document_title: Downcutting

question_text: the lowest point a stream will erode is known as

text: Downcutting

text: This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Downcutting, also called erosional downcutting, downward erosion or vertical erosion is a geological process by hydraulic action that deepens the channel of a stream or valley by removing material from the stream's bed or the valley's floor. The speed of downcutting depends on the stream's base level, the lowest point to which the stream can erode. Sea level is the ultimate base level, but many streams have a higher "temporary" base level because they empty into another body of water that is above sea level or encounter bedrock that resists erosion. A concurrent process called lateral erosion refers to the widening of a stream channel or valley. When a stream is high above its base level, downcutting will take place faster than lateral erosion; but as the level of the stream approaches its base level, the rate of lateral erosion increases. This is why streams in mountainous areas tend to be narrow and swift, forming V-shaped valleys, while streams in lowland areas tend to be wide and slow-moving, with valleys that are correspondingly wide and flat-bottomed. The term gradient refers to the elevation of a stream relative to its base level. The steeper the gradient, the faster the stream flows. Sometimes geological uplift will increase the gradient of a stream even while the stream downcuts toward its base level, a process called "rejuvenation." This happened in the case of the Colorado River in the western United States, resulting in the process that created the Grand Canyon.

text: Lake bed downcutting[edit]

text: Lake bed downcutting is the erosion of cohesive material such as clay or glacial till from a shoreline by wave action. When the sand cover is stripped away and the cohesive layer is exposed, cohesive material is lost to the water column. Unlike sand, cohesive material cannot be replenished by natural events such as bluff erosion. This can result in a process called "bluff recession," in which waves erode and carry away the material at the toe of the bluff and cause it to become steeper. When the slope reaches a certain angle, the bluff becomes unstable and fails, causing it to recede inland.


document_title: The Sinner (TV series)

question_text: who plays bill pullman's wife in sinners

question_tokens: who plays bill pullman 's wife in sinners

root

text: The Sinner (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series first season follows the events that happen after a young mother kills someone in public but has no idea why she did so.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jessica Biel as Cora Tannetti[3]
Christopher Abbott as Mason Tannetti[4]
Dohn Norwood as Detective Dan Leroy
Abby Miller as Caitlin Sullivan
Bill Pullman as Detective Harry Ambrose[5]

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Danielle Burgess as Maddie
Patti D'Arbanville as Lorna Tannetti, Mason's mother
Kathryn Erbe as Fay Ambrose, Harry's wife
Enid Graham as Elizabeth Lacey, Cora's mother
Jacob Pitts as J.D.
Nadia Alexander as Phoebe
Eric Todd as Frankie Belmont

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Teleplay by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Part I"
Antonio Campos
Derek Simonds
August 2, 2017 (2017-08-02)
1.63[6]

Cora Tannetti, raised by religious zealots, is now married to Mason and mother of a toddler. The marriage is strained by Mason's attachment to his mother, who lives on the same property and watches her grandson while Cora and Mason work at the family business. At the lake with her husband and son, Cora attempts to drown herself but changes her mind. She then sees an amorous couple kissing and uses a paring knife to repeatedly stab the man, Frankie Belmont, killing him. Detectives Harry Ambrose and Dan Leroy are assigned the case. With Cora's confession, Dan views the case as closed, while Harry wishes to learn why she committed a random murder. He must hurry, as she is soon to be arraigned in court.

2
"Part II"
Antonio Campos
Derek Simonds
August 9, 2017 (2017-08-09)
1.41[7]

Cora pleads guilty to second-degree murder to avoid a trial, but the judge orders a competency evaluation. After learning that Frankie seemed to recognize Cora as she stabbed him and that they possibly had a destructive relationship, Harry questions her. She admits that, in 2012, she had sex with Frankie after meeting him in a bar, only he called himself "J.D.". Frankie's parents claim that he was in California in 2012. Harry confronts Cora, forcing her to listen to the music that caused her to stab Frankie, and she attacks Harry in a similar manner.

3
"Part III"
Antonio Campos
Derek Simonds
August 16, 2017 (2017-08-16)
1.64[8]

4
"Part IV"
Brad Anderson
Liz W. Garcia
August 23, 2017 (2017-08-23)
1.76[9]

5
"Part V"
Cherien Dabis
Jesse McKeown
August 30, 2017 (2017-08-30)
1.84[10]

6
"Part VI"
Judy Lee Lipes
Tom Pabst
September 6, 2017 (2017-09-06)
1.84[11]

7
"Part VII"
Tucker Gates
Liz W. Garcia
September 13, 2017 (2017-09-13)
1.84[12]

8
"Part VIII"
Tucker Gates
Jesse McKeown & Tom Pabst
September 20, 2017 (2017-09-20)
2.44[13]

tag: table

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series has received mostly positive reviews from critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series has a rating of 94%, based on 31 reviews. The critical consensus is "Smartly unpredictable and led by powerful performances from a talented cast, the darkly compelling The Sinner sinks its hooks in fast and doesn't let go."[14] Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, reported that there were "generally favorable reviews" for the series, with an average score of 71 based on 23 reviews.[15] In August 2017, it was announced as the number one new cable series of 2017, according to Nielsen delayed viewing data.[16]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Part I"
August 2, 2017
0.4
1.63[6]
0.8
2.35
1.2
3.98[17]

2
"Part II"
August 9, 2017
0.4
1.41[7]
0.9
2.52
1.3
3.93[18]

3
"Part III"
August 16, 2017
0.5
1.64[8]
0.8
2.37
1.3
4.02[19]

4
"Part IV"
August 23, 2017
0.5
1.76[9]
0.9
2.58
1.4
4.34[20]

5
"Part V"
August 30, 2017
0.5
1.84[10]
1.0
2.78
1.5
4.62[21]

6
"Part VI"
September 6, 2017
0.6
1.84[11]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

7
"Part VII"
September 13, 2017
0.5
1.84[12]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

8
"Part VIII"
September 20, 2017
0.8
2.44[13]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: US Airways Flight 1549

question_text: where is the us airways plane that crashed in the hudson

text: US Airways Flight 1549

text: Route, aircraft, crew and passengers[edit]

text: On January 15, 2009, US Airways Flight 1549[b] with call sign 'CACTUS 1549' was scheduled to fly from New York City's LaGuardia Airport (LGA) to Charlotte Douglas (CLT), with direct onward service to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport. The aircraft was an Airbus A320-214 powered by two GE Aviation/Snecma-designed CFM56-5B4/P turbofan engines.[9][c]

text: The pilot in command was 57-year-old Chesley B. "Sully" Sullenberger, a former fighter pilot who had been an airline pilot since leaving the United States Air Force in 1980. At the time, he had logged 19,663 total flight hours, including 4,765 in an A320; he was also a glider pilot and expert on aviation safety.[13][14][15] First officer Jeffrey B. Skiles, 49,[14][16][17] had accrued 15,643 career flight hours, but this was his first Airbus A320 assignment since qualifying to fly it.[18] There were 150 passengers and three flight attendants aboard.[1][19]

text: Accident[edit]

text: Takeoff and bird strike[edit]

text:
New York TRACON audio

Air traffic control audio from about time of bird strike until ditching (3:10 long)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: The flight was cleared for takeoff to the northeast from LaGuardia's Runway 4 at 3:24:56 pm Eastern Standard Time (20:24:56 UTC). With Skiles in control, the crew made its first report after becoming airborne at 3:25:51 as being at 700 feet (210 m) and climbing.[20]

text: The weather at 2:51 p.m. was 10 miles (16 km) visibility with broken clouds at 3,700 feet (1,100 m), wind 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) from 290°; an hour later it was few clouds at 4,200 feet (1,300 m), wind 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph) from 310°.[21] At 3:26:37 Sullenberger remarked to Skiles: "What a view of the Hudson today."[22]

text: At 3:27:11 the plane struck a flock of Canada geese at an altitude of 2,818 feet (859 m) about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) north-northwest of LaGuardia. The pilots' view was filled with the large birds;[23][24] passengers and crew heard very loud bangs and saw flames from the engines, followed by silence and an odor of fuel.[25][26][27]

text: Realizing that both engines had shut down, Sullenberger took control while Skiles worked the checklist for engine restart.[d][2] The aircraft slowed but continued to climb for a further nineteen seconds, reaching about 3,060 feet (930 m) at an airspeed of about 185 knots (343 km/h; 213 mph), then began a glide descent, accelerating to 210 knots (390 km/h; 240 mph) at 3:28:10 as it descended through 1,650 feet (500 m).

