document_title: Railway electrification in Great Britain

question_text: when were electric trains introduced in the uk

question_tokens: when were electric trains introduced in the uk

text: Railway electrification in Great Britain

text: History[edit]

text: The first electric railway in Great Britain was Volk's Electric Railway in Brighton, a pleasure railway, which opened in 1883, still functioning to this day. The London Underground began operating electric services using a fourth rail system in 1890 on the City and South London Railway, now part of the London Underground Northern line. The Liverpool Overhead Railway followed in 1893, being designed from the outset to be electric traction, unlike the City and South London Railway which was designed to be cable hauled initially. Main line electrification of some suburban lines began in the early years of the 20th century, using a variety of different systems. In 1921 a government committee chose 1,500 V DC overhead to be the national standard,[3] but little implementation followed and many different systems co-existed. During the interwar period, the Southern Railway adopted the 660 V DC third rail system as its standard and greatly expanded this system across its network of lines south of London.

text: After World War II and the nationalisation of the railways in 1948, British Railways (BR) expanded electrification at both 1,500 V DC overhead and 660/750 V third rail. In 1956, BR adopted 25 kV AC overhead as standard for all projects outside logical extensions of third-rail systems.[4]

text: The 25 kV AC network has continued to expand slowly, and large areas of the country outside London are not electrified. In 2007, the government's preferred option was to use diesel trains running on biodiesel, its White Paper Delivering a Sustainable Railway,[5] ruling out large-scale railway electrification for the following five years.

text: In May 2009, Network Rail launched a consultation on large-scale electrification, potentially to include the Great Western Main Line and Midland Main Line and smaller "in-fill" schemes. Key benefits cited were that electric trains are faster, more reliable and cause less track wear than diesel trains.[6] Since then, electrification of the Great Western Main Line has been approved; electric trains are planned to run to Bristol from 2016 and Cardiff from 2017.[7] Electrification of the Midland Main Line, several Trans-Pennine routes and the Welsh Valleys has also been approved.

text: In Scotland, where transport is devolved to the Scottish Government, Transport Scotland is extending electrification, for example, on the Airdrie-Bathgate Rail Link. This is part of a larger plan that sees many major routes in central Scotland electrified, including the main Edinburgh Waverley – Glasgow Queen Street route.

text: Future of third rail[edit]

text: In June 2011, Peter Dearman of Network Rail suggested that the third-rail network will need to be converted into overhead lines. He stated, "Although the top speed is 100 mph, the trains cannot go over 80 mph well and 25% of power is lost from heat". Agreeing that conversion would be expensive, he said that the third rail network is at the limit of its power capability, especially as trains become more advanced in technology.[8] The July 2012 Department for Transport High Level Output Specification for Network Rail Control Period 5 includes the conversion of the South Western Main Line between Southampton Central and Basingstoke from 750 V DC third rail to 25 kV AC overhead as part of a scheme to improve rail freight capacity from Southampton Port. This conversion is a pilot scheme to develop a business case for full conversion of the third rail network.[9] The ORR has also stated that on safety grounds, third rail 750V DC has a limited future.[10]

text: Existing systems – overhead line (OHL)[edit]

text: National Rail: 25 kV, 50 Hz AC overhead[edit]

text: British Railways chose this as the national standard for future electrification projects outside of the third rail area in 1956. Following this, a number of lines that were originally electrified at a different voltage were converted, and a number of lines have been newly electrified with this system. Work started in the late 1950s. The first major electrification project using 25 kV was the West Coast Main Line (1959-1974). The 25 kV network has been gradually expanded ever since:

text: Existing[edit]

text:
Electrified from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s using the Mark 1 series under the BR 1955 Modernisation Plan to Crewe (and branches), extended to Glasgow in 1974.
Northampton: see Northampton Loop Line.
Birmingham (New Street): see Rugby-Birmingham-Stafford Line.
Liverpool Lime Street including newly electrified routes to Manchester via Newton-le-Willows and to Wigan North Western via St.Helens Central in 2015.
Manchester (Piccadilly): see Stafford to Manchester Line and Crewe to Manchester Line.
Glasgow Central: in 1974, from Weaver Junction using Mark 3A series
The "Abbey Flyer" (St Albans Branch Line) was electrified 1987-88 by Network SouthEast.
Edinburgh Waverley in 1989 (from Carstairs Junction in conjunction with ECML electrification)
In 2003, the Crewe to Kidsgrove section of the Crewe to Derby Line was electrified as a diversionary route for the WCML.
Since 1999, the line has been modernised and the overhead line equipment has been refurbished and renewed from Mark 1 / Mark 3A to UK1 range to allow an increase line speeds from 110 mph to 125 mph (with 140 mph capability in areas previously fitted with Automatically Tensioned Mark 1 equipment - subject to upgrading of the balance weight arrangement to provide individually tensioned contact / catenary wires and regrading of the contact wires).

text: The majority was originally electrified at 6.25 kV, converted to 25 kV in the early 1980s.

text: This covers the lines from London Liverpool Street (Bethnal Green Jn) to Chingford, Enfield Town, Hertford East and Cambridge. In the 1960s, the lines to Chingford, Enfield Town and Cheshunt were electrified at 6.25 kV, from Cheshunt to Bishop's Stortford and Hertford East at 25 kV. The Lea Valley line between Coppermill Junction and Cheshunt was electrified at 25 kV in 1969. All the 6.25 kV areas were converted to 25 kV in 1983. In 1987, electrification was extended from Bishop's Stortford to Cambridge at 25 kV. In 1990 the line to Stansted Airport opened, and in 1992 electrification was extended from Cambridge to King's Lynn along the Fen Line.

text: Converted from 1,500 V DC (see 1,500 V DC section "Shenfield Metro")

text: Converted from 6.25 kV/1,500 V DC to a combination of AT and FT 25kV Mark GE (Great Eastern) between 1976 and 1980. Presently being upgraded to the GEFF (Great Eastern Furrer + Frey) range altering the catenary from a compound to simple sagged arrangement.

text:
Romford to Upminster Line
Shenfield to Southend Line
Crouch Valley Line
Braintree Branch Line
Colchester to Clacton Line
Mayflower Line
Sunshine Coast Line

text:
Electrified in two parts: 1975-78, and 1984–91
The line between London (Kings Cross) and Royston was electrified between 1976 and 1978 using the Mark 3A range as part of the Great Northern Suburban Electrification Project. This included the Hertford Loop Line. The section between Royston and Cambridge was electrified in 1988 using the Mark 3B range.[11]
In 1984, authority was given to electrify Edinburgh and Leeds. The section between Hitchin and Peterborough was completed in 1987, and Doncaster and York were reached in 1989. By 1990, electrification had reached Newcastle, and in 1991 Edinburgh. The Mark 3B range was used throughout the electrification scheme, certain areas are presently being upgraded to the Mark 3D design range, this will eliminate known corrosion issues with the AWAC catenary and replace solid stainless steel droppers with flexible copper current carrying designs.
In order to keep construction teams working, two additional schemes were authorised, to Carstairs and North Berwick (North Berwick Line).
At the peak of the electrification project during the late 1980s, it was claimed to be the "longest construction site in the world" at over 250 miles (400 km).

text:
Electrified between London (St Pancras) and Bedford in 1983 using the Mark 3B range, and Dock Junction to Moorgate - now cut back to Farringdon.
Electrification from Bedford to Kettering and Corby are expected by 2019 (MML Phase 1), further extensions to Leicester, Nottingham Trent Junction and Sheffield (via Derby) by 2023 (MML Phase 2) were cancelled in July 2017. However the section from Clay Cross to Sheffield will eventually be electrified by 2033 as part of HS2.

text: Electrified in 1994 in a joint venture between British Rail and the British Airports Authority using Mark 3B series. Using part of the Great Western Main Line.

text: Newest main line, completed in 2007. Links London (St Pancras) with Kent and the Channel Tunnel.

text: Local lines within London to be electrified with 25 kV are:

text:
North London Line, between Acton Central and Stratford.
Lea Valley Lines
Various other suburban lines in the north of the city are electrified as part of other routes mentioned above.

text:
In 1991, the ECML to Edinburgh was electrified. A few local routes were also electrified.
Edinburgh Crossrail: Edinburgh Waverley to Newcraighall. The service is by DMUs, pending reopening of part of the Waverley Line.
North Berwick Line: Edinburgh Waverley to North Berwick
Glasgow to Edinburgh via Carstairs Line: some North Berwick Line trains continue to Glasgow Central. Intercity trains from the ECML continue to Glasgow Central.

text: The route from Edinburgh to Glasgow via Bathgate has been reinstated between Bathgate and Airdrie and electrified throughout. It opened on 11 December 2010. Approval has also been given by the Scottish Parliament for electrification of the main inter-city route between Edinburgh and Glasgow Queen Street High Level via Falkirk. The project, known as EGIP, was scheduled to encompass infill electrification in the Glasgow area and Greenhill Junction to Stirling, Dunblane and (recently re-opened) Alloa, which mainly carry commuter services, but these were removed in 2012 as part of a cost review.

text: Suburban electrification was begun during the 1960s in the wake of the BR 1955 Modernisation Plan. Electrification was piecemeal and is still incomplete, with several suburban, rural and intercity lines still unelectrified.

text: The Glasgow Suburban railway network can be divided into three main areas:

text:
North Clyde Line: also known as the "Glasgow North Electric Suburban Line", one of the first lines in Glasgow electrified in 1960 (Helensburgh Central, Balloch and Milngavie to Glasgow Queen Street (Low Level) and to Springburn and Airdrie).
South Clyde: the Cathcart Circle Line (Glasgow Central to Newton and Neilston) was electrified on 22 May 1962.[12] The Inverclyde Line (Glasgow Central to Gourock and Wemyss Bay) was electrified in 1967.[12] The Ayrshire Coast Line (Glasgow Central to Ayr, Largs and Ardrossan Harbour) was electrified in 1986–1987.[13] The Paisley Canal Line was electrified to Corkerhill from Glasgow Central, in late 2012 extended to Paisley.
Argyle Line: between Dalmuir and Milngavie via Glasgow Central (Low Level) to Hamilton Circle, Larkhall, Lanark and Carstairs (via Hamilton, Motherwell or Holytown). There is also peak service to Coatbridge Central.

text: On the Glasgow to Edinburgh via Carstairs Line, some North Berwick Line trains continue to Glasgow Central. A single daily East Coast intercity train from the ECML continues to and from Glasgow Central. On the Shotts Line, Holytown Junction to Kirknewton is not electrified, but both ends are, shared with the WCML, Argyle Line and ECML. The remaining section is to be electrified in mid-2019. The Cumbernauld Line to Springburn and the remaining section of the Motherwell to Cumbernauld Line was electrified in mid 2014. The line between Springburn and Glasgow Queen Street (High Level) has not yet been completed. Until Glasgow Queen Street High Level has been electrified, electric Cumbernauld Line trains reverse at Springburn and run through Glasgow Queen Street Low Level station. The Whifflet Line between Whifflet and Rutherglen via Carmyle was electrified in late 2014.

text: In 1994, a project to electrify some of the local lines around Leeds was given authority to proceed. The project was called the "Leeds North West Electrification", which electrified:

text:
Airedale Line to Skipton and Bradford Forster Square
Wharfedale Line to Ilkley
Wakefield Line electrified in 1989 as part of the East Coast Main Line electrification to London King's Cross
Harrogate Line: proposed; business case submitted

text:
Manchester to Glossop / Hadfield (converted from the truncated 1500 V DC Manchester-Sheffield-Wath electric railway)
Manchester to Liverpool via Earlstown Line: electrified in 2015 as part of the Northern Hub project.
Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway (part was converted to Manchester Metrolink)
Styal Line: including branch to Manchester Airport
Stafford to Manchester Line: branch of the WCML, electrified in the wake of the BR 1955 Modernisation Plan
Crewe to Manchester Line: branch of the WCML, electrified in the wake of the 1955 Modernisation Plan

text:
West Coast Main Line routes electrified in the 1960s:

Trent Valley Line
Stone to Colwich Line
Rugby-Birmingham-Stafford Line
Stafford to Manchester Line
Walsall to Wolverhampton Line

Commuter lines out of Birmingham New Street:

Cross-City Line: electrified 1993.
Chase Line: New Street to Walsall electrified 1966.

