document_title: Nissan Qashqai

question_text: what does pure drive mean on nissan qashqai

root

text: Nissan Qashqai

text: First generation (J10) (2006–2013)[edit]

text:
First generation

Overview

Also called
Nissan Dualis (Japan and Australia)

Production
2006–2013

Assembly
Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England (NMMUK)
Kanda, Fukuoka, Japan

Body and chassis

Body style
5-door SUV

Layout
Front-engine, front-wheel-drive or four-wheel-drive

Platform
Nissan C platform

Related
Nissan Rogue (1st gen.)
Venucia T70

Powertrain

Engine
1.6 L HR16DE I4 (petrol)
2.0 L MR20DE I4 (petrol)
1.5 L K9K I4 (diesel)
1.6 L R9M I4 (diesel)
2.0 L M9R I4 (diesel)

Transmission
5-speed manual
6-speed manual
6-speed automatic
CVT automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
2,630 mm (103.5 in)
2,760 mm (108.7 in) (+2 version)

Length
4,315 mm (169.9 in)
4,535 mm (178.5 in) (+2 version)

Width
1,785 mm (70.3 in)

Height
1,605 mm (63.2 in)

Chronology

Successor
Nissan Juke (Dualis, Japan)
Nissan X-Trail (Qashqai+2)

tag: table

text: Name[edit]

text: Nissan considered releasing the Chinese version as the CCUV (Compact Crossover Utility Vehicle). In Australia the Qashqai carries the name Dualis from the Japanese domestic market version because Nissan worried Qashqai could be pronounced "cash cow".[2] The press has often used that pun to describe the sales success of the model.[3][4]

tag: p

text: Production and sales[edit]

text: The Qashqai has been built at Nissan's Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK (NMUK) Sunderland, Tyne and Wear plant since December 2006.[5]

text: It is the first model to be styled by Nissan Design Europe in London, with engineering development led by Nissan Technical Centre Europe (NTCE) in Cranfield, Bedfordshire. First unveiled as a concept vehicle at the 2004 Geneva Motor Show, it was globally presented at the 2006 Paris Motor Show.

text: By December 2007, Nissan had sold approximately 100,000 Nissan Qashqais in Europe, including 17,554 in the United Kingdom, 15,376 in Russia, and 10,746 in Italy.[6] Since its facelift in 2010, the Qashqai has sold over 200,000 annual units in Europe (excluding Russia) every year, and the first generation Qashqai has sold more than 1.24 million units in Europe during its 7.5 year production run.

text: The Qashqai is exported to the Middle East and additional overseas markets.

text: In order to increase production capacity in Nissan's plant in Sunderland within the United Kingdom, some models of the 2014 Qashqai will be produced in Nissan's Russian plant in Saint Petersburg.[7]

text: Features[edit]

text: Built on an all new platform, the Qashqai went on sale in February 2007, and Nissan targeted more than 100,000 sales per year. Nissan said the car would cater to those buyers who want a more dynamic design, but are not attracted to the large, aggressive nature of a sport utility vehicle.

text: The car slots below the X-Trail in the Nissan range and partially replaces the conventional Primera, even though it took the production place of the smaller Almera. In terms of size, its 4,310 millimetres (169.7 in) length and 1,610 millimetres (63.4 in) height make it fall between compact MPVs, such as the SEAT Altea and Peugeot 5008; and compact SUVs like the Hyundai Tucson, Kia Sportage and Mitsubishi Outlander.

text: The top half of Qashqai has a sleek, dynamic form with a distinctive shoulder line which rises at the rear — a design cue similar to that of the Nissan Murano. The lower portion resembles an SUV due to large, pronounced wheel arches and a slightly elevated ground clearance.

text: The Qashqai uses the same platform as the X-Trail (the vehicle upon which the Qashqai is based). Nissan regards the Qashqai as a rival to such cars as the Toyota RAV4 and the Honda CR-V and in 2007 it received a five star Euro NCAP safety rating — the best ever adult occupant score.[8]

text: Five engine choices are available: a 114 PS (84 kW; 112 bhp) 1.6 L or a 141 PS (104 kW; 139 bhp) 2.0 L petrol, while the 106 PS (78 kW; 105 bhp) 1.5 L, 130 PS (96 kW; 128 bhp) 1.6 L and 150 PS (110 kW; 148 bhp) 2.0 L provide the diesel offerings.

text: Qashqai NJ10 (+2)[edit]

text: Production of a seven-passenger version of the Qashqai, named "Qashqai+2", began at NMUK in July 2008. Launched in October 2008, it is a larger variant of the standard model with the wheelbase extended by 135 mm. The overall length of the car is extended by 211 mm to allow for a third row of seats, and roof height is increased by 38 mm at the rear.

text: From the A pillar back the car's chassis is unique, but trim and engine models remain the same as on the standard Qashqai.

text: The Qashqai+2 was discontinued after the model year of 2013, and replaced by the new version of the X-Trail with a seven-seat configuration.

text:
Nissan Qashqai+2 (pre facelift)

Nissan Qashqai+2 (pre facelift)

Nissan Qashqai+2 (facelift)

tag: ul

text: Facelift[edit]

text: On 4 December 2009, Nissan announced the Qashqai's next version, which went on sale in March 2010. The model's front end has been completely restyled while the rear now includes LED tail lights. Modifications to the interior include a new instrument panel layout for the vehicle's drive computer, better soundproofing and minor storage additions.

text: ESP is now standard across the range and two new exterior colours have been added. The launch of an eco friendly Pure Drive variant has also been announced.[9][10]

text: 2011 engine update[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A new 1.6 dCi engine replaces the previous 2.0 dCi. Peak power is down from 110 kW (148 bhp; 150 PS) to 95 kW (127 bhp; 129 PS), but there's the same 320 N⋅m (240 lb⋅ft) of torque, available at 1750 rpm, rather than 2000 rpm. Nissan hasn’t released full performance figures, but says the 1.6 dCi has a quicker 50–80 km/h (31–50 mph) acceleration figure than the 2.0 dCi.

text: Nissan has also added its Around View Monitor as standard equipment for 360 (Replaces N-tec) versions of the Qashqai and Qashqai +2. The system uses a set of external cameras to create a 360 degree "bird's eye" view of the car to help with parking manoeuvres. The driver can also focus individually on front, rear or passenger cameras to look out for a particular obstacle.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Japan[edit]

text: The Japanese Domestic Market (JDM) Dualis is offered in 2.0 G, 2.0 S, 2.0 G Four, and 2.0 S Four trim levels. All models are powered by 2.0 litre MR20DE engine matched to six speed Xtronic CVT.

text: The Dualis was discontinued in Japan on 31 March 2014. After the Dualis was discontinued, the Juke is the only mini SUV from Nissan that is still produced and sold in Japan.

text: Middle East[edit]

text: In most Middle East markets, the Nissan Qashqai is offered in S, SE and LE, Standard on all trims is the 2.0L 106 kW (142 bhp) MR20DE engine with CVT.[11]

text: North America[edit]

text: Until 2017, the Qashqai was not offered in North American markets. Instead, Nissan offered the Nissan Rogue. Although larger and appearing to be a completely different model it is based on the same basic platform as the Qashqai / Xtrail with some visual similarities. In Mexico, the X-Trail and Rogue are both sold and the Qashqai is about to be offered in the Mexican Market. In January 2017, Nissan announced the second generation Qashqai will be sold in the United States and Canada (called the "Rogue Sport" in the United States).

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: Nissan New Zealand also uses the Qashqai name to distinguish the model from Dualis grey imports that were shipped from Japan before the official release. The New Zealand spec Qashqai is sourced from Sunderland having initially been sourced from Japan. The range currently (2016) consists of three specification levels: ST, ST-L and Ti all with 2WD 2.0L MR20DE CVT. A TS model (1.6 diesel) is also available. The Qashqai+2 was added to the range in July 2010 but discontinued with the new model launch in 2014. The updated X-Trail (Rogue in United States), released at about the same time, became the only seven seater option.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: In Singapore, the local distributor offered the Qashqai in the standard variant and also in Qashqai+2 seven seater variant. Parallel importers also offered the model but bears the Dualis name which is directly sourced from Japan.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The Qashqai has been made at the Sunderland, Tyne and Wear plant since December 2006, occupying the production line previously occupied by the Almera. Its launch also coincided with the withdrawal of the Primera from the market in the United Kingdom, due to low sales. This left the company with no direct successor to the Almera or Primera on the market in the United Kingdom, with the "supermini MPV" Note being sold as an indirect successor to the Almera, and the Qashqai as a successor to the Primera.

text: This move was seen as controversial, but in time appears to have paid off as the Qashqai has proved a major sales success in the United Kingdom, with more than 39,000 sales in 2010 making it the tenth best selling new car in Britain – the first Nissan to make the top ten in Britain since the Sunny in 1983.[12]

text: The lack of a conventional alternative on the United Kingdom market could soon be solved, according to an Autocar article in September 2012, by the launch of the Nissan Tiida (which had already directly replaced the Almera in other markets) in the near future, although it has yet to be confirmed whether this will happen.[13] In 2012, its sixth year on sale in the United Kingdom, sales exceeded 45,000 to make it the sixth best selling car there that year.[14]

text: The Russian Federation[edit]

text: The Qashqai and Qashqai+2 (seven seat version) are available in the Russian Federation with the following gasoline powered four cylinder engines:

text: For Qashqai

text:
1.6 L — 85 kW (114 hp) 2WD; 5MT and CVT
2.0 L — 105 kW (141 hp) 2WD and 4WD; 6MT and CVT

text: For Qashqai+2

text:
1.6 L — 85 kW (114 hp) 2WD; 5MT
2.0 L — 105 kW (141 hp) 2WD with 6MT only; 4WD with 6MT or CVT

text: Recall[edit]

text: On 13 September 2012, Nissan Motor Co. recalled 51,000 cars worldwide to investigate a reported steering wheel problem. It affects Nissan's Qashqai, Qashqai+2 and Nissan NV200 models.[15]

text: Second generation (J11) (2013–present)[edit]

text:
Second generation

Overview

Also called
Nissan Rogue Sport (United States)

Production
November 2013–present

Assembly
Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England (NMMUK)
Wuhan, Hubei, China (Dongfeng Nissan)
Saint Petersburg, Russia
Fukuoka Pref., Japan（Nissan Motor Kyushu）

Body and chassis

Body style
5-door SUV

Layout
Front-engine, front-wheel-drive or four-wheel-drive

Platform
Nissan CMF platform (CMF-CD)

Related
Nissan Rogue (2nd gen.)
Nissan X-Trail (3rd gen.)
Renault Kadjar

Powertrain

Engine
1.2 L turbo I4 (petrol)
1.6 L I4 (petrol)
2.0 L MR20DE I4 (petrol)
1.5 L I4 (diesel)
1.6 L I4 (diesel)

Transmission
6-speed manual
CVT automatic

Dimensions

Wheelbase
2,646 mm (104.2 in)

Length
4,370 mm (172.0 in)

Width
1,800 mm (70.9 in)

Height
1,595 mm (62.8 in)

Chronology

Predecessor
Nissan Rogue Select (for North America)

text: The Qashqai J11 was introduced in London on November 7, 2013, at a worldwide streamed launch known at the #nextgen. It was subsequently presented as a premiere at the Brussels International Motor Show in January 2014.[16] In February 2014, it went on sale in the United Kingdom. The new Qashqai J11 was awarded What Car? "Car of the Year" 2014.

text: The Dualis nameplate has been discontinued in Japan, and the second generation Qashqai is not sold there. Nissan Japan instead offers the smaller Juke, and the new larger X-Trail which is now based on the Rogue.

text: The first generation model with the Dualis nameplate was sold alongside the newer model, which now bears the Qashqai name in Australia since July 2014.

text: Globally, it is available in 1.6 L (turbodiesel/petrol), 1.5 L (turbodiesel), 1.2 L (turbopetrol) and 2.0 L (petrol) variants.[17][18]

text: In July 2015, Nissan announced that it will begin to market the Qashqai on the market in North America.[19] In September 2015, Nissan rolled a record breaking 500,000th Qashqai off the production line at NMMUK, the fastest time for a vehicle built in the United Kingdom to reach a half million units.[20]

text: Dongfeng Nissan started marketing locally produced Qashqai in Chinese market.[21] Engine options available are 1.2 litre turbocharged petrol and 2.0 L naturally aspirated petrol. All models excluding the base 1.2T are mated with NIssan's Xtronic CVT, while the base 1.2T engine is mated with a six speed manual gearbox.