text: At 3:27:33, Sullenberger radioed a Mayday call to New York Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON):[29][30] "... this is Cactus 1539 [sic – correct call sign was Cactus 1549], hit birds. We've lost thrust on both engines. We're turning back towards LaGuardia".[22] Air traffic controller Patrick Harten[31] told LaGuardia's tower to hold all departures, and directed Sullenberger back to Runway 13.[30] Sullenberger responded, "Unable".[30]

text: Sullenberger asked if they could attempt to land in New Jersey, mentioning Teterboro Airport;[30][32][33] controllers obtained permission for a landing on Teterboro's Runway 1.[33] Sullenberger responded: "We can't do it ... We're gonna be in the Hudson".[32] The aircraft passed less than 900 feet (270 m) above the George Washington Bridge.[34] Sullenberger commanded over the cabin address system, "Brace for impact",[34] and the flight attendants relayed the command to passengers.[35] Meanwhile, air traffic controllers asked the Coast Guard to caution vessels in the Hudson and ask them to prepare to assist with rescue.[citation needed]

text: Ditching and evacuation[edit]

text: About ninety seconds later, at 3:31 pm, the plane made an unpowered ditching, descending southwards at about 125 knots (140 mph; 230 km/h) into the middle of the North River section of the Hudson tidal estuary, at 40°46′10″N 74°00′17″W / 40.7695°N 74.0046°W / 40.7695; -74.0046[36] on the New York side of the state line, roughly opposite West 50th Street (near the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum) in Manhattan and Port Imperial in Weehawken, New Jersey. Flight attendants compared the ditching to a "hard landing" with "one impact, no bounce, then a gradual deceleration."[32] The ebb tide then began to take the plane southward.[37]

text: Sullenberger opened the cockpit door and ordered evacuation. The crew began evacuating the passengers through the four overwing window exits and into an inflatable slide/raft deployed from the front right passenger door (the front left slide failed to operate, so the manual inflation handle was pulled). A panicked passenger opened a rear door, which a flight attendant was unable to reseal.[38] Water was also entering a hole in the fuselage and through cargo doors that had come open,[39] so as the water rose the attendant urged passengers to move forward by climbing over seats.[e] One passenger was in a wheelchair.[41][42] Finally, Sullenberger walked the cabin twice to confirm it was empty.[43][44][45]

text: The air and water temperatures were about 19 °F (−7 °C) and 41 °F (5 °C) respectively.[21] Some evacuees waited for rescue knee-deep in water on the partially submerged slides, some wearing life-vests. Others stood on the wings or, fearing an explosion, swam away from the plane.[38] One passenger, after helping with the evacuation, found the wing so crowded that he jumped into the river and swam to a boat.[46][32][47]

text: Rescue[edit]

text: Sullenberger had ditched near boats to facilitate rescue.[20][43] NY Waterway ferries Thomas Jefferson and then Governor Thomas H. Kean both arrived within minutes[48][49] and began taking people aboard using a Jason's cradle. Sullenberger advised the ferry crews to rescue those on the wings first, as they were in more jeopardy than those on the slides, which detached to become life rafts.[34] As the plane drifted, passengers on one slide, fearing that the boat would crush them, shouted for it to steer away.[50] The last person was taken from the plane at 3:55 pm.[51]

text: About 140 New York City firefighters responded to nearby docks,[52][53][54] as did police, helicopters, and various vessels and divers.[52] Other agencies provided medical help on the Weehawken side of the river, where most passengers were taken.[55]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: There were five serious injuries,[2] including a deep laceration in flight attendant Doreen Welsh's leg.[32][56] Seventy-eight people were treated, mostly for minor injuries[57] and hypothermia,[58] twenty-four passengers and two rescuers treated at hospitals,[59] with two passengers kept overnight. One passenger now wears glasses because of jet fuel damaging his eyes.[46] No pets were being carried on the flight.[60]

text: Each passenger later received a letter of apology, $5,000 in compensation for lost baggage (and $5,000 more if they could demonstrate larger losses) and refund of the ticket price.[61][62] In May 2009 they received any belongings that had been recovered. In addition, they reported offers of $10,000 each in return for agreeing not to sue US Airways.[63]

text: Many passengers and rescuers later experienced post-traumatic stress symptoms such as sleeplessness, flashbacks, and panic attacks; some began an email support group.[64] Patrick Harten, the controller who had worked the flight, said that "the hardest, most traumatic part of the entire event was when it was over", and that he was "gripped by raw moments of shock and grief".[65]

text: In an effort to prevent similar accidents, officials captured and gassed 1,235 Canada geese at 17 locations across New York City in mid-2009 and coated 1,739 goose eggs with oil to smother the developing goslings.[66]

text: Investigation[edit]

text: The partially submerged plane was moored to a pier near the World Financial Center in Lower Manhattan, roughly 4 miles (6 km) downstream from the ditching location.[35] The left engine, detached by the ditching, was recovered from the riverbed.[67] On January 17 the aircraft was barged[68][69] to New Jersey.[70]

text: The initial National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) evaluation that the plane had lost thrust after a bird strike[71][72][73] was confirmed by analysis of the cockpit voice and flight data recorders.[74]

text: It was soon reported that a few days earlier the plane had experienced a less severe compressor stall, and its passengers had been told an emergency landing might be required,[75][76] but the affected engine was restarted. The NTSB later reported that a faulty temperature sensor had been the cause, and that the engine had not been damaged in that incident.[77]

text: On January 21, the NTSB found evidence of soft-body damage in the right engine along with organic debris including a feather.[78][79] The left engine also evidenced soft body impact, with: "dents on both the spinner and inlet lip of the engine cowling. Five booster inlet guide vanes are fractured and eight outlet guide vanes are missing." Both engines, missing large portions of their housings,[80] were sent to the manufacturer for examination.[81] On January 31, the plane was moved to Kearny, New Jersey. The bird remains[77][82] were later identified by DNA testing to be Canada geese, which typically weigh more than engines are designed to withstand ingesting.[77]

text: Because the plane was assembled in France[83] the European Aviation Safety Agency (the European counterpart of the FAA) and the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (the French counterpart of the NTSB) joined the investigation, with technical assistance from Airbus Industrie and GE Aviation/Snecma, respectively the manufacturers of the airframe and the engines.[84][85]

text: The NTSB used flight simulators to test the possibility that the flight could have returned safely to LaGuardia or diverted to Teterboro; only seven of the thirteen simulated returns to La Guardia succeeded, and only one of the two to Teterboro.[86] Furthermore, the NTSB report called these simulations unrealistic: "The immediate turn made by the pilots during the simulations did not reflect or account for real-world considerations." A further simulation, conducted with the pilot delayed by 35 seconds, crashed.[87] In testimony before the NTSB, Sullenberger maintained that there had been no time to bring the plane to any airport, and that attempting to do so would likely have killed those onboard and more on the ground.[88]

text: The Board ultimately ruled that Sullenberger had made the correct decision,[88] reasoning that the checklist for dual-engine failure is designed for higher altitudes, when pilots have more time to deal with the situation, and that while simulations showed that the plane might have just barely made it back to LaGuardia, those scenarios assumed an instant decision to do so, with no time allowed for assessing the situation.[89][90]

text: The NTSB concluded its investigation on May 4, 2010, identifying the probable cause as "the ingestion of large birds into each engine, which resulted in an almost total loss of thrust in both engines."[87] The final report credited the outcome to four factors: good decision-making and teamwork by the cockpit crew (including decisions to immediately turn on the APU and to ditch in the Hudson); the fact that the A320 is certified for extended overwater operation (and hence carried life vests and additional raft/slides) even though not required for that route; the performance of the flight crew during the evacuation; and the proximity of working vessels to the ditching site. Contributing factors were good visibility and a fast response from the ferry operators and emergency responders. The report also makes a range of recommendations to improve safety in such situations.[2]

text: Author and pilot William Langewiesche asserted that insufficient credit was given to the A320's fly-by-wire design, by which the pilot uses a side-stick to make control inputs to the flight control computers. The computers then impose adjustments and limits of their own to keep the plane stable, which the pilot cannot override even in an emergency. This design allowed the pilots of Flight 1549 to concentrate on engine restart and deciding the course, without the burden of manually adjusting the glidepath to reduce the plane's rate of descent.[51] Sullenberger said that these computer-imposed limits also prevented him from achieving the optimum landing flare for the ditching, which would have softened the impact.[91]

text: In 2010, the damaged plane (excluding its engines)[92] was acquired for the Carolinas Aviation Museum in Charlotte, North Carolina,[93] which held a reception on June 11 to commemorate the arrival in Charlotte of the plane's body, with Sullenberger as keynote speaker and the passengers invited.[94][95][96][97]

text: Crew awards and honors[edit]

text:
The reactions of all members of the crew, the split second decision making and the handling of this emergency and evacuation was "text book" and an example to us all. To have safely executed this emergency ditching and evacuation, with the loss of no lives, is a heroic and unique aviation achievement.

—Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators citation

tag: div

text: An NTSB board member called the ditching "the most successful ... in aviation history. These people knew what they were supposed to do and they did it and as a result, no lives were lost."[98]

text: The crew, especially Sullenberger, was praised, notably by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and New York State Governor David Paterson, who said: "We had a Miracle on 34th Street. I believe now we have had a Miracle on the Hudson."[57][99][100] U.S. President George W. Bush said he was "inspired by the skill and heroism of the flight crew," and praised the emergency responders and volunteers.[101] President-elect Barack Obama said that everyone was proud of Sullenberger's "heroic and graceful job in landing the damaged aircraft." He thanked the crew, whom he invited to his inauguration five days later.[102][103]

text: The Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators awarded the crew a Master's Medal on January 22, 2009; this is awarded only rarely, for outstanding aviation achievements at the discretion of the Master of the Guild.[8] New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg presented the crew with the Keys to the City, and Sullenberger with a replacement copy of a library book lost on the flight, Sidney Dekker's Just Culture: Balancing Safety and Accountability.[104] Rescuers received Certificates of Honor.[105]

text: The crew received a standing ovation at the Super Bowl XLIII on February 1, 2009,[106] and Sullenberger threw out the first pitch at the 2009 Major League Baseball season for the San Francisco Giants. His Giants' jersey was inscribed with the name "Sully" and the number 155 – the count of people aboard the plane.[107]

text: On July 28, passengers Dave Sanderson and Barry Leonard organized a thank you luncheon for emergency responders from Hudson County, New Jersey, on the shores of Palisades Medical Center in North Bergen, New Jersey, where 57 passengers had been brought following their rescue. Present were members of the U.S. Coast Guard, North Hudson Regional Fire and Rescue, NY Waterway Ferries, the American Red Cross, Weehawken Volunteer First Aid, the Weehawken Police Department, West New York E.M.S., North Bergen E.M.S., the Hudson County Office of Emergency Management, the New Jersey E.M.S. Task Force, the Guttenberg Police Department, McCabe Ambulance, the Harrison Police Department, and doctors and nurses who treated survivors.[108][109]

text: Sullenberger was named Grand Marshal for the 2010 Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California.

text: In August 2010, Jeppesen issued an approach plate titled "Hudson Miracle APCH," dedicated to the five crew of Flight 1549 and annotated "Presented with Pride and Gratitude from your friends at Jeppesen."[110]

text: Sullenberger retired on March 3, 2010, after thirty years with US Airways and its predecessor, Pacific Southwest Airlines. At the end of his final flight he was reunited with Skiles and a number of the passengers from Flight 1549.[111]

text: Media and popular culture[edit]

text: The accident was recorded by several closed-circuit television cameras. Various television reports and documentaries produced soon afterwards contained extensive video of the ditching and rescue, and recorded interviews with the aircrew, passengers, rescuers, and other key participants. These included:

text:
On February 8, 2009, the CBS program 60 Minutes broadcast three segments that included interviews with the aircrew as well as their reunion with passengers. The program aired again on July 5, 2009.

"Flight 1549: A Routine Takeoff Turns Ugly"[112]
"Flight 1549: Saving 155 Souls In Minutes"[113]
"Flight 1549: An Emotional Reunion"[114]

On February 19, 2009, Channel 4 in the United Kingdom aired a documentary entitled The Miracle of the Hudson Plane Crash included personal accounts from passengers, rescuers, and witnesses.[50]
On February 21, 2009, KGO-TV in San Francisco broadcast an interview in the "Face to Face" series. Dan Ashley talked to Captain and Mrs. Sullenberger about their experiences during and since the accident.[115]
On March 4, 2009, the Discovery Channel broadcast a one-hour documentary entitled Hudson Plane Crash – What Really Happened, with computer-generated imagery (CGI) animations of the flight, and interviews with passengers, crew, witnesses, rescuers, and aviation safety experts.[116]
On January 10, 2010, TLC aired a documentary entitled Brace For Impact, aired again on April 14 in Australia as Brace For Impact: Inside The Hudson Plane Crash.[117]
In March 2011, Ric Elias, a front-row passenger shared his experience during a TED Conference.[118]
Beginning in June 2011, the University of North Carolina School of Filmmaking and Process Pictures, LLC worked with the Carolinas Aviation Museum to produce a documentary, which also looked at the impact of the incident on society.[119][120]

text: The crash was featured in the Discovery Channel (Canada) / National Geographic TV series Mayday on the episode Hudson Splash Down.[121] It was also recreated in a National Geographic Channel TV special titled "Miracle Landing on the Hudson,"[122] and in the United Kingdom for a Channel 5 special in 2011.[123]

text: Garrison Keillor honored the entire flight crew by writing a song and performing it on his show, A Prairie Home Companion.[124]

text: The ditching is referenced in the song "A Real Hero" by College and Electric Youth, best known from the 2011 movie Drive. The lyrics of the second verse describe the water landing and the survival of the passengers and crew, as well alluding to the freezing river.[125]

text: Sullenberger's memoir, Highest Duty: My Search for What Really Matters was adapted into a feature film Sully: Miracle on the Hudson, directed by Clint Eastwood,[126] with Tom Hanks as Sullenberger and Aaron Eckhart as co-pilot Jeff Skiles.[127] It was released by Warner Bros. on September 9, 2016.[128]


document_title: List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders

question_text: most hits by a player in a single mlb game

text: Players[edit]

text:
Key

Player (X)

Name of the player and number of six hit games they had at that point

Date

Date of the game

Team

The player's team at the time of the game

Lge.

The league the player's team is a member of

NL

National League

AL

American League

AA

American Association

PL

Players' League

Opposing team

The team against whom the player had six hits

AB

Number of times at bat the player was credited with

Hits

Number of hits the player was credited with

2B

Number of hits that were doubles

3B

Number of hits that were triples

HR

Number of hits that were home runs

Career hits

The number of hits the player had in his MLB career

Box

Box score with play by play (if available)

^

Indicates the player hit for the cycle

Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame

Player is active

text:
MLB hitters with six hits in a nine-inning game

Player

Date

Team

Lge.

Opposing team

AB

Hits

2B

3B

HR

Career hits

Box

Ref

Davy Force

June 27, 1876

Philadelphia Athletics

NL

Chicago White Stockings[24]

6
6
1
0
0
1,059

n/a
[25]

Cal McVey

July 22, 1876

Chicago White Stockings

NL

Louisville Grays[26]

7
6
1
0
0
869

n/a
[27]

Cal McVey (2)

July 25, 1876

Chicago White Stockings

NL

Cincinnati Reds[26]

7
6
1
0
0
869

n/a
[27]

Ross Barnes

July 27, 1876

Chicago White Stockings

NL

Cincinnati Reds[26]

6
6
1
1
0
860

n/a
[28]

George Gore

May 7, 1880

Chicago White Stockings

NL

Cincinnati Reds[29]

6
6
0
0
0
1,612

n/a
[30]

Buttercup Dickerson

June 16, 1881

Worcester Ruby Legs

NL

Buffalo Bisons[31]

6
6
0
1
0
500

n/a
[32]

Sam Wise

June 20, 1883

Boston Beaneaters

NL

Philadelphia Quakers[33]

7
6
1
1
0
1,281

n/a
[34]

Dan Brouthers

July 19, 1883

Buffalo Bisons

NL

Philadelphia Quakers[35]

6
6
2
0
0
2,296

n/a
[36]

Hick Carpenter

September 12, 1883

Cincinnati Red Stockings

AA

Pittsburgh Alleghenys[37]

7
6
0
0
0
1,202

n/a
[38]

John Reilly

September 12, 1883

Cincinnati Red Stockings

AA

Pittsburgh Alleghenys[37]

7

6^

1^

1^

1^[16]

1,352

n/a
[39]

Oscar Walker

May 31, 1884

Brooklyn Atlantics

AA

St. Louis Browns[40]

6
6
1
1
0
287

n/a
[41]

Lon Knight

July 30, 1884

Philadelphia Athletics

AA

Washington Nationals[42]

6
6
0
1
0
555

n/a
[43]

Dave Orr

June 12, 1885

New York Metropolitans

AA

St. Louis Browns[44]

6

6^

2^

1^

1^[16]

1,125

n/a
[45]

Henry Larkin

June 16, 1885

Philadelphia Athletics

AA

Pittsburgh Alleghenys[46]

6

6^

2^

1^

1^[16]

1,429

n/a
[47]

George Pinkney

June 25, 1885

Brooklyn Grays

AA

Philadelphia Athletics[48]

6
6
0
0
0
1,212

n/a
[49]

Arlie Latham

April 24, 1886

St. Louis Browns

AA

Louisville Colonels[50]

6
6
0
1
0
1,836

n/a
[51]

Guy Hecker

August 15, 1886

Louisville Colonels

AA

Baltimore Orioles[52]

7
6
0
0
3
812

n/a
[53]

Denny Lyons

April 26, 1887

Philadelphia Athletics

AA

New York Metropolitans[54]

6
6
2
1
0
1,334

n/a
[55]

Reddy Mack

May 26, 1887

Louisville Colonels

AA

Brooklyn Grays[56]

6
6
0
0
0
524

n/a
[57]