text: 2010s Network Rail electrification programme[edit]

text: In July 2012, the UK government announced £4.2 billion of new electrification schemes,[2] all at 25 kV AC. These will be Northern Hub, Great Western Main Line, South Wales Main Line, Midland Main Line, Electric Spine, Crossrail, Gospel Oak to Barking Line and West Midlands suburban lines.

text: The projects have been subject to cost overruns and delays, and on 8 November 2016 the government announced that several elements of the Great Western Main Line electrification program would be indefinitely deferred.[14]

text: Other systems[edit]

text: 1,500 V DC, overhead[edit]

text: Tyne and Wear Metro: The Tyne and Wear Metro, which opened in 1980, is now the only system left in the UK using the 1500 V DC overhead lines. Although it is often described as "light rail", it is closer to a heavy metro, using only segregated track. Much of its route follows that of the previous Tyneside Electrics, which had been converted to diesel by 1967. Since 2002, the Metro has shared main-line track on the Durham Coast Line to Sunderland. This presents a potential problem for main-line services if routes into Sunderland or Newcastle upon Tyne that use this section were to be electrified at 25 kV AC.

text: Historically, there were more lines electrified at 1,500 V DC, but these have all since been either converted to 25 kV AC or closed. (see 1,500 V DC, overhead (historic))

text: 750 V DC, overhead[edit]

text: Used on several tram systems:

text:
Edinburgh Trams
Manchester Metrolink
Sheffield Supertram
Croydon Tramlink
Nottingham Express Transit
Midland Metro

text: Other overhead systems[edit]

text:
Blackpool Tramway: originally 550 V DC, in 2011 upgraded to 600 V to operate more modern rolling stock.
The National Tramway Museum at Crich, Derbyshire uses 550 V DC. This voltage was chosen for maximum compatibility with its historic fleet of trams as well as more modern units.
The Wirral Tramway uses 550 V DC.[15]
The Seaton Tramway uses 120 V DC.

text: Existing systems - third and fourth rails[edit]

text: National Rail: 650 V - 750 V DC, third rail (top contact)[edit]

text: The extensive southern third rail electric network covers south London and the southern counties of Dorset, Hampshire, Sussex, Surrey and Kent.

text: The London and South Western Railway (L&SWR) third-rail system at 660 V DC began before World War I from Waterloo to suburban destinations. The Southern Railway was formed in the 1923 grouping; it adopted the L&SWR system, and by 1929 the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) suburban overhead network was replaced by third rail. The South Eastern Main Line was electrified at 600 V, later upgraded to 750 V DC. The third rail extended throughout most South London lines out of all its London termini. Throughout the 1930s, there was much main line electrification, including the Brighton Main Line (including East, West Coastways and related routes in 1932-1933), the Portsmouth Direct Line (4 July 1937) and to Maidstone and Gillingham (1939).

text: After World War II, electrification was soon resumed in the newly nationalised British Railways' Southern Region. The BR 1955 Modernisation Plan included the two-stage "Kent Coast Electrification". The Chatham Main Line was completed, followed by the South Eastern Main Line and related lines. The voltage was raised from 660 V to 750 V.[16] Since then, all electrification has used 750 V; lines electrified before then remain at 660 V. Attention then switched to the neglected former L&SWR area (then the South Western Division). The South Western Main Line (SWML) to Southampton Central and Bournemouth was electrified in 1967 and to Weymouth in 1988.

text: During sectorisation in the 1980s, Network SouthEast conducted extensive infill electrification. The Snow Hill tunnel was reopened, enabling Thameslink. The Hastings Line, Eastleigh to Fareham Line and the Oxted Line (East Grinstead branch) were electrified. This left only a few lines unelectrified: the West of England Main Line, the Wessex Main Line, the North Downs Line, the Oxted Line (Uckfield branch), and the Marshlink Line.

text: Two lines of the Merseyrail network; the Northern Line and the Wirral Line use 750 V DC third rail[17][18] (see Suburban electrification of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway for its history).

text:
Euston and Broad Street to Watford Junction and Croxley Green (Watford DC Line)
Richmond – North Woolwich (North London Line)

text: See Suburban electrification of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway for its history.[19] In 1970, the North London DC lines and the Class 501 EMUs used on these services were converted for third-rail operation, with the fourth rail generally being removed on sections not used by LUL. Some fourth rail was retained in the Gunnersbury and Queens Park areas for emergency use by LUL. With the closure of Broad Street, the North London Line was joined with the Stratford to North Woolwich line; this was electrified with third rail and overhead line as far as Stratford, third rail to North Woolwich. Two branches of the Watford DC Line have been closed: to Rickmansworth in 1952 (to passengers, to goods in 1967) and to Croxley Green in 1996.

text: The Watford DC Line between Queens Park and Harrow & Wealdstone and the North London Line between Richmond and Gunnersbury are used by London Overground trains designed for 750 V third rail and Bakerloo line trains designed for 630 V third and fourth rail. As a compromise, the nominal line voltage is 650 V, and since 1970 the centre rail has been bonded to the return running rail.[20] There are no special provisions required at Queens Park, where the two dissimilar systems meet, just a gap longer than one coach of a Bakerloo line train at the entry to (and exit from) the Bakerloo, which operates with a nominal -210 V on the fourth rail and +420 V on the third rail. There is no bridging of the incompatible systems as trains pass from one to the other since, like all UK electric trains intended to run extensively in tunnels, there is no continuity of traction power circuits between vehicles of the train.

text: A similar arrangement applies between Putney Bridge and Wimbledon, where the District line runs over tracks owned by Network Rail, which also used by South West Trains, though normally only for stock movements.

text: The Northern City Line connects the East Coast Main Line to Moorgate. It was isolated by the abandonment of the 1930s "New Works" programme (and the development of the Metropolitan Green Belt). Tube services were truncated at its northern end by the Victoria line in 1964 at Drayton Park. The remainder was handed over to BR in 1975 in conjunction with the suburban electrification of the East Coast Main Line. The line uses third-rail DC electrification between Moorgate and Drayton Park, where trains switch to 25kV AC overhead.

text: 630 V DC, third rail (top contact)[edit]

text: The single remaining national rail line on the Isle of Wight was electrified in 1967, so that former London Underground rolling stock could be used, due to the limited height of Ryde Tunnel. The Island Line used 630 V DC third rail, as it was a cheaper option to convert the LUL stock into third rail, and implement third rail only on the line. The rolling stock currently used is BR Class 483s.

text: 630 V DC, fourth rail (top contact)[edit]

text: The London Underground is a large metro system operating across London and beyond, commonly known as "the Tube". Its 408-kilometre (254 mi)[21] is made up of 11 lines; electrification began during the 1890s. It was largely unified between 1900 and 1910 and nationalised in 1933, becoming the railway component of London Transport (LT). A major expansion programme (the "New Works") was launched, in which LT took over several urban branches of mainline railways.

text: The Underground is mostly in north London; its expansion into south London was limited by geology unfavourable to tunnelling and by the extensive main-line network, much of which was being electrified (see "Southern Electric"). The Underground uses a relatively uncommon four rail system of electrification. Two standard gauge rails are the running rails; the outer third rail carries positive current at +420 V DC and the inner fourth rail is the negative return at –210 V DC, giving a supply voltage of 630 V DC. The chief advantage of the fourth-rail system is that, in tunnels with a metallic (usually cast-iron) lining, the return traction current does not leak into the lining causing electrolytic corrosion there or in the neighbouring utility mains. The two running rails are available exclusively for track circuits.

text: The surface sections use the fourth rail solely for operational consistency; the system shares track with Network Rail in several places. Where the track is shared with 750 V third-rail stock, the central rail is bonded to the running rails and the outside rail electrified at 660 V. This allows both types of train to operate satisfactorily. The suburban network of the London & North Western Railway (LNWR) was electrified in co-operation with the Underground, but during the 1970s British Rail introduced third-rail EMUs and the sections of the LNWR suburban network not used by the Underground had the fourth rail removed (see "London and North Western Railway", above).

text: The Underground has carried out studies to consider raising the voltage above the present 630 V nominal.[22] New equipment at their substations does allow for a future increase to a standard 750 V nominal. In addition, the electrical equipment of new trains are also based on the use of 750 V rated equipment. So, whilst new equipment is being designed to for 750 V operation, no decision to increase the voltage has yet been made public by the Underground.[citation needed]

text: 750 V DC, third rail (bottom contact)[edit]

text: This uses bottom-contact composite third rail, with an aluminium body and a steel contact surface. The advantage of this is a low-resistance, high-current-capacity rail with a durable steel surface for current collection. The rail may be surrounded by insulating material on the top and sides to reduce the risk of electrocution to railway staff and trespassers. The bottom-contact system is less prone to derangement by snow than top contact.

text: 600 V DC, third rail (top contact)[edit]

text: Glasgow Subway, electrified in 1935

text: 250 V DC, third rail (top contact)[edit]

text: Hythe Pier Railway, electrified in 1922

text: 110 V DC, third rail (top contact)[edit]

text: Volk's Electric Railway was originally electrified at 50 V DC, raised to 160 V in 1884 and reduced to 110 V DC during the 1980s.

text: 100 V DC, four rail[edit]

text: The elevated "monorail" at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu uses rubber tyres running on two metal tracks, one on either side of the central guide. Because it is rubber-tyred, it requires two current conductors and two collectors (hence the four-rail designation).

text: Obsolete systems[edit]

text: Great Britain has used different electrification systems in the past. Many of these date from the early part of the 20th century, when traction electricity was in the experimental stage. This section describes each system, in order of decreasing voltage.

text: 6,600 V, 25 Hz AC, overhead[edit]

text:
Lancaster to Heysham via Morecambe: Used for an early trial of electrification; opened between 13 April and 14 September 1908, and operated until 1953
'Elevated Electric' London suburban lines of the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway: The first large-scale suburban electrification scheme; starting with the South London Line and then extended to other commuter lines around the south of London, operational from 1 December 1909. Following the grouping into the LBSCR into the Southern Railway in 1922, all of the 6,600 V lines were converted to the 650 V DC third rail system by September 1929.

text: 6,250 V 50 Hz AC, overhead[edit]

text: During the initial electrification of parts of the network to 25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead, the initial solution to the limited clearance problems in suburban areas (due to numerous tunnels and bridges) in London and Glasgow was to use the lower voltage of 6.25 kV. Later technological improvements in insulation allowed these areas to be converted to 25 kV. The last sections of 6.25 kV were converted during the 1980s.

text: The 6.25 kV section was from Fenchurch Street to beyond Barking, with changeovers there on both the Upminster and Tilbury lines. The section between Chalkwell and Shoeburyness was also at 6.25 kV.[23] The remainder was at 25 kV. The sections electrified at 6.25 kV were converted to 25 kV during the early 1980s.

text: The line from Liverpool Street to Southend Victoria was originally electrified at 1,500 V DC overhead during the 1940s-50s. During the early 1960s, the whole of this line was converted to 6.25 kV AC overhead, while the main line east of Shenfield was progressively electrified at 25 kV, with changeover east of Shenfield. During the early 1980s, the line was again converted, this time to 25 kV.

text: The Cambridge line and branches from Liverpool Street was electrified in the early 1960s, with 6.25 kV out to a changeover at Cheshunt, and 25 kV beyond. The Chingford and Enfield lines were thus at 6.25 kV throughout. This route was again fully converted to 25 kV in the early 1980s.

text: As part of the electrification onwards to Cambridge and Norwich in the 1980s, electric locomotives were transferred to these routes from the West Coast route. These locomotives would not have been able to operate at 6.25 kV.

text: On the North Clyde, the central section between Parkhead and before Dalmuir (Clydebank loop) and Westerton (Anniesland loop) were at 6.25 kV, with the outer sections at 25 kV. The Bridgeton and Springburn branches were thus at 6.25 kV throughout. The sections electrified at 6.25 kV were converted to 25 kV during the early 1980s.

text: On the South Clyde, the route from Glasgow Central around the Cathcart Loop was initially at 6.25 kV, with changeovers to 25 kV at Kings Park and Muirend on the Motherwell and Neilston routes. These lines were progressively converted to 25 kV in the 1970s-80s.

