc Holliday swears his loyalty to Wyatt, whom he considers his only real friend. Eventually, the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral occurs, with the brothers becoming very unpopular in town. Virgil is ambushed and wounded, and Morgan is killed. The film then shows only a glimpse of the Vendetta Ride with Wyatt and his friends taking out revenge on the remaining Cowboys, and then skips to many years later with Josie and him mining for gold in Alaska. While en route by boat, a young man on the same boat recognizes Wyatt, and recounts a story in which Wyatt had saved the boy's uncle, "Tommy Behind-The-Deuce". Wyatt says to Josie, "Some people say it didn't happen that way", to which she responds "Never mind them, Wyatt. It happened that way."

text: An epilogue states that Doc Holliday died six years later in a hospital in Glenwood Springs, Colorado. Members of the Clanton gang continued to die mysteriously for years after Morgan's murder. Josie and Wyatt's marriage lasted 47 years until Wyatt died at age 80 in Los Angeles.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kevin Costner as Wyatt Earp
Ian Bohen as teenage Wyatt
Dennis Quaid as Doc Holliday
Gene Hackman as Nicholas Porter Earp
David Andrews as James Earp
Linden Ashby as Morgan Earp
Jim Caviezel as Warren Earp
John Doe as Tommy 'Behind-The-Deuce' O'Rourke
Jeff Fahey as Ike Clanton
Joanna Going as Josie Marcus
Mark Harmon as Johnny Behan
Michael Madsen as Virgil Earp
Catherine O'Hara as Allie Earp
Bill Pullman as Ed Masterson
Isabella Rossellini as Big Nose Kate

Tom Sizemore as Bat Masterson
JoBeth Williams as Bessie Earp
Mare Winningham as Mattie Blaylock
James Gammon as Mr. Sutherland
Karen Grassle as Mrs. Sutherland
Rex Linn as Frank McLaury
Gabriel Folse as Billy Clanton
Mackenzie Astin as Francis O'Rourke
Randle Mell as John Clum
Adam Baldwin as Tom McLaury
Annabeth Gish as Urilla Sutherland
Lewis Smith as Curly Bill Brocius
Betty Buckley as Virginia Earp
Alison Elliott as Lou Earp
Téa Leoni as Sally

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Costner was originally involved with the film Tombstone, another film about Wyatt Earp, written by Kevin Jarre of Glory fame. However, Costner disagreed with Jarre over the focus of the film (he believed that the emphasis should have been on Wyatt Earp rather than the many characters in Jarre's script) and left the project, eventually teaming up with Kasdan to produce his own Wyatt Earp project. The film was also originally meant to be a six-hour miniseries until Kevin Costner joined the cast. Costner proceeded to use his then-considerable clout to convince most of the major studios to refuse to distribute the competing film, which affected casting on the rival project.[5]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Wyatt Earp
Soundtrack album by James Newton HowardReleased
1994Label
Warner Bros. Records

text: The score was composed by James Newton Howard, conducted by Marty Paich with The Hollywood Recording Musicians Orchestra and released by Warner Bros. Records in 1994. It was later re-released in 2013 by La-La Land.[6]

text:
"Main Title"
"Home from the War"
"Going to Town"
"The Wagon Chase"
"Mattie Wants Children"
"Railroad"
"Nicholas Springs Wyatt"
"Is That Your Hat?"
"The Wedding"
"Stillwell Makes Bail"
"It All Ends Now"
"Urilla Dies"
"Tell Me About Missouri"
"The Night Before"
"O.K. Corral"
"Down by the River"
"Kill 'Em All"
"Dodge City"
"Leaving Dodge"
"Indian Charlie"
"We Stayed Too Long"
"Winter to Spring"
"It Happened That Way"

tag: ol

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Wyatt Earp, released six months after Tombstone, was the less successful of the two films, taking in $25 million on a $63 million budget,[3] compared to Tombstone's $56 million domestic gross on a $25 million budget.[7] The film did debut at No. 4 at the box office, however.[8]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Wyatt Earp received mixed reviews. Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a "rotten" score of 42%, based on reviews from 26 critics, with an average rating of 5.3/10.[9] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, saying "Wyatt Earp plays as if they took Tombstone and pumped it full of hot air. It involves many of the same characters and much of the same story, but little of the tension and drama. It's a rambling, unfocused biography of Wyatt Earp (Kevin Costner), starting when he's a kid and following his development from an awkward would-be lawyer into a slick gunslinger. This is a long journey, in a three-hour film that needs better pacing."[10]

