document_title: Blood In Blood Out

question_text: who ordered the hit on montana in blood in blood out

root

text: Blood In Blood Out

text: Plot[edit]

text: Miklo is a man of Mexican and White American ethnicity who grew up in El Pico Aliso barrio in east Los Angeles. Upon moving back home from Las Vegas, Nevada, Miklo goes to stay with his two cousins Paco and Cruz. Miklo tells Cruz that he wants to join their gang Vatos Locos. While Paco is initially skeptical, Miklo later proves himself when he performs an attack on a rival gang, Tres Puntos. Afterwards he is made a member of Vatos Locos.

tag: p

text: However, the Tres Puntos gang soon takes revenge by brutally attacking Cruz who is a budding artist, and damages his back for life. When Vatos Locos learn of the attack, they perform a well-planned counterattack. However, things go wrong when Miklo ends up getting shot by their rival gang's leader, "Spider". Miklo is able to shoot and kill Spider, but has to be rushed to the hospital by Paco while being chased by police. Paco crashes into another car at the El Pino tree and they are both arrested.

text: From here, the trio's paths diverges: Miklo is sent to San Quentin State Prison for murder, Paco volunteers for military service in the United States Marine Corps as an alternative choice to prison, and Cruz continues his passion for art. He also becomes a heroin addict due to the recurring back pain. His addiction leads to him being disowned by his family after his 12-year-old brother, Juanito, dies from injecting heroin into his veins thinking it's Cruz's heroin supply. Paco becomes an L.A.P.D. narcotics detective after leaving the Marine Corps.

text: Miklo finds trouble adapting to prison life. The prison is run by three prison gangs, all of whom are based on their racial backgrounds. The Black Guerrilla Army (B.G.A.) is led by "Bonafide", the Aryan Vanguard is led by "Red Ryder", and La Onda is led by Montana Segura. La Onda's members do not initially accept Miklo and one of them, Popeye, tries to rape Miklo at knife-point, but is stopped by Montana. After meeting Montana, he is told the only way into La Onda is killing an enemy inmate, in Miklo's case a white inmate named Big Al who runs the gambling in San Quentin. After gaining Big Al's trust, Miklo stabs him to death during a sexual encounter in the prison kitchen. Miklo is initiated into La Onda, is later promoted to its Ruling Council, and is granted parole after serving nine years in prison.

text: On the outside, Miklo is disgusted by his menial job on which his supervisor is extorting money from him, so he joins in an armed robbery. The heist goes poorly and Miklo is intercepted by Paco, now a decorated cop. Miklo tries to run away, but Paco shoots him in the leg, which later has to be amputated. Miklo is sent back to prison where he notices the cocaine addictions of several inmates. Onda Council Member Carlos has entered the cocaine trade and is competing with the B.G.A. for customers. The Aryan Vanguard want to partner with Carlos in the cocaine business by becoming his new supplier. In return, Carlos moves on the B.G.A. and take them out of the cocaine business. Montana, however, is fiercely against allowing La Onda to enter the drug trade, saying that drugs will destroy La Onda and that the Aryan Vanguard want to start a war between the Black and Chicano inmates. The other Council members agree with Montana and vote against it. This causes Carlos to leave La Onda to work with the Aryan Vanguard, causing other members to follow him. Carlos murders a B.G.A. soldier named "Pockets" who is running the B.G.A.'s cocaine operation. He also contacts his brother, Smokey, outside of prison to bomb a B.G.A. hangout where they move their drugs. After all of this happens, Carlos' usefulness has come to an end and the Aryan Vanguard drops their protection of him. The B.G.A. then takes the opportunity to murder Carlos. Despite his death, Miklo agrees with Carlos's outlook after being convinced by Carlos's old drug supplier.

text: With hostility high between the Black and Hispanic inmates, Montana and Bonafide meet in the prison yard. Montana convinces Bonafide to agree to a truce if Montana reaches out to La Onda leaders in the Folsom and Chino prisons to end the violence. The warden grants Montana special permission to visit the Chino and Folsom prisons and Miklo is left in charge during his absence. Montana is granted a special request, and he gets to stay overnight at Delano penitentiary where he can see his daughter. On the morning of the visit, Montana is stabbed to death outside his cell by a member of the B.G.A.. Believing that the Aryan Vanguard sent forged orders to the hitman, Paco arranges a peace conference between La Onda and the B.G.A. However, Miklo, La Onda's new leader, manipulates the peace talks in order to build an alliance with the B.G.A. and they agree to kill the Aryan Vanguard leaders.

text: Later, enforcers for La Onda and the B.G.A. sweep through the walls of San Quentin, killing the leaders of the Aryan Vanguard. After the killings are done, however, Miklo's men promptly exterminate the B.G.A. leaders as well. Paco is enraged that his own cousin has played him for a fool and angrily confronts Miklo in the prison visiting room. Paco leaves his cousin in disgust, disowning him forever.

text: The members of La Onda hold a final gathering after the warden vows to split the council up transporting some members to their home states. Miklo plans on using this to expand La Onda to other states in the South West. Later, Miklo and his cellmate "Magic" destroy the mold which they used to send the forged orders to the B.G.A. hit man to kill Montana. Magic says "We both loved him, but we did what we had to do for La Onda." Back in East Los Angeles, Paco visits one of Cruz's murals after the family re-accepts him to see a portrait of his former life. In a pep talk with Cruz, Paco realizes that by ordering Miklo to go after Spider, Paco is responsible for all of the things that have happened to Miklo. This causes Paco to feel guilty for his actions and ultimately forgive Miklo.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Damian Chapa as Miklo Velka
Jesse Borrego as Cruz Candelaria
Benjamin Bratt as Paco Aguilar
Enrique Castillo as Montana Segura
Delroy Lindo as Bonafide
Victor Rivers as Magic
Geoffrey Rivas as Carlos
Tom Towles as Red Ryder
Carlos Carrasco as Popeye
Theodore Wilson as Wallace
Raymond Cruz as Chuey
Valente Rodriguez as Frankie
Lanny Flaherty as Big Al
Billy Bob Thornton as Lightning
Danny Trejo as Geronimo
Victor Mohica as Mano
Luis Contreras as Realthing
Paulo Tocha as Apache
Ving Rhames as Ivan
Richard Masur (uncredited) as Prison librarian
Thomas F. Wilson as Rollie McCann
Lupe Ontiveros as Carmen
Ashley Judd as Paco's Girlfriend ("deleted scene")
Peter Mark Vasquez as Chivo
Mark Rich as Miklo's Stunt Double

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The three prison gangs in the film are fictional creations of screenwriter Jimmy Santiago Baca and director Taylor Hackford. However, they were all loosely based on actual prison gangs, with the Aryan Vanguard, Black Guerrilla Army and La Onda representing the Aryan Brotherhood, Black Guerrilla Family, and the Mexican Mafia, respectively.

text: Actor Theodore Wilson died shortly after filming his scenes in the film.

text: Artist Adan Hernandez was hired to create the paintings the character of Cruz Candelaria was supposed to have painted. All of the paintings that were used in the film were created by him. The mural in the reservoir seen in the film's climax has unfortunately been painted over. Hernandez made a cameo appearance in the film as the drug dealer Gilbert in the art gallery scene.

text: The film was shot in and around Los Angeles and East Los Angeles and inside the walls of San Quentin State Prison. The main character Miklo is sent to San Quentin, where much of the film's plot takes place. Several of the then-inmates appear in the film as extras. In addition, several of the prison staff members also appear as others and some facilitated the production of the film by serving as technical advisors. Many members of the staff were given small lines in the film, with the warden giving an extended cameo in a part that is somewhat integral to the plot. In addition, actor Danny Trejo, who appears in the film as Geronimo, had served time in San Quentin before deciding to become an actor.

text: In addition to prison inmates and staff and artist Hernandez, screenwriter and barrio poet Jimmy Santiago Baca cameos as a prison inmate and member of the La Onda council.

text: The film was initially entitled Blood in Blood Out but was retitled Bound by Honor before the film's release. Blood in blood out refers to the initiation ritual of having to kill someone to enter a gang and, on the reverse end, not being able to leave the gang unless killed. This is a common initiation in many gangs, including prison gangs, and is also the motto of La Onda in the film. Hollywood Pictures insisted on the name change as the studio felt that it would incite violence in East Los Angeles. In addition, executives at Hollywood Pictures, a subsidiary of Disney, were cautious about the potential effect the film would have following the 1992 LA Riots and the attribution given to Boyz N the Hood as a partial cause/inspiration of the riots. Director Taylor Hackford has stated that he was very unhappy with this decision as the film's message was the exact opposite of the one that the studio feared would be transmitted.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a 55% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 11 reviews.[2] The TV Guide review stated "similarity to Edward James Olmos' American Me, in which a tormented drug dealer travels the same route through prison society as Miklo. The principal difference between the two films is that Bound By Honor is by far the glossier effort, relentlessly picturesque in the seamlessly anesthetized manner of mainstream Hollywood films."[3] Film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum for the Chicago Reader wrote that this "ugly three-hour snoozefest is apparently supposed to do for East Los Angeles Chicanos what the Godfather movies did for New York mafiosi…"[4] Roger Ebert wrote "The East Los Angeles milieu and some of the characters seem familiar, because some of the same ground was covered by American Me... Bound by Honor covers similar material in a less passionate and finally less meaningful way."[5] Roger Ebert gave the film 2 stars out of 4. A critic from Entertainment Weekly, Owen Gleiberman gave Bound By Honor a B-, falling on the high end of the movie spectrum. He states "Bound By Honor comes fully alive when it moves behind bars. There's an exploitative thrill built into the genre…"[6] This film critic was definitely more interested in the second half of the movie once Miklo was in jail running La Onda. Vincent Canby from the New York Times wrote "The film is big and long, passionate and flat. It's full of heroic and tragic incident, but skimpy about the details of quotidian lives."[7] Giving a very detailed review on the plot of the story he later exalts some of the characters in the movie one in particular, Enrique Castillo. Although Vincent Canby does not give an official rating for the film, he concludes "Though it's not the epic it means to be, it is not a failure."[8]


document_title: List of McLeod's Daughters characters

question_text: who does tess end up with on mcleods daughters

text: List of McLeod's Daughters characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Character
Actor
Occupation
Duration
Episodes