Danny Richardson

June 11, 1887

New York Giants

NL

Washington Nationals[58]

7
6
0
0
0
1,129

n/a
[59]

King Kelly

August 27, 1887

Boston Beaneaters

NL

Pittsburgh Alleghenys[60]

7
6
1
0
1
1,813

n/a
[61]

Pete Hotaling

June 6, 1888

Cleveland Blues

AA

Louisville Colonels[62]

7
6
0
1
0
931

n/a
[63]

Jim McTamany

June 15, 1888

Kansas City Cowboys

AA

Cincinnati Red Stockings[64]

6
6
0
0
1
794

n/a
[65]

Jerry Denny

May 4, 1889

Indianapolis Hoosiers

NL

Pittsburgh Alleghenys[66]

6
6
1
0
1
1,286

n/a
[67]

Darby O'Brien

August 8, 1889

Brooklyn Bridegrooms

AA

Columbus Solons[68]

6
6
3
0
0
805

n/a
[69]

Larry Twitchell

August 15, 1889

Cleveland Spiders

NL

Boston Beaneaters[70]

6

6^

1^

3^

1^[16]

676

n/a
[71]

Ed Delahanty

June 2, 1890

Cleveland Infants

PL

Chicago Pirates[72]

6
6
1
1
0
2,597

n/a
[73]

Farmer Weaver

August 12, 1890

Louisville Colonels

AA

Syracuse Stars[74]

6

6^

1^

2^

1^[16]

853

n/a
[75]

Billy Shindle

August 26, 1890

Philadelphia Athletics

PL

Cleveland Infants[76]

6
6
2
1
0
1,564

n/a
[77]

Jack Glasscock

September 27, 1890

New York Giants

NL

Cincinnati Reds[78]

6
6
0
0
0
2,041

n/a
[79]

Frank Scheibeck

September 27, 1890

Toledo Maumees

AA

Philadelphia Athletics[80]

6
6
1
1
0
329

n/a
[81]

Bobby Lowe

June 11, 1891

Boston Beaneaters

NL

Chicago Colts[82]

6
6
1
0
1
1,934

n/a
[83]

Henry Larkin (2)

June 7, 1892

Washington Senators

NL

Cincinnati Reds[84]

7
6
0
1
0
1,429

n/a
[47]

Wilbert Robinson

June 10, 1892

Baltimore Orioles

NL

St. Louis Browns[85]

7
7
1
0
0
1,388

n/a
[86]

Duff Cooley

September 30, 1893

St. Louis Browns

NL

Boston Beaneaters[87]

6
6
1
1
0
1,579

n/a
[88]

Ed Delahanty (2)

June 16, 1894

Philadelphia Phillies

NL

Cincinnati Reds[89]

6
6
1
0
0
2,597

n/a
[73]

Steve Brodie

July 9, 1894

Baltimore Orioles

NL

Pittsburgh Pirates[90]

6
6
2
1
0
1,728

n/a
[91]

Sam Thompson

August 17, 1894

Philadelphia Phillies

NL

Louisville Colonels[92]

7

6^

1^

1^

1^[16]

1,988

n/a
[93]

Roger Connor

June 1, 1895

St. Louis Browns

NL

New York Giants[94]

6
6
2
1
0
2,467

n/a
[95]

George Davis

August 15, 1895

New York Giants

NL

Philadelphia Phillies[96]

6
6
2
1
0
2,665

n/a
[97]

Jake Stenzel

May 14, 1896

Pittsburgh Pirates

NL

Boston Beaneaters[98]

6
6
0
0
0
1,024

n/a
[99]

Fred Tenney

May 31, 1897

Boston Beaneaters

NL

St. Louis Browns[100]

8
6
1
0
0
2,231

n/a
[101]

Barry McCormick

June 29, 1897

Chicago Colts

NL

Louisville Colonels[102]

8
6
0
1
1
867

n/a
[103]

Tommy Tucker

July 15, 1897

Washington Senators

NL

Cincinnati Reds[104]

6
6
1
0
0
1,882

n/a
[105]

Willie Keeler

September 3, 1897

Baltimore Orioles

NL

St. Louis Browns[106]

6
6
0
1
0
2,932

n/a
[107]

Jack Doyle

September 3, 1897

Baltimore Orioles

NL

St. Louis Browns[106]

6
6
2
0
0
1,811

n/a
[108]

Chick Stahl

May 31, 1899

Boston Beaneaters

NL

Cleveland Spiders[109]

6
6
0
0
0
1,546

n/a
[110]

Ginger Beaumont

July 22, 1899

Pittsburgh Pirates

NL

Philadelphia Phillies[111]

6
6
0
0
0
1,759

n/a
[112]

Kip Selbach

June 9, 1901

New York Giants

NL

Cincinnati Reds[113]

7
6
2
0
0
1,807

n/a
[114]

Mike Donlin

June 24, 1901

Baltimore Orioles

AL

Detroit Tigers[115]

6
6
2
2
0
1,282

n/a
[116]

Kid Nance

July 13, 1901

Detroit Tigers

AL

Cleveland Bluebirds[117]

6
6
1
0
0
182

n/a
[118]

Zaza Harvey

April 25, 1902

Cleveland Broncos

AL

St. Louis Browns[119]

6
6
0
0
0
86

n/a
[120]

Danny Murphy

July 8, 1902

Philadelphia Athletics

AL

Boston Americans[121]

6
6
0
0
1
1,563

n/a
[122]

Jimmy Williams

August 25, 1902

Baltimore Orioles

AL

Chicago White Sox[123]

6
6
1
1
0
1,508

n/a
[124]

George Cutshaw

August 9, 1915

Brooklyn Robins

NL

Chicago Cubs

6
6
0
0
0
1,487

[125]
[126]

Dave Bancroft

June 28, 1920

New York Giants

NL

Philadelphia Phillies

6
6
0
0
0
2,004

[127]
[128]

Jack Fournier

June 29, 1923

Brooklyn Robins

NL

Philadelphia Phillies

6
6
2
0
1
1,631

[129]
[130]

Frank Brower

August 7, 1923

Cleveland Indians

AL

Washington Senators

6
6
1
0
0
371

[131]
[132]

George Burns

June 19, 1924

Cleveland Indians

AL

Detroit Tigers

6
6
3
1
0
2,018

[133]
[134]

Kiki Cuyler

August 9, 1924

Pittsburgh Pirates

NL

Philadelphia Phillies

6
6
3
1
0
2,299

[135]
[136]

Frankie Frisch

September 10, 1924

New York Giants

NL

Boston Braves

7
6
0
0
1
2,880

[137]
[138]

Jim Bottomley

September 16, 1924

St. Louis Cardinals

NL

Brooklyn Robins

6
6
1
0
2
2,313

[139]
[140]

Ty Cobb

May 5, 1925

Detroit Tigers

AL

St. Louis Browns

6
6
1
0
3
4,189[A]

[17]
[141]

Paul Waner

August 26, 1926

Pittsburgh Pirates

NL

New York Giants

6
6
2
1
0
3,152

[142]
[143]

Wally Gilbert

May 30, 1931

Brooklyn Robins

NL

New York Giants

7
6
1
0
0
624

[144]
[145]

Jim Bottomley (2)

August 5, 1931

St. Louis Cardinals

NL

Pittsburgh Pirates

6
6
1
0
0
2,313

[146]
[140]

Tony Cuccinello

August 13, 1931

Cincinnati Reds

NL

Boston Braves

6
6
2
1
0
1,729

[147]
[148]

Doc Cramer

June 20, 1932

Philadelphia Athletics

AL

Chicago White Sox

6
6
0
0
0
2,705

[149]
[150]

Myril Hoag

June 6, 1934

New York Yankees

AL

Boston Red Sox

6
6
0
0
0
854

[151]
[152]

Doc Cramer (2)

July 13, 1935

Philadelphia Athletics

AL

Detroit Tigers

6
6
1
0
0
2,705

[153]
[150]

Terry Moore

September 5, 1935

St. Louis Cardinals

NL

Boston Braves

6
6
1
0
0
1,318

[154]
[155]

Bruce Campbell

July 2, 1936

Cleveland Indians

AL

St. Louis Browns

6
6
1
0
0
1,382

[156]
[157]

Rip Radcliff

July 18, 1936

Chicago White Sox

AL

Philadelphia Athletics

7
6
2
0
0
1,267

[158]
[159]

Ernie Lombardi

May 9, 1937

Cincinnati Reds

NL

Philadelphia Phillies

6
6
1
0
0
1,792

[160]
[161]

Hank Steinbacher

June 22, 1938

Chicago White Sox

AL

Washington Senators

6
6
1
0
0
170

[162]
[163]

Cookie Lavagetto

September 23, 1939

Brooklyn Dodgers

NL

Philadelphia Phillies

6
6
1
1
0
945

[164]
[165]

George Myatt

May 1, 1944

Washington Senators

AL

Boston Red Sox

6
6
1
0
0
381

[166]
[167]

Stan Spence

June 1, 1944

Washington Senators

AL

St. Louis Browns

6
6
0
0
1
1,090

[168]
[169]

George Kell

September 20, 1946

Detroit Tigers

AL

Cleveland Indians

7
6
1
0
0
2,054

[170]
[171]

Walker Cooper

July 6, 1949

Cincinnati Reds

NL

Chicago Cubs

7
6
0
0
3
1,341

[10]
[172]

Johnny Hopp

May 14, 1950

Pittsburgh Pirates

NL

Chicago Cubs

6
6
0
0
2
1,262

[173]
[174]

Jim Fridley

April 29, 1952

Cleveland Indians

AL

Philadelphia Athletics

6
6
0
0
0
105

[175]
[176]

Connie Ryan

April 16, 1953

Philadelphia Phillies

NL

Pittsburgh Pirates

6
6
2
0
0
988

[177]
[178]

Jim Piersall

June 10, 1953

Boston Red Sox

AL

St. Louis Browns

6
6

1[B]

0
0
1,604

[180]
[182]

Dick Groat

May 13, 1960

Pittsburgh Pirates

NL

Milwaukee Braves

6
6
3
0
0
2,138

[183]
[184]

Floyd Robinson

July 22, 1962

Chicago White Sox

AL

Boston Red Sox

6
6
0
0
0
929

[185]
[186]

Jesús Alou

July 10, 1964

San Francisco Giants

NL

Chicago Cubs

6
6
0
0
1
1,216

[187]
[188]

Bob Oliver

May 4, 1969

Kansas City Royals

AL

California Angels

6
6
1
0
1
745

[189]
[190]

Félix Millán

July 6, 1970

Atlanta Braves

NL

San Francisco Giants

6
6
1
1
0
1,617

[191]
[192]

Johnny Briggs

August 4, 1973

Milwaukee Brewers

AL[C]

Cleveland Indians

6
6
2
0
0
1,041

[194]
[195]

Rennie Stennett

September 16, 1975

Pittsburgh Pirates

NL

Chicago Cubs

7
7
2
1
0
1,239

[196]
[197]

Jorge Orta

June 15, 1980

Cleveland Indians

AL

Minnesota Twins

6
6
1
0
0
1,619

[198]
[199]

Kevin Seitzer

August 2, 1987

Kansas City Royals

AL

Boston Red Sox

6
6
1
0
2
1,557

[200]
[201]

Kirby Puckett

August 30, 1987

Minnesota Twins

AL

Milwaukee Brewers

6
6
2
0
2
2,304

[202]
[203]

Wally Backman

April 27, 1990

Pittsburgh Pirates

NL

San Diego Padres

6
6
1
0
0
893

[204]
[205]

Sammy Sosa

July 2, 1993

Chicago Cubs

NL

Colorado Rockies

6
6
1
0
0
2,408

[206]
[207]

Kevin Reimer

August 24, 1993

Milwaukee Brewers

AL[C]

Oakland Athletics

6
6
2
0
0
376

[208]
[209]

Andrés Galarraga

July 3, 1995

Colorado Rockies

NL

Houston Astros

6
6
1
0
2
2,333

[210]
[211]

Lance Johnson

September 23, 1995

Chicago White Sox

AL

Minnesota Twins

6
6
0
3
0
1,565

[212]
[213]

Cal Ripken Jr.

June 13, 1999

Baltimore Orioles

AL

Atlanta Braves

6
6
1
0
2
3,184

[214]
[215]

Edgardo Alfonzo

August 30, 1999

New York Mets

NL

Houston Astros

6
6
1
0
3
1,532

[216]
[217]

Damion Easley

August 8, 2001

Detroit Tigers

AL

Texas Rangers

6
6
0
0
1
1,386

[218]
[219]

Shawn Green

May 23, 2002

Los Angeles Dodgers

NL

Milwaukee Brewers

6
6
1
0
4
2,003

[220]
[221]

Frank Catalanotto

May 1, 2004

Toronto Blue Jays

AL

Chicago White Sox

6
6
1
0
0
1,113

[222]
[223]

Carlos Peña

May 27, 2004

Detroit Tigers

AL

Kansas City Royals

6
6
1
0
2
1,146

[224]
[225]

Omar Vizquel

August 31, 2004

Cleveland Indians

AL

New York Yankees

7
6
2
0
0
2,877

[226]
[227]

Joe Randa

September 9, 2004

Kansas City Royals

AL

Detroit Tigers

7
6
1
0
0
1,543

[228]
[229]

Raúl Ibañez

September 22, 2004

Seattle Mariners

AL

Anaheim Angels

6
6
0
0
0
2,034

[230]
[231]

Chone Figgins

June 18, 2007

Los Angeles Angels

AL

Houston Astros

6
6
1
1
0
1,298

[232]
[233]

Willie Harris

July 21, 2007

Atlanta Braves

NL

St. Louis Cardinals

6
6
0
2
0
580

[234]
[235]

Johnny Damon

June 7, 2008

New York Yankees

AL

Kansas City Royals

6
6
1
0
0
2,769

[236]
[237]

Ian Kinsler

April 15, 2009

Texas Rangers

AL

Baltimore Orioles

6

6^

2^

1^

1^

1,843

[238]
[239]

Freddy Sanchez

May 25, 2009

Pittsburgh Pirates

NL

Chicago Cubs
6
6
1
0
1
1,012

[240]
[241]

Adrian Gonzalez

August 11, 2009

San Diego Padres

NL

Milwaukee Brewers

6
6
1
0
0
2,031

[242]
[243]

Alex Ríos

July 9, 2013

Chicago White Sox

AL

Detroit Tigers

6
6
0
1
0
1,778

[244]
[245]

Charlie Blackmon

April 4, 2014

Colorado Rockies

NL

Arizona Diamondbacks

6
6
3
0
1
913

[246]
[247]

C. J. Cron

July 2, 2016

Los Angeles Angels

AL

Boston Red Sox

6
6
1
0
2
389

[248]
[249]

Wilmer Flores

July 3, 2016

New York Mets

NL

Chicago Cubs

6
6
0
0
2
398

[250]
[251]

Anthony Rendon

April 30, 2017

Washington Nationals

NL

New York Mets

6
6
1
0
3
676

[11]
[252]

George Springer

May 7, 2018

Houston Astros

AL

Oakland Athletics

6
6
1
0
1
543

[253]
[254]

text: Six hits in extra-inning games[edit]

text: 43 different players have recorded at least six hits in an extra-inning Major League Baseball (MLB) game to date.  Only Jimmie Foxx has accomplished the feat more than once in his career[15] and no player has ever amassed more than nine hits in a game, with Johnny Burnett holding that distinction.[255] Kirby Puckett is the only player to collect six hits in both a nine-inning and an extra-inning game.[15]

text: The following list is kept separate from the above list of players who have six or more hits in a nine-inning game.  This is due to the advantage of having more opportunities to bat and get hits during an extra-inning game than during one lasting just nine innings.

text:
Key

Inn.

Innings played during the game

§

Indicates the player recorded six hits before the end of the ninth inning[D]

text:
MLB hitters with six hits in an extra-inning game

Player

Date

Team

Lge.

Opposing team

Inn.

AB

Hits

2B

3B

HR

Career hits

Box

Ref

Paul Hines

August 26, 1879

Providence Grays

NL

Troy Trojans[256]

10
6
6
0
0
0
2,133

n/a
[257]

John Boyle

July 6, 1893

Philadelphia Phillies

NL

Chicago Cubs[258]

11
6
6
1
0
0
1,069

n/a
[259]

Chief Zimmer

July 11, 1894

Cleveland Spiders

NL

Washington Senators[260]
10
6
6
2
0
0
1,225
n/a
[261]

Dick Harley

June 24, 1897

St. Louis Browns

NL

Pittsburgh Pirates[262]

12
6
6
1
0
0
755

n/a
[263]

Carson Bigbee

August 22, 1917

Pittsburgh Pirates

NL

Brooklyn Robins

22
11
6
0
0
0
1,205

[264]
[265]

Bobby Veach

September 17, 1920

Detroit Tigers

AL

Boston Red Sox

12

6

6^

1^

1^

1^

2,063

[266]
[267]

George Sisler

August 9, 1921

St. Louis Browns

AL

Washington Senators

19
9
6
0
1
0
2,812

[268]
[269]

Johnny Gooch

July 7, 1922

Pittsburgh Pirates

NL

New York Giants

18
8
6
1
0
0
662

[270]
[271]

Max Carey

July 7, 1922

Pittsburgh Pirates

NL

New York Giants

18
6
6
1
0
0
2,665

[270]
[272]

Lloyd Waner

June 15, 1929

Pittsburgh Pirates

NL

New York Giants

14
8
6
1
1
0
2,459

[273]
[274]

Hank DeBerry

June 23, 1929

Brooklyn Robins

NL

New York Giants

14
7
6
0
0
0
494

[275]
[276]