text: Todd McCarthy of Variety praised the cast and production values, but remarked, "If you’re going to ask an audience to sit through a three-hour, nine-minute rendition of an oft-told story, it would help to have a strong point of view on your material and an urgent reason to relate it. Such is not the case with Wyatt Earp."[11] Similarly, Caryn James of The New York Times complimented the film's ambition and effort to portray a more human Wyatt, but still felt that 'the film's literal-minded approach to the hero's dark soul is one of its terrible problems. Wyatt Earp labors to turn this mythic figure into a complex man; instead it makes him a cardboard cutout and his story a creepingly slow one."[12]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Wyatt Earp was nominated for five Razzie Awards including Worst Picture, Worst Director and Worst Screen Couple (Costner and "any of his three wives"), winning two for Worst Remake or Sequel and Worst Actor (Costner). However, it was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography in 1995 and writers Dan Gordon and Lawrence Kasdan received the Spur Award from the Western Writers of America for Best Drama Script.


document_title: Gun laws in Texas

question_text: what is a license to carry in texas

question_tokens: what is a license to carry in texas

text: Gun laws in Texas

text: Summary table[edit]

text:
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes

State permit required to purchase?
No
No

Firearm registration?
No
No

Owner license required?
No
No

Assault weapon law?
No
No

Magazine capacity restriction?
No
No

Carry license required?
No
Yes
GC Ch. 411.172[1]
Licensed carry of a handgun requires a "shall-issue" license, and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed. People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21, felons, fugitives, people who are "chemically dependent" or "incapable of exercising sound judgment", and those in arrears for taxes or child support.

Open carry?
Yes
Yes
PC 46.02
Long gun and black powder weapon (including handgun) open carry is not forbidden by law, unless in a manner "calculated to cause alarm."  Effective January 1, 2016, individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly, per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session. Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law.

Concealed carry on college campus?
No
Yes

May carry in parking lots, parking garages, outdoor walkways on campus.
Public four-year universities (as of August 1, 2016) and public two-year colleges (as of August 1, 2017) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well. Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as "gun free zones"; these will be subject to legislative analysis.

State preemption of local restrictions?
Yes
Yes
LGC §229.001.
State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership, transfer, storage, or licensing of firearms, ammunition, or accessories. Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms (such as for noise, nuisance or public safety), but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm.

NFA weapons restricted?
No
No
PC 46.01, PC 46.05
Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that "explosive weapons", "machine guns", "short-barrel firearms", and "firearm silencers", as defined in Section 46.01, be "registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice". Prior to May 22nd 2015, Section 46.05 called "registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act" a "defense to prosecution".[2]

Peaceable journey laws?
Yes
Yes
PC 46.02, PC 46.15
A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control. The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft, and 46.02, which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft, is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling, pursuant to said activities. 46.15(b)(2).

Castle doctrine/ stand your ground law?
Yes
Yes
PC 9.32
A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful, forceful intrusion into their dwelling, or to prevent an unlawful, forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling, or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson. There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be.

Background checks required for private sales?
No
No

text: Firearms possession[edit]

text: Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age, without felony convictions; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law. A person of any age, except certain Felons[who?], can possess a firearm such as at a firing range.  Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older, and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers. However, a private citizen may sell, gift, lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon or is a Felon that is 5 years removed from Felony infraction of probation or parole end date and is now a law abiding citizen. NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions; no State regulations exist. Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden (preempted) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution, which gives the Texas Legislature (and it alone) the power to "regulate the wearing of arms, with a view to prevent crime".[4] Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute. Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof, but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force.

text: In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole, whichever is later. A convicted Felon once 5 years removed from release from prison or probation may also private purchase a firearm. Under Texas Penal Code §§ 12.33, 46.04, the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,000.

text: Firearms carry[edit]

text: There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun (pre-1899 black powder weapons, and replicas of such, are not legally firearms in Texas).[5]  However, if the firearm is displayed in a manner "calculated to cause alarm," then it is  "disorderly conduct". Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas, except when the carrier was on property he/she owned or had lawful control over, was legally hunting, or was participating in some gun-related public event such as a gun show. However, the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly. The bill was signed into law on June 13, 2015, and took effect on January 1, 2016. A License to Carry (LTC) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public.