Claire Louise McLeod
Lisa Chappell
Drover's Run Owner
August 2001 -> October 2003
001 -> 073

Claire is the oldest child of John 'Jack' McLeod. She was born on Drover's Run, in 1973, to Jack and his first wife, Prudence 'Prue' McLeod. Prue died while giving birth to a stillborn son, Adam John McLeod,in 1975. Jack would later marry Ruth Silverman, who gave birth to Tess Silverman McLeod. When their marriage ended, Ruth took Tess to live in Melbourne, leaving Jack to raise Claire alone. Claire and Tess would not see each other again until after their father died, almost twenty years later.
Claire spent her whole life on Drover's Run; she dropped out of school at age 15 to help her dad run the farm.
She attempts to start a horse breeding program on Drover's with Peter Johnson, the local representative of Australian Bloodlines. They begin a romantic relationship while working together, which ends when Claire finds out that Peter is married and has a family in Queensland. They reunite briefly, which results in Claire getting pregnant. She gives birth to a daughter, Charlotte Prudence McLeod, in a shed on Drover's Run. Before Claire decides on a name, the baby is affectionately called 'BOM', for Baby of McLeod.
Not long after the baby was born, Claire and Alex Ryan begin a relationship, with Alex planning to propose to her during a party. Claire, Tess, and baby Charlotte are returning from town with party supplies when their Ute hit a pothole and Claire loses control of the vehicle, and coming to a stop with its front wheels dangling off the edge of a cliff. Tess is able to get out and get Charlotte to safety, but cannot get Claire's door open before the Ute starts to slide. It goes over the cliff and into a canyon, killing Claire.

Teresa "Tess" Charlotte Silverman McLeod-Ryan
Bridie Carter
Drover's Run Owner
August 2001 -> March 2006
001 -> 123, 135 - 146

Tess is the third child and second-oldest daughter of Jack McLeod. She was born on Drover's Run in 1976 to Jack and his second wife, Ruth Silverman. Tess left Drover's for Melbourne with her mother when she was five years old, after her parents marriage ended.
Tess never saw her father again, and only returns to Drover's after his death nearly twenty years later. Tess and Claire initially clash over the future of Drover's Run. Tess considers selling her share and remaining in the city, but later decides to stay on and help run the farm.
In season one, Tess has a brief romantic relationship with Alex Ryan, which ends amicably. She later discovers she has feelings for Alex's younger brother, Nick, though their initial attempts at a relationship fail due to Tess's fear of commitment. After that she becomes involved with local veterinarian Dave Brewer, leading to an engagement. They call off the engagement when Dave realizes he has not fully mourned the loss of his last wife.
After Claire dies, Tess becomes the sole owner of Drover's Run; she hires Stevie Hall as overseer to help her manage the property. When Peter Johnson files for custody of Charlotte, his daughter with Claire, Tess initially fights it but ultimately relents and lets Peter and his wife have full custody. Peter allows Charlotte to visit her aunt at Drover's often.
Tess and Nick eventually rekindle their relationship and get married. Not long after, Nick takes a job on a farm in Argentina, and they leave Drover's. Tess returns after a year, announcing that she's pregnant. While expecting Nick to follow her home shortly, Tess learns that his plane has gone missing and he is assumed dead. Tess begins to mourn him, but Nick is found alive and returns to Drover's. They decide to return to Argentina for another three years, and Tess is not seen on the show again, though she and Nick are referenced by other characters periodically.

Jodi Margaret Fountain McLeod-Bosnich
Rachael Carpani
Drover's Run Owner
August 2001 -> April 2007, January 2009
001 -> 178, 224

Jodi is the youngest child of Jack McLeod. She was born on Drover's Run in 1982 to Jack and Meg Fountain. Jack and Meg were not married; their relationship and Jodi's paternity were kept secret for many years. It was assumed that Meg's first husband Kevin Fountain, was Jodi's father. After Meg and her husband separated, Meg became the housekeeper at Drover's and Jodi went to boarding school. After completing her finals, Jodi moves back to Drover's to await the results of her exams. Upon her weak test results she begins working alongside the other women on the farm.
Two years after returning to Drover's, Jodi marries Alberto Borelli, but decides immediately after the wedding that she is too young for marriage and children. Alberto returns to Italy and Jodi resumes her work on Drover's. When Meg is offered a job in Melbourne, Jodi initially decides to go with her, but changes her mind at the last minute and decides to stay on the farm.
She begins a relationship with mechanic Luke Morgan, which ends when Luke is sent to jail. She later has a relationship with Rob Shelton, the overseer of Killarney. It was during this time that she discovered her true parentage, which led to friction with Meg. Rob then reveals to Jodi that he is in the Witness Protection Program and living under an alias; a hitman soon finds him and he is forced to leave the area. He later returns as Matt Bosnich, and they rekindle their relationship. Another hitman finds him, and it appears that Jodi and Matt die in an explosion. Meg later tells a few select people that they faked their deaths so that Matt could be free of his pursuers, and after saying goodbye to her friends and family on Drover's, Jodi leaves with him. They return in the series finale with news that they are married and that Jodi is pregnant. They explain that the criminals who had been after them are in jail, and can safely return to Drover's to raise their baby.

Rebecca "Becky" Howard
Jessica Napier
Drover's lead station hand
August 2001 -> October 2003
001 -> 70

Becky is a young local who starts out working for the Gungellan Pub & Hotel. After her boss, Brian, rapes her, Claire offers to put her up on Drover's and give her work. Becky is soon promoted to Lead Station Hand and begins a relationship with Brett 'Brick' Buchanon, a station hand at Killarney. Brett eventually leaves to help his ailing uncle in Queensland, and Becky doesn't see or hear from him after that. After searching for him for months, a dream leads her to a bridge where she finds his body. Becky mourns Brick's death while growing closer to Jake, another Killarney station hand. They break up and Jake leaves, but he later returns for a young farmer's competition and attempts to win her back. Becky decides to leave with Jake to live with him on his new property and to take advantage of a scholarship at an agricultural college. Becky doesn't return to Drover's for the remainder of the show.

Alexander Marion "Alex" Ryan
Aaron Jeffery
Killarney Owner
August 2001 -> 2008
001 -> 208

Alex is the older son of Harry and Liz Ryan, the owners of Killarney, the property adjacent to Drover's Run. He is a childhood friend of Claire McLeod's. Shortly after Tess arrives at Drover's, he begins dating her, but they soon break up and decide to be just friends. After Claire gives birth to Charlotte, she and Alex develop romantic feelings for each other. Alex plans to propose to Claire, but she dies before he gets the chance.
In season 3, Alex discovers that Harry Ryan is not his biological father. His mother, Liz, had a brief relationship with Bryce Redstaff that resulted in pregnancy, but she married Harry Ryan and allowed him to believe that the baby was his. Alex's true paternity leads to the breakup of Harry and Liz's marriage, with Liz leaving Killarney.
Alex marries Fiona Webb, a city girl from a wealthy family. Their marriage ends badly, with Fiona believing that Alex is in love with Stevie. Though they don't immediately begin a relationship, Alex and Stevie eventually marry. After the wedding and honeymoon, Alex is only seen by videophone from Argentina until the last episode of season 7, when he returns to Killarney to surprise Stevie. Alex dies early in season 8, after being crushed by a large tree branch. Stevie gives birth shortly after, and names the baby Alexander 'Xander' Hall Ryan.

Nicholas Garry "Nick" Ryan
Myles Pollard
Killarney Owner
August 2001 -> March 2006
001 -> 125, 145 - 146

Nick is the younger son of Harry and Liz Ryan. Due to a rodeo accident in his teens that left him with a limp, Nick works mostly on the business operations at Killarney. He and Tess have an on-off relationship throughout their time on the series, eventually culminating in marriage. Nick was declared dead after the plane thought to be carrying him back to Australia crashed in South America, but it was later revealed that he had been mugged before boarding the plane, and had spent months unconscious in a hospital. After returning to Drover's, he and Tess decide to return to Argentina, and like Tess, he is not seen on the series again. Nick has a son, Harrison Nicholas Ryan-Clements, with Sally Clements, his former physical therapist.

Margaret "Meg" Rivers Fountain-Dodge
Sonia Todd
Drover's Housekeeper
August 2001 -> April 2007
001 -> 88, 109 - 134, 143 - 149, 177 - 178, 224

Meg is the longtime housekeeper on Drover's Run and the mother of Jodi Fountain-McLeod. Meg acts as a motherfigure to the women of Drover's, though she has occasional clashes with some of employees, notably Becky. Meg had an affair with Jack McLeod many years ago, resulting in her getting pregnant with Jodi. She keeps the affair secret; when Jodi receives a trust fund from Jack, she becomes suspicious and has a paternity test done, revealing that Jack is in fact her biological father. Around this time, Meg has a novel published that is a thinly-veiled account of her and Jodi's life on Drover's. The novel and the revelation of Jodi's true paternity causes a rift between Meg and Jodi. Meg leaves suddenly to promote her book, returning briefly to reconcile with her daughter and to marry Terry Dodge. The newlyweds then set off to explore Australia. She returns for Jodi's funeral and following that is not seen again until the final episode, when she returns to Drover's with a pregnant Jodi.

