document_title: Rick and Morty (season 3)

question_text: when does the third season of rick and morty come out on dvd

text: Rick and Morty (season 3)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

22
1
"The Rickshank Rickdemption"
Juan Meza-León
Mike McMahan
April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01)
0.68[2][b]

Rick is interrogated via a mind-computer link, inside a galactic federal prison. Summer and Morty attempt to rescue him, but they are captured by SEAL Team Ricks, who take them to the Citadel of Ricks and decide to assassinate Rick. Back at the prison, Rick tricks both the federal agents and his aspiring assassins by switching bodies with them. He then teleports the entire Citadel into the federal prison, prompting a massive battle. Amid the confusion, Rick rescues Morty and Summer and uses the Galactic Federation's mainframe to make its currency worthless. The Federation falls into chaos and collapses as a result, with the aliens leaving Earth. Rick, Morty, and Summer return home, where Jerry gives Beth an ultimatum to choose between him and Rick. Beth chooses Rick and they decide to get a divorce. After the new status quo is established, Rick reveals to Morty that his ulterior motive was to become his de facto male influence. This escalates into a nonsensical angry rant, centered around Rick's desire to find more of the discontinued McDonald's Szechuan sauce, a promotional product for the 1998 film Mulan.

Post-credit scene: Tammy observes Bird Person's resurrection as a cyborg dubbed "Phoenix Person".

23
2
"Rickmancing the Stone"
Dominic Polcino
Jane Becker
July 30, 2017 (2017-07-30)
2.86[3]

Rick takes Morty and Summer to a Mad Max-esque version of Earth, where they are chased by a group of scavengers, known as Death Stalkers. Rick notices that the group is carrying a valuable rock of Isotope 322, so he and the kids join them in hope of stealing it. Summer falls in love with the Death Stalkers' leader, while Morty is given the strength of a giant arm, which takes him in search of its previous owner's killer. Rick leaves and replaces the kids with androids to fool Beth. When he returns, he helps the Death Stalkers use the Isotope to power a more advanced civilization. Summer doesn't like how the change softens the Death Stalkers, and she decides to follow Rick and Morty back home. Before leaving, Rick steals the isotope. The experience helps the kids overcome their parents' divorce. Summer reconciles with Jerry, and Morty realizes he must live his own life.

Post-credit scene: As Jerry receives his unemployment check, a growling wolf appears and bullies him into handing it over. The wolf eats the check and regurgitates it, thus further ruining Jerry's new life.

24
3
"Pickle Rick"
Anthony Chun
Jessica Gao
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
2.31[4]

Rick turns himself into a pickle to get out of attending school-ordered family therapy, but Beth takes Rick's serum which would revert the transformation. Left alone, Rick eventually rolls down into an open sewer drain, where he manages to manipulate the nervous systems of dead roaches and rats to build himself a mobile exoskeleton, with added weapons such as razors and drills. He unwittingly escapes into a foreign government agency. The guards try to kill Rick, under orders from the agency director, but Rick kills them all. In the process, Rick battles and ultimately befriends a prisoner named Jaguar. Rick changes his mind and decides to attend the therapy session, arriving towards the end. Dr. Wong gives her diagnosis, observing that Rick crafts relationships that punish emotions and vulnerability. On their way home, Rick apologizes to Beth for deceiving her and uses the serum to turn human again. Morty and Summer wish to continue seeing Dr. Wong, but Rick and Beth ignore them.

Post-credit scene: Jaguar saves Rick and Morty from being killed in an elaborate piano death machine by a villain named "Concerto".

25
4
"Vindicators 3: The Return of Worldender"
Bryan Newton
Sarah Carbiener & Erica Rosbe
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
2.66[5]

At Morty's insistence, Rick agrees to join the Vindicators, a group of intergalactic superheroes, to fight their arch-nemesis, Worldender. Rick cannot hide his disdain for the superheroes, while Morty is thrilled. The next morning, the Vindicators enter Worldender's base, only to find that, the previous night, Rick had killed him and set up a variety of puzzles that the Vindicators must solve to survive while he was blackout drunk. They start arguing and kill one another, while Morty solves all the puzzles, as he knows what Rick had in mind when he put them up. After all puzzles are solved, the only ones left alive are Rick, Morty and Supernova, a member of the Vindicators. Supernova tries to kill Rick and Morty, but before she can do so, the three of them are transported to a party that Rick also set up while blackout drunk, where she gets away.

Post-credit scene: Gearhead tries to use a Vindicators vest to pick up some young girls, but when an alien terrorist attack strikes, he runs away eventually tripping and falling, breaking into pieces.

26
5
"The Whirly Dirly Conspiracy"
Juan Meza-León
Ryan Ridley
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
2.29[6]

To bolster Jerry's self-esteem, Rick takes him on an adventure at Morty's request. They visit an otherworldly resort within an immortality field so Jerry won't be harmed while away. Jerry encounters Risotto Groupon, an alien who blames Rick for his kingdom being usurped. Risotto enlists Jerry in a plot to kill Rick, but Jerry backs out after Rick apologizes for ruining his marriage. Meanwhile, Summer deals with self-esteem issues as well. Her boyfriend, Ethan, leaves her for a larger-breasted girlfriend, and Summer attempts to enlarge her own breasts using one of Rick's devices. Her aim is off, and she grows to freakish proportions. Morty wants to call Rick for assistance, but Beth refuses. Arrogantly trying to prove her own self-worth, Beth repeatedly fails to fix the problem and is tricked into releasing three tiny technical support workers that were trapped inside the machine. Once Morty figures out how the machine works, he restores Summer's size and spitefully uses it to deform Ethan in an act of vengeance.

Post-credit scene: The three tiny workers are enjoying their retirement next to a river. As an extremely deformed Ethan walks by, one of them is snatched by an eagle.

27
6
"Rest and Ricklaxation"
Anthony Chun
Tom Kauffman
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
2.47[7]

After a six-day outer space adventure that leaves them on the verge of psychological collapse, Rick and Morty decide to spend some time at an alien spa. There, they use a machine that extracts a person's negative personality traits. However, without Rick and Morty knowing, those traits are transposed into toxic physical counterparts, characterized by Rick's arrogance and Morty's self-loathing. On the other hand, the true Rick becomes more considerate, and Morty's confidence soars, which allows him to start dating girls. Toxic Rick uses a moonlight tower to remake the whole Earth in his own image, but the true Rick reverts the situation by merging back with him. Morty avoids merging back with his toxic counterpart and goes on to live a life as a stockbroker in New York City. Rick tracks him down with the help of Jessica, Morty's classmate, and restores order by re-injecting the negative personality traits into him.

Post-credit scene: A tour of the same moonlight tower releases Stacy, one of the girls Morty dated in the episode, who had been inadvertently trapped inside the toxin machine.

28
7
"The Ricklantis Mixup"[c]
Dominic Polcino
Dan Guterman & Ryan Ridley
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
2.38[8]

As Rick and Morty adventure to Atlantis, the episode shifts focus towards the Citadel, a secret society populated by numerous versions of Ricks and Mortys. There, a group of Mortys journey to a portal to have their wishes granted, a rookie cop Rick starts working with an experienced Morty cop to take down drug dealers and a worker Rick revolts at a wafer factory, where the key ingredient is extracted from a Rick hooked up to a machine to re-experience his best memories. Meanwhile, an election is held for the new president of the Citadel. Despite being the underdog, the Morty Party candidate manages to secure the presidency. When his campaign manager receives information that the new president is in fact Evil Morty from the first-season episode "Close Rick-counters of the Rick Kind", he attempts to assassinate him but he fails. Evil Morty orders the execution of a shadow council of Ricks and anybody else he considers a potential threat to his rule.

Post-credit scene: Rick and Morty return home from Atlantis, satisfied with their trip. Morty wonders what happened at the Citadel, but Rick tells him it will likely have no effect on their lives.

29
8
"Morty's Mind Blowers"
Bryan Newton
Mike McMahan, James Siciliano, Ryan Ridley,
Dan Guterman, Justin Roiland & Dan Harmon
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
2.51[9]

After Morty requests to have a traumatic memory deleted, Rick reveals a room where he has been storing a number of memories he has removed from Morty's mind. However, as it turns out, besides the memories that Morty didn't want to keep from their adventures, the room also contains memories in which Rick was made to look foolish, so he had them forcibly removed from Morty. This revelation prompts a fight, during which Rick and Morty have their memories accidentally erased. Morty scours the memories to replace the ones he lost, but he is displeased with the truth he finds, and convinces Rick that they should kill themselves. Summer enters the room moments before they commit suicide. At this point, it is revealed that Rick has a contingency plan should this happen. Summer, following written instructions, tranquilizes Rick and Morty, restores their memories and drags them to the living room. Rick and Morty wake up on the couch, believing that they slept through an entire "Interdimensional Cable" episode.

Post-credit scene: Jerry discovers a box labeled "Jerry's Mind Blowers", which contains a memory of him being accidentally responsible for the death of an alien.

30
9
"The ABC's of Beth"
Juan Meza-León
Mike McMahan
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
2.49[10]

Rick and Beth enter Froopyland, a fantasy world created by Rick for young Beth. Their goal is to recover Tommy, Beth's childhood friend who's been trapped in Froopyland, and prevent the execution of his father, who is being falsely accused of eating him. Tommy, who has survived all these years by resorting to bestiality, incest and cannibalism, refuses to return to the real world. Rick and Beth manage to save his father's life by creating a clone of Tommy. Back at home, Beth is presented with the option of having a replacement clone of her created, so that she will be free to travel the world. Meanwhile, Jerry dates an alien hunter named Kiara, to Morty and Summer's dismay. When he decides to get out of the relationship, Kiara is enraged and tries to kill the kids, whom she holds responsible. The situation is resolved following the revelation that Kiara was using Jerry to get over her previous boyfriend, much like Jerry was doing with her.

Post-credit scene: Jerry's answering machine plays messages warning him that Kiara's boyfriend is coming to kill him, and Rick saying that he has killed Kiara's boyfriend, but also had sex with her.

31
10
"The Rickchurian Mortydate"
Anthony Chun
Dan Harmon
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
2.60[11]

The President calls on Rick and Morty to defeat a monster in the tunnels underneath the White House, which they do with little effort. Annoyed that he constantly calls on them without any gratitude, they go back home, with the President quickly finding out. The resulting argument leads to a battle of egos that culminates in a fight in the White House between Rick and the President's security. Meanwhile, fearing she might be a clone made by Rick, Beth reunites with Jerry to figure out the truth. Shortly after, the entire family gets together to hide from Rick, but he tracks them down. Rick eventually submits to Jerry once again being a family member. Rick ends his conflict with the President by pretending to be Fly Fishing Rick, a Rick from a different reality, and calling a truce. The episode ends with the family happy to be together again, except for Rick who is disappointed about losing his dominant position.

Post-credit scene: Mr. Poopybutthole returns to apologize for not appearing in Season 3, but he has gotten married and has a wife and son. He ends the scene by saying that it will be a long wait until Season 4.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters.

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Justin Roiland as Rick Sanchez and Morty Smith, the two main characters of the show; Rick is an eccentric mad scientist and Morty is his kind but easily distressed grandson.[12]
Chris Parnell as Jerry Smith, Rick's son-in-law and Morty's father; a simple-minded and insecure person, who disapproves of Rick's influence over his family.[12]
Spencer Grammer as Summer Smith, Rick's granddaughter and Morty's sister; a conventional teenager who worries about improving her status among her peers.[12]
Sarah Chalke as Beth Smith, Rick's daughter and Morty's mother; a generally level-headed person, who is dissatisfied with her marriage.[12]

text: Guest cast[edit]

text:
Nathan Fillion as Cornvelious Daniel, an agent of the Galactic Federation.[13]
Tony Hale as Eli, Summer's neighbor in a post-apocalyptic version of Earth.[14]
Joel McHale as Hemorrhage, the leader of a post-apocalyptic scavenger group.[14]
Susan Sarandon as Dr. Wong, a family therapist.[15]
Danny Trejo as Jaguar, a human held prisoner by foreign government agents.[15]
Peter Serafinowicz as a foreign government agency director.[15]
Christian Slater as Vance Maximus Renegade Star Soldier, an intergalactic superhero.[16]
Gillian Jacobs as Supernova, an intergalactic superhero.[16]
Logic (Bobby Hall) as himself, a performer at a party.[16]
Lance Reddick as Alan Rails, an intergalactic superhero.[16]
Thomas Middleditch as King Tommy, a childhood friend of Beth.[17]
Keith David as President of the United States.[18]

text: Other cast members[edit]

text: Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or more characters, include: Dan Harmon, Brandon Johnson, Tom Kenny, Maurice LaMarche, Nolan North, Cassie Steele, Kari Wahlgren, Laura Bailey, John DiMaggio, Ryan Ridley, Scott Chernoff, Dan Benson, Clancy Brown, Echo Kellum, Melique Berger, William Holmes, Tara Strong, Jeff B. Davis, Jonas Briedis, Phil Hendrie, Rob Paulsen, Alex Jayne Go, Jennifer Hale and Mariana Wise.

text: Production[edit]

text: On August 12, 2015, shortly after a successful second-season premiere, Adult Swim renewed the series for a third season.[19] Talking about the show's renewal, co-creator Dan Harmon said that it is "an honor to see Rick and Morty join the exclusive club of shows with over nineteen episodes."[20]

text: Female writers were added to the staff for the first time, and—counting out the co-creators of the show, Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon—the writing room was gender-balanced.[21] Sarah Carbiener, one of the new female writers, said that she managed to learn many things from her experience as a member of the writing team. Carbiener explained that she had to "learn how to come up with a lot of story, fast, and how to make it all turn and tie up right," because a story that for other shows would have been an entire episode, for Rick and Morty it will be only its first few minutes.[22] Dan Harmon, talking about the writing process, said that the episodes were written collectively by the staff, and that the name of the writer that appears in the credits of an episode is usually that of the person who has been assigned to prepare the episode's outline.[23] Writing began on November 2, 2015,[24] and the first episode was recorded on February 18, 2016.[25]

text: In July 2016, already behind on schedule, the production team admitted that the success of the series has increased pressure to meet the expectations of the viewers. Creative freedom provided by Adult Swim entails taking responsibility for product quality. As the bar rises higher, work becomes harder, improvements are constantly being sought, and this often results in delays.[26] Writing was finally completed in November 2016.[27] On February 5, 2017, Dan Harmon, answering questions regarding the delayed release, announced on his podcast, Harmontown, that the show was in the animation process, after a long period of writing.[28]

text: On June 24, 2017, when production of the season had been completed, Harmon wrote a series of posts on Twitter, explaining that the writing process took that long to complete because of his perfectionism.[29] As a result, the third season of the show consisted of only ten episodes instead of fourteen, as was initially intended.[30]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Following the conclusion of the show's third season, Adult Swim has made a livestream marathon of Rick and Morty available to watch on its official website in select regions,[31] hoping to dissuade viewers from watching other illegal livestreams.[32] The third season will be released on DVD and Blu-ray on May 15, 2018, with special features including exclusive commentary and animatics for every episode, "inside the episode", the origins of Rick and Morty, and an exclusive "inside the recording booth” session.[33] Uncensored versions of the season are also available to purchase on various digital platforms, including iTunes, Amazon and Microsoft Store.[34][35] The digital release also includes commentary on every episode, as well as seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland.[36] The season is also available to watch on Netflix, in a number of countries outside the United States, including the United Kingdom.[37]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The season currently holds a 97% approval rating from review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes based on 15 reviews, with an average rating of 8.76 out of 10.[38] Jesse Schedeen of IGN described the third season of the show as darker and more unpredictable than the first two, and praised its high-concept storytelling and character development. Schedeen gave the season an 8.8 out of 10 rating, saying that it "didn't quite reach the heights of Season 2, but it is the series' most consistently entertaining and ambitious season yet."[39] Julia Alexander of Polygon highlighted the philosophical conflict between nihilist realism and life in ignorant bliss as the season's main theme, and noted that "after an introspective season built on the importance of self-realization and reflection, Rick and Morty’s third year ended on a total reset", with Beth and the kids seeking comfort through escapism and ignoring the realities of their lives.[40] Kayla Cobb of Decider focused on the dynamism displayed by Beth and Summer, as the characters broke the stereotypical conventions of the first two seasons. Cobb stated that "Season 3 is the first time Rick and Morty really handed over the reigns [sic] to its leading ladies, and it was a horrifying delight."[41]

text: Cultural influence[edit]

text: The McDonald's Szechuan sauce reference in the season premiere brought huge online attention for the discontinued promotional product.[42] Internet memes spread rapidly on Reddit and Twitter,[43] more than 40,000 people signed a petition at Change.org, asking for the return of the sauce,[44] while an eBay auction resulted in a 20-year-old packet of this teriyaki sauce being sold for $14,700.[45] On October 7, 2017, McDonald's served limited quantities of Szechuan sauce, with the company calling it "the year’s most talked-about dipping sauce."[46]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Rick and Morty completed its third season with overall viewership numbers increased by 81% over the previous season,[47] and delivered the highest ratings in Adult Swim's history.[48] Rick and Morty was the most popular television comedy within the 18–24 and 18-34 age ranges in the United States, based on "Live+7" ratings data spanning from December 2016 to September 2017.[49] This rating system tracks live viewership plus streaming and on-demand viewing over an initial week-long period, and provides a more accurate picture of delayed viewing as compared to "Live+Same Day" ratings.[50] Considering that episodes of the third season originally aired at 11:30 p.m. on Sundays, it is very likely that people would have watched them on-demand the next day or several days later.[49]

text: Christina Miller, the president of Adult Swim, told Fortune that Rick and Morty "goes beyond just appealing to millennials," as numbers suggest that people of all ages are watching the show.[47] The second episode of the season, which aired nearly four months after the unannounced premiere, was the season's most-watched episode with 2.86 million viewers, and the second-best on cable for the day it aired in adults 18-49, behind the weekly episode of Game of Thrones.[3] The season finale was watched by 2.6 million live plus same day viewers and it was the most-watched telecast across all age groups.[51]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2017
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Animated TV Show
Rick and Morty
Nominated
[52]

IGN Awards
TV Series of the Year
Rick and Morty
Nominated
[53]

Best TV Episode
"The Ricklantis Mixup"
Nominated
[54]

Best Animated Series
Rick and Morty
Won
[55]

Best Comedy Series
Rick and Morty
Nominated
[56]

Best Comedic TV Performance
Justin Roiland
Won
[57]

IGN People's Choice Award
TV Series of the Year
Rick and Morty
Won
[53]

Best TV Episode
"The Ricklantis Mixup"
Nominated
[54]

Best Animated Series
Rick and Morty
Won
[55]

Best Comedy Series
Rick and Morty
Won
[56]

Best Comedic TV Performance
Justin Roiland
Won
[57]

2018
Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Animated Series
Rick and Morty
Won
[58]

Annie Awards
Best General Audience Animated Television/Broadcast Production
"Pickle Rick"
Won
[59]

Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production
Ryan Ridley, Dan Guterman (for "The Ricklantis Mixup")
Won

Golden Reel Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Animation Short Form
Hunter Curra, Kailand Reily, Andrew Twite, Joy Elett, Jeff Halbert, Konrad Pinon (for "Pickle Rick")
Nominated
[60]

Saturn Awards
Best Animated Series or Film on Television
Rick and Morty
Pending
[61]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The third season of Rick and Morty premiered unannounced on April 1, 2017. The remaining episodes began airing weekly nearly four months later, on July 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Rickshank Rickdemption" premiered unannounced and re-ran for four hours straight with improving ratings. This is the viewership of only the first broadcast of the episode.
Jump up ^ An alternate title used for this episode is "Tales from the Citadel".

tag: ol


document_title: List of counties of the United Kingdom

question_text: similarly if you listed the current counties of england in alphabetical order which would come first

root

text: List of counties of the United Kingdom

text: England[edit]

text: Changes dated between the 1990s and 2009 subdivided the 20th century short-lived non-metropolitan counties of Cleveland and Humberside into unitary authorities but the once-county names continue for fire services and police forces, (see Non-metropolitan county § List of non-metropolitan counties). Similarly the short-lived county of Avon provides part of the area and name of Avon and Somerset Police and its area is roughly that of Avon Fire and Rescue Service.

tag: p

text: The historic counties of Yorkshire, Cumberland, Westmorland, Huntingdonshire and Middlesex are the five defunct ceremonial counties of a traditional county size. After their ceremonial abolition, Yorkshire has become ceremonially subdivided along the four compass point axes, Cumberland and Westmorland were added to a detached part of Lancashire to form Cumbria, Huntingdonshire merged ceremonially into Cambridgeshire and the vast majority of Middlesex became part of Greater London.

text: Contemporary reference to the Isle of Ely and nearby Soke of Peterborough is very rare since the early 20th century and they have scant public resonance. The counties marked in italics below are neither ceremonial nor historic.

text:
County
Current
ceremonial[2]
1974+[3]
Postal
1974–1996[4]
1889–1974
Before 1889

Metropolitan
Non-metropolitan
County
Administrative

Avon

 1974–1996

Bedfordshire

 1974–2009

Berkshire♠

[5]

City of Bristol

Special post town

County borough
County corporate

Buckinghamshire

Cambridgeshire

 1889–1965
 1889–1965

Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely

 1965–1974
 1965–1974

Cheshire

 1974–2009

Cleveland

 1974–1996

Cornwall

Cumberland

Cumbria

Derbyshire♠

Devon

Dorset

Durham (County Durham)♠

East Suffolk♠

Division

East Sussex

Division

Essex

Gloucestershire

Greater London

County[6]

 1965–1974

Greater Manchester

Hampshire

Hereford and Worcester♠

 1974–1998

Herefordshire♠

UA 1998+[7]

Hertfordshire♠

Humberside

 1974–1996

Huntingdon and Peterborough

 1965–1974
 1965–1974

Huntingdonshire

 1889–1965
 1889–1965

Isle of Ely

 1889–1965
Division

Isle of Wight

 1890–1974

Kent

Lancashire

Leicestershire

Lincolnshire

Lincolnshire, Parts of Holland

Division

Lincolnshire, Parts of Kesteven

Division

Lincolnshire, Parts of Lindsey

Division

London♠

Special post town

The Metropolis[8]

City of London♠

County corporate

Merseyside

Middlesex

Norfolk♠

Northamptonshire

Northumberland

North Humberside

North Yorkshire

Nottinghamshire

Oxfordshire

Soke of Peterborough

 1889–1965
Liberty

Rutland

UA 1997+[7]
 2008+[9]

Shropshire

Somerset

South Humberside

South Yorkshire

Staffordshire

Suffolk♠

Surrey

Sussex

Tyne and Wear

Warwickshire

West Midlands

Westmorland

West Suffolk♠

Division

West Sussex

Division

West Yorkshire

Wiltshire

Worcestershire♠

 1998+

Yorkshire

Yorkshire, East Riding

UA 1996+[7]

L[10]

Division

Yorkshire, North Riding

L[10]

Division

Yorkshire, West Riding

L[10]

Division

tag: table

text: ♠ denotes a counter-intuitive pronunciation. See list of places in the United Kingdom and Ireland with counterintuitive pronunciations.

text: Northern Ireland[edit]

text:
County
Before 1899
1899–1973
Current
lieutenancy[11]
Postal
before 1996[4]

County
Administrative

Antrim

Armagh

City of Belfast
Part of counties Antrim and Down
 CB[12]

Special post town

Down

Fermanagh

Londonderry

City of Derry
Part of County Londonderry
 CB[12]

Special post town

Tyrone

text: Scotland[edit]

text:
County
Before 1890
1890–1975
Lieutenancy
Registration[13]
Postal
before 1996[4]

City of Aberdeen

 1900

Special post town

Aberdeenshire

Angus (Forfarshire)

Argyll♠

Ayrshire

Banffshire

Berwickshire♠

Bute

Caithness

Clackmannanshire

Cromartyshire

Dumfriesshire♠

Dunbartonshire (Dumbarton)

City of Dundee

 1894

Special post town

East Lothian (Haddingtonshire)

City of Edinburgh

Special post town

Fife

City of Glasgow

 1893

Special post town

Inverness-shire

Kincardineshire♠

Kinross-shire

Kirkcudbrightshire♠

Lanarkshire

Midlothian (County of Edinburgh)

Moray♠ (Elginshire)

Nairnshire

Orkney

Peeblesshire

Perthshire

Renfrewshire

Ross and Cromarty

Ross-shire

Roxburghshire

Selkirkshire

Shetland (Zetland)

Stirlingshire

Sutherland

West Lothian (Linlithgowshire)

Wigtownshire♠

text: ♠ denotes counter-intuitive pronunciation.

text: Wales[edit]

text:
County
Before 1889
1889–1974
1974–1996
1996+
Postal
1974–1996[4]

Preserved[2]
County[14]

Anglesey

 Isle of Anglesey

Brecknockshire

Caernarfonshire

Cardiganshire

 Ceredigion

Carmarthenshire

Clwyd

Denbighshire

Dyfed

Flintshire

 Flintshire

Glamorgan

Gwent

Gwynedd

Merionethshire

Mid Glamorgan

Monmouthshire

 Monmouthshire

Montgomeryshire

Pembrokeshire♠

Powys

Radnorshire

South Glamorgan

West Glamorgan

Wrexham

text: ♠ denotes counter-intuitive pronunciation for counties of English etymology which all have Welsh language counterparts. Welsh etymology county names reflect standard Welsh pronunciation rules. In Welsh most of the counties ending '-shire' are instead preceded by the Welsh near-homophone translation 'Sir'.


document_title: GoPro

question_text: when did the gopro hero 4 come out

question_tokens: when did the gopro hero 4 come out

text: GoPro

text: History[edit]

text: The company was founded by Nick Woodman in 2002.[3] He was motivated by a tramp in 2002 surfing trip to Australia in which he was hoping to capture quality action photos, but could not because amateur photographers could not get close enough or buy quality equipment at reasonable prices.[4] His desire for a camera system that could capture the professional angles inspired the 'GoPro' name.[5][6]

text: Woodman raised a portion of his initial capital by selling bead and shell belts for under US $20 from his VW van[7] and, later, fashionable camera straps. He also received over $230,000 from his parents to invest in the business.[8][9]

text: In 2004, the company sold its first camera system, which used 35 mm film.[5] Digital still and video cameras were later introduced. As of 2014[update], a fixed-lens HD video camera with a wide 170-degree lens was available; two or more can be paired to create 360 video.[5][10]

text: On June 4, 2014, the company announced the appointment of former Microsoft executive Tony Bates as President reporting directly to Woodman.[11]

text: In January 2016, GoPro partnered with Periscope for live streaming.[12]

text: After growing the number of employees by more than 500 in 2015, the company responded to weak sales in the fourth quarter by cutting about 7% of its workforce (100 workers) in January 2016.[13]

text: At its peak, a share of GoPro was valued at $86, but on September 27, 2016, only $16.79.[14]

text: In November 2016, the company announced it was laying off an additional 200 employees in an effort to reduce costs. The company also announced that President Tony Bates would be stepping down at the end of 2016.[15] 270 more employees were laid off in March 2017.[16]

text: Corporate actions[edit]

text: On March 30, 2011, GoPro acquired CineForm. The acquisition included the CineForm 444 video codec used in the film Slumdog Millionaire. The company claimed that the codec "makes HD and 3D editing faster and more convenient without sacrificing image quality". It was incorporated in the company's 3D Hero System shortly after the acquisition.[17][18]

text: In March 2013, GoPro issued a DMCA takedown notice to website DigitalRev.com, which had posted a review[19] of its product, citing trademark use as a breach of copyright. This notice was retracted 10 days later, citing "erroneous enforcement".[20][21]

text: On February 29, 2016, GoPro spent $105 million and acquired two start-ups, namely, Stupeflix and Vemory, for their video editing tools Replay and Splice.[22][23]

text: IPO[edit]

text: On February 7, 2014, GoPro submitted a confidential filing for an initial public offering (IPO) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).[24]

text: On May 19, 2014, GoPro filed its S-1 with the SEC without specifying the number of shares or their price. The company stated that they hoped to raise at least $100 million through the sale of shares, using the money to pay off debt in full ($111 million as of March 31, 2014) and "to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, technologies or assets". They said that they planned to list on the NASDAQ stock exchange using the symbol 'GPRO.'[25][26]

text: The expected price range was $21 to $24 a share; on June 25, 2014, GoPro sold 17.8 million shares to initial investors at $24 per share (totaling $427.2M).[27] At the IPO price the company was valued at $2.95 billion.[25] 1.5 percent of those shares were allotted to LOYAL3, a technology platform that allows small investors to participate.[28][29]

text: An important reason for GoPro's decision to go public was the potential to become a media company to generate additional revenue from the content its cameras create.[30][31]

text: Product lines[edit]

text: HERO cameras[edit]

text: Woodman worked on his first camera for two years after founding the company, eventually introducing the GoPro 35mm HERO in September 2004 at San Diego's Action Sports Retailer trade show.[32] In its first year GoPro sold $150,000 worth of products.[32] In 2006 the company introduced its first Digital HERO, with 10 second video capability, and generated $800,000 in revenue. The following year GoPro sales quadrupled to $3.4 million.[32]

text: In 2014, the company was selling the HERO3+ in editions of different colors. It was capable of filming in 16:9 aspect ratio, supporting 4K UHD video and 12MP still photographs.[33] The HERO4 was introduced on 24 September 2014.[34]

text: GoPro KARMA & GoPro KARMA Grip[edit]

text: The GoPro Karma is GoPro's consumer drone.[citation needed]

text: In 2014, GoPro entered into discussions with DJI for a private label model built with the GoPro branding. After the failure of these negotiations, GoPro entered into an agreement with 3D Robotics (3DR) for a similar partnership based on 3DR's flight controllers. 3DR failed to meet their agreed upon timelines. As a result, GoPro took full control of the development process in mid-2015.

text: Scheduled to be released early 2016, the GoPro Karma project was delayed several times before the GoPro Karma was announced with an introduction date of October 23, 2016. The Karma was released along with newer models of the HERO5 and Session cameras and features a removable handheld stabilizer (gimbal) integrated into the design. After a few customers complained about power failure during operation, GoPro recalled Karma drones and gave customers full refunds.[35]

text: In February 2017, GoPro re-launched the Karma Drone.[36]

text: Accessories[edit]

text: GoPro produces various mounting accessories for its cameras including a 3-way mount, suction cup, chest harness, jaws-type flexible clamp, dog harness, surfing mount, etc.[37]

text: Video editing[edit]

text: The company developed GoPro Studio, simple video editing software to edit camera footage,[38] with v2.5 released in October 2014. It was reported that GoPro intended to also become a content provider, also with a new app for the HERO5 called GoPro Quik to share, and edit videos easier.[31]

text: Content company[edit]

text: In April 2014, GoPro was listed by Adweek as one of the "Top 10 Best Brand Channels on YouTube" based on a combination of views, shares, comments and overall engagement.[39] Content is uploaded daily, an additional source of revenue for the company.[40]

text: As part of its transformation to a media company in 2014, GoPro created additional channels with GoPro content on YouTube, Virgin America, and Xbox Live.[30] This was extended to the PlayStation Network in 2015.[41]

text: HD HERO cameras[edit]

text: As of October 2014[update], GoPro sells three fixed-lens cameras, two without viewfinders and one including a touchscreen viewfinder. A 2-bit LCD on the front of the camera allows access to its menu system, which is controlled by the front and top shutter buttons. The HERO4 Black have dimensions of 41 mm × 59 mm × 30 mm and weighs 88 grams (152 grams with housing). Still images from 6 to 12 megapixels can be captured. The cameras are sold with a clear polycarbonate HD Housing with a glass lens that is rated shockproof and waterproof to 131 feet (40 m), with a quick-release buckle on the top and threads at the bottom to attach to all of the GoPro mounts. The housing has metal buttons that connect to the camera's controls and has a "skeleton" backdoor option to allow audio recording when the camera is used with a mount but without the need to be watertight or shockproof.[42][non-primary source needed]

text: Products[edit]

text: HERO cameras[edit]

text: The 35mm camera (model #001) became available on April 13, 2005. It had dimensions of 2.5 by 3 inches (64 by 76 mm) and weighed 0.45 pounds (200 g). It included the camera, a clear case with quick release, a camera strap and ski glove adapter lash. It could pivot "on the fly" and be functional to a depth in water of about 15 feet (5 m). It was described as a "reusable wrist camera" and included a roll of 24 exposure Kodak 400 film.

text: Digital[edit]

text: The Digital HERO released in 2006 (Model: SQ907 mini-cam) had a 640×460 camera and shot VGA definition 320X240 (10fps) video for a maximum of 10 seconds. The Digital HERO1 had 32 MB internal memory without SD slot.

text: Digital 3[edit]

text: The Digital HERO3 released in 2007 had a 3-megapixel camera and shot standard definition 512×384 video. It was rated up to 30 m (98.4 feet) in depth.[43]

text: Digital 5[edit]

text: The Digital HERO5 was first introduced on December 5, 2006. It had a 5-megapixel still photo sensor and supported standard definition (512×384) video capture. It ran on two AAA batteries, had 16 MB of internal memory and could function with a 2 GB SD card. Its housing was rated to 100 ft/30 meters depth. Its dimensions were 2.6 × 1.75 × 1.25 inches (66 × 44 × 32 mm). The camera is not designed to work with the newer HD HERO line of housings, although the standard screw mounts are indeed compatible.

text: Digital Wide[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016)

text: HD[edit]

text: HD HERO 960 - shoots a maximum of 960p video[44] and is not compatible with GoPro's electronic accessories although the camera is compatible with all GoPro mounts. It was first listed on August 6, 2010.[45]

text: LED[edit]

text: The HD HERO Naked, released with a range of accessories, shoots a maximum of 1080p video on its 5MP sensor.[46] The Naked camera line forms the basis for other bundles, which are differentiated by the types of mounts they have (HD Helmet HERO, HD Motorsports HERO, HD Surf HERO). It was first listed on January 25, 2010.

text: Specifications[edit]

text:
Sensor size: 1/2.5-inch (5.75 mm × 4.28 mm)
Pixel size: 2.2 μm
Image formats:

tag: ul

text:
Mode
Size
fps
FOV

R1
848 × 480
60
170°

R2
1280 × 720
30
170°

R3
1280 × 720
60
170°

R4
1280 × 960
30
170°

R5
1920 × 1080
30
127°

Photo
2592 × 1944
0
170°

text: The HERO2 was launched on October 24, 2011. It has an 11 MP image sensor, improved low-light capability and records at up to 120 fps.[47] It was sold with three different accessory packages as the Outdoor, Motorsports, and Surf Editions.[48]

text: In late 2012, GoPro announced the HERO3 line of cameras.[49] These new cameras came in three editions: black, silver and white.

text: All three versions of the HERO3 come in a new 30% smaller and 25% lighter package, with WiFi functionality built in. The change of the physical dimensions of the cameras compared to the previous generations (HERO1 and HERO2 were physically identical) means that some of the camera accessories for HD HERO Original and HERO2 are not compatible with HERO3, so GoPro made new versions of those accessories specifically for HERO3 (and mostly for HERO3+, see below). Those new versions of accessories are usually not compatible with older Hero camera generations. However, a lot of other accessories are compatible with all HD Hero camera generations.

text: The HERO3 Silver and Black cameras have significantly less battery endurance than the HD HERO Original and HERO2.[50] For example, in 720p resolution with 25/30 fps, while HD HERO Original and HERO2 have a stated battery runtime of 3 hours, HERO3 Silver Edition has a stated battery runtime of 2 hours, and HERO3 Black Edition has a stated battery runtime of 1.5 hours (the Black Edition's "most economical" setting is 1080p/30 fps, so this also partially contributes to its poor battery runtime).

text: The Black Edition[51][not in citation given] has a new 12 MP sensor that can capture 4K UHD digital video at 15 fps, 2.7K video at 30 fps, 1440p at 48 fps, 1080p at 60 fps, 960p at 100 fps, 720p at 120 fps and WVGA at 240 fps. The Black edition also includes the WiFi Remote. The Black Edition cannot record at 25/30 fps in 720p and WVGA resolutions; it can only record at very fast frame rates in those resolutions. This is a deliberate firmware limitation, as the manufacturer does not expect that this high-end camera model will be used at these lower resolutions and frame rates.

text: The Silver Edition uses the same 11 MP sensor as the HERO2, and the White edition uses the same 5 MP sensor as the HD HERO Original.

text: In October 2013, GoPro released the HERO3+, available in Black and Silver Editions,[52] replacing the HERO3 generation. The HERO3 White Edition remains as GoPro's low-end device.

text: The HERO3+ camera models claim dramatically improved low light performance and have a waterproof enclosure which is 20% lighter and 15% smaller than the HERO3's, according to the GoPro website. The HERO3+ camera housing is 20% smaller than the HERO3. The cameras are claimed to have improved image sharpness (close focus down to 7" vs about 3 ft on the HERO3, at the expense of distant focus which is slightly less sharp[clarification needed] with HERO3+), and better audio functionality with wind noise reduction. Battery life is claimed to be 30% longer than for the HERO3 model (both through better efficiency and a higher-capacity battery of the same dimensions).[50][53]

text: The Black Edition has video modes of 1440p48,[54] 1080p60, 960p100 and 720p120 as well as 4K15 and 2.7K30 and can shoot 12MP stills at up to 30 fps. Along with the increased resolution, the HERO3+ Black Edition also offers an optional function in firmware (called "SuperView") which increases the field of view. It has additional functions, including dynamic low light situation adjustment, higher-quality recording modes (higher bitrates, no white balance applied, etc.) etc. The Black Edition continues to include a Wifi Remote. It does not have the ability to record 25/30 fps in 720p and WVGA modes (it can only record at very fast frame rates in those lower resolutions). This is an intentional firmware limitation, as the manufacturer does not expect a camera with its capabilities to be used at low resolution and frame rate. The battery runtime of HERO3+ Black Edition is significantly longer than HERO3 Black Edition but 30–50% lower than the battery runtime of the older HERO2 and HERO1.

text: The Silver Edition has video modes of 1080p60 and 720p120 and can shoot 10MP stills at up to 10 fps.[55] In contrast to the Black Edition, the Silver Edition can record at 25/30 fps (or higher) in all supported resolutions. HERO3+ Silver Edition also has about 25%-50% longer battery runtime during recording than HERO3+ Black Edition (they both use the same batteries).[53] The difference in runtime depends on the resolution/fps combination, and whether WiFi and GoPro mobile application are used during recording. The difference in runtime increases as the fps is lowered and the additional functions are deactivated on both cameras. The battery runtime of HERO3+ Silver Edition is similar to the battery runtime of HERO2 and HERO1.

text: The HERO3 HD camera was awarded the 2013 Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for its contribution to television.[56]

text: In September 2014, GoPro announced the HERO4, available in Black Edition and Silver Edition,[45] which replace their respective HERO3+ generation predecessors. The HERO Session, a budget camera, was also announced.

text: The HERO4 Black Edition still has a 12 mp CMOS and a f/2.8 fixed maximum aperture and focus free. It adds Bluetooth connectivity, Highlight tag, Protune Available for photo and a new processor claimed by GoPro to be twice as fast as that of the HERO3+ Black Edition, doubling the frame rates in most resolutions. The HERO4 Black Edition can record 4K UHD video (3840×2160) at a frame rate of 24, 25 and 30 fps.[57] In Superview mode, 4k is only possible at 25 fps. Many other rates and resolutions are available. The HERO4 Black Edition still shoots stills at a maximum of 12MP with a maximum burst rate of 30 fps. With Wi-Fi disabled at 4k/30, GoPro claims the HERO4 Black Edition battery life to be 65 minutes, increasing to a maximum of 1h 50' at 720p/240.[58] The HERO4 Black battery is in a different form factor than its predecessors. Initial side-by-side comparisons of HERO3+ and HERO4 Black edition video results suggest that the newer model has more detail at long range and similar performance at close range.

text: The HERO4 Silver Edition is basically a HERO3 Black Edition with the addition of a micro speaker,[59] built-in touch screen display, Protune for photo and highlight tag the first GoPro with this, a lower clocked Cortex-A9 and missing the Black Editions integrated analog-to-digital converter which supports a wider variety of professional low-sensitivity external mics.[60] The video modes supported by the HERO4 Silver Edition are similar to those of the HERO3+ Black, due to the higher processing speed and thermal requirements of 4K video (3840×2160), but it supports Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and contains the same,[61][62] Ambarella Inc. A9[63] SoC as in the HERO4 Black.

text: The HERO Session, released July 6, 2015, is 50% smaller and 40% lighter comparing to other versions of the GoPro HERO4 camera.[64]

text: The HERO4 models maintain the H.264 video codec of previous versions and MP4 file formats. GoPro claims the mono microphone in both the Black and Silver Editions has twice the dynamic range of the HERO3+, and that the HERO4 Black and Silver Editions have improved low-light performance.

text:
Model
HERO Session[65]
Hero4 Silver[66]
Hero4 Black[67]

Sensor Size
1/3.2"
1/2.3"
1/2.3"

Aperture
f/2.8
f/2.8
f/2.8

Dimensions
38 x 38 x 38 mm
41 x 59 x 30 mm
41 x 59 x 30 mm

Weight
74 g
83 g (147 g with case)
88 g (152 g with case)

Still Image Resolution
8 MP
12 MP
12 MP

Video Modes
1440p30 1080p60 720p100 480p120
4k15 2.7k30 1080p60 720p120 480p240
4k30 2.7k60 1440p80 1080p120 720p240 480p240

Photo burst
10fps
10fps
30fps

Connectivity
WiFi, Bluetooth
WiFi, Bluetooth
WiFi, Bluetooth

Water Resistance
10 m
40 m (with case)
40 m (with case)

Touchscreen
no
1.5 inches (38 mm) 320x240
optional extra

text: HERO+LCD[edit]

text: In June 2015, the company started to sell a new camera: GoPro HERO+LCD, which provides video recording at 1080p at 60 fps/and 8 megapixel photos. GoPro HERO+LCD has a touch screen to preview the shot to frame the scene perfectly and letting user easily navigate the menu.[68] New feature in the camera -Instant camera editing. GoPro HERO+LCD is waterproof, because it is built directly into a waterproof case (waterproof to 131 feet (40 m)). The device also includes a feature HiLight Tagging and built-in video editing function, which allows user to put a label on the main points while shooting video or in the process of view, which makes it possible to quickly find desired footage later. Technical specifications: video resolution 1080p 60 FPS / 720p 60 FPS, photo resolution 8 MP / 5 FPS burst, built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, user-friendly modes like QuikCapture, SuperView and Auto Low Light, waterproof to 131’ (40 m), built-in touch display.

text: HERO+[edit]

text: In October 2015, GoPro released its third entry level camera: GoPro HERO+.[45] This camera has everything similar to the previous HERO+LCD like the 1080p 60 fps / 720p 60fps Video Resolution, 8 MP / 5 FPS burst photo resolution, built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, waterproof up to 40 m and other modes like Superview, Auto Low Light, QuikCapture and Timelapse mode which automatically captures photos at set time intervals from 0.5 to 60 seconds. However, it does not have an LCD built-in touch display and it is slightly lighter than HERO+LCD. The HERO+ weighs at 123 g whereas the HERO+LCD weighs 127 g. The housing also remained the same. This camera is priced at USD $199.99.

text: HERO5 Black and HERO5 Session were introduced in September 2016.[69] In contrast to previous models, they are waterproof up to 10 m, support 4k video recording up to 30 fps, automatic upload of footage to cloud and voice controls.

text:
Model
HERO5 Session[70]
HERO5 Black

Video Modes
4k30, 1440p60, 1080p90
4k30, 1440p80, 1080p120

Still Image Resolution
10MP
12MP

Photo burst
30fps
30fps

Connectivity
WiFi, Bluetooth
WiFi, Bluetooth

Water Resistance
10 m
10 m

Wired Connectors
USB-C
USB-C, micro HDMI

Battery
built-in 1000 mAh, Li-Ion
replaceable 1220 mAh, Li-Ion

Screen
none
touchscreen, 51 mm

Location Capture
none
GPS

text: HERO6 Black will be introduced in September 2017. Waterproof up to 10 m, support 4k video recording up to 60 fps and 1080p up to 240fps, automatic upload of footage to cloud, voice controls and 5Ghz Wi-Fi. It will be the first GoPro with its own SoC the GP1.

text:
Model
HERO6 Black

Video Modes
4k60, 1440p120, 1080p240

Still Image Resolution
12MP

Photo burst
30fps

Connectivity
5Ghz/2.4Ghz Wi-Fi, Bluetooth

Water Resistance
10 m

Wired Connectors
USB-C, micro HDMI

Battery
replaceable 1220 mAh, Li-Ion

Screen
touchscreen, 51 mm, pinch zoom

Location Capture
GPS

text: GoPro KARMA Drone[edit]

text: Karma Drone became available October 23, 2016. GoPro launched the highly anticipated Karma Drone for $799, which includes the Drone, controller, stabilizer, Karma Grip, and case. The drone can be bundled with a HERO5 Black for $1099 and with a HERO5 Session for $999. The drone is also compatible with the HERO 4 Black and Silver. Gross margins may come in below company averages initially, but over time the firm should cut out costs with each generation as they have done with the cameras. The Drone has 20 minutes of battery life.[71] The stabilizer can be taken out and attached to a Karma stick, which can be sold separately for $299.99 and the presentation of a downhill mountain biker POV with minimal shake. The Karma stick has greater than 1-hour battery life.

text: On November 8, 2016, Go Pro announced the recall of the Karma Drone following reports of loss of electrical power on the drone during operation.[72]

text: On February 1, 2017, the company announced that the Karma Drone will return to stores with a redesigned battery latch.[73]

text: GoPro Omni[edit]

text: A camera rig that synchronizes six GoPro HERO4 Black cameras allowing users to stitch and make virtual reality 360° videos.


document_title: List of biggest selling British acts of all time

question_text: who is the biggest selling british artist of all time

text: Constraints[edit]

text: Although the criteria for the following list are intended to be expansive (including comparisons for total-sales for all recording artists) there are certain limitations and constraints that may limit the conclusions that can be derived from these data.

text: Such constraints include:

text:
Bias towards acts who have had success in a specific country or region.
Bias towards older artists. There is a broader genre spectrum of music to listen to now which limits the number of listeners.
Bias towards modern artists. Comparatively fewer successful pre-modern artists will have sold more records, as both global spending power and population have increased. In 1950, the world's population was 2.5 billion; by 2000 it had risen to 6 billion. Also, older artists suffer from bias as their record sales are less likely to have been accurately tracked, and estimates of their early sales are likely to be more vague.
Fan sites, press articles and record labels have been known to inflate record sales claims.
Inflated claims for artists who performed in different acts during their careers. Sometimes all of the sales data is attributed to an individual artist. For the purposes of this list, an effort is made to separate the individual acts (e.g., the sales figures for The Beatles and Paul McCartney & Wings are mutually exclusive).

text: 400 million or more records[edit]

text:
Artist
Biggest selling album
Period
Genre
Claimed Sales

The Beatles
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
1960–1970
Pop / Rock
600 million[2]

text: 300 million to 400 million records[edit]

text:
Artist
Biggest selling album
Period
Genre
Claimed Sales

Elton John
Goodbye Yellow Brick Road
1964–present
Pop / Rock
350 million[3]

Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin IV[4]
1968–1980
Hard rock / Heavy metal
300 million[5][6]

Queen
Greatest Hits[7]
1970–present
Glam rock / Hard rock
300 million[8][9][10]

text: 200 million to 299 million records[edit]

text:
Artist
Biggest selling album
Period
Genre
Claimed Sales

Cliff Richard
Always Guaranteed
1958–present
Pop / Rock / Rock N Roll / Jazz
260 million[11]

Pink Floyd
The Dark Side of the Moon[12]
1964–2014
Progressive rock
200 million[13][14]

The Rolling Stones
Hot Rocks 1964-1971
1962–present
Rock / Blues rock
200 million[15]

text: 100 million to 199 million records[edit]

text:
Artist
Biggest selling album
Period
Genre
Claimed Sales

The Dave Clark Five
–
1964–1970
Pop rock / Beat
100 million[16][17]

David Bowie
Let's Dance
1964–2016
Rock
140 million[18][19]

Deep Purple
Machine Head
1968–present
Hard rock
100 million[20][21]

Shirley Bassey
The Shirley Bassey Singles Album
1957–present
Pop
135 million[22]

Adele
21
2006–present
Pop / Soul
100 million[23]

Depeche Mode
Violator
1980–present
Electro Rock
100 million[24][25]

Dire Straits
Brothers in Arms
1977–1995
Rock / Pop
103 million[26]

Fleetwood Mac
Rumours
1967–present
Pop rock
100 million[27]

Genesis
Invisible Touch
1967–present
Progressive rock / Pop rock
150 million[28]

George Michael
Faith
1981–2016
Pop
100 million[29]

Iron Maiden
The Number of the Beast
1975–present
Heavy metal
100 million[30][31]

Paul McCartney
Pipes of Peace
1957–present
Pop rock
100 million[32]

Pet Shop Boys
Actually
1981–present
Synthpop
100 million[33]

Phil Collins
No Jacket Required
1980–present
Adult contemporary
150 million[34]

Rod Stewart
Out of Order
1962–present
Rock / Pop
100 million[35]

Status Quo
12 Gold Bars
1967–present
Rock
122 million[36]

The Who
Who's Next
1964–present
Rock / Hard rock
100 million[37]

text: 50 to 99 million records[edit]

text:
Artist
Biggest selling album
Period
Genre
Claimed Sales

Coldplay
A Rush of Blood to the Head
1997–present
Alternative rock
90 million[38]

Black Sabbath
Paranoid
1968–present
Heavy metal
50 million[39]

Culture Club
Colour by Numbers
1982–present
New wave-pop
50 million

Def Leppard
Hysteria
1977–present
Hard rock / heavy metal
65 million[40]

Duran Duran
Rio
1978–present
New wave / alternative rock
100 million[41]

Eurythmics
Greatest Hits
1980–present
New wave
75 million[42]

Jethro Tull
Aqualung
1968–present
Progressive rock / hard rock
60 million[43]

Oasis
(What's the Story) Morning Glory?
1991–2009
Britpop / Rock
85 million[44]

The Police
Synchronicity
1977–present
Pop rock / New Wave
50 million[45]

Spice Girls
Spice
1996–2000
2007–2008
Pop, Euro Pop
80 million[46]

Supertramp
Breakfast in America[47]
1969–present
Progressive rock
60 million[48][49]

T. Rex
The Slider[50]
1967–1977
Glam rock / Folk rock
58 million[51]

UB40
Labour of Love II
1980–present
Reggae
70 million[52]

Robbie Williams
I've Been Expecting You
1990–present
Pop
55 million[53]


document_title: Conflict resolution

question_text: main features of the western approach to conflict resolution

text: Conflict resolution

text: Theories and models[edit]

text: Dual concern model[edit]

text: The dual concern model of conflict resolution is a conceptual perspective that assumes individuals’ preferred method of dealing with conflict is based on two underlying themes or dimensions: concern for self (assertiveness) and concern for others (empathy).[1]

text: According to the model, group members balance their concern for satisfying personal needs and interests with their concern for satisfying the needs and interests of others in different ways. The intersection of these two dimensions ultimately leads individuals towards exhibiting different styles of conflict resolution.[5] The dual model identifies five conflict resolution styles/strategies that individuals may use depending on their dispositions toward pro-self or pro-social goals.

text: Political conflict resolution in practice[edit]

text: Wars may occur between parties who contest an incompatibility. The nature of an incompatibility can be territorial or governmental, but a warring party must be a "government of a state or any opposition organization or alliance of organizations that uses armed force to promote its position in the incompatibility in an intrastate or an interstate armed conflict".[12] Wars can conclude with a peace agreement, which is a "formal agreement... which addresses the disputed incompatibility, either by settling all or part of it, or by clearly outlining a process for how... to regulate the incompatibility."[13] A ceasefire is another form of agreement made by warring parties; unlike a peace agreement, it only "regulates the conflict behaviour of warring parties", and does not resolve the issue that brought the parties to war in the first place.[14]

text: Peacekeeping measures may be deployed to avoid violence in solving such incompatibilities.[15] Beginning in the last century, political theorists have been developing the theory of a global peace system that relies upon broad social and political measures to avoid war in the interest of achieving world peace.[16] The Blue Peace approach developed by Strategic Foresight Group facilitates cooperation between countries over shared water resources, thus reducing the risk of war and enabling sustainable development.[17]

text: Conflict resolution is an expanding field of professional practice, both in the U.S. and around the world. The escalating costs of conflict have increased use of third parties who may serve as a conflict specialists to resolve conflicts. In fact, relief and development organizations have added peace-building specialists to their teams.[18] Many major international non-governmental organizations have seen a growing need to hire practitioners trained in conflict analysis and resolution. Furthermore, this expansion has resulted in the need for conflict resolution practitioners to work in a variety of settings such as in businesses, court systems, government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and educational institutions throughout the world.

text: Culture-based[edit]

text: Conflict resolution as both a professional practice and academic field is highly sensitive to cultural practices. In Western cultural contexts, such as Canada and the United States, successful conflict resolution usually involves fostering communication among disputants, problem solving, and drafting agreements that meet underlying needs. In these situations, conflict resolvers often talk about finding a mutually satisfying ("win-win") solution for everyone involved.[19]

text: In many non-Western cultural contexts, such as Afghanistan, Vietnam, and China, it is also important to find "win-win" solutions; however, the routes taken to find them may be very different. In these contexts, direct communication between disputants that explicitly addresses the issues at stake in the conflict can be perceived as very rude, making the conflict worse and delaying resolution. It can make sense to involve religious, tribal, or community leaders; communicate difficult truths through a third party; or make suggestions through stories.[20] Intercultural conflicts are often the most difficult to resolve because the expectations of the disputants can be very different, and there is much occasion for misunderstanding.[21]

text: In animals[edit]

text: Conflict resolution has also been studied in non-humans, including dogs, cats, monkeys, snakes, elephants, and primates.[22] Aggression is more common among relatives and within a group than between groups. Instead of creating distance between the individuals, primates tend to be more intimate in the period after an aggressive incident. These intimacies consist of grooming and various forms of body contact. Stress responses, including increased heart rates, usually decrease after these reconciliatory signals. Different types of primates, as well as many other species who live in groups, display different types of conciliatory behavior. Resolving conflicts that threaten the interaction between individuals in a group is necessary for survival, giving it a strong evolutionary value.[citation needed] These findings contradict previous existing theories about the general function of aggression, i.e. creating space between individuals (first proposed by Konrad Lorenz), which seems to be more the case in conflicts between groups than it is within groups.

text: In addition to research in primates, biologists are beginning to explore reconciliation in other animals. Until recently, the literature dealing with reconciliation in non-primates has consisted of anecdotal observations and very little quantitative data. Although peaceful post-conflict behavior had been documented going back to the 1960s, it was not until 1993 that Rowell made the first explicit mention of reconciliation in feral sheep. Reconciliation has since been documented in spotted hyenas,[23][24] lions, bottlenose dolphins,[25] dwarf mongoose, domestic goats,[26] domestic dogs,[27] and, recently, in red-necked wallabies.[28]

text: Education[edit]

text: Universities worldwide offer programs of study pertaining to conflict research, analysis, and practice. Conrad Grebel University College at the University of Waterloo has the oldest-running peace and conflict studies (PACS) program in Canada.[29] PACS can be taken as an Honors, 4-year general, or 3-year general major, joint major, minor, and diploma. Grebel also offers an interdisciplinary Master of Peace and Conflict Studies professional program. The Cornell University ILR School houses the Scheinman Institute on Conflict Resolution, which offers undergraduate, graduate, and professional training on conflict resolution.[30] It also offers dispute resolution concentrations for its MILR, JD/MILR, MPS, and MS/PhD graduate degree programs.[31] At the graduate level, Eastern Mennonite University's Center for Justice and Peacebuilding offers a Master of Arts in Conflict Transformation, a dual Master of Divinity/MA in Conflict Transformation degree, and several graduate certificates.[32] EMU also offers an accelerated 5-year BA in Peacebuilding and Development/MA in Conflict Transformation. Additional graduate programs are offered at Georgetown University, Johns Hopkins University, Creighton University, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, and Trinity College Dublin.[33] George Mason University’s School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution offers BA, BS, MS, and PhD degrees in Conflict Analysis and Resolution, as well as an undergraduate minor, graduate certificates, and joint degree programs.[34] Nova Southeastern University also offers a PhD in Conflict Analysis & Resolution, in both online and on-campus formats.[35]

text: Many students completing a doctoral program enter the field as researchers, theorists, analysts, policy makers and professors in higher education.[citation needed]

text: Pax Ludens, a non-profit based in the Netherlands, is an organization that puts together conflict resolution simulations set in an international relations scenario to help students learn about the intricacies of where conflict emerges in the world of international politics.

text: Conflict resolution is a growing area of interest in UK pedagogy, with teachers and students both encouraged to learn about mechanisms that lead to aggressive action and those that lead to peaceful resolution.

text: Tel Aviv University offers two graduate degree programs in the field of conflict resolution, including the English-language International Program in Conflict Resolution and Mediation, allowing students to learn in a geographic region which is the subject of much research on international conflict resolution.

text: The Nelson Mandela Center for Peace & Conflict Resolution at Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, is one of the first centers for peace and conflict resolution to be established at an Indian university. It offers a two-year full-time MA course in Conflict Analysis and Peace-Building, as well as a PhD in Conflict and Peace Studies.[36]

text: Conflict management[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Conflict management refers to the long-term management of intractable conflicts. It is the label for the variety of ways by which people handle grievances—standing up for what they consider to be right and against what they consider to be wrong. Those ways include such diverse phenomena as gossip, ridicule, lynching, terrorism, warfare, feuding, genocide, law, mediation, and avoidance.[citation needed] Which forms of conflict management will be used in any given situation can be somewhat predicted and explained by the social structure—or social geometry—of the case.

text: Conflict management is often considered to be distinct from conflict resolution. In order for actual conflict to occur, there should be an expression of exclusive patterns which explain why and how the conflict was expressed the way it was. Conflict is often connected to a previous issue. Resolution refers to resolving a dispute to the approval of one or both parties, whereas management is concerned with an ongoing process that may never have a resolution. Neither is considered the same as conflict transformation, which seeks to reframe the positions of the conflict parties.

text: The role of culture is not always fully appreciated and must be taken into account. In a piece on “the ocean model of civilization”, Prof Nayef Al-Rodhan argues that greater transcultural understanding is critical for global security because it diminishes ‘hierarchies’ and alienation, and avoids dehumanization of the ‘other’.

text: Counseling[edit]

text: When personal conflict leads to frustration and loss of efficiency, counseling may prove helpful. Although few organizations can afford to have professional counselors on staff, given some training, managers may be able to perform this function. Nondirective counseling, or "listening with understanding", is little more than being a good listener—something every manager should be.[37]

text: Sometimes simply being able to express one's feelings to a concerned and understanding listener is enough to relieve frustration and make it possible for an individual to advance to a problem-solving frame of mind. The nondirective approach is one effective way for managers to deal with frustrated subordinates and coworkers.[38]

text: There are other, more direct and more diagnostic, methods that could be used in appropriate circumstances. However, the great strength of the nondirective approach[nb 2] lies in its simplicity, its effectiveness, and that it deliberately avoids the manager-counselor's diagnosing and interpreting emotional problems, which would call for special psychological training. Listening to staff with sympathy and understanding is unlikely to escalate the problem, and is a widely-used approach for helping people cope with problems that interfere with their effectiveness in the workplace.[38]

text: Steps to conflict resolution in the classroom[edit]

text: Step 1: Clarifying and focusing: problem ownership

text: Negative feelings such as annoyance, anger and discomfort can interfere with understanding exactly what is wrong in situations of confrontation and how to set things right again. Gaining a bit of distance from negative feelings is exactly what such moments call for, especially on the part of the person with (presumably) the greatest maturity. Problem ownership is defined as deciding who should take ownership of the behavior or conflict in the issue (Gordon, 2003). The main person who is bothered by the root problem is also the “owner” of the problem, and thus the owner of a problem needs to be the one who takes primary responsibility for solving the issue. Identifying ownership makes a difference in how behavior is dealt with, as well as how the problem is effectively solved. It is important to ask clarifying questions to really understand the root causes of the conflict.

text: Step 2: Active listening

text: Several strategies help with distinguishing who has a problem with a behavior and who takes ownership. One of those strategies is active listening. Active listening is attending carefully to all aspects of what a student says and attempting to understand or empathize as much as one can (Seifert & Sutton). Active listening consists of continually asking questions in order to test your understanding. It also requires giving encouragement to the student by letting them tell their story, and paraphrasing what the student says so you can form an unbiased conclusion. It is key not to move too quickly at solving the problem by just giving advice, instructions, or scolding. Responding too soon with solutions can shut down the student’s communication and leave you with inaccurate impressions of the source or nature of the problem (Seifert & Sutton).

text: Step 3: Assertive discipline and I-messages

text: Once you, as the teacher, have taken in the student’s point of view, form your comments around how the student’s behavior affects your role. Your comments should be assertive, emphasize I-messages, and encourage the student to think about the effects of his or her behavior. They should not be passive, apologetic, hostile or aggressive, but matter-of-fact, such as, “Charlie, you are talking while I am talking.” The comments should emphasize I-messages that focus on how the behavior is affecting the teacher’s teaching and the other students' learning (Seifert & Sutton). An example of this would be, “You are making it hard for me to focus on teaching this math lesson.” Lastly, you should ask the student more open-ended questions that make him or her think about the consequences of his or her behavior, such as, “How do the other kids feel when you yell in the middle of class?” (Seifert & Sutton).

text: The comments should encourage the student to think about the effects of his or her actions on others—-a strategy that in effect encourages the student to consider the ethical implications of the actions (Gibbs, 2003). Instead of simply saying, “When you cut in line ahead of the other kids, that was not fair to them”, you can try asking, “How do you think the other kids feel when you cut in line ahead of them?”

text: Step 4: Negotiation

text: Seifert and Sutton state that the first three steps describe desirable ways of handling situations that are specific and last for only a short time. These steps by themselves could potentially not be enough when conflicts persist over extended periods of time. Often it is better to negotiate a solution in these situations. Negotiating is defined as methodically deliberating various options and deciding on one if possible (Seifert & Sutton). Even though negotiation demands time and energy, it often demands less time or effort ultimately than continuing to cope with the problem. The results of negotiation can be valuable to everyone involved in the situation. Various experts on conflict resolution have suggested different ways to negotiate with students about problems that are continual (Seifert & Sutton). The theories differ in specifics, but typically are generally similar to the steps we previously discussed:

text:
Determine what the problem is—involves active listening
Discuss and share possible solutions, consider their efficacy
Attempt to reach a consensus: Total agreement on the subject will not always be possible, but should be set as your end goal
Assess the success of the decision: Renegotiation might be necessary.[39]


document_title: Jesus of Nazareth (miniseries)

question_text: who played pontius pilate in jesus of nazareth

text: Jesus of Nazareth (miniseries)

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The storyline of Jesus of Nazareth is a kind of cinematic Diatessaron, or "Gospel harmony", blending the narratives of all four New Testament accounts. It takes a fairly naturalistic approach, de-emphasising special effects when miracles are depicted and presenting Jesus as more or less evenly divine and human. The familiar Christian episodes are presented chronologically: the betrothal, and later marriage, of Mary and Joseph; the Annunciation; the Visitation; the circumcision of John the Baptist; the Nativity of Jesus; the visit of the Magi; the circumcision of Jesus; the Census of Quirinius; the flight into Egypt and Massacre of the Innocents; the Finding in the Temple; the Baptism of Jesus.

text: Jesus tells his followers that the law of Moses is not a "dead stone," but subject to change. Other episodes in the movie include the woman caught in adultery; Jesus helping Peter catch the fish; the Parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15: 11-32); a dialogue between Jesus and Barabbas (non-biblical); Matthew's dinner party; the Sermon on the Mount; debating with Joseph of Arimathea; the curing of the blind man at the pool; the Raising of Lazarus (John 11:43); the Feeding of the Five Thousand; the Entry into Jerusalem; Jesus and the money changers; Parable of the Two Sons; healing the centurion's servant; dialogue with Nicodemus; the Last Supper; the betrayal of Jesus by Judas.

text: At the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus, Jesus is accused of blasphemy for calling himself the son of the God of Israel. Caiaphas announces "the LORD our God, the LORD is one" denying the God of Israel has a Son. The ensuing scenes include Peter denying Christ and repenting of it; the judgment of Jesus by Pilate ("Ecce Homo"); the Johannine Passion Narrative (John 18-19; including the Agony in the Garden); the Carrying of the Cross; the Crucifixion of Christ (Laurence Olivier's Nicodemus recites the "Suffering Servant" passage [Isaiah 53:3-5] as he looks helplessly on the crucified Messiah); the discovery of the empty tomb; and an appearance of the Risen Christ to his Disciples. The film’s storyline concludes with the non-Biblical character Zerah and his colleagues gazing despairingly into the empty tomb. Zerah laments "Now it begins. It all begins".

text: Cast[edit]

text: Starring

text: Robert Powell as Jesus

text: Guest Stars

text:
Anne Bancroft as Mary Magdalene
Ernest Borgnine as the Roman Centurion
Claudia Cardinale as the Adulteress
Valentina Cortese as Herodias
James Farentino as Peter
James Earl Jones as Balthazar
Stacy Keach as Barabbas
Tony Lo Bianco as Quintillius
James Mason as Joseph of Arimathea
Ian McShane as Judas Iscariot
Laurence Olivier as Nicodemus
Donald Pleasence as Melchior
Christopher Plummer as Herod Antipas
Anthony Quinn as Caiaphas
Fernando Rey as Gaspar
Ralph Richardson as Simeon
Rod Steiger as Pontius Pilate
Peter Ustinov as Herod the Great
Michael York as John the Baptist

text: And

text: Olivia Hussey as Mary, mother of Jesus

text: Also Starring

text:
Cyril Cusack as Yehuda
Ian Holm as Zerah
Yorgo Voyagis as Joseph

text: With

text:
Ian Bannen as Amos
Marina Berti as Elizabeth
Regina Bianchi as Anne, mother of Mary
Maria Carta as Martha
Lee Montague as Habbukuk
Renato Rascel as The Blind Man
Oliver Tobias as Joel

text: Co-Starring

text:
Norman Bowler as Saturninus
Robert Beatty as Proculus
John Phillips as Naso
Ken Jones as Jotham
Nancy Nevinson as Abigail
Renato Terra as Abel
Roy Holder as Enoch
Jonathan Adams as Adam
Lorenzo Monet as Jesus aged 12 years
Robert Davey as Daniel
Oliver Smith as Saul
George Camiller as Hosias
Murray Salem as Simon the Zealot
Tony Vogel as Andrew
Michael Cronin as Eliphaz
Steve Gardner as Philip
Derek Godfrey as Elihu
Renato Montalbano as Jairus
John Duttine as John
Michael Haughey as Nahum
Keith Skinner as Possessed Boy
Cyril Shaps as Possessed Boy's Father
Jonathan Muller as James, son of Zebedee
John Tordoff as Malachi
Isabel Mestres as Salome
Bruce Lidington as Thomas
Keith Washington as Matthew
Mimmo Crao as Jude Thaddeus
John Eastham as Bartholomew
Sergio Nicolai as James, son of Alphaeus
Francis de Wolff as Simon the Pharisee
Antonello Campodifiori as Ircanus
Paul Curran as Samuel
Tim Pearce as Rufus
Mark Eden as Quartus
Bruno Barnabe as Ezra
Simon MacCorkindale as Lucius
Forbes Collins as Jonas
Lionel Guyett as Haggai
Martin Benson as Pharisee
Peter Harlowe as Valerius
Carl Forgione as Plotinus
Donald Sumpter as Aram
Pino Colizzi as Jobab
Robert Brown as Pharisee
Harold Bennett as Elder
Robert Mallard as Quazra
Abdelmajid Lakhal as the Farisaeum

text: As of February, 2018, Robert Powell, Olivia Hussey, Yorgo Voyagis, Tony Lo Bianco, John Duttine, Ian McShane, Christopher Plummer, James Earl Jones, Michael York, Stacy Keach, Ian Holm, Claudia Cardinale and Valentina Cortese are the only surviving main cast members.

text: Production[edit]

text: The miniseries was conceived when Lew Grade was received by Pope Paul VI, who congratulated him on the making of Moses the Lawgiver (1974), a television film starring Burt Lancaster and which was produced by Grade's ITC Entertainment and the Italian television network RAI. At the end of the interview, the Pope told him he hoped his next project would be about the life of Jesus. Two weeks later, while dining with an RAI executive, Grade told him he intended their companies to prepare such a film.[1] The role of director was offered to Franco Zeffirelli - a religious Roman Catholic who knew the Pontiff from his days as the Archbishop of Milan, when he often visited Zeffirelli's school - on the Pope's initiative, who insisted that either he would make Jesus of Nazareth or no one else.[2] The director rejected the proposal at first, but Grade finally convinced him to agree;[3] he accepted the job shortly before Christmas 1973.[4]

text: Scriptwriter Anthony Burgess later recounted the launching of the project in an essay entitled "Telejesus (or Mediachrist)":

text: The notion of making a six-hour television film on the life of Jesus Christ was proposed by an enobled British Jew, with the golden blessing of an American automobile corporation. The project struck some as blasphemous, others as ecumenical. Lord Grade, who was then Sir Lew Grade, presided over a massive press conference in the Holy City, (Rome), and said all that was available to be said — namely, that there would be this film, that Zeffirelli would direct it, and that Burgess would write it. Fired by this announcement, the Romans laid on a great, as it were, First Supper, which the Chief Rabbi of Rome attended, as well as various cricket-playing British ecclesiastics. Sir Lew Grade was made a Cavaliere of the Republic. The Pope was noticeably absent.[5]

text: Both Grade and Zeffirelli insisted their adaptation of Jesus' life should be 'ecumenical', coherent, even to non-believers, and 'acceptable to all denominations'.[6] To ensure the film's accuracy, the producers consulted experts from the Vatican, the Leo Baeck Rabbinical College of London, and the Koranic School at Meknes, Morocco.[7] However, when Zeffirelli asked Rabbi Albert Friedlander to help him create Jesus' Bar Mitzvah scene, the latter replied that such ceremonies were practiced only from the 15th century. The director, however, insisted on including it, and Friedlander tried to teach child actor Lorenzo Monet to read a short portion of the Pentateuch in Hebrew. Monet, however, mumbled it and the director was not satisfied (in the film, boy Jesus reads mostly in English).[8]

text: Principal photography was carried out in Morocco and Tunisia from September 1975 to May 1976. The synagogue scenes were shot with extras from the Jewish community in the island of Djerba.[4] The city of Monastir served as 1st Century Jerusalem.[9] Ernest Borgnine, who portrayed Cornelius the Centurion, recalled that since regulations required hiring local extras—most with poor English—for many of the smaller roles, they had to be dubbed. Zeffirelli decided to avoid recording sound altogether in many parts, and simply send the principal actors to dub their own characters in the studio later.[10] The standing sets of the film were later used by the British comedy troupe Monty Python for their religious satire Life of Brian (1979).[11]

text: There are various reports regarding the size of the miniseries' budget: Presbyterian Survey stated it was $12 million,[12] The Listener cited the figure of £9 million[13] (roughly $16 million),[14] while Third Way stated it cost £11.5 million[15] (roughly $20 million). Other sources give the sum of $18 million.[4][16] In his autobiography, Lew Grade wrote that "in the final accounting, Jesus of Nazareth took $45 million."[17][18]

text: Powell's portrayal of Jesus[edit]

text: The producers at first considered choosing a well-known star, who would draw a large audience, for the role of Christ. The first actor thought of was Dustin Hoffman, and Al Pacino was also a candidate. However, the filmmakers feared that their looks would not match the popular perception of Jesus held by the American public. Eventually, the character's North European appearance in the series was influenced by Warner Sallman's famous Head of Christ: Paul Harvey and Edward J. Blum wrote the show 'put Sallman's imagination in motion'.[19] The Virgin Mary, too, was depicted "without regard to historical or ethnographic accuracy" by the "definitely Caucasian Olivia Hussey."[20]

text: The idea to cast Robert Powell originated with Lew Grade's wife, Kathie Moody, who told her husband the actor had 'wonderful blue eyes' after watching him perform in a BBC television adaptation of Jude the Obscure. Powell came under severe criticism from religious groups for 'living in sin' with his companion, dancer Barbara Lord of Pan's People, while intending to portray Jesus. The couple married shortly before production began.[1]

text: Powell rarely blinks throughout the entire film, mimicking, in this respect, H.B. Warner in 1927's The King of Kings and Max von Sydow in 1965's The Greatest Story Ever Told. This effect was a deliberate decision by Franco Zeffirelli. James Houlden commented that the result was 'a penetrating, unrelenting eye contact with Jesus'.[21] A dark blue eyeliner was applied on set to accentuate Powell's blue eyes.[19] Powell's portrayal has since become an often-used image in popular devotional art, and 'defined the visual image of Christ in the minds of the audience... Perhaps more than any other Jesus film.'[21]

text: For the crucifixion scene, Powell starved himself on a diet of only cheese for 12 days prior to shooting "in order to look worn".[1]

text: Subsequent broadcasts and versions[edit]

text: NBC rebroadcast the series in 1981 and four more times through 1990. It was originally released as a three-tape VHS edition in the early 1980s under the Magnetic Video label. It was released later under the mainstream video label of CBS/FOX in 1986. Another three-tape VHS edition was released by LIVE Home Video in 1992 and again on 22 February 1995. Artisan Entertainment released the DVD version on two discs on 6 December 1999. In the UK, the original 1986 Polygram VHS (four tapes) was fully uncut and featured the full 386-minute version. The 2000 Carlton video (two tapes) featured a heavily abridged print running for 270 minutes. Although the Granada DVD is credited as the unedited print, it runs for 374 minutes and misses out two scenes - a private meeting between Judas Iscariot and Zerah, and the opening betrayal sequence during the Last Supper. This is the version that is broadcast most often.

text: The mini-series is broadcast every Easter and Christmas in many countries, including Greece on ANT1, and in the United States on History Channel and TBN.

text: The Region 1 DVD is the original 1977 broadcast. The Region 2 Carlton DVD released in the UK is substantially cut and runs to 270 minutes. The Dutch DVD release (also Carlton Region 2) has a running time of 365 minutes (the 399-minute running time stated on the cover is a misprint).

text: For Easter 2016, the UK's Sky Arts channel showed one part a day over the four days of Easter. The version they used was the extended four-part edition, totalling eight hours with advertising.

text: The mini-series ran on NBC as "The Big Event" in two three-hour instalments with limited commercials on Palm Sunday and Easter Sunday. Additional footage was added for a 1979 re-run and broadcast in four two-hour instalments. In the 1980s and 1990, the film was re-broadcast on NBC in three instalments of two- and three-hour episodes, released on VHS and DVD as one complete presentation with one set of credits.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Jesus of Nazareth premiered on the Italian channel RAI 1 on 27 March 1977. It was broadcast in five episodes, one shown every week until 25 April.[22] On Palm Sunday, 3 April 1977 – the date of the airing of the second episode – the Pope endorsed the programme in his public address for the holiday and recommended the faithful to view it.[4] The series enjoyed high ratings: the German Dominican friar and film critic Ambros Eichenberger reported that according to local surveys, 84% of the television owners in the larger cities watched the series.[23] For example, the number of viewers for the third episode, aired on 10 April, was estimated to have been 28.3 million.[24]

text: In the United Kingdom and in the United States, it was broadcast in two parts, albeit in different lengths, by the ITV network in the UK and by NBC in the US. In both countries, the first part was aired on 3 April and the second on Easter, 10 April 1977.[25][26][27] During its original showing in the UK, Jesus of Nazareth had an estimated audience of 21 million viewers.[28]

text: When the first episode was broadcast in the US, it was a major success. The New York Times reported it "swamped all competing programs on Sunday night", with overnight Nielsen ratings of 53% in Los Angeles and 46% in New York City.[29] The miniseries as a whole received a Nielsen rating of 30.8 points,[30] with each point representing approximately 712,000 television-owning homes,[31] and an audience share of 50% nationwide,[27] on both nights.[32] The company calculated that Jesus attracted about 90 million viewers.[16][27][28][33]

text: In West Germany, it was broadcast by ZDF in four episodes on the 19th, 21st, 23rd and 24 March 1978;[34] 40% of the audience have viewed it.[23]

text: Jesus of Nazareth turned into a massive commercial success and one of the most widely marketed and best-known productions about Christ's life.[4][16][21] Lew Grade stated that it made "a net profit of $30 million."[17] Robert Powell's performance as Jesus in particular was widely praised by critics.[35][36][37][38][39]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Jesus of Nazareth received an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Special Drama. Additionally, James Farentino, who portrayed the apostle Peter, received a nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Drama Special.[40]

text: The miniseries was nominated for six British Academy Television Awards: Best Actor, Best Cameraman, Best Single Television Play, Best Editor, Best Costume Design and Best Sound. It won none.[41]

text: Jesus of Nazareth won awards for Best Cinematography to Armando Nannuzzi, Best Costume Design to Lucia Mirisola and Best Production Design, to Mirisola again, from the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists.[42]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Before its initial broadcast, Jesus of Nazareth came under ideological fire from some American Protestant fundamentalists, led by Bob Jones III, president of Bob Jones University in South Carolina, and Dr. Bill Bright, because they felt the TV movie had to have the resurrection of Jesus Christ to be true to the Gospel account. Zeffirelli had told an interviewer from Modern Screen that the film would portray Jesus as "an ordinary man – gentle, fragile, simple". Jones interpreted this as meaning that the portrayal would deny Christ's divine nature. Having never seen the film, Jones denounced it as "blasphemy." Others picked up the cry and 18,000 letters were sent to General Motors, which had provided $3 million of the film's cost. Sacrificing its investment, GM backed out of its sponsorship.[7] Procter and Gamble eventually took it over, buying the U.S. rights for a relatively low price of some $1 million. Their financial support allowed the mini-series to be screened after a simulated resurrection was added at the suggestion of Dr. Ted Baehr, a theologian and media pundit, who was friends with the producer, Vincenzo Labella, and acquainted with the protesters. The scenes showed the empty tomb, with flashbacks to Jesus discussing his death and resurrection.[43]

text: Narrative deviations from the Gospels[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Although the film has been received as generally faithful to the Gospel sources, and more comprehensive than previous film versions, Zeffirelli and his screenwriters found it necessary to take some liberties with the scriptures for purposes of brevity and narrative continuity. Some of these deviations have a basis in time-honoured, extra-Biblical traditions (e.g., that the infant Jesus was visited by three "kings"; the Bible calls them "magi" or "astrologers", yet does not state how many there were). Other deviations were invented for the script:

text:
Perhaps the greatest liberties taken in the screenplay are interpretations of the motivation of Judas Iscariot in betraying Jesus to the authorities prior to his arrest and execution. In contrast to the Gospels – which vilify Judas as a thief who stole from the Disciples’ money purse (John 12:6) and betrayed his Master simply for money (Luke 22:5) – the film portrays Judas as a much-misunderstood political person who, in several scenes, conspires with the Zealots for the sake of Jewish liberation in a way that could be interpreted as honourable, albeit misguided.
The film introduces a number of fictional characters. Of these, Ian Holm's Zerah has the most screen time. (Zerah is used primarily to supply Judas Iscariot with a motive for his treachery: he persuades him that an appearance before the Sanhedrin will offer Jesus an opportunity to prove himself.) Other invented characters include Quintillius, Yehuda and Amos.
In the Bible, the only mention of Jesus in childhood is his trip to the temple in Jerusalem as a 12-year-old. In the film, the boy Jesus is also portrayed at his bar mitzvah, which is interrupted by a raid of Roman soldiers plundering supplies. The boy Jesus is also portrayed as climbing a ladder and looking out over the landscape of Judea after Joseph makes the analogy of a ladder reaching to heaven.
The prostitute and the woman who anoints Jesus' feet with ointment and her hair are combined into one person. The Bible indicates that Mary Magdalene (who is never actually said to be a prostitute) is the woman from whom seven demons were cast out, while the ointment-bearing woman is Mary of Bethany, a sister of Lazarus (John 11:2).
In the film, Nicodemus visits Jesus in the late afternoon, not at night as in John 3:3.
The Apostle Andrew introduces Simon to Jesus as "My brother, Simon Peter." But "Peter" is the name that Jesus later gave to Simon (John 1:42, Matthew 16:18) after he was well acquainted with him, not his original given name. Later in the mini-series, Jesus does give Simon the surname of "Peter".
The Apostle Thomas, prior to his calling, is depicted as a servant of Jairus, the synagogue leader whose 12-year-old daughter Jesus raises from the dead. Nowhere in the three gospel accounts of this resurrection is Thomas described as Jairus's servant. This was done in the movie to conveniently introduce Thomas as the doubter when Jesus said Jairus' dead daughter is "only sleeping."
Barabbas is portrayed in the film as a Zealot (political extremist and agitator). The meeting and dialogue between Jesus and Barabbas are made up.
The Parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32) is used as a plot device which simultaneously redeems the disciple Matthew and reconciles him to his bitter enemy, Simon Peter. Although not in the Bible, this has been praised as one of the film’s particularly felicitous innovations. (The Gospels do not record either a conflict or a particular friendship between Matthew and Simon Peter.)
In the film, Pontius Pilate, having convicted Jesus of treason, sentences Him to be crucified. The Gospels record that Pilate acquitted Jesus, but sentenced Him under pressure from the crowd.
The film does not depict Pilate remanding Jesus' case to Herod Antipas and Antipas sending Jesus back to Pilate (Luke 23:6-12).
The Gospels and the film both relate an account of a Roman centurion who petitions Jesus to heal his sick servant. The film, but not the Gospels, presents the same officer (portrayed by Ernest Borgnine) as one of the soldiers standing at the foot of the Cross, where he sympathetically allows Mary to approach her son.
In the Bible Judas is paid 30 pieces of silver for betraying Jesus. Full of remorse, he later gives the silver back to the priests (Matthew 27:3-5). In the film, Judas is given silver coins as an afterthought by Zerah; he does not return them and they are shown lying on the ground under the tree from which he hangs himself.
The film depicts a scene that shows Joseph dying. The Gospels never mention anything about Joseph after the story of Jesus, as a boy, in the Temple.
The healing of the blind beggar scene, where Jesus spat on dirt and rubbed the mud in the blind man's eyes, was set in the Temple; the whole of John 9 places this episode after Jesus had left the Temple, and was "walking along."

text: Quasi-sequel[edit]

text: The success of this miniseries led, in 1985, to a kind of sequel, A.D., which wove a fictional story set in first-century Rome into Biblical and extra-Biblical material based on the Acts of the Apostles. Although many of the same crew members worked on both series, the only key cast members to return were Tony Vogel, Ian McShane and James Mason, all playing different roles.


document_title: Great Salt Plains State Park

question_text: where is the great salt plains located in oklahoma

text: Great Salt Plains State Park

text:
Great Salt Plains State Park

Location
Alfalfa County, Oklahoma, United States

Nearest city
Jet, OK

Coordinates
36°44′22″N 98°08′39″W / 36.7394740°N 98.1442330°W / 36.7394740; -98.1442330[1]Coordinates: 36°44′22″N 98°08′39″W / 36.7394740°N 98.1442330°W / 36.7394740; -98.1442330[1]

Area
840 acres (340 ha)

Governing body
Oklahoma Tourism and Recreation Department

www.travelok.com/listings/view.profile/id.3204

text: Great Salt Plains State Park is a 840-acre (3.4 km2) Oklahoma state park located in Alfalfa County, Oklahoma. It is located 8 miles (13 km) north of Jet, Oklahoma on SH-38 and 12 miles (19 km) east of Cherokee.[2] Recreational opportunities at Great Salt Plains State Park include boating, camping, picnicking, swimming, hiking, mountain biking and exploring. The Great Salt Plains Lake is located at the park and covers 9,300 acres (38 km2) with 41 miles (66 km) of shoreline and is a shallow, salty lake with fishing opportunities for catfish, saugeye, sandbass and hybrid striper. The average depth is reportedly 4 feet (1.2 m) and the impoundment capacity is 31,420 acre-feet. Salinity of the water in the reservoir is one-fourth that of sea water. Personal watercraft are not recommended. The park has RV and tent sites, comfort stations with showers, cabins, picnic sites, group shelters, swimming beach, playgrounds, boat ramps, fishing dock and equestrian trails. Horse rental is not available.[3]

text: The Great Salt Plains cover an area of 11,000 square miles (28,000 km2). It was so named because it is covered with a layer of salt deposited long ago by an inland sea. A saline aquifer still flows beneath the surface and replenishes the salt whenever the water table rises. The salt is left behind when the water evaporates. The first white men to visit this area were members of the Sibley expedition in 1811, who named it the Grand Saline.[4]

text: President Herbert Hoover designated an area of the Salt Fork east of Cherokee, Oklahoma as a National Wildlife Refuge on March 26, 1930. The Great Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge sits adjacent to the park and offers great bird watching and fall foliage viewing opportunities.[3]

text: The refuge is the only spot in the world where crystal enthusiasts can dig for hourglass selenite, a rare and fragile form of selenite, which is a form of gypsum. Digging times are available from April 1 through October 15.[5]