document_title: RuBisCO

question_text: rubisco can use ____ or co2 as a substrate

question_tokens: rubisco can use -- -- -- -- or co2 as a substrate

text: RuBisCO

text: Vs. alternative carbon fixation pathways[edit]

text: RuBisCO is important biologically because it catalyzes the primary chemical reaction by which inorganic carbon enters the organic biosphere. While many autotrophic bacteria and archaea fix carbon via the reductive acetyl CoA pathway, the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle, or the reverse Krebs cycle, these pathways are relatively smaller contributors to global carbon fixation than that catalyzed by RuBisCO. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, unlike RuBisCO, only temporarily fixes carbon. Reflecting its importance, RuBisCO is the most abundant protein in leaves, accounting for 50% of soluble leaf protein in C3 plants (20–30% of total leaf nitrogen) and 30% of soluble leaf protein in C4 plants (5–9% of total leaf nitrogen).[2] Given its important role in the biosphere, the genetic engineering of RuBisCO in crops is of continuing interest (see below).

text: Structure[edit]

text: In plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and phototrophic and chemoautotrophic proteobacteria, the enzyme usually consists of two types of protein subunit, called the large chain (L, about 55,000 Da) and the small chain (S, about 13,000 Da). The large-chain gene (rbcL) is encoded by the chloroplast DNA in plants.[4] There are typically several related small-chain genes in the nucleus of plant cells, and the small chains are imported to the stromal compartment of chloroplasts from the cytosol by crossing the outer chloroplast membrane.[5][6] The enzymatically active substrate (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate) binding sites are located in the large chains that form dimers as shown in Figure 1 (above, right) in which amino acids from each large chain contribute to the binding sites. A total of eight large-chains (= 4 dimers) and eight small chains assemble into a larger complex of about 540,000 Da.[7] In some proteobacteria and dinoflagellates, enzymes consisting of only large subunits have been found.[8]

text: Magnesium ions (Mg2+) are needed for enzymatic activity. Correct positioning of Mg2+ in the active site of the enzyme involves addition of an "activating" carbon dioxide molecule (CO2) to a lysine in the active site (forming a carbamate).[9] Formation of the carbamate is favored by an alkaline pH. The pH and the concentration of magnesium ions in the fluid compartment (in plants, the stroma of the chloroplast[10]) increases in the light. The role of changing pH and magnesium ion levels in the regulation of RuBisCO enzyme activity is discussed below.

text:
RuBisCO large chain,
catalytic domain

Identifiers

Symbol
RuBisCO_large

Pfam
PF00016

InterPro
IPR000685

PROSITE
PDOC00142

SCOP
3rub

SUPERFAMILY
3rub

CDD
cd08148

[show]Available protein structures:

Pfam
structures

PDB
RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj

PDBsum
structure summary

RuBisCO, N-terminal domain

Identifiers

Symbol
RuBisCO_large_N

Pfam
PF02788

InterPro
IPR017444

SCOP
3rub

SUPERFAMILY
3rub

[show]Available protein structures:

Pfam
structures

PDB
RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj

PDBsum
structure summary

RuBisCO, small chain

Identifiers

Symbol
RuBisCO_small

Pfam
PF00101

InterPro
IPR000894

SCOP
3rub

SUPERFAMILY
3rub

CDD
cd03527

[show]Available protein structures:

Pfam
structures

PDB
RCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj

PDBsum
structure summary

text: Enzymatic activity[edit]

text: As shown in Figure 2 (left), RuBisCO is one of many enzymes in the Calvin cycle.

text: Substrates[edit]

text:
During carbon fixation, the substrate molecules for RuBisCO are ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate and carbon dioxide (distinct from the "activating" carbon dioxide).[11] RuBisCO also catalyses a reaction between ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate and molecular oxygen (O
2) instead of carbon dioxide (CO2).

text: Products[edit]

text: When carbon dioxide is the substrate, the product of the carboxylase reaction is a highly unstable six-carbon phosphorylated intermediate known as 3-keto-2-carboxyarabinitol-1,5-bisphosphate, which decays virtually instantaneously into two molecules of glycerate-3-phosphate. The extremely unstable molecule created by the initial carboxylation was unknown until 1988, when it was isolated. The 3-phosphoglycerate can be used to produce larger molecules such as glucose. Also, Rubisco side activities can lead to useless or inhibitory by-products; one such product is xylulose-1,5-bisphosphate, which inhibits Rubisco activity.[12]

text: When molecular oxygen is the substrate, the products of the oxygenase reaction are phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphoglycerate. Phosphoglycolate is recycled through a sequence of reactions called photorespiration, which involves enzymes and cytochromes located in the mitochondria and peroxisomes (this is a case of metabolite repair). In this process, two molecules of phosphoglycolate are converted to one molecule of carbon dioxide and one molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate, which can reenter the Calvin cycle. Some of the phosphoglycolate entering this pathway can be retained by plants to produce other molecules such as glycine. At ambient levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen, the ratio of the reactions is about 4 to 1, which results in a net carbon dioxide fixation of only 3.5. Thus, the inability of the enzyme to prevent the reaction with oxygen greatly reduces the photosynthetic capacity of many plants. Some plants, many algae, and photosynthetic bacteria have overcome this limitation by devising means to increase the concentration of carbon dioxide around the enzyme, including C4 carbon fixation, crassulacean acid metabolism, and the use of pyrenoid.

text: Rate of enzymatic activity[edit]

text: Some enzymes can carry out thousands of chemical reactions each second. However, RuBisCO is slow, being able to fix only 3-10 carbon dioxide molecules each second per molecule of enzyme.[13] The reaction catalyzed by RuBisCO is, thus, the primary rate-limiting factor of the Calvin cycle during the day. Nevertheless, under most conditions, and when light is not otherwise limiting photosynthesis, the speed of RuBisCO responds positively to increasing carbon dioxide concentration. However, our descriptive knowledge will become more usable when we can translate them into quantitative models that can enable us to calculate the outcome of the reaction under a given condition. Since RubisCO reacts with RuBP (ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate) first to produce enediol and next with CO2 that after some intermediate changes produces PGA (3-phosphoglycerate), a biochemical model is developed [14] to represent the effects of these steps quantitatively. Since carboxylation or fixation of CO2 is possible only after the synthesis of enediol, thus it is suggested that the role of RubisCO is to produce enediol that is carboxylase and oxygenase (EnCO). Accordingly, RubisCO is called enolase-phosphglycerase (EPGase) since it is neither carboxylase nor oxygenase.

text: Regulation of its enzymatic activity[edit]

text: RuBisCO is usually only active during the day as ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate is not regenerated in the dark. This is due to the regulation of several other enzymes in the Calvin cycle. In addition, the activity of RuBisCO is coordinated with that of the other enzymes of the Calvin cycle in several ways.

text: Regulation by ions[edit]

text: Upon illumination of the chloroplasts, the pH of the stroma rises from 7.0 to 8.0 because of the proton (hydrogen ion, H+) gradient created across the thylakoid membrane.[15] At the same time, magnesium ions (Mg2+) move out of the thylakoids, increasing the concentration of magnesium in the stroma of the chloroplasts. RuBisCO has a high optimal pH (can be >9.0, depending on the magnesium ion concentration) and, thus, becomes "activated" by the addition of carbon dioxide and magnesium to the active sites as described above.

text: Regulation by RuBisCO activase[edit]

text: In plants and some algae, another enzyme, RuBisCO activase, is required to allow the rapid formation of the critical carbamate in the active site of RuBisCO.[16][17] RuBisCO activase is required because the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) substrate binds more strongly to the active sites lacking the carbamate and markedly slows down the "activation" process. In the light, RuBisCO activase promotes the release of the inhibitory (or — in some views — storage) RuBP from the catalytic sites. Activase is also required in some plants (e.g., tobacco and many beans) because, in darkness, RuBisCO is inhibited (or protected from hydrolysis) by a competitive inhibitor synthesized by these plants, a substrate analog 2-Carboxy-D-arabitinol 1-phosphate (CA1P).[18] CA1P binds tightly to the active site of carbamylated RuBisCO and inhibits catalytic activity. In the light, RuBisCO activase also promotes the release of CA1P from the catalytic sites. After the CA1P is released from RuBisCO, it is rapidly converted to a non-inhibitory form by a light-activated CA1P-phosphatase. Finally, once every several hundred reactions, the normal reactions with carbon dioxide or oxygen are not completed, and other inhibitory substrate analogs are formed in the active site. Once again, RuBisCO activase can promote the release of these analogs from the catalytic sites and maintain the enzyme in a catalytically active form. The properties of activase limit the photosynthetic potential of plants at high temperatures.[19] CA1P has also been shown to keep RuBisCO in a conformation that is protected from proteolysis.[20] At high temperatures, RuBisCO activase aggregates and can no longer activate RuBisCO. This contributes to the decreased carboxylating capacity observed during heat stress.[21]

text: Regulation by ATP/ADP and stromal reduction/oxidation state through the activase[edit]

text: The removal of the inhibitory RuBP, CA1P, and the other inhibitory substrate analogs by activase requires the consumption of ATP. This reaction is inhibited by the presence of ADP, and, thus, activase activity depends on the ratio of these compounds in the chloroplast stroma. Furthermore, in most plants, the sensitivity of activase to the ratio of ATP/ADP is modified by the stromal reduction/oxidation (redox) state through another small regulatory protein, thioredoxin. In this manner, the activity of activase and the activation state of RuBisCO can be modulated in response to light intensity and, thus, the rate of formation of the ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate substrate.[22]

text: Regulation by phosphate[edit]

text: In cyanobacteria, inorganic phosphate (Pi) participates in the co-ordinated regulation of photosynthesis. Pi binds to the RuBisCO active site and to another site on the large chain where it can influence transitions between activated and less active conformations of the enzyme. Activation of bacterial RuBisCO might be particularly sensitive to Pi levels, which can act in the same way as RuBisCO activase in higher plants.[23]

text: Regulation by carbon dioxide[edit]

text:
Since carbon dioxide and oxygen compete at the active site of RuBisCO, carbon fixation by RuBisCO can be enhanced by increasing the carbon dioxide level in the compartment containing RuBisCO (chloroplast stroma). Several times during the evolution of plants, mechanisms have evolved for increasing the level of carbon dioxide in the stroma (see C4 carbon fixation). The use of oxygen as a substrate appears to be a puzzling process, since it seems to throw away captured energy. However, it may be a mechanism for preventing overload during periods of high light flux. This weakness in the enzyme is the cause of photorespiration, such that healthy leaves in bright light may have zero net carbon fixation when the ratio of O
2 to CO2 reaches a threshold at which oxygen is fixed instead of carbon. This phenomenon is primarily temperature-dependent. High temperature decreases the concentration of CO2 dissolved in the moisture in the leaf tissues. This phenomenon is also related to water stress. Since plant leaves are evaporatively cooled, limited water causes high leaf temperatures. C4 plants use the enzyme PEP carboxylase initially, which has a higher affinity for CO2. The process first makes a 4-carbon intermediate compound, which is shuttled into a site of C3 photosynthesis then de-carboxylated, releasing CO2 to boost the concentration of CO2, hence the name C4 plants.