David "Dave" Enoch Brewer
Brett Tucker
Local Vet
2003 -> 2006
45 -> 170

Dave is a country veterinarian who tends to the animals on Drover's Run and other farms in the area. He is briefly engaged to Tess, though they break off the engagement when Dave realizes that he has not properly mourned his wife. He leaves in an effort to work out his feelings, but when he returns, Tess does not take him back as she and Nick are together. He moves into Wilgul with Alex and becomes a staple part of the social group. He later has a relationship with Tess's cousin, Regan McLeod, which ends when Regan leaves Drover's to take a job.
His friendship with Kate then develops into a romance, and the two leave for Africa, where Dave is going to run a vet clinic. Kate later returns to Drover's after Jodi's death, but Dave is not seen on the series again.

Stephanie "Stevie" Jane Hall-Ryan
Simmone Jade Mackinnon
Drover's Run Part Owner
October 2003 -> 2008
71 -> 224

Stevie is an old friend of Claire's, and first appears in the series shortly before Claire's death. Though she initially clashes with Tess, they grow close and Tess asks Stevie to stay on Drover's as overseer and eventual part-owner. She has a daughter, Rose, who lives with Stevie's sister Michelle and believes that Stevie is her aunt. Much of Stevie's arc on the show revolves around her decision to tell Rose the truth about her parentage. She eventually does so, leading to a brief falling-out with her daughter. Rose later forgives Stevie and visits her on Drover's several times.
After Tess and Nick leave for Argentina, Stevie becomes the primary person in charge at Drover's until Jodi and the McLeod cousins receive their shares. She goes on to marry Alex Ryan, and discovers, that she is pregnant while Alex is in Argentina working with Nick. Alex returns to Killarney before Stevie is due to give birth; he dies from being crushed by a heavy tree branch. Stevie has the baby boy very shortly after, and after calling him "Wombat" for some time, she names him Alexander "Xander" Hall Ryan. She continues on as part-owner of both Drover's and Killarney, appearing until the series finale.

Kate Maria Due Manfredi
Michala Banas
Drover's Farm Hand
2004 -> 2008
88 -> 170, 179 -> 206

Kate is a former classmate of Jodi's. She first appears in the series when Jodi decides to go to Melbourne with Meg, leaving a job vacancy. Though Jodi changes her mind at the last minute and stays on the farm, Kate keeps her new position.
Kate is organized and goal-oriented, often referring to her "5-year plan". Her plans bring a great organization to Drover's but occasionally has the other farmhands rolling their eyes.
Kate has relationships with local boy Craig and Dave Brewer's younger brother Patrick, but she maintains her feelings for Dave until they eventually get together. Kate leaves with Dave for Africa, but returns when Jodi is thought to be dead. Devastated by Jodi's death her prodding ultimately causes Meg and the police to reveal that Jodi and Matt have joined witness protection and are using the accident as the perfect cover to hide. She decides to stay at Drover's for a while where she feels useful and good at what she does. Her anxiety about being out of place in Africa causes her to put off returning, but she later goes back to Africa and Dave after some sage advice from Moira.
Kate returns to Drover's for Stevie's wedding, having split from Dave and is in the beginning stages of a relationship with Riley when he is killed in a car accident. Though his body is never found, Riley is presumed dead and Kate leaves to run a farm for at-risk youth.

Regan McLeod
Zoe Naylor
Drover's Part Owner
2005–2008
119 -> 123, 149 -> 184, 209 -> 210, 223 ->224

Regan is the second child of Hugh McLeod, Jack McLeod's brother. She arrives at Drover's under suspicious circumstances, later revealing that she has come to conduct tests and surveys to determine if Drover's can be mined for gold. She begins digging, getting into several confrontations with Tess, Stevie, and the other Drover's women. After she is bitten by a venomous snake, Tess helps save her life and Regan decides to abandon her plans to mine Drover's, making peace with her cousin. Regan gets romantically involved with Dave Brewer, but the relationship ends when Regan leaves.
She appears again in season six, returning to Drover's looking for Tess, who is in Argentina at the time. She reveals that an accident at a mine she was supervising caused the death of two men. Though not criminally responsible, she feels enormous guilt over the incident. She sticks around Drovers for a while and redeems herself with the girls of Drover’s when she pitches in with the farm work. Shortly after she inherits a share of Drovers through Jodi’s faked death. She helps save Drover’s from a toxic waste dump planned for Drover’s. During this she temporarily resumes an adulterous relationship with a former colleague who is there on behalf of the government to assess Drover’s compatibility for the toxic dump. A pregnancy scare brings about the quick end of the affair and after saving Drover’s from the dump, she moves on.
In the last few episodes she comes back to Drover's, to stay on.

Patrick Michael Brewer
Luke Jacobz
Killarney Farm Hand
2005–2008
131, 147 -> 224

Patrick is the younger brother of Dave Brewer. He makes his first appearance in the series by parachuting onto the farm. Patrick is an adventurous world traveler. He has a relationship with Kate early on, but when he stops taking his medication for bipolar disorder, he has a manic episode, which initially frightens Kate off. He leaves Gungellan to stay with his mother and work on getting better at handling his bipolar disorder. He returns to Gungellan and rekindles a relationship with Kate that ends the night of the Young Farmer of the Year Award Ceremony, when he realizes that she and Dave are in love with each other. He works at Killarney as a farm hand and for the truck stop under Moira as a mechanic. Later in the series, he begins a relationship with Tayler Geddes, and they remain a couple until the series finale.

Riley Ward
Dustin Clare
Killarney Farm Hand
2006–2008
155 -> 203

Riley is a farrier and horse gentler who first appears in season 6, when Stevie discovers him squatting on Drover's. After some initial clashes with the people from Drover's and Killarney, Riley and Stevie start a program to capture and train brumbies. Riley also becomes the Overseer of Killarney.
Riley vies for Jodi's affections, but she chooses to be with Matt. He then develops feelings for Kate, and they are in the early stages of a relationship when he involved in a car accident in the season 7 finale. His body is never found, but he is presumed dead and does not appear on the series again.

Tayler Jane Geddes
Gillian Alexy
Drover's Farm Hand
2006–2008
170 -> 224

Tayler first appears in season 6, when she comes to Drover's looking to get revenge on Regan. Regan was supervising a mine when an accident killed two men, one of which was Tayler's father. Regan and the other women convince Tayler to stay on at Drover's as a farm hand, and she eventually decides to study to become a veterinarian. Tayler and Patrick start a relationship that lasts until the end of the series.

Marcus Turner
Matt Passmore
Killarney Owner
2007–2008
172 -> 224

Marcus first arrives at Killarney at the beginning of season 7, telling Alex that he works for Bryce Redstaff. His initial role is to go over the books and look for ways to increase profit, recovering Bryce's investment. He later reveals to Alex that he is also Bryce's son and therefore his brother (younger brother). Though he and Alex initially clash, they later grow close. After Alex dies, Marcus decides to stay on as part-owner of Killarney. He begins a relationship with Ingrid Marr, the new country vet. Their relationship ends when Ingrid's estranged husband shows up and begins to harass and threaten her, and she runs away. Marcus then becomes involved with Grace McLeod, but when Ingrid returns, Grace ends their relationship and urges Ingrid and Marcus to rekindle their romance.

Grace Kingston McLeod
Abi Tucker
Drover's Run Owner
2007–2008
179 - 224

Grace is the eldest of Hugh McLeod's daughters, sister to Regan and Jaz, cousin to Jodi, Tess and Claire. She is a Campdrafting champion under the name Grace Kingston (her mother's maiden name) and an old friend of Stevie Hall. She reluctantly joins Drover's after receiving her share in Jodi's will. Grace is a loose cannon and stuffs up a few times in her initial adjustment to being at Drover's. Her relationship with Regan is complicated and they are often at odds. She becomes engaged to neighboring farmer Heath Barrett, but ends the engagement when she finds out Heath is cheating on her. She eventually becomes briefly involved with Marcus Turner, for whom she has long had unrequited feelings. Their relationship ends in the series finale when Ingrid returns to town, and Grace realizes that Marcus is still in love with her.

Jasmine "Jaz" McLeod
Anna Torv & Edwina Ritchard
Drover's Part Owner
2004, 2008
103 -> 104, 210 -> 224

Jaz is the youngest of Hugh McLeod's daughters. She is the first McLeod cousin to appear in the series, showing up near the end of season 4 (played by Anna Torv) for two episodes. She comes to Drover's to spread her father's ashes, and has a brief flirtation with Alex before leaving to restart her career as a show jumper. She appears again in the last season (played by Edwina Ritchard) and appears until the series finale. After an awkward start as a farm hand, she comes to love Drover's and eventually starts a relationship with Ben Hall, Stevie's cousin.

Ben Hall
John Schwartz
Killarney Farm Hand
2008
210 -> 224

Ben is Stevie's cousin, and first appears in season 8, showing up to support Stevie after Alex's death. He finds work at Killarney and becomes involved with Jaz McLeod.