text: 3,500 V DC, overhead[edit]

text: This was electrified by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in 1913 as part of a trial system for export. The system was converted to third rail in 1918 (see below).[24]

text: 1,500 V DC, overhead (historic)[edit]

text: After World War I, the UK Government set up a committee to investigate the various systems of railway electrification; in 1921, it recommended that 1,500 V DC overhead should be the future national standard.[3] Several schemes were implemented in its wake, but the Great Depression and World War II meant that very little work was done. Technological advances after 1945 meant that the 25 kV AC system was adopted instead for the West Coast Main line and Glasgow suburban electrification (as set out in the BR 1955 Modernisation Plan). However, at the same time, large amounts of money had been (and were still being) spent converting several lines to 1,500 V DC.

text: A joint LMS and LNER scheme, it opened on 11 May 1931. The success of this scheme influenced LNER's later electrification schemes. The line was converted to 25 kV AC in 1971, but the stretch between Altrincham and Trafford Bar (plus the stretch between Trafford Bar and the Cornbrook viaduct) were later incorporated into Manchester Metrolink and converted again (this time to 750 V DC).[25]

text: Known as the Woodhead Route, the LNER chose this hilly (and busy) main line for its first mainline electrification, with work beginning in 1936.[26] Due to the Depression and World War II, it was not completed until the 1950s. After completion, the government chose to standardise on 25 kV AC instead, leaving the Woodhead Route and the few other 1,500 V DC lines isolated and non-standard. The passenger locomotives were sold in 1969 and saw further service in the Netherlands. In a subsequent rationalisation, BR closed much of this route east of Hadfield in 1981 in favour of the more southerly Hope Valley Line, which serves more local communities. A section of the line between Manchester, Glossop and Hadfield remained open as part of the Manchester suburban network, and was operated by Class 506 EMU's, until it was converted to 25 kV AC in December 1984.

text: The LNER decided to electrify the Liverpool Street to Shenfield section of the Great Eastern Main Line (GEML), known as the Shenfield Metro. Civil engineering works began during the 1930s, but World War II intervened. Work was completed in 1949 and extended to Chelmsford and Southend Victoria in 1956, using Class 306 (AM6) EMUs.[27] It was converted on 4–6 November 1960, in the wake of the BR 1955 Modernisation Plan, to the new standard of 25 kV AC (initially with some sections at 6.25 kV). The rest of the GEML was subsequently electrified.

text: This line ran from Shildon (County Durham) to Newport (near Middlesbrough). The route was initially over the 1825 Stockton-to-Darlington line, then via Simpasture Junction (the former Clarence railway) through Carlton, Carlton Junction to Carlton South Junction, Bowesfield West Junction to Bowesfield Junction, through Thornaby and ending at Erimus Yard (Newport East). In the wake of the electrification of Tyneside by the NER, this coal-carrying line was electrified between 1 July 1915 and 1 January 1916 as a planned precursor to electrifying NER's busy York to Newcastle main line (part of the East Coast Main Line). The LNER removed this electrification system in 1935 (between 7 January and 8 July); the decline in the coal market making it economically unfeasible to undertake the significant renewals required to continue electric operation. The locomotives were stored for other electrified routes.[28][29][30]

text: 1,200 V DC, third rail (side-contact)[edit]

text: In 1916, the line between Manchester Victoria and Bury was electrified using 1,200 V DC third rail (side contact). The line between Bury and Holcombe Brook which had been electrified using 3,500 V DC overhead in 1913 was converted to this system in 1918. It was abandoned in 1991, when the line was converted to a 750 V DC system and became part of the Manchester Metrolink.[31][32]

text: 650 V DC, overhead[edit]

text: Swansea and Mumbles Railway

text: 600 V DC, third rail[edit]

text: This was electrified in 1904, in response to extensive competition from new electric trams. The concept was a success for the North Eastern Railway (NER), a noted pioneer in electrification, as passenger numbers returned to pre-tram levels.[33] As the stock reached life expectancy in 1937, the network was remodelled by London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) to reflect the changing industrial and residential makeup of the area.[34] Electrified at the same time was the dockside branch, where a pair of Class ES1 (formerly NER No.1 and 2) locomotives were introduced in 1905. These British Thomson-Houston locomotives operated from both the third rail and overhead line. British Railways removed the electrification between 1963 and 1967, citing the changing industrial and population makeup of the area which reduced the need for electric traction. Much of the Tyneside network was later re-electrified (using 1500 V DC overhead) as the Tyne and Wear Metro.

text: 525 V DC, third rail[edit]

text: The Liverpool Overhead Railway was one of the earliest electric railways in Great Britain. The first section, between Alexandra Dock and Herculaneum Dock, was opened in 1893. The line connected with Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway's North Mersey Branch. It was never nationalised, and closed on 30 December 1956 due to extensive corrosion throughout its iron infrastructure (which was deemed uneconomical to replace).

text: 500 V DC, overhead[edit]

text: Grimsby and Immingham Railway

text: 500 V DC, third rail[edit]

text: The City and South London Railway electrification was unusual (compared with later schemes) in that it used a three-wire DC system. This meant that although the offset centre third rail was electrified at +500 volts in the northbound tunnel, it was electrified at -500 volts in the southbound tunnel. The motors on the locomotives and the incandescent electric lamps in the carriages worked, regardless of the polarity of the supply. The three-wire system was adopted because the initial system was fed directly from the dynamos in the surface power plant at the Stockwell end of the line. It was important to minimise the voltage drop as much as possible, bearing in mind the rather steep gradient on the approach to King William Street station.

text: 440 V DC, third rail[edit]

text: Underground railway under London operated by the Post Office. Operated between 1927 and closure in 2003.


document_title: List of Seattle Seahawks starting quarterbacks

question_text: who is the starting quarterback for the seattle seahawks

root

text: Starting quarterbacks[edit]

text: The number of games they started during the season is listed to the right:

tag: p

text: Regular season[edit]

text:
Season(s)
Quarterback(s)
References

1976
Jim Zorn (14)
[1]

1977
Jim Zorn (10) / Steve Myer (4)
[2]

1978
Jim Zorn (16)
[3]

1979
Jim Zorn (16)
[4]

1980
Jim Zorn (16)
[5]

1981
Jim Zorn (13) / Dave Krieg (3)
[6]

1982
Jim Zorn (7) / Dave Krieg (2)
[7]

1983
Dave Krieg (8) / Jim Zorn (8)
[8]

1984
Dave Krieg (16)
[9]

1985
Dave Krieg (16)
[10]

1986
Dave Krieg (14) / Gale Gilbert (2)
[11]

1987
Dave Krieg (12) / Bruce Mathison (2) / Jeff Kemp (1)
[12]

1988
Dave Krieg (9) / Kelly Stouffer (6) / Jeff Kemp (1)
[13]

1989
Dave Krieg (14) / Kelly Stouffer (2)
[14]

1990
Dave Krieg (16)
[15]

1991
Dave Krieg (9) / Jeff Kemp (5) / Dan McGwire (1) / Kelly Stouffer (1)
[16]

1992
Stan Gelbaugh (8) / Kelly Stouffer (7) / Dan McGwire (1)
[17]

1993
Rick Mirer (16)
[18]

1994
Rick Mirer (13) / Dan McGwire (3)
[19]

1995
Rick Mirer (13) / John Friesz (3)
[20]

1996
Rick Mirer (9) / John Friesz (6) / Stan Gelbaugh (1)
[21]

1997
Warren Moon (14) / Jon Kitna (1) / John Friesz (1)
[22]

1998
Warren Moon (10) / Jon Kitna (5) / John Friesz (1)
[23]

1999
Jon Kitna (15) / Glenn Foley (1)
[24]

2000
Jon Kitna (12) / Brock Huard (4)
[25]

2001
Matt Hasselbeck (12) / Trent Dilfer (4)
[26]

2002
Matt Hasselbeck (10) / Trent Dilfer (6)
[27]

2003
Matt Hasselbeck (16)
[28]

2004
Matt Hasselbeck (14) / Trent Dilfer (2)
[29]

2005
Matt Hasselbeck (16)
[30]

2006
Matt Hasselbeck (12) / Seneca Wallace (4)
[31]

2007
Matt Hasselbeck (16)
[32]

2008
Seneca Wallace (8) / Matt Hasselbeck (7) / Charlie Frye (1)
[33]

2009
Matt Hasselbeck (14) / Seneca Wallace (2)
[34]

2010
Matt Hasselbeck (14) / Charlie Whitehurst (2)
[35]

2011
Tarvaris Jackson (14) / Charlie Whitehurst (2)
[36]

2012
Russell Wilson (16)
[37]

2013
Russell Wilson (16)
[38]

2014
Russell Wilson (16)
[39]

2015
Russell Wilson (16)
[40]

2016
Russell Wilson (16)
[41]

2017
Russell Wilson (3)
[42]

tag: table

text: Post-season[edit]

text:
Season
Quarterback(s)
Ref(s)

1983
Krieg, Dave !Dave Krieg (2–1)
[43]

1984
Krieg, Dave !Dave Krieg (1–1)
[43]

1987
Krieg, Dave !Dave Krieg (0–1)
[43]

1988
Krieg, Dave !Dave Krieg (0–1)
[43]

1999
Kitna, Jon !Jon Kitna (0–1)
[44]

2003
Hasselbeck, Matt !Matt Hasselbeck (0–1)
[45]

2004
Hasselbeck, Matt !Matt Hasselbeck (0–1)
[45]

2005
Hasselbeck, Matt !Matt Hasselbeck (2–1)
[45]

2006
Hasselbeck, Matt !Matt Hasselbeck (1–1)
[45]

2007
Hasselbeck, Matt !Matt Hasselbeck (1–1)
[45]

2010
Hasselbeck, Matt !Matt Hasselbeck (1–1)
[45]

2012
Wilson, Russell !Russell Wilson (1–1)
[46]

2013
Wilson, Russell !Russell Wilson (3–0)
[46]

2014
Wilson, Russell !Russell Wilson (2–1)
[46]

2015
Wilson, Russell !Russell Wilson (1–1)
[46]

2016
Wilson, Russell !Russell Wilson (1–1)
[46]

text: Most games as starting quarterback[edit]

text: These quarterbacks have the most starts for the Seahawks in regular season games (through the 2016 season).

text:
Name

GP
Games played

GS
Games started

W
Number of wins as starting quarterback

L
Number of losses as starting quarterback

T
Number of ties as starting quarterback

Pct
Winning Percentage as starting quarterback

text:
Name
Period
GP
GS
W
L
T
 %

Hasselbeck, Matt
2001–10
138
131
69
62
-
.527

Krieg, Dave
1980–91
129
119
70
49
-
.588

Zorn, Jim
1976–84
126
100
40
60
-
.400

Wilson, Russell
2012–present
80
80
56
23
1
.706

Mirer, Rick
1993–96
55
51
20
31
-
.392

Kitna, Jon
1997–2000
39
33
18
15
-
.545

text: Team career passing records[edit]

text: (Through the 2016 season)

text:
Name
Comp
Att
 %
Yds
TD
Int

Hasselbeck, Matt
2,559
4,250
60.2%
29,434
174
128

Krieg, Dave
2,096
3,576
58.6%
26,132
195
148

Zorn, Jim
1,593
2,990
53.3%
20,122
107
133

Wilson, Russell
1,476
2,281
64.7%
18,193
127
45

Mirer, Rick
814
1,523
53.4%
9,094
41
56

Kitna, Jon
658
1,130
58.2%
7,552
49
45


document_title: Form 4

question_text: when do form 4s need to be filed

question_tokens: when do form 4s need to be filed

text: Form 4

text: Form 4 is a United States SEC filing that relates to insider trading. Every director, officer or owner of more than 10% of a class of equity securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 must file with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission a statement of ownership regarding such security. The initial filing is on Form 3 and changes are reported on Form 4. The annual statement of beneficial ownership of securities is on Form 5. The forms contain information on the reporting person's relationship to the company and on purchases and sales of such equity securities.

text: Form 4 is stored in SEC's EDGAR database.

