document_title: World Trade Center station (PATH)

question_text: world trade center path station to battery park

text: World Trade Center station (PATH)

text: Station layout[edit]

text:
G
Street level
Entrance/Exit to Vesey Street and West Broadway/Greenwich Street

Entrance/Exit to the National September 11 Memorial & Museum

Escalators and elevator to mezzanine, (Shops, ATMs)

At-grade connection to Cortlandt Street subway station (  trains, under construction)

B1
Upper Concourse[2]
North mezzanine
Ticket machines, one-way faregates, concourse, ramps and staircases to West and East mezzanines

West mezzanine
Elevators ,escalators, and stairs to tracks 4 and 5

West Concourse to Brookfield Place

East mezzanine
Elevators, escalators, and stairs to tracks 1, 2, and 3

Cortlandt Street platforms
Transfer to New York City Subway    trains

B2
Lower Concourse[2]
Passageways
Transfer to New York City Subway (     trains at World Trade Center and         trains at Fulton Street)

B3[2]
Mezzanine
Transfer between platforms

B4
Platforms[2]

Track 1
←      HOB–WTC (rush hours only) toward Hoboken (Exchange Place)

Island platform (Platform A)

Track 2
←      HOB–WTC toward Hoboken (Exchange Place)

Island platform (Platform B)

Track 3
←      HOB–WTC toward Hoboken (Exchange Place)

Track 4
←      NWK–WTC toward Newark (Exchange Place)

Island platform (Platform C)

Track 5
←      NWK–WTC toward Newark (Exchange Place)

Side platform (Platform D)

text:
[hide]

Track layout

Legend

to Exchange Pl

from Exchange Pl

text: The station currently has five tracks, three island platforms and one side platform in a basement four stories underground.[2] The new Platform A, next to tracks 1 and 2, opened as part of the Transportation Hub on February 25, 2014.[3][4][5] Platform B between tracks 2 and 3 opened on May 7, 2015.[6] The other two platforms opened on September 8, 2016.[7]

text: The current station has a temporary entrance that has been open since the temporary station entered service in November 2003. With the redevelopment of the World Trade Center site, the entrances and size of the temporary station have changed over time. The most current entrance to the station is located at Vesey Street, facing Greenwich Street and adjacent to 7 World Trade Center. The temporary entrance is a one-story building on the south side of Vesey Street with a Hudson News outlet and escalators extending into a lower level mezzanine. A connection to Brookfield Place was made available since October 27, 2013, through a permanent passageway known as the West Concourse.[8][9] On August 16, 2016, the Westfield World Trade Center entrance opened.[10][11]

text: Hudson Terminal[edit]

text: Hudson Terminal was built by the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad at the turn of the twentieth century and was located between Greenwich, Cortlandt, Church, and Fulton Streets. The Hudson Terminal included two 22-story office buildings located above the station.[citation needed]

text: The terminal was an architectural and engineering marvel of its time, designed with ramps to allow pedestrian traffic to flow in and out of the station quickly and easily.[12] The station was served by two single-track tubes connected by a loop to speed train movements. The loop included five tracks and 3 platforms (2 center island and one side) and was somewhat similar to the current arrangement.[13]:59–60 By 1914, passenger volume at the Hudson Terminal had reached 30,535,500 annually.[12] Volume nearly doubled by 1922, with 59,221,354 passengers that year.[14]

text: Overall ridership on New Jersey's Hudson and Manhattan Railroad declined substantially from a high of 113 million riders in 1927 to 26 million in 1958, after new automobile tunnels and bridges opened across the Hudson River.[13]:56 The State of New Jersey was interested in getting the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey to take over the railroad, but the Port Authority long viewed it as something unprofitable and had no interest in doing so. In the late 1950s, the Port Authority proposed to build a "world trade center" in Lower Manhattan along the East River.[citation needed]

text: As a bi-state agency, Port Authority projects required approval from both the states of New Jersey and New York. Toward the end of 1961, negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner regarding the World Trade Center project reached a stalemate. In December 1961, Port Authority executive director Austin J. Tobin met with newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes, and made a proposal to shift the World Trade Center project to the west side, where the Hudson Terminal was located.[15]

text: In acquiring the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad, the Port Authority also acquired the Hudson Terminal and other buildings which were deemed obsolete.[15] On January 22, 1962, the two states reached an agreement to allow the Port Authority to take over the railroad and build the World Trade Center on Manhattan's lower west side.[16] The shift in location for the World Trade Center to a site more convenient to New Jersey, together with Port Authority acquisition of the H&M Railroad, brought New Jersey to agreement in support of the World Trade Center project.[citation needed]

text: Old PATH stations[edit]

text: Original PATH station[edit]

text: Groundbreaking on the World Trade Center took place in 1966. The site was on land fill, with bedrock located 65 metres (213 ft) below the surface.[17] A new method was used to construct a slurry wall to keep out water from the Hudson River. During excavation of the site and construction of the towers, the original Hudson Tubes remained in service as elevated tunnels. The Hudson Terminal was shut down in 1971 when a new Port Authority Trans-Hudson, or PATH Railroad station was completed.[18] The new station cost $35 million to build. At the time, it had a passenger volume of 85,000 daily.[19]

text: The new PATH railroad station opened on July 6, 1971, and was at a different location from the original Hudson Terminal.[20] Larger balloon loops in the PATH station platform allowed 10-car trains; the previous station with its tight loops could handle only 6 linked cars.[18] While construction of the World Trade Center neared completion, a temporary corridor was provided to take passengers between the station and a temporary entrance on Church Street. When it opened, the station had nine high-speed escalators between the platform level and the mezzanine level.[19] The WTC PATH station was served by Newark–World Trade Center and Hoboken–World Trade Center trains. The station was connected to the World Trade Center towers via an underground concourse and a shopping center. There were also underground connections to the New York City Subway (A C E trains at World Trade Center, and N R W trains at Cortlandt Street). By 2001, the volume of passengers using the WTC PATH station was approximately 25,000 daily.[21]

text: The station did not sustain significant damage during the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, although a section of ceiling in the station collapsed and trapped dozens.[22][23] Within a week, the Port Authority was able to resume PATH service to the World Trade Center.[24]

text: On September 11, 2001, the station was shut down by the Port Authority after the first airplane hit the North Tower of the World Trade Center. In the minutes after the first plane hit at 8:46am, three PATH trains were pulling into the station. One was arriving from Newark and two others from Hoboken. The first Hoboken train turned around without stopping, not letting off passengers or opening any doors. The second Hoboken train arrived on track 3 at 8:52 a.m., was ordered to be evacuated, employees included. This train never left the World Trade Center complex and was found later in 2001 during the long recovery process. The train from Newark that came into the terminal at 8:55 a.m. stopped only to pick up passengers. An empty train was sent to the station at 9:10 a.m. to pick up a dozen PATH employees and a homeless individual, leaving the station empty.[25]

text: Temporary PATH station[edit]

text: With the station destroyed, service to Lower Manhattan was suspended for over two years. Exchange Place, the next station on the Newark–World Trade Center line, also had to be closed because it could not operate as a terminal station. Instead, two uptown services (Newark–33rd Street, red on the official PATH map; and Hoboken–33rd Street, blue on the map) and one intrastate New Jersey service (Hoboken–Journal Square, green on the map) were put into operation.[26]

text: Cleanup of the Exchange Place station was needed after the attacks. In addition, the downtown Hudson tubes had been flooded, which destroyed the track infrastructure.[27] Modifications to the tracks were also required since the Exchange Place station was not a terminal station.[26] The Exchange Place station re-opened in June 2003. PATH service to Lower Manhattan was restored when a temporary station opened on November 23, 2003. The inaugural train was the same one that had been used for the evacuation.[citation needed]

text: The temporary PATH station was designed by Port Authority chief architect Robert I. Davidson[28] and constructed at a cost of $323 million.[29] The station featured a canopy entrance along Church Street and a 118-by-12 foot mosaic mural, "Iridescent Lightning," by Giulio Candussio[28] of the Scuola Mosaicisti del Friuli in Spilimbergo, Italy. The station was also adorned with opaque panel walls inscribed with inspirational quotes attesting to the greatness and resilience of New York City. These panels partially shielded the World Trade Center site from view.[citation needed]

text: In the 9/11 attacks, some sections of the station, including the floor and the signage on the northeast corner, were only lightly damaged in the collapse of the World Trade Center. These sections of the station were retained in the temporary station, and remained in the new station, where it connects with the platforms for the 2 3 A C E trains. Following its reopening and the resumption of Newark–World Trade Center and Hoboken–World Trade Center services, the station quickly reclaimed its status as the busiest station in the PATH system.[citation needed]

text: The station was also home to a Storycorps booth, which opened in 2005.[citation needed] Through this program, visitors could arrange to give oral recorded histories of the disaster. The booth closed in the spring of 2007 to make way for construction at the World Trade Center site.[30] In June 2007, the street entrance to the temporary station was closed and demolished as part of the site construction. A set of new staircases was constructed several feet to the south, and a "tent" structure was added to provide cover from the elements. The tent structure, by Voorsanger Architects and installed at a cost of $275,000, was designed to have an "aspiring quality," according to architect Bartholomew Voorsanger.[31] That entrance on Church Street was closed in April 2008 when the entrance was relocated once again. On April 1, 2008, the third temporary entrance to the PATH station opened for commuters. The entrance was located on Vesey Street, adjacent to 7 World Trade Center, and served until the opening of the permanent station, designed by Calatrava,[32] and also to make way for a Performing Arts Center if the proposed building finds approval.[citation needed]

text: World Trade Center Transportation Hub[edit]

text: The World Trade Center Transportation Hub is the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey's formal name for the new PATH station and the associated transit and retail complex that opened on March 3, 2016.[33][34] The station's renaming took place when the station reopened.[35][36] It was designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava and composed of a train station with a large and open mezzanine under the National September 11 Memorial plaza.[37] This mezzanine is connected to an aboveground head house structure called the Oculus—located between 2 World Trade Center and 3 World Trade Center—as well as to public concourses under the various towers in the World Trade Center complex.[36]

text: In addition, the station was designed to connect the PATH to the New York City Subway system, and to facilitate a below ground east-west passageway that connects to the various modes of transportation in Lower Manhattan, from the Fulton Center to the Battery Park City Ferry Terminal. Furthermore, to replace the lost retail space from the original mall at the World Trade Center, significant portions of the Hub are devoted to the new 365,000 square feet (33,900 m2) Westfield World Trade Center mall.[38]

text: Background[edit]

text: A large transit station was not part of the 2003 Memory Foundations master plan for the site by Daniel Libeskind, which called for a smaller station along the lines of the original subterranean station that existed beneath the World Trade Center.[39][40] Libeskind's design called for the Oculus space to be left open, forming a "Wedge of Light" so that sun rays around the autumnal equinox would hit the World Trade Center footprints each September.[39][40] In early 2004, the Port Authority, which owns the land, modified the Libeskind plan to include a large transportation station downtown, intended to rival Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal.[41] In a nod to the Libeskind concept, the Oculus was built to maximize the effect of the autumnal equinox rays (coinciding with the skylight opening on or around September 11 every year).[42]

text: Design[edit]

text: Calatrava said that the Oculus resembles a bird being released from a child's hand. The roof was originally designed to mechanically open to increase light and ventilation to the enclosed space. Herbert Muschamp, architecture critic of The New York Times, compared the design to the Bethesda Terrace and Fountain in Central Park, and wrote in 2004:

text:
“
Santiago Calatrava's design for the World Trade Center PATH station should satisfy those who believe that buildings planned for ground zero must aspire to a spiritual dimension. Over the years, many people have discerned a metaphysical element in Mr. Calatrava's work. I hope New Yorkers will detect its presence, too. With deep appreciation, I congratulate the Port Authority for commissioning Mr. Calatrava, the great Spanish architect and engineer, to design a building with the power to shape the future of New York. It is a pleasure to report, for once, that public officials are not overstating the case when they describe a design as breathtaking.[43]
”

text: Another New York Times' critic Michael Kimmelman wrote later in 2004:

text:
“
The World Trade Center PATH Terminal by Santiago Calatrava, the renowned Spanish architect and engineer, is what we should have at ground zero. Not modified suburban malls with water fountains, but a major cultural contribution to our city.[44]
”

text: However, Calatrava's original soaring spike design was scaled back because of security issues. The New York Times observed in 2005:

text:
“
In the name of security, Santiago Calatrava's bird has grown a beak. Its ribs have doubled in number and its wings have lost their interstices of glass.... [T]he main transit hall, between Church and Greenwich Streets, will almost certainly lose some of its delicate quality, while gaining structural expressiveness. It may now evoke a slender stegosaurus more than it does a bird.[45]
”

text: The design was further modified in 2008 to eliminate the opening and closing roof mechanism because of budget and space constraints.[46]

text: In 2014 The Atlantic's CityLab criticized the emphasis placed on form over function, citing design flaws driven by aesthetic choices that detract from the station's usability as a transit hub:

text: ...the Port Authority's new hub fails its customers, the PATH-riding public. One platform is already completed, and its design flaws are obvious. Staircases are too narrow to accommodate the morning crowds who come streaming out of the trains from Hoboken, Jersey City, and beyond, while the narrow platforms quickly fill with irate commuters. Anyone trying to catch a train back to the Garden State risks a stampede. The marble, bright and sterile, picks up any spill, and a drop of water creates dangerously slippery conditions until a Port Authority janitor scurries out of some unseen door, mop in hand. Passenger flow and comfort, two of the most important elements of terminal design, seem to be an afterthought. The PATH Hub is shaping up to be an example of design divorced from purpose.

text: Steve Cuozzo of the New York Post described the station in 2014 as it was being built as "a self-indulgent monstrosity" and "a hideous waste of public money".[48] Michael Kimmelman, architecture critic for The New York Times, referred to the structure as "a kitsch stegosaurus".[49] New York magazine referred to it in 2015 as it neared completion as a "Glorious Boondoggle" and, while withholding final judgement on the unfinished structure, did note the "Jurassic" appearance.[41] The New York Post editorial board also described the station when it opened in 2016 as the "world's most obscenely overpriced commuter rail station — and possibly its ugliest", deeming the transit hub a "white elephant" and "monstrosity", comparing the Oculus to a "giant gray-white space insect".[50]

text: Before the redesign, the station design had received critical acclaim.[51] One writer for Curbed NY stated, "The platform's mezzanine level ... is kind of amazing and shows off the station's soaring ribbed structure."[52] A committee for Manhattan Community Board 1 called the station "beautiful."[53]

text: West Concourse[edit]

text: The West Street pedestrian underpass (the West Concourse, formerly the "east-west connector") links the WTC station mezzanine with Brookfield Place in Battery Park City, on the west side of the World Trade Center site. It opened on October 23, 2013.[54][55] Access to One World Trade Center from the West Concourse became possible for employees when the tower opened on November 3, 2014.[56] On May 29, the same day the tower's observatory opened, the entrance to the observation deck opened.[57]

text: Cost and delays[edit]

text: The Transportation Hub has been dubbed "the world's most expensive transportation hub" for its massive cost for reconstruction—$3.74 billion dollars.[48][58] By contrast, the proposed two-mile PATH extension connecting Newark Liberty International Airport to the NWK-WTC service is projected to cost $1.5 billion.[59] The hub has also been criticized for being delayed almost 10 years.[60] However, even in inception, the hub was projected to cost almost $2 billion. The high cost for a single station is attributed to the extravagant design, which stems from the PA needing to convince the government of New Jersey to pay for a project situated entirely in New York.[51]

text: Originally, the reconstruction was to be funded by the Federal Transit Administration, which gave approximately $1.9 billion to the project. The costs of the hub were still expensive, but it was to be finished at budget in 2009. In 2014 dollars, the cost of the hub and the adjacent Fulton Center, combined, was $5.1 billion.[61] The hub cost twice as much in 2014 as it should have originally cost in 2004.[60] A single hallway in the elegantly constructed hub cost $225 million and was billed as the "world's most expensive hallway",[62] while construction, maintenance, and management alone cost $635 million; the Port Authority awarded several subcontracts, most of them costly.[60] The fees of the main construction team took up almost a billion dollars, and utility installation around the entire World Trade Center site cost another $400 million.[63] Over $500 million in cost savings was overlooked.[60]

text: The design was costly, with Calatrava netting $80 million in design fees[64][63] and the overall architectural design being another $405.8 million.[63] Speeding up the pace of construction also contributed to the higher cost, with $100 million dedicated to building the National September 11 Memorial & Museum and another $24 million to speed up delivery of construction materials.[63] The price of the station was further driven up by Calatrava's architectural decisions.[a] He wanted to import custom-made steel from a northern Italian factory, which cost $474 million, and have a columnless, aesthetically based design; skylights in the ground, instead of trees;[b] and large, soaring "wings", or rafters.[60] Another $335 million was added to the cost overrun because the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey had to build around the New York City Subway's IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (carrying the 1 2 trains), since the Metropolitan Transportation Authority refused to close the line for fear of inconveniencing commuters from Staten Island taking the Staten Island Ferry. The line had to be supported on a bridge over the station instead of on columns through the station.[60] In 2012, Hurricane Sandy damaged several hundred million dollars worth of materials.[60] Some of the additional cost and delay was due to additions and modifications to the original plan by the Port Authority. Calatrava's original entry pavilion was scaled back for security reasons, for instance.[46]

text: The hub's skyrocketing costs also attracted much controversy, with an editor at The New York Times saying that "Mr. Calatrava is amassing an unusually long list of projects marred by cost overruns, delays and litigation", referring to his other projects around the world that were over budget.[65] Especially because the current station has a ridership of only 46,000 daily passengers compared to 250,000 at Grand Central Terminal), the renovation is sometimes depicted as overpriced and overstylized.[60] In fact, one Esquire magazine writer stated that the hub's massive expense was in spite of the fact that operating the PATH itself was a waste of money for the Port Authority.[51][c]

text: On November 5, 2015, the opening was delayed to early 2016 by a leaking roof.[67] When the hub actually opened, the director of the Port Authority, Pat Foye, declined to hold an event to celebrate the opening of the Hub, describing it as "symbol of excess" and noting he was "troubled with the huge cost" of the construction project.[68]

text: Construction[edit]

text: Construction of the Oculus called for relocation of the landmark World Trade Center cross in April 2006.[69] However, the Oculus's construction did not begin in earnest until July 8, 2008, when the first prefabricated "ribs" for the pedestrian walkway under Fulton Street were installed on the site.[70] The mezzanine level of the station was undergoing major construction and work on the foundation was underway.[71] By March 2011, over 225 of the 300 steel pieces that make up the roof of the station were installed.[72] Later that month installation of the Vierendeel Truss, one of the hub's key components, began with the installation of a 50 short tons (45 long tons) section of the 271-short-ton (242-long-ton) truss. The truss serves as the mezzanine roof and also acts as a support for the northeast corner of the WTC Memorial.[73]

text: The Oculus's $542 million construction contract was awarded to Skanska in summer 2010. The project included steel erection for the substructure; construction connecting to Vehicle Security Center complex; the Greenwich Street corridor and the steel and concrete placing under the 1 2 trains subway box; and preparations for installation of east arch truss[74] By June 2013, 10 pieces of exterior arches were installed for the Oculus. The initial construction was expected to conclude in the end of 2014 or beginning of 2015, and the internal construction including paint, turnstiles, ticket booths, etc. was expected to complete in the end of 2015, with an official opening scheduled on December 17, 2015.[75] On October 23, 2013, the West Concourse opened with access to the World Financial Center, now renamed the Brookfield Place. The storefronts were covered and not yet opened, and the second floor was still closed for construction of One World Trade Center.[8][9]

text: On February 25, 2014, half of the first platform of the new station, Platform A, was opened to the public with service to Hoboken. The new platform, an island platform, was fully modernized and contains new lighting, speakers, illuminated signs, escalators and elevators. The west side of the platform was walled off at the time.[4][9] By June, nine wings had been installed, as well as the remaining eight ribs. The construction of the white rafters, or tips, was started. On November 3, the same day One World Trade Center opened,[56] the West Concourse's escalators, which had been closed off since October 23, 2013, opened with access to the second floor and to One World Trade Center.[citation needed] Eight days later, the Fulton Center and Dey Street Concourse opened to the public. The Dey Street Concourse entrance into the Transportation Hub was closed until the Hub opened.[76] On November 22, the 114th and final rafter was installed. Also by this date, one crane had been disassembled and painting of the hub continued.[77][9]

text: On May 7, 2015, Platform B and the remaining half of Platform A opened, and Platform C closed.[6][9] A few weeks later on May 29, the entrance to the observation deck in the West Concourse was opened on the same day One World Observatory also opened.[57] In late September, the temporary new West Walkway opened with access from the platforms to the West Concourse.[78]

text: On March 3, 2016, the Oculus partially opened to the public, along with new entrances. Only the west end of the Oculus and the Westfield Mall corridor to Four World Trade Center was opened.[33][34][79] Two months later, on May 26, 2016, PATH riders received a direct underground link to Fulton Center and Cortlandt Street through the Oculus.[80] The PATH entrance into 2 World Trade Center opened on June 21, 2016, and the temporary PATH entrance to outside 7 World Trade Center closed five days later.[81][9] Yet another entrance opened to the public when the Westfield World Trade Center mall was opened on August 16.[10][11] On September 8, 2016, the restrooms were opened on the south side of the mezzanine. The last two station platforms in the hub, Platforms C and D, were also opened, as was the permanent West Concourse walkway.[7][9] On December 19, the direct underground link to the New York City Subway's World Trade Center station, at the northeast corner of the complex, reopened.[82][83]

text: On October 13, 2016, the first birth inside the Oculus occurred.[84] A woman was walking through the station with her husband when she went into labor, eventually giving birth on the floor of the station.[85] (Another woman had previously given birth inside the old PATH station in August 2015.[86]) A few months later, on February 11, 2017, the first death inside the Oculus also occurred.[87] A woman from New Jersey fell to her death from the escalator. News reports initially said that she was trying to retrieve a hat dropped by her sister, but lost her balance and fell;[88] it was later revealed that the woman "was pretending to be flying" while lying on the escalator's handrail.[89] After the woman's death, there was some focus on the height of the 3-foot-4-inch (1.02 m) handrails, and how they could pose a safety risk.[89]

text: Adjacent transit connections[edit]

text: The Transportation Hub is designed to connect the PATH subway system to the New York City Subway system. The 1 2 services, which runs through the Transportation Hub, was reconstructed under this project to run above the PATH mezzanine, and the rebuilt Cortlandt Street IRT station will have direct access into the Hub. There is also a direct access to the Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place station complex.[90] The Cortlandt Street BMT station also has direct access into the Hub. In addition, the Dey Street Passageway along Dey Street connects the Transportation Hub east to the Fulton Center, providing access to the 2 3 4 5 A C J Z N R W services. A passageway, known as the West Concourse, connects west to Brookfield Place and the Battery Park City Ferry Terminal. A proposal for a connection to the Long Island Rail Road and John F. Kennedy International Airport via a new tunnel under the East River, the Lower Manhattan-Jamaica/JFK Transportation Project, was studied starting in 2004, but as of 2009 was a lower priority than other projects competing for funding.[91]

text: Current services include:

text:
Station service legend

Stops all times

Stops all times except late nights

Stops late nights only

Stops weekdays only

Stops rush hours in the peak direction only

Time period details

Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act

 ↑
Station is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act
in the indicated direction only

 ↓

Elevator access to mezzanine only

text:
Services
Line
Station

      2
      3
IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line
Park Place

      A
      C
IND Eighth Avenue Line
Chambers Street

      E
IND Eighth Avenue Line
World Trade Center

      N
      R
      W
BMT Broadway Line
Cortlandt Street

text: The Fulton Street station complex (where the Fulton Center opened in November 2014) is two blocks away to the east and is fully compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. It features the following services:

text:
Services
Line

      2
      3
IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line

      4
      5
IRT Lexington Avenue Line

      A
      C
IND Eighth Avenue Line

      J
      Z
BMT Nassau Street Line

text: At the northeast end of the station is the exit to the World Trade Center station of the New York City Subway. The doors and original ADA-accessible ramp, as well as the structure from the first World Trade Center leading into the station, survived the September 11 attacks.[83] The station itself was not damaged, but it was covered by dust and was subsequently closed.[92] The passageway reopened for a while to provide an ADA-connection from the temporary PATH station to the New York City Subway station, but was closed again when the temporary PATH station closed for a reconstruction.[92] The passageway was then covered in plywood for preservation purposes.[82] The renovated entrance, leading to the New York City Subway station from the Oculus headhouse and the Westfield World Trade Center, opened on December 19, 2016.[83][92] The newly reopened passageway retained its pre-9/11 design, save for a door on display that has the words "MATF 1 / 9 13" spray-painted on it (a message from Urban Search and Rescue Massachusetts Task Force 1 of Beverly, Massachusetts, who searched the World Trade Center site on September 13, 2001). There is a plaque above the spray-painting, explaining the message on the door.[82] PATH was required to preserve the passageway's original design as per Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act, as a condition for getting funding to construct the Oculus and new stations. The passageway will not be made ADA-accessible again until 2017, as there are twenty-six steps down from the mezzanine to the Oculus headhouse's lobby.[82]

text: The M55 New York City Bus route runs northbound on Church Street and 6th Avenue to Midtown, and southbound to South Ferry on Broadway.[93]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ According to The New York Times:

Suggestions from independent engineers and architects that the Oculus be even smaller [were rebuffed.] ... Calatrava and his partners said that the impact and utility of the Oculus would be diminished if it were shrunken further, that the temporary station did not meet requirements for circulation of air and pedestrians, and that columns would interrupt visitors’ movement and provide a potential target for bombers.[60]

Jump up ^ The Bloomberg administration later chose to add trees instead of skylights, since the station was close to the National September 11 Memorial & Museum. This required the mezzanine's roof to be redesigned to hold a heavier weight, which was also costly.[60]
Jump up ^ In 2009–2013, the Port Authority lost $2 billion in revenue by operating the PATH, equating to an almost $400-million loss in annual revenue if the Port Authority operates the PATH.[66]

tag: ol


document_title: Housing Act of 1937

question_text: which agency formed as the result of the us housing act of 1937

root

text: Housing Act of 1937

text: The Housing Act of 1937 (Pub.L. 75–412, 50 Stat. 888, enacted September 1, 1937), formally the "United States Housing Act of 1937" and sometimes called the Wagner-Steagall Act, provided for subsidies to be paid from the U.S. government to local public housing agencies (LHAs) to improve living conditions for low-income families.

tag: p

text: The act created the United States Housing Authority within the US Department of the Interior. The act builds on the National Housing Act of 1934, which created the Federal Housing Administration. Both the 1934 Act and the 1937 Act were influenced by American housing reformers of the period, with Catherine Bauer Wurster chief among them. Bauer drafted much of this legislation and served as a Director in the United States Housing Authority, the agency created by the 1937 Act to control the payment of subsidies, for two years.

text: The sponsoring legislators were Representative Henry B. Steagall, Democrat of Alabama, and Senator Robert F. Wagner, Democrat of New York.

text: Although initially controversial, it gained acceptance and provisions of the Act have remained, but in amended form. The Housing Act of 1949, enacted during the Harry Truman administration set new postwar national goals for decent living environments; it also funded "slum clearance" and the urban renewal projects and created many national public housing programs. In 1965, the Public Housing Administration, the US Housing Authority, and the House and Home Financing Agency were all swept into the newly formed and reorganized United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).

text: The Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 was a United States federal law, which, among other provisions, amended the Housing Act of 1937 to create Section 8 housing,[1] authorized "Entitlement Communities Grants" to be awarded by HUD, and created the National Institute of Building Sciences.[2]


document_title: Only Side by Side with You

question_text: only side by side with you opening song

question_tokens: only side by side with you opening song

text: Only Side by Side with You

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: It tells the story of Shi Yue, an ex-special force member but now the mysterious owner of a bar, who butts head with Nan Qiao when she was meeting potential investors at his bar after falling out with her cheating fiancée. Shi Yue discovers that Nan Qiao seems to be someone related to his past so he purposely gets close to her to find out more, ultimately falling for her in the process.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Introduction

William Chan
Shi Yue
Owner of a bar, who used to be a member of the Blue Sky Special Forces.

Bai Baihe
Nan Qiao
A drones designer, owner of Ji Ke Company.

Li Xian
Chang Jianxiong
Shi Yue's ex-comrade in the Special Forces, and Nan Qiao's childhood friend. He has an unrequited love for Nan Qiao.

Qin Hailu
An Ning
A woman related to Shi Yue's past who had an extreme influence on him.

Michelle Bai
Wen Di
Manager of Ji Ke Company, Nan Qiao's business partner.

Zhang Youhao
Hao Jie
An IT expert, Shi Yue's close friend.

Wang Ruoshan
Ouyang Qi
A Veterinary physician. Nan Qiao's close friend.

Cao Lu
Qie Hao
Manager of Lucid Dream bar, Shi Yue's good friend.

Du Zhiguo
Nan Hongzhou
Nan Qiao's father.

Zheng Xiaoning
Chang Aiguo
Chang Jianxiong's father.

Wang Weiwei
Nan Qin
Nan Qiao's sister.

Tie Zheng
Nan Si
Nan Qiao's brother.

Huang Tianqi
Zheng Hao
Nan Qiao's nephew.

Zhang Yixin
Xiao An
Employee of Ji Ke Company.

Zhou Ran
Qin Shiyu
Employee of Ji Ke Company.

Huang Yilin
Xia Qing
Employee of Ji Ke Company.

Zhang Weiwei
Brother Q
Employee of Ji Ke Company.

Ma Liang
Zhou Ran
Nan Qiao's ex-fiance.

Zhang Zilun
Brother Tai
Shi Yue's enemy.

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The series started filming in March 2017 at Shanghai and wrapped up in July 2017, taking a total of 113 days.[3][4] About 400 quadcopters were employed for filming the set of the series. [5]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Only Side by Side with You - Original Television SoundtrackNo.TitleMusicLength1."Lucid Dream (清醒梦境)" (Theme song)William Chan4:162."Microscopic view of the world (微观世界)" (Opening theme song)He Jie / Victor Ma 3."Is there a relationship like this (有没有这样一种关系)"Jin Chi 4."Two difficulties (两难)"Silence Wong 5."One Two Three (	一二三)"Juno Su 6."No One Knows"Silence Wong

text: Ratings[edit]

text: In the table below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.[6]

tag: ul

text:
Episode #

Original broadcast date

CSM52 Jiangsu TV (%)

CSM52 Zhejiang TV (%)

Ratings

Audience share

Ranking

Ratings

Audience share

Ranking

1-2

March 25, 2018

0.567

1.994

6

 0.348

 1.224

9

3-4

March 26, 2018

 0.403

 1.446

10

0.401

1.44

11

5-6

March 27, 2018

0.447

1.613

10

0.487

1.756

9

7-8

March 28, 2018

0.615

2.195

6

0.418

1.503

11

9-10

March 29, 2018

0.564

2.042

8

0.491

1.774

9

11-12

March 30, 2018

 0.692

2.43

4

0.493

1.76

6

13

March 31, 2018

0.494

1.81

5

0.384

1.43

7

14-15

April 1, 2018

0.631

2.198

4

0.532

1.85

6

16-17

April 2, 2018

0.571

2.08

5

0.556

2.021

6

18

April 3, 2018

0.426

1.544

7

0.453

1.65

6

19-20

April 4, 2018

0.521

1.766

8

0.49

1.654

9

21-22

April 5, 2018

0.499

1.652

7

0.481

1.592

8

23-24

April 6, 2018

0.423

1.406

8

0.554

1.866

5

25

April 7, 2018

0.411

1.465

8

0.433

1.529

7

26-27

April 8, 2018

0.46

1.63

7

0.495

1.75

6

28-29

April 9, 2018

0.439

1.607

8

0.441

1.614

7

30-31

April 10, 2018

0.456

1.648

9

0.491

1.792

8

32-33

April 11, 2018

0.476

1.709

8

0.542

1.963

6

34-35

April 12, 2018

0.445

1.603

7

0.54

1.966

6

36-37

April 13, 2018

0.505

1.69

4

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

38

April 14, 2018

0.392

1.38

6

0.457

1.61

5

39-40

April 15, 2018

0.443

1.558

5

0.428

1.501

6

text: International Broadcast[edit]

text: Malaysia -  Astro Shuang Xing (CH307 HD / CH324) - From 26 March 2018, Mondays to Fridays, 6 PM.


document_title: Pandava

question_text: 3. in the mahabharata who was the eldest of all the pandavas

question_tokens: 3 . in the mahabharata who was the eldest of all the pandavas

text: Pandava

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word Pandava is derived from their father's name, Pandu (Sanskrit: पाण्डु) and means "descendants (sons) of Pandu". The other epithets of the Pandava group are:[citation needed]

text:
Panduputra (Sanskrit: पाण्डुपुत्र) - sons of Pandu
Pandavakumara (Sanskrit: पाण्डवकुमार) - young Pandavas
Kaunteya (Sanskrit: कौन्तेय) - sons of Kunti (used only for Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna. They are also called Partha, since Pritha is another name of Kunti.[clarification needed] Later Karna was also called Kaunteya when his real identity as Kunti's son came to be known after the war)
Madreya (Sanskrit: माद्रेय) - sons of Madri (used only for Nakula and Sahadeva)

text: The Pandavas[edit]

text: Yudhishthira: The eldest Pandava brother. His name means "one who is steadfast even during war". His parents were Kunti and Dharma, god of virtue, justice and morality. Though he lacked the characteristic combat prowess of a Kshatriya, Yudhishthira was one of the most virtuous men, skilled in the duties of a king and steadfast in the path of dharma. He was a good king who, along with his brothers, founded the prosperous city of Indraprastha. In consequence of Krishna's machinations and also by his brothers' conquest of the world, Yudhishthira became the emperor of the world. He performed two Ashwamedha sacrifices and one Rajasuya sacrifice. Yudhishthira learnt to control the dice from the Sage Brihadaswa and became good at playing chess. His other names are Ajatshatru ("without enemies") and Dharmaraja ("admired for virtues").

text: Bhima: The second Pandava brother. His name means "of terrible might". His parents were Kunti and Vayu, the god of air and wind, who was known for his might. Bhima has the physical strength and prowess equal to a hundred elephants and was very athletic. He was aggressive and prone to anger. Of all the brothers, he alone opposed Yudhishthira, although very loyal to him, for his questionable decisions opposing common sense in the name of dharma. Bhima was devoted to his family and was their natural protector. He was a master in wielding the mace. He was also a powerful archer, having fought Drona and Ashwatthama and Karna on several occasions. Bhima was also very skilled in diverse areas of warfare, including wrestling, charioteering, riding elephants and sword fighting. Along with Arjuna, he went on expeditions to conquer the kingdoms to the east and south. During the Rajasuya Yagna, Bhima subjugated the kingdoms of the eastern direction completely. He slew Krishna's most dangerous enemy, Jarasandha, in a wrestling bout, and slew the Matsya commander, Kichaka, for molesting Draupadi. During the war, Bhima was most famous for slaying one hundred Kauravas and Duryodhana himself. He was also skilled in chopping wood, cooking, culinary arts and sciences. Bhima's other name was Vrikodara ("wolf bellied"). However, he was selfish as well.

text: Arjuna: The third Pandava brother. His name relates to "arjana" or earning. His parents were Kunti and Indra, king of the gods and the god of the sky and war. He was very virtuous and avoided unjust acts. He was known for his singleminded concentration and his devotion to Krishna. Arjuna was more fortunate than his brothers as he was the favourite of Bhishma, popular among the people, famous among the gods and attractive to women. He was the favorite disciple of his guru Drona, who taught weapons. Arjuna was ambidextrous and perhaps the greatest of archers, having mastered archery to the highest possible level. He was rivalled by Bhishma, Drona and Karna. In those days, archery was considered to be the foremost of all fighting disciplines, and Arjuna's mastery over it contributed to his popularity. Arjuna was a complete master archer, a supreme chariot warrior and had also obtained near-perfect mastery over almost all divine, celestial and esoteric weapons, along with the secrets of invoking and recalling them. He spent five years acquiring and mastering divine weapons from Indra and the other gods. He also acquired the mastery over the rarest and the most powerful weapon, the Pashupatastra, from Lord Shiva himself. He also had command over devastating weapons like the Brahmastra.

text: Nakula: The fourth Pandava brother. His name means "without kula (or, lineage)". His parents were Madri and the Ashwin twin Nasatya. He was attractive, humble, diplomatic and helpful. During the Rajasuya Yagna, Nakula conquered the western direction. During the Kurukshetra War, he slew many warriors including many sons of Karna. Nakula and his younger twin brother, Sahadeva, were excellent sword fighters. Nakula was also a master of equestrian arts and sciences, skilled in wielding unusual weapons, in chariotry and in riding horses.

text: Sahadeva: The fifth and the youngest brother of the Pandavas. His name means "along gods" or "with gods". His parents were Madri and the Ashwin twin Dasra. Sahadeva was the wisest of all the Pandava brothers, and the most mysterious and introverted. Like Nakula, Sahadeva was a master of sword fighting. He was also skilled in fighting and taming wild bulls. Additionally, he was a skilled cowherd, capable of maintaining cattle, treating their diseases, assessing their health, milking them and in producing milk products. Sahadeva acquired mastery over the science of Dharma, religious scriptures and other branches of knowledge under the tutelage of the Sage Brihaspati, the preceptor of the gods. During the Rajasuya War, Sahadeva conquered the southern direction, up to the kingdom of Lanka. During the Kurukshetra War, Sahadeva slew the wicked Shakuni and his son, Uluka.

text: Karna: The unknown Pandava. His name refers to the earrings he was born with. His parents were Kunti and Surya, god of the Sun. He was born many years before Kunti's marriage to Pandu and the subsequent birth of the Pandavas. When she was unmarried, Kunti rashly tested the power of Durvasa's mantra, invoking Surya. Bound by the power of the mantra, Surya sired Karna with Kunti. Karna was born with golden armour and earrings, which granted him complete immunity to divine weapons and any physical threat. Fearing censure, Kunti abandoned him and he was subsequently found and raised by a family of charioteers. He helped Duryodhana kidnap the princess of Kalinga in her Swayamvara, and he singlehandedly defeated all the kings in battle. When criticized by Bhishma, Karna pointed out that Bhishma had done the same thing in the past. Karna was the only warrior to defeat and humble the powerful Jarasandha in battle. For the first and only time in his life, Jarasandha surrendered to Karna and made an alliance with him. When Bhishma ridiculed Karna for his pathetic combat prowess, Karna single-handedly conquered the entire world and made Duryodhana the emperor. During the Kurukshetra War, Bhishma declared that the Pandavas were invincible. Karna proved him wrong by defeating Yudhishthira, Bhima, Nakula and Sahadeva on several occasions during the battle. He also defeated Arjuna but spared his life due to the sun going down. Despite Parashurama's curse, Karna was able to invoke the Brahmastra, albeit with great difficulty. Urged by Krishna, Arjuna beheaded Karna when he was trying to pull his chariot wheel from the mud. Karna possessed the might of 10,000  powerful bull elephants and was a great master in archery, surpassing even Dronacharya, Bhishma and Arjuna . When Kunti revealed Karna's true origin to the Pandavas, they were completely devastated. Yudhishthira nearly lost the will to rule the kingdom after finding the truth about Karna.

text: Story[edit]

text: The story begins with the introduction of the brothers' parents. Amongst the primary antagonists was Duryodhana (loosely translated as "unconquerable"), cousin to the Pandavas. He was the eldest of 100 brothers known as the Kauravas, who were born to Dhritarashtra, the blind king of Hastinapura, and his queen Gandhari, princess of Gandhara.

text: The Pandavas were born to Pandu and his wives, Kunti and Madri by the boon given to Kunti by Durvasa, that she could have a son by any god whom she respects without having any marital affair. After Madri's marriage, Pandu voluntary renounced royal life as penance for having accidentally killed the sage Rishi Kindama and his wife. At his death, Rishi Kindama cursed Pandu that he would surely die if he attempted to have sexual relationships with his wives. Because of this curse, Kunti had to use her boon to get sons. She bore him three sons: Yudhishthira by the god of Dharma, Bhima by the god of Wind, and Arjuna by Lord Indra. At the request of Pandu she shared this boon with Madri to get her sons, the twins Nakula and Sahadeva from the divine Ashvin twins.

text: After the death of Pandu and Madri's sati, Kunti brought the Pandavas back to Hastinapur. As children, the Pandavas and Kauravas often played together. However, Bhima (one of the Pandavas) was always at odds with the Kauravas, particularly with Duryodhana, who refused to accept the Pandavas as his kin. This usually led to much tension between the cousins. Insecure and jealous, Duryodhana harboured intense hatred for the five brothers throughout his childhood and youth, and following the advice of his maternal uncle Shakuni, often plotted to get rid of them to clear his path to the lordship of the Kuru Dynasty.

text: This plotting took a grave turn when Dhritarashtra had to relent to the will of the masses and rightfully appointed his nephew Yudhishthira as crown prince. This went against the personal ambitions of both father and son (Dhritarashtra and Duryodhana) and drove Duryodhana into such a rage that he enthusiastically agreed to an evil ploy by Shakuni to murder Yudhishthira. Shakuni commissioned the construction of a palace in Varnavrata, secretly built by incorporating flammable materials into the structure, most notably the lacquer known as lac. This palace was known as Lakshagraha. Duryodhana then successfully lobbied Dhritarashtra to send Yudhishthira to represent the royal household in Varnavrata during the celebrations of Shiva Mahotsava. The plan was to set the palace on fire during the night while Yudhishthira would likely be asleep. Yudhishthira left for Varnavrata, accompanied by his four brothers and their mother Kunti. Fortunately for them, the plan was discovered by their paternal uncle Vidura, who was very loyal to them and an extraordinarily wise man. In addition, Yudhishthira had been forewarned about this plot by a hermit who came to him and spoke of an imminent disaster. Vidura arranged for a tunnel to be secretly built for the Pandavs to safely escape the palace as it was set afire.

text: After their flight from the palace, the five brothers lived in the forests for some time disguised as Brahmins. They heard from a group of travelling sages about a contest (Swayamvara) being held in the Kingdom of Panchala that offered the princess Draupadi's hand in marriage to the winner. The Swayamvara turned out to rely on the skills of archery, and Arjuna, who was a peerless archer, entered the competition and won. When the brothers took Draupadi to introduce her to their mother, they announced to Kunti that they had arrived with excellent alms. Kunti was busy with some work, and replied without turning to look at Draupadi (who was the alms referred to) ordering the brothers to share the alms equally amongst the five of them. Even when uttered erroneously, their mother's word was supreme for the Pandavas, and they agreed to share the princess, who was subsequently married to all five brothers.

text: When Dhritarashtra heard that the five brothers were alive, he invited them back to the kingdom. However, in their absence, Duryodhana had succeeded in being made the crown prince. Upon the return of the Pandavas, the issue of returning Yudhishthira's crown to him was raised. Dhritarashtra led the subsequent discussions into ambiguity and agreed to a partition of the kingdom "to do justice to both crown princes". He retained the developed Hastinapur for himself and Duryodhana and gave the barren, arid and hostile lands of Khandavaprastha to the Pandavas. The Pandavas successfully developed their land and built a great and lavish city, which was considered comparable to the heavens, and thus came to be known as Indraprastha.

text: Reeling under the loss of half the lands of his future kingdom, Duryodhana's jealousy and rage were further fueled by the Pandavas' success and prosperity. Eventually Shakuni sired yet another ploy and got Duryodhana to invite the Pandavas over to his court for a game of dice (gambling). Shakuni was a master at gambling and owned a pair of dice which magically did his bidding. Owing to this, bet after bet, Yudhishthira lost all of his wealth, and eventually his kingdom, in the game. He was then enticed by Duryodhana and Shakuni to place his brothers as bets. Yudhishthira fell for it and put his brothers on stake, losing them too. He then placed himself as a bet and lost again. Duryodhana now played another trick and told Yudhishthira that he still had his wife Draupadi to place as a bet and if Yudhishthira won, he would return everything to the Pandavas. Yudhishthira fell for the ruse and bet Draupadi, losing her too. At this point Duryodhana ordered that Draupadi, who was now a slave to him, be brought to the court. None of the Pandavas fought for their wife's honour. Duryodhana's younger brother Dushasana dragged Draupadi to the royal court, pulling her by her hair, insulting her dignity and asserting that she, like the Pandava brothers, was now their servant. This caused immense anguish to all the great warriors seated in the court, but each of them, namely, Bhishma (grandsire of the clan), Dronacharya (teacher/guru of Kauravas and Pandavas) and Kripacharya except Vidura remained silent. Duryodhana then ordered Dushasana to disrobe Draupadi before everyone, as a slave girl has no rights. The elders and warriors in audience were shocked but did not intervene. As Dushasana began to disrobe her, she prayed to God to protect her honour, and Lord Krishna protected her by providing her garments an unending length. Finally, as the blind king Dhritharasthra realized that this humiliation could prompt Draupadi to curse his sons, he intervened, apologizing to Draupadi for the behaviour of his sons, and turned the winnings of dice game back over to the Pandava brothers, releasing them from the bondage of slavery.

text: Incensed at the loss of all that he had won, Duryodhana threatened suicide and coerced his father into inviting the Pandavas for one last round of gambling, the terms of which were that the loser would be condemned to 12 years of exile into forests and a 13th year to be spent incognito, and if the cover be blown during the 13th year, another cycle of 13 years would ensue. Obeying their uncle's orders, the Pandavas played the round and again lost to Shakuni's cheating. However, this time, their patience had been nearly pushed to its edge. During the 12 years of exile in the forest, they prepared for war. Arjuna performed penance and won the entire gamut of celestial weapons (Divyasatras) as boons from the Gods. They spent the 13th year masquerading as peasants in the service of the royal family of Virata, the king of Matsya. Upon completion of the terms of the last bet, the Pandavas returned and demanded that their kingdom be rightfully returned to them. Duryodhana refused to yield Indraprastha. For the sake of peace and to avert a disastrous war, Krishna proposed that if Hastinapur agrees to give the Pandavas only five villages, they would be satisfied and would make no more demands. Duryodhana vehemently refused, commenting that he would not part even with land as much as the point of a needle. Thus the stage was set for the great war, for which the epic of Mahabharata is known most of all.

text: The war was intense and lasted 18 days, over the course of which both parties worked around, bent and even broke rules of warfare. At the end, all 100 Kaurava brothers and their entire army was slain, with only four surviving on their side. The Pandavas too lost several allies but the five brothers survived. After having won the war Yudhishthira was crowned the king.[citation needed]

text: Death of Pandavas[edit]

text: The Pandavas ruled Hastinapur for 36 years and established a righteous kingdom. Shortly after the death of Lord Krishna, they all decided that the time had come for them to renounce the world, as the age of Kali yuga had started.

text: So the five Pandavas and Draupadi left to the path of liberation. For this purpose they all climbed Mount Kailash, which leads to the Swarga Loka. Unfortunately on their way, all except Yudhisthira slipped and died one by one. Yudhisthira was accompanied by a dog who was none other than Lord Yama himself.

text: The first to die was Draupadi; she was imperfect because she preferred Arjuna over her other husbands. Then it was Sahadeva, imperfect because he was smug about his knowledge. He was followed by Nakula, imperfect because he was arrogant about his good looks. Then fell Arjuna, imperfect because he was always jealous of other archers. Next was Bhima, imperfect because he was a glutton. Only the eldest Pandava, Yudhisthira, reached the door of Swarga Loka, carried on Lord Indra's chariot. On reaching Heaven he did not find either his virtuous brothers or his wife Draupadi. Instead he saw Karna, Bhishma, Dronacharya etc. and their sons.

text: He wanted an explanation from Lord Yama, the lord of death. Lord Yama explained that the Kauravas had been allowed into heaven because they died as warriors on the battlefield. This earned them so much merit and credit that it wiped out all their debts. Yudhisthira demanded to know where his brothers and his wife were. He was then taken to hell. Lord Yama explained that they were experiencing the reactions of their actions but it was temporary. Once the debt had been repaid, they would join them in Swarga. Yudhisthira loyally met his brothers, but the sight and sound of gore and blood horrified him. Though initially he was tempted to flee, he mastered himself and remained after hearing the voices of his beloved brothers and Draupadi calling out to him, asking him to stay with them in their misery. Yudhisthira decided to remain, ordering the divine charioteer to return. He preferred to live in hell with good people than in a heaven of his enemies. Eventually this turned out to be another illusion to test him.[citation needed]

text: Krishna's help to Pandavas[edit]

text: Krishna, being a well wisher of the Pandavas, helped them in various ways during the time of their ordeals.

text: Parents of Pandavas[edit]

text: The first three of the Pandavas were the sons of Kunti, a Yadava and Pandu's first wife. The younger two were the sons of Madri, Pandu's second wife. Since Pandu had been cursed to die if ever he had intercourse with a woman, the actual fatherhood of the children is traditionally attributed to various gods, in virtue of a boon that Kunti had received from the sage Durvasa and had transferred to Madri. Thus-[citation needed]

text:
Yudhishthira - son of Yama, the god of death
Bhima - son of Vayu, the god of wind
Arjuna - son of Indra, the god of rain
Nakula - son of Ashwini Kumara Nasatya (god of health)
Sahadeva - son of Ashwini Kumara Darsa (god of medicines)

text: (Karna was also born of Kunti and was a son of Surya, the solar God).

text: Description by Draupadi of Pandavas[edit]

text: The Pandava brothers were collectively married to Draupadi. On one occasion, Draupadi was kidnapped and abducted from a hermitage in the forest by the wicked king Jayadratha. When her husbands learned of the crime, they came in hot pursuit. Seeing them approach, Jayadratha asked Draupadi to describe them. Angrily, Draupadi told the king his time was up and that the knowledge would do him no good. She then proceeded to give the description. (Mahabharat, Book III: Varna Parva, Section 268.)

text:
According to Draupadi, Yudhishthira possessed a "complexion like that of pure gold, possessed of a prominent nose and large eyes and endued with a slender make." Master of the spear. He was just, had a correct sense of morality and was merciful to surrendering foes. Draupadi counselled Jayadratha to run to Yudhishthira and to beg for forgiveness.
Draupadi described Bhima as tall and long-armed. In a display of ferocity, he was "biting his lips and contracting his forehead so as to bring the two eyebrows together." The master of the mace, his superhuman feats had earned him great renown. "They that offend him are never suffered to live. He never forgets a foe. On some pretext or other he wreaks his vengeance."
Arjuna she praised as the greatest of archers, intelligent, second to none "with senses under complete control." Neither lust nor fear nor anger could make him forsake virtue. Though capable of withstanding any foe, he would never commit an act of cruelty.
Nakula, said Draupadi, was "the most handsome person in the whole world." An accomplished master swordsman, he was also "versed in every question of morality and profit" and "endued with high wisdom." He was unflinchingly devoted to his brothers, who in turn regarded him as more valuable than their own lives. The name Nakula generally means full of love and the male characteristics implied by the name are: Intelligence, Focus, Hard-Work, Handsomeness, Health, Attractiveness, Success, Popularity, Respect and unconditional Love.
Finally, Sahadeva was the youngest of the brothers and like the others formidable in war and observant of morality. Master of the swords "Heroic, intelligent, wise and ever wrathful, there is not another man equal unto him in intelligence or in eloquence amid assemblies of the wise."[citation needed]

text: In literature[edit]

text: Harivamsa Purana (8th century CE) narrates the Jain version of their story.[2]


document_title: Jawalamukhi

question_text: who donated the golden dome of the jwalamukhi temple of himachal pradesh

text: Jawalamukhi

text: Geography[edit]

text: Jawalamukhi is located at 31°53′N 76°19′E / 31.88°N 76.32°E / 31.88; 76.32.[1] It has an average elevation of 610 metres (2,001 feet).

text: Demographics[edit]

text: At the 2001 India census,[2] Jawalamukhi had a population of 4931. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%.

text: Area profile of Jawalamukhi town[edit]

text: As of 2001[update] India census,[2]

text:
Number of Households - 1,012
Average Household Size (per Household) - 5.0
Population-Total - 4,931
Population-Urban - 4,931
Proportion of Urban Population (%) - 100
Population-Rural - 0
Sex Ratio - 906
Population (0-6 Years) - 608
Sex Ratio (0-6 Year) - 961
SC Population - 812
Sex Ratio (SC) - 961
Proportion of SC (%) - 16.0
ST Population - 0
Sex Ratio (ST) - 0
Proportion of ST (%) - 0
Literates - 3,777
Illiterates - 1,154
Literacy Rate (%)

text: Jwalamukhi Devi Temple[edit]

text: Jwalamukhi is a famous temple to the goddess Jwalamukhi, the deity of flaming face. Raja Bhumi Chand Katoch of Kangra, a great devotee of goddess Durga, dreamt of the sacred place and the Raja set people to find out the whereabouts of the site. The site was traced and the Raja built a temple at that location.[3] The building is modern with a gilt dome and pinnacles, and possesses a beautiful folding door of silver plates. Under the gaze of the Dhauladhar mountain range and set amidst the undulating hills that character sub-Himalayan Himachal Sati's tongue is believed to have fallen at Jwalamukhi and the goddess is manifest as tiny flames that burn a flawless blue through fissures in the age old rock.

text: The temple located on a small spur on the Dharamsala-Shimla road at a distance of about 20 km from the Jwalamukhi Road Railway Station attracts hundreds of thousands of pilgrims every year. No idol is located in the temple and the deity is worshipped in the form of flames which come out from the crevices of the rock. There is a small platform in front of the temple and a (check usage) big mandap where a huge brass bell presented by the King of Nepal is hung. Usually milk and water are offered and the ahutis or oblations are offered to the sacred flames in the pit, situated in the centre of the temple in between the floor pillars supporting the roof.

text: The deity is offered Bhog of Rabri or thickened milk, Misri or candy, seasonal fruits, milk. There is a mystic Yantra or diagram of the goddess, which is covered with, shawls, ornaments and mantras are recited. The puja has different 'phases' and goes on practically the whole day. Aarti is performed five times in the day, havan is performed once daily and portions of Durga Saptasati are recited. The temple is closed from 11.30am to 12.30pm for Aarti. The Mughal Emperor Akbar once tried to extinguish the flames by covering them with an iron disk and even channelizing water to them. But the flames blasted all these efforts. Akbar then presented a golden parasol (chattar) at the shrine. However, his cynicism at the power of devi caused the gold to debase into another metal which is still unknown to the world. His belief in the deity was all the more strengthened after this incident. Thousands of pilgrims visit the shrine round the year to satisfy their spiritual urge.[4]

text: Maharaja Ranjit Singh paid a visit to the temple in 1815 and the dome of the temple was gold-plated by him. Just a few feet above the Jwalamukhi temple there is a six-feet deep pit with a circumference of about three-feet. At the bottom of this pit there is another small pit about one and a half feet deep with hot water bubbling all the time.

text: The temple is identified as one among the 52 Shakti Peethas. It is also one of the most renowned temples of Goddess Durga.[5]

text: Genealogy registers[edit]

text: Hindu genealogy registers at Jawalamukhi are the genealogy registers of pilgrims maintained here by pandas.[6][7][8]

text: The Jwalamukhi shrine as a Shakti Peeth[edit]

text: The shrine is regarded as a Maha Shakti Peetham. It is believed that Sati Devi's tongue fell here. Shakti Peethas are shrines of Devi, the primordial Mother Goddess. Each Shakti Peetha has a shrine for the Shakti and Bhairava. Siddhida (Ambika)is the Shakti and Unmatta Bhairava is the Kalabhairava. The Daksha yaga and Sati's self immolation had immense significance in shaping the ancient Sanskrit literature and even had impact on the culture of India. It led to the development of the concept of Shakti Peethas and there by strengthening Shaktism. Enormous stories in puranas took the Daksha yaga as the reason for its origin. It is an important incident in Shaivism resulting in the emergence of Shree Parvati in the place of Sati Devi and making Shiva a grihastashrami (house holder).[9]