text: License to Carry[edit]

text: The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a "Concealed Handgun License" or CHL.  This has changed on Jan 1. 2016 to LTC "License To Carry" and at the same time the laws changed to include "Open Carry".  Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ("shall-issue") basis to all eligible, qualified applicants. Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states, not including Vermont (which is an "unrestricted" state and neither issues nor requires permits), most of these having some residency restrictions (the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state). Texas recognizes an additional 11 states' concealed-carry permits unilaterally; those states do not recognize Texas' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction, usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own.

text: The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met. For example, an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws (including an age restriction of 21), however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over. Additionally, a number of factors may make a person ineligible (temporarily or permanently) to obtain a license, including:

text:
felony convictions (permanent) and Class A or B misdemeanors (5 years, permanent in cases of domestic violence), including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication;
pending criminal charges (indefinite until resolved);
chemical or alcohol dependency (defined as 2 convictions for substance-related offenses in a 10-year period; 10-year ban from the date of the first conviction);
certain types of psychological diagnoses (indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission);
protective or restraining orders (indefinite until rescinded); or
defaults on taxes, student loans, child support and/or other governmental fees  (indefinite until resolved).[6]

tag: ul

text: This last category, though having little to do with a person's ability to own a firearm, is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing; those who are delinquent or in default on State-regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State-issued license (including driver licenses), as an incentive to settle those debts.

text: "Information regarding any psychiatric, drug, alcohol, or criminal history" is required only from new users.[7]  Renewals are required every five years, but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information.

text: An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC (formerly CHL) must take a State-set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours, covering topics such as applicable laws, conflict resolution, criminal/civil liability, and handgun safety, and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun.[6] The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1, 2017.[8] Such courses vary in cost, but are typically around $100–$125 for new applicants (usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition). They may then apply, providing a picture, fingerprints, other documentation, and a $40 application fee[9] (as of September 1, 2017; previously $140 and $70 for renewals), – active and discharged military are eligible for discounts – to the DPS, which processes the application, runs a federal background check, and if all is well, issues the permit. Permits are valid for five years, and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states (nonresidents may carry in all but four of those),[10] due to reciprocity agreements.[11] Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military (through one year after discharge), to $25 for military veterans.[12]

text: College Carry Laws[edit]

text: Restrictions on licensed carry[edit]

text: While a permitted resident of Texas (or a nonresident holding a recognized permit) is generally authorized to carry in most public places, there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations. These include:

text:
Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law. It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location, and possession of a State-issued concealed firearms permit is no defense. Such places commonly encountered include post offices, Federal courts, and offices of the IRS, FBI, Justice Department, Department of Energy, USDA, FDA, etc. A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas. However, Army Corps of Engineers properties (including all reservoir lakes and included park areas) are still off-limits.
Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03:  "A person commits an offense if the person intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm, illegal knife, club, or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05(a): …on the physical premises of a school or educational institution, any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted, or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution, whether the school or educational institution is public or private, unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution [emphasis added]."[13]  The age/grade level, funding type or for-profit status of the school does not matter. Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted; as defined by TPC 46.035(f)(3), "premises" refers only to a building or part of a building, and does not refer to driveways, streets, sidewalks, parking lots, parking garages, or privately owned vehicles.[12] Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1, 2017.[8]
Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event, unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm (i.e. a target shooting competition).
Businesses posting a compliant "51% sign" - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51% of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on-premises consumption (colloquially "bars", "nightclubs", "taverns", "saloons", etc.). A person with a LTC that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage, as required by the Government Code section 411.204. The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders, but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry, and a background containing a red "51%" to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to LTC holders.
Correctional facilities - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building generally termed a "jail" or "prison".
Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19, Code of Criminal Procedure, on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that: (A) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited; or (B) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited.
Courts or court offices - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal, state or federal court for official business. Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices, such as judges, attorneys, baliffs, and law enforcement officials.
Election polling places - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal, state and/or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway. This is significant, as a local business or other generally public building, which would normally not prohibit concealed carry, may offer their facilities for use as a polling place. A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs, even if the polls are not open at the time, and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote.
Racetracks - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack (horse or dog).
While intoxicated - LTC holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated (Penal Code 46.035.), defined as: (a) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug, a dangerous drug, a combination of two or more of those substances, or any other substance into the body; or (B) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent BAC or more (Penal Code 49.01.)

