document_title: History of the Cayman Islands

question_text: when was the last time grand cayman had a hurricane

text: History of the Cayman Islands

text: Settlement[edit]

text: Archaeological studies of Grand Cayman have found no evidence that humans occupied the islands prior to the sixteenth century.[2]

text: The first recorded English visitor was Sir Francis Drake in 1586, who reported that the caymanas were edible, but it was the turtles which attracted ships in search of fresh meat for their crews. Overfishing nearly extinguished the turtles from the local waters. Turtles were the main source for an economy on the islands. In 1787, Captain Hull of HMS Camilla estimated between 1,200 and 1,400 turtles were captured and sold at seaports in Jamaica per year. According to historian Edward Long the inhabitants on Grand Cayman had the principal occupation of turtle-fishery. Once Caymanian turtlers greatly reduced the turtle population around the islands they journeyed to the waters of other islands in order to maintain their livelihood.[3]

text: Caymanian folklore explains that the island's first inhabitants were a Welshman named Walters (or Watler) and his companion named Bawden (or Bodden), who first arrived in Cayman in 1658 after serving in Oliver Cromwell's army in Jamaica.[4] The first recorded permanent inhabitant of the Cayman Islands, Isaac Bodden, was born on Grand Cayman around 1700. He was the grandson of the original settler named Bodden.

text: Most, if not all, early settlers were people who came from outside of the Cayman Islands and were on the fringes of society. Due to this, the Cayman Islands have often been given the term total colonial frontier. Cayman society was a lawless society during the early settlement years. The Cayman Islands remained as a frontier society until well into the twentieth century.[5] The year 1734 marked the rough beginning period of permanent settlement in Grand Cayman. Cayman Brac and Little Cayman were not permanently settled until 1833.[6] A variety of people settled on the islands: pirates, refugees from the Spanish Inquisition, shipwrecked sailors, and slaves. The majority of Caymanians are of African and English descent, with considerable interracial mixing.[7]

text: During the early years, settlements on the north and west sides of Grand Cayman were often subject to raids by Spanish forces coming from Cuba.[8] On 14 April 1669, the Spanish Privateer Rivero Pardal completed a successful raid on the village of Little Cayman. In the process of the raid, the forces burned twenty dwellings to the ground.[9]

text: Those living on the islands often partook in what is called wrecking. Caymanians enticed passing ships by creating objects that piqued sailors' interests. Often these objects did not look like other vessels. Caymanians made mules or donkeys with lanterns tied to their bodies to walk along the beaches or lit a large bonfire to attract sailors. Having very little knowledge of the area, sailors often became stuck on the reefs in the process of reaching a distance to where they could communicate with those on the island. Once the ships were stuck on the reefs, islanders took canoes to plunder and salvage the ships under the false pretense of providing assistance.[10]

text: British control[edit]

text: England took formal control of Cayman, along with Jamaica, under the Treaty of Madrid in 1670[11] after the first settlers came from Jamaica in 1661-71 to Little Cayman and Cayman Brac. These first settlements were abandoned after attacks by Spanish privateers, but English privateers often used the Cayman Islands as a base and in the 18th century they became an increasingly popular hideout for pirates, even after the end of legitimate privateering in 1713. Following several unsuccessful attempts, permanent settlement of the islands began in the 1730s. The Cayman Islands historically have been popular as a tax haven. In the early morning hours of February 8, 1794, ten vessels which were part of a convoy escorted by HMS Convert, were wrecked on the reef in Gun Bay, on the East end of Grand Cayman. Despite the darkness and pounding surf on the reef, local settlers braved the conditions attempting to rescue the passengers and crew of the fledgling fleet. There are conflicting reports, but it is believed that between six, and eight lives were lost that night, among them, the Captain of the Britannia. However, the overwhelming majority, more than 450 people, were successfully rescued. The incident is now remembered as The Wreck of the Ten Sail. Legend has it that among the fleet, there was a member of the British Royal Family on board. Most believe it to be a nephew of King George III. To reward the bravery of the island's local inhabitants, King George III reportedly issued a decreed that Caymanians should never be conscripted for war service, and shall never be subject to taxation. However, no official documentation of this decree has been found. All evidence for this being the origin of their tax-free status is purely anecdotal. Regardless, the Cayman Islands' status as a tax-free British overseas territory remains to this day.

text: From 1670, the Cayman Islands were effective dependencies of Jamaica, although there was considerable self-government. In 1831, a legislative assembly was established by local consent at a meeting of principal inhabitants held at Pedro St. James Castle on December 5 of that year. Elections were held on December 10 and the fledgling legislature passed its first local legislation on December 31, 1831. Subsequently, the Jamaican governor ratified a legislature consisting of eight magistrates appointed by the Governor of Jamaica and 10 (later increased to 27) elected representatives.

text: The collapse of the Federation of the West Indies created a period of decolonization in the English-speaking Caribbean.[12] In regards to independence, of the six dependent territories, the Cayman Islands were the most opposed because it lacked the natural resources needed. This opposition came from the fear that independence might prevent any special United States visas that aided Caymanian sailors working on American ships and elsewhere in the United States.[13] The people had concerns about their economic viability if the country was to become independent. The Cayman Islands were not the only smaller British territory that was reluctant in regards to gaining independence. The United Kingdom authorities established a new governing constitution framework for the reluctant territories. In place of the Federation of the West Indies, a constitution was created that allowed for the continuation of formal ties with London. In the Cayman Islands, the Governor's only obligation to the British Crown is that of keeping the Executive Council informed.[14]

text: Slavery[edit]

text: Grand Cayman was the only island of the three that create the Cayman Islands that had instituted slavery. Although slavery was instituted, Grand Cayman did not hold witness to violent slave revolts. While scholars tend to agree that to an extent a slave society did exist on at least Grand Cayman, there are debates amongst them on how important slavery was to the society as a whole.[15] The slave period for the Cayman Islands lasted between 1734 and 1834. In 1774, George Gauld estimated that approximately four hundred people lived on Grand Cayman; half the inhabitants were free while the other half were constituted slaves. By 1802, the estimation of inhabitants was at 933 with a 545 slaves. An April 1834 census recorded a population of 1,800 with roughly 46 percent considered free Caymanians. By the time of emancipation, slaves outnumbered that of freemen on Grand Cayman.[16] In 1835, Governor Sligo arrived in Cayman from Jamaica to declare all slaves free in accordance with the Emancipation Act of 1833.

text: Caymanian settlers resented their administrative association with Jamaica causing them to seize every opportunity to undermine the authorities. This problematic relationship reached its peak during the period leading up to emancipation. Caymanian slaveholders who did not appreciate being deprived of their chattel refused to cooperate with the Slave Registration Act 1817. In response to the Abolition Act 1807, the Slave Registration 1817, and the Emancipation Act of 1834 slaveowners organized resistance efforts against the authorities in Jamaica.[17]

text: Local residents of the Cayman Islands resisted the stationing of troops of the West India Regiments. This animosity stemmed from the fact that the West India Regiment enlisted black men, which the white establishment was upset by. The resisters were insulted at the idea of black soldiers defending their settlements.[18]

text: Dependency of Jamaica[edit]

text: The Cayman Islands were officially declared and administered as a dependency of Jamaica from 1863 but were rather like a parish of Jamaica with the nominated justices of the peace and elected vestrymen in their Legislature. From 1750 to 1898 the Chief Magistrate was the administrating official for the dependency, appointed by the Jamaican governor. In 1898 the Governor of Jamaica began appointing a Commissioner for the Islands. The first Commissioner was Frederick Sanguinetti. In 1959, upon the formation of the Federation of the West Indies the dependency status with regards to Jamaica ceased officially although the Governor of Jamaica remained the Governor of the Cayman Islands and had reserve powers over the Islands. Starting in 1959 the chief official overseeing the day-to-day affairs of the islands (for the Governor) was the Administrator. Upon Jamaica's independence in 1962, the Cayman Islands broke its administrative links with Jamaica and opted to become a direct dependency of the British Crown, with the chief official of the islands being the Administrator.

text: In 1953 the first airfield in the Cayman Islands was opened as well as the George Town Public hospital. Barclays ushered in the age of formalised commerce by opening the first commercial bank.

text: Governmental changes[edit]

text: Following a two-year campaign by women to change their circumstances, in 1959 Cayman received its first written constitution which, for the first time, allowed women to vote. Cayman ceased to be a dependency of Jamaica.

text: During 1966, legislation was passed to enable and encourage the banking industry in Cayman.

text: In 1971 the governmental structure of the Islands was again changed with a Governor now running the Cayman Islands. Athel Long CMG, CBE was the last Administrator and the first Governor of the Cayman Islands.

text: In 1991 a review of the 1972 constitution recommended several constitutional changes to be debated by the Legislative Assembly. The post of Chief Secretary was reinstated in 1992 after having been abolished in 1986. The establishment of the post of Chief Minister was also proposed. However, in November 1992 elections were held for an enlarged Legislative Assembly and the Government was soundly defeated, casting doubt on constitutional reform. The "National Team" of government critics won 12 (later reduced to 11) of the 15 seats, and independents won the other three, after a campaign opposing the appointment of Chief Minister and advocating spending cuts. The unofficial leader of the team, Thomas Jefferson, had been the appointed Financial Secretary until March 1992, when he resigned over public spending disputes to fight the election. After the elections, Mr. Jefferson was appointed Minister and leader of government business; he also held the portfolios of Tourism, Aviation and Commerce in the Executive Council. Three teams with a total of 44 candidates contested the general election held on November 20, 1996: the governing National Team, Team Cayman and the Democratic Alliance Group. The National Team were returned to office but with a reduced majority, winning 9 seats. The Democratic Alliance won 2 seats in George Town, Team Cayman won one in Bodden Town and independents won seats in George Town, Cayman Brac and Little Cayman.

text: Although all administrative links with Jamaica were broken in 1962, the Cayman Islands and Jamaica continue to share many links and experiences, including membership in the Commonwealth of Nations (and Commonwealth citizenship) and a common united church (the United Church in Jamaica and the Cayman Islands) and Anglican diocese (although there is debate about this) as well as a common currency (until 1972). Also, by 1999, 38–40% of the population of the Cayman Islands was of Jamaican origin and in 2004/2005 little over 50% of the expatriates working in the Cayman Islands (i.e. 8,000) were Jamaicans (with the next largest expatriate communities coming from the United States, United Kingdom and Canada).

text: Hurricane Ivan[edit]

text: In September 2004, The Cayman Islands were hit by Hurricane Ivan, causing mass devastation, loss of human and animal life (both wild and domestic/livestock) and flooding, with some accounts reporting that the majority of Grand Cayman had been underwater and with the lower floors of buildings being completely flooded in excess of 8 ft. An Ivan Flood Map is available from the Lands & Survey Dept. of The Cayman Islands indicating afflicted areas and their corresponding flood levels.[19] This natural disaster also led to the bankruptcy of a heavily invested insurance company called Doyle. The company had re-leased estimates covering 20% damage to be re-insured at minimal fees when in fact the damage was over 65% and every claim was in the millions. The company simply could not keep paying out and the adjusters could not help lower the payments due to the high building code the Islands adhere to.

text: Much suspense was built around the devastation that Hurricane Ivan had caused as the leader of Government business Mr. Mckeeva Bush decided to close the Islands to any and all reporters, aid and denied permissions to land any aircraft except for Cayman Airways. The line of people wishing to leave but unable to do so because of his actions extended from the airport to the post office each day as thousands stranded with no shelter, food, or fresh water hoped for a chance to evacuate. As a result, most evacuations and the mass exodus which ensued in the aftermath was done so by private charter through personal & Corporate expense, with or without official permission. It was also a collective decision within the government at that time to turn away two British warships that had arrived the day after the storm with supplies. This decision was met by outrage from the Islanders who thought that it should have been their decision to make. Power and water was cut off due to damaged pipes and destroyed utility poles, with all utilities restored to various areas over the course of the next three months. Fortis Inc., a Canadian-owned utility company, sent a team down to Grand Cayman to assist the local power company, CUC, with restoration. The official report, extent of damage, duration and recovery efforts in the words of Mr. Bush himself are first recorded a month following to the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs Written Evidence, Letter from the Cayman Islands Government Office in the United Kingdom, 8 October 2004.[20]

text: "Hurricane Ivan weakened to a category four hurricane as it moved over Grand Cayman. It is the most powerful hurricane ever to hit the cayman islands. The eye of the storm passed within eight to 15 miles of Grand Cayman. It struck on Sunday 12 September, bringing with it sustained winds of 155 miles per hour, gusts of up to 217 mph, and a storm surge of sea water of eight to 10 feet, which covered most of the Island. A quarter of Grand Cayman remained submerged by flood waters two days later. Both Cayman Brac and Little Cayman suffered damage, although not to the same extent as Grand Cayman.

text: Damage on Grand Cayman has been extensive. I include with this letter, for your reference, a detailed briefing about the damage and the recovery effort, and some photographs[5]of the devastation. 95% of our housing stock has sustained damage, with around 25% destroyed or damaged beyond repair. We currently have 6,000 homes that are uninhabitable-these are homes that house teachers, nurses, manual and other workers. Thankfully, loss of life in Cayman has been limited, relative to the impact of the storm."- Honourable McKeeva Bush, OBE, JP.[21]

text: While there still remains visible signs of damage, in the vegetation and destruction to buildings particularly along the southern and eastern coastal regions, the Island took considerable time to become suitable as a bustling financial & tourism destination again. There remain housing issues for many of the residents as of late 2005, with some buildings still lying derelict due to insurance claims as of 2013, feasibility, new regulations and building codes. Many residents simply were unable to rebuild, and abandoned the damaged structures.


document_title: Singareni Collieries Company

question_text: name the village of telangana in which coal was found for the first time

root

text: Singareni Collieries Company

text: History[edit]

text: In the year 1871, Dr. William King of the Geological Survey of India discovered coal near Yellandu in Khammam district and one of the important coal seams bore his name. He named the upper seam of the coal as Queen seam and the lower seam as King seam. The Hyderabad (Deccan) Company Limited incorporated in England acquired mining rights in 1886 to exploit coal found in Yellandu area. The present Company was incorporated on 23 December 1920 under the Hyderabad Companies Act as a public limited company with the name 'The Singareni Collieries Company Limited' (SCCL). It acquired all the assets and liabilities of the Hyderabad (Deccan) Co. Ltd. Best & Co., acted as Secretaries and Selling Agents. The State of Hyderabad purchased majority shares of the Company in 1945. From 1945 to 1949, the Hyderabad Construction Co., Ltd., was acting as Managing Agent. In 1949 this function was entrusted to Industrial Trust Fund by the then Government of Hyderabad. The controlling interest of the Company devolved on the Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1956 pursuant to the reorganization of States. Thus, the SCCL became a Government Company under the Companies Act in 1956.

tag: p

text: It is named after the village Singareni in khammam district, Telangana where the coal mines are first noticed . The manner of extending financial assistance for expansion of SCCL by the Govt. of A.P., and the Govt. of India during V plan period was agreed upon in the Four party Agreement executed on 10 June 1974. Subsequently, the Govt. of India decided to control its equity directly in SCCL. Accordingly, agreement was concluded on 13 December 1977. The SCCL, the Government of A.P., the Government of India and Coal India Limited were parties to the agreement. These two agreements are popularly called quadripartite agreements.

text: For financial and other assistance during VI, VII, VIII, IX & X Plan periods, separate agreements were executed on 31 March 1985, 10 February 1989, 24 September 1994, 11 January 2002, 19 October 2004 and 11 June 2010 between the Government of India, the Government of Andhra Pradesh and SCCL. These agreements are called tripartite agreements.

text: The Company's accredited function is to explore and exploit the coal deposits in the Godavari valley coalfield, which is the only repository of coal in South India. Mining activities of SCCL are presently spread over four districts of Telangana Viz., Kumaram Bheem Asifabad, Mancherial, Peddapalli , Jayashankar Bhoopalpalli, Bhadradri Kothagudem and Khammam Districts

text: The studies of Geological Survey of India attribute as much as 22,016 million tonnes of coal reserves in the Godavari valley coalfield. The inventory covers up to a depth of 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) and it includes reserves proved, indicated as well as inferred.

text: The coal extracted by SCCL in the Godavari valley coalfield up to the year 2009-10 was about 929.11 million tonnes.

text: The Mile Stones of SCCL in introducing New Technologies[edit]

text: SCCL is a pioneer in India in introduction of new technologies.

text:
Year

Technology Description

Remarks

2016

2 X 600 MW Thermal Power Plant

First Government Coal Company generating power for Commercial use

2015

Mine Cruiser

2014

High Capacity LW at Adriyala

2010

High Wall Mining

2011

Processed Over Burden started at Bhupalpally

Used as stowing material in the UG Mines as an alternate of scarce of River sand.
Achieved "Golden Peacock Innovative Product/Service Award" in 2015 at Dubai.

2009

Light Weight Cap Lamps

Implemented in all UG mines

2008

Diesel Operated UG Machinery

2008

ERP (SAP)

First Government Coal Company to introduce SAP

2007

3D Laser Scanner

Used for mine surveying

2003

Phasing Out Manual Coal filling lanuched

2002

Man-Riding System in Conventional Mines

To reduce travelling time and fatigue of workmen.

1994

In-pit Crushing and Conveying

1989

French Blasting Gallery Method

1986

Walking Dragline

1983

Long Wall Mining

1981

Load Haul Dumpers and Headers

1979

Side Discharge Loaders

1975

Open Cast Mining

1954

Flame Proof Electric Equipment

1953

Electric Cap Lamps

1951

Electric Coal drills

1948

Machine Mining (Joy loader and Shuttle cars)

tag: table

text: Production & Dispatch[edit]

text: Coal Production, Coal dispatch and OB removal of SCCL

text:
Year

Production (MT)

Coal Dispatch (MT)

OB Removal (M.Cu.Mt)

2017-18

62.0

64.62

392

2016-17

61.3

60.82

312

2015-16

60.4

58.68

311

2014-15

52.5

52.73

263

2013-14

50.5

47.94

169

2012-13

53.2

53.34

176

2011-12

52.2

51.50

210

2010-11

51.3

50.14

217

2009-10

50.4

49.37

247

text: Coal Production Technology Wise:[edit]

text:
Year

Hand Section

Semi-Mechanised
(SDL & LHD)

Mechanized
(Longwall,
Continuous Miner RH,
HW Bolter Miner)

UG (Total)

OC (Total)

Total

2017-18

0.15

6.9

1.27

8.31 (13%)

53.70

62.01

2016-17

0.23

7.31

1.98

9.52 (16%)

51.82

61.34

2015-16

0.44

7.28

2.94

10.65 (18%)

49.73

60.38

2014-15

0.73

6.85

2.62

10.20 (19%)

42.34

52.54

2013-14

1.17

7.17

2.21

10.55 (21%)

39.92

50.47

text: Coal Production in Grade-Wise :[edit]

text: More than 80% of SCCL coal production is between G9 to G17.

text:
Grade

GCV in
K.Cal/Kg

% in Total

Grade

GCV in
K.Cal/Kg

% in Total

G1

Above 7000

-

G10

4301 - 4600

17.5

G2

6701 - 7000

-

G11

4001 - 4300

18.7

G3

6401 - 6700

-

G12

3701 - 4000

3.0

G4

6101 - 6400

-

G13

3401 - 3700

18.7

G5

5801 - 6100

1.5

G14

3101 - 3400

4.3

G6

5501 - 5800

-

G15

2801 - 3100

4.8

G7

5201 - 5500

10.1

G16

2501 - 2800

1.4

G8

4901 - 5200

6.6

G17

2201 - 2500

0.6

G9

4601 - 4900

12.5

UG

Below 2200

0.4

text: Coal off-take Sector Wise[edit]

text: The SCCL mode of transport of coal is through Rail 65%, MGR 15% (Merigold Rail), Road 19% and through Rope 1%.

text:
Year

Power
(Utility)

Power
(Captive)

Cement

Other

Total

2017-18

53.88

2.78

2.57

6.27

65.50

2016-17

50.66

1.80

2.24

6.12

60.82

2015-16

47.32

2.01

3.14

6.21

58.68

2014-15

39.21

2.40

4.64

6.48

52.73

2013-14

34.27

2.54

4.93

6.20

47.94

2012-13

38.16

3.15

5.48

6.55

53.34

text: Quality of Coal[edit]

text: A 3rd party sampling: It is introduced from 28.07.2016 first with NTPC. The CIMFR is the third party agency all SCCL dispatch points and now presently it is implemented with all power consumers.

text: Washing of Coal: 3 washeries with 1MTPA capacity each in operation. Two more coal washeries with 7 MTPA total capacity are in pipeline.

text: Power Generation[edit]

text: 2 X 600 MW Singareni Thermal power Plant

text:
Year

Unit-1

Unit-2

Station

2017-18

Generation (MU)

4606

4969

9575

Export (MU)

4335

4668

9004

PLF (%)

87.63

94.54

91.09

2016-17

Generation (MU)

2098

1443

3541

Export (MU)

3311

PLF (%)

77.79

84.03

80.22

text: Awards and recognition[edit]

text:
"Asia Pacific Entrepreneurship Award 2018" from Enterprise Award.
"National award for excellence in Cost Management in 2016 in Large Mining PSUs Division" from the institute of Cost Accounts of India.
"Golden Peacock Innovative Product/ Service Award 2015".[1]
The Singareni Collieries Company Limited (SCCL) received the Indira Gandhi Vriksha Mitra Award - 2004 for outstanding contributions made in the field of afforestation and waste land development on 5 June 2007, at New Delhi.
Environmental Excellence award for 2005-06 from Society for Research and Initiatives for Sustainable Technologies and Institution (SRISTI), New Delhi.
Environmental excellence Award from Green Tech Foundation in 2005-06.
"Golden Peacock Innovation Management Award 2005" from the Institute of Directors, New Delhi.
"Golden Peacock Environment Management Award 2005" from World Environment Foundation, New Delhi.
"National Fly Ash Utilization Award 2005" jointly instituted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Power and Science and Technology, Government of India.
The Second Best Corporate Film Award 2005 by Public Relations Society of India, Hyderabad for "Shramika Bandham" a telefilm.
Three of the fourteen "National Safety Awards (Mines)" instituted by the Directorate General of Mines Safety, Government of India in 2004 (pertaining to 2001).
"Best Workers Welfare Activity Award" for 2003-04 by the Federation of Andhra Pradesh Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FAPCCI).
"Best Overall Performance Award" for 2002-03 by the Federation of Andhra Pradesh Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FAPCCI).
"Best Management Award" for 2001-02 by the Government of Andhra Pradesh.

tag: ul

text: Operations[edit]

text:
The company is involved in coal extraction in Telangana, in the Pranahita-Godavari Valley region, which has significant coal reserves, with proven geological reserves estimated at 8,791 million tonnes.
Ramagundam is one of most important division of singareni collieries company. There are three divisions ( RG-1, RG-2, RG-3) and Adriyala project area in Ramagundam region. Each division is headed by a General Manager.

text:
Singareni collieries has established a thermal power plant of 1,200 MW (2 X 600 MW)in the town Jaipur of Srirampur region in Mancherial district.
There is a proposal to establish one more 600 MW unit at Jaipur power plant.
COAL MINES PROVIDENT FUND Head office is located at Hyderabad  serving needs to 4 regions.


document_title: A Room with a View (1985 film)

question_text: where was a room with a view filmed

question_tokens: where was a room with a view filmed

text: A Room with a View (1985 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Lucy Honeychurch (Helena Bonham Carter) is from an English village in Surrey and is on holiday in Italy with her much older cousin and chaperone, Charlotte Bartlett (Maggie Smith). Charlotte is conventionally English, with an extremely restrictive personality, and she tends to get her way by expressing her emotions to manipulate others. Lucy has been brought up in an upper-middle class but loving and easygoing household, and has fewer inhibitions, which creates strong tension between herself and Charlotte. They are contrasted with the more free-thinking and free-spirited backdrop of Italy.

text: At a small pensione in Florence, Lucy meets such people as the Reverend Mr. Beebe (Simon Callow), the two Miss Alans (Fabia Drake and Joan Henley), the author Eleanor Lavish (Judi Dench), but most importantly, the nonconformist Mr. Emerson (Denholm Elliott) and his handsome, philosophical son, George (Julian Sands), who becomes friends with Lucy. These men, although also English, represent the forward-thinking ideals of the turn-of-the-century, seeking to leave behind the repression and caution that was the norm in Victorian times.

text: At first, the Emersons seem strange and unfamiliar to Charlotte and Lucy. The men seem sincere but unaware of finer upper-class Victorian manners. Mr. Emerson offers to switch rooms with the women, who desire a room with a view. Charlotte is offended, believing him to be rude and tactless for what she perceives to be indebting them with his offer. As Lucy begins her journey to maturity, she finds herself drawn to George due to his mysterious thinking and readily expressed emotions.

text: A number of people staying at the pension take a carriage ride in the country. A mischievous Italian driver gets back at Charlotte by misdirecting an unchaperoned Lucy to George in a barley field as he admires the view. George suddenly embraces and passionately kisses Lucy as she approaches him. Charlotte has followed Lucy, witnesses the act, and quickly stops the intimacy. George's unreserved passion shocks Lucy, but also lights a secret desire and romance in her heart. Charlotte suggests that George kissing her was the act of a rake.

text: Charlotte makes reference to a heartbreak from her youth that occurred the same way and has behaved accordingly with disgust and anger toward George. Charlotte uses guilt to coerce Lucy to secrecy to save both their reputations as a young lady and a chaperone, but it is mostly for her own benefit. Normally, if a young man kissed a young lady, an engagement should be announced to preserve her reputation, but Charlotte considers George to be an undesirable influence.

text: Upon returning to England, Lucy tells her mother nothing and pretends to forget the incident. She accepts a marriage proposal from a wealthy and respectable but snobbish and pretentious man named Cecil Vyse (Daniel Day-Lewis). Cecil seems lacking in personality or emotion, and instead of playing tennis with her, prefers to walk around outside, reading aloud from a novel. However, she soon learns that George's father is moving to her small village and will be a neighbour due to a coincidence of Cecil having invited the Emersons, during a chance meeting in London, to rent an empty cottage in the village (an invitation which Lucy had already given to the Miss Alans).

text: The appearance of George in the village soon disrupts Lucy's plans and causes her suppressed feelings to resurface, complicated by the supposed need for secrecy. Lucy consistently refuses George's pursuit of her, but then she suddenly breaks off her engagement to Cecil and makes plans to visit Greece. George has also decided that he must move for peace of mind and makes arrangements. Lucy stops by Mr. Beebe's home and is confronted by George's father before the Emersons are to leave town. She suddenly realizes that the only reason that she planned to travel was to escape her feelings for George. At the end, we see George and Lucy in the Italian pension where they met, in the room with the view, happily married.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Helena Bonham Carter as Lucy Honeychurch
Julian Sands as George Emerson
Maggie Smith as Charlotte Bartlett
Denholm Elliott as Mr. Emerson
Daniel Day-Lewis as Cecil Vyse
Simon Callow as The Reverend Mr. Beebe
Rosemary Leach as Mrs Honeychurch, Lucy's mother
Rupert Graves as Freddy Honeychurch, Lucy's brother
Patrick Godfrey as The Reverend Mr. Eager
Judi Dench as Eleanor Lavish, a novelist
Fabia Drake as Miss Catharine Alan
Joan Henley as Miss Teresa Alan
Amanda Walker as The Cockney Signora
Maria Britneva as Mrs Vyse, Cecil's mother
Mia Fothergill as Minnie Beebe
Peter Cellier as Sir Harry Otway, a landlord

text: Filming[edit]

text: A Room With a View was filmed extensively on location in Florence, but also in London and around the village of Sevenoaks in Kent. Lucy's engagement party was filmed in the grounds of Emmetts Garden.[5] Foxwold House near Chiddingstone was used for the Honeychurch house and an artificial pond was built in the forest of the property to use as the Sacred Lake. Two years later the Great Storm of 1987 would tear through the area and destroy the gardens and almost 80 acres of the surrounding forest.[6] In London, the Linley Sambourne House in South Kensington was used for Cecil's house and the Estonian Legation on Queensway was used for the boarding house where the Miss Alans live.[7]

text: Lucy and Cecil take a walk through the village (Chiddingstone) after their engagement party. They stop at St Mary's Church to speak with Mr Beebe. Later in the film, the Emersons rent a house in the village, and Mr Beebe's home is also in the village behind the church. It is there that Lucy and Mr Emerson talk about her relationship with his son at the end of the film.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film made $4.4 million at the US box office in the first 12 weeks of release.[3]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received positive reviews from critics, currently holding a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[8] Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars, writing: "It is an intellectual film, but intellectual about emotions: It encourages us to think about how we feel, instead of simply acting on our feelings."[9]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Academy Awards

text:
Best Picture (Ismail Merchant) – Nominated
Best Director (James Ivory) – Nominated[10]
Best Supporting Actor (Denholm Elliott) – Nominated
Best Supporting Actress (Maggie Smith) – Nominated
Best Adapted Screenplay (Ruth Prawer Jhabvala) – Won[11]
Best Cinematography (Tony Pierce-Roberts) – Nominated
Best Art Direction (Gianni Quaranta, Brian Ackland-Snow, Brian Savegar, Elio Altamura) – Won
Best Costume Design (Jenny Beavan, John Bright) – Won

text: BAFTA Awards

text:
Best Film (James Ivory) – Won
Best Direction (James Ivory) – Nominated
Best Leading Actress (Maggie Smith) – Won
Best Supporting Actor (Simon Callow) – Nominated
Best Supporting Actor (Denholm Elliott) – Nominated
Best Supporting Actress (Judi Dench) – Won
Best Supporting Actress (Rosemary Leach) – Nominated
Best Adapted Screenplay (Ruth Prawer Jhabvala) – Nominated
Best Film Music (Richard Robbins) – Nominated
Best Cinematography (Tony Pierce-Roberts) – Nominated
Best Production Design (Brian Ackland-Snow) – Won[12]
Best Costume Design (Jenny Beavan) – Won
Best Editing (Humphrey Dixon) – Nominated
Best Sound – Nominated[13]

text: Golden Globe Awards

text:
Best Motion Picture – Drama (Ismail Merchant) – Nominated
Best Director (James Ivory) – Nominated
Best Supporting Actress (Maggie Smith) – Won[14]

text: Other awards

text:
Evening Standard British Film Awards: Best Film (James Ivory), Best Technical/Artistic Achievement (Tony Pierce-Roberts)[12]
 : * Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards: Best Supporting Actor (Denholm Elliott), Best Supporting Actress (Maggie Smith)[12]
London Critics Circle Film Awards: Best Film (James Ivory)[15]
National Board of Review: Best Film, Best Supporting Actor (Daniel Day-Lewis)[16]
New York Film Critics Circle Awards: Best Cinematography (Tony Pierce-Roberts), Best Supporting Actor (Daniel Day-Lewis)[17]
Writers Guild of America: Best Adapted Screenplay (Ruth Prawer Jhabvala)[18]

text: Other nominations

text: Directors Guild of America: Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (James Ivory)[19]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"O mio babbino caro" (from Gianni Schicchi by Puccini) – Kiri Te Kanawa with London PO, conducted by Sir John Pritchard
"The Pensione Bertollini"
"Lucy, Charlotte, and Miss Lavish See the City"
"In the Piazza Signoria"
"The Embankment"
"Phaeton and Persephone"
"Chi il bel sogno di Doretta" (from La Rondine, Act One by Puccini) – Kiri Te Kanawa with London PO, conducted by Sir John Pritchard
"The Storm"
"Home, and the Betrothal"
"The Sacred Lake"
"The Allan Sisters"
"In the National Gallery"
"Windy Corner"
"Habanera" (from Carmen by Georges Bizet)
"The Broken Engagement"
"Return to Florence"
"End Titles"

tag: ol

text:
Original music composed by Richard Robbins
Soundtrack album produced by Simon Heyworth
Arrangements by Frances Shaw and Barrie Guard
Music published by Filmtrax PLC


document_title: Still of the Night (song)

question_text: who played guitar on whitesnake still of the night

text: Still of the Night (song)

text: Background[edit]

text: In 2009, in an interview with Metal Hammer, Coverdale commented on the origins of the song:

text: "When my mother died I was going through the stuff at her house and found some early demo cassettes. One of them was a song that Ritchie Blackmore and I had been working on which was the basic premise of what would become "Still of the Night". It was totally unrecognizable, so Ritchie doesn't have anything to worry about... neither do I! Ha ha ha! I took it as far as I could then I gave it to Sykesy when we were in the south of France, and he put the big guitar hero stuff on there. John hated blues so I had to work within those parameters. I manipulated to be electric blues, but how he performed it was fabulous for his time and relatively unique because of the songs. There were a lot of people doing that widdly stuff but they didn't have the quality of those songs."

text: Music video[edit]

text: A music video, starring Coverdale's then-future wife Tawny Kitaen, was shot for the song, and it was MTV's most requested video in its first week of release.[citation needed]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Whitesnake withheld licensing of "Still of the Night" for use in the video game Rock Revolution; a cover version of the song was subsequently featured in the game. The studio version later appeared as Rock Band DLC in 2012.

text: Moreover, the song is played in 2011 movie Bad Teacher.

text: The Finnish symphonic metal singer Tarja Turunen covered the song for her album What Lies Beneath. The American band, Halestorm, also covered the song for the album Reanimate 3.0. Static-X covered the song as a bonus track for their album Cult of Static.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"Still of the Night" – 6:38
"Here I Go Again" – 4:33
"You're Gonna Break My Heart Again" – 4:11

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
David Coverdale – vocals
John Sykes – guitar, bowed guitar
Neil Murray – bass guitar
Aynsley Dunbar – drums
Don Airey – keyboards


document_title: Puppy Dog Pals

question_text: who does the voice of cupcake on puppy dog pals

text: Puppy Dog Pals

text: Plot[edit]

text: Puppy Dog Pals is about brothers[1] Bingo and Rolly, two pug puppies who have fun travelling around their neighborhood when their owner Bob leaves home. They also have a cat sister named Hissy, and a robot dog named ARF.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Bingo (voiced by Issac Ryan Brown) is a black 8-year-old pug puppy with a blue collar. He is the leader of the two and is Rolly's older brother.
Rolly (voiced by Sam Lavagnino) is a light brown 7-year-old pug puppy with a red collar. He isn't as smart as Bingo, and is very silly. He is Bingo's younger brother. In "Bob Loves Mona", he starts a bad habit of chewing everything he can find.
Bob (voiced by Harland Williams) is the owner of Bingo, Rolly, Hissy, and A.R.F. He works as an inventor.
Hissy (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) is a sarcastic 10-year-old purple cat. In some episodes, she ends up going along with Bingo and Rolly on their missions. These episodes are: "A Pyramaid Scheme", "Hissy's Big Day", "Bob Loves Mona, "Puzzling Pugs", Which was the Episode when she first collared up, and "A Seat at the Theatre". She is the first and currently only female character to sing.
A.R.F. (fully known as Auto-Doggy Robotic Friend; voiced by Tom Kenny) is a robotic dog that Bob invented. He first appears in the episode "A.R.F.". Later in the series, he is updated by Bob in "Go, Dog, Go!".

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Cupcake (voiced by Jill Talley) is a pink puppy who does not like Bingo and Rolly. She is the main antagonist of the series.
Rufus is the bulldog with a black collar who is always with Cupcake and does not speak. He has been known to chase Bingo and Rolly multiple times.
Baseball Announcer (voiced by Bob Uecker) is
Captain Dog (voiced by Patrick Warburton) is the star of the pups' favorite television show.
Frank Exposition (voiced by Leslie David Baker) is a man that is usually seen vacationing with his wife during Bingo and Rolly's missions. In "A Pyramid Scheme" he gets tangled in ribbons, which leads to Bingo and Rolly mistaking him for a mummy.
Esther Exposition (voiced by Cheri Oteri) is Frank's wife. In "Hissy's Big Day", she is shown to have a pet iguana named Iggy.
Daisy (voiced by Yvette Nicole Brown) is a kind German Shepherd.
Bulworth (voiced by Huey Lewis) is the junkyard dog.
Hedgie the Hedgehog (voiced by Jack McBrayer)
The Go-Long Retriever is the toy stick and one of Bob's inventions that Bingo and Rolly tried to get rid of. Its only phrase is "Play fetch with me!"
Johnathan (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is Bingo and Rolly's wisecracking seagull friend.
Cagey (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is Bingo and Rolly's hamster friend who lives in a cage at the pet store.
Crumpet (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is the royal dog.
Whaley (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) is the whale that Bingo and Rolly helped.
Nelly (voiced by Grey DeLisle) is a bluebird who Appears in "Polly Wants A Pug".
Snowflake (Meows provided by Alanna Ubach) is a kitten who becomes friends with Hissy.
Miss Mudge (voiced by Alanna Ubach) is Snowflake's owner.
Guard Dog (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) is a Doberman who is friends with Bulworth.
Chloe (voiced by Emma Shannon) is a little girl who is Bob's neighbor.
Bob's Mom (voiced by Tress MacNeille) is a old lady who appears in "Special Delievry" and "Your Royal Pug-Ness".
Bizzy the Beaver (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) is a beaver who lives in the forest.
Strider the Sheepdog (vocied by Mo Collins) is a fast-talking sheep herder who appears in the episodes, "Counting Sheep" and "Rhapsody in Pug".
Shockero (voiced by Kevin Micheal Richaradson) is a lavender Scotty Dog.
Bark Knight (voiced by Gary Anthony Williams) is Captain Dog's sidekick.
Titus (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is a leopard who now owns Hissy's squeaky toy.
Harriet (voiced by Mo Collins) is a smart African Elephant.
Barry (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is a giraffe who let Bingo, Rolly, and Hissy ride on his head.
Quinty Mcsquinty (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is an old Basset Hound who told Bingo and Rolly the legend of Ol' Snapper.
Ol' Snapper (voiced by Tom Kenny) is a turtle mistaken as a monster.
Baby (barks provided by Jessica DiCocco) is a huge Great Dane puppy.
Queen Kazoo is the star of Bob's Favorite play.
Baboo is Queen Kazoo's dog.

text: Production[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (April 2017)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Storyboards by
Original air date
Prod.
code [4]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1a
"Hawaii Pug-Oh"
Scott Bern
Harland Williams
Paul Cohen
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)
101
1.39[5]

When Bob says he'd love to feel the sand on his toes, pug puppy brothers Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to Hawaii.

1b
"A.R.F."
Trevor Wall
Bob Smiley
James Gibson
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)
101
1.39[5]

Bob introduces the pups to A.R.F., a robotic dog that is programmed to clean up their messes.

2a
"The French Toast Connection"
Stephanie Arnett
Brendan Duffy
Kris Wimberly
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)
TBA
1.36[5]

Bingo and Rolly travel to France to get Bob some french toast.

2b
"Take Me Out to the Pug Game"
Scott Bern
Sean Coyle
Doris Umschaden
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)
TBA
1.36[5]

The pugs chase Bob's prized baseball across the city.

3a
"The Go-Long Retriever"
Stephanie Arnett
Jessica Carleton
Kris Wimberly
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)
TBA
0.99[6]

Bingo and Rolly try to get away from a self-fetching stick that begins chasing them.

3b
"Pot O' Pugs"
Scott Bern
Bob Smiley
Doris Umschaden
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)
TBA
0.99[6]

After Bob says he needs a pot of gold, the pups search for one at the end of a rainbow.

4a
"A Pyramid Scheme"
Trevor Wall
Jeff Rothpan
Julia Briemle
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)
TBA
1.05[6]

Bongo and Rolly travel to Egypt to find the Great Pyramids.

4b
"Special Delivery"
Stephanie Arnett
Bob Smiley
Otis Brayboy
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)
TBA
1.05[6]

The pugs try to deliver a Mother's Day card for Bob.

5a
"Design-A-Dog"
Scott Bern
Jessica Carleton
Paul Cohen
April 28, 2017 (2017-04-28)
TBA
0.91[7]

Bingo and Rolly accidentally chew Bob's childhood toy.

5b
"Ice, Ice Puggy"
Trevor Wall
Darrin Rose
James Gibson
April 28, 2017 (2017-04-28)
TBA
0.91[7]

When Bob's ice maker breaks, the pugs go to Antarctica to get him ice.

6a
"Free Whaley"
Trevor Wall
Sean Tweedley
Julia Briemle
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
106
1.05[8]

Bingo and Rolly help a baby whale that has been separated from her family.

6b
"Putting It Together"
Stephanie Arnett
Brendan Duffy
Otis Brayboy
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
106
1.05[8]

The pugs retrace their steps to remember where they buried Bob's unicycle.

7a
"Hissy's Big Day"
Trevor Wall
Bill Fuller
Julia Briemle
May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12)
107
1.05[9]

Bingo and Rolly try to make Hissy feel better by taking her to their favorite places.

7b
"Go, Dog. Go!"
Stephanie Arnett
Bob Smiley
Otis Brayboy
May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12)
107
1.05[9]

The reprogrammed A.R.F. takes the pugs where they want to go but the pugs learn that the robotic dog isn't programmed to bring them back.

8a
"Bob Loves Mona"
Scott Bern
Joe Ansolabehere (story)
Jessica Carleton
Rudi Bloss
May 19, 2017 (2017-05-19)
108
1.04[10]

The pugs travel to the Great Wall of China to search for the missing Mona Lisa.

8b
"Pigs and Pugs"
Trevor Wall
Jessica Carleton
Bill Breneisen & Alfred Gimeno
May 19, 2017 (2017-05-19)
108
1.04[10]

Bob mistakes a mud-covered pig for Rolly and accidentally leaves him behind on the farm.

9a
"Don't Rain on my Pug-rade"
Trevor Wall
Bob Smiley
Arthur Valencia
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)
109
1.59[11]

Bingo and Rolly head to England to learn how to treat a Queen.

9b
"Their Royal Pug-ness"
Stephanie Arnett
Bob Smiley
Otis Brayboy
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)
109
1.59[11]

When Bob can't leave his house to watch a parade, the pups enlist a family of ducks to march past the house.

10a
"Scuba-Doggies"
Scott Bern
Jessica Carleton (story)
Bob Smiley
Rudi Bloss
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)
110
1.25[12]

An underwater adventure to get a package.

10b
"Walking the Bob"
Trevor Wall
Bob Smiley
Bill Breneisen
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)
110
1.25 [12]

Pups lead a blurry-visioned Bob home.

11a
"Hissy's Kitty"
Stephanie Arnett
Jessica Carleton
Kris Wimberly
July 7, 2017 (2017-07-07)
111
1.21[13]

When Bob brings home a lost kitty, Bingo and Rolly try find her a home.

11b
"Polly Wants a Pug"
Scott Bern
Michael Olson & Bob Smiley
Julia Briemle & Doris Umschaden
July 7, 2017 (2017-07-07)
111
1.21[13]

While in Florida, Bingo and Rolly search for an old friend of Bob's.

12a
"Leave it to Beavers"
Trevor Wall
Jessica Carleton
Julia Briemle
July 14, 2017 (2017-07-14)
112
1.35[14]

Bingo and Rolly try to build a dam to protect their doghouse from a rainstorm.

12b
"Counting Sheep"
Stephanie Arnett
Jessica Carleton
Otis Brayboy
July 14, 2017 (2017-07-14)
112
1.35[14]

When Bob says he'll count sheep to sleep, the pugs herd a flock of sheep into the backyard to help.

13a
"Captain Rolly"
Scott Bern
Brian Hall
Rudi Bloss
July 28, 2017 (2017-07-28)
113
1.20[15]

The Pugs Attend the Captain Dog Fan Party.

13b
"The Coolest Dogs in Town"
Trevor Wall
Brian Hall
Bill Breneisen
July 28, 2017 (2017-07-28)
113
1.20[15]

A.R.F takes Bingo and Rolly places to Get Cool.

14a
"Puzzling Pugs"
Stephanie Arnett
Harland Williams & Michael Olson (story)
Ashley Lenz
August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11)
TBA
1.25[16]

Bingo, Rolly, and Hissy find A Leopard for Bob's Puzzle after A.R.F torn it Up.

14b
"Rhapsody in Pug"
Scott Bern
Amy Van Curen
Doris Umschaden
August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11)
TBA
1.25[16]

Bingo and Rolly go to A Concert.

15a
"The Legend of Ol' Snapper"
Trevor Wall
Sean Coyle
Julia Briemle
August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25)
TBA
0.84[17]

Bob's Fishing Poll is Stolen by A Legendary Creature.

15b
"Adventures in Puppy-Sitting"
Stephanie Arnett
Jessica Carleton
Otis Brayboy
August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25)
TBA
0.84[17]

The Pugs are Tasked to Babysit a Big Dog who Causes Trouble around the Town.

16a
"A Seat at the Theatre"
TBD
TBD
TBD
September 22, 2017
TBA
TBD

Bingo and Rolly try to Take a Seat to Bob's Favorite Play and try Not to Wake Up Hissy at the Same Time.

16b
"Bye Bye Butterfly"
TBD
TBD
TBD
September 22, 2017
TBA
TBD

Bingo and Rolly help a Butterfly find a Way back to Her Family.

17a
"Return to the Pumpkin Patch"
TBA
TBA
TBA
October 1, 2017
TBA

TBA

17b
"Haunted Howloween"
TBA
TBA
TBA
October 1, 2017
TBA
TBA

TBA

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Reception[edit]


document_title: Strait of Magellan

question_text: what is the tip of south america called

question_tokens: what is the tip of south america called

text: Strait of Magellan

text: History[edit]

text: Indigenous peoples[edit]

text: The Strait of Magellan has been inhabited by indigenous Americans for thousands of years. On the western part of its northern coast lived the Alacalufe, also known as the Kawésqar. To the east of the Kawésqar lived the Tehuelche, whose territory extended to the north in Patagonia. South of the Tehuelche, across the Strait of Magellan, lived the Selk'nam, who inhabited the majority of the eastern portion of Tierra del Fuego. To the west of the Selk'nam were the Yaghan, who inhabited the southernmost part of Tierra del Fuego.

text: All tribes in the Strait of Magellan area were nomadic hunter-gatherers. The only non-maritime culture in the area were the Tehuelche, who fished and gathered shellfish along the coast during the winter and moved into the southern Andes in the summer to hunt. In the other three maritime-based tribes, each family had a canoe, around 7 to 9 feet long, that held the entire family and a dog. The canoe often contained a fire the family would use for warmth. Their sustenance came almost entirely from the sea: the men typically hunted seals and fished, while the women dove into the frigid waters to gather shellfish. They wore little to no clothing, and made extensive use of fires to keep warm in the bitterly-cold climate.

text: The tribes of the region faced little European interference until the late 19th century. Then, European diseases wiped out large portions of the indigenous population, and extermination campaigns sponsored by the governments of Chile and Argentina, like the Selk'nam genocide, eliminated the rest. Some were taken in by missionaries, but today, almost no full-blooded descendants of these peoples remain, and almost all of their culture is lost. Only two languages formerly spoken along the Strait of Magellan are extant, and both are spoken by less than ten people, although today there are hundreds of people who self-identify as descendants of indigenous peoples from the Strait of Magellan.

text: Discovery by Europeans[edit]

text: Accounts before Magellan[edit]

text:
It was reported by António Galvão in 1563 that the position of the Strait of Magellan was previously mentioned in old charts as Dragon's Tail (Draco Cola):
[1]

text: he [Pedro] brought a map which had all the circuit of the world described. The Strait of Magellan was called the Dragon's Tail; and there were also the Cape of Good Hope and the coast of Africa. ... Francisco de Sousa Tavares told me that in the year 1528, the Infant D. Fernando showed him a map which had been found in the Cartorio of Alcobaça, which had been made more than 120 years before, the which contained all the navigation of India with the Cape of Good Hope.

text: Magellan[edit]

text: Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhães), a Portuguese explorer and navigator in the service of Charles I of Spain, became the first European to navigate the strait in 1520 during his global circumnavigation voyage.

text: On March 22, 1518, the expedition was organized in Valladolid, naming Magellan captain general of the fleet and governor of all the lands discovered, and establishing the privileges of Magellan and his business associate Rui Faleiro. The fleet would become known as the "Armada de las Molucas" or "Fleet of the Moluccas". The expeditionary fleet of five ships set sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda on September 20, 1519.[2]

text: The five ships included La Trinidad (110 tons, crew 55), under the command of Magellan; La San Antonio (120 tons, crew 60) under the command of Juan de Cartagena; La Concepción (90 tons, crew 45) under the command of Gaspar de Quezada (Juan Sebastián Elcano served as boatswain); La Victoria (85 tons, crew 42) under the command of Luis de Mendoza; and La Santiago (75 tons, crew 32), under command of Juan Rodríguez Serrano (João Rodrigues Serrão). Before the passage of the Strait (and after the mutiny in Puerto San Julián), Álvaro de Mesquita became captain of the San Antonio, and Duarte Barbosa of Victoria. Later, Serrão became captain of Concepcion (his Santiago, sent on a mission to find the passage, was caught in a storm and wrecked). San Antonio, charged to explore Magdalen Sound, failed to return to the fleet, instead sailing back to Spain under Estêvão Gomes who imprisoned the captain Mesquita.

text: Magellan's ships entered the strait on November 1, 1520, All Saints' Day, and it was initially called Estrecho de Todos los Santos (Strait of All Saints). Magellan's chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta, called it the Patagonian Strait, and others Victoria Strait, commemorating the first ship entering it.[2][3] Within seven years it was being called Estrecho de Magallanes in honor of Magellan.[2][3] The Spanish Empire and the Captaincy General of Chile used it as the southern boundary of their territory.[citation needed]

text: Other explorers[edit]

text: The first Spanish colony was established in 1584 by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, who founded Nombre de Jesús and Rey Don Felipe on the northern shore of the strait. These towns suffered severe food shortages, and when the English navigator Sir Thomas Cavendish landed at the site of Rey Don Felipe in 1587, he found only ruins of the settlement. He renamed the place Port Famine.

text: Other early explorers included Francis Drake (1578). In February 1696 the first French expedition, under the command of M. de Gennes reached the Strait of Magellan. The expedition is described by the young French explorer, engineer and hydrographer François Froger in his A Relation of a Voyage (1699). The first map of the Pacific Ocean, Descriptio Maris Pacifici from 1589, depicts the strait as the only route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The much wider Drake Passage was discovered in 1616.

text: The strait was first carefully explored and thoroughly charted by Phillip Parker King, who commanded the British survey vessel HMS Adventure, and in consort with HMS Beagle spent five years surveying the complex coasts around the strait (1826–1830). A report on the survey was presented at two meetings of the Geographical Society of London in 1831.[4]

text: Incorporation into Chile[edit]

text: Chile took possession of the Strait of Magellan on May 23, 1843. President Bulnes of Chile ordered this expedition after consulting the Chilean libertador Bernardo O'Higgins (1778–1842), who feared an occupation by Great Britain or France. The first Chilean settlement was Fuerte Bulnes, situated in a forested zone on the north side of the strait. Fuerte Bulnes was later abandoned, and in 1848 the city of Punta Arenas was founded farther north where the Magellanic forests meets the Patagonian plains. In Tierra del Fuego, across the strait from Punta Arenas, the village of Porvenir emerged during the Tierra del Fuego gold rush in the late 19th century.

text: Argentina effectively recognized Chilean sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan in the Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina. Argentina had previously claimed all of the strait, or at least the eastern third of it.

text: In 1840 the Pacific Steam Navigation Company was the first to use steamships for commercial traffic in the strait.

text: Until the Panama Canal opened in 1914, the Strait of Magellan was the main route for steamships traveling from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. It was often considered the only safe way to move between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as the Drake Passage separating Cape Horn (the southern tip of South America) from Antarctica is notorious for turbulent and unpredictable weather, and is frequented by icebergs and sea ice. Ships in the strait, protected by Tierra del Fuego to the south and the coast of continental South America to the north crossed with relative ease, and Punta Arenas became a primary refueling port providing coal for steam ships in transit. Sailing ships, however, partly because of variable winds and currents in the strait, generally preferred the Drake Passage, as they had more room to maneuver there.

text: Features[edit]

text: The strait is approximately 570 kilometres (310 nmi; 350 mi) long and about 2 kilometres (1.1 nmi; 1.2 mi) wide at its narrowest point (Carlos III Island, west of Cape Froward).[5] The northwestern portion of the strait is connected with other sheltered waterways via the Smyth Channel. This area is similar to the Inside Passage of Alaska. South of Cape Froward, the principal shipping route follows the Magdalena Channel.

text: The eastern opening is a wide bay on the border of Chile and Argentina between Punta Dúngeness on the mainland and Cabo del Espíritu Santo (Cape of the Holy Spirit) on Tierra del Fuego, the border as defined in the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina. Immediately west are Primera Angostura and Segunda Angostura, narrows formed by two terminal moraines of different ages.[6] The Primera Angostura is the closest approach of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego to the mainland of South America. Farther west lies Magdalena Island, part of Los Pingüinos Natural Monument. The strait's southern boundary in the east follows first the shoreline of the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, then the northern end of the Canal Whiteside and the shoreline of Dawson Island.

text: The western part of the strait leads northwest from the northern end of the Magdalena Channel to the strait's Pacific entrance. This portion of the strait is flanked on the south by Capitán Aracena Island, Clarence Island, Santa Inés Island, Desolación Island (Cabo Pilar) and other smaller islands, and on the north by Brunswick Peninsula, Riesco Island, Muñoz Gamero Peninsula, Manuel Rodriguez Island and other minor islands of the Queen Adelaide Archipelago. Two narrow channels connect the strait with Seno Otway and Seno Skyring. A broader channel, Smyth Channel, leads north from the strait between Muñoz Gamero Peninsula and Manuel Rodriguez Island. Francisco Coloane Coastal and Marine Protected Area, a sanctuary for humpback whales, is located in this area. This part of the strait lies on the elongated Magallanes-Fagnano Fault, which marks a plate boundary between the South American Plate and the Scotia Plate. This fault continues southward under Almirantazgo Fjord and then below Fagnano Lake.[7] Possibly, new tourism industries could be established in the eastern part of the strait for watching southern right whales,[8] as the number of observations in the area has increased in recent years.[9][10]

text: Toponym of the zone[edit]

text: The place names of the zone come from a variety of origins, many from Spanish and English, and from at least one native language, that is adaptations of the Ona language to the Spanish language phonology and spelling[11] like Timaukel (hamlet at the east side of Tierra del Fuego), Carukinka (the end of the Almirantazgo Fjord), Anika (a channel located at 54° 7’ S and 70° 30’ W) and Arska (the north side of the Dawson Island).

text: Magellan named initially the strait Todos los Santos[12] as he began the voyage through the west on 1 November 1520. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor renamed it as Estrecho de Magallanes.[citation needed] Magellan named the island on the south side as Tierra del Fuego, which the Yaghan people called Onaisín in the Yaghan language. Magellan also gave the name Patagones (Big Feet) to the mainland Indians, their land was subsequently known as Patagonia.

text: Bahía Cordes is named after the Dutch pirate Baltazar de Cordes.[13]

text: Lighthouses in the Strait[edit]

text: The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency lists 41 lighthouses in the waterway. Some of them are more than a century old, and some are declared Monumento Nacional. Among the most impressive lighthouses are the County of Peebles hulk, the world's first four-masted, iron-hulled "full-rig ship", used now as a breakwater for the harbour at Punta Arenas, the San Isidro lighthouse, restored in 2004 and which is now a museum and lodge,[14] and the Evangelistas Lighthouse, located at the western mouth of the Strait and built by George Slight, who wrote on his arrival in 1934:

text: I never imagined seeing something so wild and desolate as those emerging dark rocks in the middle of the raging waves. To see these stormy craggy rocks was frightening. With a dim light on the horizon we could see large waves crashing heavily in the western part of the islands: a vision that hardly anyone can imagine ...[15]

text: Tidal characteristics of the Strait of Magellan[edit]

text: On the Atlantic side, the Strait is characterized by semidiurnal macrotides with mean and spring tide ranges of 7.1 and 9.0 m, respectively. On the Pacific side, tides are mixed, mainly semidiurnal, with mean and spring tide ranges of 1.1 and 1.2 m, respectively.[16]

text: There is enormous tidal energy potential in the Strait.[17]

text: Environment[edit]

text: Located around the strait are protected systems (S.P.=Sistema Protegido & B.N.P=Bienes Nacionales Protegidos) listed below:[18]

text:
S.P. Cabo Posesión
S.P. Cabo Espíritu Santo
S.P. San Gregorio
S.P. Estepa Húmeda Kampenaiken Tres Chorrillos
S.P. San Juan
S.P. Reservas Biológicas de Río Cóndor
S.P. Timaukel
S.P. Isla Dawson
S.P. Cabo Froward
S.P. Península Muñoz Gamero
B.N.P. Isla Carlos III
B.N.P. Islote Rupert

text: Traffic[edit]

text: As the strait provides a well protected inland water way for safe navigation, sheltered from rough weather and high seas, ships sail through the strait

text:
from Pacific to Atlantic and back,
from the oceans to the Beagle Channel through the route Magdalena, Cockburn Channel, Paso Brecknock or Canal Ocasión, Ballenero Channel, O'Brien Channel, Paso Timbales, northwest arm of the Beagle Channel and the Beagle Channel and back, and also
to cross the strait from north to south and back. This is the case of all traffic between the Chilean and Argentine mainland and the cities in Tierra del Fuego: Porvenir, Cerro Sombrero, Timaukel, Ushuaia and Río Grande

text: 571 Chilean ships and 1,681 non-Chilean ships sailed through the strait in 2008.[19] Piloting is compulsory for sailing the strait.

text: Navigation status[edit]

text: Article 35 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea states that "Nothing in this Part affects: ... (c) the legal regime in straits in which passage is regulated in whole or in part by long-standing international conventions in force specifically relating to such straits". Article V of the Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina established a legal regime for the Strait of Magellan, and in a diplomatic letter to major shipping nations in 1873 Chile promised freedom of navigation through and neutrality within the strait.[20][21]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Strait of Magellan

Barcaza Melinka at Porvenir port, providing daily car ferry service across the Strait of Magellan between Punta Arenas and Porvenir.

The Strait of Magellan at dawn

A true-color Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite image, the entire Strait is visible

U.S. Navy carrier Ronald Reagan in the straits.