text: Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants keep their stomata (on the underside of the leaf) closed during the day, which conserves water but prevents the light-independent reactions (a.k.a. the Calvin Cycle) from taking place, since these reactions require CO2 to pass by gas exchange through these openings. Evaporation through the upper side of a leaf is prevented by a layer of wax.

text: Genetic engineering[edit]

text: Since RuBisCO is often rate-limiting for photosynthesis in plants, it may be possible to improve photosynthetic efficiency by modifying RuBisCO genes in plants to increase catalytic activity and/or decrease oxygenation rates.[24] This could improve biosequestration of CO2 and be an important climate change strategy. Approaches under investigation include transferring RuBisCO genes from one organism in another organism,engineering Rubisco activase from thermophilic cyanobacteria into temperature sensitive plants, increasing the level of expression of RuBisCO subunits, expressing RuBisCO small chains from the chloroplast DNA, and altering RuBisCO genes to increase specificity for carbon dioxide or otherwise increase the rate of carbon fixation.[25][26]. Although, as the levels of CO2 rise, efforts to increase specificity for CO2 may be unnecessary.

text: One avenue is to introduce RuBisCO variants with naturally high specificity values such as the ones from the red alga Galdieria partita into plants. This may improve the photosynthetic efficiency of crop plants, although possible negative impacts have yet to be studied.[27] Advances in this area include the replacement of the tobacco enzyme with that of the purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum.[28] In 2014, two transplastomic tobacco lines with functional RuBisCO from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942 (Se7942) were created by replacing the RuBisCO with the large and small subunit genes of the Se7942 enzyme, in combination with either the corresponding Se7942 assembly chaperone, RbcX, or an internal carboxysomal protein, CcmM35. Both mutants had increased CO2 fixation rates when measured as carbon molecules per RuBisCO. However, the mutant plants grew more slowly than wild-type.[29]

text:
A recent theory explores the trade-off between the relative specificity (i.e., ability to favour CO2 fixation over O
2 incorporation, which leads to the energy-wasteful process of photorespiration) and the rate at which product is formed. The authors conclude that RuBisCO may actually have evolved to reach a point of 'near-perfection' in many plants (with widely varying substrate availabilities and environmental conditions), reaching a compromise between specificity and reaction rate.[30]

text: Since photosynthesis is the single most effective natural regulator of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere, a biochemical model of RuBisCO reaction is used as the core module of climate change models. Thus, a correct model of this reaction is essential to the basic understanding of the relations and interactions of environmental models. A new theory and model of the biochemical reaction of photosynthesis and the drawbacks of today's most widely used model of photosynthesis is discussed in volume 29 of Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration.[31]

text: Phylogenetic studies[edit]

text: The chloroplast gene rbcL, which codes for the large subunit of RuBisCO has been widely used as an appropriate locus for analysis of phylogenetics in plant taxonomy.[32]

text: History of the term[edit]

text: The term "RuBisCO" was coined humorously in 1979, by David Eisenberg at a seminar honouring the retirement of the early, prominent RuBisCO researcher, Sam Wildman, and also alluded to the snack food trade name "Nabisco" in reference to Wildman's attempts to create an edible protein supplement from tobacco leaves.[33]


document_title: List of current champions in WWE

question_text: who won the intercontinental championship on monday night raw

root

text: List of current champions in WWE

text: Current championships[edit]

text: At the top of WWE's championship hierarchy are the WWE Championship on SmackDown and the WWE Universal Championship on Raw. The current WWE Champion is Jinder Mahal, who is in his first reign. He won the title at Backlash by defeating Randy Orton. The current WWE Universal Champion is Brock Lesnar, who is in his first reign. He won the title by defeating Goldberg at WrestleMania 33.

tag: p

text: Secondary titles in WWE include the WWE Intercontinental Championship for Raw and the WWE United States Championship for SmackDown. The Intercontinental Championship is currently held by The Miz, who is in his seventh reign. He won the title by defeating Dean Ambrose at Extreme Rules. The United States Championship is currently held by Baron Corbin, who is in his first reign. He won the title by defeating Tye Dillinger and former champion AJ Styles in a triple threat match at Hell in a Cell by pinning Dillinger.

text: The WWE Cruiserweight Championship is part of the Raw brand and is for wrestlers 205 lb (93 kg) and under. It is defended on Raw and the cruiserweight-exclusive 205 Live.[1] It was also defended once at an NXT house show.[2] The title is currently held by Enzo Amore, who is in his second reign. He won the title by defeating Kalisto at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs.

text: The WWE Raw Women's Championship is currently held by Alexa Bliss, who is in her second reign. She defeated Sasha Banks on the August 28 edition of Raw. The WWE SmackDown Women's Championship is held by first-time champion Natalya. She won the title by defeating Naomi at SummerSlam.

text: The WWE Raw Tag Team Championship is currently held by Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins, who are in their first reign as a team and second for Rollins individually. They won the titles by defeating Cesaro and Sheamus at SummerSlam. The WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship is held by record three-time champions The Usos (Jey and Jimmy Uso). They won the titles by defeating Big E and Xavier Woods of The New Day in a Hell in a Cell match at Hell in a Cell.

text: The top title of NXT is the NXT Championship, which is currently held by Drew McIntyre, who is in his first reign. He won the title by defeating Bobby Roode on August 19, 2017, at NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn III. The NXT Women's Championship is currently vacated as former champion Asuka relinquished the championship after suffering a collarbone injury at NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn III. The next champion will be determined at NXT TakeOver: WarGames.[3] The NXT Tag Team Championship is held by first-time title holders Eric Young and Alexander Wolfe of Sanity, who won the titles from The Authors of Pain at NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn III.

text: The WWE United Kingdom Championship is intended to be the top championship of an upcoming WWE Network show produced in the United Kingdom. Until then, the championship is being defended on NXT. It is also defended on independent shows, making it the only active WWE championship to be defended outside of WWE. It is currently held by Pete Dunne, who defeated Tyler Bate at NXT TakeOver: Chicago.

text: Raw[edit]

text:
Championship
Current champion(s)
Reign
Date won
Days
held
Location
Notes

WWE Universal Championship

Brock Lesnar
1
April 2, 2017
206
Orlando, Florida
Defeated Goldberg at WrestleMania 33

WWE Intercontinental Championship

The Miz
7
June 4, 2017
143
Baltimore, Maryland
Defeated Dean Ambrose at Extreme Rules

WWE Raw Women's Championship

Alexa Bliss
2
August 28, 2017
58
Memphis, Tennessee
Defeated Sasha Banks on Raw

WWE Cruiserweight Championship

Enzo Amore
2
October 22, 2017
3
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Defeated Kalisto at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs

WWE Raw Tag Team Championship

Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins
1
(1, 2)
August 20, 2017
66
Brooklyn, New York
Defeated Cesaro and Sheamus at SummerSlam

tag: table

text: SmackDown[edit]

text:
Championship
Current champion(s)
Reign
Date won
Days
held
Location
Notes

WWE Championship

Jinder Mahal
1
May 21, 2017
157
Rosemont, Illinois
Defeated Randy Orton at Backlash

WWE United States Championship

Baron Corbin
1
October 8, 2017
17
Detroit, Michigan
Defeated former champion AJ Styles and Tye Dillinger in a Triple threat match at Hell in a Cell

WWE SmackDown Women's Championship

Natalya
1
August 20, 2017
66
Brooklyn, New York
Defeated Naomi at SummerSlam

WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship

The Usos
(Jey and Jimmy Uso)
3
October 8, 2017
17
Detroit, Michigan
Defeated The New Day (Big E and Xavier Woods) in a Hell in a Cell match at Hell in a Cell

text: NXT[edit]

text:
Championship
Current champion(s)
Reign
Date won
Days
held
Location
Notes

NXT Championship

Drew McIntyre
1
August 19, 2017
67
Brooklyn, New York
Defeated Bobby Roode at NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn III

NXT Women's Championship

Vacant
–
August 24, 2017
–
Winter Park, Florida
Asuka relinquished the championship after suffering a collarbone injury at NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn III

NXT Tag Team Championship

Sanity
(Alexander Wolfe and Eric Young)
1
August 19, 2017
67
Brooklyn, New York
Defeated The Authors of Pain (Akam and Rezar) at NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn III

WWE United Kingdom Championship

Pete Dunne
1
May 20, 2017
158
Rosemont, Illinois
Defeated Tyler Bate at NXT TakeOver: Chicago


document_title: Newton's laws of motion

question_text: the law that states that for every action

text: Newton's laws of motion

text: Overview

text: Newton's laws are applied to objects which are idealised as single point masses,[6] in the sense that the size and shape of the object's body are neglected to focus on its motion more easily. This can be done when the object is small compared to the distances involved in its analysis, or the deformation and rotation of the body are of no importance. In this way, even a planet can be idealised as a particle for analysis of its orbital motion around a star.

text: In their original form, Newton's laws of motion are not adequate to characterise the motion of rigid bodies and deformable bodies. Leonhard Euler in 1750 introduced a generalisation of Newton's laws of motion for rigid bodies called Euler's laws of motion, later applied as well for deformable bodies assumed as a continuum. If a body is represented as an assemblage of discrete particles, each governed by Newton's laws of motion, then Euler's laws can be derived from Newton's laws. Euler's laws can, however, be taken as axioms describing the laws of motion for extended bodies, independently of any particle structure.[7]

text: Newton's laws hold only with respect to a certain set of frames of reference called Newtonian or inertial reference frames. Some authors interpret the first law as defining what an inertial reference frame is; from this point of view, the second law holds only when the observation is made from an inertial reference frame, and therefore the first law cannot be proved as a special case of the second. Other authors do treat the first law as a corollary of the second.[8][9] The explicit concept of an inertial frame of reference was not developed until long after Newton's death.

text: In the given interpretation mass, acceleration, momentum, and (most importantly) force are assumed to be externally defined quantities. This is the most common, but not the only interpretation of the way one can consider the laws to be a definition of these quantities.

text: Newtonian mechanics has been superseded by special relativity, but it is still useful as an approximation when the speeds involved are much slower than the speed of light.[10]

text: Laws

text: Newton's first law

text: The first law states that if the net force (the vector sum of all forces acting on an object) is zero, then the velocity of the object is constant. Velocity is a vector quantity which expresses both the object's speed and the direction of its motion; therefore, the statement that the object's velocity is constant is a statement that both its speed and the direction of its motion are constant.

text: The first law can be stated mathematically when the mass is a non-zero constant, as,

text: Consequently,

text:
An object that is at rest will stay at rest unless a force acts upon it.
An object that is in motion will not change its velocity unless a force acts upon it.