text: 30.06 signage[edit]

text: TPC section 30.06 covers "Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun". It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed. It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage. As of January 1, 2016, the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor, unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor.  This is a significant difference, in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years, this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor.

text: Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called "30.06 signs" or "30.06 signage".

text:
The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06, but LTC permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec. 30.06(c)(3)(B) is not binding. The law states a compliant sign must be:
In contrasting colors;
With block letters;
Having text 1" or greater in height;
Containing "identical" text to the following:
"Pursuant to Section 30.06, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a concealed handgun"[14]
In both English and Spanish;
Posted conspicuously and "clearly visible to the public".
Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility:
License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization, under TPS 46.035(b)(4).
An amendment in 2007 added paragraph (i) to the same section, stating that (b)(4) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice (oral or written communication, including posting of a sign, under TPC 30.06) of the prohibition.
But, a hospital may be a "teaching hospital" and considered a school, where firearms carry is prohibited, under TPC 46.03(a)(1).
It may also be a VA or military hospital, and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry.
All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204(b) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony. It is unknown, given the amendments to 46.035, whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying, as it would not constitute "effective notice under section 30.06" and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder.
Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing, inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property.

text: Open Carry[edit]

text: As of January 1, 2016, holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions. Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster.

text: Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license.  New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns.

text: Exceptions to Open Carry

text:
Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway, street, sidewalk or walkway, parking lot, parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform[15]

text: 30.07 signage[edit]

text: This law took effect January 1, 2016, and covers the new Open Carry law.  Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry.

text: TPC section 30.07 covers "Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun"  This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun.  An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor, unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor.  The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property. (In both cases the sign must be "clearly visible to the public".)

text: The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property, or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner, or by written communication.

text: Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below, or a sign posted on the property.

text: Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following (30.07 notice):

text:
"Pursuant to section 30.07, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly"
Additionally, signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations:
Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish
Must appear in contrasting colors
Must be in block letters at least one inch in height
Must be "displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property"

text: Castle Doctrine[edit]

text: On March 27, 2007, Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law, making Texas a "Castle Doctrine" state which came into effect September 1, 2007.[17] Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who "unlawfully, and with force, enters or attempts to enter the dwelling", or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling, or who commits or attempts   to commit a "qualifying" felony such as "aggravated kidnapping, murder, sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated robbery" (TPC 9.32(b)).

text: Stand Your Ground[edit]

text: Senate Bill 378 also contains a "Stand Your Ground" clause; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he/she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no "duty to retreat" before being justified in shooting. The "trier of fact" (the jury in a jury trial, otherwise the judge) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting (TPC 9.32(c,d)).

text: Civil Immunity[edit]

text: In addition, two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force. Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person, including the firing of a weapon.[18] Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used.[19] This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified, such as a bystander hit by an errant shot.

text: This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force.  The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code.

text: Motorists Protection Act[edit]

text: Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature, a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit.[20] The bill revised Chapter 46, Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not "Unlawful Carry of a Weapon", as defined by the statute, for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control, or to carry while heading directly from the person's home to that car. However, lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers: (1) the weapon must not be in plain sight (in Texas law, "plain sight" and "concealed" are mutually exclusive opposing terms);[21] (2) the carrier cannot be involved in criminal activities, other than Class C traffic misdemeanors; (3) the carrier cannot be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm; and (4) the carrier cannot be a member of a criminal gang.[22][23]

text: Previous legislation (H.B. 823) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ("Non-Applicability") to include the "traveller assumption"; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was "travelling" under a pre-existing provision of 46.15, and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply, absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity, a member of a gang, or prohibited from possessing a firearm. However, attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption,[24] leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815.

text: National Firearms Act[edit]

text: Possession of destructive devices, automatic firearms (machine guns), short-barrel shotguns (SBS), short-barrel rifles (SBR), suppressors, smoothbore pistols and other such NFA-restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner  has registered the item(s) into the NFA registry. This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms, processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE.[25]

text: State preemption of local laws[edit]

text: Certain local preemptions exist within the state of Texas which prohibit city or county governments from passing ordinances further restricting the lawful carrying of handguns in certain instances beyond that of state law.