Jimmie Foxx

May 30, 1930

Philadelphia Athletics

AL

Washington Senators

13
7
6
2
1
0
2,646

[277]
[278]

Jimmie Foxx (2)

July 10, 1932

Philadelphia Athletics

AL

Cleveland Indians

18
9
6
1
0
3
2,646

[279]
[278]

Johnny Burnett

July 10, 1932

Cleveland Indians

AL

Philadelphia Athletics

18§

11
9
2
0
0
521

[279]
[280]

Sam West

April 13, 1933

St. Louis Browns

AL

Chicago White Sox

11
6
6
1
0
0
1,838

[281]
[282]

Bob Johnson

June 16, 1934

Philadelphia Athletics

AL

Chicago White Sox

11
6
6
1
0
2
2,051

[283]
[284]

Frank Demaree

July 5, 1937

Chicago Cubs

NL

St. Louis Cardinals

14
7
6
3
0
0
1,241

[285]
[286]

Joe DeMaestri

July 8, 1955

Kansas City Athletics

AL

Detroit Tigers

11
6
6
0
0
0
813

[287]
[288]

Pete Runnels

August 30, 1960

Boston Red Sox

AL

Detroit Tigers

15
7
6
1
0
0
1,854

[289]
[290]

Rocky Colavito

June 24, 1962

Detroit Tigers

AL

New York Yankees

22
10
7
0
1
0
1,730

[291]
[292]

Joe Morgan

July 8, 1965

Houston Astros

NL[E]

Milwaukee Braves

12
6
6
1
0
2
2,517

[293]
[294]

Jim Northrup

August 28, 1969

Detroit Tigers

AL

Oakland Athletics

13
6
6
0
0
2
1,254

[295]
[296]

César Gutiérrez

June 21, 1970

Detroit Tigers

AL

Cleveland Indians

12
7
7
1
0
0
128

[297]
[298]

Don Kessinger

June 17, 1971

Chicago Cubs

NL

St. Louis Cardinals

10
6
6
1
0
0
1,931

[299]
[300]

Willie Davis

May 24, 1973

Los Angeles Dodgers

NL

New York Mets

19
9
6
0
0
0
2,561

[301]
[302]

Bill Madlock

July 26, 1975

Chicago Cubs

NL

New York Mets

10
6
6
0
1
0
2,008

[303]
[304]

José Cardenal

May 2, 1976

Chicago Cubs

NL

San Francisco Giants

14
7
6
1
0
1
1,913

[305]
[306]

Gene Richards

July 26, 1977

San Diego Padres

NL

Montreal Expos

15
7
6
1
0
0
1,028

[307]
[308]

Jerry Remy

September 3, 1981

Boston Red Sox

AL

Seattle Mariners

20
10
6
0
0
0
1,226

[309]
[310]

Joe Lefebvre

September 13, 1982

San Diego Padres

NL

Los Angeles Dodgers

16
8
6
1
0
1
281

[311]
[312]

Kirby Puckett (2)[F]

May 23, 1991

Minnesota Twins

AL

Texas Rangers

11
7
6
0
1
0
2,304

[313]
[203]

Carlos Baerga

April 11, 1992

Cleveland Indians

AL

Boston Red Sox

19
9
6
0
0
0
1,583

[314]
[315]

Tony Gwynn

August 4, 1993

San Diego Padres

NL

San Francisco Giants

12
7
6
2
0
0
3,141

[316]
[317]

Rondell White

June 11, 1995

Montreal Expos

NL

San Francisco Giants

13

7

6^

2^

1^

1^

1,519

[318]
[319]

Mike Benjamin

June 14, 1995

San Francisco Giants

NL

Chicago Cubs

13
7
6
1
0
0
442

[320]
[321]

Gerald Williams

May 1, 1996

New York Yankees

AL

Baltimore Orioles

15
8
6
0
0
1
780

[322]
[323]

Garret Anderson

September 27, 1996

California Angels

AL

Texas Rangers

15
7
6
0
0
0
2,529

[324]
[325]

Paul Lo Duca

May 28, 2001

Los Angeles Dodgers

NL

Colorado Rockies

11
6
6
0
0
1
1,112

[326]
[327]

Nomar Garciaparra

June 21, 2003

Boston Red Sox

AL

Philadelphia Phillies

13
6
6
0
0
0
1,747

[328]
[329]

Alfonso Soriano

May 8, 2004

Texas Rangers

AL

Detroit Tigers

10§

6
6
2
0
0
2,095

[330]
[331]

Skip Schumaker

July 26, 2008

St. Louis Cardinals

NL

New York Mets

14
7
6
0
0
0
905

[332]
[333]

Jean Segura

May 28, 2013

Milwaukee Brewers

NL

Minnesota Twins

14
7
6
0
0
0
882

[334]
[335]

Chase Utley

July 6, 2016

Los Angeles Dodgers

NL

Baltimore Orioles

14
7
6
2
0
0
1,869

[336]
[337]

Brandon Crawford

August 8, 2016

San Francisco Giants

NL

Miami Marlins

14
8
7
1
1
0
835

[338]
[339]

Andrew McCutchen

April 7, 2018

San Francisco Giants

NL

Los Angeles Dodgers

14
7
6
1
0
1
1492

[340]
[341]


document_title: Lymphatic system

question_text: the primary gland of the lymph system is the

text: Lymphatic system

text: Structure[edit]

text: The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic organs, a conducting network of lymphatic vessels, and the circulating lymph.

text: The primary or central lymphoid organs generate lymphocytes from immature progenitor cells.

text: The thymus and the bone marrow constitute the primary lymphoid organs involved in the production and early clonal selection of lymphocyte tissues. Bone marrow is responsible for both the creation of T cells and the production and maturation of B cells. From the bone marrow, B cells immediately join the circulatory system and travel to secondary lymphoid organs in search of pathogens. T cells, on the other hand, travel from the bone marrow to the thymus, where they develop further. Mature T cells join B cells in search of pathogens. The other 95% of T cells begin a process of apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death.

text: Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs, which include lymph nodes and the spleen, maintain mature naive lymphocytes and initiate an adaptive immune response. The peripheral lymphoid organs are the sites of lymphocyte activation by antigens. Activation leads to clonal expansion and affinity maturation. Mature lymphocytes recirculate between the blood and the peripheral lymphoid organs until they encounter their specific antigen.

text: Secondary lymphoid tissue provides the environment for the foreign or altered native molecules (antigens) to interact with the lymphocytes. It is exemplified by the lymph nodes, and the lymphoid follicles in tonsils, Peyer's patches, spleen, adenoids, skin, etc. that are associated with the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).

text: In the gastrointestinal wall the appendix has mucosa resembling that of the colon, but here it is heavily infiltrated with lymphocytes.

text: The tertiary lymphoid tissue[clarification needed] typically contains far fewer lymphocytes, and assumes an immune role only when challenged with antigens that result in inflammation. It achieves this by importing the lymphocytes from blood and lymph.[6])

text: Lymphoid tissue[edit]

text: Thymus[edit]

text: The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ and the site of maturation for T cells, the lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system. The thymus increases in size from birth in response to postnatal antigen stimulation, then to puberty and regresses thereafter.[7] The loss or lack of the thymus results in severe immunodeficiency and subsequent high susceptibility to infection.[7] In most species, the thymus consists of lobules divided by septa which are made up of epithelium and is therefore an epithelial organ. T cells mature from thymocytes, proliferate and undergo selection process in the thymic cortex before entering the medulla to interact with epithelial cells.

text: The thymus provides an inductive environment for development of T cells from hematopoietic progenitor cells. In addition, thymic stromal cells allow for the selection of a functional and self-tolerant T cell repertoire. Therefore, one of the most important roles of the thymus is the induction of central tolerance.

text: The thymus is largest and most active during the neonatal and pre-adolescent periods. By the early teens, the thymus begins to atrophy and thymic stroma is mostly replaced by adipose tissue. Nevertheless, residual T lymphopoiesis continues throughout adult life.

text: Spleen[edit]

text: The main functions of the spleen are:

text:
to produce immune cells to fight antigens
to remove particulate matter and aged blood cells, mainly erythrocytes
to produce blood cells during fetal life

tag: ol

text: The spleen synthesizes antibodies in its white pulp and removes antibody-coated bacteria and antibody-coated blood cells by way of blood and lymph node circulation. A study published in 2009 using mice found that the spleen contains, in its reserve, half of the body's monocytes within the red pulp.[8] These monocytes, upon moving to injured tissue (such as the heart), turn into dendritic cells and macrophages while promoting tissue healing.[8][9][10] The spleen is a center of activity of the mononuclear phagocyte system and can be considered analogous to a large lymph node, as its absence causes a predisposition to certain infections.

text: Like the thymus, the spleen has only efferent lymphatic vessels. Both the short gastric arteries and the splenic artery supply it with blood.[11]

text: The germinal centers are supplied by arterioles called penicilliary radicles.[12]

text: Up to the fifth month of prenatal development the spleen creates red blood cells. After birth the bone marrow is solely responsible for hematopoiesis. As a major lymphoid organ and a central player in the reticuloendothelial system, the spleen retains the ability to produce lymphocytes. The spleen stores red blood cells and lymphocytes. It can store enough blood cells to help in an emergency. Up to 25% of lymphocytes can be stored at any one time.[13]

text: Lymph nodes[edit]

text: A lymph node is an organized collection of lymphoid tissue, through which the lymph passes on its way back to the blood. Lymph nodes are located at intervals along the lymphatic system. Several afferent lymph vessels bring in lymph, which percolates through the substance of the lymph node, and is then drained out by an efferent lymph vessel. There are between five and six hundred lymph nodes in the human body, many of which are grouped in clusters in different regions as in the underarm and abdominal areas. Lymph node clusters are commonly found at the base of limbs (groin, armpits) and in the neck, where lymph is collected from regions of the body likely to sustain pathogen contamination from injuries.

text: The substance of a lymph node consists of lymphoid follicles in an outer portion called the cortex. The inner portion of the node is called the medulla, which is surrounded by the cortex on all sides except for a portion known as the hilum. The hilum presents as a depression on the surface of the lymph node, causing the otherwise spherical lymph node to be bean-shaped or ovoid. The efferent lymph vessel directly emerges from the lymph node at the hilum. The arteries and veins supplying the lymph node with blood enter and exit through the hilum.

text: The region of the lymph node called the paracortex immediately surrounds the medulla. Unlike the cortex, which has mostly immature T cells, or thymocytes, the paracortex has a mixture of immature and mature T cells. Lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes through specialised high endothelial venules found in the paracortex.

text: A lymph follicle is a dense collection of lymphocytes, the number, size and configuration of which change in accordance with the functional state of the lymph node. For example, the follicles expand significantly when encountering a foreign antigen. The selection of B cells, or B lymphocytes, occurs in the germinal center of the lymph nodes.

text: Lymph nodes are particularly numerous in the mediastinum in the chest, neck, pelvis, axilla, inguinal region, and in association with the blood vessels of the intestines.[4]

text: Other lymphoid tissue[edit]

text: Lymphoid tissue associated with the lymphatic system is concerned with immune functions in defending the body against infections and the spread of tumors. It consists of connective tissue formed of reticular fibers, with various types of leukocytes, (white blood cells), mostly lymphocytes enmeshed in it, through which the lymph passes.[14] Regions of the lymphoid tissue that are densely packed with lymphocytes are known as lymphoid follicles. Lymphoid tissue can either be structurally well organized as lymph nodes or may consist of loosely organized lymphoid follicles known as the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.

text: The central nervous system also has lymphatic vessels, as discovered by University of Virginia Researchers. The search for T-cell gateways into and out of the meninges uncovered functional lymphatic vessels lining the dural sinuses, anatomically integrated into the membrane surrounding the brain.[15] [16] See Meningeal lymphatic vessels.

text: Lymphatic vessels[edit]

text: The lymphatic vessels, also called lymph vessels, conduct lymph between different parts of the body. They include the tubular vessels of the lymph capillaries, and the larger collecting vessels–the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct (the left lymphatic duct). The lymph capillaries are mainly responsible for the absorption of interstitial fluid from the tissues, while lymph vessels propel the absorbed fluid forward into the larger collecting ducts, where it ultimately returns to the bloodstream via one of the subclavian veins. These vessels are also called the lymphatic channels or simply lymphatics.[17]

text: The lymphatics are responsible for maintaining the balance of the body fluids. Its network of capillaries and collecting lymphatic vessels work to efficiently drain and transport extravasated fluid, along with proteins and antigens, back to the circulatory system. Numerous intraluminal valves in the vessels ensure a unidirectional flow of lymph without reflux.[18] Two valve systems are used to achieve this one directional flow—a primary and a secondary valve system.[19] The capillaries are blind-ended, and the valves at the ends of capillaries use specialised junctions together with anchoring filaments to allow a unidirectional flow to the primary vessels. The collecting lymphatics, however, act to propel the lymph by the combined actions of the intraluminal valves and lymphatic muscle cells.[20]

text: Development[edit]

text: Lymphatic tissues begin to develop by the end of the fifth week of embryonic development. Lymphatic vessels develop from lymph sacs that arise from developing veins, which are derived from mesoderm.

text: The first lymph sacs to appear are the paired jugular lymph sacs at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. From the jugular lymph sacs, lymphatic capillary plexuses spread to the thorax, upper limbs, neck and head. Some of the plexuses enlarge and form lymphatic vessels in their respective regions. Each jugular lymph sac retains at least one connection with its jugular vein, the left one developing into the superior portion of the thoracic duct.

text: The next lymph sac to appear is the unpaired retroperitoneal lymph sac at the root of the mesentery of the intestine. It develops from the primitive vena cava and mesonephric veins. Capillary plexuses and lymphatic vessels spread from the retroperitoneal lymph sac to the abdominal viscera and diaphragm. The sac establishes connections with the cisterna chyli but loses its connections with neighboring veins.

text: The last of the lymph sacs, the paired posterior lymph sacs, develop from the iliac veins. The posterior lymph sacs produce capillary plexuses and lymphatic vessels of the abdominal wall, pelvic region, and lower limbs. The posterior lymph sacs join the cisterna chyli and lose their connections with adjacent veins.

text: With the exception of the anterior part of the sac from which the cisterna chyli develops, all lymph sacs become invaded by mesenchymal cells and are converted into groups of lymph nodes.

text: The spleen develops from mesenchymal cells between layers of the dorsal mesentery of the stomach. The thymus arises as an outgrowth of the third pharyngeal pouch.

text: Function[edit]

text: The lymphatic system has multiple interrelated functions:[21]

text:
It is responsible for the removal of interstitial fluid from tissues
It absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats as chyle from the digestive system
It transports white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes into the bones
The lymph transports antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, to the lymph nodes where an immune response is stimulated.

text: Function of the fatty acid transport system[edit]

text: Lymph vessels called lacteals are in the beginning of the gastrointestinal tract, predominantly in the small intestine. While most other nutrients absorbed by the small intestine are passed on to the portal venous system to drain via the portal vein into the liver for processing, fats (lipids) are passed on to the lymphatic system to be transported to the blood circulation via the thoracic duct. (There are exceptions, for example medium-chain triglycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol that passively diffuse from the GI tract to the portal system.) The enriched lymph originating in the lymphatics of the small intestine is called chyle. The nutrients that are released to the circulatory system are processed by the liver, having passed through the systemic circulation.

text: Immune function[edit]

text: The lymphatic system plays a major role in body's immune system, as the primary site for cells relating to adaptive immune system including T-cells and B-cells. Cells in the lymphatic system react to antigens presented or found by the cells directly or by other dendritic cells. When an antigen is recognized, an immunological cascade begins involving the activation and recruitment of more and more cells, the production of antibodies and cytokines and the recruitment of other immunological cells such as macrophages.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The study of lymphatic drainage of various organs is important in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer. The lymphatic system, because of its closeness to many tissues of the body, is responsible for carrying cancerous cells between the various parts of the body in a process called metastasis. The intervening lymph nodes can trap the cancer cells. If they are not successful in destroying the cancer cells the nodes may become sites of secondary tumors.

text: Lymphadenopathy[edit]

text: Lymphadenopathy refers to one or more enlarged lymph nodes. Small groups or individually enlarged lymph nodes are generally reactive in response to infection or inflammation. This is called local lymphadenopathy. When many lymph nodes in different areas of the body are involved, this is called generalised lymphadenopathy. Generalised lymphadenopathy may be caused by infections such as infectious mononucleosis, tuberculosis and HIV, connective tissue diseases such as SLE and rheumatoid arthritis, and cancers, including both cancers of tissue within lymph nodes, discussed below, and metastasis of cancerous cells from other parts of the body, that have arrived via the lymphatic system.[22]

text: Lymphedema[edit]

text: Lymphedema is the swelling caused by the accumulation of lymph, which may occur if the lymphatic system is damaged or has malformations. It usually affects limbs, though the face, neck and abdomen may also be affected. In an extreme state, called elephantiasis, the edema progresses to the extent that the skin becomes thick with an appearance similar to the skin on elephant limbs.[23]

text: Causes are unknown in most cases, but sometimes there is a previous history of severe infection, usually caused by a parasitic disease, such as lymphatic filariasis.

