document_title: Macbeth, King of Scotland

question_text: who is crowned king of scotland at the end of macbeth

text: Macbeth, King of Scotland

text: Name[edit]

text: Macbeth's full name in Medieval Gaelic was Mac Bethad mac Findlaích. This is realised as MacBheatha mac Fhionnlaigh in Modern Gaelic, and anglicised as Macbeth MacFinlay (also spelled Findlay, Findley, or Finley). The name Mac Bethad, from which the anglicised "MacBeth" is derived, means "son of life".[2] Although it has the appearance of a Gaelic patronymic it does not have any meaning of filiation but instead carries an implication of "righteous man"[2] or "religious man".[3] An alternative proposed derivation is that it is a corruption of macc-bethad meaning "one of the elect".[2]

text: Royal ancestry[edit]

text: Some sources make Macbeth a grandson of King Malcolm II and thus a cousin to Duncan I, whom he succeeded. He was possibly also a cousin to Thorfinn the Mighty, Earl of Orkney and Caithness.  Nigel Tranter, in his novel Macbeth the King, went so far as to portray Macbeth as Thorfinn's half-brother.[4]  However, this is speculation arising from the lack of historical certainty regarding the number of daughters Malcolm had.[5]

text: Mormaer and dux[edit]

text: When Cnut the Great came north in 1031 to accept the submission of King Malcolm II, Macbeth too submitted to him:

text: ... Malcolm, king of the Scots, submitted to him, and became his man, with two other kings, Macbeth and Iehmarc ...[6]

text: Some have seen this as a sign of Macbeth's power; others have seen his presence, together with Iehmarc, who may be Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, as proof that Malcolm II was overlord of Moray and of the Kingdom of the Isles.[7] Whatever the true state of affairs in the early 1030s, it seems more probable that Macbeth was subject to the king of Alba, Malcolm II, who died at Glamis, on 25 November 1034. The Prophecy of Berchan, apparently alone in near contemporary sources, says Malcolm died a violent death, calling it a "kinslaying" without actually naming his killers.[8] Tigernach's chronicle says only:

text: Máel Coluim son of Cináed, king of Alba, the honour of western Europe, died.[9]

text: Malcolm II's grandson Duncan (Donnchad mac Crínáin), later King Duncan I, was acclaimed as king of Alba on 30 November 1034, apparently without opposition. Duncan appears to have been tánaise ríg, the king in waiting, so that far from being an abandonment of tanistry, as has sometimes been argued, his kingship was a vindication of the practice. Previous successions had involved strife between various rígdomna  –  men of royal blood.[10] Far from being the aged King Duncan of Shakespeare's play, the real King Duncan was a young man in 1034, and even at his death in 1040 his youthfulness is remarked upon.[11]

text: Because of his youth, Duncan's early reign was apparently uneventful. His later reign, in line with his description as "the man of many sorrows" in the Prophecy of Berchán, was not successful. In 1039, Strathclyde was attacked by the Northumbrians, and a retaliatory raid led by Duncan against Durham turned into a disaster. Duncan survived the defeat, but the following year he led an army north into Moray, Macbeth's domain, apparently on a punitive expedition against Moray.[12] There he was killed in action, at Bothnagowan, now Pitgaveny, near Elgin, by the men of Moray led by Macbeth, probably on 14 August 1040.[13][14]

text: High King of Alba[edit]

text: On Duncan's death, Macbeth became king. No resistance is known at that time, but it would have been entirely normal if his reign were not universally accepted. In 1045, Duncan's father Crínán of Dunkeld (a scion of the Scottish branch of the Cenel Conaill and Hereditary Abbot of Iona) was  killed in a battle between two Scottish armies.[15]

text: John of Fordun wrote that Duncan's wife fled Scotland, taking her children, including the future kings Malcolm III (Máel Coluim mac Donnchada) and Donald III (Domnall Bán mac Donnchada, or Donalbane) with her. On the basis of the author's beliefs as to whom Duncan married, various places of exile, Northumbria and Orkney among them, have been proposed. However, E. William Robertson proposes the safest place for Duncan's widow and her children would be with her or Duncan's kin and supporters in Atholl.[16]

text: After the defeat of Crínán, Macbeth was evidently unchallenged. Marianus Scotus tells how the king made a pilgrimage to Rome in 1050, where, Marianus says, he gave money to the poor as if it were seed.

text: Karl Hundason[edit]

text: The Orkneyinga Saga says that a dispute between Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Earl of Orkney, and Karl Hundason began when Karl Hundason became "King of Scots" and claimed Caithness. The identity of Karl Hundason, unknown to Scots and Irish sources, has long been a matter of dispute, and it is far from clear that the matter is settled. The most common assumption is that Karl Hundason was an insulting byname (Old Norse for "Churl, son of a Dog") given to Macbeth by his enemies.[17] William Forbes Skene's suggestion that he was Duncan I of Scotland has been revived in recent years. Lastly, the idea that the whole affair is a poetic invention has been raised.[18]

text: According to the Orkneyinga Saga, in the war which followed, Thorfinn defeated Karl in a sea-battle off Deerness at the east end of the Orkney Mainland. Then Karl's nephew Mutatan or Muddan, appointed to rule Caithness for him, was killed at Thurso by Thorkel the Fosterer. Finally, a great battle at Tarbat Ness[19] on the south side of the Dornoch Firth ended with Karl defeated and fugitive or dead. Thorfinn, the saga says, then marched south through Scotland as far as Fife, burning and plundering as he passed. A later note in the saga claims that Thorfinn won nine Scottish earldoms.[20]

text: Whoever Karl Hundason may have been, it appears that the saga is reporting a local conflict with a Scots ruler of Moray or Ross:

text: [T]he whole narrative is consistent with the idea that the struggle of Thorfinn and Karl is a continuation of that which had been waged since the ninth century by the Orkney earls, notably Sigurd Rognvald's son, Ljot, and Sigurd the Stout, against the princes or mormaers of Moray, Sutherland, Ross, and Argyll, and that, in fine, Malcolm and Karl were mormaers of one of these four provinces.[21]

text: Final years[edit]

text: In 1052, Macbeth was involved indirectly in the strife in the Kingdom of England between Godwin, Earl of Wessex and Edward the Confessor when he received a number of Norman exiles from England in his court, perhaps becoming the first king of Scots to introduce feudalism to Scotland. In 1054, Edward's Earl of Northumbria, Siward, led a very large invasion of Scotland (Duncan's widow and Malcolm's mother, Suthed, was Northumbrian-born; it is probable but not proven that there was a family tie between Siward and Malcolm). The campaign led to a bloody battle in which the Annals of Ulster report 3,000 Scots and 1,500 English dead, which can be taken as meaning very many on both sides, and one of Siward's sons and a son-in-law were among the dead. The result of the invasion was that one Máel Coluim, "son of the king of the Cumbrians" (not to be confused with Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, the future Malcolm III of Scotland) was restored to his throne, i.e., as ruler of the kingdom of Strathclyde.[22] It may be that the events of 1054 are responsible for the idea, which appears in Shakespeare's play, that Malcolm III was put in power by the English.

text: Macbeth did not survive the English invasion for long, for he was defeated and mortally wounded or killed by the future Malcolm III ("King Malcolm Ceann-mor", son of Duncan I)[23] on the north side of the Mounth in 1057, after retreating with his men over the Cairnamounth Pass to take his last stand at the battle at Lumphanan.[24] The Prophecy of Berchán has it that he was wounded and died at Scone, sixty miles to the south, some days later.[25] Macbeth's stepson Lulach was installed as king soon after.

text: Unlike later writers, no near contemporary source remarks on Macbeth as a tyrant. The Duan Albanach, which survives in a form dating to the reign of Malcolm III, calls him "Mac Bethad the renowned". The Prophecy of Berchán, a verse history which purports to be a prophecy, describes him as "the generous king of Fortriu", and says:

text: The red, tall, golden-haired one, he will be pleasant to me among them; Scotland will be brimful west and east during the reign of the furious red one.[26]

text: Life to legend[edit]

text: Macbeth's life, like that of King Duncan I, had progressed far towards legend by the end of the 14th century, when John of Fordun and Andrew of Wyntoun wrote their histories. Hector Boece, Walter Bower, and George Buchanan all contributed to the legend.

text: William Shakespeare's depiction and its influence[edit]

text: In Shakespeare's play, which is based mainly upon Raphael Holinshed's account, Macbeth is initially a valorous and loyal general to the elderly King Duncan. After being flattered by Three Witches and his own wife, Macbeth rationalizes that murdering his king and usurping the throne is the right thing to do. Ultimately, however, the prophecies of the witches prove misleading, and Macbeth alienates the nobility of Scotland and is defeated in battle by Prince Malcolm. As the King's armies disintegrate he encounters Macduff, a refugee nobleman whose wife and children had earlier been murdered by Macbeth's death squads. Upon realizing that he will die if he duels Macduff, Macbeth at first refuses to do so. But when Macduff explains that if Macbeth surrenders he will be subjected to ridicule by his former subjects, Macbeth vows, "I will not yield to kiss the ground before young Malcolm's feet, to be baited by a rabble's curse." He chooses instead to fight Macduff to the death. Macbeth is then slain and beheaded and the play ends with Prince Malcolm planning his coronation at Scone.

