document_title: Criminal justice

question_text: who serves as a primary connection between the population and the criminal justice system

text: Criminal justice

text: Law[edit]

text: The Law From Old English lagu (something laid down or fixed) (Harper, Douglas. "law". Online Etymology Dictionary. ); legal comes from Latin legalis, from lex "law," "statute" (Harper, Douglas. "legal". Online Etymology Dictionary. ) is a system of rules usually enforced through a set of institutions. The purpose of law is to provide an objective set of rules for governing conduct and maintaining order in a society.

tag: p

text: The oldest known codified law is the Code of Hammurabi, dating back to about 1754 BC. The preface directly credits the laws to the code of hammurabi of Ur. In different parts of the world, law could be established by philosophers or religion. In the modern world, laws are typically created and enforced by governments. These codified laws may coexist with or contradict other forms of social control, such as religious proscriptions, professional rules and ethics, or the cultural mores and customs of a society.

text: Within the realm of codified law, there are generally two forms of law that the courts are concerned with. Civil laws are rules and regulations which govern transactions and grievances between individual citizens. Criminal law is concerned with actions which are dangerous or harmful to society as a whole, in which prosecution is pursued not by an individual but rather by the state. The purpose of criminal law is to provide the specific definition of what constitutes a crime and to prescribe punishments for committing such a crime. No criminal law can be valid unless it includes both of these factors. The subject of criminal justice is, of course, primarily concerned with the enforcement of criminal law.

text: Criminal justice system[edit]

text: Definition[edit]

text: The criminal justice system consists of three main parts: (1) Law Enforcement (police officers, FBI, Department of Homeland Security, etc...) ; (2) Courts (attorneys, judges, etc...) ; and (3) corrections (jails, prisons, probation and parole). In the criminal justice system, these distinct agencies operate together both under the rule of law and as the principal means of maintaining the rule of law within society.[5]

text: For the purposes of section 8(6) of the Criminal Appeal Act 1995 and section 194A(6) of the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act 1995, the criminal justice system includes, in particular, the investigation of offences and the treatment of offenders.[6]

text: Branches of the Criminal Justice system[edit]

text: There are three branches of the Criminal Justice system.

text: 1.)The first being police/Law enforcement, the law enforcement branch enforces the laws in there state, county, or assigned jurisdiction. The main purpose for law enforcement officers is to uphold their country's, state's, or local laws. The Definition of Law Enforcement: Law enforcement describes the individuals and agencies responsible for enforcing laws and maintaining public order and public safety. Law enforcement includes the prevention, detection, and investigation of crime, and the apprehension and detention of individuals suspected of law violation.

text: 2.) Courts uphold the law in ways to prevent them from being broken in the future. When an individual is charged by law enforcement it is the courts job to determine if the charges are justified and if so what punishments are required to make sure or help prevent the individual or individuals from proceeding to commit the crime or crimes again in the future. The definition of a court: Government entity authorized to resolve legal disputes. Judges sometimes use "court" to refer to themselves in the third person, as in "the court has read the briefs."

text: 3.) The third branch of the criminal justice system is corrections, the correctional branch duties are to make sure that the punishment or in some cases rehabilitation is seen through until the end of the determined sentence provided by the judge (Courts). Definition of corrections: Institutional corrections refers to those persons housed in secure correctional facilities. There are many different types of correctional facilities, operated by different government entities. Local jails are operated by county or municipal authorities, and typically hold offenders for short periods ranging from a single day to a year.

text: Law enforcement[edit]

text: The first contact a defendant has with the criminal justice system is usually with the police (or law enforcement) who investigate the suspected wrongdoing and make an arrest, but if the suspect is dangerous to the whole nation, a national level law enforcement agency is called in. When warranted, law enforcement agencies or police officers are empowered to use force and other forms of legal coercion and means to effect public and social order. The term is most commonly associated with police departments of a state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. The word comes from the Latin politia ("civil administration"), which itself derives from the Ancient Greek πόλις, for polis ("city").[7] The first police force comparable to the present-day police was established in 1667 under King Louis XIV in France, although modern police usually trace their origins to the 1800 establishment of the Marine Police in London, the Glasgow Police, and the Napoleonic police of Paris.[8][9][10]

text: Police are primarily concerned with keeping the peace and enforcing criminal law based on their particular mission and jurisdiction. Formed in 1908, the Federal Bureau of Investigation began as an entity which could investigate and enforce specific federal laws as an investigative and "law enforcement agency" in the United States;[11] this, however, has constituted only a small portion of overall policing activity.[12] Policing has included an array of activities in different contexts, but the predominant ones are concerned with order maintenance and the provision of services.[13] During modern times, such endeavors contribute toward fulfilling a shared mission among law enforcement organizations with respect to the traditional policing mission of deterring crime and maintaining societal order.[14]

text: Courts[edit]

text: The courts serve as the venue where disputes are then settled and justice is administered. With regard to criminal justice, there are a number of critical people in any court setting. These critical people are referred to as the courtroom work group and include both professional and non professional individuals. These include the judge, prosecutor, and the defense attorney. The judge, or magistrate, is a person, elected or appointed, who is knowledgeable in the law, and whose function is to objectively administer the legal proceedings and offer a final decision to dispose of a case.

text: In the U.S. and in a growing number of nations, guilt or innocence (although in the U.S. a jury can never find a defendant "innocent" but rather "not guilty") is decided through the adversarial system. In this system, two parties will both offer their version of events and argue their case before the court (sometimes before a judge or panel of judges, sometimes before a jury). The case should be decided in favor of the party who offers the most sound and compelling arguments based on the law as applied to the facts of the case.

text: The prosecutor, or district attorney, is a lawyer who brings charges against a person, persons or corporate entity. It is the prosecutor's duty to explain to the court what crime was committed and to detail what evidence has been found which incriminates the accused. The prosecutor should not be confused with a plaintiff or plaintiff's counsel. Although both serve the function of bringing a complaint before the court, the prosecutor is a servant of the state who makes accusations on behalf of the state in criminal proceedings, while the plaintiff is the complaining party in civil proceedings.

text: A defense attorney counsels the accused on the legal process, likely outcomes for the accused and suggests strategies. The accused, not the lawyer, has the right to make final decisions regarding a number of fundamental points, including whether to testify, and to accept a plea offer or demand a jury trial in appropriate cases. It is the defense attorney's duty to represent the interests of the client, raise procedural and evidentiary issues, and hold the prosecution to its burden of proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Defense counsel may challenge evidence presented by the prosecution or present exculpatory evidence and argue on behalf of their client. At trial, the defense attorney may attempt to offer a rebuttal to the prosecutor's accusations.

text: In the U.S., an accused person is entitled to a government-paid defense attorney if he or she is in jeopardy of losing his or her life and/or liberty. Those who cannot afford a private attorney may be provided one by the state. Historically, however, the right to a defense attorney has not always been universal. For example, in Tudor England criminals accused of treason were not permitted to offer arguments in their defense. In many jurisdictions, there is no right to an appointed attorney, if the accused is not in jeopardy of losing his or her liberty.

text: The final determination of guilt or innocence is typically made by a third party, who is supposed to be disinterested. This function may be performed by a judge, a panel of judges, or a jury panel composed of unbiased citizens. This process varies depending on the laws of the specific jurisdiction. In some places the panel (be it judges or a jury) is required to issue a unanimous decision, while in others only a majority vote is required. In America, this process depends on the state, level of court, and even agreements between the prosecuting and defending parties. Some nations do not use juries at all, or rely on theological or military authorities to issue verdicts.

text: Some cases can be disposed of without the need for a trial. In fact, the vast majority are. If the accused confesses his or her guilt, a shorter process may be employed and a judgment may be rendered more quickly. Some nations, such as America, allow plea bargaining in which the accused pleads guilty, nolo contendere or not guilty, and may accept a diversion program or reduced punishment, where the prosecution's case is weak or in exchange for the cooperation of the accused against other people. This reduced sentence is sometimes a reward for sparing the state the expense of a formal trial. Many nations do not permit the use of plea bargaining, believing that it coerces innocent people to plead guilty in an attempt to avoid a harsh punishment.

text: The entire trial process, whatever the country, is fraught with problems and subject to criticism. Bias and discrimination form an ever-present threat to an objective decision. Any prejudice on the part of the lawyers, the judge, or jury members threatens to destroy the court's credibility. Some people argue that the often Byzantine rules governing courtroom conduct and processes restrict a layman's ability to participate, essentially reducing the legal process to a battle between the lawyers. In this case, the criticism is that the decision is based less on sound justice and more on the lawyer's eloquence and charisma. This is a particular problem when the lawyer performs in a substandard manner. The jury process is another area of frequent criticism, as there are few mechanisms to guard against poor judgment or incompetence on the part of the layman jurors. Judges themselves are very subject to bias subject to things as ordinary as the length of time since their last break.[15]

text: Manipulations of the court system by defense and prosecution attorneys, law enforcement as well as the defendants have occurred and there have been cases where justice was denied.[16] [17]

text: Corrections and Rehabilitation[edit]

text: Offenders are then turned over to the correctional authorities, from the court system after the accused has been found guilty. Like all other aspects of criminal justice, the administration of punishment has taken many different forms throughout history. Early on, when civilizations lacked the resources necessary to construct and maintain prisons, exile and execution were the primary forms of punishment. Historically shame punishments and exile have also been used as forms of censure.

text: The most publicly visible form of punishment in the modern era is the prison. Prisons may serve as detention centers for prisoners after trial. For containment of the accused, jails are used. Early prisons were used primarily to sequester criminals and little thought was given to living conditions within their walls. In America, the Quaker movement is commonly credited with establishing the idea that prisons should be used to reform criminals. This can also be seen as a critical moment in the debate regarding the purpose of punishment.

text: Punishment (in the form of prison time) may serve a variety of purposes. First, and most obviously, the incarceration of criminals removes them from the general population and inhibits their ability to perpetrate further crimes. A new goal of prison punishments is to offer criminals a chance to be rehabilitated. Many modern prisons offer schooling or job training to prisoners as a chance to learn a vocation and thereby earn a legitimate living when they are returned to society. Religious institutions also have a presence in many prisons, with the goal of teaching ethics and instilling a sense of morality in the prisoners. If a prisoner is released before his time is served, he is released as a parole. This means that they are released, but the restrictions are greater than that of someone on probation.

text: There are numerous other forms of punishment which are commonly used in conjunction with or in place of prison terms. Monetary fines are one of the oldest forms of punishment still used today. These fines may be paid to the state or to the victims as a form of reparation. Probation and house arrest are also sanctions which seek to limit a person's mobility and his or her opportunities to commit crimes without actually placing them in a prison setting. Furthermore, many jurisdictions may require some form of public or community service as a form of reparations for lesser offenses. In Corrections, the Department ensures court-ordered, pre-sentence chemical dependency assessments, related Drug Offender Sentencing Alternative specific examinations and treatment will occur for offenders sentenced to Drug Offender Sentencing Alternative in compliance with RCW 9.94A.660.