Ingrid Marr
Rachael Coopes
Local Vet
2007–2008
200 - 224

Ingrid is a country veterinarian who first appears at the end of season 7. Ingrid gets along well with the local farmers, but seems to have a mysterious past. She later reveals that she is on the run from her abusive husband, Paul. Ingrid and Marcus fall in love, but when Paul shows up at Drover's and begins stalking and threatening her, she fears for her safety and leaves. She appears again in the series finale, rekindling her romance with Marcus.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Role
Status
Episodes

Marshall Napier
Harry J. Ryan
2001–2006
Episodes 1 - 162

John Jarratt
Terry Dodge
2001–2006
Episodes 1 - 148

Catherine Wilkin
Elizabeth "Liz" M. Ryan
2001–2003, 2004, 2006
Episodes 1 - 53, 100, 154

Fletcher Humphrys
Brett "Brick" Buchanon
2001–2003
Episodes 1 - 47

Ben Mortley
Alberto Borelli
2001–2003
Episodes 19 - 50

Rodger Corser
Peter Johnson
2001–2004
Episodes 15 - 44, 62, 83 - 84

Kathryn Hartman
Sally Clemments
2002–2005
Episodes 43 - 54, 105 - 114, 136

Charlie Clausen
Jake Harrison
2002–2003
35 - 70

Inge Hornstra
Sandra Kinsella-Ryan
2002–2006
Episodes 42, 57 - 100, 110 - 162

Diarmid Heidenrich
Toby Frye
2003
Episodes 63 - 64, 70, 73

Brooke, Kaitlyn & Tahlia Stacey-Clark
Charlotte McLeod
2004–2006
Episodes 75 - 146, 224

Craig McLachlan
Kane Morgan
2004
Episodes 89 - 96, 105 - 106

Basia A'Hern
Rose Hall-Smith
2004–2008
Episodes 90, 129 - 130, 163 - 166, 185 - 186, 190 - 192, 224

Dean O'Gorman
Luke Morgan
2004–2005
Episodes 93 - 118

Peter Hardy
Phill Rakich
2006–2008
Episodes 143, 157, 159, 163, 166, 169, 180-184, 186-189, 191-199, 202-211, 213-220, 222, 224

Michelle Langstone
Fiona Webb-Ryan
2006
Episodes 139 - 170

Daniel Feuerriegel
Leo Coombes
2006
Episodes 141, 143, 160, 164, 165

Sam Healy
Ashleigh Redstaff
2007
Episodes 186 - 199

text: Births and pregnancies[edit]

text:
Claire gives birth to a girl named Charlotte Prudence McLeod.
Sandra Kinsella-Ryan returns from her honeymoon and announces that she's pregnant, but miscarries soon after.
Nick's ex-girlfriend Sally returns unexpectedly to Drover's, 8 months pregnant with his child. She soon gives birth to a son named Harrison Nicholas Ryan-Clements.
Tess gives birth in Argentina to a daughter named Claire Ruth McLeod-Ryan.
Stevie gives birth to a son named Alexander 'Xander' Hall Ryan soon after Alex dies.
Moira finds out she's pregnant with Phil Rakich's son in 2008, but miscarries early into the pregnancy.
Jodi returns to Drover's Run in the series finale with news that she's pregnant .

text: Deaths[edit]

text: Actual Deaths

text:
Brett 'Brick' Buchanon died after falling off of a bridge. He had been missing for some time and was eventually found by Becky.
Claire McLeod died in a car accident when her Ute went over a cliff. Tess and Charlotte were also in the accident, but managed to escape the vehicle before it crashed.
Harry Ryan died from a heart attack. It was later revealed that Sandra had tampered with his heart medication.
Riley Ward was involved in a car accident with Grace, Tayler, and Patrick. Their car was submerged in a river and Riley was presumed dead, though his body was never found.
Alex Ryan died after a tree branch fell on him

text: Fake Deaths

text:
Nick Ryan was thought to have died in a plane crash, but was later discovered alive in Argentina. He had been mugged and severely beaten, and had been unconscious in an Argentine hospital for several weeks.
Matt Bosnich and Jodi Fountain were thought to have died in a car explosion. The next episode revealed that the car had blown up without them in it, but they were allowing people to think they were dead in order to evade the hitmen after them.

text: Marriages and engagements[edit]

text:
Claire McLeod and Peter Johnson were engaged, but Claire ended the relationship when she found out Peter was already married and had children.
Jodi Fountain and Alberto Borelli had a wedding ceremony, but Jodi called off the marriage before the final paperwork was signed.
Tess McLeod and Dave Brewer were engaged, but broke up when they realized that Dave was still grieving for his late wife.
Harry Ryan and Sandra Kinsella were married after Harry divorced his first wife Liz.
Nick Ryan and Tess McLeod married after several years of an on-off relationship. They remained married through the end of the series.
Meg Fountain and Terry Dodge were married and set off for a trip around Australia.
Fiona Webb and Alex Ryan married and quickly divorced.
Jodi Fountain (Bosnich) and Meg Fountain (Doge) return to Drover's Run in the final episode with news that Matt and Jodi are married and expecting a baby.
Stevie Hall and Alex Ryan were married for a short time before Alex's death.
Grace McLeod and Heath Barret were engaged, but Grace called it off when she found out Heath was having an affair.

text: Lists of drama television charactersLists of Australian television series characters

text: Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from May 2009All articles needing rewriteArticles lacking sources from July 2012All articles lacking sourcesUse dmy dates from July 2015Use Australian English from July 2015All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English


document_title: The Villages, Florida

question_text: where are the villages located in central florida

text: The Villages, Florida

text: History[edit]

text: Harold Schwartz, a Michigan businessman, began selling land tracts via mail order in The Villages area in the 1960s. He and his business partner, Al Tarrson, were forced to close the mail-order aspect of the business due to a 1968 Federal law banning sales of real estate by mail order.[10]

text: Stuck with considerable portions of Florida land, in the early 1970s Schwartz and Tarrson began development of a mobile home park, Orange Blossom Gardens, in the northwestern corner of Lake County. By the early 1980s, the community had sold only 400 units. In an attempt to improve the business, Schwartz bought out Tarrson's interest and brought his son, H. Gary Morse, on board in 1983.

text: Morse noted that the successful retirement communities (such as Del Webb's Sun City developments) offered numerous well-maintained amenities to the residents. They also had diverse and nearby commercial development. Morse began to significantly upgrade the development. Their sales improved in the mid-1980s. Schwartz began to buy large tracts of land in nearby Sumter and Marion counties for future expansion. In 1992, Morse officially changed the overall development name to The Villages. The development is still controlled in all major aspects by descendants of Schwartz and Morse.

text: Structure[edit]

text: A Declaration of Restrictions has been created for each individual neighborhood, which regulates design and operational aspects, such as landscaping, repairs and maintenance, placement of satellite dishes, hedges, etc. An Architectural Review Committee controls the composition and consistency of the exterior of the residential properties within The Villages. The committee, which consists of Villages residents, reviews and approves alterations and modifications to the properties and homes built by the developer. Committee members serve for three years and are selected by the sitting committee.[11]

text: To qualify for an exception to the Housing for Older Persons Act prohibitions against discrimination, at least 80% of the homes within The Villages must have at least one person 55 years of age or older residing in the home.[12] Persons under the age of 19 years are not permitted to reside within The Villages unless an exemption is granted. Three subdivisions have been designated as "family units"[13] and are not subject to this restriction. Otherwise, persons under age 19 (such as grandchildren) are permitted to visit for no more than 30 days within a calendar year.[14]

text: Geography[edit]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP (Sumter County only) has a total area of 5.6 sq mi (15 km2), of which 5.2 sq mi (13 km2) is land and 0.4 sq mi (1.0 km2) (6.99%) is water. The Villages is located approximately 45 miles northwest of Orlando and 75 miles northeast of Tampa.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 8,333 people, 4,392 households, and 3,583 families residing in the CDP (Sumter County). The population density was 1,605.5 people per square mile (619.9/km²). There were 5,065 housing units at an average density of 975.9/mi (376.8/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.4% White, 0.5% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.5% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.06% from other races, and 0.4% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race made up 1.3% of the population.

text: There were 4,393 households out of which 0.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 80.1% were married couples living together, 1.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.4% were non-families. 15.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.89 and the average family size was 2.05.

text: In the CDP, the population was spread out with 0.3% under the age of 18, 0.3% from 18 to 24, 1.5% from 25 to 44, 40.4% from 45 to 64, and 57.5% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 66 years. For every 100 females there were 91.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.9 males.

text: The median income for a household in the CDP was $42,542, and the median income for a family was $45,078. Males had a median income of $58,173 versus $26,176 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $28,343. About 2.8% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including none under age 18 and 2.8% of those who are at least age 65.

text: Politics[edit]

text: Considered a conservative community, The Villages is a popular election stop and platform for political figures such as former Vice President Dick Cheney,[15] former presidential and vice presidential candidates Mitt Romney[16] and Paul Ryan,[17] former vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin,[18][19] former presidential candidate Mike Huckabee,[20] 2016 GOP presidential primary candidates Marco Rubio[21] and Ben Carson,[22][23] former presidential candidate Rick Santorum,[24] and talk show hosts/authors Glenn Beck[25] and Brian Kilmeade.[26] In the lead-up to the 2016 Presidential Election, GOP Vice Presidential Nominee Mike Pence visited to campaign for his running mate, Donald Trump.[27]

text: Government[edit]

text: Residents of The Villages have a historically high 80% turnout rate in elections. Republicans outnumber Democrats two-to-one.[28] Some Democratic residents complain about the distinctly Republican coverage in local broadcasting and newspaper, an orientation attributed to The Villages' owner,[29] as well as voicing concerns about politically oriented vandalism.[30]

text: A critical part of Central Florida's Republican party, The Villages has been visited frequently along the campaign trail by Florida Governor Rick Scott and United States Senator Marco Rubio. During the 2014 Florida gubernatorial election, Scott visited The Villages on the eve of the election to rally votes.[31] Just before the 2016 election for Florida Senator, Rubio stopped off at the temporary Republican Headquarters established at Lake Sumter Landing in The Villages.[32]

text: The Villages is in Florida's 11th congressional district represented by Rep. Daniel Webster.

text: State representation[edit]

text: The entirety of The Villages is within the boundaries of Florida Senate District 12 (currently represented by Republican Dennis Baxley), and is within the boundaries of Florida House of Representatives District 33 (currently represented by Republican Don Hahnfeldt).