text: At the 2017 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan Nissan revealed the North American version of the Qashqai to slot between the Juke & Rogue. Due to homologation reasons Nissan USA had to make minor changes to the Qashqai including calling it "Rogue Sport", to tie it in with the popular Rogue name.[22] In Canada, however, the Qashqai will keep its original name.

text: Pricing for the 2018 Nissan Qashqai will start under $20,000 in Canada. The manual S trim model begins at $19,998 and the S CVT at $21,998. The price tops out at $32,198 for the SL Platinum. The Qashqai arrived at dealers in Canada in June.[23]

text: On October 27, 2016, Nissan Motor Corporation announced the production of the next Qashqai at NMUK.[24]

text: Engine Specifications[edit]

text:
Petrol engines[25]hide

Model
Year(s)
Displacement
Fuel Type
Power
Torque
0–100 km/h (0–62 mph)
CO2 Emissions

1.2i DIG-T 4X2
HR12DDT

2013–
1,199 cc (73.2 cu in)
Petrol
116 PS (85 kW; 114 bhp)
190 N⋅m (140 ft⋅lbf)
10.6 s
129 g/km

1.2i DIG-T 4X2 XTRONIC
2014–
1,199 cc (73.2 cu in)
Petrol
116 PS (85 kW; 114 bhp)
165 N⋅m (122 ft⋅lbf)
12.9 s
129 g/km

1.6i DIG-T 4X2
MR16DDT

2014–
1,618 cc (98.7 cu in)
Petrol
163 PS (120 kW; 161 bhp)
240 N⋅m (177 ft⋅lbf)
9.1 s
134 g/km

MR20DE
2015-
1,997 cc (121.9 cu in)
Petrol
150 PS (110 kW; 148 bhp)
200 N⋅m (148 ft⋅lbf)
10.53 s
- g/km

text:
Diesel engines[25]hide

Model
Year(s)
Displacement
Fuel Type
Power
Torque
0–100 km/h (0–62 mph)
CO2 Emissions

1.5 dCi 4X2
2013–
1,461 cc (89.2 cu in)
Diesel
110 PS (81 kW; 108 bhp)
260 N⋅m (192 ft⋅lbf)
11.9 s
99 g/km

1.6 dCi 4X2
2013–
1,598 cc (97.5 cu in)
Diesel
131 PS (96 kW; 129 bhp)
320 N⋅m (236 ft⋅lbf)
9.9 s
115 g/km

1.6 dCi 4X2 XTRONIC
2013–
1,598 cc (97.5 cu in)
Diesel
131 PS (96 kW; 129 bhp)
320 N⋅m (236 ft⋅lbf)
11.1 s
119 g/km

1.6 dCi All Mode 4X4-i
2013–
1,598 cc (97.5 cu in)
Diesel
131 PS (96 kW; 129 bhp)
320 N⋅m (236 ft⋅lbf)
10.5 s
129 g/km

text: Alleged emission manipulation[edit]

text: In May 2016, South Korea's environment ministry alleged Nissan used a so-called defeat device in those Qashqai with diesel engines to turn off its exhaust reduction system under regular driving temperatures. It fined Nissan, and ordered a recall of models with Euro 6 engines. Nissan denied any wrongdoing.[26][27]

text: Nissan Rogue Sport (2017–present)[edit]

text: At the 2017 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Nissan announced that it would sell a rebadged version of its Qashqai, called the Rogue Sport in the United States. Priced below the Nissan Rogue (which in turn is a rebadged version of the Nissan X Trail), the Rogue Sport replaces the Nissan Rogue Select, which has been discontinued from Nissan's lineup in the United States since 2015.

text: Nissan decided to name the Qashqai the Rogue Sport in the United States in order to cash in on the success of the standard Rogue, despite rumors that Americans couldn't pronounce "qashqai".[22] At the same time, it was announced that the Qashqai will be sold in Canada as a Qashqai and not as a Rogue Sport.

text: All Rogue Sports will come well equipped, with standard features such as keyless entry, power windows and door locks, Bluetooth for hands-free calling as well as streaming audio, and air conditioning. In addition, the Rogue Sport will be offered in three distinct trim levels, all of which feature their own list of standard equipment:

text: S: Advanced Driver Assist Display, "D-Shaped" Sports Steering Wheel, Siri Eyes Free Technology, Bluetooth Streaming Audio, and Rear View Backup Camera System

text: SV Adds: Seventeen Inch (17") Aluminum Alloy Wheels, Nissan Intelligent Key System w/ Push Button Ignition, Dual-Zone Automatic Temperature Controls, and Six Way Power Adjustable Front Driver's Seat

text: SL Adds: Nineteen Inch (19") Aluminum Alloy Wheels, Seven-Inch NissanConnect Services Touch Screen Infotainment System w/ GPS Navigation, Mobile Apps, and Services, Nissan AroundView Monitor w/ Moving Object Detection, and Leather Appointed Seating Surfaces

text: All Rogue Sports will be powered by a 2.0 litre, 141 horsepower inline-four petrol engine. Additional features include the "Divide n Hide" in-floor storage system, intelligent cruise control, available Blind Sport Monitoring, available Lane Departure Warning, available Lane Departure Prevention, available Rear Cross Traffic Alert, and High Beam Assist. Both Front-Wheel-Drive (FWD) and All-Wheel-Drive (AWD) versions of the Rogue Sport will be available.

text: The Rogue Sport will go on sale in the United States in the spring of 2017, however, pricing has not yet been announced.[28]

text: Gallery[edit]

text: Pre-facelift styling

text:
Front (ST; Australia)

Rear (Tekna; Europe)

text: Post-facelift styling

text:
Front (N-Connecta; UK)

Rear (Tekna+; UK)


document_title: France at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: how many fifa world cups does france have

text: France at the FIFA World Cup

text: FIFA World Cup record[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup finals record

Qualifications record

Year

Round

Position

GP

W

D*

L

GF

GA

Squad

GP

W

D

L

GF

GA

 1930
Group stage
7th
3
1
0
2
4
3
Squad

—

 1934
Round of 16
9th
1
0
0
1
2
3
Squad

1
1
0
0
6
1
1934

 1938
Quarter-finals
6th
2
1
0
1
4
4
Squad

Qualified as hosts
1938

 1950
Originally did not qualify, then invited, later withdrew

3
0
2
1
4
5
1950

 1954
Group stage
11th
2
1
0
1
3
3
Squad

4
4
0
0
20
4
1954

 1958
Third place
3rd
6
4
0
2
23
15
Squad

4
3
1
0
19
4
1958

 1962
Did not qualify

5
3
0
2
10
4
1962

 1966
Group stage
13th
3
0
1
2
2
5
Squad

6
5
0
1
9
2
1966

 1970
Did not qualify

4
2
0
2
6
4
1970

 1974

4
1
1
2
3
5
1974

 1978
Group stage
12th
3
1
0
2
5
5
Squad

4
2
1
1
7
4
1978

 1982
Fourth place
4th
7
3
2
2
16
12
Squad

8
5
0
3
20
8
1982

 1986
Third place
3rd
7
4
2
1
12
6
Squad

8
5
1
2
15
4
1986

 1990
Did not qualify

8
3
3
2
10
7
1990

 1994

10
6
1
3
17
10
1994

 1998
Champions
1st
7
6
1
0
15
2
Squad

Qualified as hosts
1998

  2002
Group stage
28th
3
0
1
2
0
3
Squad

Qualified as defending champions
2002

 2006
Runners-up
2nd
7
4
3
0
9
3
Squad

10
5
5
0
14
2
2006

 2010
Group stage
29th
3
0
1
2
1
4
Squad

12
7
4
1
20
10
2010

 2014
Quarter-finals
7th
5
3
1
1
10
3
Squad

10
6
2
2
18
8
2014

 2018
Champions
1st
7
6
1
0
14
6
Squad

10
7
2
1
18
6
2018

 2022
To be determined

To be determined
2022

Total
15/21
2 Titles
65
33
13*
19
120
77
N/A
111
65
23
23
216
88
Total

text:
showFrance's World Cup record

First Match

 France 4–1 Mexico  (15 July 1930; Montevideo, Uruguay)

Biggest Win

 France 7–3 Paraguay  (8 June 1958; Norrköping, Sweden)

Biggest Defeat

 France 2-5 Brazil  (24 June 1958; Solna, Sweden)

Best Result

Champions in 1998 and 2018

Worst Result

Group stage in 1934, 1954, 1966, 1978, 2002 and 2010

text: By match[edit]

text:
Year as

Round

Against

Score

Scorers

 1930
Group 1
 Mexico
4–1
Laurent, Langiller, Maschinot (2)

Group 1
 Argentina
0–1

Group 1
 Chile
0–1

 1934
Round 1
 Austria
2–3 (a.e.t.)
Nicolas, Verriest

 1938
Round 1
 Belgium
3–1
Veinante, Nicolas (2)

Quarter-Final
 Italy
1–3
Heisserer

 1954
Group 1
 Yugoslavia
0–1

Group 1
 Mexico
3–2
Vincent, Cardenas, Kopa

 1958
Group 2
 Paraguay
7–3
Fontaine (3), Piantoni, Wisnieski, Kopa, Vincent

Group 2
 Yugoslavia
2–3
Fontaine (2)

Group 2
 Scotland
2–1
Kopa, Fontaine

Quarter-Final
 Northern Ireland
4–0
Wisnieski, Fontaine (2), Piantoni

Semi-Final
 Brazil
2–5
Fontaine, Piantoni

Third Place Match
 West Germany
6–3
Fontaine (4), Kopa, Douis

 1966
Group 1
 Mexico
1–1
Hausser

Group 1
 Uruguay
1–2
De Bourgoing

Group 1
 England
0–2

 1978
Group 1
 Italy
1–2
Lacombe

Group 1
 Argentina
1–2
Platini

Group 1
 Hungary
3–1
Lopez, Berdoll, Rocheteau

 1982
Group 4
 England
1–3
Soler

Group 4
 Kuwait
4–1
Genghini, Platini, Six, Bossis

Group 4
 Czechoslovakia
1–1
Six

Group D Round 2
 Austria
1–0
Genghini

Group D Round 2
 Northern Ireland
4–1
Giresse (2), Rocheteau (2)

Semi-Final
 West Germany
3–3 (a.e.t.), 4–5 (p.)
Platini, Tresor, Giresse

Third Place Match
 Poland
2–3
Girard, Couriol

 1986
Group C
 Canada
1–0
Papin

Group C
 Soviet Union
1–1
Fernández

Group C
 Hungary
3–0
Stopyra, Tigana, Rocheteau

Round of 16
 Italy
2–0
Platini, Stopyra

Quarter-Final
 Brazil
1–1 (a.e.t.), 4–3 (p.)
Platini

Semi-Final
 West Germany
0–2

Third Place Match
 Belgium
4–2 (a.e.t.)
Ferreri, Papin, Genghini, Amoros

 1998
Group C
 South Africa
3–0
Dugarry, Issa (o.g.), Henry

Group C
 Saudi Arabia
4–0
Henry (2), Trezeguet, Lizarazu

Group C
 Denmark
2–1
Djorkaeff, Petit

Round of 16
 Paraguay
1–0 (a.e.t.)
Blanc

Quarter-Final
 Italy
0–0 (a.e.t.), 4–3 (p.)

Semi-Final
 Croatia
2–1
Thuram (2)

Final
 Brazil
3–0
Zidane (2), Petit

 2002
Group A
 Senegal
0–1

Group A
 Uruguay
0–0

Group A
 Denmark
0–2

 2006
Group G
  Switzerland
0–0

Group G
 South Korea
1–1
Henry

Group G
 Togo
2–0
Vieira, Henry

Round of 16
 Spain
3–1
Ribéry, Vieira, Zidane

Quarter-Final
 Brazil
1–0
Henry

Semi-Final
 Portugal
1–0
Zidane

Final
 Italy
1–1 (a.e.t.), 3–5 (p.)
Zidane

 2010
Group A
 Uruguay
0–0

Group A
 Mexico
0–2

Group A
 South Africa
1–2
Malouda

 2014
Group E
 Honduras
3–0
Benzema (2), Valladares (o.g.)

Group E
  Switzerland
5–2
Giroud, Matuidi, Valbuena, Benzema, Sissoko

Group E
 Ecuador
0–0

Round of 16
 Nigeria
2–0
Pogba, Yobo (o.g.)