text: Lymphangiomatosis is a disease involving multiple cysts or lesions formed from lymphatic vessels.[relevant to this paragraph? – discuss]

text: Lymphedema can also occur after surgical removal of lymph nodes in the armpit (causing the arm to swell due to poor lymphatic drainage) or groin (causing swelling of the leg). Treatment is by massage, and is not permanent.[clarification needed]

text: Cancer[edit]

text: Cancer of the lymphatic system can be primary or secondary. Lymphoma refers to cancer that arises from lymphatic tissue. Lymphoid leukemias and lymphomas are now considered to be tumors of the same type of cell lineage. They are called "leukemia" when in the blood or marrow and "lymphoma" when in lymphatic tissue. They are grouped together under the name "lymphoid malignancy".[24]

text: Lymphoma is generally considered as either Hodgkin lymphoma or non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterised by a particular type of cell, called a Reed–Sternberg cell, visible under microscope. It is associated with past infection with the Epstein-Barr Virus, and generally causes a painless "rubbery" lymphadenopathy. It is staged, using Ann Arbor staging. Chemotherapy generally involves the ABVD and may also involve radiotherapy.[25] Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer characterised by increased proliferation of B-cells or T-cells, generally occurs in an older age group than Hodgkin lymphoma. It is treated according to whether it is high-grade or low-grade, and carries a poorer prognosis than Hodgkin lymphoma.[25]

text: Lymphangiosarcoma is a malignant soft tissue tumor, whereas lymphangioma is a benign tumor occurring frequently in association with Turner syndrome. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a benign tumor of the smooth muscles of the lymphatics that occurs in the lungs.

text: Lymphoid leukemia is another form of cancer where the host is devoid of different lymphatic cells.

text: Other[edit]

text:
Lymphangitis
Kikuchi disease
Chylothorax
Castleman's disease
Kawasaki disease
Lymphatic filariasis
Solitary lymphatic nodule

text: History[edit]

text: Hippocrates, in 5th century BC, was one of the first people to mention the lymphatic system. In his work On Joints, he briefly mentioned the lymph nodes in one sentence. Rufus of Ephesus, a Roman physician, identified the axillary, inguinal and mesenteric lymph nodes as well as the thymus during the 1st to 2nd century AD.[26] The first mention of lymphatic vessels was in 3rd century BC by Herophilos, a Greek anatomist living in Alexandria, who incorrectly concluded that the "absorptive veins of the lymphatics," by which he meant the lacteals (lymph vessels of the intestines), drained into the hepatic portal veins, and thus into the liver.[26] The findings of Ruphus and Herophilos were further propagated by the Greek physician Galen, who described the lacteals and mesenteric lymph nodes which he observed in his dissection of apes and pigs in the 2nd century AD.[26][27]

text: In the mid 16th century, Gabriele Falloppio (discoverer of the fallopian tubes), described what are now known as the lacteals as "coursing over the intestines full of yellow matter."[26] In about 1563 Bartolomeo Eustachi, a professor of anatomy, described the thoracic duct in horses as vena alba thoracis.[26] The next breakthrough came when in 1622 a physician, Gaspare Aselli, identified lymphatic vessels of the intestines in dogs and termed them venae alba et lacteae, which is now known as simply the lacteals. The lacteals were termed the fourth kind of vessels (the other three being the artery, vein and nerve, which was then believed to be a type of vessel), and disproved Galen's assertion that chyle was carried by the veins. But, he still believed that the lacteals carried the chyle to the liver (as taught by Galen).[28] He also identified the thoracic duct but failed to notice its connection with the lacteals.[26] This connection was established by Jean Pecquet in 1651, who found a white fluid mixing with blood in a dog's heart. He suspected that fluid to be chyle as its flow increased when abdominal pressure was applied. He traced this fluid to the thoracic duct, which he then followed to a chyle-filled sac he called the chyli receptaculum, which is now known as the cisternae chyli; further investigations led him to find that lacteals' contents enter the venous system via the thoracic duct.[26][28] Thus, it was proven convincingly that the lacteals did not terminate in the liver, thus disproving Galen's second idea: that the chyle flowed to the liver.[28] Johann Veslingius drew the earliest sketches of the lacteals in humans in 1647.[27]

text: The idea that blood recirculates through the body rather than being produced anew by the liver and the heart was first accepted as a result of works of William Harvey—a work he published in 1628. In 1652, Olaus Rudbeck (1630–1702), a Swede, discovered certain transparent vessels in the liver that contained clear fluid (and not white), and thus named them hepatico-aqueous vessels. He also learned that they emptied into the thoracic duct, and that they had valves.[28] He announced his findings in the court of Queen Christina of Sweden, but did not publish his findings for a year,[29] and in the interim similar findings were published by Thomas Bartholin, who additionally published that such vessels are present everywhere in the body, not just in the liver. He is also the one to have named them "lymphatic vessels."[28] This had resulted in a bitter dispute between one of Bartholin's pupils, Martin Bogdan,[30] and Rudbeck, whom he accused of plagiarism.[29]

text: Galen's ideas prevailed in medicine until the 17th century. It was thought that blood was produced by the liver from chyle contaminated with ailments by the intestine and stomach, to which various spirits were added by other organs, and that this blood was consumed by all the organs of the body. This theory required that the blood be consumed and produced many times over. Even in the 17th century, his ideas were defended by some physicians.[27]

text: Alexander Monro, of the University of Edinburgh Medical School, was the first to describe the function of the lymphatic system in detail.[31]

text:
"Claude Galien". Lithograph by Pierre Roche Vigneron. (Paris: Lith de Gregoire et Deneux, ca. 1865)

Gabriele Falloppio

Portrait of Eustachius

Olaus Rudbeck in 1696.

Thomas Bartholin

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Lymph originates in the Classical Latin word lympha "water",[32] which is also the source of the English word limpid. The spelling with y and ph was influenced by folk etymology with Greek νύμϕη (nýmphē) "nymph".[33]

text: The adjective used for the lymph-transporting system is lymphatic. The adjective used for the tissues where lymphocytes are formed is lymphoid. Lymphatic comes from the Latin word lymphaticus, meaning "connected to water."


document_title: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1975

question_text: what was the number one song of 1975

question_tokens: what was the number one song of 1975

text: These are the Billboard magazine Hot 100 number one hits of 1975. Both 1974 and 1975 hold the Hot 100 record for the year with the most #1 hits with 35 songs reaching the # 1 spot. Additionally, the period beginning January 11 and ending April 12 constitutes the longest run of a different #1 song every week (14 weeks) in Billboard history. Coincidentally, it both begins and ends with songs by Elton John. The longest running number one song of 1975 is "Love Will Keep Us Together" by Captain & Tennille.

text:
Key

The yellow background indicates the #1 song on Billboard's 1975 Year-End Chart of Pop Singles.

text:
Issue Date

Song

Artist(s)

Reference

January 4

"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"

Elton John

January 11

January 18

"Mandy"

Barry Manilow

January 25

"Please Mr. Postman"

The Carpenters

February 1

"Laughter in the Rain"

Neil Sedaka

February 8

"Fire"

Ohio Players

February 15

"You're No Good"

Linda Ronstadt

February 22

"Pick Up the Pieces"

Average White Band

March 1

"Best of My Love"

Eagles

March 8

"Have You Never Been Mellow"

Olivia Newton-John

March 15

"Black Water"

The Doobie Brothers

March 22

"My Eyes Adored You"

Frankie Valli

March 29

"Lady Marmalade"

LaBelle

April 5

"Lovin' You"

Minnie Riperton

April 12

"Philadelphia Freedom"

Elton John Band

April 19

April 26

"(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song"

B. J. Thomas

May 3

"He Don't Love You (Like I Love You)"

Tony Orlando and Dawn

May 10

May 17

May 24

"Shining Star"

Earth, Wind & Fire

May 31

"Before the Next Teardrop Falls"

Freddy Fender

June 7

"Thank God I'm a Country Boy"

John Denver

June 14

"Sister Golden Hair"

America

June 21

"Love Will Keep Us Together"

Captain & Tennille

June 28

July 5

July 12

July 19

"Listen to What the Man Said"

Wings

July 26

"The Hustle"

Van McCoy and the Soul City Symphony

August 2

"One of These Nights"

Eagles

August 9

"Jive Talkin'"

Bee Gees

August 16

August 23

"Fallin' in Love"

Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds

August 30

"Get Down Tonight"

KC and the Sunshine Band

September 6

"Rhinestone Cowboy"

Glen Campbell

September 13

September 20

"Fame"

David Bowie

September 27

"I'm Sorry"

John Denver

October 4

"Fame"

David Bowie

October 11

"Bad Blood"

Neil Sedaka

October 18

October 25

November 1

"Island Girl"

Elton John

November 8

November 15

November 22

"That's the Way (I Like It)"

KC and the Sunshine Band

November 29

"Fly, Robin, Fly"

Silver Convention

December 6

December 13

December 20

"That's the Way (I Like It)"

KC and the Sunshine Band

December 27

"Let's Do It Again"

The Staple Singers

text: Sources[edit]

text:
Fred Bronson's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, 5th Edition (ISBN 0-8230-7677-6)
Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2008, 12 Edition (ISBN 0-89820-180-2)
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Seventies (ISBN 0-89820-076-8)
Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard's online archive services and print editions of the magazine.