text: Execution or capital punishment is still used around the world. Its use is one of the most heavily debated aspects of the criminal justice system. Some societies are willing to use executions as a form of political control, or for relatively minor misdeeds. Other societies reserve execution for only the most sinister and brutal offenses. Others still have discontinued the practice entirely, believing the use of execution to be excessively cruel or.(ACJS)1963 JUSTICE SCIENCES 2015-04-25. 2015-05-07 ACJS HISTORY 243-252 CRIMINAL JUSTICE.4:243-2546790

text: Academic discipline[edit]

text: The functional study of criminal justice is distinct from criminology, which involves the study of crime as a social phenomenon, causes of crime, criminal behavior, and other aspects of crime. It emerged as an academic discipline in the 1920s, beginning with Berkeley police chief August Vollmer who established a criminal justice program at the University of California, Berkeley in 1916.[18] Vollmer's work was carried on by his student, O.W. Wilson, who led efforts to professionalize policing and reduce corruption. Other programs were established in the United States at Indiana University, Michigan State University, San Jose State University, and the University of Washington.[19] As of 1950, criminal justice students were estimated to number less than 1,000.[citation needed] Until the 1960s, the primary focus of criminal justice in the United States was on policing and police science.

text: Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, crime rates soared and social issues took center stage in the public eye. A number of new laws and studies focused federal resources on researching new approaches to crime control. The Warren Court (the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren), issued a series of rulings which redefined citizen's rights and substantially altered the powers and responsibilities of police and the courts. The Civil Rights Era offered significant legal and ethical challenges to the status quo.

text: In the late 1960s, with the establishment of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) and associated policy changes that resulted with the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. The LEAA provided grants for criminology research, focusing on social aspects of crime. By the 1970s, there were 729 academic programs in criminology and criminal justice in the United States.[19] Largely thanks to the Law Enforcement Education Program, criminal justice students numbered over 100,000 by 1975. Over time, scholars of criminal justice began to include criminology, sociology, and psychology, among others, to provide a more comprehensive view of the criminal justice system and the root causes of crime. Criminal justice studies now combine the practical and technical policing skills with a study of social deviance as a whole.

text: Criminal justice degree programs at four-year institutions typically include coursework in statistics, methods of research, criminal justice, policing, U.S court systems, criminal courts, corrections, community corrections, criminal procedure, criminal law, victimology, juvenile justice, and a variety of special topics. A number of universities offer a Bachelor of Criminal Justice.

text: History[edit]

text: The modern criminal justice system has evolved since ancient times, with new forms of punishment, added rights for offenders and victims, and policing reforms. These developments have reflected changing customs, political ideals, and economic conditions. In ancient times through the Middle Ages, exile was a common form of punishment. During the Middle Ages, payment to the victim (or the victim's family), known as wergild, was another common punishment, including for violent crimes. For those who could not afford to buy their way out of punishment, harsh penalties included various forms of corporal punishment. These included mutilation, branding, and flogging, as well as execution.

text: Though a prison, Le Stinche, existed as early as the 14th century in Florence, Italy,[20] incarceration was not widely used until the 19th century. Correctional reform in the United States was first initiated by William Penn, towards the end of the 17th century. For a time, Pennsylvania's criminal code was revised to forbid torture and other forms of cruel punishment, with jails and prisons replacing corporal punishment. These reforms were reverted, upon Penn's death in 1718. Under pressure from a group of Quakers, these reforms were revived in Pennsylvania toward the end of the 18th century, and led to a marked drop in Pennsylvania's crime rate. Patrick Colquhoun, Henry Fielding and others led significant reforms during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.[21]

text: The first official criminal justice systems was created by the British during the American revolution, they created the system to primarily justify hangings to the citizens of their government. In each selected area or/and district there was a magistrate that in today's time would be known as a judge. These individuals were in charge of determining if the Crown or also known as the British government had enough evidence to hang a individual for a crime. The British would not always hang a individual for committing a crime, there would also be trials for punishments that would be carried out by cleaning ships, prison ships, or be locked up on British mainland. During the American revolution the primary type of punishment was to be hanged or sent to prison ships such as the notorious HMS Jersey. After the American revolution the British based Criminal justice system was then adopted by other developing nations (Such as the United States).

text: Modern police[edit]

text: The first modern police force is commonly said to be the Metropolitan Police in London, established in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel.[22][23] Based on the Peelian principles, it promoted the preventive role of police as a deterrent to urban crime and disorder.[24][25] In the United States, police departments were first established in Boston in 1838, and New York City in 1844. Early on, police were not respected by the community, as corruption was rampant.

text: In the 1920s, led by Berkeley, California police chief, August Vollmer and O.W. Wilson, police began to professionalize, adopt new technologies, and place emphasis on training and professional qualifications of new hires. Despite such reforms, police agencies were led by highly autocratic leaders, and there remained a lack of respect between police and the community. Following urban unrest in the 1960s, police placed more emphasis on community relations, enacted reforms such as increased diversity in hiring, and many police agencies adopted community policing strategies.

text: In the 1990s, CompStat was developed by the New York Police Department as an information-based system for tracking and mapping crime patterns and trends, and holding police accountable for dealing with crime problems. CompStat has since been replicated in police departments across the United States and around the world, with problem-oriented policing, intelligence-led policing, and other information-led policing strategies also adopted.


document_title: Digboi

question_text: who discovered the occurrence of oil in assa

root

text: Digboi

text: Etymology[edit]

text:
" Barely seven years after Edwin L. Drake drilled the world's first oil well in 1859 at Titusville, Pennsylvania, USA, history registered another exploration of the black liquid gold, in the largest continent.
More than a century ago, history was made in a remote corner of Assam in the midst of the dense and malaria infested jungles, by a band of intrepid pioneers searching for black gold. In 1867 Italian Engineers, commissioned by the Assam Railways and Trading Company, to build a railway line from Dibrugarh to Margherita (Headquarters of Assam Railways and Trading Company) accidentally discovered oil at Digboi around 10 miles from Margherita.
‘Dig boy, dig’, shouted the English engineer, Mr W L Lake, elephants emerging out of the dense forest with oil stains on their feet".[2]
This is possibly the most distilled – though fanciful – version of the legend explaining the siting and naming of Digboi. Two events separated by seven years have become fused, but although neither is likely to be provable, such evidence that does exist appears sufficiently detailed to be credible. Various web sites offer variations on the elephant’s foot story, a consensus of which would be that engineers extending the Dibru-Sadiya railway line to Ledo for the Assam Railways and Trading Company (AR&TC) in 1882 were using elephants for haulage and noticed that the mud on one pachyderm’s feet smelled of oil. Retracing the trail of footprints, they found oil seeping to the surface. One of the engineers, the Englishman Willie Leova Lake, was an ‘oil enthusiast’ and persuaded the company to drill a well. Oil India Ltd makes no reference to elephants’ feet in its company history,[3] although on its previous web site the company  noted that Lake had noticed "the oil seepages around Borbhil". Once the project had been approved, Lake assembled equipment, boilers, and local labour, and engaged elephants to haul the machinery to the site. The first well was started in September 1889, but an encouraging first strike at 178 feet (54 m) turned out to be a small pocket, and drilling recommenced. This continued until November 1890 when the well was completed at a total depth of 662 feet (202 m), and it was during this extended period of drilling that Oil India's old web site placed the legend of Lake exhorting one or more of his labourers to "Dig, boy!"

text: Digboi as an oil town[edit]

text: It is said that the town gets its name from the phrase "dig-boy-dig," which is what the English told the labourers as they dug for crude oil. The town's history begins in 1867 when a small group of men from the Assam Railway and Trading Co. found their elephants' legs soaked in black mud, that smelt somewhat like oil. The men began exploring more, and in 1889, the English started a small oil installation. India (and Asia) obtained its first refinery in Digboi in the year 1901. Assam Oil Company was formed in 1899 to look after the running of the oil business in this area. The Digboi oil field produced close to 7,000 barrels per day (1,100 m3/d) of crude oil at its peak, which was during World War II. The field was pushed to produce the maximum amount of oil with little regard to reservoir management; as a result, production started to drop almost immediately after the war. The current production from the Digboi fields is about 240 barrels per day (38 m3/d). Over 1,000 wells have been drilled at Digboi – the first well in 1889 had stuck oil at 178 feet (54 m). In 1989, the Department of Posts, India came out with a stamp commemorating 100 years of the Digboi fields.

text: Today, though the crude production is not high, Digboi has the distinction of being India's oldest continuously producing oilfield. Digboi refinery, now a division of Indian Oil Corporation, had a capacity of about 0.65 MMTPA as of 2003.

text: Digboi is now Headquarter of Assam Oil Division of Indian Oil Corporation Limited. The Earliest recorded to the existence of oil in India is found in the memories and dispatches of the Army Officers who penetrated the jungles of Upper Assam since 1825. Lt. R. Wilcox, Major A. White, Capt. Francis Jenkins, Capt. P.S. Hanney—they all saw at different times petroleum exuding from banks of the Dihing River. Mr. C.A. Bruce (1828) and Mr. H.B. Medicott (1865) of the Geological Survey of India also saw oil while prospecting for coal in Upper Assam.

text: Mr. Goodenough of McKillop, Stewart & Co. Calcutta was the first in India to start a systematic programme of drilling for oil in November 1866, at Nahorpung about 30 miles (48 km) south east of Dibgoi, just seven years after the world's first commercial oil well was drilled in 1859, by Col Edwin L Drake in Pennsylvania, USA. This hand dug well—the first oil well in India—was drilled up to 102 feet (31 m) and proved dry. However the second well struck oil at Makum near Tinsukia, about 14 miles (23 km) from Digboi.

text: In 1939, there was a major labour union strike in the Refinery. The Gandhi Movement of Congress for Indian Independence struggle; backed by labour rights and equality status was headed by Sardar Amar Singh Marwah. The break of the World War II coincided with the Digboi labour strike resulted in harsh steps taken by the British Administrative offices to crush the strike. The Viceroy and the Governor had intervened to bring a settlement adopting sturdy steps were take to crush the union by shooting down of the president of the labour union to be followed by issuing orders of Quit Digboi, Quit Lakhimpur and finally Quit Assam to the leaders of the labour union.

text: Digboi Refinery[edit]

text: The Digboi Refinery modernization project was taken up in large scale in order to overcome the technological obsolescence of the old refinery. Subsequently, a number of other major projects were undertaken by Assam Oil Division to further revamp and modernise Digboi Refinery.Digboi refinery has been awarded the ISO-14001 and OHSMC certificate.

text: Geography[edit]

text: Digboi is located at 27°22'48.0"N 95°37'48.0"E.[4] It has an average elevation of 165 metres (541 ft).It is situated 510 km north east of Guwahati.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: As of  2011[update] India census,[5] Digboi has population of 21,736 of which 10,964 are males while 10,772 are females. Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 1745 which is 8.03 % of total population of Digboi.  Committee, Female Sex Ratio is of 982 against state average of 958. Moreover Child Sex Ratio in Digboi is around 981 compared to Assam state average of 962. Literacy rate of Digboi city is 92.08 % higher than state average of 72.19 %. In Digboi, Male literacy is around 95.09 % while female literacy rate is 89.02 %.

text: Digboi Oil Town was considered as a separate census town in 2011 India census.[5] The population is largely heterogeneous. Assamese, Bengali, Nepali, Bihari, Marwari communities form the majority. People from various tribes such as the tea-tribes (brought in by the colonial planters as indentured labourers from the Chhotanagpur plateau region), Bodos, Mishings etc. have also made it their home.

text: Culture & economy[edit]

text: As being a small part of the diverse state Assam. It is flooded with assamese culture and heritage. As being colonised by British and rising of industrial era the place have seen adverse changes. Workers, labourers were brought in. Digboi township accounted for diverse group of people that entered in search of livelihood. But the outskirts were still agriculture based. Assam being rich in fertility, tea is produced throughout the place bringing a bright opportunity to the people and the place itself. Yet small people here portrait the picture of the nation itself.