text: County[edit]

text: The portion of The Villages within Lake County is within Lake County District 1.[33]

text: The portion of The Villages within Marion County is within Marion County District 3.[34]

text: Areas of The Villages in Sumter County are divided between Sumter County District 1, which takes areas east of Morse Boulevard, and Sumter County District 3, which takes areas west of Morse Boulevard.[35][36]

text: Local government (Community Development Districts)[edit]

text: The majority of The Villages is developed and maintained using several Community Development Districts (CDD).[37] The CDD is a form of special purpose local government available under Florida law; around 225 communities in Florida currently use this form of government.[37] The portion of The Villages located in Lake County is under the jurisdiction of the city of Lady Lake and is not part of any of the District CDDs, but a portion is under the larger CDDs (see below).

text: The Villages currently operates 12 CDDs. Ten of the 12 CDDs cover the various areas of The Village where residents own homes, and provide and maintain the roads and transportation paths, storm water systems and structures, underground utilities, curbs and gutters, and street lights. The costs of building and maintaining this infrastructure are paid for by annual special assessments included in the property tax bill. District residents (including landowners who have yet to build on their property) elect the members of the District Board of Supervisors. The current district setup is as follows:[38]

text:
District 1 – consists of approximately 998 acres (4.04 km2) in the northeast corner of Sumter County, which includes 3,420 residential units
District 2 – consists of approximately 990 acres (4.0 km2) in the northeast corner of Sumter County, which includes 3,668 residential units
District 3 – consists of approximately 894 acres (3.62 km2) in the northeast corner of Sumter County, which includes 3,762 residential units
District 4 – consists of approximately 1,187 acres (4.80 km2) in the southern portion of Marion County, which includes 5,132 residential units
District 5 – consists of approximately 1,408 acres (5.70 km2) in the northeast corner of Sumter County, which includes 6,399 residential units
District 6 – consists of approximately 1,497 acres (6.06 km2) in the northeast corner of Sumter County, which includes 6,677 residential units (planned)
District 7 – consists of approximately 976 acres (3.95 km2) in the northeast corner of Sumter County, which includes 4,765 residential units (planned)
District 8 – consists of approximately 1,070 acres (4.3 km2) in the northeast corner of Sumter County, which includes 5,140 residential units (planned)
District 9 – consists of approximately 946 acres (3.83 km2) in the northeast corner of Sumter County; as of 2010 development is beginning
District 10 – consists of approximately 999 acres (4.04 km2) in the northeast corner of Sumter County; as of 2010 development is beginning

text: The remaining two CDDs are:

text:
Village Center Community Development District (VCCDD) – located in Lake, Marion, and Sumter counties, VCCDD provides water and sewer utility services, recreation, security services, fire protection and paramedic services to the residents. The cost of operations is funded by amenity and utility fees that residents pay monthly. VCCDD also provides for the maintenance of common areas and roadways for the commercial areas within its boundaries. The cost of maintenance in the commercial areas is funded through commercial maintenance assessments.
Sumter Landing Community Development District (SLCDD) – located in Sumter County, SLCDD provides recreation and security services to the residents. The cost of operations is funded by amenity fees that residents pay monthly. This CDD also provides for the maintenance of common areas and roadways for the commercial areas within its boundaries. The cost of maintenance in the commercial areas is funded through commercial maintenance assessments.

text: Unlike the residential CDDs, there are no residents within the CDD boundaries. Thus, the five-member Board of Supervisors for each district is composed of the developer's employees or affiliates. [39][40]

text: Ownership associations[edit]

text: There are also two quasi-homeowners associations in The Villages: The Property Owners Association (POA) and The Villages Homeowners Association (VHA).[41][42]

text: Recreational activities[edit]

text: As a master planned retirement community, The Villages offers numerous forms of recreation. The majority of the costs are paid for via the monthly amenities fee assessed to residents (the facilities are owned by the centralized CDDs discussed above).[43]

text: Golf courses[edit]

text: The centerpiece of The Villages is its numerous assortment of golf courses. The ability to play "Free Golf for Life" is a key component of The Villages advertising campaigns (though technically the statement is inaccurate as the costs are covered by the mandatory monthly amenity fees assessed on each residential lot). As of February 2017[update], The Villages operates 48 courses.

text: The majority (36) of the courses[44] are executive golf courses, all of which are 9-hole layouts. It is these courses at which residents of The Villages can play "free golf for life" (i.e., no greens fees) and can walk the courses for free as well; fees are charged for riding a golf cart on the courses. These courses are owned by the Villages residents and managed by the Villages Community Center Development District (VCDD)[45]

text: The remaining 12 courses are country club championship courses.[46] Among notable course architects are Arnold Palmer and Nancy Lopez. The Orange Blossom Hills and Tierra Del Sol clubs are 18-hole layouts; the other eight clubs are 27-hole layouts. Residents of The Villages are automatically members of these clubs; however, unlike the executive courses residents must pay greens fees to play the courses and the clubs charge for priority tee times. These championship courses are owned by the Villages Developer and through an agreement with the VCDD, are managed by that entity.[47]

text: On October 15, 2013, The Villages officially opened executive courses Sweetgum and Mangrove.[48] The most recent championship course (Belle Glade) was opened for public play on November 26, 2014.[49]

text: By final buildout, The Villages will operate 12 country-club championship courses (the last two will be 27-hole layouts; there are no plans to expand Orange Blossom Hills or Tierra Del Sol beyond their existing 18-hole layouts) and 35 9-hole executive golf courses, for a total of 621 holes of golf.[50]

text: The Villages also operates a golf instruction academy[51] for all skill levels.

text: Recreation centers[edit]

text: In addition, The Villages operates numerous recreation centers. There are three classes of centers (the number shown are as of March 2011 and are based on the types of swimming pools offered):

text:
"Neighborhood Centers" (32; these centers offer local adult-only pools as well as bocce, horseshoe, and shuffleboard courts)[52]
"Village Centers" (17; these centers offer family pools (except for Silverlake, which has no pool), facilities with billiard meeting rooms and full kitchens, bocce, horseshoe, and shuffleboard courts, plus tennis and pickleball courts)[53]
"Regional Centers" (eight; these centers offer resident-only sports pools (except for Paradise, which offers a family pool), larger venues with stages for theatrical and musical productions, and many of the same features as the village centers; all but two also operate fitness centers for which a membership must be purchased)[54]

text: The Villages operates 11 parks, dog parks, and fitness trails, which are separate from the recreation centers.

text: Entertainment[edit]

text: The Villages has become a popular spot for many artists. In April 2015, The Sharon L. Morse Performing Arts Center, a venue with over 1,000 seats, opened to much fanfare.[55] The Sharon has featured various popular artists such as Frankie Avalon,[56] Jerry Lewis,[57] Felix Cavaliere,[58] Little River Band,[59] Bobby Rydell,[60] Ray Stevens,[61] The Spinners,[62] Kenny G,[63] and Chubby Checker.[64]

text: Other activities[edit]

text: Beyond the golf courses and recreation centers, The Villages also operates numerous softball fields, a polo stadium (The Villages Polo Stadium),[65] and a woodworking shop, plus the Lifelong Learning College.[66] The newest softball complex, Soaring Eagle, opened on January 16, 2015.[67]

text: Nightly activities are held in The Villages three town squares,[68] Lake Sumter Landing's Market Square[69] and Spanish Springs Town Square.[70] A third town square, Brownwood Paddock Square, opened on October 12, 2012.[71]

text: Media[edit]

text: The Villages is served by television channels from the Orlando market, although channels from the Tampa market also cover the area. It is also served by radio stations from both the Orlando and Gainesville/Ocala markets, and by area newspapers such as the Orlando Sentinel, the Tampa Bay Times, the Leesburg Daily Commercial, and the Ocala Star-Banner.

text: Local media[edit]

text: The Villages developers or their successors operate three media properties:

text:
The Villages News Network (VNN), which is aired on the local Comcast cable network
The Villages Daily Sun, a local newspaper
Radio station WVLG AM 640 (a Fox News Radio affiliate).

text: Local, independent media outlets include:

text:
Villages-News.com, an online news service that reports local crime, government news, and happenings.
The Property Owner's Association

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Highway system[edit]

text: The Villages development is bounded roughly by US 27/US 441 to the east, US 301 to the west, County Road 42 to the north, and County Road 466A to the south, though construction has now proceeded well south of 466A with the development of several new villages, the Bonifay Country Club, and the Brownwood town center in that area. On December 10, 2013, The Villages of Lake-Sumter Inc. agreed to an $8 million deal to purchase Pine Ridge Dairy tract in Fruitland Park, Florida with a planned construction of 2,038 new Villages homes.[72] Although County Road 466 previously served as the main east-west corridor, the addition of homes and facilities south of County Road 466 and in the city of Fruitland Park, Florida has turned County Road 466A into a secondary east-west corridor.[73] Buena Vista Boulevard and Morse Boulevard serve as major north-south corridors.[74]

text: Due to the prevalence of golf courses many residents in The Villages use golf carts (some of which are street-legal, and some of which are solar-powered) to travel around the community. Tunnels have been built in most of The Villages where a highway must be crossed, but one overpass exists across US 27/US 441 because there was no way to construct a tunnel in this area.

text: Public transportation[edit]

text: Sumter County Transit operates The Villages shuttle. They provide various weekday loops through the Villages.[75]

text: The Villages developers operate a trolley-style bus tour of the community which operates from the sales and information center located at The Market Square in Lake Sumter Landing.

text: Amtrak serves The Villages by connecting bus to Jacksonville and Lakeland.

text: Education[edit]

text: Primary and secondary education[edit]

text: The following school listings are primarily for tax base purposes only, as The Villages does not allow full-time residents under age 19 except in the three family unit neighborhoods of Bison Valley, Spring Arbor, and Oak Meadows[13] or by exception granted for hardship cases.