tag: ul

text: This is known as uniform motion. An object continues to do whatever it happens to be doing unless a force is exerted upon it. If it is at rest, it continues in a state of rest (demonstrated when a tablecloth is skilfully whipped from under dishes on a tabletop and the dishes remain in their initial state of rest). If an object is moving, it continues to move without turning or changing its speed. This is evident in space probes that continuously move in outer space. Changes in motion must be imposed against the tendency of an object to retain its state of motion. In the absence of net forces, a moving object tends to move along a straight line path indefinitely.

text: Newton placed the first law of motion to establish frames of reference for which the other laws are applicable. The first law of motion postulates the existence of at least one frame of reference called a Newtonian or inertial reference frame, relative to which the motion of a particle not subject to forces is a straight line at a constant speed.[8][13] Newton's first law is often referred to as the law of inertia. Thus, a condition necessary for the uniform motion of a particle relative to an inertial reference frame is that the total net force acting on it is zero. In this sense, the first law can be restated as:

text: In every material universe, the motion of a particle in a preferential reference frame Φ is determined by the action of forces whose total vanished for all times when and only when the velocity of the particle is constant in Φ. That is, a particle initially at rest or in uniform motion in the preferential frame Φ continues in that state unless compelled by forces to change it.[14]

text: Newton's first and second laws are valid only in an inertial reference frame. Any reference frame that is in uniform motion with respect to an inertial frame is also an inertial frame, i.e. Galilean invariance or the principle of Newtonian relativity.[15]

text: Newton's second law

text: The second law states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the force applied, and this change in momentum takes place in the direction of the applied force.

text: The second law can also be stated in terms of an object's acceleration. Since Newton's second law is valid only for constant-mass systems,[17][18][19] m can be taken outside the differentiation operator by the constant factor rule in differentiation. Thus,

text: where F is the net force applied, m is the mass of the body, and a is the body's acceleration. Thus, the net force applied to a body produces a proportional acceleration. In other words, if a body is accelerating, then there is a force on it. An application of this notation is the derivation of G Subscript C.

text: Consistent with the first law, the time derivative of the momentum is non-zero when the momentum changes direction, even if there is no change in its magnitude; such is the case with uniform circular motion. The relationship also implies the conservation of momentum: when the net force on the body is zero, the momentum of the body is constant. Any net force is equal to the rate of change of the momentum.

text: Any mass that is gained or lost by the system will cause a change in momentum that is not the result of an external force. A different equation is necessary for variable-mass systems (see below).

text: Newton's second law requires modification if the effects of special relativity are to be taken into account, because at high speeds the approximation that momentum is the product of rest mass and velocity is not accurate.

text: Impulse

text: An impulse J occurs when a force F acts over an interval of time Δt, and it is given by[20][21]

text: Since force is the time derivative of momentum, it follows that

text: This relation between impulse and momentum is closer to Newton's wording of the second law.[22]

text: Impulse is a concept frequently used in the analysis of collisions and impacts.[23]

text: Variable-mass systems

text: Variable-mass systems, like a rocket burning fuel and ejecting spent gases, are not closed and cannot be directly treated by making mass a function of time in the second law;[18] that is, the following formula is wrong:[19]

text: The falsehood of this formula can be seen by noting that it does not respect Galilean invariance: a variable-mass object with F = 0 in one frame will be seen to have F ≠ 0 in another frame.[17] The correct equation of motion for a body whose mass m varies with time by either ejecting or accreting mass is obtained by applying the second law to the entire, constant-mass system consisting of the body and its ejected/accreted mass; the result is[17]

text: where u is the velocity of the escaping or incoming mass relative to the body. From this equation one can derive the equation of motion for a varying mass system, for example, the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation. Under some conventions, the quantity u dm/dt on the left-hand side, which represents the advection of momentum, is defined as a force (the force exerted on the body by the changing mass, such as rocket exhaust) and is included in the quantity F. Then, by substituting the definition of acceleration, the equation becomes F = ma.

text: Newton's third law

text: The third law states that all forces between two objects exist in equal magnitude and opposite direction: if one object A exerts a force FA on a second object B, then B simultaneously exerts a force FB on A, and the two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction: FA = −FB.[25] The third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies,[26][27] or different regions within one body, and thus that there is no such thing as a force that is not accompanied by an equal and opposite force. In some situations, the magnitude and direction of the forces are determined entirely by one of the two bodies, say Body A; the force exerted by Body A on Body B is called the "action", and the force exerted by Body B on Body A is called the "reaction". This law is sometimes referred to as the action-reaction law, with FA called the "action" and FB the "reaction". In other situations the magnitude and directions of the forces are determined jointly by both bodies and it isn't necessary to identify one force as the "action" and the other as the "reaction". The action and the reaction are simultaneous, and it does not matter which is called the action and which is called reaction; both forces are part of a single interaction, and neither force exists without the other.[25]

text: The two forces in Newton's third law are of the same type (e.g., if the road exerts a forward frictional force on an accelerating car's tires, then it is also a frictional force that Newton's third law predicts for the tires pushing backward on the road).

text: From a conceptual standpoint, Newton's third law is seen when a person walks: they push against the floor, and the floor pushes against the person. Similarly, the tires of a car push against the road while the road pushes back on the tires—the tires and road simultaneously push against each other. In swimming, a person interacts with the water, pushing the water backward, while the water simultaneously pushes the person forward—both the person and the water push against each other. The reaction forces account for the motion in these examples. These forces depend on friction; a person or car on ice, for example, may be unable to exert the action force to produce the needed reaction force.[28]

text: History

text: Newton's 1st Law

text: From the original Latin of Newton's Principia:

text:
“
Lex I: Corpus omne perseverare in statu suo quiescendi vel movendi uniformiter in directum, nisi quatenus a viribus impressis cogitur statum illum mutare.
”

text: Translated to English, this reads:

text:
“
Law I: Every body persists in its state of being at rest or of moving uniformly straight forward, except insofar as it is compelled to change its state by force impressed.[29]
”

text: The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle had the view that all objects have a natural place in the universe: that heavy objects (such as rocks) wanted to be at rest on the Earth and that light objects like smoke wanted to be at rest in the sky and the stars wanted to remain in the heavens. He thought that a body was in its natural state when it was at rest, and for the body to move in a straight line at a constant speed an external agent was needed continually to propel it, otherwise it would stop moving. Galileo Galilei, however, realised that a force is necessary to change the velocity of a body, i.e., acceleration, but no force is needed to maintain its velocity. In other words, Galileo stated that, in the absence of a force, a moving object will continue moving. (The tendency of objects to resist changes in motion was what Johannes Kepler had called inertia.) This insight was refined by Newton, who made it into his first law, also known as the "law of inertia"—no force means no acceleration, and hence the body will maintain its velocity. As Newton's first law is a restatement of the law of inertia which Galileo had already described, Newton appropriately gave credit to Galileo.

text: The law of inertia apparently occurred to several different natural philosophers and scientists independently, including Thomas Hobbes in his Leviathan.[30] The 17th century philosopher and mathematician René Descartes also formulated the law, although he did not perform any experiments to confirm it.[31][32]

text: Newton's 2nd Law

text: Newton's original Latin reads:

text:
“
Lex II: Mutationem motus proportionalem esse vi motrici impressae, et fieri secundum lineam rectam qua vis illa imprimitur.
”

text: This was translated quite closely in Motte's 1729 translation as:

text:
“
Law II: The alteration of motion is ever proportional to the motive force impress'd; and is made in the direction of the right line in which that force is impress'd.
”

text: According to modern ideas of how Newton was using his terminology,[33] this is understood, in modern terms, as an equivalent of:

text: The change of momentum of a body is proportional to the impulse impressed on the body, and happens along the straight line on which that impulse is impressed.

text: This may be expressed by the formula F = p', where p' is the time derivative of the momentum p. This equation can be seen clearly in the Wren Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, in a glass case in which Newton's manuscript is open to the relevant page.

text: Motte's 1729 translation of Newton's Latin continued with Newton's commentary on the second law of motion, reading:

text: If a force generates a motion, a double force will generate double the motion, a triple force triple the motion, whether that force be impressed altogether and at once, or gradually and successively. And this motion (being always directed the same way with the generating force), if the body moved before, is added to or subtracted from the former motion, according as they directly conspire with or are directly contrary to each other; or obliquely joined, when they are oblique, so as to produce a new motion compounded from the determination of both.

text: The sense or senses in which Newton used his terminology, and how he understood the second law and intended it to be understood, have been extensively discussed by historians of science, along with the relations between Newton's formulation and modern formulations.[34]

text: Newton's 3rd Law

text:
“
Lex III: Actioni contrariam semper et æqualem esse reactionem: sive corporum duorum actiones in se mutuo semper esse æquales et in partes contrarias dirigi.
”

text: Translated to English, this reads:

text:
“
Law III: To every action there is always opposed an equal reaction: or the mutual actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal, and directed to contrary parts.
”

text: Newton's Scholium (explanatory comment) to this law:

text: Whatever draws or presses another is as much drawn or pressed by that other. If you press a stone with your finger, the finger is also pressed by the stone. If a horse draws a stone tied to a rope, the horse (if I may so say) will be equally drawn back towards the stone: for the distended rope, by the same endeavour to relax or unbend itself, will draw the horse as much towards the stone, as it does the stone towards the horse, and will obstruct the progress of the one as much as it advances that of the other. If a body impinges upon another, and by its force changes the motion of the other, that body also (because of the equality of the mutual pressure) will undergo an equal change, in its own motion, toward the contrary part. The changes made by these actions are equal, not in the velocities but in the motions of the bodies; that is to say, if the bodies are not hindered by any other impediments. For, as the motions are equally changed, the changes of the velocities made toward contrary parts are reciprocally proportional to the bodies. This law takes place also in attractions, as will be proved in the next scholium.[35]

text: In the above, as usual, motion is Newton's name for momentum, hence his careful distinction between motion and velocity.

text: Newton used the third law to derive the law of conservation of momentum;[36] from a deeper perspective, however, conservation of momentum is the more fundamental idea (derived via Noether's theorem from Galilean invariance), and holds in cases where Newton's third law appears to fail, for instance when force fields as well as particles carry momentum, and in quantum mechanics.

text: Importance and range of validity

text: Newton's laws were verified by experiment and observation for over 200 years, and they are excellent approximations at the scales and speeds of everyday life. Newton's laws of motion, together with his law of universal gravitation and the mathematical techniques of calculus, provided for the first time a unified quantitative explanation for a wide range of physical phenomena.

text: These three laws hold to a good approximation for macroscopic objects under everyday conditions. However, Newton's laws (combined with universal gravitation and classical electrodynamics) are inappropriate for use in certain circumstances, most notably at very small scales, very high speeds (in special relativity, the Lorentz factor must be included in the expression for momentum along with the rest mass and velocity) or very strong gravitational fields. Therefore, the laws cannot be used to explain phenomena such as conduction of electricity in a semiconductor, optical properties of substances, errors in non-relativistically corrected GPS systems and superconductivity. Explanation of these phenomena requires more sophisticated physical theories, including general relativity and quantum field theory.