text: A Form 4 must be filed before the end of the second business day following a change in ownership of securities or derivative securities (including the exercise or grant of stock options) for individuals subject to Section 16 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

text: Transaction codes[edit]

text: Each transaction listed on the Form 4 filing has a transaction code:

text: General transaction codes

text:
P – Open market or private purchase of securities
S – Open market or private sale of securities
V – Transaction voluntarily reported earlier than required

tag: ul

text: Rule 16b-3 transaction codes

text:
A – Grant, award, or other acquisition
D – Sale (or disposition) back to the issuer of the securities
F – Payment of exercise price or tax liability by delivering or withholding securities
I – Discretionary transaction, which is an order to the broker to execute the transaction at the best possible price
M – Exercise or conversion of derivative security

text: Derivative securities codes

text:
C – Conversion of derivative security (usually options)
E – Expiration of short derivative position (usually options)
H – Expiration (or cancellation) of long derivative position with value received (usually options)
O – Exercise of out-of-the-money derivative securities (usually options)
X – Exercise of in-the-money or at-the-money derivatives securities (usually options)

text: Other sections 16b exempt transactions and small acquisition codes

text:
G – Bona fide gift form of any clauses
L – Small acquisition
W – Acquisition or disposition by will or laws of descent and distribution
Z – Deposit into or withdrawal from voting trust

text: Other transaction codes

text:
J – Other acquisition or disposition (transaction described in footnotes)
K – Transaction in equity swap or similar instrument
U – Disposition due to a tender of shares in a change of control transaction

text: Resources[edit]

text: Official SEC website


document_title: San Diego Comic-Con

question_text: where is comic con held in san diego

question_tokens: where is comic con held in san diego

text: San Diego Comic-Con

text: History and organization[edit]

text: The convention was founded in 1970 by Shel Dorf, Richard Alf, Ken Krueger, Mike Towry, Barry Alfonso, Bob Sourk, and Greg Bear.[4][5] Detroit, Michigan-born, comics fan Shel Dorf, had, in the mid-1960s, mounted the Detroit Triple-Fan Fairs, one of the first commercial comics-fan conventions. When he moved to San Diego, California, in 1970,[13] he organized a one-day convention (Golden State Comic-Minicon) on March 21, 1970, "as a kind of 'dry run' for the larger convention he hoped to stage." Dorf went on to be associated with the convention as president or manager, variously, for years until becoming estranged from the organization.[14] Alf co-chaired the first convention with Krueger and became chairman in 1971.[5]

text: Following the initial gathering, Dorf's first three-day San Diego comics convention, the Golden State Comic-Con,[13] drew 300 people[15] and was held at the U.S. Grant Hotel[13] from August 1–3, 1970.[16] Other locations in the convention's early years included the El Cortez Hotel, the University of California, San Diego, and Golden Hall, before being moved to the San Diego Convention Center in 1991.[17] Richard Alf, chairman in 1971, has noted an early factor in the Con's growth was an effort "to expand the Comic-Con [organizing] committee base by networking with other fandoms such as the Society for Creative Anachronism and the Mythopoeic Society, among others. (We found a lot of talent and strength through diversity)."[18] By the late 1970s, the show had grown to such an extent that Bob Schreck recalled visiting with his then-boss Gary Berman of Creation Conventions and reflecting, "While [Berman] kept repeating (attempting to convince himself) 'This show's not any bigger than ours!' I was quietly walking the floor stunned and in awe of just how much bigger it really was. I was blown away."[19]

text: The convention is organized by a panel of 13 board members, 16 to 20 full-time and part-time workers, and 80 volunteers who assist via committees. Comic Con International is a non-profit organization, and proceeds of the event go to funding it, as well as the Alternative Press Expo (APE) and WonderCon.[17] The convention logo was designed by Richard Bruning and Josh Beatman in 1995. In September 2010, the convention announced that it would stay in San Diego through 2015.[20][21] In 2015, working with Lionsgate, a video channel was created to host Comic-Con related content.[22][23]

text: According to the San Diego Convention and Visitor's Bureau, the convention has an annual regional economic impact of $162.8 million,[24][25] with a $180 million economic impact in 2011.[26]

text: Events[edit]

text: Along with panels, seminars, and workshops with comic book professionals, there are previews of upcoming feature films, and portfolio review sessions with top comic book and video game companies. The evenings include events such as awards ceremonies, the annual Masquerade costume contest, and the Comic-Con International Independent Film Festival, which showcases shorts and feature-length movies that do not have distribution or distribution deals.

text: Traditional events include an eclectic film program, screening rooms devoted to Japanese animation, gaming, programs such as cartoonist Scott Shaw!'s "Oddball Comics" slide show and animation expert Jerry Beck's program featuring TV's "worst cartoons ever", as well as over 350 hours of other programming on all aspects of comic books and pop culture.

text: Like most comic-book conventions, Comic-Con features a large floorspace for exhibitors. These include media companies such as movie studios and TV networks, as well as comic-book dealers and collectibles merchants. And like most comics conventions, Comic-Con includes an autograph area, as well as the Artists' Alley where comics artists can sign autographs and sell or do free sketches. Despite the name, artists' alleys can include writers and even models.

text: Academics and comic industry professionals annually hold the Comics Arts Conference at Comic-Con, presenting scholarly studies on comics as a medium.

text: In recent years, the number of television shows that are promoted far outnumber films. During the 2011 convention, at least 80 TV shows were represented, compared to about 35 films.[27] The shows not only promote in the exhibit halls, but also use screenings and panels of various actors, writers, producers, and others from their shows.

text: Examples of the wide variety of TV shows recently promoted include Arrowverse shows, Being Human, Bones, Burn Notice, Castle, Chuck, Grimm, MythBusters, Nikita, Once Upon a Time, Psych, Rick and Morty, Supernatural, The Simpsons, The Big Bang Theory, The Originals, The Vampire Diaries, Fringe, Lost Girl, Sanctuary, Torchwood/ Doctor Who, and Warehouse 13.

text: HBO and Showtime has big attractions with shows like Game of Thrones, Dexter, Shameless, and True Blood.[27][28][29]

text: In 2013, there were 1075 total panels held during the convention, the plurality of which were anime-focused (29%), followed by comic-focused panels (26%). 1036 vendors participated in the convention in 2013.[30]

text: There are at least 17 separate rooms in the convention center used for panels and screenings, ranging in size from 280 seats to 6,100 seats. The two biggest are Ballroom 20, which seats approximately 4,900;[31] and Hall H, which seats just over 6,100.[32]

text: The neighboring Hilton Bayfront is also used, with its main ballroom (Indigo) seating up to 2,600.[33][34] The other neighboring hotel, the Marriott Marquis & Marina, also hosts a lot of Comic-Con activity. Among other things, the hotel serves as the anime headquarters and is where the nighttime films are shown.[33]

text: Exclusive collectibles[edit]

text: In the 21st century, the convention has drawn toy and collectibles designers who sell "Comic-Con Exclusive" products. Such companies have included Lego, Hasbro, Funko, Gentle Giant LTD,[35] Mattel, NECA, ThinkGeek, Sideshow Collectibles, Entertainment Earth, Bif Bang Pow!, Mezco, Toynami, and Kotobukiya.[36][37] Most such exclusives are licensed properties of movie, comic book, and animation characters.

text: In the media[edit]

text: Comic-Con International has served as the setting for Mark Hamill's Comic Book: The Movie, and for an episode of the HBO television series Entourage, the latter of which, while set at the event, was not filmed there. Comic-Con also served as an excuse for the fictional characters Seth Cohen and Ryan Atwood's trip to Tijuana, Mexico in episode 7 ("The Escape") of the first season of TV series The O.C. The convention also featured prominently as a setting for the Numb3rs episode "Graphic". In season 4 of Beauty and the Geek, an episode was featured where the contestants traveled to Comic-Con 07 and were given a challenge to create their own superheroes. In an episode of Punk'd, Hilary Swank gets Punk'd after an "attack from talking robot". In season 5, episode six, of the Showtime show Weeds, attendees from Comic-Con 2009 are seen in Silas and Doug's medicinal marijuana club.

text: Comic-Con featured at some length in the 2011 movie Paul which stars Simon Pegg and Nick Frost.[38] Issue No. 72 of The Invincible Iron Man (1974) was set at the July–August 1974 Comic-Con at the El Cortez Hotel, and featured cameos by a few of the special guests.

text: Comic-Con is mentioned in the CBS television show The Big Bang Theory in several episodes, and in NBC's Chuck in the episode "Chuck Versus the Sandworm", as an event the characters enjoy attending.[39][40] On the Futurama episode "Lrrreconcilable Ndndifferences", the main characters attend the 3010 convention (with it being referred to as "Comic-Con Intergalactic" and the iconic eye logo now sporting multiple eyes), where Fry looks for approval for his own comic while Bender attends a panel from Matt Groening (creator of Futurama as well as The Simpsons) on his new show "Futurella" (a twist on the title of the show and a parody of its cancellation by Fox).

text: In "It's My Party and I'll Bang If I Want To", an episode of the 2011 season of The Real World: San Diego, the cast attends Comic-Con made up as zombies in order to pass out promotional flyers for the House of Blues, where they worked as part of their season work assignment.[41][42] Filmmaker Morgan Spurlock released a 2011 documentary feature film set at the convention, Comic-Con Episode IV: A Fan's Hope. Writer Robert Salkowitz also used the 2011 Comic-Con as a backdrop for his book Comic-Con and the Business of Pop Culture, an analysis of the comics industry's 21st-century dilemmas and what the future may hold.[43]

text: Every year Conan O'Brien has a week of live shows from Comic-Con.[44]

text: Locations and dates[edit]

text:
No.
Dates
Location
Attendance
Official Comic-Con guests
Notes

1
Mar 21, 1970
U.S. Grant Hotel
145
Forrest J Ackerman, Mike Royer[45]
Minicon staged to raise funding for August convention

2
Aug 1–3, 1970[16]
U.S. Grant Hotel[16]
300
Forrest J Ackerman, Ray Bradbury, Jack Kirby, Bob Stevens, A. E. van Vogt[45]:61
a.k.a. Golden State Comic Con

3
Aug 6–8, 1971
Muir College,
University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
800
Kirk Alyn, Leigh Brackett, Ray Bradbury, Edmund Hamilton, Jack Kirby[45]:62

4
Aug 18–21, 1972
El Cortez Hotel
900+
Bob Clampett, Harry Harrison, Jack Kirby, Katherine Kurtz, Mel Lazarus, Roy Thomas, Milt Gray[45]:65
a.k.a. San Diego's West Coast Comic Convention

5
Aug 16–19, 1973
Sheraton Hotel,
Harbor Island
1,000+
Neal Adams, D.C. Fontana, June Foray, Mike Friedrich, Carmine Infantino[45]:66
Now officially San Diego Comic-Con; first five-day Comic-Con; first celebrity brunch

6
July 31 – Aug 5, 1974
El Cortez Hotel
2,500
Majel Barrett, Milton Caniff, Frank Capra, Chuck Jones, Walter Koenig, Russ Manning, Russell Myers, Charles M. Schulz, Larry "Seymour" Vincent[45]:67
First Masquerade, emceed by June Foray

7
July 30 – Aug 3, 1975
El Cortez Hotel
2,450+
Robert Bloch, Will Eisner, Mark Evanier, Gil Kane, Jack Katz, Stan Lee, Dick Moores, Chuck Norris, Don Rico, Jerry Siegel, Jim Starlin, Jim Steranko, Theodore Sturgeon:68
Radio personality Gabriel Wisdom (dressed as Thor) emcees Maquerade, with Charlene Brinkman (akas Brinke Stevens)

8
Nov 7–9, 1975
El Cortez Hotel
1,100
Jock Mahoney, George Pal
Three-day follow-up to summer Con. Con incorporates as nonprofit.

9
July 21–25, 1976
El Cortez Hotel
3,000+
Sergio Aragonés, Mel Blanc, Milton Caniff, Rick Griffin, Dale Messick, Joe Shuster, Noel Sickles, Don Thompson, Maggie Thompson[45]:69
Vaughn Bodé, scheduled to appear, dies just before Con.

10
July 20–24, 1977
El Cortez Hotel
4,000+
Carl Barks, C. C. Beck, Walter Gibson, Robert A. Heinlein, Michael Kaluta, Jack Kirby, B. Kliban, Joe Kubert, Harvey Kurtzman, Stan Lynde, Alex Niño, Trina Robbins, Bill Scott[45]:70

11
July 26–30, 1978
El Cortez Hotel
5,000
John Buscema, Howard Chaykin, Shary Flenniken, Alan Dean Foster, Gardner Fox, Steve Gerber, Burne Hogarth, Greg Jein, Bob Kane, Gray Morrow, Clarence "Ducky" Nash, Grim Natwick, Wendy Pini, Frank Thorne, Boris Vallejo[45]:71

12
Aug 1–5, 1979
San Diego Convention Center, U.S. Grant Hotel
6,000
Kelly Freas, Mike Jittlov, Harvey Kurtzman, Victor Moscoso, Nestor Redondo, Marshall Rogers, John Romita Sr., Mort Walker, Len Wein, Marv Wolfman[45]:72
US$12,000 in receipts stolen from home of Con's treasurer.