text:
The portion of The Villages located in Marion County is zoned to Lake Weir High School of the Marion County School District.[76] There are no family unit neighborhoods in the Marion County portion of The Villages.
The portion of The Villages located in Sumter County is zoned to Wildwood Middle High School of Sumter District Schools. There is one family unit neighborhood (Bison Valley) in the Sumter County portion of The Villages.
The portion of The Villages located in Lake County is zoned to Leesburg High School of the Lake County Schools.[77] There are two family unit neighborhoods (Oak Meadows and Spring Arbor) in the Lake County portion of The Villages.

text: Although children cannot legally reside in most neighborhoods of The Villages, The Villages Charter Schools is a PK-12 charter school in unincorporated Sumter County.[78] Children are eligible to attend the charter school if one or both of their parents work directly for The Villages or one of its direct subcontractors, or if a parent works for a business located within The Villages. Children of residents who reside in a family unit neighborhood or by granted exemption do not automatically qualify for attendance based solely on their residence.[79]

text: Post-secondary education[edit]

text: The Lifelong Learning College operated by The Villages developer was shut down on 2016-12-31:[80] "The Villages Lifelong Learning College no longer exists. All offices are closed and courses cancelled."[81]

text: Sumter District Schools operates the Sumter County Adult Community Education Center in unincorporated Sumter County.[82]

text: For residents of Lake and Sumter counties, Lake-Sumter State College provides adult education at the South Lake Campus in Clermont, the Leesburg Campus in Leesburg and the Sumter Campus in unincorporated Sumter County.[83]

text: College of Central Florida serves residents of Marion County,[84] operating the Ocala Campus and the Hampton Center in Ocala in Marion County and centers and campuses in adjacent counties.[85]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: IRS audit of CDD bonds[edit]

text: In January 2008, the Village Center CDD was notified by the Internal Revenue Service of the IRS' intent to audit several recreational bonds issued in 2003 to determine compliance with tax regulations (mainly due to their status as municipal bonds which are exempt from Federal income tax). The IRS sent three "Notices of Proposed Issues" in January 2009 challenging the tax-exempt status of the bonds on three grounds:

text:
the Issuer does not qualify as a political subdivision or "on behalf of the issuer" of tax-exempt bonds pursuant to Section 1.103-I(b) of the Internal Revenue Code regulations,
the opinions of value do not support the price paid by the Issuer to the developer for the Series 2003 Facilities and the payment of the sales price for the facilities to the developer by the Issuer is not a governmental use of the proceeds of the Bonds, and
the Bonds are private activity bonds, the interest on which is not excludable under IRS Section 103.

tag: ol

text: The position stems in large part from the interrelationship between VCCDD and The Villages developers (since VCCDD has no residents, the Board of Supervisors consists solely of individuals who work for or have an affiliation with The Villages developers, and VCCDDs infrastructure was purchased by the developers-controlled board from the developers). Essentially, the IRS position is that the VCCDD is an "alter ego" for the developers.[86]

text: After an IRS settlement offer was rejected by VCCDD,[87] the IRS further expanded its audit in July 2009 to include all recreational and utility revenue bonds issued by VCCDD[88] as well as similar bonds issued by Sumter Landing CDD,[89] on the basis that Sumter Landing CDD is also an "alter ego" of the developers. However, the 10 district CDDs were not included in the expanded audit, since as shown above the District CDDs Boards are elected by the residents.

text: VCCDD opposes the position taken by the IRS, and in January 2010 it formally requested technical advice from the IRS as to the position it has taken.[90] On June 14, 2011, VCCDD (after discussions with the IRS) submitted its final Request for Technical Advice, outlining its position on the matter.[91] In June 2013, the IRS ruled that $426 million in bonds were not tax free since the bureaucracy running The Villages could not be considered a real government. The IRS found that the bureaucracy was not structured to represent the residents.[92] On April 30, 2014, the IRS Office of Tax Exempt Bonds issued a negative response in lieu of The Villages requests for tax relief on the grounds of qualifying as a political subdivision under IRS regulations.[93]

text: From March 2008 until October 1, 2013, it is estimated that through the Amenity Authority Committee and CDD government, Villages' residents bore approximately $750,000.00 in legal fees in defending against the IRS audit.[94]

text: In a memo dated July 11, 2016, the IRS, noting that the remaining Village Center municipal bonds had been redeemed in 2015, stated, "We have concluded that closing this examination without further IRS action supports sound tax administration. The IRS had tried to settle the case in November 2016 for $1.5 million. However, the Village Center Supervisors unanimously refused that settlement offer. Now the IRS has closed the examination with no penalty.


document_title: Doryphoros

question_text: who created a statue of the idealized male thus creating the greek canon of proportions

text: Doryphoros

text: Conception[edit]

text: The renowned Greek sculptor Polykleitos designed a sculptural work as a demonstration of his written treatise, entitled the "Kanon" (or Canon, translated as "measure" or "rule"), exemplifying what he considered to be the perfectly harmonious and balanced proportions of the human body in the sculpted form.

text: Sometime in the 2nd century CE, the Greek medical writer Galen wrote about the Doryphoros as the perfect visual expression of the Greeks' search for harmony and beauty, which is rendered in the perfectly proportioned sculpted male nude:

text: Chrysippos holds beauty to consist not in the commensurability or "symmetria" [ie proportions] of the constituent elements [of the body], but in the commensurability of the parts, such as that of finger to finger, and of all the fingers to the palm and wrist, and of those to the forearm, and of the forearm to the upper arm, and in fact, of everything to everything else, just as it is written in the Canon of Polyclitus. For having taught us in that work all the proportions of the body, Polyclitus supported his treatise with a work: he made a statue according to the tenets of his treatise, and called the statue, like the work, the 'Canon'.'[2]

text: Polykleitos is known as the best sculptor of men, with the primary subjects of his works being male athletes with idealized body proportions. He was interested with the mathematical proportions of the human form, which led him to write an essay the Kanon, on the proportions of humans. The Doryphoros is an illustration of his writings in Kanon on the symmetria between the body parts. Polykleitos achieved a balance between muscular tensions and relaxation due to the chiastic principle that he relied on. “Scholars agree that Polykleitos based his calculations on a single module, perhaps the terminal section of the little finger, to determine the corresponding measurements of each body part” (MIA Doryphoros Plaque).

text: Description[edit]

text: The Doryphoros is a marble copy from Pompeii that dates 120-50 BCE. The original was made out of bronze in about 440 BCE, that is now lost (along with every other bronze sculpture made by a known Greek artist). Neither the original statue nor the treatise have yet been found; it is widely considered that they have not survived from antiquity. Fortunately, several Roman copies in marble—of varying quality and completeness—do survive to convey the essential form of Polykleitos' work.

text: The sculpture stands at approximately 6.6 feet tall. Polykleitos used distinct proportions when creating this work, for example the ratio head to body size is one to seven.

text: His head turned slightly to the right, the heavily-muscled but athletic figure of the Doryphoros is depicted standing in the instant that he steps forward from a static pose. This posture reflects only the slightest incipient movement, and yet the limbs and torso are shown as fully responsive.

text: The left hand originally held a long spear; the left shoulder (on which the spear originally rested) is depicted as tensed and therefore slightly raised, with the left arm bent and tensed to maintain the spear's position. The figure's left leg pushes off from behind the right foot; the leg bears no weight and the left hip drops, slightly extending the torso on the left side. The figure's right arm hangs positioned by his side, perhaps held slightly away from the torso for balance, but otherwise bearing no load—the right shoulder is therefore slightly lowered. The figure's right leg is shown as supporting the body's weight, therefore tensed, with the right hip raised and the muscles of the right torso shown as contracted.

text: The resulting characteristic of Polykleitos' Doryphoros is classical contrapposto, most obviously seen in the angled positioning of the pelvis.

text: In the surviving Roman marble copies, a large sculpted tree stump is obtrusively added behind one leg of the statue in order to support the weight of the stone; this would not have been present in the original bronze (the tensile strength of the metal would have made this unnecessary). A small strut is also usually present to support the right hand and lower arm.

text: Extant copies[edit]

text: The sculpture was known through the Roman marble replica found in Herculaneum and conserved in the Naples National Archaeological Museum, but, according to Francis Haskell and Nicholas Penny, early connoisseurs such as Johann Joachim Winckelmann passed it by in the royal Bourbon collection at Naples without notable comment.[3] The marble sculpture and a bronze head that had been retrieved at Herculaneum were published in Le Antichità di Ercolano, (1767)[4] but were not identified as representing Polykleitos' Doryphorus until 1863.[5]

text: For modern eyes, a fragmentary Doryphoros torso in basalt in the Medici collection at the Uffizi "conveys the effect of bronze, and is executed with unusual care", as Kenneth Clark noted, illustrating it in The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form:[6] "It preserves some of the urgency and concentration of the original" lost in the full-size "blockish" marble copies.

text: Perhaps the best known copy of the Doryphoros was excavated in Pompeii and now resides in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli [Naples, Museo Nazionale 6011].

text: Held in the same museum is a bronze herma of Apollonios [height 0.54 m, Naples, Museo Nazionale 4885], considered by many scholars to be an almost flawless replica of the original Doryphoros head.

text: Receiving most attention in recent years has been the well-preserved, Roman period copy of the statue in Pentelic marble, purchased in 1986 by the Minneapolis Institute of Arts (MIA). Largely complete with the exception of the lower left arm and fingers of the right hand, the fine copy (height 1.96 m) has been variously dated to the period 120-50 BCE, as well as to the mid-Augustan period. The MIA explains that the copy was found in Italian waters during the 1930s and spent several decades in private Italian, Swiss and Canadian collections before resurfacing in the art market around 1980.