text: In quantum mechanics, concepts such as force, momentum, and position are defined by linear operators that operate on the quantum state; at speeds that are much lower than the speed of light, Newton's laws are just as exact for these operators as they are for classical objects. At speeds comparable to the speed of light, the second law holds in the original form F = dp/dt, where F and p are four-vectors.

text: Relationship to the conservation laws

text: In modern physics, the laws of conservation of momentum, energy, and angular momentum are of more general validity than Newton's laws, since they apply to both light and matter, and to both classical and non-classical physics.

text: This can be stated simply, "Momentum, energy and angular momentum cannot be created or destroyed."

text: Because force is the time derivative of momentum, the concept of force is redundant and subordinate to the conservation of momentum, and is not used in fundamental theories (e.g., quantum mechanics, quantum electrodynamics, general relativity, etc.). The standard model explains in detail how the three fundamental forces known as gauge forces originate out of exchange by virtual particles. Other forces, such as gravity and fermionic degeneracy pressure, also arise from the momentum conservation. Indeed, the conservation of 4-momentum in inertial motion via curved space-time results in what we call gravitational force in general relativity theory. The application of the space derivative (which is a momentum operator in quantum mechanics) to the overlapping wave functions of a pair of fermions (particles with half-integer spin) results in shifts of maxima of compound wavefunction away from each other, which is observable as the "repulsion" of the fermions.

text: Newton stated the third law within a world-view that assumed instantaneous action at a distance between material particles. However, he was prepared for philosophical criticism of this action at a distance, and it was in this context that he stated the famous phrase "I feign no hypotheses". In modern physics, action at a distance has been completely eliminated, except for subtle effects involving quantum entanglement.[citation needed] However, in modern engineering, in all practical applications involving the motion of vehicles and satellites, the concept of action at a distance is used extensively.

text: The discovery of the second law of thermodynamics by Carnot in the 19th century showed that not every physical quantity is conserved over time, thus disproving the validity of inducing the opposite metaphysical view from Newton's laws. Hence, a "steady-state" worldview based solely on Newton's laws and the conservation laws does not take entropy into account.


document_title: Iowa Hawkeyes football

question_text: when was the last time iowa won a bowl game

question_tokens: when was the last time iowa won a bowl game

text: Iowa Hawkeyes football

text: History[edit]

text: Founding and Early Years[edit]

text: Football was first played as a club sport at Iowa in 1872, with intramural games against other colleges played as early as 1882, but it was not until 1889 that the University of Iowa first officially recognized a varsity football team. In 1899, Iowa completed its first undefeated football season, which led to an invitation to join the Western Conference, now known as the Big Ten Conference. In 1900, the Hawkeyes secured another undefeated season and won a share of the Western Conference title in their first year of league play.

text: The Big 8 years and return to Big Ten[edit]

text: In 1907 Iowa helped form the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association. They participated in football in the new league for four seasons, while retaining their existing membership in the Western Conference. Iowa tied with Nebraska in 1907 for the league championship in its first season of competition. They would leave the conference after the 1910 football season and return to the Big Ten.[3]

text: Howard Jones era and 1930s[edit]

text: Iowa claimed consecutive Big Ten titles in 1921 and 1922. The Hawkeyes won 20 straight games in the early 1920s under the guidance of Hall of Fame coach Howard Jones. Jones soon left Iowa and established a powerhouse at Southern California, and the Hawkeyes were abysmal for most of the 1930s.

text: 1929 Big Ten suspension[edit]

text: Iowa was expelled from the Big Ten on May 25, 1929. The reasons were officially unstated and university president William Jessup professed not to know why the faculty committee voted to expel the university. Discussions of player compensation and Iowa's inaction on alleged ethics violation appear to have been a main cause.[4]

text: Following the 1929 season, the Big Ten faculty committee unanimously voted to reinstate Iowa to the conference on February 1, 1930. On December 11, 1929, Iowa had disqualified 27 players, presumably due to compensation issues, and was advised not to seek reinstatement of any of those players.[5]

text: Eddie Anderson era[edit]

text: As a result, little was expected of Iowa’s 1939 team, led by new coach Eddie Anderson. Nicknamed the “Ironmen”, the 1939 Hawkeyes scored several upset victories and vaulted into the national rankings. Though Iowa fell a game short of the Big Ten title, team MVP Nile Kinnick won almost every major national award, including the 1939 Heisman Trophy.

text: Forest Evashevski era[edit]

text: Forest Evashevski was hired as Iowa’s head coach in 1952. He lured Calvin Jones to Iowa, where Jones became the first Hawkeye – and the first African-American – to win the Outland Trophy in 1955. From 1956 to 1960, Evashevski led Iowa to four finishes in the top five of the national rankings, three Big Ten Conference titles, two Rose Bowl victories (in 1957 and 1959), and the 1958 FWAA national championship. After the 1960 season, Evashevski left coaching to become Iowa’s athletic director.

text: The forgotten season

text: In 1960 the Hawkeyes held on to the #1 ranking for much of the season. The Hawkeyes defeated #8 Ohio State, #15 Michigan State, and #10 Purdue. Iowa lost to rival #3 Minnesota. The game was the only loss of the year for the 1960 Hawkeyes and they shared the Big Ten title with Minnesota. However, at that time, the Big Ten did not allow their teams to go to any bowl except for the Rose Bowl. As such, Minnesota was picked over Iowa to go to Pasadena and Iowa was left out, despite a #2 ranking in the Coaches' Poll and a #3 ranking in the AP. Minnesota went on to win the National Championship. This season is known as the "Forgotten Season", for despite ending the season with a #2/3 ranking and a share of the Big Ten title, the Hawks were left out of January play.[6]

text: 1960s and 70s[edit]

text: Evashevski's departure from the sidelines began a two-decade downturn in Iowa's fortunes. Jerry Burns coached from 1961 though 1965. He had a 16–27–2 record. His first team finished 5–4, which would be Iowa's last winning record for 20 years. Ray Nagel followed from 1966–1970 with a 16–32–2 record. Consecutive 5–5 records in 1968 and 1969 would be the Hawks' only non-losing records from 1961 to 1980. Frank Lauterbur followed, coaching from 1971–1973 with a 4–28–1 record, with a 0–11 record in 1973. Bob Commings coached the Hawkeyes from 1974–1978. His record was 18 wins and 37 losses.

text: Hayden Fry era[edit]

text: Hall of Fame coach Hayden Fry was hired after the 1978 season to try to reverse Iowa’s fortunes. After decades of losing, Fry revived the Iowa program. In 20 years at Iowa, he led the Hawkeyes to 14 bowl games, including three Rose Bowl appearances (in 1982, 1986 and 1991), and won three Big Ten titles. Among the legends that Fry left behind is the iconic pink visitors locker room, as well as a statement he made the day he started as Iowa Head Coach that he would take the team to a bowl game within four years, or he would step down. He would not only succeed in his boast, by sending Iowa to the 1982 Rose Bowl, he would do it in three years, besting his ambitious prognostication by one year. Fry retired in 1998, turning the program over to his former assistant Kirk Ferentz.

text: Kirk Ferentz era[edit]

text: Ferentz led Iowa to three consecutive top ten finishes from 2002 to 2004 and two Big Ten titles. The Hawkeyes have played in 13 bowl games in the past 16 seasons, and in 27 bowl games over the last 36 seasons. Kirk Ferentz has been the head coach since Hayden Fry's retirement after the 1998 season, and has led the team to a number of Bowl appearances, including two Orange Bowls and the 2016 Rose Bowl. Iowa has cracked the top 25 at the end of the season six times during the Kirk Ferentz era – No. 8 in 2002, 2003, and 2004, No. 20 in 2008, No. 7 in 2009, and No. 9 in 2015. In 2018, Iowa will begin its 130th season of football, and its 119th season in the Big Ten.

text: Head coaches[edit]

text:
Coach
Seasons
Games
Wins
Losses
Ties
Percentage

Alfred E. Bull (1896)
1
9
7
1
1
.833

John Chalmers (1903–1905)
3
32
24
8
0
.750

Howard Jones (1916–1923)
8
60
42
17
1
.708

Alden Knipe (1899–1902)
5
44
29
11
4
.705

Forest Evashevski (1952–1960)
9
83
52
27
4
.651

Hayden Fry (1979–1998)
20
238
143
89
6
.613

Kirk Ferentz (1999–Present)
19
240
143
97
0
.596

Edward A. Dalton (1892)
1
6
3
2
1
.583

Jesse Hawley (1910–1915)
6
42
24
18
0
.571

Burt Ingwersen (1924–1931)
8
64
33
27
4
.547

Eddie Anderson1 (1939–1949)
8
70
35
33
2
.514

Roger Sherman (1894)
1
9
4
4
1
.500

Otto Wagonhurst (1897)
1
8
4
4
0
.500

Ben "Sport" Donnelly (1893)
1
7
3
4
0
.429

Oscar "Ossie" Solem (1932–1936)
5
40
15
21
4
.425

Mark Catlin (1906–1908)
3
17
7
10
0
.412

Jerry Burns (1961–1965)
5
45
16
27
2
.378

Leonard Raffensperger (1950–1951)
2
18
5
10
3
.361

John Griffith (1909)
1
7
2
4
1
.357

Ray Nagel (1966–1970)
5
49
16
32
1
.337

Bob Commings (1974–1978)
5
55
18
37
0
.327

Clem Crowe (1945)
1
9
2
7
0
.222

Irl Tubbs (1937–1938)
2
16
2
13
1
.156

Edward "Slip" Madigan (1943–1944)
2
16
2
13
1
.156

Frank Lauterbur (1971–1973)
3
33
4
28
1
.136

text: Eddie Anderson did not coach during the 1943–1945 seasons to serve in World War II.

tag: ol

text: –Iowa did not hire their first head coach until 1892, even though their football program began in 1889.

text: Championships[edit]

text: National championships[edit]

text: Iowa finished the 1958 regular season ranked #2 in the AP and Coaches Polls, behind 11–0 LSU, although both votes were taken before the bowl games. Iowa convincingly won the 1959 Rose Bowl, 38–12, setting or tying six Rose Bowl records. The Football Writers Association of America gave their national championship trophy, the Grantland Rice Trophy, to Iowa.

text:
Season
Coach
Selector
Record

1958
Forest Evashevski
Football Writers Association of America
8–1–1

text: Conference championships[edit]

text: Iowa has won 13 conference championships in school history, eight shared and five outright, winning 11 with the Big Ten, one with the WIUFA and one with the MVIAA. .[7]

text:
Season
Coach
Conference
Conference Record
Overall Record

1896
Alfred E. Bull
Western Interstate University Football Association
3–0–1
7–1–1

1900†
Alden Knipe
Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association
2–0–1
7–0–1