13
July 30 – Aug 3, 1980
San Diego Convention Center, U.S. Grant Hotel
5,000
John Byrne, Chris Claremont, Mike Grell, Paul Gulacy, Larry Niven, Joe Orlando, Richard Pini, Wendy Pini, Jerry Pournelle, Osamu Tezuka, Go Nagai, Monkey Punch, Ryoichi Ikegami, Adam West, Wally Wood[45]:78

14
July 23–26, 1981
El Cortez Hotel
5,000
Jerry Bails, Dave Berg, L. B. Cole, Jim Fitzpatrick, Dick Giordano, Bil Keane, Julius Schwartz, Bill Sienkiewicz, Dave Sim[45]:79
Gary Owens emcees Masquerade.

15
July 8–11, 1982
San Diego Convention Center, Hotel San Diego
5,000
Carl Barks, Terry Beatty, Brian Bolland, Max Allan Collins, Will Eisner, Mike Grell, Chuck Jones, Hank Ketcham, Walter Koenig, Frank Miller, Arn Saba, Leonard Starr, Ken Steacy, Robert Williams[45]:80

16
Aug 4–7, 1983
San Diego Convention Center, Hotel San Diego
5,000
Douglas Adams, Bob Clampett, Floyd Gottfredson, Harvey Kurtzman, Norman Maurer, Grim Natwick, George Pérez, Trina Robbins[45]:81
First year the Con tried a theme for the souvenir programs. Arn Saba emcees Masquerade.

17
June 28 – July 1, 1984
San Diego Convention Center, Hotel San Diego
5,500
Greg Bear, Howard Chaykin, Stan Drake, Burne Hogarth, Greg Jein, Ollie Johnston, Bob Layton, Brant Parker, Marshall Rogers, Mike Royer, Robert Shayne, Dave Stevens, Curt Swan, Frank Thomas, Al Williamson[45]:82
Held early due to Los Angeles Summer Olympics. Sergio Aragonés hosted Masquerade.

18
Aug 1–4, 1985
San Diego Convention Center, Hotel San Diego
6,000
Ben Bova, Jack Cummings, Jack Davis, Gil Kane, Harvey Kurtzman, Alan Moore (in his only U.S. convention appearance), Dan O'Bannon, Jerry Ordway, Alex Schomburg, Julius Schwartz, Jerry Siegel, Louise Simonson, Walt Simonson[45]:83
Rick Geary toucan design adopted as official logo. Fae Desmond hired as general manager.

19
July 31 – Aug 3, 1986
San Diego Convention Center,
Hotel San Diego
6,500
Poul Anderson, Marion Zimmer Bradley, Greg Evans, Stan Lee, Dale Messick, Frank Miller, Moebius, Mart Nodell, Harvey Pekar, Jim Valentino, Doug Wildey[45]:84

20
Aug 6–9, 1987
San Diego Convention Center, Holiday Inn
5,000
Harlan Ellison, Miguel Ferrer, Ward Kimball, B. Kliban, Françoise Mouly, Bill Mumy, Mike Peters, Robert Silverberg, Art Spiegelman, Bernie Wrightson[45]:85
Debut of Convention Events Guide. Country Joe performs.

21
Aug 4–7, 1988
San Diego Convention Center, Omni Hotel
8,000
Art Adams, Robert Asprin, Jules Feiffer, Ray Feist, David Gerrold, Matt Groening, George R.R. Martin, Matt Wagner[45]:86
Seduction Of The Innocent band (Bill Mumy, Steve Leialoha, Miguel Ferrer, Chris Christensen, Max Allan Collins) and anime department debut.

22
Aug 3–6, 1989
San Diego Convention Center, Omni Hotel
11,000
Paul Chadwick, Howard Cruse, Ron Goulart, Mark Hamill, Gilbert Hernandez and Jaime Hernandez, Selby Kelly, Syd Mead, Fred Rhoads, Jerry Robinson, Gahan Wilson[45]:87

23
Aug 2–5, 1990
San Diego Convention Center, Holiday Inn
13,000
Peter David, Will Eisner, Kelly Freas, Michael Kaluta, Mel Lazarus, Carl Macek, Grant Morrison, John Romita Jr., Van Williams[45]:94

24
July 4–7, 1991
San Diego Convention Center, Pan Pacific Hotel
15,000+
Clive Barker, Dan DeCarlo, Harlan Ellison, Neil Gaiman, Keith Giffen, Joe Haldeman, Lynn Johnston, Joe Kubert, Jim Lee, Don Maitz, Sheldon Moldoff, Rick Sternbach, Janny Wurts[45]:95

25
Aug 13–16, 1992
San Diego Convention Center, Double Tree Hotel
22,000
Francis Ford Coppola, Creig Flessel, Bill Griffith, Todd McFarlane, Diane Noomin, Rowena, William Shatner, Gilbert Shelton, Lewis Shiner, Mr. T, Gary Trousdale, Vernor Vinge, Kirk Wise[45]:96
Con hosts Jack Kirby's 75th birthday party. Phil Foglio emcees.

26
Aug 19–22, 1993
San Diego Convention Center, Doubletree Hotel
28,000
Murphy Anderson, Jim Aparo, Peter Bagge, Dan Clowes, Nancy Collins, Paul Dini, Garth Ennis, Ferd Johnson, Rick Kirkman, Don Martin, Olivia, Dave Sim, Vin Sullivan, Michael Whelan, Robert Williams, Roger Zelazny[45]:97

27
Aug 4–7, 1994
San Diego Convention Center, Hyatt Regency
31,000
Mike Allred, David Brin, Dave Dorman, Al Feldstein, Rick Geary, Stan Goldberg, Roberta Gregory, Matt Groening, Chad Grothkopf, Lurene Haines, Dan Jurgens, Frank Miller, Leonard Nimoy, James O'Barr, Lucius Shepard, J. Michael Straczynski, Rumiko Takahashi, Jean-Claude Van Damme[45]:98

28
July 27–30, 1995
San Diego Convention Center
34,000
Mike Baron, Simon Bisley, Charles Burns, Alan Davis, Ramona Fradon, Neil Gaiman, James Gurney, Greg Hildebrandt, Tim Hildebrandt, Ryoichi Ikegami, Gil Kane, Stan Lee, Irv Novick, Harvey Pekar, Stan Sakai, Joe Sinnott, Tom Sito, Jeff Smith, Andrew Vachss[45]:99
Name change to Comic-Con International. Richard Bruning "eye" logo debuts.

29
July 4–7, 1996
San Diego Convention Center
36,000
Donna Barr, David Brin, Paul Chadwick, Steve Dillon, Mort Drucker, Ben Edlund, Garth Ennis, Dave Gibbons, Joe Giella, Richard Hatch, Dave McKean, Jim Mooney, Kurt Schaffenberger, François Schuiten[45]:100
Due to the Republican National Convention, Con falls for second time on Independence Day.

30
July 17–20, 1997
San Diego Convention Center
40,000
Brent Anderson, Dick Ayers, Steve Bissette, Terry Brooks, Kurt Busiek, Evan Dorkin, Sarah Dyer, Steven Hughes, Peter Kuper, David Lapham, Carol Lay, Joseph Michael Linsner, Ralph McQuarrie, Linda Medley, Michael Moorcock, George Pérez, Brian Pulido, Alex Ross, R.A. Salvatore, Kevin Smith, George Tuska, Jhonen Vasquez, Paul Verhoeven, Mark Waid, Al Williamson[45]:101

31
Aug 13–16, 1998
San Diego Convention Center
42,000
John Broome, Eddie Campbell, Nick Cardy, Mark Crilley, Colleen Doran, Lorenzo Mattotti, Terry Moore, Paul S. Newman, James Robinson, Joe Simon, Paul Smith, Vin Sullivan, Naoko Takeuchi, Chris Ware, Robert Williams[45]:102

32
Aug 13–16, 1999
San Diego Convention Center
42,000
Tom Batiuk, Chuck Cuidera, Samuel R. Delany, Paul Dini, Arnold Drake, Neil Gaiman, Sam Glanzman, Larry Gonick, Irwin Hasen, Patrick McDonnell, Mike Mignola, Mark Mothersbaugh, Jerry Robinson, Art Spiegelman, Jim Steranko, Jill Thompson, Bruce Timm, Barry Windsor-Smith[45]:103

33
July 20–23, 2000
San Diego Convention Center
48,500
Kyle Baker, Will Elder, Ric Estrada, Al Feldstein, Phoebe Gloeckner, Jack Kamen, Ben Katchor, Harry Knowles, Harry Lampert, Jeph Loeb, Scott McCloud, Tim Sale, Marie Severin, Kevin Smith, Bryan Talbot, Angelo Torres, Lewis Trondheim, Al Williamson, Gahan Wilson, Janny Wurts[45]:108

34
July 19–22, 2001
San Diego Convention Center
53,000
Brian Michael Bendis, John Buscema, Michael Chabon, Frank Cho, Julie Doucet, Brian Froud, Wendy Froud, Gene Ha, Joe R. Lansdale, Russell Myers, P. Craig Russell, Kim Stanley Robinson, Spider Robinson, Alvin Schwartz, Dan Spiegle, Jhonen Vasquez, Judd Winick, Bernie Wrightson[45]:109

35
Aug 1–4, 2002
San Diego Convention Center
63,000
Dick Ayers, Mike Carey, Howard Chaykin, Peter David, Roman Dirge, Devon Grayson, Frank Jacobs, Chip Kidd, Bob Lubbers, Jason Lutes, Craig McCracken, Todd McFarlane, Tony Millionaire, Kevin Nowlan, Bob Oksner, Lew Sayre Schwartz, Eric Shanower, Hal Sherman, Herb Trimpe, George Woodbridge, William Woolfolk:110

36
July 17–20, 2003
San Diego Convention Center
70,000
Brian Azzarello, Charles Berberian, Sal Buscema, Philippe Dupuy, Neil Gaiman, Jackson "Butch" Guice, Nalo Hopkinson, Steve Jackson, Geoff Johns, Larry Lieber, Carla Speed McNeil, Kevin O'Neill, Howard Post, R.A. Salvatore:111

37
July 22–25, 2004
San Diego Convention Center
95,000
Jack Adler, Roger Dean, Dave Gibbons, Tom Gill, Harry Harrison, Sid Jacobson, Geoff Johns, Batton Lash, Chuck McCann, Aaron McGruder, Brad Meltzer, Mike Mignola, Rebecca Moesta, Bill Plympton, Eduardo Risso, Jean Schulz, Frank Springer, Tim Thomerson, Craig Thompson, John Totleben:112
Con expands into Hall H of San Diego Convention Center, occupying entire exhibit space.