Quarter-Final
 Germany
0–1

 2018
Group C
 Australia
2–1
Griezmann, Behich (o.g.)

Group C
 Peru
1–0
Mbappé

Group C
 Denmark
0–0

Round of 16
 Argentina
4–3
Griezmann, Pavard, Mbappé (2)

Quarter-Final
 Uruguay
2–0
Varane, Griezmann

Semi-Final
 Belgium
1–0
Umtiti

Final
 Croatia
4–2
Mandžukić (o.g.), Griezmann, Pogba, Mbappé

text: France at the 1998 FIFA World Cup[edit]

text: Head coach: Aimé Jacquet

text:
No.

Pos.

Player

Date of birth (age)

Caps

Club

1

1GK

Bernard Lama

 (1963-04-07)7 April 1963 (aged 35)

37

 Paris Saint Germain

2

2DF

Vincent Candela

 (1973-10-24)24 October 1973 (aged 24)

10

 Roma

3

2DF

Bixente Lizarazu

 (1969-12-09)9 December 1969 (aged 28)

32

 Bayern Munich

4

3MF

Patrick Vieira

 (1976-06-23)23 June 1976 (aged 21)

7

 Arsenal

5

2DF

Laurent Blanc

 (1965-11-19)19 November 1965 (aged 32)

68

 Marseille

6

4FW

Youri Djorkaeff

 (1968-03-09)9 March 1968 (aged 30)

37

 Internazionale

7

3MF

Didier Deschamps (c)

 (1968-10-15)15 October 1968 (aged 29)

69

 Juventus

8

2DF

Marcel Desailly

 (1968-09-07)7 September 1968 (aged 29)

41

 Milan

9

4FW

Stéphane Guivarc'h

 (1970-09-06)6 September 1970 (aged 27)

6

 Auxerre

10

3MF

Zinedine Zidane

 (1972-06-23)23 June 1972 (aged 25)

33

 Juventus

11

3MF

Robert Pirès

 (1973-10-29)29 October 1973 (aged 24)

13

 Metz

12

4FW

Thierry Henry

 (1977-08-17)17 August 1977 (aged 20)

3

 Monaco

13

3MF

Bernard Diomède

 (1974-01-23)23 January 1974 (aged 24)

6

 Auxerre

14

3MF

Alain Boghossian

 (1970-10-27)27 October 1970 (aged 27)

6

 Sampdoria

15

2DF

Lilian Thuram

 (1972-01-01)1 January 1972 (aged 26)

32

 Parma

16

1GK

Fabien Barthez

 (1971-06-28)28 June 1971 (aged 26)

12

 Monaco

17

3MF

Emmanuel Petit

 (1970-09-22)22 September 1970 (aged 27)

17

 Arsenal

18

2DF

Frank Lebœuf

 (1968-01-22)22 January 1968 (aged 30)

13

 Chelsea

19

3MF

Christian Karembeu

 (1970-12-03)3 December 1970 (aged 27)

31

 Real Madrid

20

4FW

David Trezeguet

 (1977-10-15)15 October 1977 (aged 20)

4

 Monaco

21

4FW

Christophe Dugarry

 (1972-03-24)24 March 1972 (aged 26)

23

 Marseille

22

1GK

Lionel Charbonnier

 (1966-10-25)25 October 1966 (aged 31)

1

 Auxerre

text: France vs South Africa[edit]

text:
France

3–0

 South Africa

Dugarry  36'Issa  77' (o.g.)Henry  90+2'

Report

text:
GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
8
Marcel Desailly

CB
5
Laurent Blanc

LB
3
Bixente Lizarazu

CM
7
Didier Deschamps (c)
 53'

CM
17
Emmanuel Petit
 28'
 73'

RW
6
Youri Djorkaeff

 84'

AM
10
Zinedine Zidane
 75'

LW
12
Thierry Henry

CF
9
Stéphane Guivarc'h

 26'

Substitutions:

FW
21
Christophe Dugarry

 26'

MF
14
Alain Boghossian

 73'

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 84'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

GK
1
Hans Vonk

DF
3
David Nyathi

DF
4
Willem Jackson
 39'

DF
5
Mark Fish

DF
19
Lucas Radebe (c)

DF
21
Pierre Issa

MF
7
Quinton Fortune

MF
10
John Moshoeu

FW
6
Phil Masinga

FW
12
Brendan Augustine

 56'

FW
17
Benni McCarthy

 89'

Substitutions:

MF
11
Helman Mkhalele

 56'

FW
9
Shaun Bartlett

 89'

Manager:

Philippe Troussier

text:
Assistant referees:
Arnaldo Pinto (Brazil)
Merere Gonzales (Trinidad and Tobago)
Fourth official:
Mario Sánchez Yanten (Chile)

text: France vs Saudi Arabia[edit]

text:
France

4–0

 Saudi Arabia

Henry  37', 78'Trezeguet  68'Lizarazu  85'

Report

text:
GK
16
Fabien Barthez

DF
3
Bixente Lizarazu
 50'

DF
5
Laurent Blanc
 36'

DF
8
Marcel Desailly

DF
15
Lilian Thuram

MF
7
Didier Deschamps (c)

MF
10
Zinedine Zidane
 71'

MF
13
Bernard Diomède

 58'

MF
14
Alain Boghossian

FW
12
Thierry Henry

 79'

FW
21
Christophe Dugarry

 30'

Substitutions:

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 30'

MF
6
Youri Djorkaeff

 58'

MF
11
Robert Pirès

 79'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

GK
1
Mohamed Al-Deayea

DF
2
Mohammed Al-Jahani
 7'
 76'

DF
3
Mohammed Al-Khilaiwi
 19'

DF
4
Abdullah Zubromawi

DF
13
Hussein Sulaimani

MF
6
Fuad Amin (c)

MF
7
Ibrahim Al-Shahrani

MF
16
Khamis Al-Owairan

MF
20
Hamzah Saleh

FW
9
Sami Al-Jaber
 82'

FW
10
Saeed Al-Owairan

 33'

Substitutions:

MF
12
Ibrahim Al-Harbi

 33'
 65'

MF
14
Khalid Al-Muwallid

 65'

DF
17
Ahmed Dokhi

 76'

Manager:

Carlos Alberto Parreira

text:
Assistant referees:
Reynaldo Salinas (Honduras)
Luis Torres Zúñiga (Costa Rica)
Fourth official:
Alberto Tejada Noriega (Peru)

text: France vs Denmark[edit]

text:
France

2–1

 Denmark

Djorkaeff  12' (pen.)Petit  56'

Report

M. Laudrup  42' (pen.)

text:
GK
16
Fabien Barthez

DF
2
Vincent Candela

DF
8
Marcel Desailly (c)

DF
18
Franck Leboeuf

MF
4
Patrick Vieira
 62'

MF
6
Youri Djorkaeff

MF
11
Robert Pirès

 71'

MF
13
Bernard Diomède
 53'

MF
17
Emmanuel Petit

 64'

MF
19
Christian Karembeu

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 85'

Substitutions:

MF
14
Alain Boghossian

 64'

FW
12
Thierry Henry

 71'

FW
9
Stéphane Guivarc'h

 85'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

GK
1
Peter Schmeichel

DF
2
Michael Schjønberg

DF
3
Marc Rieper

DF
4
Jes Høgh

DF
5
Jan Heintze

DF
6
Thomas Helveg

DF
13
Jacob Laursen

 46'

MF
7
Allan Nielsen

MF
10
Michael Laudrup (c)

MF
21
Martin Jørgensen

 54'

FW
11
Brian Laudrup

 75'

Substitutions:

DF
12
Søren Colding
 65'
 46'

FW
19
Ebbe Sand

 54'

MF
15
Stig Tøfting
 78'
 75'

Manager:

Bo Johansson

text:
Assistant referees:
Nimal Wickeramatunge (Sri Lanka)
Emanuel Zammit (Malta)
Fourth official:
Vítor Melo Pereira (Portugal)

text: Round of 16 France vs Paraguay[edit]

text:
France

1–0 (a.e.t.)

 Paraguay

Blanc  113'

Report

text:
GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
5
Laurent Blanc

CB
8
Marcel Desailly

LB
3
Bixente Lizarazu

CM
7
Didier Deschamps (c)

CM
17
Emmanuel Petit

 69'

RW
13
Bernard Diomède

 76'

LW
6
Youri Djorkaeff

CF
20
David Trezeguet

CF
12
Thierry Henry

 64'

Substitutes:

MF
11
Robert Pirès

 64'

MF
14
Alain Boghossian

 69'

FW
9
Stéphane Guivarc'h

 76'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

GK
1
José Luis Chilavert (c)
 19'

RB
2
Francisco Arce
 84'

CB
4
Carlos Gamarra

CB
5
Celso Ayala

LB
11
Pedro Sarabia

CM
10
Roberto Acuña

CM
16
Julio César Enciso
 32'

CM
13
Carlos Humberto Paredes

 74'

AM
21
Jorge Luis Campos

 55'

AM
15
Miguel Ángel Benítez
 23'

CF
9
José Cardozo

 91'

Substitutes:

MF
7
Julio César Yegros

 55'

DF
20
Denis Caniza

 74'

MF
8
Aristides Rojas

 91'

Manager:

Paulo César Carpegiani

text:
Assistant referees:
Nimal Wickeramatunge (Sri Lanka)
Lencie Fred (Vanuatu)
Fourth official:
Esse Baharmast (United States)

text: Quarter-Final Italy vs France[edit]

text:
Italy

0–0 (a.e.t.)

 France

Report

Penalties

R. Baggio Albertini Costacurta Vieri Di Biagio

3 – 4

 Zidane Lizarazu Trezeguet Henry Blanc

text:
GK
12
Gianluca Pagliuca

RB
2
Giuseppe Bergomi
 28'

CB
4
Fabio Cannavaro

CB
5
Alessandro Costacurta
 113'

LB
3
Paolo Maldini (c)

CM
11
Dino Baggio

 52'

CM
14
Luigi Di Biagio

RW
17
Francesco Moriero

LW
7
Gianluca Pessotto

 90'

SS
10
Alessandro Del Piero
 26'
 67'

CF
21
Christian Vieri

Substitutes:

MF
9
Demetrio Albertini

 52'

FW
18
Roberto Baggio

 67'

MF
15
Angelo Di Livio

 90'

Manager:

Cesare Maldini

GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
5
Laurent Blanc

CB
8
Marcel Desailly

LB
3
Bixente Lizarazu

DM
7
Didier Deschamps (c)
 62'

RM
19
Christian Karembeu

 65'

LM
17
Emanuel Petit

AM
10
Zinedine Zidane

SS
6
Youri Djorkaeff

CF
9
Stéphane Guivarc'h
 53'
 65'

Substitutes:

FW
12
Thierry Henry

 65'

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 65'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

text:
Assistant referees:
 Mark Warren (England)
 Nicolae Grigorescu (Romania)
Fourth official:
Said Belqola (Morocco)

text: Semi-Final France vs Croatia[edit]

text:
France

2–1

 Croatia

Thuram  47', 69'

Report

Šuker  46'

text:
GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
5
Laurent Blanc
 76'

CB
8
Marcel Desailly

LB
3
Bixente Lizarazu

DM
7
Didier Deschamps (c)

RM
19
Christian Karembeu

 31'

LM
17
Emmanuel Petit

AM
10
Zinedine Zidane

SS
6
Youri Djorkaeff

 77'

CF
9
Stéphane Guivarc'h

 68'

Substitutes:

FW
12
Thierry Henry

 31'

FW
20
David Trezeguet

 68'

DF
18
Frank Leboeuf

 77'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

GK
1
Dražen Ladić

RB
20
Dario Šimić
 88'

CB
6
Slaven Bilić

CB
4
Igor Štimac

LB
17
Robert Jarni

DM
14
Zvonimir Soldo

RM
7
Aljoša Asanović
 45'

LM
13
Mario Stanić
 75'
 89'

AM
10
Zvonimir Boban (c)

 66'

SS
19
Goran Vlaović

CF
9
Davor Šuker

Substitutes:

FW
11
Silvio Marić

 66'

MF
8
Robert Prosinečki

 89'

Manager:

Miroslav Blažević

text:
Assistant referees:
 Fernando Tresaco Gracia (Spain)
 Jorge Díaz Gálvez (Chile)
Fourth official:
Epifanio González Chávez (Paraguay)

text: Final[edit]

text: The 1998 final was held on 12 July at the Stade de France, Saint-Denis. France defeated holders Brazil 3–0, with two goals from Zinedine Zidane and a stoppage time strike from Emmanuel Petit. The win gave France their first World Cup title, becoming the sixth national team after Uruguay, Italy, England, West Germany and Argentina to win the tournament on their home soil. They also inflicted the heaviest defeat on Brazil since 1930.[7]

text:
The pre-match build up was dominated by the omission of Brazilian striker Ronaldo from the starting lineup only to be reinstated 45 minutes before kick-off.[8] He managed to create the first open chance for Brazil in the 22nd minute, dribbling past defender Thuram before sending a cross out on the left side that goalkeeper Fabien Barthez struggled to hold onto. France however took the lead in the 27th minute after Brazilian defender Roberto Carlos conceded a corner which Zidane scored with a header from the right.[9]
Three minutes before half-time, Zidane scored his second goal of the match, similarly another header from a corner, this time from the left side. The tournament hosts went down to ten men in the 68th minute as Marcel Desailly was sent off for a second bookable offence. Brazil reacted to this by making an attacking substitution and although they applied pressure France sealed the win with a third goal: substitute Patrick Vieira set up his club teammate Petit in a counterattack to shoot low past goalkeeper Cláudio Taffarel.[10]

text: French president Jacques Chirac was in attendance to congratulate and commiserate the winners and runners-up respectively after the match.[11] Several days after the victory, winning manager Aimé Jacquet announced his resignation from the French team with immediate effect.[12][13][14]

text:
Brazil

0–3

 France

Report

Zidane  27', 45+1'Petit  90+3'

text:
Brazil

France

text:
GK
1
Claudio Taffarel

RB
2
Cafu

CB
3
Aldair

CB
4
Júnior Baiano
 33'

LB
6
Roberto Carlos

CM
5
César Sampaio

 73'

CM
8
Dunga (c)

AM
10
Rivaldo

AM
18
Leonardo

 46'

CF
20
Bebeto

CF
9
Ronaldo

Substitutes:

MF
19
Denílson

 46'

FW
21
Edmundo

 73'

Manager:

Mário Zagallo

GK
16
Fabien Barthez

RB
15
Lilian Thuram

CB
8
Marcel Desailly
 48', 68'

CB
18
Frank Leboeuf

LB
3
Bixente Lizarazu

DM
7
Didier Deschamps (c)
 39'

CM
17
Emmanuel Petit

CM
19
Christian Karembeu
 56'
 57'

AM
10
Zinedine Zidane

AM
6
Youri Djorkaeff

 74'

CF
9
Stéphane Guivarc'h

 66'

Substitutes:

MF
14
Alain Boghossian

 57'

FW
21
Christophe Dugarry

 66'

MF
4
Patrick Vieira

 74'

Manager:

Aimé Jacquet

text:
Man of the match
 Zinedine Zidane (France)
Officials
Linesmen:
Mark Warren (England)
Achmat Salie (South Africa)
Fourth official: Rahman Al Zaid (Saudi Arabia)

Match rules
90 minutes
30 minutes of extra-time if necessary
Penalty shoot-out if scores still level
Three substitutions permitted

text: Record players[edit]

text: Goalkeeper Fabien Barthez also shares the FIFA World Cup record for most matches without conceding a goal, which he achieved ten times. The only other player to have reached that number is England's Peter Shilton.

text:
No.

Name

Matches

World Cups

1

Fabien Barthez
17
1998, 2002 and 2006

Thierry Henry
17
1998, 2002, 2006 and 2010

3
Lilian Thuram
16
1998, 2002 and 2006

4
Maxime Bossis
15
1978, 1982 and 1986

5

Michel Platini
14
1978, 1982 and 1986

Hugo Lloris
14
2010, 2014 and 2018

7

Manuel Amoros
12
1982 and 1986

Alain Giresse
12
1982 and 1986

Jean Tigana
12
1982 and 1986

David Trezeguet
12
1998, 2002 and 2006

Patrick Vieira
12
1998, 2002 and 2006

Zinedine Zidane
12
1998, 2002 and 2006

Olivier Giroud
12
2014 and 2018

Antoine Griezmann
12
2014 and 2018

Raphaël Varane
12
2014 and 2018

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text: Just Fontaine scored all his 13 World Cup goals in 1958, where France reached third place. This makes him record holder for most goals scored in a single FIFA World Cup. At the time, it also made him the most successful World Cup scorer of all time until the record was broken by West Germany's Gerd Müller in the World Cup final of 1974.

text:
No.

Name

Goals

World Cups

1
Just Fontaine
13
1958

2
Thierry Henry
6
1998 (3) and 2006 (3)

3

Michel Platini
5
1978 (1), 1982 (2) and 1986 (2)

Zinedine Zidane
5
1998 (2) and 2006 (3)

5

Raymond Kopa
4
1958

Dominique Rocheteau
4
1978 (1), 1982 (2) and 1986 (1)

Antoine Griezmann
4
2018

Kylian Mbappé
4
2018

9

Jean Nicolas
3
1934 (1) and 1938 (2)

Roger Piantoni
3
1958

Alain Giresse
3
1982

Karim Benzema
3
2014


document_title: PJM

question_text: what does pjm stand for in pjm rhododendron

text: PJM

text: PJM may refer to:

text:
PixelJunk Monsters, a PlayStation Network game for the PlayStation 3
Punjab Janata Morcha (Punjab Popular Front), a Sikh political party in the state of Punjab, India
Polish Sign Language ("Polski Język Migowy")
Puerto Jiménez Airport (IATA: PJM, ICAO: MRPJ) in Puerto Jiménez, Costa Rica
PJM, a hardy hybrid rhododendron, where the letters stand for Peter John Mezitt, patriarch of Weston Nurseries, Hopkinton, Massachusetts, where the cultivar originated
PJM Interconnection, a regional transmission organization (RTO) in the eastern United States that operates the world's largest competitive wholesale electricity market
Phase Jitter Modulation, an RFID interface standard
Pingat Jasa Malaysia, a Malaysian medal awarded to Commonwealth servicemen who served in Malaysia during the Malayan Emergency and the Malaysian-Indonesian Confrontation periods
Patrick Joseph McGovern, a businessman, publisher, and entrepreneur known for founding Computerworld magazine, and founder of the McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT.

text:
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title PJM.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Disambiguation pages

text: All article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: Cummins B Series engine

question_text: when did the 24 valve cummins come out

question_tokens: when did the 24 valve cummins come out

text: Cummins B Series engine

text: General engine features[edit]

text: The B-series features engine bores machined directly into the block (rather than the wet liners used on earlier Cummins engines). It was also set apart by the use of a shallow one-piece head, requiring closer tolerances than in other Cummins products.[1] The engine was first manufactured in Rocky Mount, North Carolina, and other plants were later added in Mexico, Turkey, and Darlington, UK.[2]

text: Every Cummins powered Dodge Pickup (since initial production in 1989) has come equipped with a turbocharger. It uses a gear-drive camshaft for extra reliability. Also specified is a deep-skirt engine block and extra-strong connecting rods. A Holset turbocharger is used. The original B Series was updated with 24 valves and an electronic engine management system to become the ISB in 1998.

text: First generation[edit]

text:
Cummins B SeriesOverviewManufacturer
CumminsAlso called
4B/6B/6BT/6BTAProduction
1984–1998LayoutConfiguration
I4 and I6 diesel enginesDisplacement
3.3 liter3.9 liter5.9 literCylinder block alloy
IronCylinder head alloy
IronValvetrain
2 Valves per cylinderCombustionTurbocharger
Holset EngineeringFuel system
Direct injectionManagement
MechanicalFuel type
DieselOil system
Wet sumpCooling system
Water-cooledDimensionsDry weight
1,100 lb (499 kg)

text: The 3.9L/4BT Cummins is an engine in the same family as the 5.9 liters (360.0 cu in) Cummins turbodiesels. The 3.9L/4B is an inline four-cylinder turbodiesel that was popular for many step van applications, including bread vans and other commercial vehicles. It has also gained popularity as an engine swap into smaller trucks. The lowest powered 4B produces 55 hp (41 kW).[1]

text:
showMore Details

5.9-liter B series Cummins
Type
Inline six-cylinder turbo diesel, direct fuel injection
Displacement
359 cu in
Bore
4.02 inches (102.0 mm)
Stroke
4.72 inches (120.0 mm)
Compression ratio
17.5:1
Max power
215HP at 2500 rpm
Max torque440 lb-ft at 1600 rpm
Valve gear
In block cam with 2 valves per cylinder
Cylinders
6 in line
Cylinder head
Cast iron
Cylinder block
Cast iron
Camshaft drive
Gear driven
Crankshaft
Forged steel, seven main bearings
Engine management
Bosch
Fuel injection
High pressure diesel direct injection
Emission control
None
Emission level
?
Turbocharger
Holset
Lubrication system
Wet sump
System capacity with filter
3 Gallons
Cooling system
?
System capacity incl heater
?

text:
The 5.9 liters (360.0 cu in) 6BT, aka the Cummins "12-valve" was the first member of the "B" engine family to be used in a light truck vehicle. The 6BT used Robert Bosch GmbH fuel systems, injector, and VE rotary pump and P7100 inline injection pumps. Some early 6BTs were supplied with CAV rotary pumps instead, before the Bosch system became the sole standard. This engine started life in 1984 designed as an agricultural engine, for use in Case agricultural equipment.[3][full citation needed]
After 1989, the 6BT engine was used in light duty, medium duty and select heavy duty trucks and buses.[citation needed]

text: Appearing in the 1989–1998 Dodge Ram pickup truck, it became a popular alternative to the large V8 gasoline engines normally used in full-size pickup trucks, since it produced the torque at low engine speeds, and significantly better fuel mileage. During that time, the Dodge Ram was the only diesel pickup that did not rely on glowplugs for cold weather starting.[3]

text: ISB 5.9[edit]

text:
Cummins ISB 5.9LOverviewManufacturer
CumminsAlso called
ISBProduction
1998.5–2007LayoutConfiguration
inline-six cylinder engineDisplacement
5.9 L (360 cu in)Cylinder bore
102.0 mm (4.02 in)Piston stroke
120.0 mm (4.72 in)Cylinder block alloy
IronCylinder head alloy
IronValvetrain
4 Valves per cylinderCombustionTurbocharger
Holset EngineeringFuel system
Direct injectionManagement
Mechanical with electronic advance and common railFuel type
DieselOil system
Wet sumpCooling system
Water-cooledDimensionsDry weight
1,100 lb (499 kg)ChronologyPredecessor
6BT

text:
showMore Details

5.9-liter ISB Cummins
Type
Inline six-cylinder turbo diesel, direct fuel injection
Displacement
359 cu in
Bore
4.02 inches (102.0 mm)
Stroke
4.72 inches (120.0 mm)
Compression ratio
17.2:1
Max power325hP at 2900 rpm
Max torque610 lb-ft at 1600 rpm
Valve gear
In block cam with 4 valves per cylinder
Cylinders
6 in line
Cylinder head
cast iron
Cylinder block cast iron
Camshaft drive
Gear driven
Crankshaft
Forged steel, seven main bearings
Engine management
Bosch
Fuel injection
High pressure diesel direct injection, symmetrical combustion chamber
Emission control
Electric fuel control
Emission level
?
Turbocharger
Holset
Lubrication system
Wet sump
System capacity with filter
3 Gallons
Cooling system
?
System capacity incl heater
?

text: The 5.9 liters (360.0 cu in) ISB (Interact System B) is one of the largest straight-six engines used for light truck vehicles and school buses, and the improved high output 600 version was on the Ward's 10 Best Engines list for 2004.

text: One unusual feature of the ISB is that it is a multi-valve pushrod engine design. The engine displaces 5,883 cubic centimetres (359.0 cu in), with a 102.0 millimetres (4.02 in) cylinder bore and 120.0 millimetres (4.72 in) piston stroke. A turbocharger is used to increase the output in the high-compression (17.2:1 in recent versions) diesel. It is an all-iron engine with forged steel connecting rods, an assembled camshaft, and a cast aluminum intake manifold. The engine is produced in Columbus, Indiana.

text: The ISB uses electronically controlled Robert Bosch GmbH fuel systems, unlike the 6BT systems which were mechanical. Early ISB engines utilize Bosch injectors and a Bosch VP44 high pressure pump. Later ISB designs have common rail fuel injection, Bosch injectors, and a Bosch CP3 high pressure pump.[3]

text: QSB[edit]

text: The 5.9 liters (360.0 cu in) QSB (Quantum System B) is the off-road, heavy duty version of the ISB. Typically used in marine, agricultural, and construction applications, these engines share many of the same parts as the ISB and utilize the same Bosch fuel system.[citation needed]

text: Dodge Ram ISB[edit]

text: Midway through model year 1998, the Dodge Ram switched from the 6BT to the ISB to meet updated emissions requirements. Like other ISB's, these engines started out using the Bosch VP44 rotary injection pump. The VP44 setup meant that timing and fuel could be precisely controlled, which led to cleaner emissions. However, VP44 failure rates were higher than the older P7100 injection pump. The compression ratio in these engines was 17.2:1. The 1998–2000 ISB was rated at 215 horsepower (160 kW; 218 PS) and 420 pound-feet (569 N⋅m) when equipped with the 47RE automatic transmission. The 1998 ISB was rated at 235 horsepower (175 kW; 238 PS) and 460 pound-feet (624 N⋅m) when equipped with the manual transmission. The 1999–2000 ISB was rated at 235 horsepower (175 kW; 238 PS) and 460 pound-feet (624 N⋅m) when equipped with a manual transmission. For the 2001–2002 model years, a standard output and a high output ISB Cummins engine were offered. The standard output, which was the same as the previous engines was rated to 235 horsepower (175 kW; 238 PS) and 460 pound-feet (624 N⋅m) when equipped with either a manual transmission or automatic. The high output ISB was rated at 245 horsepower (183 kW; 248 PS) and 505 pound-feet (685 N⋅m), with only a NV5600 six-speed manual transmission available. The high output engine was different in a few ways from the standard output engine; it had higher compression (17.1:1), powdered metal valve seat inserts, a larger flywheel, the Bosch fuel system was reworked to allow higher fuel flows, and fuel-injection timing was altered.

text: Dodge Ram ISB CR[edit]

text: For the 2003 model year, the Cummins was introduced with Bosch high pressure common rail fuel injection, again increasing power output. On automatic equipped vehicles, the 47RE was upgraded internally to increase durability and torque capacity, now known as the 48RE. The 2003 rating for the Dodge truck was released at 305 horsepower (224 kW; 308 PS) and 555 foot-pounds (752 N·m). Midway through the 2004 model year, the Cummins 600 was introduced, producing 325 horsepower (242 kW; 330 PS) at 2,900 rpm and 600 pound-feet (813 N⋅m) at 1,600 rpm. This engine was noticeably quieter than the previous engines.[4][non-primary source needed]

text: ISB 6.7[edit]

text:
Cummins ISB 6.7LOverviewManufacturer
CumminsAlso called
ISBeProduction
2007–presentLayoutConfiguration
I6 diesel enginesDisplacement
6,690 ccCylinder bore
107.0 mmPiston stroke
124.0 mmCylinder block alloy
IronCylinder head alloy
IronCombustionTurbocharger
Holset EngineeringFuel system
Direct injection(Common rail)Management
ElectronicFuel type
DieselOil system
Wet sumpCooling system
Water-cooledOutputPower output
309-355 PSDimensionsDry weight
1100 lbs

text:
showMore Details

6.7-liter ISB Cummins
Type
Inline six-cylinder turbo diesel, direct fuel injection
Displacement
408 cu in
Bore
4.21 inches (107.0 mm)
Stroke
4.88 inches (124.0 mm)
Compression ratio
17.3:1
Max power
385HP at 2800 rpm
Max torque 930 lb-ft at ~1600 rpm
Valve gearOHV with 4 valves per cylinder
Cylinders
6 in line
Cylinder head
Cast iron
Cylinder block
Cast iron
Camshaft drive
Gear driven
Crankshaft
Forged steel, seven main bearings
Engine management
Bosch
Fuel injection
High pressure diesel direct injection with 7-hole injectors
Emission control
Exhaust gas recirculation and Diesel particulate filter
Emission level
?
Turbocharged arger
Holset (variable)
Lubrication system
Wet sump
Oil System capacity with filter
3 Gallons
Cooling system
?
System capacity incl heater
?

text: The B6.7 is the latest version of the B Series. It is currently the largest straight-six engine produced for a light duty truck. It produces 350 horsepower (261 kW; 355 PS) and 650 pound-feet (881 N⋅m) in the 2007.5 and newer Dodge 2500/3500 pickup trucks with the Chrysler-built six-speed 68RFE automatic transmission built at the Kokomo Transmission plant in Kokomo, Indiana.  Engine torque is slightly reduced with the Mercedes G56 6-speed manual transmission at 350 horsepower (261 kW; 355 PS) and 610 pound-feet (827 N⋅m). The 2007 and newer 3500 Cab & Chassis trucks only get the 305 horsepower (227 kW; 309 PS) and 610 pound-feet (827 N⋅m) version of the B6.7, whether it has the Aisin AS68RC or the Mercedes G56 6-speed manual transmission. As for the 2008 4500/5500 medium duty Chassis Cabs or the Sterling Bullet Trucks, they receive the 350 horsepower (261 kW; 355 PS) and 610 pound-feet (827 N⋅m) version of the B6.7, whether it has the Aisin AS68RC or the Mercedes G56 6-speed manual transmission. Late model 2011 Ram trucks produce 350 horsepower (261 kW; 355 PS) and 800 pound-feet (1,085 N⋅m), with the exhaust brake rating boosted from 150 horsepower (112 kW; 152 PS) to 222 horsepower (166 kW; 225 PS).[5]

text: Changes over the 5.9[edit]

text: There are many changes over the previous B5.9 for the Dodge truck, the most obvious being the larger displacement. The B6.7 had an increase of cylinder bore and piston stroke to 4.21 inches (106.9 mm) and 4.88 inches (124.0 mm) stroke, respectively, thereby giving a displacement of 408 cubic inches (6,686 cc).[6][full citation needed]

text: The two-thirds version of the ISB is the 4-cylinder 4.5-liter at 185 hp, used in the New Routemaster, a series hybrid diesel-electric doubledecker bus in London.[7][8][9]


document_title: Tie (music)

question_text: curved line connecting 2 more notes different pitches

text: Tie (music)

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In music notation, a tie is a curved line connecting the heads of two notes of the same pitch and name, indicating that they are to be played as a single note with a duration equal to the sum of the individual notes' values. A tie is similar in appearance to a slur, however slurs join notes of different pitches which need to be played independently, but seamlessly.

text: The tie shown at right (in blue) connects a quarter note (crotchet) to a sixteenth note (semiquaver), creating a note 5⁄4 as long as a quarter note, or five times as long as a sixteenth note—there is no single note value to express this duration. However, in some cases one might tie two notes that could be written with a single note value, such as a quarter note tied to an eighth note (the same length as a dotted quarter). This might be because:

text:
A barline is between the notes
The second note begins a metric grouping, falling on a stressed beat of the meter. This change in notation (choosing the tie rather than the longer note value) does not affect performance, but it makes the music easier to read. Sometimes it can be used to make it clear that it has the appropriate rhythm. For example, a 68 measure with three equal notes would have a quarter note on each side but two tied eighth notes in the middle; a 34 measure with three equal notes would have all quarter notes.

text: Several notes in succession can be tied together. Such a succession can also be part of a larger, slurred phrase, in which case, ties and slurs must be used simultaneously and distinguishably.


document_title: The Nightmare Before Christmas

question_text: is the nightmare before christmas a halloween movie or christmas movie

text: The Nightmare Before Christmas

text: Plot[edit]

text: Halloween Town is a fantasy world filled with citizens such as deformed monsters, ghosts, ghouls, goblins, zombies, mummies, vampires, werewolves and witches. Jack Skellington, the "Pumpkin King" and leader of the town, leads them in organizing the annual Halloween celebrations. However, privately Jack has grown weary of the same routine year after year, and wants something new. Wandering in the woods the morning after Halloween, he stumbles across seven trees containing doors leading to towns representing various holidays, and opens a portal to Christmas Town. Awed by the unfamiliar holiday, Jack returns to Halloween Town to show the residents his findings, but they fail to grasp the idea of Christmas and compare everything to their ideas of Halloween. Jack sequesters himself in his tower to study Christmas and find a way to rationally explain it, but cannot. He ultimately decides that it's unfair for Christmas Town alone to enjoy the holiday and announces that he and the citizens of Halloween Town will take over Christmas this year.

text: Jack assigns the citizens of Halloween Town Christmas-themed jobs, including singing carols, making presents, and building a sleigh to be pulled by skeletal reindeer. Sally, a beautiful rag doll woman that is secretly in love with Jack, feels that their efforts will end in disaster, but Jack dismisses her and assigns her the task of sewing him a red coat to wear. He also tasks Lock, Shock and Barrel, a trio of mischievous trick-or-treating children, to abduct Santa Claus and bring him back to Halloween Town. Jack tells Santa he will be bringing Christmas to the world in his place this year. Jack orders the trio to keep Santa safe, but the trio instead deliver Santa to Oogie Boogie, a gambling-addict bogeyman, who plots to play a game with Santa's life at stake. Sally attempts to rescue Santa so he can stop Jack, but Oogie captures her as well.

text: Jack departs to deliver presents to the world, but the Halloween-styled gifts terrify and attack the populace. As concerns over "Santa's" behavior grows, the military takes action and shoot down Jack, causing him to crash in the cemetery. As Jack bemoans the disaster he has made of Christmas, he finds he enjoyed the experience nonetheless, reigniting his love of Halloween. Jack returns to Halloween Town and finds Oogie's lair. Oogie tries to kill Jack, and Jack pulls apart the thread holding Oogie's cloth form together, revealing a massive pile of bugs that fall into Oogie's cauldron and are killed. Jack apologizes to Santa for his actions, and Santa warily forgives him. He also suggest the next time Jack ever has any ideas of taking over Christmas again, he should seek a second opinion in Sally against it because she is wise enough to know better. Santa assures Jack that he can fix things and returns to Christmas Town. As Santa replaces the Halloween-style presents with genuine ones, the townspeople of Halloween Town celebrate Jack's return. Santa then visits Halloween Town and brings them a snowfall for the residents to play with. In the graveyard, Jack and Sally declare their love for each other.

text: Voice Cast[edit]

text:
Chris Sarandon (speaking voice) and Danny Elfman (singing voice) as Jack Skellington, a skeleton known as the "Pumpkin King" of Halloween Town. He owns a ghost dog named Zero, who has a small, glowing jack-o'-lantern nose. Danny Elfman also voices Barrel, one of the trick-or-treaters working for Oogie Boogie. Elfman was initially cast as Jack's singing voice and, after the songs were recorded, Sarandon was cast to match Elfman's voice style.[6][7]
Catherine O'Hara as Sally, a rag doll-like creation of Finklestein, and the growing love interest of Jack. She is an amateur toxicologist that uses various types of poison to liberate herself from the captivity of Finklestein. O'Hara also voices Shock, one of the trick-or-treaters working for Oogie Boogie. She had previously co-starred in Burton's Beetlejuice (1988).
William Hickey as Doctor Finklestein, a mad scientist, and the "father" of Sally. He is listed in the credits only as "Evil Scientist" and is only mentioned by name once in the film.
Glenn Shadix as Mayor of Halloween Town, an enthusiastic leader who conducts town meetings. His wild mood swings from happy to distraught cause his head to spin between a "happy" and "sad" face; where some career politicians are figuratively two-faced, the Mayor is literally so. Burton and Shadix previously worked on Beetlejuice.
Ken Page as Oogie Boogie, a villainous bogeyman in Halloween Town, who has a passion for gambling.
Ed Ivory as Santa Claus, the leader of Christmas Town. Santa Claus is responsible for the annual celebration of Christmas, at which time he delivers presents to children around the world. Ivory also does the brief narration at the start of the film.
Paul Reubens as Lock, one of the trick-or-treaters working for Oogie Boogie. Reubens and Burton previously worked on Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) and Batman Returns (1992).

text: The cast also features Kerry Katz, Carmen Twillie, Randy Crenshaw, Debi Durst, Glenn Walters, Sherwood Ball, and Greg Proops voicing various characters. Patrick Stewart recorded narration for a prologue and epilogue. While not used in the final film, the narration is included on the soundtrack album.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: As writer Tim Burton's upbringing in Burbank, California was associated with the feeling of solitude, the filmmaker was largely fascinated by holidays during his childhood. "Anytime there was Christmas or Halloween, [...] it was great. It gave you some sort of texture all of a sudden that wasn't there before", Burton would later recall.[8] After completing his short film Vincent in 1982,[8] Burton, who was then-employed at Walt Disney Feature Animation, wrote a three-page poem titled The Nightmare Before Christmas, drawing inspiration from television specials of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, How the Grinch Stole Christmas! and the poem A Visit from St. Nicholas.[9] Burton intended to adapt the poem into a television special with the narration spoken by his favorite actor, Vincent Price,[10] but also considered other options such as a children's book.[11] He created concept art and storyboards for the project in collaboration with Rick Heinrichs, who also sculpted character models;[12][13] Burton later showed his and Heinrichs' works-in-progress to Henry Selick, also a Disney animator at the time.[14] After the success of Vincent in 1982, Disney started to consider developing The Nightmare Before Christmas as either a short film or 30-minute holiday television special.[12] However, the project's development eventually stalled, as its tone seemed "too weird" to the company.[15] As Disney was unable to "offer his nocturnal loners enough scope", Burton was fired from the studio in 1984,[10] and went on to direct the commercially successful films Beetlejuice and Batman.[15]

text: Over the years, Burton regularly thought about the project. In 1990, Burton found out that Disney still owned the film rights.[16] He and Selick committed to produce a full-length film with the latter as director.[14] Disney was looking forward to Nightmare "to show capabilities of technical and storytelling achievements that were present in Who Framed Roger Rabbit."[17] Nightmare marked Burton's third film in a row to have a Christmas setting. Burton could not direct because of his commitment to Batman Returns and he did not want to be involved with "the painstakingly slow process of stop motion".[14] To adapt his poem into a screenplay, Burton approached Michael McDowell, his collaborator on Beetlejuice. McDowell and Burton experienced creative differences, which convinced Burton to make the film as a musical with lyrics and compositions by frequent collaborator Danny Elfman. Elfman and Burton created a rough storyline and two-thirds of the film's songs.[2] Elfman found writing Nightmare's eleven songs as "one of the easiest jobs I've ever had. I had a lot in common with Jack Skellington."[12] Caroline Thompson still had yet to be hired to write the screenplay.[2] With Thompson's screenplay, Selick stated, "there are very few lines of dialogue that are Caroline's. She became busy on other films and we were constantly rewriting, re-configuring and developing the film visually."[18]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Selick and his team of animators began production in July 1991 in San Francisco, California with a crew of over 120 workers, utilizing 20 sound stages for filming.[14][19] Joe Ranft was hired from Disney as a storyboard supervisor, while Eric Leighton was hired to supervise animation.[20] At the peak of production, 20 individual stages were simultaneously being used for filming.[21] In total, there were 109,440 frames taken for the film. The work of Ray Harryhausen, Ladislas Starevich, Edward Gorey, Charles Addams, Jan Lenica, Francis Bacon and Wassily Kandinsky influenced the filmmakers. Selick described the production design as akin to a pop-up book.[12][18] In addition, Selick stated, "When we reach Halloween Town, it's entirely German Expressionism. When Jack enters Christmas Town, it's an outrageous Dr. Seuss-esque setpiece. Finally, when Jack is delivering presents in the 'Real World', everything is plain, simple and perfectly aligned."[22] Vincent Price, Don Ameche, and James Earl Jones were considered to provide the narration for the film's prologue; however, all proved difficult to cast, and the producers instead hired local voice artist, Ed Ivory.[6]

text: On the direction of the film, Selick reflected, "It's as though he [Burton] laid the egg, and I sat on it and hatched it. He wasn't involved in a hands-on way, but his hand is in it. It was my job to make it look like 'a Tim Burton film', which is not so different from my own films."[18] When asked on Burton's involvement, Selick claimed, "I don't want to take away from Tim, but he was not in San Francisco when we made it. He came up five times over two years, and spent no more than eight or ten days in total."[18] Walt Disney Feature Animation contributed with some use of second-layering traditional animation.[14] Burton found production somewhat difficult because he was directing Batman Returns and in pre-production of Ed Wood.[2]

text: The filmmakers constructed 227 puppets to represent the characters in the movie, with Jack Skellington having "around four hundred heads", allowing the expression of every possible emotion.[23] Sally's mouth movements "were animated through the replacement method. During the animation process, [...] only Sally's face 'mask' was removed in order to preserve the order of her long, red hair. Sally had ten types of faces, each made with a series of eleven expressions (e.g. eyes open and closed, and various facial poses) and synchronized mouth movements."[24] The stop motion figurine of Jack was reused in James and the Giant Peach (also directed by Selick) as Captain Jack.

text: Soundtracks[edit]

text: The film's soundtrack album was released in 1993 on Walt Disney Records. For the film's 2006 re-release in Disney Digital 3-D, a special edition of the soundtrack was released, featuring a bonus disc which contained covers of five of the film's songs by Fall Out Boy, Panic! at the Disco, Marilyn Manson, Fiona Apple, and She Wants Revenge. Four original demo tracks by Elfman were also included.[25] On September 30, 2008, Disney released the cover album Nightmare Revisited, featuring artists such as Amy Lee, Flyleaf, Korn, Rise Against, Plain White T's, The All-American Rejects, and many more.

text: American gothic rock band London After Midnight featured a cover of "Sally's Song" on their 1998 album Oddities.

text: LiLi Roquelin did a French cover of "Sally's Song" which was released on her album Will you hate the rest of the world or will you renew your life? in 2010.

text: Another soundtrack released in 2003 was the Disneyland Haunted Mansion Holiday CD. Although most were not original songs from the movie, one song provided on the CD is a medley of "Making Christmas", "What's This?", and "Kidnap the Sandy Claws". Other songs included are original holiday songs changed to incorporate the theme of the movie. The last song on the list, however, is the soundtrack for the Disneyland Haunted Mansion Holiday ride.

text: Release[edit]

text: Disney decided to release the film under their Touchstone Pictures banner because they thought the film would be "too dark and scary for kids", Selick remembered. "Their biggest fear, and why it was kind of a stepchild project, [was] they were afraid of their core audience hating the film and not coming."[26] To convey Burton's' involvement and attract a wider audience, Disney marketed the film as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas. Burton explained that,"...it turned more into more of a brand-name thing, it turned into something else, which I'm not quite sure about."[2] The film premiered at the New York Film Festival on October 9,[27] and was given a limited release on October 15, 1993, before its wide theatrical release on October 29.

text: The Nightmare Before Christmas was reissued by Disney under the Walt Disney Pictures banner and re-released on October 20, 2006, with conversion to Disney Digital 3-D.[4] Industrial Light & Magic assisted in the process.[20] The film subsequently received annually releases in October 2007 and 2008.[28] The El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California has been showing the film in 4-D screenings annually in October, ending on Halloween, since 2010.[29] The reissues have led to a reemergence of 3-D films and advances in RealD Cinema.[30][31]

text: Home media[edit]

text: With years of successful home video sales, Nightmare subsequently achieved the ranks of a cult film.[20] Touchstone Home Video first released the film on VHS on September 30, 1994, and on DVD on December 2, 1997. The DVD release contained no special features.[32] Nightmare was released a second time on October 3, 2000 as a special edition. The release included an audio commentary by Selick and cinematographer Pete Kozachik, a 28-minute making-of documentary, a gallery of concept art, storyboards, test footage and deleted scenes. Burton's Vincent and Frankenweenie were also included.[33] Both DVDs were non-anamorphic widescreen releases.

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on DVD again (this time with an anamorphic transfer) and on Blu-ray Disc (for the first time) on August 26, 2008 as a two-disc digitally remastered "collector's edition", but still containing the same special features.[34][35]

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released The Nightmare Before Christmas on Blu-ray 3D on August 30, 2011. The release included a Blu-ray 3D disc, Blu-ray Disc and a DVD that includes both a DVD and digital copy of the film.[36]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Disney has undertaken an extensive marketing campaign of these characters across many media. Since 2001, Disneyland has held a seasonal Nightmare Before Christmas theme for its Haunted Mansion Holiday attraction. The attraction, an overlay of the park's Haunted Mansion, features characters, decorations and music from the film. In addition to Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party and Mickey's Halloween Party featuring the film's characters,[37] Jack Skellington, Sally, Pajama Jack, and the Mayor have been made into Bendies figures,[38] while Jack and Sally even appear in fine art.[39] Moreover, Sally has been made into an action figure and a Halloween costume.[40] A Jack Skellington figurine is available for the Disney Infinity video game, allowing the character to be playable in the game's "Toy Box Mode".[41] Jack is also the titular character in the short story "Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas: Jack's Story".[42] Nightmare has inspired video game spin-offs, including Oogie's Revenge and The Pumpkin King, and is among the many Disney-owned franchises that contribute to the mythology of the Kingdom Hearts series. A trading card game is also available.

text: Jim Edwards contends that "Tim Burton's animated movie The Nightmare Before Christmas is really a movie about the marketing business. The movie's lead character, Jack Skellington, the chief marketing officer (CMO) for a successful company, decides that his success is boring and he wants the company to have a different business plan."[43]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Around the release of the film, Disney executive David Hoberman was quoted, "I hope Nightmare goes out and makes a fortune. If it does, great. If it doesn't, that doesn't negate the validity of the process. The budget was less than any Disney blockbuster so it doesn't have to earn Aladdin-sized grosses to satisfy us."[12] The film earned $50 million in the United States on its first theatrical run.[28]

text: The Nightmare Before Christmas made a further $8.7 million in box office gross in its 2006 reissue.[44] The 2007 and 2008 reissues earned $14.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively, increasing the film's total box office gross to $75 million.[28]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film initially received positive reviews from critics; it has since gone on to receive widespread critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 94%, based on 88 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10. The site's consensus reads, "The Nightmare Before Christmas is a stunningly original and visually delightful work of stop-motion animation."[45] On Metacritic the film has a score of 77 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[46]

text: Roger Ebert gave a highly positive review for Nightmare. Ebert believed the film's visual effects were as revolutionary as Star Wars, taking into account that Nightmare was "filled with imagination that carries us into a new world".[47]

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called it a restoration of "originality and daring to the Halloween genre. This dazzling mix of fun and fright also explodes the notion that animation is kid stuff. ... It's 74 minutes of timeless movie magic."[48] James Berardinelli stated "The Nightmare Before Christmas has something to offer just about everyone. For the kids, it's a fantasy celebrating two holidays. For the adults, it's an opportunity to experience some light entertainment while marveling at how adept Hollywood has become at these techniques. There are songs, laughs, and a little romance. In short, The Nightmare Before Christmas does what it intends to: entertain."[49] Desson Thomson of The Washington Post enjoyed stylistic features in common with Oscar Wilde, German Expressionism, the Brothers Grimm and The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari.[50]

text: Michael A. Morrison discusses the influence of Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! on the film, writing that Jack parallels the Grinch and Zero parallels Max, the Grinch's dog.[51] Philip Nel writes that the film "challenges the wisdom of adults through its trickster characters", contrasting Jack as a "good trickster" with Oogie Boogie, whom he also compares with Dr. Seuss' Dr. Terwilliker as a bad trickster.[52] Entertainment Weekly reports that fan reception of these characters borders on obsession, profiling Laurie and Myk Rudnick, a couple whose "degree of obsession with [the] film is so great that ... they named their son after the real-life person that a character in the film is based on."[53] This enthusiasm for the characters has also been profiled as having spread beyond North America to Japan.[54] Yvonne Tasker notes "the complex characterization seen in The Nightmare Before Christmas".[55]

text: Danny Elfman was worried the characterization of Oogie Boogie would be considered racist by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).[56] Elfman's predictions came true; however, director Henry Selick stated the character was inspired by the Betty Boop cartoon The Old Man of the Mountain. "Cab Calloway would dance his inimitable jazz dance and sing 'Minnie the Moocher' or 'Old Man of the Mountain', and they would rotoscope him, trace him, turn him into a cartoon character, often transforming him into an animal, like a walrus," Selick continued. "I think those are some of the most inventive moments in cartoon history, in no way racist, even though he was sometimes a villain. We went with Ken Page, who is a black singer, and he had no problem with it".[18]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation.[5][57] Nightmare won the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film, while Elfman won Best Music. Selick and the animators were also nominated for their work.[58] Elfman was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score.[59] Most recently, the film ranked #1 on Rotten Tomatoes' "Top 25 Best Christmas Movies" list.[60]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:

Nominated Animation Film[61]

text: Possible sequel[edit]

text: In 2001, Disney began to consider producing a sequel, but rather than using stop motion, Disney wanted to use computer animation.[62] Burton convinced Disney to drop the idea. "I was always very protective of Nightmare not to do sequels or things of that kind," Burton explained. "You know, 'Jack visits Thanksgiving world' or other kinds of things just because I felt the movie had a purity to it and the people that like it... Because it's a mass-market kind of thing, it was important to kind of keep that purity of it."[31] The 2004 video game The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge did continue the story of the film, with Capcom's crew of developers going after Burton for advice,[63] and having the collaboration of the film's art director, Deane Taylor.[64] In 2009, Selick said he would do a film sequel if he and Burton could create a good story for it.[65]

text: Related media[edit]

text: A collectible card game based on the film called The Nightmare Before Christmas TCG was released in 2005 by NECA. The game was designed by Quixotic Games founder Andrew Parks[66] and Kez Shlasnger. It consists of a Premiere set and 4 Starter Decks based on four characters, Jack Skellington, the Mayor, Oogie Boogie, and Doctor Finklestein. Each Starter Deck contains a rule book, a Pumpkin King card, a Pumpkin Points card, and a 48-card deck. The game has four card types: Characters, Locales, Creations, and Surprises. The Cards' rarities are separated into four categories: Common, Uncommon, Rare, Ultra Rare.

text: Quixotic Games also developed The Nightmare Before Christmas Party Game that was released in 2007 by NECA.[67]

text: A collector's edition The Nightmare Before Christmas-themed Jenga game was issued with orange, purple and black blocks with Jack Skellington heads on them. The set comes in a coffin-shaped box instead of the normal rectangular box.[68]

text: A 168-card Munchkin Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas-themed Munchkin was developed by USAopoly featuring the citizens of Halloween Town such as Jack Skellington, Oogie Boogie, Doctor Finklestein, and Lock, Shock and Barrel. The game comes with a custom die similar to the ones used by Oogie Boogie in the film.[69][70]


document_title: Nimitz-class aircraft carrier

question_text: how big is the rudder on an aircraft carrier

text: Nimitz-class aircraft carrier

text: Description[edit]

text: The Nimitz-class carriers have an overall length of 1,092 ft (333 m) at the waterline and a beam of 135 ft (41 m). They have a full-load displacement of 101,196 long tons (102,820 t). The ship's complement is 558 officers and 5,454 enlisted (including airwing).[2]

text: Design[edit]

text: The Nimitz-class aircraft carriers were ordered to supplement the aircraft carriers of the Kitty Hawk and Enterprise-classes, maintaining the strength and capability of the U.S. Navy after the older carriers were decommissioned.[8] The ships were designed to be improvements on previous U.S. aircraft carriers, in particular the Enterprise and Forrestal-class supercarriers, although the arrangement of the ships is relatively similar to that of the Kitty Hawk class.[9] Among other design improvements, the two reactors on Nimitz-class carriers take up less space than the eight reactors used on Enterprise. Along with a more generally improved design, this means that Nimitz-class carriers can carry 90% more aviation fuel and 50% more ordnance when compared to the Forrestal class.

text: The U.S. Navy has stated that the carriers could withstand three times the damage sustained by the Essex-class inflicted by Japanese air attacks during World War II.[4] The hangars on the ships are divided into three fire bays by thick steel doors that are designed to restrict the spread of fire. This addition has been present on U.S. aircraft carriers since World War II, after the fires caused by Kamikaze attacks.[10]

text: The first ships were designed around the time of the Vietnam War, and certain aspects of the design were influenced by operations there. To a certain extent, the carrier operations in Vietnam demonstrated the need for increased capabilities of aircraft carriers over their survivability, as they were used to send sorties into the war and were therefore less subject to attack. As a result of this experience, Nimitz carriers were designed with larger stores of aviation fuel and larger magazines in relation to previous carriers, although this was partly as a result of increased space available by the new design of the ships' propulsion systems.[11]

text: A major purpose of the ships was initially to support the U.S. military during the Cold War, and they were designed with capabilities for that role, including using nuclear power instead of oil for greater endurance when deployed in blue water, and the ability to make adjustments to the carriers' weapons systems on the basis of new intelligence and technological developments.[12] They were initially categorized only as attack carriers, but ships have been constructed with anti-submarine capabilities since USS Carl Vinson.[13][14] As a result, the ships and their aircraft are now able to participate in a wide range of operations, which can include sea and air blockades, mine laying, and missile strikes on land, air and sea.[15]

text: Because of a design flaw, ships of this class have inherent lists to starboard when under combat loads that exceed the capability of their list control systems. The problem appears to be especially prevalent on some of the more modern vessels. This problem has been previously rectified by using damage control voids for ballast, but a solution using solid ballast which does not affect the ship's survivability has been proposed.[16][17]

text: Construction[edit]

text: All ten Nimitz-class aircraft carriers were constructed between 1968 and 2006 at Newport News Shipbuilding Company, in Newport News, Virginia, in the largest drydock in the western hemisphere, dry dock 12, now 2,172 feet (662 m) long after a recent expansion.

text: Since USS Theodore Roosevelt, the aircraft carriers were manufactured in modular construction. This means that whole sections could be welded together with plumbing and electrical equipment already fitted, improving efficiency. Using gantry cranes, the modules were lifted into the dry dock and welded. In the case of the bow section, these can weigh over 1,500,000 pounds (680 t).[18][19][20] This method was originally developed by Ingalls Shipbuilding and increases the rate of work because much of the fitting out does not have to be carried out within the confines of the already finished hull.[21]

text: The total cost of construction for each ship was around $4.5 billion.[Note 2][8]

text: Propulsion[edit]

text: All ships of the class are powered by two A4W nuclear reactors, housed in separate compartments. They power four propeller shafts and can produce a maximum speed of over 30 knots (56 km/h) and maximum power of 260,000 bhp (190 MW).[4]  The reactors produce heat through nuclear fission which heats water. This is then passed through four turbines which are shared by the two reactors. The turbines power the four bronze propellers, each with a diameter of 25 feet (7.6 m) and a weight of 66,000 pounds (30 t). Behind these are the two rudders which are 29 feet (8.8 m) high and 22 feet (6.7 m) long, and each weigh 110,000 pounds (50 metric tons).[22]

text: The Nimitz-class ships constructed since USS Ronald Reagan also have bulbous bows in order to improve speed and fuel efficiency by reducing wave-making resistance.[23] As a result of the use of nuclear power, the ships are capable of operating continuously for over 20 years without refueling and are predicted to have a service life of over 50 years.[22]

text: Armament and protection[edit]

text: In addition to the aircraft carried on board, the ships carry defensive equipment for use against missiles and hostile aircraft. These consist of either three or four NATO RIM-7 Sea Sparrow missile launchers designed for defense against aircraft and anti-ship missiles as well as either three or four 20 mm Phalanx CIWS missile defense cannon.

text: USS Ronald Reagan has none of these, having been built with the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile system, two of which have also been installed on USS Nimitz and USS George Washington. These will be installed on the other ships as they return for Refueling Complex Overhaul (RCOH).[4][17] Since USS Theodore Roosevelt, the carriers have been constructed with 2.5 in (64 mm) Kevlar armor over vital spaces, and earlier ships have been retrofitted with it: Nimitz in 1983–1984, Eisenhower from 1985–1987 and Vinson in 1989.[3][24]

text: The other countermeasures the ships use are four Sippican SRBOC (super rapid bloom off-board chaff) six-barrel MK36 decoy launchers, which deploy infrared Flare (countermeasure) and chaff to disrupt the sensors of incoming missiles; an SSTDS torpedo defense system; and an AN/SLQ-25 Nixie torpedo countermeasures system. The carriers also use AN/SLQ-32(V) Radar jamming and deception systems to detect and disrupt hostile radar signals in addition to the electronic warfare capabilities of some of the aircraft on board.[25][26]

text: The presence of nuclear weapons on board U.S. aircraft carriers since the end of the Cold War has neither been confirmed nor denied by the U.S. government. As a result of this, the presence of a U.S. aircraft carrier in a foreign port has occasionally provoked protest from local people, for example when USS Nimitz docked in Chennai, India, in 2007. At that time, the Strike Group commander Rear Admiral John Terence Blake stated that: "The U.S. policy is that we do not routinely deploy nuclear weapons on board Nimitz."[27][28]

text: In May 2013, George H.W. Bush conducted the first carrier-borne end-to-end at-sea test of the Surface Ship Torpedo Defense System (SSTDS).  The SSTDS combines the passive detection of the Torpedo Warning System (TWS) that finds, classifies, and tracks torpedoes with the hard-kill capability of a Countermeasure Anti-Torpedo (CAT), an encapsulated miniature torpedo designed to locate, home in on, and destroy hostile torpedoes.[29] This increases protection against wake-homing torpedoes like the Type 53 that don't respond to acoustic decoys.  The pieces of the SSTDS are engineered to locate and destroy incoming torpedoes in a matter of seconds.  Each system includes one TWS and 8 CATs.  Initial operational capability (IOC) is planned for 2019 and all aircraft carriers are to be outfitted by 2035.[30][31][32]

text: Carrier air wing[edit]

text: In order for a carrier to deploy, it must embark one of ten Carrier Air Wings (CVW).[Note 3] The carriers can accommodate a maximum of 130 F/A-18 Hornets[33] or 85–90 aircraft of different types, but current numbers are typically 64 aircraft.  Although the air wings are integrated with the operation of the carriers they are deployed to, they are nevertheless regarded as a separate entity. As well as the aircrew, the air wings are also made up of support personnel involved in roles including maintenance, aircraft and ordnance handling and emergency procedures. Each person on the flight deck wears color-coded clothing to make his role easily identifiable.

text: A typical carrier air wing can include 24–36 F/A-18E or F Super Hornets as strike fighters; two squadrons of 10–12 F/A-18C Hornets, with one of these often provided by the U.S. Marine Corps (VMFA), also as strike fighters; 4–6 EA-18G Growlers for electronic warfare; 4–6 E-2C or D Hawkeyes for airborne early warning (AEW), C-2 Greyhounds used for logistics (to be replaced by MV-22 Ospreys); and a Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron of 6–8 SH-60F and HH-60H Seahawks. Aircraft that have previously operated from Nimitz-class carriers include F-4 Phantoms, RA-5C Vigilantes, RF-8G Crusaders, F-14 Tomcats, S-3 Vikings, EA-6B Prowlers, A-7 Corsair II and A-6E Intruder aircraft.[34]

text: Flight deck and aircraft facilities[edit]

text: The flight deck is angled at nine degrees, which allows for aircraft to be launched and recovered simultaneously. This angle of the flight deck was reduced slightly in relation to previous carriers, as the current design improves the air flow around the carrier.[11] Four steam catapults are used to launch fixed-wing aircraft, and four arrestor wires are used for recovery. The two newest carriers,  Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, have only three arrestor wires each, as the fourth was used infrequently on earlier ships and was therefore deemed unnecessary.[10][not in citation given]

text: This CATOBAR arrangement allows for faster launching and recovery as well as a much wider range of aircraft that can be used on board compared with smaller aircraft carriers, most of which use a simpler STOVL arrangement without catapults or arrestor wires. The ship's aircraft operations are controlled by the air boss from Primary Flight Control or Pri-Fly. Four large elevators transport aircraft between the flight deck and the hangars below. These hangars are divided into three bays by thick steel doors that are designed to restrict the spread of fire.[10]

text: Strike groups[edit]

text: When an aircraft carrier deploys, it takes a Strike Group, made up of several other warships and supply vessels which allow the operation to be carried out. The armament of the Nimitz class is made up only of short range defensive weapons, used as a last line of defense against enemy missiles and aircraft. An aircraft carrier, as with all surface ships, is particularly vulnerable to attack from below, specifically from submarines. An aircraft carrier is a very expensive, hard to replace and strategically valuable asset and therefore logically has a huge target value.[35]

text: As a result of its target value and vulnerability, aircraft carriers are always escorted by at least one submarine for protection. The other vessels in the Strike Group provide additional capabilities, such as long range Tomahawk missiles or the Aegis Combat System, and also protect the carrier from attack. A typical Strike Group may include, in addition to an aircraft carrier: up to six surface combatants, including frigates (since retired from USN service), guided missile cruisers and guided missile destroyers (used primarily for anti-aircraft warfare and anti-submarine warfare); one or two attack submarines (for seeking out and destroying hostile surface ships and submarines); and an ammunition, oiler, and supply ship of Military Sealift Command to provide logistical support.[36] The precise structure and numbers of each type of ship can vary between groups depending on the objectives of the deployment.[37]

text: Design differences within the class[edit]

text: While the designs of the final seven ships (beginning with USS Theodore Roosevelt) are slightly different from those of the earlier ships, the U.S. Navy considers all ten carriers as a single class.[38]  When the older carriers come in for Refueling and Complex Overhaul (RCOH), their nuclear power plants are refueled and they are upgraded to the standards of the later carriers. Other modifications may be performed to update the ships' equipment.[17][39]

text: The ships were initially classified only as attack carriers but have been constructed with anti-submarine capabilities since USS Carl Vinson. These improvements include better radar systems and facilities which enable the ships to operate aircraft in a more effective Anti-submarine warfare role, including the fitting of common undersea picture (CUP) technology which uses sonar to allow for better assessment of the threat from submarines.[13]  The changes included better support for S-3 Viking ASW patrol planes and SH-60F Seahawk helicopters with dipping sonar systems.

text: USS Theodore Roosevelt and later carriers have slight structural differences from the earlier Nimitz carriers such as improved protection for ordnance stored in their magazines. Other improvements include upgraded flight deck ballistic protection, first installed on USS George Washington, and the high-strength low-alloy steel (HSLA-100) used for constructing ships starting with USS John C. Stennis.[9][40] More recently, older ships have had their flight decks upgraded with a new non-slip material fitted on new-build ships, to improve safety for both crew members and aircraft.[41][42]

text: The final carrier of the class, USS George H.W. Bush, was designed as a "transition ship" from the Nimitz class to the replacement Gerald R. Ford class. Bush incorporates new technologies including improved propeller and bulbous bow designs, a reduced Radar cross-section and electronic and environmental upgrades.[43][44], the ship's cost was $6.2 billion. The earlier Nimitz-class ships each cost around $4.5 billion.[45] To lower costs, some new technologies and design features were also incorporated into USS Ronald Reagan, the previous carrier, including a redesigned island.[46]

text: Ships in class[edit]

text: The United States Navy lists the following ten ships in the Nimitz class:[38]

text:
Ship

Hull Number

Crest

Laid down

Launched

Commissioned

Refuel,
Overhaul

Homeport

References

Nimitz subclass

Nimitz

CVN-68

22 June 1968

13 May 1972

3 May 1975

1998–2001

Naval Base Kitsap, Bremerton, Washington

[47][48]

Dwight D. Eisenhower(ex-Eisenhower)

CVN-69

15 August 1970

11 October 1975

18 October 1977

2001–2005

Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk, Virginia

[49][50]

Carl Vinson

CVN-70

11 October 1975

15 March 1980

13 March 1982

2005–2009

Naval Air Station North Island, San Diego, California

[51][52]

Theodore Roosevelt subclass

Theodore Roosevelt

CVN-71

31 October 1981

27 October 1984

25 October 1986

2009–2013

Naval Air Station North Island, San Diego, California

[1][53]

Abraham Lincoln

CVN-72

3 November 1984

13 February 1988

11 November 1989

2013–2017

Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk, Virginia

[54][55]

George Washington

CVN-73

25 August 1986

21 July 1990

4 July 1992

2017–

Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk, Virginia

[1][56]

John C. Stennis

CVN-74

13 March 1991

11 November 1993

9 December 1995

Naval Base Kitsap, Bremerton, Washington

[1][57]

Harry S. Truman(ex-United States)

CVN-75

29 November 1993

7 September 1996

25 July 1998

Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk, Virginia

[1][58]

Ronald Reagan subclass

Ronald Reagan

CVN-76

12 February 1998

4 March 2001

12 July 2003

Yokosuka Naval Base, Yokosuka, Japan

[1][59]

George H.W. Bush

CVN-77

6 September 2003

9 October 2006

10 January 2009

Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk, Virginia

[60]

text: Service history[edit]

text: One of the first major operations in which the ships were involved was Operation Eagle Claw launched by USS Nimitz in 1980 after she had deployed to the Indian Ocean in response to the taking of hostages in the U.S. embassy in Tehran.[15] Although initially part of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet,[61] Eisenhower relieved Nimitz in this operation after her service in the Mediterranean Sea.[48] Nimitz conducted a Freedom of Navigation exercise alongside the aircraft carrier USS Forrestal in August 1981 in the Gulf of Sidra, near Libya. During this exercise, two of the ship's F-14 Tomcats shot down two Libyan aircraft in what became known as the Gulf of Sidra incident.[62] In 1987, Vinson participated in the first U.S. carrier deployment in the Bering Sea,[63] and Nimitz provided security during the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul.[64]

text: The two most significant deployments the Nimitz-class was involved in during the 1990s were the Gulf War and its aftermath, and Operation Southern Watch in southern Iraq. All active vessels were engaged in both of these to some extent, with Operation Southern Watch continuing until 2003.[65] Most carriers in operation in Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm played supporting roles, with only Roosevelt playing an active part in combat operations.

text: Throughout the 1990s and more recently, Nimitz-class carriers have been deployed as part of humanitarian missions. While deployed in the Gulf War, Lincoln was diverted to the Pacific Ocean to participate alongside 22 other ships in Operation Fiery Vigil, evacuating civilians following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo on Luzon Island in the Philippines. In October 1993, Lincoln deployed to Somalia to assist UN humanitarian operations there, spending four weeks flying patrols over the area around Mogadishu while supporting U.S. troops during Operation Restore Hope. The same ship also participated in Operation Vigilant Sentinel in the Persian Gulf in 1995.[55]

text: Roosevelt flew patrols in support of the Kurds over northern Iraq as part of Operation Provide Comfort in 1991. In 1996, George Washington played a peacekeeping role in Operation Decisive Endeavor in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[66] In 1999, Roosevelt was called to the Ionian Sea to support Operation Allied Force alongside other NATO militaries.[67]

text: Harry S. Truman's maiden deployment was in November 2000. The carrier's air wing flew 869 combat sorties in support of Operation Southern Watch, including a strike on Iraqi air defense sites on 16 February 2001, in response to Iraqi surface-to-air missile fire against United Nations coalition forces.[68]

text: After the September 11 attacks, Carl Vinson and Theodore Roosevelt were among the first warships to participate in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. Carl Vinson sailed towards the Persian Gulf intending to support Operation Southern Watch in July 2001. This changed in response to the attacks, and the ship changed course to travel towards the North Arabian Sea, where she launched the first airstrikes in support of the operation on 7 October 2001.[69]

text: Following the attacks, John C. Stennis and George Washington participated in Operation Noble Eagle, carrying out homeland security operations off the West Coast of the United States. All active ships have been involved to some extent in Iraq and Afghanistan since that time. This included the invasion in 2003, as well as providing subsequent support for Operation Iraqi Freedom since then.[70]

text: The carriers have also provided aid after natural disasters. In 2005, Abraham Lincoln supported Operation Unified Assistance in Indonesia after the December 2004 tsunami,[71] and Truman provided aid after Hurricane Katrina later in 2005.[72] The Reagan Carrier Strike Group performed humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations in the Philippines in June 2008 after Typhoon Fengshen, which killed hundreds from the central island regions and the main island of Luzon.[73] In January 2010 Vinson operated off Haiti, providing aid and drinking water to earthquake survivors as part of the U.S. led Operation Unified Response, alongside other major warships and hospital ship Comfort.[74]

text: Refueling Complex Overhaul[edit]

text: In order to refuel their nuclear power plants, the carriers each undergo a Refueling and Overhaul (RCOH) once in their service lives. This is also the most substantial overhaul the ships undergo while in service and involves bringing the vessels' equipment up to the standards of the newest ships. The ship is placed in dry dock, and essential maintenance is carried out including painting of the hull below the waterline and replacement of electrical and mechanical components such as valves. Because of the large time periods between the ships' constructions, the armament and designs of the newer ships are more modern than those of the older ships. In RCOH, the older ships are refitted to the standards of the newer ships, which can include major upgrades to the flight deck, aircraft catapults and combat systems as well as other upgrades such as improved radar systems, although precise details can vary significantly between the ships. The improvements normally take around four years to complete. The RCOH for USS Theodore Roosevelt took four years to complete (2009–2013) and cost about US$2.6 billion.[75][76][77][78] Planned Incremental Availability is a similar procedure, although it is less substantial and does not involve refueling of the nuclear power plants.[79]

text: Symbolic and diplomatic roles[edit]

text: Because of their status as the largest warships in the U.S. Navy, the deployment of an aircraft carrier can fulfill a symbolic role, not just in terms of a deterrent to an enemy, but often as a diplomatic tool, in strengthening relations with allies and potential allies. The latter of these functions can take place either as a single visit to a country, in which senior naval officers are allowed to observe the operating of the carrier and to interact with its senior officers,[80] or as part of an international task force. This can be in combat operations, such as NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999,[81] or other deployments involving training, such as Exercise RIMPAC. In addition, carriers have participated in international Maritime security operations, combating piracy in the Persian Gulf and off the coast of Somalia.[82][83]

text: Accidents and incidents[edit]

text: As on most large warships, there have been several incidents involving the death or injury of one or more crew members, although most have involved freak accidents or failures, such as a man overboard as a result of poor weather. One of the highest-profile incidents was on 26 May 1981, when an EA-6B Prowler crashed on the flight deck of Nimitz, killing 14 crewmen and injuring 45 others.[15][84] Forensic testing of the personnel involved showed that several tested positive for marijuana. While this in itself was not found to have directly caused the crash, the findings of the investigation prompted the introduction of mandatory drug testing of all service personnel.[85][86]

text: In cases of ditched aircraft, pilots have been able to eject safely in several cases. However, fatal aircraft crashes have occurred; in 1994, LT Kara Hultgreen, the first female F-14 Tomcat pilot, was killed while attempting to land on board Abraham Lincoln during a training exercise.[55]

text: Fires have also caused damage to the ships; in May 2008, while rotating through to her new homeport at Yokosuka Naval Base in Yokosuka, Japan, George Washington suffered a serious fire which cost $70 million in repairs, injured 37 sailors and led to the ship undergoing three months of repairs at San Diego; this led to its having to miss the 2008 RIMPAC exercises and delayed the final withdrawal from service of USS Kitty Hawk. The fire was caused by unauthorized smoking in an area near improperly stored flammable refrigerant compressor oil.[87][88][89]

text: Future & Planned Replacement[edit]

text: Nimitz-class carriers were designed to have a 50-year service life.[90] At the end of the service life, ships will be decommissioned. This process will first take place on Nimitz and is estimated to cost from $750 to $900 million. This compares with an estimate of $53 million for a conventionally powered carrier. Most of the difference in cost is attributed to the deactivation of the nuclear power plants and safe removal of radioactive material and other contaminated equipment.[91]

text: A new class of carriers, the Gerald R. Ford-class, is being constructed to replace previous vessels after decommissioning. Ten of these are expected, and the first has entered service as of 22 July 2017 to replace Enterprise. Most of the rest of these new carriers are to replace the oldest Nimitz ships as they reach the end of their service lives.[92] The new carriers will have a similar design to USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77) (using an almost identical hull shape) and technological and structural improvements.[93]