1907†
Mark Catlin, Sr.
Big Ten Conference
1–0
3–2

1921
Howard Jones
Big Ten Conference
5–0
7–0

1922†
Howard Jones
Big Ten Conference
5–0
7–0

1956
Forest Evashevski
Big Ten Conference
5–1
9–1

1958
Forest Evashevski
Big Ten Conference
5–1
8–1–1

1960†
Forest Evashevski
Big Ten Conference
5–1
8–1

1981†
Hayden Fry
Big Ten Conference
6–2
8–4

1985
Hayden Fry
Big Ten Conference
7–1
10–2

1990†
Hayden Fry
Big Ten Conference
6–2
8–4

2002†
Kirk Ferentz
Big Ten Conference
8–0
11–2

2004†
Kirk Ferentz
Big Ten Conference
7–1
10–2

text: † denotes shared championship

text: Divisional championships[edit]

text:
Year
Division
Big Ten CG Result
Opponent
PF
PA

2015
Big Ten West
L
MIchigan State
13
16

1 Big Ten West Championships

text: Notable games and seasons[edit]

text: 1953: #20 Iowa vs #1 Notre Dame[edit]

text: On Nov. 21, 1953, an undefeated #1 ranked Notre Dame team was set to face the Hawkeyes in South Bend. In the first quarter, Iowa defensive back Dusty Rice intercepted the Irish, which allowed the Hawkeyes to drive the ball 72-yards for an Iowa touchdown and a 7–0 lead. With only 2 seconds left in the first half, Irish tackle Frank Varrichione fell down with an injury which stopped the clock (Notre Dame had no time outs left). Varrichione went in that same play and the Irish scored on a touchdown pass to Dan Shannon, to tie the game 7–7 at the half. With the score still deadlocked late into the fourth quarter, Iowa intercepted a pass on their own 48-yard line. The Hawkeyes then scored on a touchdown pass to end Frank Gilliam to give the Hawkeyes a 14–7 lead with 2:06 left in the game, with Notre Dame having no time outs remaining. With only 6 seconds left and the clock ticking away Frank Varrichione came down with another injury which stopped the clock (again he went back in that very same play). Notre Dame then scored a touchdown to tie the game up and stay unbeaten. After the game, sportswriters such as Grantland Rice and others were infuriated calling it unfair, and the Irish earned the label: "The Fainting Irish of Notre Dame". Iowa head coach Forest Evashevski said after the game: "When the One Great Scorer comes to write against our name, He won't write whether we won or lost, but how come we got gypped at Notre Dame". The Hawkeyes, who were ranked #20 before the game, jumped teams with better records to gain the #9 ranking. Varrichione has since admitted that the injuries were fake, in Steve Delsohn’s book, Talking Irish: The Oral History Of Notre Dame Football. In addition, Notre Dame Heisman winner Johnny Lattner praised his team's tactics calling it "Pretty smart thinking, wasn't it?".[8] Because of this game, the NCAA changed the rules making players sit out at least one down before returning to the game.

text: 1956: #6 Ohio State at #7 Iowa[edit]

text: On November 17, Iowa (ranked No. 7 in the AP Poll) defeated Ohio State (ranked No. 6), 6–0, before a crowd of 57,732 at Iowa Stadium. Ohio State went into the game with the second best rushing attack in the country but were held to 147 rushing yards, their lowest rushing yardage total in two years. The result broke Ohio State's winning streak of 17 games against conference opponents and clinched for Iowa the conference championship and a berth in the Rose Bowl. After time expired, Iowa fans hauled down the goal posts and paraded through Iowa City.[9]

text: 1957 Rose Bowl: #3 Iowa vs. #10 Oregon State[edit]

text: Aided by three rushing touchdowns, the Big Ten Champion Iowa Hawkeyes got off to a 21-6 start at the half. After the half, Iowa scored two more touchdowns and beat Oregon State 35-19. With the victory, Iowa won their first Rose Bowl Game in program history. Quarterback Ken Ploen was the games MVP ending the game with one rushing touchdown and one passing touchdown.

text: 1959 Rose Bowl: #2 Iowa vs. #16 California[edit]

text: With their win in the Rose Bowl in 1959, the Iowa Hawkeyes won their first, and only, National Championship. However, although Iowa won the Grantland Rice Trophy as awarded by the Football Writers Association of America following the Bowl games, LSU was voted #1 in both major polls, the AP and Coaches polls, which were tallied before the Bowl games were played.

text: This game was lopsided and by the end of the third quarter, with a 22–6 advantage over the California Golden Bears, Iowa could smell victory. The championship, however, is disputed. The AP, whose poll came out before the bowl games, had picked LSU as their National Champion. Many believe that the Iowa Hawkeyes rightfully hold the 1958 National Championship.[10]

text: 1981: #7 Nebraska at Iowa[edit]

text: Official recap—There weren't many among the 60,160 who jammed Iowa's Kinnick Stadium who thought they were watching a matchup of the eventual Midwest entries in the Rose and Orange Bowls. There probably weren't a whole lot more who thought Iowa would avenge a 57–0 slaughter the Hawkeyes had suffered in Lincoln the year before. However, Iowa took advantage of excellent field position to jump to a 10–0 first-half lead, then held on to win a 10–7 stunner over the seventh-ranked Huskers.

text: The Hawkeye defense held the Huskers to their lowest total offense output of the season—234 yards—and stopped the Nebraska offense three straight times in Iowa territory after Roger Craig's one-yard TD had pulled the Huskers within 10–7 early in the final period. NU was stymied in the fourth quarter by a missed 30-yard field goal, a fumble, and Lou King's diving interception, which secured Iowa's victory with 39 seconds remaining.

text: In the first half, the Hawkeyes capitalized on a short punt and an interception to set up a two-yard TD run by Eddie Phillips and a 35-yard field goal by Lon Olejniczak. Meanwhile, the Huskers were held scoreless through three quarters for the first time since 1973 and didn't get out of their own territory until late in the second period, partly because of Iowa punter Reggie Roby's 50-plus yard average. NU quarterbacks Mark Maurer and Nate Mason completed only 8-of-18 passes for 81 yards and rushed 12 times for minus-2 yards.

text: Iowa used its upset win as a launching pad to defeat such teams as UCLA, Michigan and Purdue and post its first winning season since 1961.[11]

text: “At this minute, this is the greatest victory of my life," Iowa coach Hayden Fry said. "I’m getting to be an old man and I don’t want to hurt any of my other teams that pulled off some upsets. But while I’ve been at Iowa, this is far and away the greatest victory.

text: “If you stay with this game long enough, the worm is bound to turn. Don’t think we didn’t earn this one, either. We did it fair and square, plus we showed a lot of character.” [12]

text: 1985: #2 Michigan at #1 Iowa[edit]

text: The Hawkeyes trailed 10–9 late in the fourth quarter, in what may be considered the greatest game ever played at Kinnick Stadium. Iowa got the ball, with 5:27 left, on their own 22-yard line. Led by their All-American Quarterback, Chuck Long, Iowa drove the ball to the Michigan 12-yard line. As the clock expired, kicker Rob Houghtlin sent one through the uprights, to give Iowa the win. The Hawkeyes would go on to accept an invitation to the 1986 Rose Bowl.[13]

text: 2005 Capital One Bowl: Iowa vs. LSU ("The Catch")[edit]

text: The game has gone down in Hawkeye history known simply as "The Catch". Iowa was set to play the defending National Champion LSU Tigers. Despite leading the entire game, Iowa found itself down 24–25 and got the ball with only 46 seconds left on the clock. With only a few seconds left in the game, Iowa found itself on their own 44-yard line facing a 2nd and 6. Iowa Quarterback Drew Tate threw the ball 56 yards to Warren Holloway for an Iowa touchdown that gave the Hawkeyes a 30–25 victory over Nick Saban's defending champion Tigers. The touchdown was Holloway's first and only career touchdown.[14]

text: 2008: #3 Penn State at Iowa[edit]

text: The undefeated Penn State Nittany Lions came into the game ranked #3 in the country with hopes of a BCS national championship. The Hawkeyes, on the other hand, were 5–4 and coming off a tough loss at Illinois. The Hawkeyes jumped out to an early lead following a Penn State fumble on their first drive, but the Nittany Lions would come back to take a 13–7 lead into halftime. With less than four minutes left in the game, and trailing 23–21, Iowa strong safety Tyler Sash intercepted Penn State quarterback Daryll Clark's pass inside Iowa territory. The Hawkeyes drove to within field goal range where kicker Daniel Murray made a 31-yard field goal with :01 left to play. Iowa would go on to win 24–23 and hand Penn State its only regular season loss of the year. The Hawkeyes would go on to beat South Carolina in the Outback Bowl. The win would be the first in a 13-game winning streak for Iowa stretching into the 2009 season.

text: 2010 Orange Bowl: #9 Georgia Tech vs. #10 Iowa[edit]

text: The game pitted the ACC Champion Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets against #10 Iowa. On Iowa's second drive of the game, quarterback Ricky Stanzi drove the Hawkeyes 80 yards, culminating in a 3-yard touchdown pass to Marvin McNutt, putting Iowa on top 7-0. Iowa scored another touchdown on their next drive, following a Georgia Tech punt, with Stanzi hitting Colin Sandeman for 21 yards, extending the Hawkeyes lead to 14-0. On the ensuing drive, GT punted for the third time in a row. On Iowa's next drive, Stanzi was intercepted by Jerrard Tarrant who returned the pick for a touchdown, cutting Iowa's lead to 14-7. Georgia Tech received the ball at the start of the second half. Iowa took over on downs after Georgia Tech missed a 41 yard field goal. On Iowa's next drive, they extended their lead by three thanks to a 33 yard field goal from kicker Daniel Murray. At the start of the 4th Quarter, Iowa had a 17-7 lead. This lead was cut when Georgia Tech drove down the field for its first and only offensive touchdown of the game. The touchdown cut Iowa's lead to 17-14. However, Iowa running back Brandon Wegher sealed the win for the Hawkeyes with his 32 yard rushing touchdown late in the 4th Quarter. Iowa beat Georgia Tech by a final score of 24-14.

text: The win marked the first ever BCS Bowl win for the Iowa program (Iowa had won two Rose Bowls prior to the formation of the BCS). The win also marked Iowa's first ever Orange Bowl victory. Iowa is one of only five Big Ten teams to compete in and win an Orange Bowl.

text: 2016: #2 Michigan at Iowa[edit]

text: Iowa entered this matchup against the 9–0 Wolverines with a 5–4 record, a letdown given the high expectations entering the season. Michigan arrived in Iowa City with the #1 scoring defense and the #3 scoring offense in the country. A week after being humbled 41–14 at Penn State, in the midst of a 3-game home losing streak, and after trailing 10–0 in the second quarter of this game, the Hawkeyes put forth a gritty, spirited effort. Freshman Keith Duncan drilled a 33-yard field goal as time expired to deliver Iowa a much needed win. Akrum Wadley was the offensive standout for the Hawkeyes with 115 yards rushing, and another 52 yards receiving that included a touchdown late in the first half. The Hawkeye defense did their part as well, allowing only 201 total yards and scoring a safety in the 14–13 win.

text: With Clemson and Washington both losing, this marked only the second time #2, #3, and #4 fell during the same day in the regular-season. The other time was October 19, 1985, and one of the games that day was #1 Iowa's 12–10 win over #2 Michigan.

text: 2017: #3 Ohio State at Iowa[edit]

text: Iowa entered this matchup against the 7–1 Buckeyes with a 5–3 record. At kickoff, the Buckeyes were ranked #6 in the nation and although the game was being played at Iowa's Kinnick Stadium, Ohio State was a 21 point favorite to win. Early on, it was an even contest as the teams traded scores on their way to a 17-17 midway through the second quarter. However in the last 3 minutes of the first half, Iowa TE Noah Fant was on the receiving end of two Nate Stanley TD passes, sending Iowa into the locker room with a 31-17 lead. The second half belonged to the Hawkeyes as they sliced through the Ohio State defense on TD drives of 78, 60 and 47 yards on their way to a resounding 55-24 win. Notable performances from the game were 5 TD passes by Iowa QB Nathan Stanley, Iowa CB Joshua Jackson's 3 interceptions, Iowa RB Akrum Wadley rushing for 118 yards on 20 carries (5.9) and Ohio State QB J.T. Barrett throwing 4 INT's along with 3 TD's. On the day Iowa racked up a total of 487 yards against an Ohio State defense that came into the game only allowing 302 per contest. Many pundits remarked after the season that the lop-sided loss to Iowa was the reason that Ohio State was not part of the College Football Playoff, even though the Buckeyes ended the season as the B1G Champ.[15]

text: Logos and uniforms[edit]

text: Iowa's home jersey is black with white numerals, with gold and white stripes on the sleeves. The away jersey is white with black numerals, and gold stripes on the sleeves. Players' names are located above the numerals on the back of the jersey. Gold pants with a black stripe are worn with both the home and away jersey. Iowa's helmets are black with a black facemask. They also have a gold stripe and the gold Iowa Hawkeye logo included on both sides of the helmet.

text: In 1979, Hayden Fry helped to create the Tiger Hawk, the logo seen on Iowa's football helmets.[16] Since both teams shared the colors of black and yellow gold, Fry sought and gained permission from the Pittsburgh Steelers, the dominant National Football League (NFL) team of the 1970s, to overhaul Iowa’s uniforms in the Steelers’ image. Fry's idea was that if the team were going to act like winners, they first needed to dress like winners. Fry had originally asked Steelers defensive tackle "Mean" Joe Greene for a replica helmet and home jersey; Greene was able to send Fry to one of the team owners, and three days later, the owners sent Fry reproduction copies of the home and away uniform of Steelers quarterback Terry Bradshaw, making Iowa one of only a few schools to use the uniform scheme of an NFL team; others include the Blue Devils of Duke University whose football uniforms resemble those of the Indianapolis Colts. Although the uniforms appear substantially the same, there are subtle differences, mainly in the font of the numerals, the scheme of the white away jerseys, and the width of the jersey stripe.

text: The Hawkeyes have removed the Tiger Hawk helmet logo and the single yellow gold stripe from their game helmets on several occasions as a symbolic gesture of mourning. The first instance was on November 2, 1991, in recognition of the six victims of a fatal campus shooting. The second occasion was for a December 29, 1996, appearance in the Alamo Bowl. It served to commemorate the family of linebacker Mark Mitchell, who were involved in a fatal vehicle accident while en route to the game. The accident resulted in the death of Mitchell's mother and severe injuries to his father and two brothers.[17] Third came on Veterans' Day 2011 when they used a red, white, and blue tiger hawk on one side and left the other side blank in honor of our fallen heroes against Michigan. All three games resulted in Iowa victories. Fourth, and most recent, was September 12, 2015 when they honored #9 Tyler Sash, former Iowa Safety and NFL Veteran, who had died on September 8, 2015. During this last removal of the helmet logo, only one side was removed, while the other had a large #9 placed, honoring the jersey number Sash wore while he played at Iowa.

text: The Iowa Athletic Director has okayed only six stickers on the helmets from 1985 to the present. The first was in 1985, when a gold disk appeared, with the black letters "ANF," which stands for America Needs Farmers. This sticker has remained in place since it was first placed onto the helmet. The second was a small black sticker on the back of the helmet, with white letters that spelled out "EVY," the nickname of legendary Iowa head coach, and Athletic Director, Forest Evasheski, to commemorate his death in 2009. The third was in memory of Iowa high school football coaching legend Ed Thomas, who was killed in his team's weight room by a former player. A small gold sticker with the black letters "FFF" placed near the crown of the helmet represents Faith, Family, Football, a motto Coach Thomas preached to his players to represent what his players' priorities should be not only through the season, but throughout life. The fourth was a small green sticker, with the number 30 on it to honor former Hawkeye Safety Brett Greenwood, who had recently fallen into a coma while working out at his old high school. Fifth was a small black sticker with a gold "TS", worn on the back of the helmet to commemorate the death of former Hawkeye safety Tyler Sash. Then on October 9, 2016, former Polk County deputy sheriff Ron Stewart died at the age of 76. Stewart volunteered his time providing security for the Iowa Football team at home and road games from 1982-2014. For the remainder of the season, the Hawkeyes wore a decal on the back of their helmets bearing his initials "RS" within a sheriff's badge in his memory.[citation needed]

text: Kinnick Stadium[edit]

text: Kinnick Stadium, formerly known as Iowa Stadium, is the home stadium of the University of Iowa Hawkeyes in Iowa City, Iowa. It opened as Iowa Stadium in 1929; prior to that time, Iowa played its home games at Iowa Field. Iowa Stadium was renamed Kinnick Stadium in 1972 in honor of Nile Kinnick, the 1939 Heisman Trophy winner and the only Heisman winner in university history, who died in service during World War II. It currently holds up to 70,585 people, making it the 25th largest college football stadium in America and the 82nd largest sports stadium in the world.

text: Traditions[edit]

text: Songs[edit]

text: Iowa's official fight song is the "Iowa Fight Song" which is sung by the marching band and the fans. Iowa's school song is "On Iowa". Iowa also plays a third fight song, entitled "Roll Along Iowa". After victories the band plays the Im Himmel gibt's kein Bier Polka, which translates to "In Heaven There is No Beer". Before the game (since 2005) the team has exited the tunnel together to "Back in Black" by AC/DC before joining hands and running onto the field in unison to "Enter Sandman" by Metallica.[18]

text: Mascot[edit]

text: Iowa's mascot is Herky the Hawk, a black and gold caricature of a Hawk. Herky was created as a cartoon in 1948, and first appeared at a sporting event in 1959. Herky was actually named after the Greek God Hercules. The term "Hawkeye" originally appeared in the book The Last of the Mohicans and was later used in its plural form to describe the people of Iowa. The University of Iowa adopted this as the nickname for its athletic teams.

text: Hawkeye Marching Band[edit]

text: Founded in 1881, the Hawkeye Marching Band now performs at all Iowa Hawkeye home football games. The band also travels with the team to usually one away game per year and any post-season bowl games.

text: Kinnick Wave[edit]

text: In 2017, Hawkeyes fans created what ESPN called "college football's coolest new tradition". In February of that year, the university's children's hospital, which has long had a close relationship with the Iowa football program, opened a new 12-story building across the street from Kinnick Stadium, with the top few floors featuring an unobstructed view of the playing field.[19] The top floor of the hospital features the Press Box Cafe, a lounge area with floor-to-ceiling windows facing the field that is reserved for patients and their families on Hawkeyes game days, with big-screen TVs available when Iowa plays on the road.[20][19] Following a suggestion posted to a Hawkeyes fan page on Facebook, by Iowan Krista Young, fans now face the hospital and wave to the children and their families at the end of the first quarter of every home game. For home night games, the first of which was against Penn State on September 23, 2017, "The Wave" features fans waving with their cell phone flashlights turned on.[20] Two weeks after the Penn State game, with the Hawkeyes at home to Illinois, the Hawkeye Marching Band joined in this new tradition, forming a hand moving side-to-side and "waving" at the children during its halftime show.[21] The Wave was even seen in the offseason—on February 15, 2018, inspired by a suggestion from nurses at the children's hospital, the stadium's maintenance crew created a pattern of a waving hand in snow that was covering the playing field. At least one patient was reported to have seen the crew creating the design, and upon completion, the crew went into the Press Box Cafe to see their final product.[22]

text: The tradition has even spread beyond the Iowa fan base. With Iowa playing at Michigan State on September 30, ESPN's College GameDay aired a six-minute feature on The Wave, followed by the feature's reporter, Tom Rinaldi, leading the crowd at the Virginia Tech campus in a wave of their own.[23] A few hours later at the end of the first quarter of the Iowa–Michigan State game, Spartans fans joined in The Wave with visiting Iowa fans.[24]

text: Disney Sports announced it would present the Iowa football program with its Disney's Wide World of Sports Spirit Award, which annually goes to college football’s most inspirational figure on November 20, 2017. The award was presented to the University of Iowa for The Wave on ESPN on December 7, 2017.[25]

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: Iowa State[edit]

text: Iowa plays Iowa State annually for the Cy-Hawk Trophy, which began in 1977. The teams first meeting was in 1894. The teams quit meeting after the 1934 season until they renewed their rivalry in 1977. It was in 1977 when the tradition of the Cy-Hawk Trophy began, when the Des Moines Athletic Club donated a trophy dedicated to the rivlary. It was quickly dubbed the "Cy-Hawk Trophy". Iowa leads the overall series 43–22, and Iowa also leads the trophy series 27–14.

text: Minnesota[edit]

text: Iowa plays Minnesota annually for the Floyd of Rosedale, which is Iowa's oldest trophy that began in 1935. The teams first meeting was in 1891. Minnesota leads the overall series 62–47–2, and also leads the trophy series 42–39–2. Floyd of Rosedale was created in 1935 after Minnesota Governor Floyd Olson bet a prize pig that the Gophers would win the game, a goal which the Gophers would accomplish that year. After the death of the pig, its image was cast in bronze, and the Floyd of Rosedale trophy was created.

text: Nebraska[edit]

text: Iowa plays Nebraska annually for the Heroes Trophy, which began when Nebraska joined the Big Ten Conference in 2011. Nebraska leads the overall series 29–16–3, but Iowa leads the trophy series 4–3. Since the inauguration of the series as a conference game, the game has been played on the Friday following Thanksgiving.

text: Wisconsin[edit]

text: Iowa has played Wisconsin for the Heartland Trophy since 2004. The teams' first meeting was in 1894. Wisconsin leads the overall series 46–43–2, and the trophy series at 6–5.

text: Current coaching staff[edit]

text:
Name
Position
First Year Position
First Year at Iowa
Alma Mater

Kirk Ferentz
Head Coach
1999
1999*
Connecticut

Phil Parker
Defensive Coordinator/Secondary
2013
1999
Michigan State

Kelvin Bell
Recruiting Coordinator/ Assistant Defensive Line
2016
2012
Iowa

Brian Ferentz
Offensive Coordinator/Running Backs
2017
2012
Iowa

Ken O'Keefe
Quarterbacks
2017
1999***
John Carroll

Reese Morgan
Defensive Line
2012
2000
Wartburg

LeVar Woods
Tight Ends
2015
2008
Iowa

Seth Wallace
Linebackers
2016
2014**
Coe

Tim Polasek
Offensive Line
2017
2017
Concordia (WI)

Kelton Copeland
Wide Receivers
2017
2017
Northern Illinois

Chris Doyle
Strength & Conditioning
1999
1999
Boston University

Raimond Braithwaite
Assistant, Strength & Conditioning
2008
2008
West Florida

Justin Lima
Assistant, Strength & Conditioning
2013
2013
Bridgewater State

Cody Myers
Assistant, Strength & Conditioning
2014
2014
Coe

Paul Federici
Director, Football Operations
2009
2004
Penn State

Ben Hansen
Assistant Director, Football Operations
2012
2009
Iowa

Broderick Binns
Director, Player Development
2016
2014
Iowa

Scott Southmayd
Director, Player Personnel
2014
2002
Central (IA)

Max Allen
Director, Football New Media
2014
2014
Colorado

Tyler Barnes
Director, Player Recruiting
2016
2009
Iowa

Tyler Anderson
Graduate Assistant
2015
2015
Iowa

Martin Hopkins
Graduate Assistant
2016
2013
Iowa

Joe Pawlak
Graduate Assistant
2016
2016
Northern Illinois

Don Shumpert
Graduate Assistant
2016
2016
Iowa

Tyler Parker
Football Analyst

Austin Showalter
Football Analyst/Administrative Assistant
2015
2011
Iowa

Bob Rahfeldt
Video Coordinator
2013
1999
Iowa

Chris Ruth
Assistant Video Coordinator

text: *Kirk Ferentz was the offensive line coach at Iowa from 1981–1989.

text: **Seth Wallace was graduate assistant from 2006–2008. [26]

text: ***Ken O'Keefe was the offensive coordinator at Iowa from 1999–2011. He left to become the wide receivers coach for the Miami Dolphins. [27]

text: Bowl games and rankings[edit]

text: Bowl games[edit]

text: Iowa has appeared in 31 bowl games, including 29 bowl games since 1982. In bowl games, Iowa has a 15–15–1 record:

text:
Season
Coach
Bowl
Opponent
Result

1956
Forest Evashevski
Rose Bowl
Oregon State
W 35–19

1958
Forest Evashevski
Rose Bowl
California
W 38–12

1981
Hayden Fry
Rose Bowl
Washington
L 0–28

1982
Hayden Fry
Peach Bowl
Tennessee
W 28–22

1983
Hayden Fry
Gator Bowl
Florida
L 6–14

1984
Hayden Fry
Freedom Bowl
Texas
W 55–17

1985
Hayden Fry
Rose Bowl
UCLA
L 28–45

1986
Hayden Fry
Holiday Bowl
San Diego State
W 39–38

1987
Hayden Fry
Holiday Bowl
Wyoming
W 20–19

1988
Hayden Fry
Peach Bowl
North Carolina State
L 23–28

1990
Hayden Fry
Rose Bowl
Washington
L 34–46

1991
Hayden Fry
Holiday Bowl
BYU
T 13–13

1993
Hayden Fry
Alamo Bowl
California
L 3–37

1995
Hayden Fry
Sun Bowl
Washington
W 38–18

1996
Hayden Fry
Alamo Bowl
Texas Tech
W 27–0

1997
Hayden Fry
Sun Bowl
Arizona State
L 7–17

2001
Kirk Ferentz
Alamo Bowl
Texas Tech
W 19–16

2002
Kirk Ferentz
Orange Bowl
USC
L 17–38

2003
Kirk Ferentz
Outback Bowl
Florida
W 37–17

2004
Kirk Ferentz
Capital One Bowl
LSU
W 30–25

2005
Kirk Ferentz
Outback Bowl
Florida
L 24–31

2006
Kirk Ferentz
Alamo Bowl
Texas
L 24–26

2008
Kirk Ferentz
Outback Bowl
South Carolina
W 31–10

2009
Kirk Ferentz
Orange Bowl
Georgia Tech
W 24–14

2010
Kirk Ferentz
Insight Bowl
Missouri
W 27–24

2011
Kirk Ferentz
Insight Bowl
Oklahoma
L 14–31

2013
Kirk Ferentz
Outback Bowl
LSU
L 14–21

2014
Kirk Ferentz
TaxSlayer Bowl
Tennessee
L 28–45

2015
Kirk Ferentz
Rose Bowl
Stanford
L 16–45

2016
Kirk Ferentz
Outback Bowl
Florida
L 3–30

2017
Kirk Ferentz
Pinstripe Bowl
Boston College
W 27–20

text: Iowa in the Final AP Poll[edit]

text: Iowa has made 311 appearances in the Associated Press poll, including 123 weeks in the top 10.[28] Iowa has finished the year ranked in the final Associated Press poll of the season 22 times:

text:
Year
Ranking
Record

1939
9
6–1–1

1953
9
5–3–1

1956
3
8–1

1957
6
7–1–1

1958
2
7–1–1

1960
3
8–1

1981
18
8–4

1983
14
9–3

Year
Ranking
Record

1984
16
8–4–1

1985
10
10–2

1986
16
9–3

1987
16
10–3

1990
18
8–4

1991
10
10–1–1

1995
25
8–4

Year
Ranking
Record

1996
18
9–3

2002
8
11–2

2003
8
10–3

2004
8
10–2

2008
20
9–4

2009
7
11–2

2015
9
12–2

text: Season results[edit]

text: Honors and awards[edit]

text: Annual awards[edit]

text: Individual award winners[edit]

text:
•Heisman Trophy

Nile Kinnick – 1939

•Maxwell Award

Nile Kinnick – 1939
Chuck Long – 1985

•AP Athlete of the Year

Nile Kinnick – 1939

•AP Player of the Year

Brad Banks – 2002

•Davey O'Brien Award

Chuck Long – 1985
Brad Banks – 2002

•UPI Lineman of the Year

Alex Karras – 1957

•Mosi Tatupu Award

Kahlil Hill – 2001

•John Mackey Award

Dallas Clark – 2002

•Jack Tatum Trophy

Desmond King – 2015
Josh Jackson – 2017

•Jack Lambert Trophy

Josey Jewell – 2017

•Lott IMPACT Trophy

Josey Jewell – 2017

•Lou Groza Award

Nate Kaeding – 2002

•Doak Walker Award

Shonn Greene – 2008

•Jim Brown Award

Shonn Greene – 2008

•Jim Thorpe Award

Desmond King – 2015

•Outland Trophy

Cal Jones – 1955
Alex Karras – 1957
Robert Gallery – 2003
Brandon Scherff – 2014

text: Coaching award winners[edit]

text:
•AFCA Coach of the Year

Eddie Anderson – 1939

•AP Coach of the Year Award

Kirk Ferentz – 2002

•Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award

Kirk Ferentz – 2002

•Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award

Kirk Ferentz – 2015

•Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Award

Kirk Ferentz – 2015

•Woody Hayes Trophy

Kirk Ferentz – 2015

•Sporting News College Football Coach of the Year

Hayden Fry – 1981

•Amos Alonzo Stagg Award

Hayden Fry – 2005

•The National Football Foundation Gridiron Club Legends Award

Hayden Fry – 2018

text: Team awards[edit]

text: College Football Hall of Fame[edit]

text: Iowa has 14 inductees in the College Football Hall of Fame:[29]

text:
College Football Hall of Fame

Name
Position
Tenure
Year Inducted

Howard Jones
Coach
1916–23
1951

Duke Slater
Tackle
1918–21
1951

Nile Kinnick
Quarterback
1936–39
1951

Gordon Locke
Fullback
1920–22
1960

Eddie Anderson
Coach
1939–49
1971

Aubrey Devine
Quarterback
1919–21
1973

Slip Madigan
Coach
1943–44
1974

Cal Jones
Guard
1952–55
1980

Alex Karras
Defensive tackle
1954–57
1981

Randy Duncan
Quarterback
1956–58
1997

Chuck Long
Quarterback
1981–85
1999

Forest Evashevski
Coach
1952–60
2000

Hayden Fry
Coach
1979–98
2003

Larry Station
Linebacker
1982–85
2009

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text:
Iowa Hawkeyes retired numbers

No.
Player
Position
Tenure

24
Nile Kinnick
QB
1936–39

62
Cal Jones
OG
1952–55

text: Two numbers have been retired by the Hawkeye football program, Nile Kinnick's No. 24 and Cal Jones' No. 62. Both Kinnick and Jones were consensus first team All-Americans, and both men died in separate plane crashes before their 25th birthday.

text: Kinnick won the University of Iowa's only Heisman Trophy in 1939 and is the man for whom Kinnick Stadium is named. Jones was the first African-American to win the Outland Trophy and is the only Hawkeye to be named first-team All-American three times.[30]

text: Iowa's All-Time Team[edit]

text: As selected by Iowa's fans in 1989.

text:
Offense
E Marv Cook 1985–88
E Jim Gibbons 1955–57
OL Mike Enich 1938–1940
OL Cal Jones 1953–55
OL Jerry Hilgenberg 1951–53
OL John Niland 1963–65
OL Duke Slater 1918–21
QB Chuck Long 1982–85
RB Ozzie Simmons 1934–36
RB Aubrey Devine 1919–21
RB Ronnie Harmon 1982–85
PK Rob Houghtlin 1985–87

Defense
E Frank Gilliam 1953–56
E Andre Tippett 1979–81
DL Mark Bortz 1979–82
DL Dave Haight 1985–88
DL Alex Karras 1956–57
LB Mike Reilly 1961–63
LB Larry Station 1982–85
DB Craig Clemons 1969–71
DB Willis Glasgow 1927–29
DB Gordon Locke 1920–22
DB Ken Ploen 1954–56
P Reggie Roby 1979–82

text: Special Mention

text:
Offense
OL Dave Croston 1984–1986
OL Joe Devlin 1973–75
QB Randy Duncan 1956–58
RB Larry Ferguson 1959–62
RB Joe Laws 1931–33
RB Ed Podolak 1966–68
RB Bill Reichardt 1949–51
E Erwin Prasse 1937–39

Defense
E Lester Belding 1918–21
LB Wally Hilgenberg 1961–63
DB Devon Mitchell 1982–85
DE Joe Mott 1985–88
LB Brad Quast 1986–89
DB Bill Reichardt 1949–51
DB Bob Stoops 1979–82
DB Mike Stoops 1981–84

text: Current Iowa Hawkeyes football team[edit]

text: Iowa and the NFL[edit]

text: Current NFL players[edit]

text: This list includes players on active team rosters, this list does not include free agents or players on practice squads in 2017.[31]

text:
Name
Year Debuted
Position
Team

C. J. Beathard
2017
QB
San Francisco 49ers

Austin Blythe
2016
C
Los Angeles Rams

Bryan Bulaga
2010
OT
Green Bay Packers

Adrian Clayborn
2011
DE
Atlanta Falcons

Cole Croston
2017
OL
New England Patriots

LeShun Daniels
2017
RB
Washington Redskins

Mike Daniels
2012
DE
Green Bay Packers

Carl Davis
2015
DT
Baltimore Ravens

Andrew Donnal
2015
OT
Los Angeles Rams

C. J. Fiedorowicz
2015
TE
Houston Texans

Adam Gettis
2013
OG
New York Giants

Anthony Hitchens
2014
LB
Dallas Cowboys

Micah Hyde
2015
S
Buffalo Bills

Jaleel Johnson
2017
DT
Minnesota Vikings

Desmond King
2017
CB
Los Angeles Chargers

Christian Kirksey
2014
LB
Cleveland Browns

George Kittle
2017
TE
San Francisco 49ers

Karl Klug
2011
DE
Tennessee Titans

Casey Kreiter
2016
LS
Denver Broncos

Henry Krieger-Coble
2016
TE

James Morris
2017
LB

Riley Reiff
2012
OT
Minnesota Vikings

Brandon Scherff
2016
OG
Washington Redskins

Matt Tobin
2014
OT
Seattle Seahawks

Marshal Yanda
2007
OG
Baltimore Ravens

text: Pro Football Hall of Fame[edit]

text: Three Hawkeyes have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame:[32]

text:
Induction
Player
Position
Teams

1967
Emlen Tunnell
Defensive back
New York Giants, Green Bay Packers

1998
Paul Krause
Safety
Minnesota Vikings, Washington Redskins

2008
Andre Tippett
Linebacker
New England Patriots

text: First round NFL draft picks[edit]

text: Iowa has had at least one player drafted in every NFL Draft since 1978. Through the 2017 NFL Draft, Iowa has had 282 draft picks. 254 in the NFL, 21 in the AFL, and 7 in the AAFC (the AFC and AAFC both merged with the NFL). and 76 players have gone in the first three rounds of the NFL Draft. Iowa has had 20 first round NFL Draft selections:[33]

text:
Season
Player
Team
Selection

1936
Dick Crayne
Brooklyn Dodgers
4th

1958
Alex Karras
Detroit Lions
10th

1959
Randy Duncan
Green Bay Packers
1st

1966
John Niland
Dallas Cowboys
5th

1973
Craig Clemons
Chicago Bears
12th

1976
Rod Walters
Kansas City Chiefs
14th

1982
Ron Hallstrom
Green Bay Packers
22nd

1984
John Alt
Kansas City Chiefs
21st

1986
Chuck Long
Detroit Lions
12th

1986
Ronnie Harmon
Buffalo Bills
16th

1986
Mike Haight
New York Jets
22nd

1997
Tom Knight
Arizona Cardinals
9th

1997
Ross Verba
Green Bay Packers
30th

2003
Dallas Clark
Indianapolis Colts
24th

2004
Robert Gallery
Oakland Raiders
2nd

2006
Chad Greenway
Minnesota Vikings
17th

2010
Bryan Bulaga
Green Bay Packers
23rd

2011
Adrian Clayborn
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
20th

2012
Riley Reiff
Detroit Lions
23rd

2015
Brandon Scherff
Washington Redskins
5th

text: Series records[edit]

text: 641–553–39 (.536)

text: Division I opponents[edit]

text:
Opponent
Record
Percentage
First Year
Last Year

Air Force
0–0–1
.500
1958
1958

Akron
1–0
1.000
2002
2002

Alabama
0–0
–

Appalachian State
0–0
–

Arizona
6–7
.462
1966
2010

Arizona State
1–2
.333
1997
2004

Arkansas
1–0
1.000
1925
1925

Arkansas State
1–0
1.000
2009
2009

Army
0–0
–

Auburn
0–0
–

Ball State
3–0
1.000
2005
2014

Baylor
0–0
–

Boise State
0–0
–

Boston College
1–0
1.000
2017
2017

Bowling Green
0–0
–

Buffalo
1–0
1.000
2003
2003

BYU
0–0–1
.500
1991
1991

California
3–1
.750
1959
1993

Central Michigan
2–1
.667
1994
2012

Charlotte
0–0
–

Cincinnati
1–0
1.000
1990
1990

Clemson
0–0
–

Coastal Carolina
0–0
–

Colorado
0–2
.000
1988
1992

Colorado State
0–0
–

Connecticut
0–0
–

Duke
0–0
–

East Carolina
0–0
–

Eastern Michigan
0–0
–

FIU
1–0
1.000
2008
2008

Florida
1–3
.250
1983
2017

Florida Atlantic
0–0
–

Florida State
0–0
–

Fresno State
0–0
–

Georgia
0–0
–

Georgia Southern
0–0
–

Georgia State
0–0
–

Georgia Tech
1–0
1.000
2010
2010

Hawaii
3–1
.750
1956
1991

Houston
0–0
–

Idaho
1–0
1.000
1964
1964

Illinois
33–38–2
.466
1899
2017

Indiana
44–28–4
.605
1912
2015

Iowa State
43–22
.662
1894
2017

Kansas
4–6
.400
1891
1960

Kansas State
5–1
.833
1951
2000

Kent State
2–0
1.000
2001
2004

Kentucky
0–0
–

Louisiana-Lafayette
0–0
–

Louisiana-Monroe
1–0
1.000
2011
2011

Louisiana Tech
0–0
–

Louisville
0–0
–

LSU
1–1
.500
2005
2014

Marshall
0–0
–

Maryland
1–1
.500
2014
2015

Massachusetts
0–0
–

Memphis
0–0
–

Miami (FL)
0–4
.000
1950
1992

Miami (OH)
4–0
1.000
2001
2016

Michigan
15–41–4
.283
1900
2016

Michigan State
23–22–2
.511
1953
2017

Mid Tenn State
0–0
–

Minnesota
47–62–2
.432
1891
2017

Mississippi State
0–0
–

Opponent
Record
Percentage
First Year
Last Year

Missouri
6–7
.462
1892
2010

Navy
0–0
–

Nebraska
16–29–3
.365
1891
2017

Nevada
0–0
–

New Mexico
0–0
–

New Mexico State
1–0
1.000
1995
1995

North Carolina
0–0
–

North Carolina State
0–3
.000
1965
1992

North Texas
2–0
1.000
2015
2017

Northern Illinois
8–1
.889
1985
2013

Northwestern
50–26–3
.652
1897
2017

Notre Dame
8–13–3
.396
1921
1968

Ohio
0–0
–

Ohio State
15–46–3
.258
1922
2017

Oklahoma
0–2
.000
1979
2011

Oklahoma State
1–1
.500
1923
1930

Old Dominion
0–0
–

Ole Miss
0–0
–

Oregon
1–2
.333
1949
1994

Oregon State
7–5
.583
1956
1972

Penn State
12–15
.444
1930
2017

Pittsburgh
4–3
.571
1931
2015

Purdue
38–47–3
.449
1910
2017

Rice
0–0
–

Rutgers
1–0
1.000
2016
2016

San Diego State
1–0
1.000
1986
1986

San Jose State
0–0
–

SMU
0–0
–

South Alabama
0–0
–

South Carolina
1–0
1.000
2009
2009

Southern Miss
0–0
–

Stanford
0–1
.000
2016
2016

Syracuse
3–1
.750
1975
2007

TCU
2–1
.667
1958
1968

Temple
1–0
1.000
1936
1936

Tennessee
1–2
.333
1982
2015

Texas
1–1
.500
1984
2006

Texas A&M
0–1
.000
1931
1931

Texas State
0–0
–

Texas Tech
2–0
1.000
1996
2001

Toledo
0–0
–

Troy
0–0
–

Tulane
0–0
–

Tulsa
3–1
.750
1989
1997

UCF
0–0
–

UCLA
3–6
.333
1938
1985

UNLV
0–0
–

USC
2–7
.222
1925
2003

USF
0–0
–

Utah
0–1
.000
1978
1978

Utah State
2–0
1.000
1957
2002

UTEP
1–0
1.000
1986
1986

UTSA
0–0
–

Vanderbilt
0–0
–

Virginia
0–0
–

Virginia Tech
0–0
–

Wake Forest
0–0
–

Washington
3–3
.500
1937
1995

Washington State
3–1–1
.700
1953
1969

West Virginia
0–0
–

Western Kentucky
0–0
–

Western Michigan
1–2
.333
2000
2013

Wisconsin
43–46–2
.484
1894
2017

Wyoming
3–0
1.000
1953
2017

text: Big Ten Opponents[edit]

text: This is the Hawkeyes football record against current Big Ten Conference opponents. This list takes into effect games against current Big Ten teams while they were members of the Big Ten.

text:
School
Total Games
W
L
T
Pct.
PF
PA
First Year
Last Year

Chicago1
10
3
7
0
.300
83
178
1900
1938

Illinois
72
32
38
2
.458
1101
1405
1901
2017

Indiana
76
44
28
4
.605
1756
1266
1912
2015

Maryland
2
1
1
0
.500
62
53
2014
2015

Michigan
60
15
41
4
.283
855
1475
1900
2016

Michigan State
47
23
22
2
.511
901
996
1954
2017

Minnesota
110
47
61
2
.436
1874
2438
1891
2017

Nebraska
7
4
3
0
.571
210
131
2011
2017

Northwestern
78
49
26
3
.647
1992
1152
1900
2017

Ohio State
64
15
46
3
.258
948
1701
1922
2017

Penn State
18
9
9
0
.500
326
454
1993
2017

Purdue
88
38
47
3
.449
1547
1694
1910
2017

Rutgers
1
1
0
0
1.000
14
7
2016
2016

Wisconsin
90
43
45
2
.489
1534
1583
1906
2017

14 Opponents
723
324
374
25
.465
13,107
14,459
1900
2017

text: The University of Chicago was a Big Ten Conference member from 1896–1946.

text: Future non-conference opponents[edit]

text: Announced schedules as of April 12, 2017[34]

text:
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023

vs Northern Illinois
vs Miami (OH)
vs Northern Illinois
at Iowa State
vs Iowa State
at Iowa State

vs Iowa State
at Iowa State
vs Iowa State
vs Colorado State

vs Northern Iowa
vs Middle Tennessee