38
July 14–17, 2005
San Diego Convention Center
103,000
Lalo Alcaraz, Lee Ames, Sy Barry, Bob Bolling, Bruce Campbell, Nick Cardy, Greg Evans, Bob Fujitani, Pia Guerra, Ray Harryhausen, Phil Jimenez, Robert Jordan, David Lapham, Richard Morgan, Gary Panter, Eric Powell, Lou Scheimer, J. J. Sedelmaier, Dexter Taylor, Brian K. Vaughan, James Warren:113

39
July 20–23, 2006[46]
San Diego Convention Center
123,000
Forrest J. Ackerman, Yoshitaka Amano, Sergio Aragonés, Peter S. Beagle, Brian Bolland, Ray Bradbury, Mark Buckingham, Kurt Busiek, Art Clokey, Daniel Clowes, Amanda Conner, Roger Corman, Luis Dominguez, Brian Fies, Phil Foglio, Basil Gogos, Carmine Infantino, Everett Raymond Kinstler, Robert Kirkman, James Kochalka, Walter Koenig, Kazuo Koike, Tommy Kovac, Roger Langridge, George R.R. Martin, Billy Martinez, Jonathan Matthews, Linda Medley, Brad Meltzer, Jean-Claude Mézières, Sheldon Moldoff, Jim Mooney, Jimmy Palmiotti, Christopher Paolini, George Pérez, Howard Porter, Jerry Robinson, John Romita, Andy Runton, Shag, Gail Simone, J. Michael Straczynski, Yoshihiro Tatsumi, John Wagner, Brian Walker, Greg Weisman, Scott Williams.[47]

40
July 26–29, 2007
San Diego Convention Center
125,000[48]
Sergio Aragonés, Alison Bechdel, Allen Bellman, Ray Bradbury, Dan Brereton, Daryl Cagle, Cecil Castellucci, Darwyn Cooke, Guy Delisle, Paul Dini, Roman Dirge, Cory Doctorow, Ann Eisner, Warren Ellis, Mark Evanier, Renee French, Gary Friedrich, Christos N. Gage, Neil Gaiman, Rick Geary, George Gladir, Laurell K. Hamilton, Gilbert Hernandez, Jaime Hernandez, Adam Hughes, Joe Jusko, Miriam Katin, Mel Keefer, Scott Kurtz, Joseph Michael Linsner, Joe Matt, David Morrell, Karen Palinko, Mike Ploog, Paul Pope, Lily Renée, George A. Romero, Rowena, Dave Stevens, J. Michael Straczynski, Ben Templesmith, Roy Thomas, Morrie Turner, Mark Verheiden, Matt Wagner, J. H. Williams III, Kent Williams, F. Paul Wilson, Brian Wood.[49]

41
July 24–27, 2008
San Diego Convention Center
126,000[50]
Forrest J Ackerman, Sergio Aragonés, Kyle Baker, Ralph Bakshi, Mike W. Barr, Lynda Barry, Frank Beddor, Ray Bradbury, Steve Breen, Max Brooks, Ed Brubaker, Matt Busch, Jim Butcher, Eddie Campbell, Howard Chaykin, Kim Deitch, Mark Evanier, Al Feldstein, Hiro Mashima, Keith Giffen, Neil Googe, Victor Gorelick, Mike Grell, Paul Gulacy, Neil Patrick Harris, Joe Hill, Bryan Hitch, John Howe, Al Jaffee, Geoff Johns, J. G. Jones, Todd Klein, Dean Koontz, Tite Kubo, Verne Langdon, Jim Lee, Rutu Modan, Noel Neill, Floyd Norman, Jim Ottaviani, Mike Peters, Wendy Pini, Steve Purcell, Robert J. Sawyer, James Shoop, Jim Starlin, Joe Staton, J. Michael Straczynski, Adrian Tomine, Ethan Van Sciver, James Warren, Jeff Watts, Signe Wilkinson, Bill Willingham, Connie Willis, Jim Woodring, Bernie Wrightson, Dean Yeagle.[51]

42
July 23–26, 2009
San Diego Convention Center
126,000[50]
Shane Acker, Michael "Doc" Allred, Kevin J. Anderson, Sergio Aragonés, Ray Bradbury, Brom, Gene Colan, Nicola Cuti, Kevin Eastman, Steve Epting, Mark Evanier, June Foray, Ramona Fradon, Hunter Freberg, Stan Freberg, Gary Gianni, Jimmy Gownley, Russ Heath, Brian Herbert, James Jean, Geoff Johns, Eric Jones, Kazu Kibuishi, Denis Kitchen, John Kricfalusi, Hope Larson, Jim Lee, Francis Manapul, Dwayne McDuffie, Doug Moench, Sheldon "Shelly" Moldoff, Fabio Moon, Patrick Oliphant, Bryan Lee O'Malley, Stephan Pastis, David Petersen, Darick Robertson, Jerry Robinson, Mike Royer, Stan Sakai, Lew Sayre Schwartz, Seth, Bill Sienkiewicz, Gail Simone, Leonard Starr, J. Michael Straczynski, Richard Thompson, Lewis Trondheim, Ramón Valdiosera Berman, Jerry Vanderstelt, Charles Vess, Landry Walker, Bill Willingham, Gene Yang, Leinil Yu.[52] John Lasseter[53] and Hayao Miyazaki[53] as panelists

43
July 22–25, 2010[54]
San Diego Convention Center, Hilton San Diego Bayfront, and San Diego Marriott Hotel and Marina[55]
130,000+[11]
Neal Adams, Jason Spyda Adams, Joel Adams, Josh Adams, Sergio Aragonés, Peter Bagge, Gabrielle Bell, Brian Michael Bendis, Ray Bradbury, Émile Bravo, Berkeley Breathed, Kurt Busiek, Chris Claremont, Howard Cruse, Vanessa Davis, Felicia Day, Samuel R. Delany, Dave Dorman, Mark Evanier, Jon Favreau, Matt Fraction, Hunter Freberg, Stan Freberg, Nicholas Gurewitch, Moto Hagio, Charlaine Harris, Dusty Higgins, Tanya Huff, Kathryn Immonen, Stuart Immonen, Van Jensen, Phil Jimenez, Jenette Kahn, Keith Knight, Jim Lee, Stan Lee, Paul Levitz, Milo Manara, Larry Marder, Carla Speed McNeil, China Miéville, Dennis O'Neil, Robert M. Overstreet, Tom Palmer, Sean Phillips, Ivan Reis, Douglas E. Richards, Rick Riordan, Jerry Robinson, Steve Rude, Jeannie Schulz, J. Michael Straczynski, Drew Struzan, James Sturm, Jillian Tamaki, Doug TenNapel, C. Tyler, Ann VanderMeer, Jeff VanderMeer, Gerard Way, Al Wiesner, Michael Zulli.[56]

44
July 21–24, 2011
San Diego Convention Center, Hilton San Diego Bayfront, San Diego Marriott Hotel and Marina, and Manchester Grand Hyatt Hotel[57]
126,000+[58]
Gerry Alanguilan, Sergio Aragonés, Jean Bails, Ed Benes, Anina Bennett, Jordi Bernet, Yves Bigerel, Joyce Brabner, Patricia Briggs, Chester Brown, Ernie Chan, Jo Chen, Seymour Chwast, Alan Davis, Dick DeBartolo, Tony DeZuniga, Eric Drooker, Garth Ennis, Mark Evanier, Joyce Farmer, David Finch, Dave Gibbons, Tsuneo Goda, Paul Guinan, Kim Harrison (Dawn Cook), Jonathan Hickman, John Higgins, Charlie Huston, Jamal Igle, Joëlle Jones, Sherrilyn Kenyon, Peter Kuper, Richard Kyle, Mell Lazarus, Jim Lee, Paul Levitz, David Lloyd, Patricia Lupoff, Richard A. Lupoff, Patrick McDonnell, Rebecca Moesta, Christopher Moore, Grant Morrison, Alex Niño, Ethan Nicolle, Malachai Nicolle, Anders Nilsen, Jerry Robinson, Bill Schelly, Scott Shaw, Louise Simonson, Walter Simonson, Jeff Smith, Frank Stack, Jim Steranko, Cameron Stewart, Dave Stewart, J. Michael Straczynski, Mark Tatulli, Roy Thomas, Maggie Thompson, Peter J. Tomasi, Scott Westerfeld, Ashley Wood[59] Steven Spielberg appeared as a panelist.[60]

45
July 12–15, 2012
San Diego Convention Center, Hilton San Diego Bayfront, and San Diego Marriott Hotel and Marina
130,000+[61][62]
Charlie Adlard, Bill Amend, Sergio Aragonés, Tom Batiuk, Kate Beaton, Alison Bechdel, Tim Bradstreet, Mike Carey, Gail Carriger, Becky Cloonan, Geof Darrow, Ben Edlund, Steve Englehart, Mark Evanier, Greg Evans, Brecht Evens, Gary Gianni, Stan Goldberg, Rob Guillory, Larry Hama, Peter F. Hamilton, Gilbert Hernandez, Jaime Hernandez, Mario Hernandez, Jennifer and Matthew Holm, Klaus Janson, N.K. Jemisin, Lynn Johnston, Joe Jusko, Karl Kerschl, Robert Kirkman, Erik Larsen, John Layman, Jim Lee, Jeff Lemire, Paul Levitz, Rob Liefeld, Andy Mangels, Rudy Nebres, Dan Piraro, Whilce Portacio, Nate Powell, James Robinson, Brandon Sanderson, Ben Saunders, Doug Savage, John Scalzi, Mark Schultz, Scott Shaw, Gilbert Shelton, Jason Shiga, Jim Silke, Marc Silvestri, Scott Snyder, J. Michael Straczynski, Angelo Torres, Herb Trimpe, Morrie Turner, Michael Uslan, Jim Valentino, Trevor Von Eeden, Mark Waid, Tom Yeates[63]
Comic-Con begins charging for Preview Night; pre-registration during 2011 held off-site at Manchester Grand Hyatt Hotel, and number of pre-registrations limited.[64][65]

46
July 18–21, 2013
San Diego Convention Center, Gaslamp Quarter, Hilton San Diego Bayfront, San Diego Marriott Hotel and Marina, Petco Park Manchester Grand Hyatt Hotel, Chula Vista Center
130,000+[66]
Sergio Aragonés, Tom Batiuk, Brian Michael Bendis, Jon Bogdanove, Vera Brosgol, Jeffrey Brown, Frank Brunner, Gerry Conway, Denys B. Cowan, Jeromy Cox, Michael Davis, Gene Deitch, Jose Delbo, Derek T. Dingle, Paul Dini,[67] Mark Evanier, Christine Feehan, Ellen Forney, Gary Frank, Charlotte Fullerton, Neil Gaiman, Tom Gauld, Russ Heath, Faith Erin Hicks, Adam Hughes, Tony Isabella, Georges Jeanty, Dan Jurgens, Richard Kadrey, Sean Kieth,[68] Jim Lee, Paul Levitz, John Lewis, Todd Lockwood, Elliot S. Maggin, Leonard Maltin, Jeff Mariotte, Val Mayerik, Dave McKean, Terry Moore, Dean Mullaney, Ted Naifeh, Mike Norton, Jerry Ordway, Dan Parent,[69] Martin Pasko, Lincoln Peirce, George Pérez, Fred Perry, Richard Pini, Wendy Pini, John Romita Jr., Chris Samnee, Ruth Sanderson, Scott Shaw, Christopher Shy, Louise Simonson, Jeff Smith, Nick Spencer, J. Michael Straczynski, Duane Swierczynski,[70] Romeo Tanghal Sr., Roy Thomas, Bruce Timm, J.H. Williams III[71]

47
July 24–27, 2014
San Diego Convention Center, Gaslamp Quarter, Hilton San Diego Bayfront, San Diego Marriott Hotel and Marina, Petco Park, Manchester Grand Hyatt Hotel, Harbor Club Condominiums, Westfield Horton Plaza, Chula Vista Center, Qualcomm Stadium
130,000+[72]

48
July 9–12, 2015[73]
San Diego Convention Center, Gaslamp Quarter, Hilton San Diego Bayfront, San Diego Marriott Marquis & Marina, Petco Park, Park at the Park, Manchester Grand Hyatt Hotel, San Diego Public Library, Horton Plaza Park, Omni San Diego Hotel, Spreckels Theater Building, Martin Luther King Jr. Promenade
167,000[1]

49
July 21–24, 2016[73]
San Diego Convention Center, Hilton San Diego Bayfront, San Diego Public Library, San Diego Marriott Marquis & Marina, Gaslamp Quarter, Petco Park, Manchester Grand Hyatt Hotel, Children's Park, Park at the Park, Omni San Diego Hotel, Spreckels Theater Building, Martin Luther King Jr. Promenade

RFID badges are first introduced. This requires attendees to "tap in" as they enter the convention center and official offsite events and "tap out" as they exit.