text: How to reach Digboi[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (September 2015)

tag: table

text:
The nearest airport is the Mohanbari Airport, Dibrugarh and the  nearest railway junction is the Tinsukia Junction. One can get flight to Dibrugarh from Delhi and Kolkata on daily basis. Also Dibrugarh-New Delhi Rajdhani express runs daily from Dibrugarh via New Tinsukia Junction. There are also proper roadways which link the Digboi Oil town to some other towns like Duliajan, Makum etc.
Digboi has got a railway station and it connects well with Guwahati.
Digboi can be reached by public transport bus and mini-vans as well. Various companies run bus between Digboi and other neighbouring towns and Guwahati. Rickshaw is the main mode of transport within the city.

text: Places of interest[edit]

text:
Digboi Oil Centenary Museum
Digboi War Cemetery
Digboi 18 hole Golf Course
Digboi Oil Field
Digboi Centenary Park
Digboi Bar

tag: ul

text: Politics[edit]

text:
Digboi is part of Dibrugarh (Lok Sabha constituency) which is represented by Mr Rameswar Teli of Bharatiya Janata Party.It lies in the Digboi Constituency of the State Assembly where it is represented by Mr. Suren Phukan of Bharatiya Janata Party.
[6]


document_title: 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification – Third Round

question_text: 2019 asian cup qualifiers third round (group a)

question_tokens: 2019 asian cup qualifiers third round ( group a )

text: 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification – Third Round

text: Format[edit]

text: A total of 24 teams (16 teams which advanced from the second round and eight teams which advanced from the play-off round) compete in the third round to compete for the final 12 slots in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup.[1][2] Since the hosts United Arab Emirates advanced to the third round of the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification, the automatic slot for the hosts is no longer necessary.

text: The 24 teams were divided into six groups of four teams to play home-and-away round-robin matches. The top two teams of each group will qualify for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup, where they are joined by the 12 teams which qualified directly from the second round.[3]

text: Qualified teams[edit]

text:
Group
(2nd round)
Runners-up (Worst 4)
Third place
Fourth place (Best 4)

A
—
 Palestine
—

B
 Jordan
 Kyrgyzstan
—

C
—
 Hong Kong
—

D
 Oman
 Turkmenistan
 Guam[nb 1]

E
—
 Singapore
 Afghanistan

F
—
 Vietnam
—

G
 Lebanon
 Kuwait[nb 2]
 Myanmar

H
 North Korea
 Philippines
 Bahrain

text:
Jump up ^ Guam withdrew from the tournament due to financial constraints.[4][5] The All Nepal Football Association announced on 27 December 2016 that they accepted an offer from the AFC to replace Guam.[6]
Jump up ^ The Kuwait Football Association was suspended by FIFA.[7] Kuwait had a deadline of 11 January 2017 for lifting of the suspension,[8][9] but they were unable to do so and were replaced by Macau.[10][11]

tag: ol

text:
Play-off Round 1 winners

 Cambodia

 Yemen

 Tajikistan

 Malaysia

 India

Play-off Round 2 winners

 Maldives

 Bhutan

 Chinese Taipei

text: Due to the withdrawal of Guam and the suspension of Kuwait, the AFC invited both Nepal and Macau, the top two teams of the 2016 AFC Solidarity Cup, to re-enter 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification as replacements in order to maintain 24 teams in the third round of the competition.[10]

text:
Solidarity Cup finalists

   Nepal (replaced Guam)

 Macau (replaced Kuwait)

text: Draw[edit]

text: The draw for the third round was held on 23 January 2017, 16:00 GST (UTC+4), in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.[12] It was initially scheduled for 18 January 2017, but was delayed.[13][9]

text: The 24 teams were drawn into six groups of four.[12] They were seeded using the January 2017 FIFA World Rankings (indicated in parentheses below).[10][14][15]

text:
Pot 1
Pot 2
Pot 3
Pot 4

 Jordan (107)
 Oman (118)
 Philippines (122)
 Bahrain (123)
 Kyrgyzstan (124)
 North Korea (125)

 India (129)
 Palestine (131)
 Tajikistan (132)
 Vietnam (136)
 Hong Kong (140)
 Turkmenistan (143)

 Maldives (145)
 Lebanon (148)
 Yemen (149)
 Afghanistan (151)
 Chinese Taipei (157)
 Myanmar (159)

 Malaysia (161)
 Singapore (165)
 Cambodia (172)
   Nepal (175)
 Bhutan (176)
 Macau (184)

text: Schedule[edit]

text: The schedule of each matchday is as follows.[15][16][17]

text:
Matchday
Dates
Matches

Matchday 1
28 March 2017
1 v 4, 3 v 2

Matchday 2
13 June 2017
4 v 3, 2 v 1

Matchday 3
5 September 2017
4 v 2, 1 v 3

Matchday 4
10 October 2017
2 v 4, 3 v 1

Matchday 5
14 November 2017
4 v 1, 2 v 3

Matchday 6
27 March 2018
1 v 2, 3 v 4

text: Groups[edit]

text: The teams are ranked according to points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss). If tied on points, tiebreakers are applied in the following order (Regulations Article 9.3):[3]

text:
Points in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
Goal difference in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
Goals scored in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
Away goals scored in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
If more than two teams are tied, and after applying criteria 1 to 4, a subset of teams are still tied, criteria 1 to 4 are reapplied exclusively to this subset of teams;
Goal difference in all group matches;
Goals scored in all group matches;
Penalty shoot-out if only two teams are tied and they met in the last round of the group;
Disciplinary points (yellow card = 1 point, red card as a result of two yellow cards = 3 points, direct red card = 3 points, yellow card followed by direct red card = 4 points);
Drawing of lots.

text: Group A[edit]

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

1
 India (Q)
4
4
0
0
8
1
+7
12
Qualification to 2019 AFC Asian Cup

—
1–0
14 Nov
4–1

2
 Kyrgyzstan
3
1
1
1
3
3
0
4

27 Mar '18
—
TBA
1–0

3
 Myanmar
3
1
1
1
6
3
+3
4

0–1
2–2
—
27 Mar '18

4
 Macau
4
0
0
4
1
11
−10
0

0–2
14 Nov
0–4
—

text: Myanmar  v  India

text:
28 March 2017 (2017-03-28)
18:00 UTC+6:30

text:
Myanmar
0–1
 India

Report

Chhetri  90+1'

text:
Thuwunna Stadium, Yangon
Attendance: 21,025
Referee: Yu Ming-hsun (Chinese Taipei)

text: Kyrgyzstan  v  Macau

text:
28 March 2017 (2017-03-28)
19:30 UTC+6

text:
Kyrgyzstan
1–0
 Macau

Baymatov  70'

Report

text:
Dolen Omurzakov Stadium, Bishkek
Attendance: 10,600
Referee: Masoud Tufayelieh (Syria)

text: Macau  v  Myanmar

text:
13 June 2017 (2017-06-13)
19:30 UTC+8

text:
Macau
0–4
 Myanmar

Report

Sithu Aung  4', 62'
Kyaw Ko Ko  30'
Min Min Thu  74'

text:
Estádio Campo Desportivo, Macau
Attendance: 1,200
Referee: Kim Dae-yong (South Korea)

text: India  v  Kyrgyzstan

text:
13 June 2017 (2017-06-13)
20:00 UTC+5:30

text:
India
1–0
 Kyrgyzstan

Chhetri  69'

Report

text:
Sree Kanteerava Stadium, Bangalore
Attendance: 6,213
Referee: Yudai Yamamoto (Japan)

text: Macau  v  India

text:
5 September 2017 (2017-09-05)
19:30 UTC+8

text:
Macau
0–2
 India

Report

B. Singh  57', 82'

text:
Estádio Campo Desportivo, Macau
Attendance: 600
Referee: Ahmed Al-Ali (Jordan)

text: Myanmar  v  Kyrgyzstan

text:
10 October 2017 (2017-10-10)
19:00 UTC+6:30

text:
Myanmar
2–2
 Kyrgyzstan

Aung Thu  52'
Kyaw Ko Ko  90+2'

Report

Zemlianukhin  9' (pen.)
Maier  49'

text:
Thuwunna Stadium, Yangon
Attendance: 2,886
Referee: Ali Abdulnabi (Bahrain)

text: India  v  Macau

text:
11 October 2017 (2017-10-11)
19:30 UTC+5:30

text:
India
4–1
 Macau

Borges  28'
Chhetri  60'
Lam Ka Seng  70' (o.g.)
Lalpekhlua  90+2'

Report

Torrão  37'

text:
Sree Kanteerava Stadium, Bangalore
Attendance: 4,113
Referee: Yaqoob Abdul Baki (Oman)

text: Macau  v  Kyrgyzstan

text: 14 November 2017 (2017-11-14)

text:
Macau
v
 Kyrgyzstan

Report

text: Estádio Campo Desportivo, Macau

text: India  v  Myanmar

text: 14 November 2017 (2017-11-14)

text:
India
v
 Myanmar

Report

text: Kyrgyzstan  v  India

text: 27 March 2018 (2018-03-27)

text:
Kyrgyzstan
v
 India

Report

text: Dolen Omurzakov Stadium, Bishkek

text: Myanmar  v  Macau

text: 27 March 2018 (2018-03-27)

text:
Myanmar
v
 Macau

Report

text: Thuwunna Stadium, Yangon

text: Kyrgyzstan  v  Myanmar

text: TBA[note 1]

text:
Kyrgyzstan
v
 Myanmar

Report

text: Dolen Omurzakov Stadium, Bishkek

text: Group B[edit]

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

1
 Lebanon
4
3
1
0
11
3
+8
10
Qualification to 2019 AFC Asian Cup

—
2–0
5–0
27 Mar '18

2
 Hong Kong
4
1
2
1
4
4
0
5

14 Nov
—
1–1
2–0

3
 North Korea
3
0
2
1
3
8
−5
2

2–2
27 Mar '18
—
TBA

4
 Malaysia
3
0
1
2
2
5
−3
1

1–2
1–1
14 Nov
—

text: Lebanon  v  Hong Kong

text:
28 March 2017 (2017-03-28)
18:00 UTC+3

text:
Lebanon
2–0
 Hong Kong

Ghaddar  27'
Maatouk  34'

Report

text:
Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium, Beirut
Attendance: 14,672
Referee: Pranjal Banerjee (India)

text: Hong Kong  v  North Korea

text:
13 June 2017 (2017-06-13)
20:00 UTC+8

text:
Hong Kong
1–1
 North Korea

Tan Chun Lok  45+1'

Report

Kim Yu-song  46'

text:
Hong Kong Stadium, Hong Kong
Attendance: 8,194
Referee: Jansen Foo (Singapore)

text: Malaysia  v  Lebanon

text:
13 June 2017 (2017-06-13)
21:45 UTC+8

text:
Malaysia
1–2
 Lebanon

Mahali  43'

Report

Ataya  79', 90+4'

text:
Tan Sri Dato' Haji Hassan Yunos Stadium, Johor Bahru
Attendance: 6,850
Referee: Jameel Abdulhusin (Bahrain)

text: North Korea  v  Lebanon

text:
5 September 2017 (2017-09-05)
17:00 UTC+8:30

text:
North Korea
2–2
 Lebanon

Kim Yu-song  23'
Ri Yong-jik  87'

Report

Mansour  47'
Maatouk  90+4'

text:
Kim Il-sung Stadium, Pyongyang
Attendance: 31,000
Referee: Aziz Asimov (Uzbekistan)

text: Malaysia  v  Hong Kong

text:
5 September 2017 (2017-09-05)
20:45 UTC+8

text:
Malaysia
1–1
 Hong Kong

Zainon  56'

Report

Sandro  53'

text:
Hang Jebat Stadium, Malacca City
Attendance: 3,646
Referee: Chris Beath (Australia)

text: Hong Kong  v  Malaysia

text:
10 October 2017 (2017-10-10)
20:00 UTC+8

text:
Hong Kong
2–0
 Malaysia

Jordi  44'
McKee  49'

Report

text:
Hong Kong Stadium, Hong Kong
Attendance: 7,920
Referee: Nivon Robesh Gamini (Sri Lanka)

text: Lebanon  v  North Korea

text:
10 October 2017 (2017-10-10)
17:30 UTC+3

text:
Lebanon
5–0
 North Korea

El-Helwe  21'
Maatouk  25'
Ayass  50'
Hamam  80'
Ataya  90+1'

Report

text:
Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium, Beirut
Attendance: 32,064
Referee: Minoru Tōjō (Japan)

text: Malaysia  v  North Korea

text: 14 November 2017 (2017-11-14)

text:
Malaysia
v
 North Korea

Report

text: Tan Sri Dato' Haji Hassan Yunos Stadium, Johor Bahru

text: Hong Kong  v  Lebanon

text: 14 November 2017 (2017-11-14)

text:
Hong Kong
v
 Lebanon

Report

text: Hong Kong Stadium, Hong Kong

text: North Korea  v  Hong Kong

text: 27 March 2018 (2018-03-27)

text:
North Korea
v
 Hong Kong

Report

text: Kim Il-sung Stadium, Pyongyang

text: Lebanon  v  Malaysia

text: 27 March 2018 (2018-03-27)

text:
Lebanon
v
 Malaysia

Report

text: Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium, Beirut

text: North Korea  v  Malaysia

text: TBA[note 2]

text:
North Korea
v
 Malaysia

Report

text: Kim Il-sung Stadium, Pyongyang[note 3]

text: Group C[edit]

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

1
 Jordan
4
2
2
0
14
4
+10
8
Qualification to 2019 AFC Asian Cup

—
27 Mar '18
7–0
4–1

2
 Vietnam
4
2
2
0
8
2
+6
8

0–0
—
5–0
14 Nov

3
 Cambodia
4
1
0
3
2
14
−12
3

14 Nov
1–2
—
1–0

4
 Afghanistan
4
0
2
2
5
9
−4
2

3–3
1–1
27 Mar '18
—

text: Afghanistan  v  Vietnam

text:
28 March 2017 (2017-03-28)
19:00 UTC+5

text:
Afghanistan
1–1
 Vietnam

Amin  69'

Report

Nguyễn Văn Toàn  64'

text:
Pamir Stadium, Dushanbe (Tajikistan)[note 4]
Attendance: 2,500
Referee: Turki Al-Khudhayr (Saudi Arabia)

text: Jordan  v  Cambodia

text:
28 March 2017 (2017-03-28)
18:00 UTC+2

text:
Jordan
7–0
 Cambodia

Al-Dardour  12', 21', 87'
Al-Bakhit  47'
Al-Saify  61'
Samir  62'
Al-Taamari  90'

Report

text:
King Abdullah II Stadium, Amman
Attendance: 2,000
Referee: Dmitry Mashentsev (Kyrgyzstan)

text: Cambodia  v  Afghanistan

text:
13 June 2017 (2017-06-13)
18:30 UTC+7

text:
Cambodia
1–0
 Afghanistan

Mony Udom  59'

Report

text:
Olympic Stadium, Phnom Penh
Attendance: 40,000
Referee: Mooud Bonyadifard (Iran)

text: Vietnam  v  Jordan

text:
13 June 2017 (2017-06-13)
19:00 UTC+7

text:
Vietnam
0–0
 Jordan

Report

text:
Thống Nhất Stadium, Ho Chi Minh City
Attendance: 12,000
Referee: Ng Chiu Kok (Hong Kong)

text: Cambodia  v  Vietnam

text:
5 September 2017 (2017-09-05)
18:30 UTC+7

text:
Cambodia
1–2
 Vietnam

Vathanaka  10'

Report

Nguyễn Văn Quyết  4'
Nguyễn Quang Hải  81'

text:
Olympic Stadium, Phnom Penh
Attendance: 34,587
Referee: Minoru Tōjō (Japan)

text: Jordan  v  Afghanistan

text:
5 September 2017 (2017-09-05)
20:00 UTC+3

text:
Jordan
4–1
 Afghanistan

Murjan  24'
Al-Saify  33'
Al-Bakhit  45' (pen.)
Al-Dardour  89'

Report

Amiri  73' (pen.)

text:
King Abdullah II Stadium, Amman
Attendance: 1,036
Referee: Arumughan Rowan (India)

text: Afghanistan  v  Jordan

text:
10 October 2017 (2017-10-10)
15:00 UTC+5

text:
Afghanistan
3–3
 Jordan

Al-Souliman  15' (o.g.)
Islam Amiri  64'
Amani  81'

Report

Abu Amarah  40'
Al-Saify  43' (pen.)
Al-Souliman  86'

text:
Pamir Stadium, Dushanbe (Tajikistan)[note 4]
Attendance: 1,500
Referee: Masoud Tufayelieh (Syria)

text: Vietnam  v  Cambodia

text:
10 October 2017 (2017-10-10)
19:00 UTC+7

text:
Vietnam
5–0
 Cambodia

Đinh Thanh Trung  13'
Nguyễn Văn Quyết  56'
Nguyễn Anh Đức  60'
Nguyễn Công Phượng  76'
Mạc Hồng Quân  90+2'

Report

text:
Mỹ Đình National Stadium, Hanoi
Attendance: 11,000
Referee: Sivakorn Pu-udom (Thailand)

text: Cambodia  v  Jordan

text: 14 November 2017 (2017-11-14)

text:
Cambodia
v
 Jordan

Report

text: Olympic Stadium, Phnom Penh

text: Vietnam  v  Afghanistan

text: 14 November 2017 (2017-11-14)

text:
Vietnam
v
 Afghanistan

Report

text: Mỹ Đình National Stadium, Hanoi

text: Jordan  v  Vietnam

text: 27 March 2018 (2018-03-27)

text:
Jordan
v
 Vietnam

Report

text: Amman International Stadium, Amman

text: Afghanistan  v  Cambodia

text: 27 March 2018 (2018-03-27)

text:
Afghanistan
v
 Cambodia

Report

text: Pamir Stadium, Dushanbe (Tajikistan)[note 4]

text: Group D[edit]

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

1
 Palestine (Q)
4
4
0
0
17
1
+16
12
Qualification to 2019 AFC Asian Cup

—
2–1
14 Nov
10–0

2
 Oman (Q)
4
3
0
1
23
3
+20
9

27 Mar '18
—
5–0
14–0

3
 Maldives (E)
4
1
0
3
3
11
−8
3

0–3
1–3
—
27 Mar '18

4
 Bhutan (E)
4
0
0
4
0
28
−28
0

0–2
14 Nov
0–2
—

text: Oman  v  Bhutan

text:
28 March 2017 (2017-03-28)
19:00 UTC+4

text:
Oman
14–0
 Bhutan

Al-Muqbali  2', 35', 40', 43', 68', 85'
Al-Mahaijri  25'
Al-Khaldi  30'
Mabrook  44'
Basnet  54' (o.g.)
Al-Hajri  70', 74', 90+1' (pen.), 90+2'

Report

text:
Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex, Muscat
Attendance: 4,500
Referee: Hussein Abo Yehia (Lebanon)

text: Maldives  v  Palestine

text:
28 March 2017 (2017-03-28)
21:00 UTC+5

text:
Maldives
0–3
 Palestine

Report

Maher  62', 65'
Abu Nahyeh  90+2'

text:
National Football Stadium, Malé
Attendance: 6,000
Referee: Aziz Asimov (Uzbekistan)

text: Bhutan  v  Maldives

text:
13 June 2017 (2017-06-13)
18:00 UTC+6

text:
Bhutan
0–2
 Maldives

Report

Fasir  42' (pen.)
Ah. Abdulla  75'

text:
Changlimithang Stadium, Thimphu
Attendance: 7,600
Referee: Khurram Shahzad (Pakistan)

text: Palestine  v  Oman

text:
13 June 2017 (2017-06-13)
23:00 UTC+3

text:
Palestine
2–1
 Oman

Cantillana  13'
Pinto  21'

Report

Al-Mahaijri  45'

text:
Faisal Al-Husseini International Stadium, Al-Ram
Attendance: 11,000
Referee: Sivakorn Pu-udom (Thailand)

text: Bhutan  v  Palestine

text:
5 September 2017 (2017-09-05)
18:00 UTC+6

text:
Bhutan
0–2
 Palestine

Report

Pinto  51'
Bahdari  90+5'

text:
Changlimithang Stadium, Thimphu
Attendance: 7,800
Referee: Ho Wai Sing (Hong Kong)

text: Oman  v  Maldives

text:
5 September 2017 (2017-09-05)
19:15 UTC+4

text:
Oman
5–0
 Maldives

Al-Khaldi  5'
Al-Hajri  58'
Al-Yahyaei  69'
Al-Yahmadi  86'
Al-Hasani  88'

Report

text:
Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex, Muscat
Attendance: 1,136
Referee: Võ Minh Trí (Vietnam)

text: Palestine  v  Bhutan

text:
10 October 2017 (2017-10-10)
17:00 UTC+3

text:
Palestine
10–0
 Bhutan

Bahdari  4', 40', 44'
Jaber  6'
Seyam  22'
Maraaba  29'
Salem  48' (pen.)
Natour  60'
Cantillana  62', 69'

Report

text:
Dora International Stadium, Hebron
Attendance: 7,250
Referee: Rowan Arumughan (India)

text: Maldives  v  Oman

text:
10 October 2017 (2017-10-10)
21:00 UTC+5

text:
Maldives
1–3
 Oman

Fasir  24'

Report

Al-Hajri  15'
Ali  19' (o.g.)
Al-Mahaijri  57'

text:
National Football Stadium, Malé
Attendance: 2,884
Referee: Jarred Gillett (Australia)

text: Bhutan  v  Oman

text: 14 November 2017 (2017-11-14)

text:
Bhutan
v
 Oman

Report

text: Changlimithang Stadium, Thimphu

text: Palestine  v  Maldives

text: 14 November 2017 (2017-11-14)

text:
Palestine
v
 Maldives

Report

text: Faisal Al-Husseini International Stadium, Al-Ram

text: Oman  v  Palestine

text: 27 March 2018 (2018-03-27)

text:
Oman
v
 Palestine

Report

text: Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex, Muscat

text: Maldives  v  Bhutan

text: 27 March 2018 (2018-03-27)

text:
Maldives
v
 Bhutan

Report

text: National Football Stadium, Malé

text: Group E[edit]

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

1
 Bahrain
4
2
1
1
8
3
+5
7
Qualification to 2019 AFC Asian Cup

—
27 Mar '18
5–0
0–0

2
 Turkmenistan
4
2
1
1
7
5
+2
7

1–2
—
14 Nov
2–1

3
 Chinese Taipei
4
2
0
2
5
10
−5
6

2–1
1–3
—
27 Mar '18

4
 Singapore
4
0
2
2
3
5
−2
2

14 Nov
1–1
1–2
—

text: Chinese Taipei  v  Turkmenistan

text:
26 March 2017 (2017-03-26)
18:07 UTC+8

text:
Chinese Taipei
1–3
 Turkmenistan

Chen Po-liang  45+2' (pen.)

Report

Annadurdyýew  23'
Mingazow  24'
Chen Chia-chun  83' (o.g.)

text:
Taipei Municipal Stadium, Taipei
Attendance: 5,898
Referee: Kim Hee-gon (South Korea)

text: Bahrain  v  Singapore

text:
28 March 2017 (2017-03-28)
19:00 UTC+3

text:
Bahrain
0–0
 Singapore

Report

text:
Bahrain National Stadium, Riffa
Attendance: 225
Referee: Nivon Robesh Gamini (Sri Lanka)

text: Singapore  v  Chinese Taipei

text:
10 June 2017 (2017-06-10)[note 5]
21:00 UTC+8

text:
Singapore
1–2
 Chinese Taipei

Hariss  6'

Report

Xavier Chen  31'
Chen Chao-an  60'

text:
Jalan Besar Stadium, Singapore[note 5]
Attendance: 5,234
Referee: Ahmed Al-Ali (Jordan)

text: Turkmenistan  v  Bahrain

text:
13 June 2017 (2017-06-13)
18:00 UTC+5

text:
Turkmenistan
1–2
 Bahrain

Ýagşyýew  86'

Report

Al Romaihi  55'
Yaser  80'

text:
Sport Toplumy Stadium, Daşoguz
Attendance: 9,500
Referee: Ma Ning (China PR)

text: Singapore  v  Turkmenistan

text:
Singapore
1–1
 Turkmenistan

Shakir  63'

Report

Annadurdyýew  82'

text:
Jalan Besar Stadium, Singapore
Attendance: 3,712
Referee: Yudai Yamamoto (Japan)

text: Bahrain  v  Chinese Taipei

text:
5 September 2017 (2017-09-05)
19:00 UTC+3

text:
Bahrain
5–0
 Chinese Taipei

Al-Aswad  11'
Madan  45+4'
Abduljabbar  56', 89'
Helal  74'

Report

text:
Bahrain National Stadium, Riffa
Attendance: 362
Referee: Nagor Amir Noor Mohamed (Malaysia)

text: Chinese Taipei  v  Bahrain

text:
10 October 2017 (2017-10-10)
18:00 UTC+8

text:
Chinese Taipei
2–1
 Bahrain

Chen Po-liang  90'
Chu En-le  90+2'

Report

Abdullatif  17' (pen.)

text:
Taipei Municipal Stadium, Taipei
Attendance: 7,908
Referee: Hiroyuki Kimura (Japan)

text: Turkmenistan  v  Singapore

text:
10 October 2017 (2017-10-10)
16:30 UTC+5

text:
Turkmenistan
2–1
 Singapore

Orazsähedow  18', 90+3'

Report

Irfan  27'

text:
Köpetdag Stadium, Ashgabat
Attendance: 15,400
Referee: Ng Chiu Kok (Hong Kong)

text: Singapore  v  Bahrain

text: 14 November 2017 (2017-11-14)

text:
Singapore
v
 Bahrain

Report

text: Jalan Besar Stadium, Singapore

text: Turkmenistan  v  Chinese Taipei

text: 14 November 2017 (2017-11-14)

text:
Turkmenistan
v
 Chinese Taipei

Report

text: Ashgabat Stadium, Ashgabat

text: Bahrain  v  Turkmenistan

text: 27 March 2018 (2018-03-27)

text:
Bahrain
v
 Turkmenistan

Report

text: Bahrain National Stadium, Riffa

text: Chinese Taipei  v  Singapore

text: 27 March 2018 (2018-03-27)

text:
Chinese Taipei
v
 Singapore

Report

text: Group F[edit]

text:
Pos
Team

v
t
e

Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification

1
 Philippines
4
2
2
0
11
7
+4
8
Qualification to 2019 AFC Asian Cup

—
2–2
27 Mar '18
4–1

2
 Yemen
4
1
3
0
5
4
+1
6

1–1
—
2–1
27 Mar '18

3
 Tajikistan
4
2
0
2
9
7
+2
6

3–4
14 Nov
—
3–0

4
   Nepal (E)
4
0
1
3
2
9
−7
1

14 Nov
0–0
1–2
—

text: Philippines  v    Nepal

text:
28 March 2017 (2017-03-28)
20:00 UTC+8

text:
Philippines
4–1
   Nepal

P. Younghusband  21' (pen.), 23'
Ramsay  27'
Patiño  73'

Report

Rai  45+1'

text:
Rizal Memorial Stadium, Manila
Attendance: 1,715
Referee: Yaqoob Abdul Baki (Oman)

text: Yemen  v  Tajikistan

text:
28 March 2017 (2017-03-28)
19:00 UTC+3

text:
Yemen
2–1
 Tajikistan

D. Ergashev  41' (o.g.)
Al-Sasi  63'

Report

Umarbayev  9'

text:
Suheim Bin Hamad Stadium, Doha (Qatar)[note 6]
Attendance: 380
Referee: Nagor Amir Noor Mohamed (Malaysia)

text: Nepal    v  Yemen

text:
13 June 2017 (2017-06-13)
15:00 UTC+5:45

text:
Nepal
0–0
 Yemen

Report

text:
Halchowk Stadium, Kathmandu
Attendance: 700
Referee: Timur Faizullin (Kyrgyzstan)

text: Tajikistan  v  Philippines

text:
13 June 2017 (2017-06-13)
21:00 UTC+5

text:
Tajikistan
3–4
 Philippines

Umarbayev  57' (pen.)
Vasiev  61'
Dzhalilov  90'

Report

P. Younghusband  28'
Patiño  41', 48'
Sato  79'

text:
Pamir Stadium, Dushanbe
Attendance: 15,000
Referee: Hanna Hattab (Syria)

text: Nepal    v  Tajikistan

text:
5 September 2017 (2017-09-05)
15:00 UTC+5:45

text:
Nepal
1–2
 Tajikistan

Magar  61'

Report

Dzhalilov  25'
Vasiev  29'

text:
ANFA Complex, Kathmandu
Attendance: 1,200
Referee: Mohammed Al-Hoish (Saudi Arabia)

text: Philippines  v  Yemen

text:
Philippines
2–2
 Yemen

P. Younghusband  30'
J. Younghusband  71'

Report

Al-Radaei  27'
Al-Matari  55'

text:
Panaad Park and Stadium, Bacolod
Attendance: 2,911
Referee: Kim Dong-jin (South Korea)

text: Tajikistan  v    Nepal

text:
10 October 2017 (2017-10-10)
18:00 UTC+5

text:
Tajikistan
3–0
   Nepal

Davronov  20' (pen.)
Umarbayev  60' (pen.)
Dzhalilov  87' (pen.)

Report

text:
Hisor Central Stadium, Hisor
Attendance: 12,000
Referee: Mooud Bonyadifard (Iran)

text: Yemen  v  Philippines

text:
10 October 2017 (2017-10-10)
18:00 UTC+3

text:
Yemen
1–1
 Philippines

Ali  63'

Report

Mi. Ott  89'

text:
Saoud bin Abdulrahman Stadium, Al Wakrah (Qatar)[note 6]
Attendance: 2,169
Referee: Wang Di (China PR)

text: Nepal    v  Philippines

text: 14 November 2017 (2017-11-14)

text:
Nepal
v
 Philippines

Report

text: Halchowk Stadium, Kathmandu

text: Tajikistan  v  Yemen

text: 14 November 2017 (2017-11-14)

text:
Tajikistan
v
 Yemen

Report

text: Pamir Stadium, Dushanbe

text: Philippines  v  Tajikistan

text: 27 March 2018 (2018-03-27)

text:
Philippines
v
 Tajikistan

Report

text: Panaad Park and Stadium, Bacolod

text: Yemen  v    Nepal

text: 27 March 2018 (2018-03-27)

text:
Yemen
v
   Nepal

Report

text: Suheim Bin Hamad Stadium, Doha (Qatar)[note 6]

text: Goalscorers[edit]

text: There have been 160 goals scored in 46 matches, for an average of 3.48 goals per match.

text:
Abdul Aziz Al-Muqbali
 Khalid Al-Hajri

text:
Hamza Al-Dardour
 Abdelatif Bahdari
 Phil Younghusband

text:
Sunil Chhetri
 Odai Al-Saify
 Hassan Maatouk
 Rabih Ataya
 Ahmed Mubarak Al-Mahaijri
 Jonathan Cantillana
 Javier Patiño
 Manuchekhr Dzhalilov
 Parvizdzhon Umarbayev

text:
Mahdi Abduljabbar
 Chen Po-liang
 Balwant Singh
 Yaseen Al-Bakhit
 Ali Fasir
 Kyaw Ko Ko
 Sithu Aung
 Kim Yu-song
 Mohsin Al-Khaldi
 Ahmad Maher Wridat
 Yashir Pinto
 Dilshod Vasiev
 Altymyrat Annadurdyýew
 Wahyt Orazsähedow
 Nguyễn Văn Quyết

text:
Hassan Amin
 Khaibar Amani
 Zohib Islam Amiri
 Zubayr Amiri
 Abdulla Yaser
 Abdulla Yusuf Helal
 Ali Jaafar Mohamed Madan
 Ismail Abdullatif
 Komail Al-Aswad
 Mohamed Al Romaihi
 Prak Mony Udom
 Chan Vathanaka
 Chen Chao-an
 Chu En-le
 Xavier Chen
 Alessandro Ferreira Leonardo
 Jaimes McKee
 Tan Chun Lok
 Jordi Tarrés
 Jeje Lalpekhlua
 Rowllin Borges
 Mohannad Al-Souliman
 Musa Al-Taamari
 Munther Abu Amarah
 Saeed Murjan
 Ahmed Samir
 Azamat Baymatov
 Viktor Maier
 Anton Zemlianukhin
 Ali Hamam
 Hilal El-Helwe
 Mohammed Ghaddar
 Nour Mansour
 Samir Ayass
 Niki Torrão
 Mahali Jasuli
 Syazwan Zainon
 Ahmed Abdulla
 Aung Thu
 Min Min Thu
 Bimal Gharti Magar
 Bishal Rai
 Ri Yong-jik
 Jameel Al-Yahmadi
 Nadir Mabrook
 Salaah Al-Yahyaei
 Sami Al-Hasani
 Ahmad Abu Nahyeh
 Abdullah Jaber
 Sameh Maraaba
 Mohammad Natour
 Khaled Salem
 Tamer Seyam
 Mike Ott
 Iain Ramsay
 Daisuke Sato
 James Younghusband
 Irfan Fandi
 Shakir Hamzah
 Hariss Harun
 Nuriddin Davronov
 Myrat Ýagşyýew
 Ruslan Mingazow
 Đinh Thanh Trung
 Mạc Hồng Quân
 Nguyễn Anh Đức
 Nguyễn Công Phượng
 Nguyễn Quang Hải
 Nguyễn Văn Toàn
 Abdulwasea Al-Matari
 Ala Al-Sasi
 Mudir Al-Radaei
 Tawfiq Ali Mansour

text:
Biren Basnet (playing against Oman)
 Chen Chia-chun (playing against Turkmenistan)
 Mohannad Al-Souliman (playing against Afghanistan)
 Lam Ka Seng (playing against India)
 Amdhan Ali (playing against Oman)
 Davron Ergashev (playing against Yemen)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Since the Government of Kyrgyzstan had advised them that the AFC Asian Cup 2019 Final Round Group A qualifying match between Kyrgyz Republic and Myanmar should not take place in Bishkek as scheduled on 5 September 2017 due to increased security concerns, the AFC decided to postpone the match.[18] A new date has yet to be announced.
Jump up ^ Due to the death of Kim Jong-nam that led to a diplomatic crisis between Malaysia and North Korea, the Malaysian government decided to disallow the Malaysian football team from playing in North Korea for safety reasons. On 10 March 2017, the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) announced that North Korea's home match against Malaysia, originally scheduled for 28 March at the Kim Il-sung Stadium in Pyongyang, would be postponed,[19] with the AFC announcing on 15 March 2017 that the match would be played on 8 June.[20] On 17 May 2017, the AFC announced that the match was postponed for a second time, to 5 October, due to "geo-political tension on the Korean Peninsula".[21] The AFC announced on 28 September 2017 that the match was again postponed after the Malaysian government announced a travel ban on Malaysian nationals visiting North Korea.[22]
Jump up ^ Had diplomatic relations between the two countries not returned to normal, the match between North Korea and Malaysia would be played at a neutral venue, and Malaysia's home match against North Korea would also be moved to a neutral venue to preserve sporting values and the spirit of fair play.[20] After the AFC received confirmation that Malaysians were allowed to travel to North Korea, the AFC agreed that the match would be played in Pyongyang.[23] However, at the announcement of the second postponement, the AFC said the venue would be decided after monitoring the safety and security of the AFC Cup and AFC U-23 Championship qualifying matches taking place in North Korea in the coming months.[21]
^ Jump up to: a b c Afghanistan will play their home matches in Tajikistan due to security concerns from the war in Afghanistan.
^ Jump up to: a b The Singapore - Chinese Taipei match, originally scheduled for 13 June 2017 at the Singapore National Stadium, was brought forward at the request of the Football Association of Singapore to accommodate a possible Singapore - Argentina friendly at the same location on 13 June. In addition, the game will be held away from the Singapore National Stadium due to the venue hosting a rugby test match between Scotland and Italy on the new date.[24]
^ Jump up to: a b c Yemen will play their home matches in Qatar due to security concerns from the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.


document_title: Delhi Sultanate

question_text: who ascended the throne of delhi sultante after the death of qutub ud din aibak

text: Delhi Sultanate

text: Background[edit]

text: The context behind the rise of the Delhi Sultanate in India was part of a wider trend affecting much of the Asian continent, including the whole of southern and western Asia: the influx of nomadic Turkic peoples from the Central Asian steppes. This can be traced back to the 9th century, when the Islamic Caliphate began fragmenting in the Middle East, where Muslim rulers in rival states began enslaving non-Muslim nomadic Turks from the Central Asian steppes, and raising many of them to become loyal military slaves called Mamluks. Soon, Turks were migrating to Muslim lands and becoming Islamicized. Many of the Turkic Mamluk slaves eventually rose up to become rulers, and conquered large parts of the Muslim world, establishing Mamluk Sultanates from Egypt to Afghanistan, before turning their attention to the Indian subcontinent.[18]

text: It is also part of a longer trend predating the spread of Islam. Like other settled, agrarian societies in history, those in the Indian subcontinent have been attacked by nomadic tribes throughout its long history. In evaluating the impact of Islam on the subcontinent, one must note that the northwestern subcontinent was a frequent target of tribes raiding from Central Asia in the pre-Islamic era. In that sense, the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions were not dissimilar to those of the earlier invasions during the 1st millennium.[20]

text: By 962 AD, Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms in South Asia were under a wave of raids from Muslim armies from Central Asia.[21] Among them was Mahmud of Ghazni, the son of a Turkic Mamluk military slave,[22] who raided and plundered kingdoms in north India from east of the Indus river to west of Yamuna river seventeen times between 997 and 1030.[23] Mahmud of Ghazni raided the treasuries but retracted each time, only extending Islamic rule into western Punjab.[24][25]

text: The wave of raids on north Indian and western Indian kingdoms by Muslim warlords continued after Mahmud of Ghazni.[26] The raids did not establish or extend permanent boundaries of their Islamic kingdoms. The Ghurid sultan Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori, commonly known as Muhammad of Ghor, began a systematic war of expansion into north India in 1173.[27] He sought to carve out a principality for himself by expanding the Islamic world.[23][28] Muhammad of Ghor sought a Sunni Islamic kingdom of his own extending east of the Indus river, and he thus laid the foundation for the Muslim kingdom called the Delhi Sultanate.[23] Some historians chronicle the Delhi Sultanate from 1192 due to the presence and geographical claims of Muhammad Ghori in South Asia by that time.[29]

text: Ghori was assassinated in 1206, by Ismāʿīlī Shia Muslims in some accounts or by Hindu Khokhars in others.[30] After the assassination, one of Ghori's slaves (or mamluks, Arabic: مملوك), the Turkic Qutb al-Din Aibak, assumed power, becoming the first Sultan of Delhi.[23]

text: Sultans of Delhi Sultanate[edit]

text:
Delhi Sultanate
Ruling dynasties
Mamluk dynasty[show] Qutb al-Din Aibak 1206–1210 Aram Shah 1210–1211 Iltutmish 1211–1236 Rukn ud din Firuz 1236 Razia Sultana 1236-1240 Muiz ud din Bahram 1240–1242 Ala ud din Masud 1242–1246 Nasir ud din Mahmud 1246–1266 Ghiyas ud din Balban 1266–1287 Muiz ud din Qaiqabad 1287–1290 Shamsuddin Kayumars 1290

Khalji dynasty[show] Jalaluddin 1290–1296 Alauddin 1296–1316 Shihabuddin Omar 1316 Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah 1316–1320 Khusro Khan 1320

Tughlaq dynasty[show] Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq 1320–1325 Muhammad bin Tughluq 1325–1351 Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1351–1388 Tughluq Khan 1388–1389 Abu Bakr Shah 1389–1390 Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III 1390–1393 Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah 1393 Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq 1394–1398 Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq 1394–1412/1413

Sayyid dynasty[show] Khizr Khan 1414–1421 Mubarak Shah 1421–1434 Muhammad Shah 1434–1445 Alam Shah 1445–1451

Lodi dynasty[show] Bahlul Khan Lodi 1451–1489 Sikandar Lodi 1489–1517 Ibrahim Lodi 1517–1526
vte

text:
Sultans (Kings/Rulers)
King in
Death
Note

Qutb-ud-din Aibak
1206
1210
First Sultan

Aram Shah
1210
1211

Iltutmish
1211
1236

Rukn-ud-din Firuz
1236
1236

Razia Sultan
1236
1240
Women Ruler

Muiz ud din Bahram
1240
1243

Ala ud din Masud
1243
1249

Nasir ud din Mahmud
1249
1266

Ghiyas ud din Balban
1266
1287

Muiz ud din Qaiqabad
1287
1290

Jalaluddin Khalji
1290
1296

Alauddin Khalji
1296
1316

Shihabuddin Omar
1316
1316

Qutb-ud-din Mubarak
1316
1320

Khusrau Khan
1320
1321

text: Dynasties[edit]

text: Mamluk / Slave[edit]

text: Qutb al-Din Aibak, a former slave of Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori (known more commonly as Muhammad of Ghor), was the first ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. Aibak was of Cuman-Kipchak (Turkic) origin, and due to his lineage, his dynasty is known as the Mamluk (Slave) dynasty (not to be confused with the Mamluk dynasty of Iraq or the Mamluk dynasty of Egypt).[31] Aibak resigned as the Sultan of Delhi for four years, from 1206 to 1210.

text: After Aibak died, Aram Shah assumed power in 1210, but he was assassinated in 1211 by Shams ud-Din Iltutmish.[32] Iltutmish's power was precarious, and a number of Muslim amirs (nobles) challenged his authority as they had been supporters of Qutb al-Din Aibak. After a series of conquests and brutal executions of opposition, Iltutmish consolidated his power.[33] His rule was challenged a number of times, such as by Qubacha, and this led to a series of wars.[34] Iltumish conquered Multan and Bengal from contesting Muslim rulers, as well as Ranthambore and Siwalik from the Hindu rulers. He also attacked, defeated, and executed Taj al-Din Yildiz, who asserted his rights as heir to Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori.[35] Iltutmish's rule lasted till 1236. Following his death, the Delhi Sultanate saw a succession of weak rulers, disputing Muslim nobility, assassinations, and short-lived tenures. Power shifted from Rukn ud-Din Firuz to Razia Sultana and others, until Ghiyas ud-Din Balban came to power and ruled from 1266 to 1287.[34][35] He was succeeded by 17-year-old Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad, who appointed Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji as the commander of the army. Khalji assassinated Qaiqabad and assumed power, thus ending the Mamluk dynasty and starting the Khalji dynasty.

text: Qutb al-Din Aibak initiated the construction of the Qutub Minar[36] and the Quwwat-ul-Islam (Might of Islam) Mosque, now a UNESCO world heritage site.[37] It was built from the remains of twenty seven demolished Hindu and Jain temples. The Qutub Minar Complex or Qutb Complex was expanded by Iltutmish, and later by Ala ud-Din Khalji (the second ruler of the Khalji dynasty) in the early 14th century.[37][38] During the Mamluk dynasty, many nobles from Afghanistan and Persia migrated and settled in India, as West Asia came under Mongol siege.[39]

text: Khaljis[edit]

text: The Khalji dynasty was of Turko-Afghan heritage.[40][41][42][43] They were originally of Turkic origin.[44] They had long been settled in present-day Afghanistan before proceeding to Delhi in India. The name "Khalji" refers to an Afghan village or town known as Qalat-e Khalji (Fort of Ghilji) which was established by Khalaj[45]people who settled in present day Afghanistan .[46] Sometimes they were treated by others as ethnic Afghans due to their intermarraiges with local Afghans, adoption of Afghan habits and customs.[47][48] As a result of this, the dynasty is sometimes referred to as Turko-Afghan.[41][42][43] The dynasty later also had Indian ancestry, through Jhatyapali (daughter of Ramachandra of Devagiri), wife of Alauddin Khalji and mother of Shihabuddin Omar.[49]

text: The first ruler of the Khalji dynasty was Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji. Firuz Khalji had already gathered enough support among the Afghans for taking over the crown. [50] He came to power in 1290 after killing the last ruler of the Mamluk dynasty, Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad, with the support of Afghan and Turkic nobles. He was around 70 years old at the time of his ascension, and was known as a mild-mannered, humble and kind monarch to the general public.[51][52] Jalal ud-Din Firuz was of Turkic Khalaj origin,[53][54][55][56] and ruled for 6 years before he was murdered in 1296 by his nephew and son-in-law Juna Muhammad Khalji,[57] who later came to be known as Ala ud-Din Khalji.

text: Ala ud-Din began his military career as governor of Kara province, from where he led two raids on Malwa (1292) and Devagiri (1294) for plunder and loot. His military campaigning returned to these lands as well other south Indian kingdoms after he assumed power. He conquered Gujarat, Ranthambore, Chittor, and Malwa.[58] However, these victories were cut short because of Mongol attacks and plunder raids from the northwest. The Mongols withdrew after plundering and stopped raiding northwest parts of the Delhi Sultanate.[59]

text: After the Mongols withdrew, Ala ud-Din Khalji continued expanding the Delhi Sultanate into southern India with the help of generals such as Malik Kafur and Khusro Khan. They collected lots of war booty (anwatan) from those they defeated.[60] His commanders collected war spoils and paid ghanima (Arabic: الْغَنيمَة, a tax on spoils of war), which helped strengthen the Khalji rule. Among the spoils was the Warangal loot that included the famous Koh-i-noor diamond.[61]

text: Ala ud-Din Khalji changed tax policies, raising agriculture taxes from 20% to 50% (payable in grain and agricultural produce), eliminating payments and commissions on taxes collected by local chiefs, banned socialization among his officials as well as inter-marriage between noble families to help prevent any opposition forming against him, and he cut salaries of officials, poets, and scholars.[57] These tax policies and spending controls strengthened his treasury to pay the keep of his growing army; he also introduced price controls on all agriculture produce and goods in the kingdom, as well as controls on where, how, and by whom these goods could be sold. Markets called "shahana-i-mandi" were created.[62] Muslim merchants were granted exclusive permits and monopoly in these "mandis" to buy and resell at official prices. No one other than these merchants could buy from farmers or sell in cities. Those found violating these "mandi" rules were severely punished, often by mutilation. Taxes collected in the form of grain were stored in the kingdom's storage. During famines that followed, these granaries ensured sufficient food for the army.[57]

text: Historians note Ala ud-Din Khalji as being a tyrant. Anyone Ala ud-Din suspected of being a threat to this power was killed along with the women and children of that family. In 1298, between 15,000 and 30,000 people near Delhi, who had recently converted to Islam, were slaughtered in a single day, due to fears of an uprising.[63] He is also known for his cruelty against kingdoms he defeated in battle.

text: After Ala ud-Din's death in 1316, his eunuch general Malik Kafur, who was born in a Hindu family in India and had converted to Islam, tried to assume power. He lacked the support of Persian and Turkic nobility and was subsequently killed.[57] The last Khalji ruler was Ala ud-Din Khalji's 18-year-old son Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji, who ruled for four years before he was killed by Khusro Khan, another of Ala ud-Din's generals. Khusro Khan's reign lasted only a few months, when Ghazi Malik, later to be called Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq, killed him and assumed power in 1320, thus ending the Khalji dynasty and starting the Tughlaq dynasty.[39][63]

text: Tughlaq[edit]

text: The Tughlaq dynasty lasted from 1320 to nearly the end of the 14th century. The first ruler Ghazi Malik rechristened himself as Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq and is also referred to in scholarly works as Tughlak Shah. He was of Turko-Indian origins; his father was a Turkic slave and his mother was a Hindu.[1] Ghiyath al-Din ruled for five years and built a town near Delhi named Tughlaqabad.[citation needed] According to some historians such as Vincent Smith,[64] he was killed by his son Juna Khan, who then assumed power in 1325. Juna Khan rechristened himself as Muhammad bin Tughlaq and ruled for 26 years.[65] During his rule, Delhi Sultanate reached its peak in terms of geographical reach, covering most of the Indian subcontinent.[10]

text: Muhammad bin Tughlaq was an intellectual, with extensive knowledge of the Quran, Fiqh, poetry and other fields. He was also deeply suspicious of his kinsmen and wazirs (ministers), extremely severe with his opponents, and took decisions that caused economic upheaval. For example, he ordered minting of coins from base metals with face value of silver coins - a decision that failed because ordinary people minted counterfeit coins from base metal they had in their houses and used them to pay taxes and jizya.[10][64]

text: On another occasion, after becoming upset by some accounts, or to run the Sultanate from the center of India by other accounts, Muhammad bin Tughlaq ordered the transfer of his capital from Delhi to Devagiri in modern-day Maharashtra (renaming it to Daulatabad), by forcing the mass migration of Delhi's population. Those who refused were killed. One blind person who failed to move to Daulatabad was dragged for the entire journey of 40 days - the man died, his body fell apart, and only his tied leg reached Daulatabad.[64] The capital move failed because Daulatabad was arid and did not have enough drinking water to support the new capital. The capital then returned to Delhi. Nevertheless, Muhammad bin Tughlaq's orders affected history as a large number of Delhi Muslims who came to the Deccan area did not return to Delhi to live near Muhammad bin Tughlaq. This influx of the then-Delhi residents into the Deccan region led to a growth of Muslim population in central and southern India.[10] Muhammad bin Tughlaq's adventures in the Deccan region also marked campaigns of destruction and desecration of Hindu and Jain temples, for example the Swayambhu Shiva Temple and the Thousand Pillar Temple.[66]

text: Revolts against Muhammad bin Tughlaq began in 1327, continued over his reign, and over time the geographical reach of the Sultanate shrunk. The Vijayanagara Empire originated in southern India as a direct response to attacks from the Delhi Sultanate.,[67] and liberated south India from the Delhi Sultanate's rule.[68] In 1337, Muhammad bin Tughlaq ordered an attack on China,[citation needed] sending part of his forces over the Himalayas. Few survived the journey, and they were executed upon their return for failing.[64] During his reign, state revenues collapsed from his policies such as the base metal coins from 1329-1332. To cover state expenses, he sharply raised taxes. Those who failed to pay taxes were hunted and executed. Famines, widespread poverty, and rebellion grew across the kingdom. In 1338 his own nephew rebelled in Malwa, whom he attacked, caught, and flayed alive.[citation needed] By 1339, the eastern regions under local Muslim governors and southern parts led by Hindu kings had revolted and declared independence from the Delhi Sultanate. Muhammad bin Tughlaq did not have the resources or support to respond to the shrinking kingdom.[69] The historian Walford chronicled Delhi and most of India faced severe famines during Muhammad bin Tughlaq's rule in the years after the base metal coin experiment.[70][71] By 1347, the Bahmani Sultanate had become an independent and competing Muslim kingdom in Deccan region of South Asia.[21]

text: Muhammad bin Tughlaq died in 1351 while trying to chase and punish people in Gujarat who were rebelling against the Delhi Sultanate.[69] He was succeeded by Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388), who tried to regain the old kingdom boundary by waging a war with Bengal for 11 months in 1359. However, Bengal did not fall. Firuz Shah ruled for 37 years. His reign attempted to stabilize the food supply and reduce famines by commissioning an irrigation canal from the Yamuna river. An educated sultan, Firuz Shah left a memoir.[75] In it he wrote that he banned the practice of torture, such as amputations, tearing out of eyes, sawing people alive, crushing people's bones as punishment, pouring molten lead into throats, setting people on fire, driving nails into hands and feet, among others.[76] He also wrote that he did not tolerate attempts by Rafawiz Shia Muslim and Mahdi sects from proselytizing people into their faith, nor did he tolerate Hindus who tried to rebuild temples that his armies had destroyed.[77] As punishment for proselytizing, Firuz Shah put many Shias, Mahdi, and Hindus to death (siyasat). Firuz Shah Tughlaq also lists his accomplishments to include converting Hindus to Sunni Islam by announcing an exemption from taxes and jizya for those who convert, and by lavishing new converts with presents and honours. Simultaneously, he raised taxes and jizya, assessing it at three levels, and stopping the practice of his predecessors who had historically exempted all Hindu Brahmins from the jizya.[76][78]  He also vastly expanded the number of slaves in his service and those of Muslim nobles. The reign of Firuz Shah Tughlaq was marked by reduction in extreme forms of torture, eliminating favours to select parts of society, but also increased intolerance and persecution of targeted groups.[76]

text: The death of Firuz Shah Tughlaq created anarchy and disintegration of the kingdom. The last rulers of this dynasty both called themselves Sultan from 1394 to 1397: Nasir ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughlaq, the grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq who ruled from Delhi, and Nasir ud-Din Nusrat Shah Tughlaq, another relative of Firuz Shah Tughlaq who ruled from Firozabad, which was a few miles from Delhi.[79] The battle between the two relatives continued till Timur's invasion in 1398. Timur, also known as Tamerlane in Western scholarly literature, was the Turkic ruler of the Timurid Empire. He became aware of the weakness and quarreling of the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, so he marched with his army to Delhi, plundering and killing all the way.[80][81] Estimates for the massacre by Timur in Dehli range from 100,000 to 200,000 people.[82][83] Timur had no intention of staying in or ruling India. He looted the lands he crossed, then plundered and burnt Delhi. Over five days, Timur and his army raged a massacre.[citation needed] Then he collected and carried the wealth, captured women and slaves (particularly skilled artisans), and returned to Samarkand. The people and lands within the Delhi Sultanate were left in a state of anarchy, chaos, and pestilence.[79] Nasir ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughlaq, who had fled to Gujarat during Timur's invasion, returned and nominally ruled as the last ruler of Tughlaq dynasty, as a puppet of various factions at the court.[84][citation needed]

text: Sayyid[edit]

text: The Sayyid dynasty was a Turkic dynasty[85] that ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1415 to 1451.[21] The Timurid invasion and plunder had left the Delhi Sultanate in shambles, and little is known about the rule by the Sayyid dynasty. Annemarie Schimmel notes the first ruler of the dynasty as Khizr Khan, who assumed power by claiming to represent Timur. His authority was questioned even by those near Delhi. His successor was Mubarak Khan, who rechristened himself as Mubarak Shah and tried to regain lost territories in Punjab, unsuccessfully.[84]

text: With the power of the Sayyid dynasty faltering, Islam's history on the Indian subcontinent underwent a profound change, according to Schimmel.[84] The previously dominant Sunni sect of Islam became diluted, alternate Muslim sects such as Shia rose, and new competing centers of Islamic culture took roots beyond Delhi.

text: The Sayyid dynasty was displaced by the Lodi dynasty in 1451.

text: Lodi[edit]

text: The Lodi dynasty belonged to the Pashtun[86] (Afghan) Lodi tribe.[85] Bahlul Khan Lodi started the Lodi dynasty and was the first Pashtun, to rule the Delhi Sultanate.[87] Bahlul Lodi began his reign by attacking the Muslim Jaunpur Sultanate to expand the influence of the Delhi Sultanate, and was partially successful through a treaty. Thereafter, the region from Delhi to Varanasi (then at the border of Bengal province), was back under influence of Delhi Sultanate.

text: After Bahlul Lodi died, his son Nizam Khan assumed power, rechristened himself as Sikandar Lodi and ruled from 1489 to 1517.[88] One of the better known rulers of the dynasty, Sikandar Lodi expelled his brother Barbak Shah from Jaunpur, installed his son Jalal Khan as the ruler, then proceeded east to make claims on Bihar. The Muslim governors of Bihar agreed to pay tribute and taxes, but operated independent of the Delhi Sultanate. Sikandar Lodi led a campaign of destruction of temples, particularly around Mathura. He also moved his capital and court from Delhi to Agra,[89][citation needed] an ancient Hindu city that had been destroyed during the plunder and attacks of the early Delhi Sultanate period. Sikandar thus erected buildings with Indo-Islamic architecture in Agra during his rule, and the growth of Agra continued during the Mughal Empire, after the end of Delhi Sultanate.[87][90]

text: Sikandar Lodi died a natural death in 1517, and his second son Ibrahim Lodi assumed power. Ibrahim did not enjoy the support of Afghan and Persian nobles or regional chiefs.[91] Ibrahim attacked and killed his elder brother Jalal Khan, who was installed as the governor of Jaunpur by his father and had the support of the amirs and chiefs.[87] Ibrahim Lodi was unable to consolidate his power, and after Jalal Khan's death, the governor of Punjab, Daulat Khan Lodi, reached out to the Mughal Babur and invited him to attack Delhi Sultanate.[89] Babur defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodi in the Battle of Panipat in 1526. The death of Ibrahim Lodi ended the Delhi Sultanate, and the Mughal Empire replaced it.

text: Economy[edit]

text: Before and during the Delhi Sultanate, Islamic civilization was the most cosmopolitan civilization of the Middle Ages. It had a multicultural and pluralistic society, and wide-ranging international networks, including social and economic networks, spanning large parts of Afro-Eurasia, leading to escalating circulation of goods, peoples, technologies and ideas. While initially disruptive due to the passing of power from native Indian elites to Turkic Muslim elites, the Delhi Sultanate was responsible for integrating the Indian subcontinent into a growing world system, drawing India into a wider international network, which led to cultural and social enrichment in the Indian subcontinent.[13]

text: Economist Angus Maddison has estimated that, during the Medieval Delhi Sultanate era, between 1000 and 1500, India's GDP grew nearly 80% up to $60.5 billion in 1500.[16]

text: The worm gear roller cotton gin was invented in the Indian subcontinent during the early Delhi Sultanate era of the 13th–14th centuries,[92] and is still used in India through to the present day.[93] Another innovation, the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in the Indian subcontinent some time during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire.[94] The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion of the spinning wheel across India during the Delhi Sultanate era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin, led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production.[95]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: The Indian population had largely been stagnant at 75 million during the Middle Kingdoms era from 1 AD to 1000 AD. During the Medieval Delhi Sultanate era from 1000 to 1500, India experienced lasting population growth for the first time in a thousand years, with its population increasing nearly 50% to 110 million by 1500 AD.[96][97]

text: Culture[edit]

text: While the Indian subcontinent has had invaders from Central Asia since ancient times, what made the Muslim invasions different is that unlike the preceding invaders who assimilated into the prevalent social system, the successful Muslim conquerors retained their Islamic identity and created new legal and administrative systems that challenged and usually in many cases superseded the existing systems of social conduct and ethics, even influencing the non-Muslim rivals and common masses to a large extent, though the non-Muslim population was left to their own laws and customs.[98][99] They also introduced new cultural codes that in some ways were very different from the existing cultural codes. This led to the rise of a new Indian culture which was mixed in nature, different from ancient Indian culture. The overwhelming majority of Muslims in India were Indian natives converted to Islam. This factor also played an important role in the synthesis of cultures.[100]

text: The Hindustani language (Hindi-Urdu) began to emerge in the Delhi Sultanate period, developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan apabhramsha vernaculars of North India. Amir Khusro, who lived in the 13th century CE during the Delhi Sultanate period in North India, used a form of Hindustani, which was the lingua franca of the period, in his writings and referred to it as Hindavi.[17]

text: Military[edit]

text: The bulk of Delhi Sultanate's army consisted of nomadic Turkic Mamluk military slaves, who were skilled in nomadic cavalry warfare. A major military contribution of the Delhi Sultanate was their successful campaigns in repelling the Mongol Empire's invasions of India, which could have been devastating for the Indian subcontinent, like the Mongol invasions of China, Persia and Europe. The Delhi Sultanate's Mamluk army were skilled in the same style of nomadic cavalry warfare used by the Mongols, making them successful in repelling the Mongol invasions, as was the case for the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. Were it not for the Delhi Sultanate, it is possible that the Mongol Empire may have been successful in invading India.[18] The strength of the armies changes according to time. According to firishta during the battle of kili  Alauddin led an army of 300,000 cavalry and 2,700 elephants. During the tughlaq period Muhammad bin tughlaq  rose an army of 3 million. The soldiers used weapons such as swords, spears, shields etc. Armour such as steel helmet and chainmail  was commonly used. Armored war elephants  were effectively used against the enemies such as the Mongols.

text: Temple desecration[edit]

text: Historian Richard Eaton has tabulated a campaign of destruction of idols and temples by Delhi Sultans, intermixed with instances of years where the temples were protected from desecration.[19][104][105] In his paper, he has listed 37 instances of Hindu temples being desecrated or destroyed in India during the Delhi Sultanate, from 1234 to 1518, for which reasonable evidences are available.[106][107][108] He notes that this was not unusual in medieval India, as there were numerous recorded instances of temple desecration by Hindu and Buddhist kings against rival Indian kingdoms between 642 and 1520, involving conflict between devotees of different Hindu deities, as well as between Hindus, Buddhists and Jains.[109][110][111] He also noted there were also many instances of Delhi sultans, who often had Hindu ministers, ordering the protection, maintenance and repairing of temples, according to both Muslim and Hindu sources. For example, a Sanskrit inscription notes that Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq repaired a Siva temple in Bidar after his Deccan conquest. There was often a pattern of Delhi sultans plundering or damaging temples during conquest, and then patronizing or repairing temples after conquest. This pattern came to an end with the Mughal Empire, where Akbar the Great's chief minister Abu'l-Fazl criticized the excesses of earlier sultans such as Mahmud of Ghazni.[106]

text: In many cases, the demolished remains, rocks and broken statue pieces of temples destroyed by Delhi sultans were reused to build mosques and other buildings. For example, the Qutb complex in Delhi was built from stones of 27 demolished Hindu and Jain temples by some accounts.[112] Similarly, the Muslim mosque in Khanapur, Maharashtra was built from the looted parts and demolished remains of Hindu temples.[39] Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji destroyed Buddhist and Hindu libraries and their manuscripts at Nalanda and Odantapuri Universities in 1193 AD at the beginning of the Delhi Sultanate.[66][113]

text: The first historical record of a campaign of destruction of temples and defacement of faces or heads of Hindu idols lasted from 1193 through the early 13th century in Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh under the command of Ghuri. Under the Khaljis, the campaign of temple desecration expanded to Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra, and continued through the late 13th century.[19] The campaign extended to Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu under Malik Kafur and Ulugh Khan in the 14th century, and by the Bahmanis in 15th century.[66] Orissa temples were destroyed in the 14th century under the Tughlaqs.

text: Beyond destruction and desecration, the sultans of the Delhi Sultanate in some cases had forbidden reconstruction of damaged Hindu, Jain and Buddhist temples, and they prohibited repairs of old temples or construction of any new temples.[114][115] In certain cases, the Sultanate would grant a permit for repairs and construction of temples if the patron or religious community paid jizya (fee, tax). For example, a proposal by the Chinese to repair Himalayan Buddhist temples destroyed by the Sultanate army was refused, on the grounds that such temple repairs were only allowed if the Chinese agreed to pay jizya tax to the treasury of the Sultanate.[116][117] In his memoirs, Firoz Shah Tughlaq describes how he destroyed temples and built mosques instead and killed those who dared build new temples.[118] Other historical records from wazirs, amirs and the court historians of various Sultans of the Delhi Sultanate describe the grandeur of idols and temples they witnessed in their campaigns and how these were destroyed and desecrated.[119]

text:
Temple desecration during Delhi Sultanate period, a list prepared by Richard Eaton in Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States[19][120]

Sultan / Agent

Dynasty

Years

Temple Sites Destroyed

States

Muhammad Ghori, Qutb al-Din Aibak

Mamluk

1193-1290

Ajmer, Samana, Kuhram, Delhi, Kol, Varanasi

Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh

Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, Shams ud-Din Iltumish, Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji, Ala ud-Din Khalji, Malik Kafur

Mamluk and Khalji

1290-1320

Nalanda, Odantapuri, Vikramashila, Bhilsa, Ujjain, Jhain, Vijapur, Devagiri, Somnath, Chidambaram, Madurai

Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu

Ulugh Khan, Firuz Shah Tughlaq, Raja Nahar Khan, Muzaffar Khan

Khalji and Tughlaq

1320-1395[121]

Somnath, Warangal, Bodhan, Pillalamarri, Puri, Sainthali, Idar[122]

Gujarat, Telangana, Orissa, Haryana

Sikandar, Muzaffar Shah, Ahmad Shah, Mahmud

Sayyid

1400-1442

Paraspur, Bijbehara, Tripuresvara, Idar, Diu, Manvi, Sidhpur, Delwara, Kumbhalmer

Gujarat, Rajasthan

Suhrab, Begdha, Bahmani, Khalil Shah, Khawwas Khan, Sikandar Lodi, Ibrahim Lodi

Lodi

1457-1518

Mandalgarh, Malan, Dwarka, Kondapalle, Kanchi, Amod, Nagarkot, Utgir, Narwar, Gwalior

Rajasthan, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh


document_title: Goal kick

question_text: where is the ball placed for a goal kick

text: Goal kick

text: Award[edit]

text: A goal kick is awarded to the defending team when the ball goes out of the field of play by crossing, either on the ground or in the air, the goal line, without a goal being scored, when the last person to touch the ball was from the attacking team. If the last person to touch the ball was a member of the defending side, a corner kick is instead awarded to the attackers.

text: A goal kick is awarded to the defending team when the ball is struck directly into the goal by the attacking team from an indirect free kick.

text: Procedure[edit]

text:
The ball is initially placed anywhere within the defending goal area. All opposing players must be outside the penalty area until the ball is in play. The ball must be kicked (a goalkeeper may not pick up the ball).
The ball becomes in play as soon as it leaves the penalty area – if any player makes contact with the ball before it becomes in play the kick is retaken. If the ball fails to leave the penalty area the kick is retaken.
A goal can be scored directly from a goal kick against the opposing team. An own goal cannot be scored from a goal kick; in the highly unlikely circumstance that the ball happened to land directly into the kicker's own goal a corner kick would be awarded to the opposing team.
A player may not be penalised for offside directly from a goal kick.[2]
Goal kicks are most often taken by goalkeepers, however this is not compulsory under the laws of the game.

text: Infringements[edit]

text: Opposing players must retain the required distance as stated above. Failure to do so promptly so may constitute misconduct and be punished by a caution (yellow card). If an opposing player enters the penalty area before the ball is in play, the goal kick may be retaken.

text: If any player touches the ball after it is kicked, but before it is in play (i.e. before the whole of the ball has left the penalty area), the goal kick is retaken. It is an infringement for the kicker to touch the ball a second time once the ball is in play (i.e. when it has left the penalty area), before it has been touched by another player – this is punishable by an indirect free kick to the opposing team from where the offence occurred, unless the second touch was also a more serious handling offence, which is punished by a direct free kick for the opposing team.[3]

text: History[edit]

text: Amadeo Carrizo has been cited as the first goalkeeper to recognize the importance of the goal kick as a method of launching an attack.[4]


document_title: Third wheel

question_text: where did the term third wheel come from

text: Third wheel

text: Look up third wheel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: The term third wheel is inspired by fifth wheel,[1] referring to someone who is with, or in a company of, a couple; with the implication of being invited out of pity or in some other way being (or feeling) redundant.

text: Third wheel may also refer to:

text:
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Third Wheel, the seventh book of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series.
"Third Wheel", a song from The Servants' album Disinterest.
Zoë

text:
The Third Wheel (film), a 2002 American romantic comedy.
"The Third Wheel" (That '70s Show), an episode of That '70s Show.
"The Third Wheel" (The O.C.), a 2004 episode of The O.C.
"Third Wheel", a 2007 episode of How I Met Your Mother.
"Third Wheel", an episode of the Disney Channel series Mickey Mouse.