text: The MIA’s “The Doryphoros” is in very good condition, especially given the age of the work. All of the breaks in this replica are ancient, except for the left arm. The head has stayed intact. There are some deep scratches on the side and the marks that are on his cheeks and arms are from the roots of plants, which suggest that this copy had been buried for centuries. When it was found, it was in six pieces and has been reassembled. The sculpture has had some minimal restorations, for example “a steel pin has been inserted into the tree trunk that buttresses the right leg, and the sculpture has been reassembled from the six pieces in which it was found: the torso from head to knees, the two calves, the left foot, tree trunk and base, the right foot and base, and the area of the left arm surrounding the bend at the elbow” (Arts Connected). The tip of his nose has been broken off, along with his left forearm and hand, part of the right foot, the penis, and some of the digits of the fingers on the right hand. There is an indentation on his left hip, where the strut that ran to the left forearm has now broken away. There are discolorations and deep striations in the marble on parts of the sculpture that include the arms, legs, torso, and the support stand.

text: Influence[edit]

text: The Doryphoros was created during the high classical period. During this time, there was an emphasis put on the ideal man who was shown in heroic nudity. The body would be that of a young athlete that included chiseled muscles and a naturalistic pose. The face is generic, displaying no emotion. Some scholars believe that Doryphoros represented a young Achilles, on his way to battle in the Trojan War, while others believe that there is confusion whether the sculpture is meant to depict a mortal or a hero. There have also been discussions on where these sculptures would be located during high classical period, depending on where they were discovered. For example, the copy in Naples was found in the municipal Gymnasium of Pompeii, which leads us to believe that one may have been placed near fitness programs of the youth. Copies were also common for patrons to place in or outside their home.

text: The canonic proportions of the male torso established by Polykleitos ossified in Hellenistic and Roman times in the heroic cuirass, exemplified by the Augustus of Prima Porta, who wears ceremonial dress armour modelled in relief over an idealised muscular torso which is ostensibly modelled on the Doryphoros.[7] It should be noted that the same depiction has the legs of the emperor arranged in the same manner as the stance of the Doryphoros.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
External video

 Polykleitos, Doryphoros, Smarthistory[8]

text:
Jump up ^ Warren G. Moon, ed. Polykleitos, the Doryphoros, and Tradition, 1995: essays by various scholars resulting from a symposium at the University of Wisconsin, 1989, stimulated by the purchase of the Minneapolis Doryphoros.
Jump up ^ Galen, De placitis Hippocratis et Platonis ("On the doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato") 5.3; noted in Richard Tobin, "The Canon of Polykleitos" American Journal of Archaeology 79.4 (October 1975:307-321) pp308f, with somewhat differing translation.
Jump up ^ Haskell and Penny, Taste and the Antique: The Lure of Classical Sculpture 1500-1900 (Yale University Press), 1981:105.
Jump up ^ Le Antichità di Ercolano vol. V 1767, pp 183-87, considered at the time to be a portrait sculpture of Lucius, son of Agrippa (noted by Haskell and Penny 1981:118 note 10).
Jump up ^ By Carl Friedrichs, in Der Doryphoros des Polyklet, Berlin, 1863.
Jump up ^ Clark, The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form, 1956, fig 26 p. 69.
Jump up ^ J.J. Pollini, "The Augustus of Prima Porta and the transformation of the Polykleitan heroic ideal" in Moon 1995:262-81.
Jump up ^ "Polykleitos, Doryphoros". Smarthistory at Khan Academy. Retrieved February 20, 2013.


document_title: Smoking in the United States military

question_text: when did they stop putting cigarettes in mres

text: Smoking in the United States military

text: Smoking in the US military from 1918 to 1975[edit]

text: With the entrance of the United States into World War I in 1918, cigarette use increased dramatically among United States military personnel as they were targeted by tobacco companies which touted cigarettes as a way for soldiers to psychologically escape from their current circumstances, boosting overall troop morale.[1][2] Cigarettes became so integrated into life on the battlefield that these symbols of pleasure and comfort were also used as a form of currency.[2] Although cigarettes had been regarded as a physical and moral hazard by early anti-tobacco movements around this time, by 1918, previously anti-cigarette organizations and the military began supporting efforts to distribute cigarettes to troops. The New York Times garnered support for these efforts by stating that cigarettes "lighten[ed] the inevitable hardships of war", and another popular periodical described cigarettes as the "last and only solace of the wounded." [1][3] With the rise of World War II, tobacco companies continued to foster this culture of wartime smoking by sending free cigarettes to troops and supporting the inclusion of cigarettes into the soldiers' rations. Advertisements also encouraged citizens back home to support the troops by sending cigarettes.[2][4] In 1965, first during the U.S. Army’s Basic Training Course & later in Pre-Airborne Infantry Training, while being allowed a break from P.T., or during a long march, it was commonplace for a Drill Sergeant to say "smoke ’em if you got ’em, do pushups if you don’t". Non-smoking soldiers would quickly "bum" a cigarette from a friend & they too would soon be smokers.[4] Despite mounting evidence in the 1950s of the adverse health effects of smoking and tobacco use, the military continued to include cigarettes in rations until 1975.[5]

text: Attempts at tobacco control initiatives[edit]

text: With the scientific data about the health risks of smoking and information about the effect of smoking on troop readiness, in 1975, the United States Department of Defense discontinued the inclusion of cigarettes in K-rations and C-rations. By 1978, the Department of Defense had implemented basic smoking regulations, including the designation of smoking and nonsmoking areas.[5] In 1985, the Department of Defense conducted a study that revealed that smoking rates of military personnel (47%) were significantly higher than that of US civilians (30%) and concluded that smoking had a negative effect on troop readiness.[6] The report also cited an estimated tobacco-related healthcare costs as high as $209.9 million, and recommended potential methods to curb smoking in the military, including the elimination of tobacco products from stores, raising tobacco prices to civilian levels, and the implementation of an educational program to discourage smoking.[5][6] In 1986, the DoD Directive 1010.10 was issued by Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, who announced, "an intense anti-smoking campaign…at all levels of all Services." [6] It established a policy on smoking and other health risk behaviors such as alcohol consumption. The policy banned the use of tobacco during basic training, increased the number of designated nonsmoking areas, and prohibited health care providers from smoking on duty. The goal of the policy was to reduce all tobacco use rates to below that of civilians, and to reduce personnel and active duty rates from 52% to 25% by 1990.[6] In 1992, the DeCA Directive 40-13 policy prohibited commissaries and exchanges from participating with promotions by tobacco manufacturers directed specifically at military personnel, and required commissaries to stock cigarettes in the back. In 1993, the USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71) became the first smoke-free Navy ship.[7] By 1994, the Department of Defense had implemented Directive 1010.15 which banned smoking in workplaces, designated outdoor smoking areas, and created the precursor of an education program that sought to distribute information to new personnel on the health effects of smoking and to encourage smokers to quit. Executive Order 13508 in 1997 banned smoking in all government-owned, rented, or leased interior spaces, but the Department of Defense approved a three-year phase-in period for their facilities and eventually implemented the ban on December 7, 2002.[5] Despite these attempts, by 1988, the smoking rate had only decreased to 42% and far exceeded the rate of civilians.[6] And although prevalence did decrease to 29.9% from 1980 to 1998, it has increased since then and appears to still be increasing.[3]

text: Tobacco industry's response[edit]

text: Realizing the opportunities of a worldwide military market due to the young demographics of military personnel and the smoking initiation associated with new recruits, the Tobacco Institute, which served as the tobacco industry's lobbying organization, and Philip Morris perceived these new tobacco control initiatives as a threat and conceived strategies to circumvent the government policies. Another incentive for the tobacco industry to protect its military market was the recognized phenomenon that consumer product preferences developed during years serving in the military would later translate into civilian market profits as service members left the military or retired.[5] After the implementation of Directive 1010.10 in 1986, the Tobacco Institute and Philip Morris immediately began seeking the support of tobacco-friendly politicians against the policy, citing that the policy would have a negative impact on military recruitment, retention, and morale. Furthermore, letters sent to Secretary of Defense Weinberger from politicians invoked rhetoric about the infringement of "personal rights" and "an individual's right to smoke." Such political lobbying helped to limit the implementation and the further extension of Directive 1010.10.[6]

text: Although the Department of Defense had discontinued the practice of free distribution of cigarettes during wartime, tobacco companies began campaigns during the Gulf War (1990-1991) to distribute free cigarettes to soldiers stationed in Saudi Arabia, but would eventually be rebuffed by the Department of Defense. Regardless, Philip Morris then began a campaign of sales through direct mail, and extended promotions to deployed troops that included the delivery of branded goods such as playing cards and cup cozies. Curiously enough, the military actually assisted the tobacco companies in delivering shipments to military stores in Saudi Arabia at government expense. Another controversy arose when it was discovered that RJ Reynolds had placed their company name on the front and a Camel advertisement on the back of donated magazines from Operation Desert News, a civilian project to bring magazines to the troops. In spite of the initial rejection by the Department of Defense due to the advertisement, constant pressure from RJ Reynolds and politicians allowed the magazines to be delivered with the advertisement at government expense, violating military policy that forbade tobacco-branded promotions directed at military personnel.[3] In addition, Philip Morris focused on promoting the Marlboro brand with the goal of fostering corporate good will by initiating the "Marlboro holiday voice card" program.[3][5] Held on 10 military bases, they invited family of deployed personnel to record a message for onto a chip inserted into a greeting card, and later allowed bases to extend the recording of such messages to the public. Despite being in violation of Department of Defense policy concerning tobacco-branded programs directed at military personnel, Philip Morris had received permission to carry out the program from the Defense Logistics Agency, the Morale, Welfare and Recreation headquarters of the services, and base commanders. Furthermore, after troops were withdrawn from the conflict in 1991, tobacco companies sponsored "Welcome Home" events for returning troops featuring extensive brand promotion.[3] Although the Department of Defense had enacted policies to reduce tobacco use amongst personnel, the successful efforts of tobacco companies as well as the cultural factors of smoking in the military have produced a mixed message of tobacco promotion and reduction to military personnel.

text: Present-day smoking in the US military[edit]

text: In 2005, the smoking rate of military personnel was found to be 32.2%, compared to the civilian rate of 21%.[3] The higher smoking rate suggests that certain aspects of military may foster smoking. These factors include peer influence, combat stress, boredom, and easy access to cheap tobacco products.[8] Another factor that may lead to increased tobacco use is deployment. One study found that among nonsmokers, smoking initiation was observed in 1.3% of nondeployed personnel while 2.3% were observed in deployed personnel. Among past smokers, resumption of smoking occurred in 28.7% of non deployed personnel and 39.4% of deployed personnel, while smoking increased 44% among the former and 57% among the latter.[9] US troops in Iraq and Afghanistan have been reported to smoke at twice the rate of other Americans.[10] Even after leaving the service, many veterans continue to smoke as the prevalence of smoking among veterans has been reported to be 27% during 2003 to 2007, and military smoking is strongly associated with increased lifelong cigarette consumption.[11] Such high levels of smoking have led to significant costs to the Department of Defense. The costs of smoking among US military health care system beneficiaries have been estimated to be more than $900 million per year in 1995, with $584 million in direct health care costs and $346 million in lost productivity among active duty personnel.[11] Suicide, which accounts for 13% of fatalities in the military, has also been tied to smoking, as the risk of suicide among military men was found to increase significantly with the number of cigarettes smoked daily.[12] Smoking also affects training costs as smokers are more likely to be discharged during training, and are associated with $18 million per year in excess training costs for the US Air Force, and over $130 million per year for all service branches.[13]

text: Note that the figures regarding smoking and suicide and manpower losses during training may represent more of a symptomatic relationship than a causative one. Many discharges during basic training result from a series of minor infractions, punished administratively as opposed to by courts-martial, which are seen as an indicator that the trainee cannot or will not adjust to military life, rather than any single incident or serious violation of regulations. With smoking now prohibited in basic training, being caught smoking, and perhaps even being caught in the possession of cigarettes, is such an offense which smokers are obviously at risk for while non smokers are not. Regarding suicide, the figures showing increased rates of smoking and resumption of smoking among those deployed indicates that smoking may be a reaction to and indicator or increased stress, and a person who is potentially suicidal would obviously be under a more than typical degree of stress, so increased smoking may be an indicator of that excessive stress rather than a cause for increased risk of suicide. Also, a higher rate of smoking among those discharged during training may also be indicative of individuals for whom training is more than normally stressful, and such persons would likely experience more difficulty in successfully completing training than one who is not unusually (compared to his/her peers)stressed by it.

text: In 2008 unauthorized smoking and improper storage of chemicals caused major damage to USS George Washington (CVN-73).[14]

text: The Department of Defense hoped to lower rates of tobacco use to 12% by the end of 2010.[6] To achieve their goal, Pentagon health experts have begun to urge the Defense Secretary Robert Gates to ban the use of tobacco by troops and end its sale on military property.[15] The Navy implemented a ban on smoking in submarines by the end of 2010 – highlighting one of the last loopholes in the indoor smoking ban imposed in 1994.[16]


document_title: Crown (anatomy)

question_text: where is the crown of your head located

question_tokens: where is the crown of your head located

text: Crown (anatomy)

text: Human[edit]

text: Crown can mean the top of the head and it can also mean the whole head.[1] In the study of human anatomy the terms "Calvaria, "skullcap", "skull cap", or the "roof of the cranial cavity" are used for the top part of the head.[2]

text: Bird[edit]

text: In bird anatomy, the crown is the top of the head, or more specifically the zone from the frons, or forehead, extending posteriorally to the occiput and laterally on both sides to the temples. The upper part of the head, including frons, crown and occiput, is sometimes called the pileum.[3]

text: Whale[edit]

text: In whale anatomy the crown is the bulge on the head through which the blow-holes emerge.[1]


document_title: Data validation

question_text: when does the validation rule check the entered data

text: Data validation

text: Overview[edit]

text: Data validation is intended to provide certain well-defined guarantees for fitness, accuracy, and consistency for any of various kinds of user input into an application or automated system. Data validation rules can be defined and designed using any of various methodologies, and be deployed in any of various contexts.[2]

text: Data validation rules may be defined, designed and deployed, for example:

text: Definition and design contexts:

text:
as a part of requirements-gathering phase in a software engineering or designing a software specification
as part of an operations modeling phase ng

text: Depts:

text:
as a set of programs or business-logic routines in a programming language
as a set of stored-procedures in a database management system

text: For business applications, data validation can be defined through declarative data integrity rules, or procedure-based business rules.[3] Data that does not conform to these rules will negatively affect business process execution. Therefore, data validation should start with business process definition and set of business rules within this process. Rules can be collected through the requirements capture exercise.[4]

text: Different kinds of validation[edit]

text: In evaluating the basics of data validation, generalizations can be made regarding the different types of validation, according to the scope, complexity, and purpose of the various validation operations to be carried out.

text: For example:

text:
Data type validation;
Range and constraint validation;
Code and Cross-reference validation; and
Structured validation

text: Data-type validation[edit]

text: Data type validation is customarily carried out on one or more simple data fields.

text: The simplest kind of data type validation verifies that the individual characters provided through user input are consistent with the expected characters of one or more known primitive data types; as defined in a programming language or data storage and retrieval mechanism as well as the specification of the following primitive data types: 1) integer; 2) float (decimal); or 3) string.

text: For example, many database systems allow the specification of the following l(, and ) (plus, minus, and parentheses). A more sophisticated data validation routine would check to see the user had entered a valid country code, i.e., that the number of digits entered matched the convention for the country or area specified.

text: A validation process involves two distinct steps: (a) Validation Check and (b) Post-Check action. The check step uses one or more computational rules (see section below) to determine if the data is valid. The Post-validation action sends feedback to help enforce validation.

text: Simple range and constraint validation[edit]

text: Simple range and constraint validation may examine user input for consistency with a minimum/maximum range, or consistency with a test for evaluating a sequence of characters, such as one or more tests against regular expressions. For example, a US phone number should have 10 digits and no letters or special characters.

text: Code and cross-reference validation[edit]

text: Code and cross-reference validation includes tests for data type validation, combined with one or more operations to verify that the user-supplied data is consistent with one or more external rules, requirements, or validity constraints relevant to a particular organization, context or set of underlying assumptions. These additional validity constraints may involve cross-referencing supplied data with a known look-up table or directory information service such as LDAP.

text: For example, an experienced user may enter a well-formed string that matches the specification for a valid e-mail address, as defined in RFC 5322 [5][6][7] but that well-formed string might not actually correspond to a resolvable domain connected to an active e-mail account.

text: Structured validation[edit]

text: Structured validation allows for the combination of any of various basic data type validation steps, along with more complex processing. Such complex processing may include the testing of conditional constraints for an entire complex data object or set of process operations within a system.

text: A Validation rule is a criterion or constraint used in the process of data validation, carried out after the data has been encoded onto an input medium and involves a data vet or validation program. This is distinct from formal verification, where the operation of a program is determined to be that which was intended, and that meets the purpose. The Validation rule or check system still used by many major software manufacturers was designed by an employee at Microsoft some time between 1997 and 1999.

text: The method is to check that data falls the appropriate parameters defined by the systems analyst. A judgement as to whether data is valid is made possible by the validation program, but it cannot ensure complete accuracy. This can only be achieved through the use of all the clerical and computer controls built into the system at the design stage. The difference between data validity and accuracy can be illustrated with a trivial example. A company has established a Personnel file and each record contains a field for the Job Grade. The permitted values are A, B, C, or D. An entry in a record may be valid and accepted by the system if it is one of these characters, but it may not be the correct grade for the individual worker concerned. Whether a grade is correct can only be established by clerical checks or by reference to other files. During systems design, therefore, data definitions are established which place limits on what constitutes valid data. Using these data definitions, a range of software validation checks can be carried out.

text: Criteria?[edit]

text: An example of a validation check is the procedure used to verify an ISBN.[8]

text:
Size. The number of characters in a data item value is checked; for example, an ISBN must consist of 10 characters only (in the previous version—the standard for 1997 and later has been changed to 13 characters.)
Format checks. Data must conform to a specified format. Thus, the first 9 characters must be the digits 0 through 9' the 10th must be either those digits or an X
Consistency. Codes in the data items which are related in some way can thus be checked for the consistency of their relationship. The first number of the ISBN designates the language of publication. for example, books published in French-speaking countries carry the digit "2". This must match the address of the publisher, as given elsewhere in the record.
Range. Does not apply to ISBN, but typically data must lie within maximum and minimum preset values. For example, customer account numbers may be restricted within the values 10000 to 20000, if this is the arbitrary range of the numbers used for the system.
Check digit. An extra digit calculated on, for example, an account number, can be used as a self-checking device. When the number is input to the computer, the validation program carries out a calculation similar to that used to generate the check digit originally and thus checks its validity. This kind of check will highlight transcription errors where two or more digits have been transposed or put in the wrong order. The 10th character of the 10-character ISBN is the check digit.

text: Validation methods[edit]

text: Post-validation actions[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Validation and security[edit]

text: Failures or omissions in data validation can lead to data corruption or a security vulnerability.[9] Data validation checks that data are fit for purpose,[10] valid, sensible, reasonable and secure before they are processed.