50
July 20–23, 2017
San Diego Convention Center

First year badges are mailed in commemorative boxes to US attendees which includes a preview guide, an Amazon video 30-day free trial voucher, and an exclusive SDCC '17 pin.

text: Comic-Con Magazine[edit]

text: Comic-Con Magazine, formerly known as Update, is the official magazine of San Diego Comic-Con International, WonderCon, and Alternative Press Expo, published free by San Diego Comic-Con International in the United States. The seed of the Comic-Con Magazine was a short one-shot issue of The Spirit, based on Comic-Con and sold exclusively in 1976 at the San Diego Comic-Con International. The Comic-Con Magazine debuted as Update in July 2005 and mainly focused on the winners of the Eisner Awards.[74] The last Update issue appeared in July 2008;[75] then it went on hiatus. When it came back, it was as Comic-Con Magazine, which not only covered San Diego Comic-Con International, but also WonderCon and the Alternative Press Expo, more commonly known as APE. The new Comic-Con Magazine features interviews with Comic-Con attendees and complete coverage of the Comic-Con events.[76][77] The fourth issue of Comic-Con Magazine was a hybrid with Comic-Con's Souvenir Book with cover art by Alex Ross, in full color and exclusive to Comic-Con attendees.[76][78]

text: Exhibitors[edit]

text: A large number of exhibitors from art, comics, games, film, TV and publishing are at Comic-con, including Church of Scientology funded Galaxy Press, which only publishes works by L. Ron Hubbard, Scientology's founder.

text: Overcrowding[edit]

text: Capacity attendance at Comic-Con in 2006 and 2007 has caused crowding issues. Concerns have been raised that the event is possibly too massive for the San Diego Convention Center, Comic-Con's home through at least 2021.[79] In 2006, Comic-Con, for the first time, had to close registration for a few hours on Saturday to accommodate crowds. In response, for 2007, Comic-Con introduced a new three-day membership that did not include Saturday. Nevertheless, the 2007 show went on to sell out Saturday, as well as Friday and Sunday for the first time. Additionally, both the four-day and three-day memberships sold out for the first time. For 2008, the three-day memberships were abandoned and the convention decided to sell memberships only in advance, with no on-site registration.[80] In 2008, all memberships were sold out before the convention for the first time ever. This sellout has given rise to the new phenomenon of Comic-Con memberships being scalped for exorbitant prices on websites such as eBay and Craigslist.[81]

text: In April 2008, David Glanzer, Comic-Con's director of marketing and public relations, commented on the organization's desire to remain in San Diego:

text: We've been approached by other cities, [but] I don't think anybody wants to leave San Diego. I certainly don't. It's a perfect fit for us. It's expensive, whether it be paying for the street signs that tell you what streets are closed, or for any police or the hall or any of the myriad things, it's expensive. But it's a great city. There's been some talk of expansion of the center, which we would certainly welcome. Hopefully if everything lines up, we will be here for many more years.[17]

text: Heidi McDonald reported on her blog The Beat as of October 7, 2009, Preview Night for the 2010 show had already sold out. Glazner explained the early sell-out:

text: For 2010 the decision was made to offer an option (of whether they wanted to attend Preview Night) to those who pre-registered for four-day badges. We limited the number of badges for Preview Night to the number of those who attended in 2008.[82]

text: Mark Evanier on his blog News from ME noted as of November 9, 2009, that all 4-day passes for the 2010 show had already been sold out.[83] On February 23, 2010, The Orange County Register reported that the larger Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim would be making a bid to become the new home of Comic-Con starting in 2013.[84] On September 30, 2010, Comic Con announced that they had extended their stay up to 2015. The North County Times reported on July 26, 2010, that 4-day passes with access to Preview night for the 2011 Convention had sold out two hours before the 2010 convention closed.[85] Comic-Con International announced that 4-day passes for the 2014 convention (July 24–27) would no longer be available and only single days would be sold.[86] Due to overcrowding, organizers of the event capped attendance;[87] this cap has been in place since 2007.[88]

text: As of October 2013, a $520 million proposed expansion to the San Diego Convention Center received approval from the California Coastal Commission.[89] The proposed expansion would increase the available space within the convention center and had a target completion date of early 2016.[90] The expansion would add approximately 225,000 square feet of exhibit space, an additional 35%; and a brand-new 80,000 square foot ballroom, 20% larger than Hall H. The plan would also add a second tower to the Hilton Bayfront hotel, adding 500 rooms adjacent to the Convention Center.[91] Due to the proposed expansion of the convention center, Comic Con extended its contract for San Diego to 2016.[92] In 2014, convention center expansion was halted due to a lawsuit.[93] As of July 2015, convention center expansion is effectively frozen, partly because the city no longer has financing lined up for it (any financing plan would involve taxpayer money and would have to be approved by a public vote), and partly because the city lost the rights to the only contiguous parcel of land where expansion could occur.[94] Other cities, including Los Angeles, began to seek to have Comic-Con move out of San Diego;[95] In 2015, Comic-Con entered into negotiations with San Diego.[96] As a result of these negotiations, Comic-Con entered into a contract to stay in San Diego through 2018.[97] In 2017 the commitment to San Diego was extended to 2021.[98]

text: Accidents and incidents[edit]

text: In 2012, a 53-year-old woman crossing at a red light was hit by a car and killed in the days leading up to the convention.[99] In 2013, a young woman attempted to jump off the balcony of a local high-rise, but nearby stuntmen prevented it.[100]

text: In 2014, multiple pedestrians marching in Comic-Con's ZombieWalk were struck by a car forcing its way through an intersection.[101] A 64-year-old woman sustained serious injuries to her arm; two others had minor injuries.[102][103]

text: The same year, a teenage cosplayer was initially thought to have been sexually assaulted early Sunday morning, and a suspect was arrested on Sunday at the San Diego Marriott Hotel and Marina.[104] Police later stated that the teenage girl was injured in a fall; the arrested individual was released without any charges.[105]


document_title: Football in Spain

question_text: what are the two most successful teams in spains soccer clubs

text: Football in Spain

text: History[edit]

text: Modern football was introduced to Spain in the late 19th century by a combination of mostly British immigrant workers, visiting sailors and Spanish students coming from Britain.[30][31][32]

text: The oldest football clubs in Spain are Recreativo de Huelva and Sevilla FC.[33][34][35][36] Although Gimnàstic de Tarragona was formed in 1886, the club did not form an actual football team until 1914.  The first official football game played in Spain took place in Seville on 8 March 1890 at the Tablada Hippodrome. Sevilla FC played against Recreativo de Huelva. With the exception of two Spanish players on the Huelva team and another two players on the Seville team, all the players on both sides were British. Sevilla FC won 2–0.[31]

text: In the Basque Country during the early 1890s, British shipyard workers and miners formed the Bilbao Football Club and Basque students returning from Britain founded the Athletic Club in 1898.[31][32]  This early British influence was reflected in the use of English names such as Recreation Club, Athletic Club  and Football Club.[32]

text: In Catalonia, which had the most developed industry in Spain, there was an important British colony. The first games played by Britishmen and Catalan people who had studied in the United Kingdom were documented in 1882 in Barcelona.[31] However, the first official and registered football club was Palamós FC (Costa Brava, North of Catalonia) in 1898.[31] The Swiss Hans Gamper founded FC Barcelona on 29 November 1899.[31] Other clubs were founded in 1900, such as Sant Andreu, Hispania FC and the Sociedad Española de Football (one year later the founders changed the name to Real Club Deportivo Español).[31] The Catalan Football Federation (Catalan: Federació Catalana de Futbol), responsible for administering football in Catalonia, was the first football association founded in Spain. It was formed on 11 November 1900 as the Football Association of Catalonia (Catalan: Football Associació de Catalunya).[31] The Catalan Football Federation organised the Catalan football championship (Catalan: Campionat de Catalunya) that was the first football competition in Spain.[31]

text: In Madrid, the first games were promoted by Institución Libre de Enseñanza (ILE) (English: Free Educational Institution), an educational and cultural centre. The first club of Madrid was Football Club Sky, founded in 1897, but the club separated into two new clubs in 1890. Then, several clubs also emerged in Madrid, most notably  Madrid Football Club, founded in 1902 by Catalan brothers Juan and Carlos Padrós.[31]

text: The Copa del Rey (English: King's Cup) competition was founded in 1903, one year after a previous football tournament named Coronation Cup. It was Spain's football national Championship from 1903 until the establishment of the League Championship in 1928.[37]

text: The Spanish Federation of Football Clubs was formed in 1909, but there were discrepancies between the member clubs years later, and some of the clubs formed other association called Royal Spanish Union of Clubs of Football.[38] Finally, the two associations reached an agreement and the Royal Spanish Football Federation was founded in 1913, which allowed the Spanish football to enter in FIFA.[39] In these years, Athletic was the most dominant club in the country, and the first idols in Spain began to appear, like Pichichi and Paulino Alcántara.[39][40][41]

text: The Spain national team was created in 1920 on the occasion of the dispute of the Olympic Games in Antwerp.[32][41] The importance of the success of the Spain national team in the Olympic games, which won the silver medal, was huge in the development of football as mass social event in Spain.[41] The interest on football grew, more people attended to the stadiums, more informations about football appeared in the newspapers, and football was used as element of national prestige and political propaganda.[42]

text: After the Olympic triumph, football was more popular among Spanish fans, the attendances to the stadiums increased, and the pressure of professionalism grew.[43] Spanish football turned professional in 1925.[44] An agreement between several clubs was made on 23 November 1928 which officially established Spain's national football division, and the birth of the Spanish League. The first league championship began in 1929.[32][45]

text: The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) brought disruption to the national competitions. Although the Spanish League was suspended, the Catalan and Valencian clubs continued contesting in the Mediterranean League in early 1937. Barcelona later toured Mexico and the United States, raising support for the Spanish Republic.[32]

text: The Spanish League and the Cup were restored in the 1939–40 season after Civil War had ended. Francisco Franco’s regime, a fascist political system, began to use football as a propaganda tool for the new regime.[46] In 1941, as part of his policy of eradicating regional identities, the Franco's regime banned the use of non-Castilian names. As a result, many clubs that had chosen English prefixes previously, such as Athletic or Football club, had to amend their initial names, for other Castilian (as Atlético, or Club de Fútbol). The Catalan Championship was banned and the Catalan shield taken from FC Barcelona's badge. Spanish football began to rebuild slowly after the War, but Spain's isolated international position meant they did not properly re-enter International football until 1950.[32] Later, Franco's regime was able to use the football, based on the European triumphs of Real Madrid in the 1950s for political purposes. In this manner, Real Madrid was used as a Spanish brand of success to promote Spain’s image abroad, as well as the pride of being Spanish in the country itself.[7][47]

text: Spain was selected as host of the 1982 FIFA World Cup.

text: Until the 1984–85 season, the Royal Spanish Football Federation (RFEF) was responsible for organizing the league tournament. Since then, the competition was organized by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional (LFP)(English: Professional Football League), an independent body which was formed at the initiative of the clubs themselves after disagreements with the RFEF regarding the management professionalization and economic division of the League benefits.

text: Since the entry into force of Spanish Law 10/1990, almost all of the clubs competing professionally in Spain are actually companies under the legal status of sports companies, whose ownership is in the hands of its shareholders. Only three professional clubs (Athletic Club, Barcelona and Real Madrid) kept its original structure, such as sports clubs directly controlled by their members.

text: After the appearance of private television in Spain, football clubs hugely increased its income thanks to the lucrative contracts to broadcast matches on television. This allowed them to hire many of the best players in the world, but most of the clubs also increased vastly their spending. In the last years La Liga is living in a big financial turmoil. Although the two big powerful clubs, Real Madrid and Barcelona, are at the top in Forbes' football rich list, the rest of Spanish clubs are weighed down by a colossal debt around €4.1 billion. For this reason, most of the clubs had to cut their budgets drastically.[48]

text: Spanish national football team (La Roja)[edit]

text: Within Spain, regional teams, most notably the football team of Catalonia, the football team of Basque Country, and even the football team of Galicia, began to compete against each other from 1915 onwards. Despite not being officially recognised by FIFA, these regional teams still occasionally play friendly games with some national team players playing for both teams. Some autonomous governments and social sectors in the historical communities (especially in Catalonia and Basque Country) prefer to call their regional teams as national team, while claiming to participate in international tournaments.[49]

text: The Spain national team, commonly referred to as La selección (English: The selection) or La Roja (English: The Red one), made their international debut at the 1920 Olympic Games in Belgium and came away with the silver medal.[32][41] Since then the Spanish national team has participated in a total of fifteen out of twenty one FIFA World Cups and nine out fourteen UEFA European Championship. Historically, the Spanish national team did not achieve important results, in terms of trophies or develop an attractive playing style. Surprisingly, this fact contrasted with the huge success obtained by the main Spanish football clubs at the European level. Nevertheless, the triumphs of Spanish national team in 2008 and 2012 European Championship, and in 2010 FIFA World Cup, with an attractive playing style, marked a point of inflection that divided the history of Spanish national football team in two parts.

text: The Spanish national football team has been the winner of FIFA Team of Year in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, as well as the winner of Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year in 2011.