text: The likely reason[27] for Shakespeare's unflattering depiction of Macbeth is that King James VI and I was descended from Malcolm III via the House of Bruce and his own House of Stewart, whereas Macbeth's line died out with the death of Lulach six months after his step-father. King James was also thought to be a descendant of Banquo through Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland.

text: In a 1959 essay, Boris Pasternak compared Shakespeare's Macbeth to Raskolnikov, the protagonist of Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoevsky. Pasternak explained that neither character begins as a murderer, but becomes one by a set of faulty rationalizations and a belief that he is above the law.

text: Lady Macbeth has gained fame along the way. In his 1865 novel Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District, Nikolai Leskov updated The Tragedy of Macbeth so that it takes place among the Imperial Russian merchant class. In an ironic twist, however, Leskov reverses the gender roles – the woman is the murderer and the man is the instigator. Leskov's novel was the basis for Dmitri Shostakovich's 1936 opera of the same name.

text: Other depictions[edit]

text: In modern times, Dorothy Dunnett's novel King Hereafter aims to portray a historical Macbeth, but proposes that Macbeth and his rival and sometime ally Thorfinn of Orkney are one and the same (Thorfinn is his birth name and Macbeth his baptismal name). John Cargill Thompson's play Macbeth Speaks 1997, a reworking of his earlier Macbeth Speaks, is a monologue delivered by the historical Macbeth, aware of what Shakespeare and posterity have done to him. Scottish author Nigel Tranter based one of his historical novels, MacBeth the King, on the historical figure. David Greig's 2010 play Dunsinane takes Macbeth's downfall at Dunsinane as its starting point, with his just-ended reign portrayed as long and stable in contrast to Malcolm's. British Touring Shakespeare also produced in 2010 A Season Before the Tragedy of Macbeth by dramatist Gloria Carreño describing events from the murder of "Lord Gillecomgain", Gruoch Macduff's first husband, to the fateful letter in the first act of Shakespeare's tragedy

text: Macbeth appears as a character in the television series Gargoyles with the Gargoyle Demona playing a crucial role in both his rise and fall as King of Scotland. He was voiced by John Rhys-Davies.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ William Forbes Skene, Chronicles, p. 102.

^ Jump up to: a b c Aitchison, Nicholas Boyter (1999). Macbeth:man and myth. p. 38. ISBN 978-0750918916.

Jump up ^ Davis, J. Madison (1995). The Shakespeare Name and Place Dictionary. p. 294. ISBN 978-1884964176.

Jump up ^ Knapp, Tom. "Nigel Tranter: Macbeth the King". Rambles.net. Retrieved 8 Aug 2016.

Jump up ^ "Scotland Kings". Foundation for Medieval Genealogy. Retrieved 8 Aug 2016.

Jump up ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ms. E, 1031.

Jump up ^ Compare Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, pp. 29–30 with Hudson, Prophecy of Berchán, pp. 222–223.

Jump up ^ Hudson, Prophecy of Berchán, p. 223; Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, p. 33.

Jump up ^ Annals of Tigernach 1034.1

Jump up ^ Duncan I as tánaise ríg, the chosen heir, see Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots, pp.  33–34; Hudson, Prophecy of Berchán,pp. 223–224, where it is accepted that Duncan was king of Strathclyde. For tanistry, etc., in Ireland, see Ó Cróinín, Early Medieval Ireland, 63–71. Byrne, Irish Kings and High-Kings, pp. 35–39, offers a different perspective.

Jump up ^ Annals of Tigernach 1040.1.

Jump up ^ G. W. S. Barrow, Kingship and Unity: Scotland 1000–1306, Edinburgh University Press, 1981, p.26.

Jump up ^ Broun, "Duncan I (d. 1040)"; the date is from Marianus Scotus and the killing is recorded by the Annals of Tigernach.

Jump up ^ Hudson, Prophecy of Berchán, pp.223–224; Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots, pp.33–34.

Jump up ^ Annals of Tigernach 1045.10; Annals of Ulster 1045.6.

Jump up ^ Robertson, Scotland under her Early Kings, p. 122. Hudson, Prophecy of Berchán, p. 224, refers to Earl Siward as Malcolm III's "patron"; Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots, pp. 40–42 favours Orkney; Woolf offers no opinion. Northumbria is evidently a misapprehension, further than that cannot be said with certainty.

Jump up ^ However Macbeth's father may be called "jarl Hundi" in Njál's saga; Crawford, p. 72.

Jump up ^ Anderson, ESSH, p. 576, note 7, refers to the account as "a fabulous story" and concludes that "[n]o solution to the riddle seems to be justified".

Jump up ^ Roberts, John Lenox (1997), Lost Kingdoms: Celtic Scotland and the Middle Ages, Edinburgh University Press, p. 22, ISBN 978-0-7486-0910-9

Jump up ^ Orkneyinga Saga, cc. 20 & 32.

Jump up ^ Taylor, p. 338; Crawford, pp. 71–74.

Jump up ^ Florence of Worcester, 1052; Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ms. D, 1054; Annals of Ulster 1054.6; and discussed by Duncan, The Kingship of the Scots, pp. 38–41; see also Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 260–263.

Jump up ^ Moncreiffe, Iain (Sir Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk). The Robertsons (Clan Donnachaidh of Atholl).  W. & A.K. Johnston & G.W. Bacon Ltd., Edinburgh. 1962 (reprint of 1954), p6

Jump up ^ Andrew Wyntoun, Original Chronicle, ed. F.J. Amours, vol. 4, pp 298–299 and 300–301 (c. 1420)

Jump up ^ The exact dates are uncertain, Woolf gives 15 August, Hudson 14 August and Duncan, following John of Fordun, gives 5 December; Annals of Tigernach 1058.5; Annals of Ulster 1058.6.

Jump up ^ Hudson, Prophecy of Berchán, p. 91, stanzas 193 and 194.

Jump up ^ "The History of Scotland by John Leslie, 1578". British Library. Retrieved 8 Aug 2016.

tag: ol


document_title: Timeline of World War I

question_text: leader who declared war on russia to support austria hungary

root

text: Timeline of World War I

text:
Dates
Events

June 28
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, who was killed in Sarajevo along with his wife Duchess Sophie by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip.[1]
Details

July 5
Austria-Hungary seeks German support for a war against Serbia in case of Russian militarism. Germany gives assurances of support.[2]

July 23
Beginning of the "Black Week". Austria-Hungary sends an ultimatum to Serbia. The Serbian response is seen as satisfactory everywhere but in Vienna.[3]
Details

July 28
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.[4] Russia mobilizes.[5]
Details

The Netherlands declare neutrality.

July 29
Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany and Czar Nicholas II of Russia communicate via telegram.[6]

July 30
Germany sends Russia an ultimatum.[6]

August 1
Germany declares war on Russia and mobilizes.[7][8][9]

France mobilizes.[7]

Italy declares its neutrality. [10]

Denmark, Sweden and Norway unitedly declare their neutrality.[11]

Germany and the Ottoman Empire sign a secret alliance treaty.[12]
Details

August 2
Germany invades Luxembourg [13].
Details

Skirmish at Joncherey, first military action on the Western Front. [14]

August 2–26
Germany besieges and captures fortified Longwy "the iron gate to Paris" near the Luxembourg border, opening France to mass German invasion.

August 3
Germany declares war on France.[15] Belgium denies permission for German forces to pass through to the French border.[16][17]

Switzerland declares its neutrality and mobilizes for purposes of defense.[18][19]

August 4
Germany invades Belgium[20] to outflank the French army.
Details

Britain protests the violation of Belgian neutrality, guaranteed by the Treaty of London, The German Chancellor replies that the treaty is just a scrap of paper. The United Kingdom declares war on Germany.[21]
Details

The United States declares neutrality.

August 4–16
The Germans besiege and then capture the fortresses of Liège, Belgium.
Details

August 5
German Steamer SS Pfalz surrenders after being fired on by Fort Nepean, south of Melbourne, Australia[22]

Montenegro declares war on Austria-Hungary.[23]

The Ottoman Empire closes the Dardanelles.

August 6
Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia.[24]

Serbia declares war on Germany.[24]

August 7
The British Expeditionary Force arrives in France.[25]
Details

Spain declares "the strictest neutrality."[26][27]
Details

August 7 – September 13
Battle of the Frontiers. The Germans obtain a victory against the British Expeditionary Force and France's Fifth Army.

August 7–10
Battle of Mulhouse, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.

August 8
Montenegro declares war on Germany.[24][28]

August 9
The Togoland Campaign begins.

August 11
France declares war on Austria-Hungary.

August 12
The United Kingdom declares war on Austria-Hungary.[24][29]

Battle of Halen, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.

August 14–25
Battle of Lorraine, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.

August 16–20
The Serbs defeat the Austro-Hungarians at the Battle of Cer.[30]
Details

August 17
The Russian army enters East Prussia. Battle of Stallupönen.
Details

August 20
The Germans attack the Russians in East Prussia, the Battle of Gumbinnen. The attack is a failure in addition to being a deviation from the Schlieffen Plan.[31]
Details

The Germans occupy Brussels.

Battle of Morhange, a phase of the Battle of Lorraine.

Battle of Sarrebourg, a phase of the Battle of Lorraine.

August 21
Battle of Charleroi, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.

August 21–23
Battle of the Ardennes, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.

August 23
Japan declares war on Germany.[24]
Details

Battle of Mons, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.

August 23–30
Battle of Tannenberg: the Russian army undergoes a heavy defeat by the Germans.[32]
Details

August 23 – September 11
Battle of Lemberg. The Russians capture Lviv.
Details

August 23–25
Battle of Kraśnik, a phase of the Battle of Lemberg. The Austro-Hungarian First Army defeats the Russian Fourth Army.[33]
Details

August 24
Action of Elouges.

Battle of the Mortagne, a phase of the Battle of Lorraine.

August 24 – September 7
The Germans besiege and capture the Maubeuge Fortress.
Details

August 24 – September 28
The Allied Great Retreat to the River Marne.

August 25
Japan declares war on Austria-Hungary.[24]

Battle of Tepe: The Kamerun Campaign begins.

August 26
British and French forces conquer Togoland, a German protectorate in West Africa.[34]
Details

Battle of Le Grand Fayt.

August 26–27
Battle of Le Cateau. Allied retreat.
Details

August 26–30
Battle of Gnila Lipa, a phase of the Battle of Lemberg.

August 26 – September 2
Battle of Komarow, part of the Battle of Lemberg.
Details

August 26 - February 18, 1916
Siege of Mora.

August 27
Battle of Étreux.
Details

August 27 – November 7
Battle of Tsingtao: British and Japanese forces capture the German-controlled port of Tsingtao in China.
Details

August 28
The Royal Navy wins the First Battle of Heligoland Bight, North Sea.
Details

Austria-Hungary declares war on Belgium.[24][35]

August 29–30
Battle of Saint Quentin, also known as Battle of Guise. Orderly Allied retreat.
Details

August 29-31
First Battle of Garua.

August 30
New Zealand occupies German Samoa (later Western Samoa).
Details

September 1
Action at Nery
Details

Saint Petersburg renamed Petrograd, removing German words "Burg" and "Sankt".[36]

September 2–11
Austro-Hungarian defeat at the Battle of Rava Russka, a phase of the Battle of Lemberg.
Details

September 4–13
Battle of Grand Couronne, a phase of the Battle of the Frontiers.

September 5–12
First Battle of the Marne. The German advance on Paris is halted, marking the failure of the Schlieffen Plan.[37]
Details

Battle of the Ourcq, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.

Battle of the Two Morins.

September 6
Battle of Nsanakong.

September 6–12
Battle of the Marshes of Saint-Gond, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.

Battle of Vitry, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.

Battle of Revigny, a phase of the First Battle of the Marne.

September 6 – October 4
Battle of Drina.

September 7
Fanning Raid.

September 7–14
First Battle of the Masurian Lakes: The Russian Army of the Neman withdraws from East Prussia with heavy casualties.
Details

September 9
Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg lays out Germany's war aims.
Details

September 11
Battle of Bita Paka.

September 13
Troops from South Africa begin invading German South-West Africa.
Details

September 13–28
The First Battle of the Aisne ends in a substantial draw. The Race to the Sea begins.
Details

September 14
Erich von Falkenhayn replaces Helmuth von Moltke the Younger as German Chief of Staff.
Details

September 14-17
Siege of Toma. Most German forces in New Guinea surrender to the Australians then or over the following year.

September 15
Boer leader Manie Maritz revolts in South Africa.
Details

September 19 – October 11
Battle of Flirey

September 20
Battle of Zanzibar, German naval victory.

September 22
Bombardment of Papeete

German Light Cruiser Emden attacks Madras
Details

September 22–26
First Battle of Picardy.

September 24
The Siege of Przemyśl begins
Details

September 25
Battle of Sandfontein.

September 25–29
First Battle of Albert
Details

September 28 – October 10
The Germans besiege and capture Antwerp, Belgium.
Details

September 29-30
Japan occupies the Marshall Islands.

September 29 – October 31
Battle of the Vistula River, also known as Battle of Warsaw.
Details

October–July 11, 1915
Battle of Rufiji Delta, German cruiser Königsberg destroyed.

October 1–4
First Battle of Arras.
Details

October 9 – November 1
Central powers control Belgrade.
Details

October 10 – November 2
Battle of La Bassee.

October 12 – November 2
First Battle of Messines.
Details

October 13 – November 2
Battle of Armentieres.

October 16–31
Battle of the Yser. French and Belgian forces secure the coastline of Belgium.[38]
Details

October 19 – November 22
The First Battle of Ypres ends the Race to the Sea. The Germans are prevented from reaching Calais and Dunkirk.
Details

October 19 - July 7, 1915
Clashes between German and Portuguese forces in the Angola-Namibia border, without declaration of war.
Details

October 28
Battle of Penang.

October 29
The Ottoman Empire launches a surprise attack on the Russian Black Sea coast
Details

November 1
Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.

Battle of Coronel. Von Spee's German cruiser squadron defeats a Royal Navy squadron under Christopher Cradock.[39]
Details

November 2
The United Kingdom begins the naval blockade of Germany.
Details

Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.[24]

November 2–16
Bergmann Offensive, first military engagement in the Caucasus of the First World War.

November 3
Montenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire.

Battle of Kilimanjaro.

November 3–5
Von Lettow-Vorbeck's German colonial forces defeat the British at the Battle of Tanga, German East Africa.
Details

November 5
France and the United Kingdom[40] declare war on the Ottoman Empire.[24]

November 6
Fao Landing, British and Indians besiege the fortress at Fao.

November 9
Battle of Cocos, northeast Indian Ocean. The Australian cruiser Sydney destroys the German cruiser Emden.[41]
Details

November 11
Sultan Mehmed V declares Jihad on the Allies.[42][43]
Details

November 11–21
Battle of Basra.
Details

November 11 – December 6
Battle of Łódź (also known as Silesian Offensive).
Details

November 13
Battle of El Herri: Worst French defeat in Morocco at the hands of the Zayanes.

November 16 – December 15
Battle of Kolubara, Austro-Hungarians leave Serbia.

November 19
Bolshevik representatives at the State Duma arrested and exiled to Siberia.

December 1–13
Battle of Limanowa.

December 3–9
Battle of Qurna.

December 8
Battle of the Falklands. Von Spee's German cruiser squadron is defeated by the Royal Navy.[44]
Details

December 10
Hill 60 captured by the Germans.
Details

December 14
Ottomans occupy the Persian border town of Qotur as a bridgehead to the Caucasus, but withdraw after their defeat at Sarikamish.
Details

December 16
The German fleet shells Scarborough and Hartlepool, England.[45]
Details

December 18–22
Battle of Givenchy.

December 17 – January 13, 1915
First Battle of Artois.

December 20
Fighting begins at Perthes.

December 20 – 17 March 1915
First Battle of Champagne.
Details

December 22
Fighting begins at Noyon.
Details

December 22 – January 2, 1915
The Russians win the Battle of Sarikamish, Caucasia.[46]
Details

December 24–25
In some sectors of the Western Front, an unofficial Christmas truce is observed between German and British forces.[47]
Details

December 25 – January 18, 1915
Battle of Ardahan.

tag: table

text:
Dates
Events

January 2
The Russian offensive in the Carpathians begins. It will continue until April 12.

January 4-11
Ottomans occupy Urmia and Tabriz by surprise.
Details

January 8
Japan attempts to impose its Twenty-One Demands on neutral China.

January 18–19
Battle of Jassin.

January 19
First Zeppelin raid on Great Britain.
Details

January 19 – December 22
Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf, series of battles fought to control the peak.

January 24
Battle of Dogger Bank between squadrons of the British Grand Fleet and the German Hochseeflotte.
Details

January 24–26
Chilembwe uprising led by John Chilembwe in Nyasaland.

January 28 – February 3
The Ottomans fail to capture the Suez Canal.
Details

January 30
The Russians take Tabriz.
Details

January 31
Battle of Bolimov. First German use of chemical weapons.[48]
Details

February 4
Germany begins unrestricted submarine warfare against merchant vessels.
Details

Jan Kemp surrenders. End of the Maritz Rebellion.

Battle of Kakamas: German invasion of South Africa repelled.

February 7–22
Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes. The Russian X Army is defeated.
Details

February 19
British and French naval attack on the Dardanelles. The Gallipoli Campaign begins.[49]
Details

March 5
Great Britain and France promise Russia Constantinople.

March 7
Ottomans retreat to Qotur, pushed by a Russian counteroffensive.
Details

March 10 – March 13
Battle of Neuve Chapelle. After an initial success, a British offensive is halted.
Details

March 14
Battle of Más a Tierra. The last remnant of the German East Asia Squadron is sunk and its crew interned in neutral Chile.

March 22
The Siege of Przemyśl ends. The Russians capture the fortress.
Details

April 5 – May 5
First Battle of Woevre.

April 12–14
Battle of Shaiba.

April 15
Battle of Dilman

April 19 – May 17
The Ottomans besiege the Armenian city of Van.
Details

April 22 – May 25
The Second Battle of Ypres, which ends in a stalemate. Germany first uses the poison gas.
Details

April 22–23
Battle of Gravenstafel, First stage of the Second Battle of Ypres.

April 24
Deportation of Armenian intellectuals to Ankara, first act of the Armenian Genocide.

April 24 – May 5
Battle of St Julien, part of the Second Battle of Ypres.

April 25
Allied forces land on Gallipoli, landing at Anzac Cove and Cape Helles.[50]
Details

April 26
Treaty of London between the Entente and Italy.[51]
Details

Battle of Trekkopjes.

April 28
First Battle of Krithia. The Allied advance is repelled.[52]
Details

April 29
Battle of Gurin.

May 1
The Gorlice-Tarnów begins: the German troops under General Mackensen break through the Russian lines in Galicia.
Details

Battle of Eski Hissarlik.

May 3
Troops withdraw from Anzac Cove.
Details

Italy revokes its commitment to a defensive alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary.

May 6–8
Second Battle of Krithia. The Allied attempts at advancing are thwarted again.[53]
Details

May 7
The British liner Lusitania is sunk by a German U-boat.[54]
Details

May 8–13
Battle of Frezenberg Ridge, Part of the Second Battle of Ypres.

May 9 – June 18
Second Battle of Artois.

May 9
Battle of Aubers Ridge, a phase of the Second Battle of Artois.

May 10
Troops from Hungary rout the Russians at Jarosław. Lviv is again in Austrian hands.

May 11
Armistice called at Gallipoli to bury the dead.
Details

May 12
Windhoek, capital of German South-West Africa, is occupied by South African troops.[55]
Details

May 15–25
Battle of Festubert.

May 16 – June 23
Battle of Konary.

May 23
Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary.[24]
Details

May 24–25
Battle of Bellewaarde, final phase of the Second Battle of Ypres.

May 31 - June 10
Second Battle of Garua.

June–September
The Russian Great Retreat from Poland and Galicia.

June 3
San Marino declares war on Austria-Hungary.[24]

June 4
Third Battle of Krithia. Yet another Allied failure.[53]
Details

The Russians leave Przemyśl.
Details

June 21–23
Battle of Bukoba.

June 22
Mackensen breaks again through the Russian lines in the Lviv area.
Details

June 23 – July 7
First Battle of the Isonzo.
Details

June 27
The Austro-Hungarians re-enter Lviv.
Details

June 28 – July 5
The British win the Battle of Gully Ravine.
Details

June 29
Battle of Ngaundere

July 1
First aerial victory by a synchronized gun-armed fighter aircraft
Details

Battle of Otavi.

July 9
The German forces in South-West Africa surrender.
Details

July 10–26
Battle of Manzikert.

July 18 – August 3
Second Battle of the Isonzo.
Details

July 25
Italians capture Cappuccio Wood.
Details

First Victoria Cross awarded to a British combat pilot
Details

July 27-31
Battle of Kara Killisse.

August 5
The Germans occupy Warsaw.
Details

August 6–10
Battle of Lone Pine, part of the August Offensive.

August 6–13
Battle of Krithia Vineyard, part of the August Offensive.

August 6–15
Allies land at Suvla Bay, a phase of the August Offensive.
Details.

August 6–21
Battle of Sari Bair, part of the August Offensive. Last and unsuccessful attempt by the British to seize the Gallipoli peninsula.[56]
Details

August 7
Battle of the Nek, a phase of the August Offensive.

August 7–19
Battle of Chunuk Bair, a phase of the August Offensive.

August 21
Scimitar Hill, a phase of the August Offensive.

Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.[24]

August 21–29
Battle of Hill 60, part of the August Offensive.
Details

August 26 – September 19
Sventiany Offensive, a phase of the Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive.

September 1
Germany suspends unrestricted submarine warfare.
Details

September 5–8
The Zimmerwald Conference of anti-militarist European socialist parties is held in Zimmerwald, Switzerland.
Details

September 8
Nicholas II removes Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolayevich as Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, personally taking that position.
Details

September 15 – November 4
Third Battle of Artois.

September 19
The Germans occupy Vilnius. The Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive ends.
Details

September 25–28
Battle of Loos, a major British offensive, fails.
Details

September 25 – October 15
Battle of the Hohenzollern Redoubt, a phase of the Battle of Loos.

September 25 – November 6
Second Battle of Champagne.

September 28
Battle of Es Sinn.

October 7 – December 4
Serbia is invaded by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria.
Details

October 12
Edith Cavell executed.

October 14
Bulgaria declares war on Serbia[24]
Details

October 14 – November 9
Morava Offensive, a phase of the Central Powers Invasion of Serbia, Bulgarians break through Serbian lines.

October 14 – November 15
Ovche Pole Offensive, a phase of the Central Powers invasion of Serbia, Bulgarians break through Serbian lines.

October 15
The United Kingdom declares war on Bulgaria.[24][57]

Montenegro declares war on Bulgaria.[24]

October 16
France declares war on Bulgaria.[24]

October 17 – November 21
Battle of Krivolak, first of the Salonika Front.

October 18 – November 4
Third Battle of the Isonzo
Details

October 19
Italy and Russia declare war on Bulgaria.[24]

October 27
Andrew Fisher resigns as Prime Minister of Australia; he is replaced by Billy Hughes.

October 29
René Viviani resigns as Prime Minister of France; he is replaced by Aristide Briand.

November 4-6
Battle of Banjo.

November 10
Pro-Central Powers Iranians seize Shiraz from pro-Entente forces and arrest all British citizens in the city.
Details

November 10 – December 2
Fourth Battle of the Isonzo

November 10 – December 4
Kosovo Offensive, a phase of the Central Powers invasion of Serbia, Serbians pushed into Albania.
Details

November 14-30
Russian forces from the Caucasus occupy Tehran.
Details

November 17
Armed by Ottomans and Germans, the Libyan Senussi cross the border and attack Egypt from the west.
Details

November 22–25
Battle of Ctesiphon, in present-day Iraq.[58]
Details

November 27
The Serbian army collapses. It will retreat to the Adriatic Sea and be evacuated by the Italian and French Navies.
Details

December – July, 1916
Battle of Lake Tanganyika.

December 6–12
Battle of Kosturino

December 7
The First Siege of Kut, Mesopotamia, by the Ottomans begins.[59]
Details

December 15
Russians occupy Hamadan.
Details

December 19
Douglas Haig replaces John French as commander of the British Expeditionary Force.
Details

December 23
Carl Zimmermann orders the retreat of all German forces and civilians in Kamerun to the Spanish colony of Río Muni.

text:
Dates
Events

January 5–17
Austro-Hungarian offensive against Montenegro, which capitulates.
Details

January 6–7
Battle of Mojkovac

January 6–8
Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad, a phase of the First Siege of Kut.

January 9
The Gallipoli Campaign ends in an Allied defeat and an Ottoman victory.[60]
Details

January 10 – February 16
Battle of Erzurum.

January 11
Corfu occupied by the Allies.
Details

January 13
Battle of Wadi, a phase of the First Siege of Kut.
Details

January 21
Battle of Hanna, a phase of the First Siege of Kut.

January 24
Reinhard Scheer is appointed commander of Germany's Hochseeflotte.[61]
Details

January 27
Conscription introduced in the United Kingdom by the Military Service Act 1916.[62]
Details

February 5 – April 15
Trebizond Campaign.

February 12
Battle of Salaita Hill.

February 21
The Battle of Verdun begins.[63]

February 26
Battle of Agagia: Senussi rebellion suppressed by the British.

February 28
German Kamerun (Cameroon) surrenders.
Details

March 1
Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare.
Details

March 1–15
Fifth Battle of the Isonzo.

March 2 – August 4
Battle of Bitlis.

March 8
Battle of Dujaila: a British attempt to relieve Kut failed.
Details

March 9
Germany declares war on Portugal.[24] Portugal officially enters the war.
Details

March 11–12
Battle of Latema Nek.

March 14
The Manifesto of the Sixteen, declaring Kropotkinist-anarchist support of the Allied war effort, is published.
Details

March 15
Austria-Hungary declares war on Portugal.[24]

March 16 - November 6
British preemptively occupy the Sultanate of Darfur and annex it to the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.
Details

March 18
Battle of Kahe.

March 18 – April
Lake Naroch Offensive.

April 24–29
Easter Rising by Irish rebels for independence from the United Kingdom.
Details

April 24–30
The Kienthal Conference, the second meeting of the anti-war socialist Zimmerwald Movement, is held in Kienthal, Switzerland.
Details

April 27–29
Gas attacks at Hulluch.

April 29
The British forces under siege at Kut surrender to the Ottomans, first siege of Kut ends.
Details

May 7–10
Battle of Kondoa Irangi.

May 10
Germany suspends unrestricted submarine warfare.
Details

May 15 – June 10
Austro-Hungarian Strafexpedition in Trentino.
Details

May 16
Signing of the Sykes-Picot Agreement between Britain and France defining their proposed spheres in the Middle East.
Details

May 18
Russian forces in Persia link up with the British in Mesopotamia, but it is too late.
Details

May 31 – June 1
Battle of Jutland between Britain's Grand Fleet and Germany's Hochseeflotte.
Details

June 2–14
Battle of Mont Sorrel.

June 3
Russians fail to encircle Ottoman forces in Persia.
Details

June 4
The Brusilov Offensive begins.

June 5
The Arab Revolt in Hejaz begins.
Details

The HMS Hampshire is sunk off the Orkney Islands; Lord Kitchener dies.
Details

June 10
Italy: Paolo Boselli succeeds Antonio Salandra as Prime Minister.
Details

The Siege of Medina begins.

June 10 – July 4
Battle of Mecca, Arabs capture the city.
Details

June 12
Percy Sykes marches on Kerman to link up with the Russian forces in central-northern Persia.

June 30
Battle of the Boar's Head, diversion from the Battle of the Somme which began the next day.

July
Battle of Taif.
Details

July 1
The Battle of the Somme begins.
Details

July 1–3
The Social Democratic Party wins a majority in the parliament of the Russian-ruled Grand Duchy of Finland.
Details

July 1–13
Second Battle of Albert (Opening phase of the Battle of the Somme).
Details

July 1–2
British capture Fricourt during the Second Battle of Albert.
Details

July 2
Ottoman counter-attack into Persia reaches Kermanshah.
Details

July 2–25
Battle of Erzincan.

July 3–7
British capture La Boisselle during the Second Battle of Albert.
Details

July 3–12
British capture Mametz Wood during the Second Battle of Albert.
Details

July 3–17
British capture Ovillers during the Second Battle of Albert and Battle of Bazentin Ridge.
Details

July 4–6
Battle of Kostiuchnowka.

July 7–11
British capture Contalmaison during the Second Battle of Albert.
Details

July 8–14
British capture Trônes Wood during the Second Battle of Albert.
Details

July 14–17
Battle of Bazentin Ridge (Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme)
Details

July 14 – September 15
Battles for Longueval and Delville Wood (Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme)
Details

July 19–20
Battle of Fromelles (Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme).

July 23 – August 7
Battle of Pozières (Initial phase of the Battle of the Somme)
Details

July 24 – August 8
Battle of Kowel.

July 30
German agents sabotage munition factories in Jersey City that supply the Allies, causing the Black Tom explosion.

August 3–5
Battle of Romani. Ottoman attack on the British in the Sinai peninsula fails.
Details

August 6–17
Sixth Battle of the Isonzo. The Italians capture Gorizia (August 9).
Details

August 6
Battle of Doberdo, part of the Sixth Battle of Isonzo.

August 9–18
First battle of Doiran.
Details

August 10
Ottomans take Hamadan.
Details

August 24
Battle of Mlali.

August 27
Romania enters the war on the Entente's side. Her army is defeated in a few weeks.

August 27 – December
Conquest of Romania by Central Powers.
Details

August 27 – November 26
Battle of Transylvania, a phase of the conquest of Romania.

August 28
Italy declares war on Germany.[24][51]

August 29
Paul von Hindenburg replaces Erich von Falkenhayn as German Chief of Staff.
Details

August 30
The Ottoman Empire declares war on Romania.[24]

September 1
Bulgaria declares war on Romania.[24]

September 2–6
Battle of Turtucaia, a phase of the conquest of Romania.

September 3–6
Battle of Guillemont (intermediate phase of the Battle of the Somme)
Details

September 5–7
Battle of Dobrich, a phase of the conquest of Romania.

September 6
The Central Powers create a unified command.

September 7–11
Battle of Kisaki.

September 8-19
Battle of Tabora.

September 9
Battle of Ginchy (intermediate phase of the Battle of the Somme)
Details

September 9-11
Battle of Dutumi.

September 12 – December 11
Monastir Offensive, set up of the Salonika Front.

September 12–14
Battle of Malka Nidzhe, a phase of the Monastir Offensive.

September 12–30
Battle of Kaymakchalan, a phase of the Monastir Offensive.

September 14–17
Seventh Battle of the Isonzo

September 15–22
Battle of Flers-Courcelette; the British use armored tanks for the first time in history.
Details

September 17–19
First Battle of Cobadin, a phase of the conquest of Romania.

September 20
The Brusilov Offensive ends with a substantial Russian success.
Details

September 25–28
Battle of Morval (part of the final stages of the Battle of the Somme)
Details

September 26–28
Battle of Thiepval Ridge (part of the final stages of the Battle of the Somme)
Details

September 29 – October 5
Flamanda Offensive, a phase of the conquest of Romania.

October–November
First Battle of the Cerna Bend, a phase of the Monastir Offensive.
Details

October 1 – November 5
Battle of Le Transloy (last stage of the Battle of the Somme)
Details

October 1 – November 11
Battle of Ancre Heights (last stage of the Battle of the Somme).

October 9–12
Eighth Battle of the Isonzo.

October 14 - January 6, 1917
Battle of Kibata.

October 19–25
Second Battle of Cobadin, a phase of the conquest of Romania.

October 24
The French recapture Fort Douaumont near Verdun.
Details

November 1–4
Ninth Battle of the Isonzo.

November 11
Battle of Matamondo.

November 13–18
Battle of the Ancre (closing phase of the Battle of the Somme)
Details

November 18
The Battle of the Somme ends with enormous casualties and an Anglo-French advantage.
Details

November 21
HMHS Britannic sinks after hitting a German mine
Details

Francis Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, dies and is succeeded by Charles I.
Details

November 25
David Beatty replaces John Jellicoe as commander of the Grand Fleet. Jellicoe becomes First Lord of the Sea.
Details

November 25 – December 3
Battle of Bucharest, a phase of the conquest of Romania.

November 28
Prunaru Charge, a phase of the Battle of Bucharest, Romanian cavalry desperately charge into enemy lines.

December 1
Battle of the Arges, a phase of the Battle of Bucharest.

December 1 – January 18, 1917
Allies capture Yanbu.
Details

December 5–7
United Kingdom: Prime Minister H. H. Asquith resigns and is succeeded by David Lloyd George.
Details

December 6
The Germans occupy Bucharest. The capital of Romania moved to Iaşi.
Details

December 13
Robert Nivelle replaces Joseph Joffre as Commander-in-Chief of the French Army.
Details

December 17
Kaocen Revolt: The Tuareg besiege the French garrison at Agadez.

December 18
Battle of Verdun ends with enormous casualties on both sides.

December 23
Battle of Magdhaba in the Sinai peninsula.[64]
Details

December 23–29
Christmas Battles.

December 27
Togoland is divided into British and French administrative zones.
Details

December 30
Grigori Rasputin, Russia's éminence grise, is assassinated.
Details

text:
Dates
Events

January 3–4
Battle of Behobeho.

January 9
Battle of Rafa. The British drive the Ottomans out of Sinai.
Details

January 11 – March 13
British raid the Ancre.
Details

January 16
The German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann sends a telegram to his ambassador in Mexico, instructing him to propose to the Mexican government an alliance against the United States.
Details

February 1
Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare.
Details

February 13
Mata Hari is arrested in Paris on charges of spying for the Germans.

February 23
Second Battle of Kut. The British recapture the city.
Details

February 23 – April 5
The Germans withdraw to the Hindenburg Line.
Details

March 1
Arz von Straussenberg replaces Conrad von Hötzendorf as Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff.
Details

March 3
The French relieve Agadez.

March 8–11
The British capture Baghdad.
Details

March 8
The celebrations of the International Women's Day in Petrograd spawn severe protests that will evolve into the February Revolution.

March 12
Russian troops refuse to fire on demonstrators after 50 are killed in Petrograd's Znamenskaya Square the day before. Numerous attacks against prisons, courts, police stations and Okhrana offices.
Provisional Committee of the Duma formed.
Petrograd Soviet formed.

March 13
Battle of Nambanje.

March 13 – April 23
Samarrah Offensive, British capture much of Mesopotamia.

March 14
China severs relations with Germany.[24]

March 15
Nicholas II abdicates. A provisional government is formed.

March 16
Lenin arrives in Petrograd from his exile in Switzerland and publishes his April Thesis.

March 17
Aristide Briand resigns as Prime Minister of France; he is replaced by Alexandre Ribot.

March 26
First Battle of Gaza. The British attempt to capture the city fails.[65]
Details

April–October
Stalemate in Southern Palestine.

April 2–3
Australians attack Noreuil.
Details.

April 6
The United States declares war on Germany.[66]
Details

April 7
Cuba declares war on Germany.[24]

Panama declares war on Germany.[24]

Scuttling of SMS Cormoran in Guam, the only hostile action between American and German forces in the Pacific.

April 9 – May 17
Second Battle of Arras. The British attack a heavily fortified German line without obtaining any strategic breakthrough.[67]
Details

April 9–12
The Canadians obtain a significant victory in the Battle of Vimy Ridge, part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras.[68]
Details

April 9–14
First Battle of the Scarpe, part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras.
Details

April 10–11
First Battle of Bullecourt,part of the first phase of the Second Battle of Arras.
Details

April 11
Brazil severs relations with Germany.[24]

April 13
Bolivia severs relations with Germany.[24]

April 15
Battle of Lagnicourt, part of the Second phase of the Second Battle of Arras.
Details

April 16 – May 9
The Second Battle of the Aisne (also known as Nivelle Offensive) ends in disaster for both the French army and its commander Robert Nivelle.[69]
Details

April 17–20
Battle of the Hills (also known as Third battle of Champagne), a diversion to the Second Battle of the Aisne.

April 19
Second Battle of Gaza. The Ottoman lines resist a British attack.
Details

April 22 – May 8
Second Battle of Doiran.
Details

April 23
The Ottoman Empire severs relations with the United States.[24]

April 23–24
Second Battle of Scarpe, part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras.
Details

April 28–29
Battle of Arleux, part of the Second phase of the Second Battle of Arras.
Details

April 29 – May 20
Series of mutinies in the French army.[70]
Details

May 3–4
Third battle of the Scarpe, part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras.
Details

Mass demonstrations in Petrograd and Moscow to protest Pavel Milyukov's note affirming Russia's commitment to the Entente war effort.
Details

May 3–17
Second Battle of Bullecourt, part of the second phase of the Second Battle of Arras.
Details

May 5
Australian Prime Minister Billy Hughes wins an enlarged majority in federal elections with the pro-conscription Nationalist Party.
Details

May 5–15
Allied Spring offensive on the Salonika Front.

May 5–9
Second Battle of the Cerna Bend, a phase of the Allied Spring Offensive.
Details

May 12 – June 6
Tenth Battle of the Isonzo.
Details

May 15
Philippe Pétain replaces Robert Nivelle as Commander-in-Chief of the French Army.[71]
Details

May 23
Battle of Mount Hermada in the Karst.

Salonika Trial ends: Dragutin Dimitrijevic, chief conspirator of the Sarajevo Assassination, is sentenced to death by Serbia on trumped up charges, as part of negotiations for a peace treaty with Austria-Hungary.

June–October
Operation Hush, Abortive British plan to capture coast of Belgium.

June 7–14
Second Battle of Messines, the British blow 19 deep mines and recapture Messines Ridge.
Details

June 10–29
Battle of Mount Ortigara.
Details

June 12
Constantine I of Greece abdicates.[72]

June 13
First successful heavy bomber raid on London done by the Gotha G.IV.

June 25
First American troops land in France.
Details

June 27
Batterie Pommern aka. 'Lange Max', world's largest gun fires for the first time from Koekelare to Dunkirk (±50 km).

June 30
Greece declares war on the Central powers.
Details

July 1–2
Battle of Zborov, a phase of the Kerensky Offensive.
Details

July 1–12
Brief monarchist coup and restoration in China, allegedly promoted by Germany to distance China from the Entente.
Details

July 1–19
The Kerensky Offensive fails. It is the last Russian initiative in the war.[73]
Details

July 6
Arab rebels led by Lawrence of Arabia seize the Jordanian port of Aqaba.[74]
Details

July 11
The Open Letter to Albert I is published by Flemish Movement sympathisers within the Belgian Army on the Yser Front, complaining about official discrimination against Dutch language
Details

July 16-17
Petrograd July Days.

July 20
Corfu Declaration about the future Kingdom of Yugoslavia.[75]
Details

July 21
Alexander Kerensky replaces Georgy Lvov as Minister-President of the Russian Provisional Government.

July 22
Siam declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.[24]

July 22 – August 1
Battle of Mărăști

July 29
Battle of Kiawe Bridge.

July 31
The Third Battle of Ypres (also known as Battle of Passchendaele) begins.
Details

July 31 – August 2
Battle of Pilckem Ridge (Opening phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).

August 2
The German raider SMS Seeadler is wrecked at Mopelia in French Polynesia.

August 2–10
Battle of Rumbo.

August 4
Liberia declares war on Germany.

August 6–20
Battle of Mărăşeşti.
Details

August 8–20
Second Battle of Oituz.

August 14
China declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.[76][24]

August 15–25
Battle of Hill 70 (Continuation of British operations near Lens).

August 16–18
Second Battle of Langemarck (Initial phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).
Details

August 17
China terminates the German and Austro-Hungarian concessions in Tianjin and occupies them.

August 18–28
Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo.
Details

August 20–26
Second Offensive Battle of Verdun.

September – October
Operation Albion. German capture of Oesel, Dago and Moon Islands.

September 1–3
Battle of Jugla.

September 5
The SMS Seeadler's crew sail to Fiji in a lifeboat and capture the French schooner Lutece, allowing their escape. They rename it Fortuna.

September 5–12
The Third Zimmerwald Conference of the anti-war socialist Zimmerwald Movement, is held in Stockholm.
Details

September 8-12
Russia: General Kornilov's coup attempt fails.
Details

September 12
Alexandre Ribot resigns as Prime Minister of France; he is replaced by Paul Painlevé.

September 14
Russia declared a republic.

September 20–26
Battle of the Menin Road Ridge (Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).

September 21
Costa Rica severs relations with Germany.[24]

September 26–27
Battle of Polygon Wood (Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).

September 28–29
Battle of Ramadi, Mesopotamia.
Details

October 4
Battle of Broodseinde (Second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).

October 5
The Fortuna wrecks at Easter Island and its crew is interned by the Chileans.

October 6
Peru severs relations with Germany.[24]

October 7
Uruguay severs relations with Germany.[24]

October 9
Battle of Poelcappelle (Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).

October 12
First Battle of Passchendaele (Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).

October 15
Mata Hari executed.

October 15–18
Battle of Mahiwa.

October 23
Battle of Wadi Musa.

October 23 – November 10
Battle of La Malmaison, much-postponed French attack on the Chemin des Dames.
Details

October 24 – November 4
Battle of Caporetto. The Austro-Hungarians and Germans break through the Italian lines. The Italian army is defeated and falls back on the Piave River.
Details

October 26 – November 10
Second Battle of Passchendaele (Last phase of the Third Battle of Ypres).

October 27
Brazil declares war on Germany.[24]

October 27
Battle of Buqqar Ridge.

October 30
Italy: Vittorio Emanuele Orlando succeeds Paolo Boselli as Prime Minister.
Details

October 31 – November 7
Third Battle of Gaza. The British break through the Ottoman lines.
Details

October 31
Battle of Beersheba (opening phase of the Third Battle of Gaza).
Details

November 1–6
Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe.

November 2
Balfour Declaration: the British government supports plans for a Jewish "national home" in Palestine.
Details

November 5
The Allies agree to establish a Supreme War Council at Versailles.

November 7
October Revolution: Kerensky flees Petrograd just before the Petrograd Soviet seizes the Winter Palace.

Charge at Sheria.

November 8
Armando Diaz replaces Luigi Cadorna as Commander-in-Chief of the Italian Army.
Details

Charge at Huj.

November 9 – December 28
First Battle of the Piave: the Austro-Hungarians and Germans try unsuccessfully to cross the river.
Details

November 10
The Third Battle of Ypres (also known as Battle of Passchendaele) ends.
Details

November 11 – December 23
First Battle of Monte Grappa, Austro-Hungarian offensive halted.

November 13
France: Paul Painlevé is replaced by Georges Clemenceau as Prime Minister.
Details

Battle of Mughar Ridge.

November 14
Battle of Ayun Kara.

November 17
Second Battle of Heligoland Bight, North Sea.
Details

November 17 – December 30
Battle of Jerusalem. The British enter the city (December 11).
Details

November 18–24
Battle of Nebi Samwil, a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem.

November 20 – December 3
First Battle of Cambrai. A British attack and the biggest German attack against the British since 1915 succeed and the battle is a stalemate.[77]
Details

November 25
Battle of Ngomano, the Germans invade Portuguese East Africa to gain supplies.

December 1
Battle of El Burj, a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem.

December 6
Halifax Explosion: An accidental colision between the Norwegian supply ship SS Imo and the French cargo ship SS Mont-Blanc, laden with high explosives for the Western Front, leaves 2,000 dead and 9,000 injured in Richmond, Nova Scotia. It is the largest man-made explosion before the invention of atomic weapons.

December 7
The United States declares war on Austria-Hungary.[24]

December 8
Ecuador severs relations with Germany.[24]

December 10
Panama declares war on Austria-Hungary.[24]

December 15
Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers, to take effect on December 17.

December 16
Armistice of Erzincan between the Ottomans and the Russian Special Transcaucasian Committee.

December 17
Canadian Prime Minister Robert Borden wins an enlarged majority in federal elections with the pro-conscription Unionist Party.
Details

December 20–21
Battle of Jaffa, a phase of the Battle of Jerusalem.
Details

text:
Dates
Events

January 8
Woodrow Wilson outlines his Fourteen Points.
Details

February to September
Allied forces occupy the Jordan Rift Valley.
Details

February 9
The Central Powers sign an exclusive protectorate treaty with the Ukrainian People's Republic as part of the negotiations in Brest-Litovsk.
Details

February 15–16
Battle of Rarancza.

February 18 – March 3
Operation Faustschlag, last offensive on Eastern Front.

February 19
British begin their assault on Jericho.
Details

February 21
The British capture Jericho.
Details

Germans capture Minsk.
Details

February 24
Germans capture Zhytomyr.
Details

February 25
German troops capture Estonia.
Details

February 28
Germans capture Pskov and Narva.
Details

March 2
Germans capture Kiev.
Details

March 3
At Brest-Litovsk, Leon Trotsky signs the peace treaty with Germany.[78]
Details

March 4
First known case of what will later be called Spanish Flu: Private Albert Gitchell at Camp Funston, Fort Riley, Kansas.

March 7
German artillery bombard the Americans at Rouge Bouquet.
Details

March 8–12
Battle of Tell 'Asur.

March 8–13
Battle of Bakhmach.

March 11
Over 100 sick from Spanish Flu in Fort Riley; first known case outside in Queens, New York.

March 21 – April 5
First phase of the Spring Offensive, Operation Michael (also known as Second Battle of the Somme). The Germans obtain a Pyrrhic victory.
Details

March 21–23
The Battle of St. Quentin, first phase of Operation Michael and of the Spring Offensive.
Details

March 21 – April 2
First Transjordan attack on Amman.

March 23 – August 7
Artillery bombardment of Paris.
Details

March 24–25
First Battle of Bapaume, a phase of Operation Michael.
Details

March 25
First Battle of Noyon, a phase of Operation Michael.
Details

March 26
French Marshal Ferdinand Foch is appointed Supreme Commander of all Allied forces.
Details

March 26–27
Battle of Rosieres, a phase of Operation Michael.
Details

Action of Khan Baghdadi.

March 25
Penza Agreement: The Czechoslovak Legion is given free passage to Vladivostok to join the Entente in return for surrendering most weapons to the Bolsheviks.

March 27–31
First Battle of Amman, a phase Of The First Transjordan Attack.

March 28
Third Battle of Arras (also known as First Battle of Arras (1918)), a phase of Operation Michael.
Details

March 30 – April 5
First Battle of Villers-Bretonneux, a phase of Operation Michael.

April 1
Royal Air Force founded by combining the Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service.

April 4–5
Battle of the Avre, final phase of Operation Michael.

April 7–29
Second phase of the Spring Offensive, Operation Georgette (also known as Battle of the Lys). The results are disappointing for the Germans.
Details

April 7–9
Battle of Estaires, first phase of Operation Georgette.
Details

April 10–11
Third Battle of Messines, a phase of Operation Georgette.
Details

April 12–13
Battle of Hazebrouck, a phase of Operation Georgette.
Details

April 13–15
Battle of Bailleul, a phase of Operation Georgette.
Details

April 14
Ottokar Czernin resigns as Austria-Hungary's Foreign Minister over the Sixtus Affair.

April 17–19
First Battle of Kemmelberg, a phase of Operation Georgette.
Details

April 18
Battle of Bethune, a phase of Operation Georgette.
Details

April 21
The Red Baron is shot down over Vaux-sur-Somme.

April 23
Guatemala declares war on Germany.[24]

April 24–27
Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux, a phase of Operation Georgette.

April 25–26
Second Battle of Kemmelberg, a phase of Operation Georgette.
Details

April 28
Gavrilo Princip dies in Terezín prison, from tuberculosis.

April 29
Battle of Scherpenberg, final phase of Operation Georgette.
Details

April 30 – May 4
Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt.

May 7
Treaty of Bucharest between Romania and the Central Powers. It will never be ratified.
Details

May 8
Nicaragua declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.[24]

May 10–11
Battle of Kaniow.

May 14
Clash at Chelyabinsk station between Hungarian POWs heading west to be repatriated and Czechoslovaks going east. Trotsky orders the arrest of the Czechoslovak Legion, but they revolt and seize several towns along the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Details

May 21
Ottomans invade Armenia.
Details

May 21–29
Battle of Sardarabad, a phase of the invasion of Armenia.

Battle of Abaran, a phase of the invasion of Armenia.

May 23
Costa Rica declares war on Germany.[24]

May 24–28
Battle of Karakilisa, a phase of the invasion of Armenia.

May 27 – June 6
Third Battle of the Aisne (also known as Operation Blücher-Yorck, third phase of the Spring Offensive). After initial gains, the German advance is halted.
Details

May 28
Battle of Cantigny.

May 29–31
Battle of Skra-di-Legen

June 1–26
Battle of Belleau Wood, part of the German Spring Offensive.

June 8
Action of Arsuf.

Ottomans re-enter Tabriz.
Details

June 8
The Czechoslovak Legion forms the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly in Samara. Stanislav Čeček calls to join forces with anti-Bolshevik Russians to overthrow the Communist government and reignite the Eastern Front.
Details

June 8 – October
Germany interferes in the Caucasus.
Details

June 9–12
Fourth phase of the Spring Offensive, Operation Gneisenau (also known as Battle of Matz). Despite substantial territorial gains, the Germans do not achieve their strategic goals
Details

June 13
Provisional Siberian Government formed in Omsk.

June 13–23
Second Battle of the Piave: the Austro-Hungarian offensive is repelled.
Details

June 15-31
Ottomans occupy Dilman, Khoy and Urmia.
Details.

June 30
Battle of Moreuil Wood.

July 4
Battle of Hamel.

July 12
Haiti declares war on Germany.[24]

July 14
Battle of Abu Tellul.

July 15 – August 6
Second Battle of the Marne and last German offensive on the Western Front, which fails when the Germans are counterattacked by the French.
Details

July 15–17
Champagne-Marne Offensive (consisting of the Fourth Battle of Champagne and the Battle of the Mountain of Reims), a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne. last phase of the Spring Offensive and last German offensive of World War I.
Details

July 17
Nicholas II and his family are executed by the Bolsheviks, out of fear that they might be released by Czechoslovak and White troops.
Details

July 18
Battle of Chateau-Thierry, a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne.
Details

July 18–22
Battle of Soissons,a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne.
Details

July 19
Battle of Tardenois, a phase of the Second Battle of the Marne.

Honduras declares war on Germany.[24]

August
Spanish Flu virus mutates: Simultaneous deadlier outbreaks in Brest, Freetown and Boston.

August 5
The Czechoslovak People's Army of Komuch takes Kazan from the Bolsheviks and captures the Imperial Russian gold reserve.
Details

August 8 – November 11
Hundred Days Offensive, last offensive on Western Front.

August 8–12
Battle of Amiens, first phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.
Details

August 9–12
Battle of Montdidier.

August 13 – September 3
Battle of San Matteo.

August 17–29
Second Battle of Noyon, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.
Details

August 21 – September 3
Second Battle of the Somme(also known as Third battle of the Somme), a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.
Details

August 21–22
Third Battle of Albert, opening phase of the Second Battle of the Somme.
Details

August 21 – September 3
Second Battle of Bapaume, a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme.

August 26 – September 3
Fourth Battle of Arras (also known as Second Battle of Arras (1918)), a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme
Details

August 26–30
Fourth Battle of the Scarpe (also known as Battle of the Scarpe (1918)), a phase of the Fourth Battle of Arras.
Details

August 26 – September 14
Battle of Baku, last Turkish offensive of the war.

August 30-31
Battle of Lioma.

August 31 – September 3
Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin, a phase of the Second Battle of the Somme.

September 1–2
Battle of Peronne, a phase of the Battle of Mont Saint-Quentin.
Details

September 2–3
Battle of Drocourt-Queant Line, final phase of the Second Battle of the Somme.
Details

September 8-23
Ufa Conference: Formation of the Provisional All-Russian Government with the support of the Czechoslovak Legion.

September 10
Battle of Savy-Dallon, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.
Details

September 12
Battle of Havrincourt, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.
Details

September 12–19
Battle of Saint-Mihiel, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

September 14
Battle of Vauxaillon, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.
Details

September 14–29
Vardar Offensive, final offensive on the Balkan Front.

September 15
The Allies (French and Serbs) break through the Bulgarian lines at Dobro Polje, a phase of the Vardar Offensive.
Details

September 18
Battle of Epehy, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

September 18–19
Third Battle of Doiran, a phase of the Vardar Offensive, The Bulgarians halt the British and Greek advance.
Details

September 18 – October 17
Battle of the Hindenburg Line, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive. The Allies break through the German lines.
Details

September 19–25
Battle of Megiddo. The British conquer Palestine.
Details

Battle of Nablus, a phase of the Battle of Meggido.
Details

Third Transjordan attack, a phase of the Battle of Nablus.

Battle of Sharon, a phase of the Battle of Megiddo.

September 22
The British capture Jisr ed Damieh in the Battle of Sharon.
Details

September 25
The British capture Tiberias during the Battle of Sharon.
Details

September 19
Battle of Tulkarm, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.

Battle of Arara, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.

September 19–20
Battle of Tabsor, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.

September 20
Capture of Jenin, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.

British capture both Afulah and Beisan during the Battle of Sharon.
Details

September 20–21
Battle of Nazareth, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.

September 23
Battle of Haifa, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.
Details

September 25
Battle of Samakh, a phase of the Battle of Sharon.

Second Battle of Amman, a phase of the Third Transjordan Attack.

September 26 – November 11
Meuse-Argonne Offensive, the final phase of the Hundred Days Offensive and of World War I.
Details

September 26 – October 1
The British enter Damascus.
Details

September 26
Battle of Somme-Py (Initial phase of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive).
Details

Charge at Irbid, a phase of the Capture of Damascus.

September 26–27
British capture Deraa during the Capture of Damascus.
Details

September 27
Battle of Jisr Benat Yakub, a phase of the Capture of Damascus.

September 27 – October 1
Battle of the Canal du Nord, a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line.

September 28 – October 2
Fifth Battle of Ypres (also known as Advance on Flanders), a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line.

September 29 – October 10
Battle of St. Quentin Canal, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

September 30
Bulgaria signs an armistice with the Allies.[79]

Battle of Saint-Thierry (Initial phase of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive).
Details

Charge at Kaukab, a phase of the Capture of Damascus.

Charge at Kiswe, a phase of the Capture of Damascus.

October 3
Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria abdicates and Boris III accedes to the throne.

October 3–27
Pursuit to Haritan.

Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge.

October 8–10
Second Battle of Cambrai (also known as Battle of Cambrai (1918)), a phase of the Battle of the Hindenburg Line.
Details

October 14–17
Battle of Montfaucon (intermediate phase of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive).
Details

October 14–19
Battle of Courtrai, closing phase of the Hundred Days offensive.
Details

October 15
Battle of Mont-D'Origny, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.
Details

October 17–26
Battle of the Selle, closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.

October 20
Germany suspends submarine warfare.
Details

Battle of Lys and Escaut (Which included the Second Battle of Lys and the Battle of the Escaut), a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.
Details

Battle of Serre, a phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.
Details

October 23–30
Battle of Sharqat.

October 24 – November 4
Battle of Vittorio Veneto. The Austro-Hungarian army is routed. The Italians enter Trent and land at Triest.
Details

October 24–28
Second Battle of Monte Grappa, beginning phase of Vittorio Veneto.

October 25
Battle of Aleppo.
Details

October 29
Wilhelm Groener replaces Erich Ludendorff as Hindenburg's deputy.
Details

Germany's Hochseeflotte mutinies.[80]
Details

State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs proclaimed.
Details

October 30
The Ottoman Empire signs the Armistice of Mudros.
Details

November
First Spanish Flu cases in Spain, where reports on the disease are published freely due to the lack of wartime censorship.

November 1
Battle of Chesne (Closing phase of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive).
Details

November 1–2
Battle of Valenciennes, closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.
Details

November 3
Austria-Hungary signs the armistice with Italy, effective November 4.[81]

November 4
Battle of the Sambre, closing phase of the Hundred Days Offensive.
Details

Second Battle of Guise, a phase of the Battle of Sambre.
Details

Battle of Thierache, a phase of the Battle of Sambre.
Details

November 6–11
Advance to the Meuse.

November 9
Germany: Kaiser William II abdicates; republic proclaimed.[82]
Details

November 10
Austria-Hungary: Kaiser Charles I abdicates.
Details

Romania reanudates the war against the Central Powers.[24]

November 11
At 6 am, Germany signs the Armistice of Compiègne. End of fighting at 11 a.m..[83]
Details

Poland proclaimed.

November 12
Austria proclaimed a republic.

November 14
Czechoslovakia proclaimed a republic.
Details

German U-boats interned.

3 days after the armistice, fighting ends in the East African theater when General von Lettow-Vorbeck agrees a cease-fire on hearing of Germany's surrender.
Details

November 18
Alexander Kolchak seizes control of the Provisional All-Russian Government in a coup.

November 21
Germany's Hochseeflotte surrendered to the United Kingdom.[80]
Details

November 22
The Germans evacuate Luxembourg.

November 25
11 days after agreeing a cease-fire, General von Lettow-Vorbeck formally surrenders his undefeated army at Abercorn in present-day Zambia.
Details

November 27
The Germans evacuate Belgium.

December 1
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes proclaimed.
Details

text:
Dates
Events

January 5
Hermann Detzner surrenders at the Finschhafen District of New Guinea.

January 10
Fakhri Pasha surrenders at Medina.
Details

January 18
Treaty of Versailles between the Allies and Germany: the Peace Conference opens in Paris.[84]
Details

January 25
Proposal to create the League of Nations accepted.
Details

January 27
The Czechoslovak Legion assumes complete control of the Trans-Siberian Railway.

June 21
German High Seas Fleet (53 ships) scuttled in Scapa Flow with nine deaths, the last casualties of the war.[80]
Details

June 28
Treaty of Versailles signed.[85]
Details

July 8
Germany ratifies the Treaty of Versailles.[86]
Details

July 21
The United Kingdom ratifies the Treaty of Versailles.[87]
Details

November 10–11
A Banquet in Honour of The President of the French Republic is hosted by King George V and held at Buckingham Palace during the evening hours of November 10. The very first Armistice Day is held on the Grounds of Buckingham Palace on the Morning of November 11. This will set the trend for the later Remembrance Day.
Details

November 14
The Bolsheviks take Omsk. Kolchak's retreat east is impeded by the Czechoslovaks denying him use of the Trans-Siberian.

text:
Dates
Events

January 4
A coup in Irkutsk deposes Kolchak.
Details

January 10
First meeting of the League of Nations held in London. Official end of World War I.
Details

Free City of Danzig established.[88]
Details

January 20
Irkutsk surrenders to the Bolsheviks.

January 21
The Paris Peace Conference ends.
Details

February 7
Armistice between the Bolsheviks and the Czechoslovak Legion. The Czechoslovaks surrender the Russian gold reserves and Kolchak in return for free passage to Vladivostok. Kolchak and his Prime Minister, Viktor Pepelyayev are executed.

February 10
A plebiscite returns Northern Schleswig to Denmark.[89]
Details

April 19–26
Conference of Sanremo, Italy, about League of Nations mandates in former Ottoman territories of the Middle East.
Details

June 4
Treaty of Trianon between the Allies and Hungary.
Details

August 10
Treaty of Sèvres between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire. The treaty is not recognized by the Turkish national movement, which considers the Istanbul government illegitimate.[90]
Details

September 8
Gabriele D'Annunzio proclaims in Fiume the Italian Regency of Carnaro.
Details

November 1
League of Nations headquarters moved to Geneva, Switzerland.
Details

November 12
Treaty of Rapallo between Italy and Yugoslavia. Zadar is annexed by Italy and the Free State of Fiume is established.
Details

November 15
The League of Nations holds its first general assembly.
Details

text:
Dates
Events

1921

October 13
Treaty of Kars between Bolshevik Russia and Turkey.
Details

1922

February 6
Washington Naval Treaty, limiting naval tonnage, signed by France, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Details

April 10 – May 19
Genoa Conference. Representatives of 34 countries discuss economics in the wake of the Great War.
Details

April 16
Treaty of Rapallo between Germany and Bolshevik Russia to normalize diplomatic relations.
Details

September 11
Treaty of Kars ratified in Yerevan, Armenia.
Details

1923

June 16
The Russian Civil War ends.

July 24
Treaty of Lausanne between the Allies and Turkey, successor State to the Ottoman Empire. It supersedes the Treaty of Sèvres.[91]
Details

1924

January 27
Treaty of Rome between Italy and Yugoslavia. Fiume is annexed by Italy and the neighboring town of Sušak is assigned to Yugoslavia.
Details

text: Notes[edit]

text:
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Jump up ^ Keegan 1998, p. 53.
Jump up ^ Lowe 1994, p. 202.
Jump up ^ "Kriegserklärung [Declaration of War], Wiener Zeitung [Vienna Newspaper], July 28, 1914, Extraausgabe [Special Edition], Amtlicher Teil [Official Section], 19" (PDF).
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