text: In 2015, the legislature passed penal code 411.209 which prohibited an agency or political subdivision from excluding from government property any concealed handgun license holder from carrying a gun unless firearms are prohibited on the premises by state law [26].

text: Furthermore, Texas penal code 235.023 states the commissioners court of a county (i.e. county legislative body) is not authorized to regulate the transfer, ownership, possession, or transportation of firearms or require the registration of firearms [27]

text: More general prohibitions on restrictions on the sale, transfer, ownership, possession, etc. of firearms and knives under local law are listed under Local Government Code Title 7, Subtitle A, Chapter 229, Subchapter A [28]

text: Further Attorney General decisions also exist. For example, in August 1995 under DM-0364, Attorney General Dan Morales passed an opinion that municipalities are prohibited from regulating the carrying of concealed handguns in city parks by persons licensed to carry a handgun: "...we believe that a municipality does not have the power to prohibit licensees from carrying handguns in city parks but that a county does have such power over county parks" [29]

text: Dan Morales also held that municipal housing authorities are subject to the preemption statute and this precludes authorities from adopting a regulation to evict a tenant for the otherwise legal possession of a firearm. [30]


document_title: Relational database

question_text: where is data stored in a relational database

text: Relational database

text: Relational model[edit]

text: This model organizes data into one or more tables (or "relations") of columns and rows, with a unique key identifying each row. Rows are also called records or tuples.[2] Columns are also called attributes. Generally, each table/relation represents one "entity type" (such as customer or product). The rows represent instances of that type of entity (such as "Lee" or "chair") and the columns representing values attributed to that instance (such as address or price).

text: Keys[edit]

text: Each row in a table has its own unique key. Rows in a table can be linked to rows in other tables by adding a column for the unique key of the linked row (such columns are known as foreign keys). Codd showed that data relationships of arbitrary complexity can be represented by a simple set of concepts.

text: Part of this processing involves consistently being able to select or modify one and only one row in a table. Therefore, most physical implementations have a unique primary key (PK) for each table. When a new row is written to the table, a new unique value for the primary key is generated; this is the key that the system uses primarily for accessing the table. System performance is optimized for PKs. Other, more natural keys may also be identified and defined as alternate keys (AK). Often several columns are needed to form an AK (this is one reason why a single integer column is usually made the PK). Both PKs and AKs have the ability to uniquely identify a row within a table. Additional technology may be applied to ensure a unique ID across the world, a globally unique identifier, when there are broader system requirements.

text: The primary keys within a database are used to define the relationships among the tables. When a PK migrates to another table, it becomes a foreign key in the other table. When each cell can contain only one value and the PK migrates into a regular entity table, this design pattern can represent either a one-to-one or one-to-many relationship. Most relational database designs resolve many-to-many relationships by creating an additional table that contains the PKs from both of the other entity tables—the relationship becomes an entity; the resolution table is then named appropriately and the two FKs are combined to form a PK. The migration of PKs to other tables is the second major reason why system-assigned integers are used normally as PKs; there's seldom efficiency nor clarity in migrating a bunch of other types of columns.

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Relationships are a logical connection between different tables, established on the basis of interaction among these tables.

text: Transactions[edit]

text: In order for a database management system (DBMS) to operate efficiently and accurately, it must have to use ACID transactions.[3][4][5]

text: Stored procedures[edit]

text: Most[dubious – discuss] of the programming within a RDBMS is accomplished using stored procedures (SPs). Often procedures can be used to greatly reduce the amount of information transferred within and outside of a system. For increased security, the system design may grant access to only the stored procedures and not directly to the tables. Fundamental stored procedures contain the logic needed to insert new and update existing data. More complex procedures may be written to implement additional rules and logic related to processing or selecting the data.

text: Terminology[edit]

text: The relational database was first defined in June 1970 by Edgar Codd, of IBM's San Jose Research Laboratory.[1] Codd's view of what qualifies as an RDBMS is summarized in Codd's 12 rules. A relational database has become the predominant type of database. Other models besides the relational model include the hierarchical database model and the network model.

text: The table below summarizes some of the most important relational database terms and the corresponding SQL term:

text:
SQL term
Relational database term
Description

Row
Tuple or record
A data set representing a single item

Column
Attribute or field
A labeled element of a tuple, e.g. "Address" or "Date of birth"

Table
Relation or Base relvar
A set of tuples sharing the same attributes; a set of columns and rows

View or result set
Derived relvar
Any set of tuples; a data report from the RDBMS in response to a query

text: Relations or tables[edit]

text: A relation is defined as a set of tuples that have the same attributes. A tuple usually represents an object and information about that object. Objects are typically physical objects or concepts. A relation is usually described as a table, which is organized into rows and columns. All the data referenced by an attribute are in the same domain and conform to the same constraints.

text: The relational model specifies that the tuples of a relation have no specific order and that the tuples, in turn, impose no order on the attributes. Applications access data by specifying queries, which use operations such as select to identify tuples, project to identify attributes, and join to combine relations. Relations can be modified using the insert, delete, and update operators. New tuples can supply explicit values or be derived from a query. Similarly, queries identify tuples for updating or deleting.

text: Tuples by definition are unique. If the tuple contains a candidate or primary key then obviously it is unique; however, a primary key need not be defined for a row or record to be a tuple. The definition of a tuple requires that it be unique, but does not require a primary key to be defined. Because a tuple is unique, its attributes by definition constitute a superkey.

text: Base and derived relations[edit]

text: In a relational database, all data are stored and accessed via relations. Relations that store data are called "base relations", and in implementations are called "tables". Other relations do not store data, but are computed by applying relational operations to other relations. These relations are sometimes called "derived relations". In implementations these are called "views" or "queries". Derived relations are convenient in that they act as a single relation, even though they may grab information from several relations. Also, derived relations can be used as an abstraction layer.

text: Domain[edit]

text: A domain describes the set of possible values for a given attribute, and can be considered a constraint on the value of the attribute. Mathematically, attaching a domain to an attribute means that any value for the attribute must be an element of the specified set. The character string "ABC", for instance, is not in the integer domain, but the integer value 123 is. Another example of domain describes the possible values for the field "CoinFace" as ("Heads","Tails"). So, the field "CoinFace" will not accept input values like (0,1) or (H,T).

text: Constraints[edit]

text: Constraints make it possible to further restrict the domain of an attribute. For instance, a constraint can restrict a given integer attribute to values between 1 and 10. Constraints provide one method of implementing business rules in the database and support subsequent data use within the application layer. SQL implements constraint functionality in the form of check constraints. Constraints restrict the data that can be stored in relations. These are usually defined using expressions that result in a boolean value, indicating whether or not the data satisfies the constraint. Constraints can apply to single attributes, to a tuple (restricting combinations of attributes) or to an entire relation. Since every attribute has an associated domain, there are constraints (domain constraints). The two principal rules for the relational model are known as entity integrity and referential integrity.

text: Primary key[edit]

text: A primary key uniquely specifies a tuple within a table. In order for an attribute to be a good primary key it must not repeat. While natural attributes (attributes used to describe the data being entered) are sometimes good primary keys, surrogate keys are often used instead. A surrogate key is an artificial attribute assigned to an object which uniquely identifies it (for instance, in a table of information about students at a school they might all be assigned a student ID in order to differentiate them). The surrogate key has no intrinsic (inherent) meaning, but rather is useful through its ability to uniquely identify a tuple. Another common occurrence, especially in regard to N:M cardinality is the composite key. A composite key is a key made up of two or more attributes within a table that (together) uniquely identify a record. (For example, in a database relating students, teachers, and classes. Classes could be uniquely identified by a composite key of their room number and time slot, since no other class could have exactly the same combination of attributes. In fact, use of a composite key such as this can be a form of data verification, albeit a weak one.

text: Foreign key[edit]

text: A foreign key is a field in a relational table that matches the primary key column of another table. The foreign key can be used to cross-reference tables. Foreign keys do not need to have unique values in the referencing relation. Foreign keys effectively use the values of attributes in the referenced relation to restrict the domain of one or more attributes in the referencing relation. A foreign key could be described formally as: "For all tuples in the referencing relation projected over the referencing attributes, there must exist a tuple in the referenced relation projected over those same attributes such that the values in each of the referencing attributes match the corresponding values in the referenced attributes."

text: Stored procedures[edit]

text: A stored procedure is executable code that is associated with, and generally stored in, the database. Stored procedures usually collect and customize common operations, like inserting a tuple into a relation, gathering statistical information about usage patterns, or encapsulating complex business logic and calculations. Frequently they are used as an application programming interface (API) for security or simplicity. Implementations of stored procedures on SQL RDBMS's often allow developers to take advantage of procedural extensions (often vendor-specific) to the standard declarative SQL syntax. Stored procedures are not part of the relational database model, but all commercial implementations include them.

text: Index[edit]

text: An index is one way of providing quicker access to data. Indices can be created on any combination of attributes on a relation. Queries that filter using those attributes can find matching tuples randomly using the index, without having to check each tuple in turn. This is analogous to using the index of a book to go directly to the page on which the information you are looking for is found, so that you do not have to read the entire book to find what you are looking for. Relational databases typically supply multiple indexing techniques, each of which is optimal for some combination of data distribution, relation size, and typical access pattern. Indices are usually implemented via B+ trees, R-trees, and bitmaps. Indices are usually not considered part of the database, as they are considered an implementation detail, though indices are usually maintained by the same group that maintains the other parts of the database. It should be noted that use of efficient indexes on both primary and foreign keys can dramatically improve query performance. This is because B-tree indexes result in query times proportional to log(n) where n is the number of rows in a table and hash indexes result in constant time queries (no size dependency as long as the relevant part of the index fits into memory).

text: Relational operations[edit]

text: Queries made against the relational database, and the derived relvars in the database are expressed in a relational calculus or a relational algebra. In his original relational algebra, Codd introduced eight relational operators in two groups of four operators each. The first four operators were based on the traditional mathematical set operations:

text:
The union operator combines the tuples of two relations and removes all duplicate tuples from the result. The relational union operator is equivalent to the SQL UNION operator.
The intersection operator produces the set of tuples that two relations share in common. Intersection is implemented in SQL in the form of the INTERSECT operator.
The difference operator acts on two relations and produces the set of tuples from the first relation that do not exist in the second relation. Difference is implemented in SQL in the form of the EXCEPT or MINUS operator.
The cartesian product of two relations is a join that is not restricted by any criteria, resulting in every tuple of the first relation being matched with every tuple of the second relation. The cartesian product is implemented in SQL as the CROSS JOIN operator.

text: The remaining operators proposed by Codd involve special operations specific to relational databases:

text:
The selection, or restriction, operation retrieves tuples from a relation, limiting the results to only those that meet a specific criterion, i.e. a subset in terms of set theory. The SQL equivalent of selection is the SELECT query statement with a WHERE clause.
The projection operation extracts only the specified attributes from a tuple or set of tuples.
The join operation defined for relational databases is often referred to as a natural join. In this type of join, two relations are connected by their common attributes. MySQL's approximation of a natural join is the INNER JOIN operator. In SQL, an INNER JOIN prevents a cartesian product from occurring when there are two tables in a query. For each table added to a SQL Query, one additional INNER JOIN is added to prevent a cartesian product. Thus, for N tables in an SQL query, there must be N-1 INNER JOINS to prevent a cartesian product.
The relational division operation is a slightly more complex operation and essentially involves using the tuples of one relation (the dividend) to partition a second relation (the divisor). The relational division operator is effectively the opposite of the cartesian product operator (hence the name).

text: Other operators have been introduced or proposed since Codd's introduction of the original eight including relational comparison operators and extensions that offer support for nesting and hierarchical data, among others.

text: Normalization[edit]

text: Normalization was first proposed by Codd as an integral part of the relational model. It encompasses a set of procedures designed to eliminate non-simple domains (non-atomic values) and the redundancy (duplication) of data, which in turn prevents data manipulation anomalies and loss of data integrity. The most common forms of normalization applied to databases are called the normal forms.

text: Distributed relational databases[edit]

text: Distributed Relational Database Architecture (DRDA) was designed by a workgroup within IBM in the period 1988 to 1994. DRDA enables network connected relational databases to cooperate to fulfill SQL requests. [6] [7] The messages, protocols, and structural components of DRDA are defined by the Distributed Data Management Architecture.