text: The Spanish national football team have won four trophies in FIFA and UEFA tournaments: one FIFA World Cup in 2010, and three UEFA European Championship in 1964, 2008 and 2012. In addition, it was runner-up in the UEFA European Championship in 1984 and in the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2013.

text: The Spain national under-23 team won the gold medal in 1992 Olympic tournament and the silver medal in 2000.

text: The Spain national football team won the gold medal at the Mediterranean Games in 2005 and 2007, the silver medal in 1955, and the bronze medal in 1963 and 1967.

text: In addition, the honours list includes numerous titles at junior level teams:

text: UEFA European Under-21 Championship in 1986, 1998, 2011, and 2013.

text: FIFA U-20 World Cup in 1999.

text: UEFA European Under-19 Championship (formerly Under-18) in 1995, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2011 2012 and 2015.

text: UEFA European Under-17 Championship (formerly Under-16) in 1986, 1988, 1991, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2007 and 2008.

text: 1999 Meridian Cup.

text: Spain have won the Maurice Burlaz Trophy, the prize awarded to the national association that has achieved the best results in UEFA's men's youth competitions (UEFA European Under-19 Championship and UEFA European Under-17 championship) over the previous two seasons, in 1994, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, and 2011.[50]

text: A short list of some of the top Spanish football players (grouped by playing positions and era) which have ever played for the Spanish national team include:

text: Goalkeepers: Ricardo Zamora (1920s/1930s), Antoni Ramallets (1940s/1960s), José Ángel Iribar (1960s/1980s), Luis Arconada (1970s/1980s), Andoni Zubizarreta (1970s/1990s), Iker Casillas (1990s/2010s), Víctor Valdés (2000s/2010s), David de Gea (2010s)

text: Defenders: Jacinto Quincoces (1920s/1930s), Joan Segarra (1950s/1960s), Jesús Garay (1950s/1960s), José Santamaría (1950s/1960s), Feliciano Rivilla (1960s), José Antonio Camacho (1970s/1980s), Antonio Maceda (1980s), Rafael Gordillo (1970s/1990s), Miguel Ángel Nadal (1990s/2000s), Fernando Hierro (1980s/2000s), Abelardo Fernández (1990s/2000s), Carles Puyol (1990s/2010s), Sergio Ramos (2000s/2010s), Gerard Piqué (2000s/2010s), Jordi Alba (2010s)

text: Midfielders: Josep Samitier (1920s/1930s), Martín Marculeta (1920s/1930s), Leonardo Cilaurren (1920s/1930s), José Luis Panizo (1940s/1950s), Antonio Puchades (1940s/1950s), Alfredo Di Stéfano (1950s/1960s), Luis del Sol (1960s/1970s), Luis Suárez (1960s/1970s), Luis Aragonés (1960s/1970s), Jesús María Pereda (1960s), Pirri (1960s/1970s), Jesús María Zamora (1970s/1980s), Míchel (1980s/1990s), José Luis Pérez Caminero (1990s), Luis Enrique (1990s/2000s), Pep Guardiola (1990s/2000s), Julen Guerrero (1990s), Gaizka Mendieta (1990s/2000s), Xavi (1990s/2010s), Xabi Alonso (2000s/2010s), Andrés Iniesta (2000s/2010s), Santi Cazorla (2000s/2010s), David Silva (2000s/2010s), Cesc Fàbregas (2000s/2010s), Juan Mata (2000s/2010s), Sergio Busquets (2000s/2010s)

text: Forwards: Pichichi (1910s/20s), Paulino Alcántara (1910s/1920s), Luis Regueiro (1920s/1930s), Isidro Lángara (1930s), César (1940s/1950s), Telmo Zarra (1940s/1950s), Agustín Gaínza (1940s/1950s), Estanislau Basora (1940s/1950s), László Kubala (1950s/1960s), Ferenc Puskás (1960s), Francisco Gento (1950s/1960s), Amancio Amaro (1960s/1970s), Santillana (1970s/1980s), Juanito (1970s/1980s, Quini (1970s/1980s), Roberto López Ufarte (1970s/1980s), Emilio Butragueño (1980s/1990s), Julio Salinas (1980s/1990s), Raúl (1990s/2000s), Fernando Morientes (1990s/2000s), David Villa (2000s/2010s), Fernando Torres (2000s/2010s)

text: Football club competitions[edit]

text: Currently, the three most important competitions between clubs in Spain are La Liga (English: League), the Copa del Rey (English: King's Cup) and the Supercopa de España (English: Spanish Supercup). Other extinct competitions were the  League Cup, the  Eva Duarte Cup and the President's Cup of the Spanish Football Federation. Up to a total of fifteen clubs have been winners of some of the official competitions in Spain at the highest level, and FC Barcelona is the most awarded club with seventy-two national titles,

text: The Spanish football league system consists of several leagues bound together hierarchically by promotion and relegation. In addition, Spanish Royal Federation Cup is a football competition for teams from the Segunda División B, the Tercera División and sometimes from the Preferente Regional who have failed to qualify or have been eliminated in the first round of the Copa del Rey.

text: League (La Liga)[edit]

text: In April 1927, Álvaro Trejo, a director at Arenas Club de Getxo, first proposed the idea of a national league in Spain. After much debate about the size of the league and who would take part, the RFEF eventually agreed on the ten teams who would form the first Primera División in 1928. FC Barcelona, Real Madrid, Athletic Bilbao, Real Sociedad, Arenas Club de Getxo and Real Unión were all selected as previous winners of the Copa del Rey. Athletic Madrid, RCD Español and CE Europa qualified as Copa del Rey runners-up and Racing de Santander qualified through a knock-out competition against Sevilla FC. Barcelona was the first winner of the competition. Only three of the founding clubs, Real Madrid, Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao, have never been relegated from the Primera Division; six other clubs have never been below the top two tiers: Sevilla, Real Sociedad, Sporting de Gijón, Valencia, Espanyol and Atlético Madrid.

text: Historically, some of the best football players in the world have played in the Spanish football league, including Ricardo Zamora, Josep Samitier, Alfredo Di Stéfano, Ladislav Kubala, Ferenc Puskás, Raymond Kopa, Héctor Rial, Telmo Zarra, Francisco Gento, Luis Suárez, Johan Cruyff, Diego Maradona, Bernd Schuster, Andoni Zubizarreta, Michael Laudrup, Hristo Stoichkov, Romário, Zinedine Zidane, Rivaldo, Ronaldo, Raúl, Ronaldinho, Carles Puyol, Xavi, Andrés Iniesta, Iker Casillas, Cristiano Ronaldo, and Lionel Messi, among others.

text: La Liga de Fútbol Profesional (LFP) is the association responsible for administering the two professional football leagues in Spain. Professional Spanish football is divided into the Primera División (First Division) and Segunda División (Second Division). The First Division is also known as Liga Santander, for sponsorship reasons, while the Second Division is officially called Liga 1|2|3. The First Division consists of 20 professional teams and the Second Division has 22. There are also lower Spanish national football divisions. Every year, the three lowest ranked teams in the First Division pass to the Second Division and the top three ranked teams in the Second Division pass to the First Division.

text: La Liga is one of the most popular professional sports leagues in the world. [51] The average stadium attendance was 21,000 in the 2014–15 season, with a range of average attendance from 4,780 people in the stadium with the lowest average attendance to 77,632 people in the stadium with highest average attendance.[52]

text: In La Liga's 89-year history (with the exeception of the three seasons that the league was suspended due to the civil war), Barcelona and Real Madrid have won 55 titles between them. Barcelona and Real Madrid are two fierce rivals clubs, and the matches between both two clubs are named as El Clásico.[8] Those football matches are one of the most viewed sports events in the world.

text: Although a total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception, only nine clubs have won the title: Real Madrid (33), Barcelona (25), Atlético Madrid (10), Athletic Bilbao (8), Valencia (6), Real Sociedad (2), Sevilla (1), Deportivo de La Coruña (1), and Real Betis (1).

text: King's Cup (Copa del Rey)[edit]

text: In 1902, Carlos Padrós, later president of Madrid FC (later to be Real Madrid), suggested a football  competition to celebrate the coronation of Alfonso XIII. Four other teams entered the Copa del Ayuntamiento de Madrid, which would later develop into the Copa del Rey (English: "King's Cup"). These included Barcelona, Club Español de Fútbol, Club Bizcaya and New Foot-Ball de Madrid. The competition featured the first recorded game between Barcelona and Madrid FC, with the former emerging 3–1 winners. Club Bizcaya, which consisted of players from both Basque teams, eventually beat Barcelona in the final. Alfonso XIII subsequently became the patron of many Spanish football clubs, granting them permission to use "Real" (Spanish for "royal") in their names. Among the many clubs to add the prefix to their name was Madrid FC, which subsequently became Real Madrid.

text: Fourteen clubs have won the title: Barcelona (30), Athletic Bilbao (23), Real Madrid (19), Atlético Madrid (10), Valencia (7), Real Zaragoza (6), Sevilla (5), Espanyol (4), Real Union (4), Real Betis (2), Deportivo de La Coruña (2), Real Sociedad (2), Arenas Club de Getxo (1) and Mallorca (1).

text: Spanish Supercup (Supercopa de España)[edit]

text: The Spanish Super Cup (Spanish: Supercopa de España) is a championship organized by Royal Spanish Football Federation and contested by the winners of La Liga and Copa del Rey. The competition was founded in 1982.

text: Ten clubs have won the title: Barcelona (12), Real Madrid (10), Deportivo de La Coruña (3), Atlético Madrid (2), Athletic Bilbao (2), Valencia (1), Real Zaragoza (1), Mallorca (1), Sevilla (1) and Real Sociedad (1).

text: Spanish clubs in international competitions[edit]

text: The Spanish football clubs are very successful in international competitions. They are the most successful in different current European competitions, such as UEFA Champions League,[23] UEFA Super Cup,[24] and UEFA Europa League ;[25] and they also were the most successful in the extinct Inter-Cities Fairs Cup.[22]

text: The most successful clubs in international competitions are Real Madrid and Barcelona. In addition, other Spanish clubs have also won titles in international tournaments, such as Atlético Madrid, Valencia, Sevilla, Real Zaragoza, Villarreal, Deportivo de La Coruña, Celta de Vigo and Málaga.

text: Spanish football clubs hold different records in international competitions.

text: Real Madrid is the most successful club in the European Cup/UEFA Champions League.[23][53] They have won 13 titles and were runners-up three times. Real Madrid is also the most successful club in the Intercontinental Cup (three titles, shared record with A.C. Milan, Peñarol, Boca Juniors, Nacional) and FIFA Club World Cup (three titles, shared record with Barcelona).

text: Barcelona is the most successful club in the FIFA Club World Cup (three titles, shared record with Real Madrid), and it is also the most successful club in the UEFA Super Cup (five titles, shared record with Milan). In addition, Barcelona became the first football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year (2009) completing the sextuple, and the first European club in history to achieve the continental treble twice (2009 and 2015).

text: Sevilla is the most successful club in the UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League, with five titles.

text: In total, the Spanish football clubs have won 73 international titles as of 2018. Over the years, Spanish clubs have won the European Cups/Champions League 18 times, the UEFA Super Cup 14 times, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 7 times, the UEFA Europa League 11 times, the UEFA Intertoto Cup 7 times and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 6 times. In addition, Spanish clubs have also won the Intercontinental Cup 4 times, and the FIFA Club World Cup 6 times.

text: Women's football[edit]

text: Women's football is a minor sport in Spain.[54][55] Unlike the men's football, women's football is an amateur sport in Spain. Currently there are two national competitions, the League and the Copa de la Reina (English: Queen's Cup), in the semi-professional clubs involved structure.

text: The first teams and the first informal women's football competitions in Spain emerged in the 1970s, although they were not  officially recognized by the Royal Spanish Football Federation until 1980, with the founding of the National Women's Football Committee. The first official national competition was the Championships of Spain (Copa de la Reina), established in 1983. The women's national league began to dispute the 1988-89 season.

text: The Spain women's national football team has been qualified only once in the FIFA Women's World Cup, and twice in the UEFA Women's Championship. Its youth division have had success in recent times. The Spain women's national under-19 football team won the UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship in 2004. The Spain women's national under-19 football team won the UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship in 2010, 2011, and 2015, as well as their third-place at the FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup.