document_title: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

question_text: secretary general of organization of islamic cooperation (oic)

question_tokens: secretary general of organization of islamic cooperation ( oic )

text: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

text: History[edit]

text: Al-Aqsa fire[edit]

text: On 21 August 1969 a fire was started in the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.  Amin al-Husseini, the former Mufti of Jerusalem, called the arson a "Jewish crime" and called for all Muslim heads of state to convene a summit.[3]  (The fire, which "destroyed part of the old wooden roof and a 800-year-old pulpit"[4] was blamed on the mental illness of the perpetrator — Australian Christian fundamentalist Denis Michael Rohan — by Israel, and on Zionists and Zionism in general by the Islamic conference.)[5]

text: Islamic Conference[edit]

text: On 25 September 1969, an Islamic Conference, a summit of representatives of 24 Muslim majority countries (most of the representatives being heads of state), was held in Rabat, Morocco.[3][2] A resolution was passed stating that

text: "Muslim government would consult with a view to promoting among themselves close cooperation and mutual assistance in the economic, scientific, cultural and spiritual fields, inspired by the immortal teachings of Islam."[3]

text:
Six months later in March 1970, the First Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers was held in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.[5]
In 1972, the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC, now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation) was founded.[6]

text: While the al-Aqsa fire is regarded as one of the catalysts for the formation of the OIC,  many Muslims have aspired to a pan-Islamic institution that would serve the common political, economic, and social interests of the ummah (Muslim community) since the 19th century. In particular, the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the Caliphate after World War I left a vacuum.

text: Goals[edit]

text: According to its charter, the OIC aims to preserve Islamic social and economic values; promote solidarity amongst member states; increase cooperation in social, economic, cultural, scientific, and political areas; uphold international peace and security; and advance education, particularly in the fields of science and technology.[2]

text: The emblem of the OIC contains three main elements that reflect its vision and mission as incorporated in its new Charter. These elements are: the Kaaba, the Globe, and the Crescent.

text: On 5 August 1990, 45 foreign ministers of the OIC adopted the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam to serve as a guidance for the member states in the matters of human rights in as much as they are compatible with the Sharia, or Quranic Law.[7]

text: In June 2008, the OIC conducted a formal revision of its charter.  The revised charter set out to promote human rights, fundamental freedoms, and good governance in all member states. The revisions also removed any mention of the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam.  Within the revised charter, the OIC has chosen to support the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international law.[8]

text: Refugees[edit]

text: According to the UNHCR, OIC countries hosted 18 million refugees by the end of 2010. Since then OIC members have absorbed refugees from other conflicts, including the uprising in Syria. In May 2012, the OIC addressed these concerns at the "Refugees in the Muslim World" conference in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.[9]

text: New name and emblem[edit]

text: On 28 June 2011 during the 38th Council of Foreign Ministers meeting (CFM) in Astana, Kazakhstan, the organisation changed its name from Organisation of the Islamic Conference (Arabic: منظمة المؤتمر الإسلامي; French: Organisation de la Conférence Islamique) to its current name.[10] The OIC also changed its logo at this time.

text: Member states[edit]

text: The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation has 57 members, 56 of which are also member states of the United Nations, the exception being Palestine. Some members, especially in West Africa and South America, are – though with large Muslim populations – not necessarily Muslim majority countries. A few countries with significant Muslim populations, such as Russia and Thailand, sit as Observer States, while others, such as India and Ethiopia, are not members.

text: The collective population of OIC member states is over 1.6 billion as of 2008.

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Algeria
 Benin
 Burkina Faso
 Cameroon
 Chad
 Comoros
 Djibouti
 Egypt
 Gabon
 Gambia
 Guinea
 Guinea-Bissau
 Ivory Coast
 Libya
 Mali
 Mauritania
 Morocco
 Mozambique
 Niger
 Nigeria
 Senegal
 Sierra Leone
 Somalia
 Sudan
 Togo
 Tunisia
 Uganda

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Afghanistan
 Azerbaijan
 Bahrain
 Bangladesh
 Brunei
 Indonesia
 Iran
 Iraq
 Jordan
 Kazakhstan
 Kuwait
 Kyrgyzstan
 Lebanon
 Malaysia
 Maldives
 Oman
 Pakistan
 Palestine
 Qatar
 Saudi Arabia
 Syria (Suspended)
 Tajikistan
 Turkey
 Turkmenistan
 United Arab Emirates
 Uzbekistan
 Yemen

text: Europe[edit]

text: Albania

text: South America[edit]

text:
Guyana
 Suriname

text: Positions[edit]

text: The Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States (PUOICM) was established in Iran in 1999, and its head office is situated in Tehran. Only OIC members are entitled to membership in the union.[11]

text: On 27 June 2007, then-United States President George W. Bush announced that the United States would establish an envoy to the OIC. Bush said of the envoy, "Our special envoy will listen to and learn from representatives from Muslim states, and will share with them America's views and values."[12] As of  June 2015[update], Arsalan Suleman is acting special envoy. He was appointed on 13 February 2015.[13] In an investigation of the accuracy of a series of chain emails, Snopes.com reported that during the October 2003 – April 2004 session of the General Assembly, 17 individual members of the OIC voted against the United States 88% of the time.[14]

text: The OIC, on 28 March 2008, joined the criticism of the film Fitna by Dutch lawmaker Geert Wilders, which features disturbing images of violent acts juxtaposed with alleged verses from the Quran.[15]

text: In March 2015, the OIC announced its support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis.[16]

text: Israeli–Palestinian conflict[edit]

text: The OIC supports a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

text: The OIC has called for a boycott of Israeli products in effort to pressure Israel into ending the occupation of the Palestinian territories.[17][18]

text: There was a meeting in Conakry in 2013. Secretary-General Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu said that foreign ministers would discuss the possibility of cutting ties with any state that recognised Jerusalem as the capital of Israel or that moves its embassy to its environs.[19]

text: In December 2017, the extraordinary meeting held to response Donald Trump's decision on recognizing Jerusalem, resulting "Istanbul Declaration on Freedom for Al Quds."[20]

text: Cartoons of Muhammad[edit]

text: Cartoons of Muhammad, published in a Danish newspaper in September 2005, were found offensive by a number of Muslims. Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference in December 2005 condemned publication of the cartoons, resulting in broader coverage of the issue by news media in Muslim countries. Subsequently, violent demonstrations throughout the Islamic world resulted in several deaths.[21]

text: Human rights[edit]

text: OIC created the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam.[7] While proponents claim it is not an alternative to the UDHR, but rather complementary to it, Article 24 states that "all the rights and freedoms stipulated in this Declaration are subject to the Islamic Shari'ah" and Article 25 follows with "the Islamic Shari'ah is the only source of reference for the explanation or clarification of any of the articles of this Declaration." Attempts to have it adopted by the United Nations Human Rights Council have met increasing criticism, because of its contradiction of the UDHR, including from liberal Muslim groups.[22] Critics of the CDHR state bluntly that it is "manipulation and hypocrisy," "designed to dilute, if not altogether eliminate, civil and political rights protected by international law" and attempts to "circumvent these principles [of freedom and equality]."[23][24][25]

text: Human Rights Watch says that OIC has "fought doggedly" and successfully within the United Nations Human Rights Council to shield states from criticism, except when it comes to criticism of Israel. For example, when independent experts reported violations of human rights in the 2006 Lebanon War, "state after state from the OIC took the floor to denounce the experts for daring to look beyond Israeli violations to discuss Hezbollah's as well." OIC demands that the council "should work cooperatively with abusive governments rather than condemn them." HRW responds that this works with those who are willing to cooperate; others exploit the passivity.[26][27]

text: The OIC has been criticised for failing to discuss the treatment of ethnic minorities within member countries, such as the oppression of the Kurds in Syria and Turkey, the Ahwaz in Iran, the Hazaras in Afghanistan, the 'Al-Akhdam' in Yemen, or the Berbers in Algeria.[28]

text: Along with the revisions of the OIC's charter in 2008, the member states created the Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC). The IPHRC is an advisory body, independent from the OIC, composed of eighteen individuals from a variety of educational and professional backgrounds. The IPHRC has the power to monitor human rights within the member states and facilitates the integration of human rights into all OIC mandates.  The IPHRC also aids in the promotion of political, civil, and economic rights in all member states.[29]

text: In September 2017, the Independent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC) of the OIC strongly condemned the human rights violations against the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar.[30]

text: LGBT rights[edit]

text: In March 2012, the United Nations Human Rights Council held its first discussion of discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, following the 2011 passage of a resolution supporting LGBT rights proposed by the Republic of South Africa.[31] Pakistan's representative addressed the session on behalf of the OIC, denouncing the discussion and questioning the concept of sexual orientation, which he said was being used to promote "licentious behaviour ... against the fundamental teachings of various religions, including Islam". He stated that the council should not discuss the topic again. Most Arab countries and some African ones later walked out of the session.[32][33][34]

text: Nonetheless, OIC members Albania, Gabon, Guinea-Bissau, and Sierra Leone have signed a UN Declaration supporting LGBT rights in the General Assembly.[35][36] Whilst Bahrain, Indonesia, Iraq, Jordan and Turkey had legalized homosexuality.

text: In May 2016, 57 countries including Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates from the Organization of Islamic Cooperation requested the removal of LGBT associations from 2016 High Level Meeting on Ending AIDS, sparking protests by the United States, Canada, the European Union and LGBT communities.[37][38]

text: Science and technology[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) held its first science and technology summit at the level of head of state and government in Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan, on 10–11 September 2017.

text: Astana Summit was a historic milestone as it unified a collective position at the highest levels of decision-making in OIC Member States with a view to advancing the different fields of science, technology and innovation, while emphasizing the Muslim world’s resolve to promote scientific and technical development.

text: The Summit underscored the Member States’ support for scientific fields by demonstrating the Muslim world’s knowledge contributions away from the negative stereotypes that have become widespread recently.

text:
The Summit is also of significance considering that Muslims constitute a quarter of the world population and their countries possess abundant natural resources, although many Islamic countries still suffer poverty and diseases. It is therefore imperative to address these challenges using available resources, especially as this Summit is only the starting point for finding solutions to the countless problems facing the Muslim world using science and technology.
Statistics have shown that OIC Member States are below the 2016 innovation index general rate standing at 36.9, particularly in the areas of space, information technologies, pharmaceutical industries and electronics. Muslim countries, however, have a large youth population; a situation that imposes more challenges but also offers greater opportunities. The Summit could contribute to combating extremism and terrorism by reducing unemployment rates and attracting the youth to work in scientific and technological fields.
It is worth mentioning that Member States’ interest in the areas of science and technology started since the 10th Islamic Summit held in Malaysia in 2003, the 3rd Extraordinary Islamic Summit in Makkah Al-Mukarramah which adopted the OIC 10-Year Programme of Action, and the 13th Islamic Summit Conference held in Istanbul in 2016, which launched the 2nd 10-Year Programme of Action 2016-2025. The 12th Islamic Summit held in Cairo in 2013 had mandated the OIC General Secretariat and the Standing Committee for Scientific and Technological Cooperation (COMSTECH) to organize the first Islamic summit on science and technology in the history of the OIC. All those summits emphasized the need to attach importance to the areas of science, technology and innovation for the development of socio-economic sectors in OIC countries.

text: Astana Declaration[edit]

text: The Astana Declaration is a policy guidance adopted by OIC members at the Astana Summit. The Astana Declaration commits members to increase investment in science and technology, education, eradicate extreme poverty, and implement UN Sustainable Development Goals.[39]

text: Non-state terrorism[edit]

text: In 1999, OIC adopted the OIC Convention on Combatting International Terrorism.[40] Human Rights Watch has noted that the definition of terrorism in article 1 describes "any act or threat of violence carried out with the aim of, among other things, imperiling people’s honour, occupying or seizing public or private property, or threatening the stability, territorial integrity, political unity or sovereignty of a state." HRW views this as vague, ill-defined and including much that is outside the generally accepted understandings of the concept of terrorism. In HRW's view, it labels, or could easily be used to label, as terrorist actions, acts of peaceful expression, association, and assembly.[41]

text: Legal scholar Ben Saul of University of Sydney argues that the definition is subjective and ambiguous and concludes that there is "serious danger of the abusive use of terrorist prosecutions against political opponents" and others.[42]

text: Furthermore, HRW is concerned by OIC's apparent unwillingness to recognise as terrorism acts that serve causes endorsed by their member states. Article 2 reads: "Peoples' struggle including armed struggle against foreign occupation, aggression, colonialism, and hegemony, aimed at liberation and self-determination." HRW has suggested to OIC that they embrace "longstanding and universally recognised international human rights standards",[41] a request that has as yet not led to any results.[citation needed]

text: Contradictions between OIC's and other UN members' understanding of terrorism has stymied efforts at the UN to produce a comprehensive convention on international terrorism.[43]

text: During a meeting in Malaysia in April 2002, delegates discussed terrorism but failed to reach a definition of it. They rejected, however, any description of the Palestinian fight with Israel as terrorism. Their declaration was explicit: "We reject any attempt to link terrorism to the struggle of the Palestinian people in the exercise of their inalienable right to establish their independent state with Al-Quds Al-Shrif (Jerusalem) as its capital." In fact, at the outset of the meeting, the OIC countries signed a statement praising the Palestinians and their "blessed intifada." The word terrorism was restricted to describe Israel, whom they condemned for "state terrorism" in their war with the Palestinian people.[44]

text: At the 34th Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers (ICFM), an OIC section, in May 2007, the foreign ministers termed Islamophobia "the worst form of terrorism".[45]

text: Dispute with Thailand[edit]

text: Thailand has responded to OIC criticism of human rights abuses in the Muslim majority provinces of Pattani, Yala, and Narathiwat in the south of the country. In a statement issued on 18 October 2005, secretary-general Ihsanoglu vocalised concern over the continuing conflict in the south that "claimed the lives of innocent people and forced the migration of local people out of their places".[46] He also stressed that the Thai government's security approach to the crisis would aggravate the situation and lead to continued violence.

text: On 18–19 April 2009, the exiled Patani leader Abu Yasir Fikri (see Patani United Liberation Organisation) was invited to the OIC to speak about the conflict and present a solution to end the violence between the Thai government and the ethnically Malay Muslims living in the socioeconomically neglected south, that has been struggling against Thai assimilation policy and for self governance since it became annexed by Thailand in 1902. Fikri presented a six-point solution at the conference in Jiddah that included obtaining the same basic rights as other groups when it came to right of language, religion, and culture. He also suggested that Thailand give up its discriminatory policies against the Patani people and allow Patani to at least be allowed the same self-governing rights as other regions in Thailand already have, citing that this does not go against the Thai constitution since it has been done in other parts of Thailand and that it is a matter of political will.[47] He also criticised the Thai government’s escalation of violence by arming and creating Buddhist militia groups and questioned their intentions. He added Thai policies of not investigating corruption, murder, and human rights violations perpetrated by Bangkok-led administration and military personnel against the Malay Muslim population was an obstacle for achieving peace and healing the deep wounds of being treated as third-class citizens.[47][48]

text: Thailand responded to this criticism over its policies. The Thai foreign minister, Kantathi Suphamongkhon, said: "We have made it clear to the OIC several times that the violence in the deep South is not caused by religious conflict and the government grants protection to all of our citizens no matter what religion they embrace." The Foreign Ministry issued a statement dismissing the OIC’s criticism and accusing it of disseminating misperceptions and misinformation about the situation in the southern provinces. "If the OIC secretariat really wants to promote the cause of peace and harmony in the three southern provinces of Thailand, the responsibility falls on the OIC secretariat to strongly condemn the militants, who are perpetrating these acts of violence against both Thai Muslims and Thai Buddhists."[46][49][50] HRW[51] and Amnesty International[48] have echoed the same concerns as OIC, rebuffing Thailand's attempts to dismiss the issue.

text: Dispute with India[edit]

text:
India has pushed against the OIC for referring to the state of Jammu and Kashmir as "occupied by India".[52]
Although 14.23% of India's population is Muslim, it has pushed for the OIC to make an exception to accept India as a member, arguing that about 11% (roughly 172 million) of the Muslims live in India. Pakistan opposes India's entry into the OIC.[52][53][54]

text: The reason for Pakistan's opposition to India's entry into the OIC is due to the human rights issues and problems faced by the Kashmiris in the Indian-administered state of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K).[55] The Muslim world has always supported Pakistan rather than India, however the role of the OIC concerning the Kashmir issue is that India has the largest Muslim minority and those people have shown desire to join the OIC. While the First Islamic Summit did not have the issue of the Kashmir people, granting the 60 million Muslims living in India membership in the OIC was discussed. While General Yahya Khan of Pakistan did agree, he showed his extreme displeasure at the fact that at induction of Muslim representative Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad, he took a seat, which caused major controversy. Meanwhile, there were Muslims killed in anti-Muslim riots in Ahmedabad. Pakistan rejected this development and demanded the expulsion of India from the summit.[56]

text: Notable meetings[edit]

text: A number of OIC meetings have attracted global attention.

text: Ninth meeting of PUOICM[edit]

text: The ninth meeting of Parliamentary Union of the OIC member states (PUOICM) was held on 15 and 16 February 2007 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[57] The speaker of Malaysia's House of Representatives, Ramli bin Ngah Talib, delivered a speech at the beginning of the inaugural ceremony. OIC secretary-general Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu said prior to the meeting that one main agenda item was stopping Israel from continuing its excavation at the Western Wall near the Al-Aqsa Mosque, Islam's third holiest site.[58] The OIC also discussed how it might send peacekeeping troops to Muslim states, as well as the possibility of a change in the name of the body and its charter.[58] Additionally, return of the sovereignty right to the Iraqi people along with withdrawal of foreign troops from Iraq was another one of the main issues on the agenda.[59]

text: Pakistani Foreign Minister Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri told reporters on 14 February 2007 that the secretary general of OIC and foreign ministers of seven "like-minded Muslim countries" would meet in Islamabad on 25 February 2007 following meetings of President Musharraf with heads of key Muslim countries to discuss "a new initiative" for the resolution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Kasuri said this would be a meeting of foreign ministers of key Muslim countries to discuss and prepare for a summit in Makkah Al Mukarramah to seek the resolution of the Arab–Israeli conflict.[60]

text: IPHRC Trip to Washington DC[edit]

text: In December 2012, the IPHRC met in Washington, DC for the first time. The IPHRC held meetings at the National Press Club, Capitol Hill and Freedom House discussing the issues of human rights defense in the OIC member states. During their roundtable discussion with Freedom House the IPHRC emphasised the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the rejection of the Cairo Declaration by the OIC.[61]

text: Observer Status dispute[edit]

text: The September 2014's high-level Summit of the OIC, in New York, ended without adopting any resolutions or conclusions, for the first time in several years in the modern history of the organization, due to a dispute regarding the status of one of its Observer states. Egypt, Iran and the United Arab Emirates have demanded that the OIC remove the term ‘Turkish Cypriot State’ in reference to the unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which has observer status within the organization. Egypt’s president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi insisted that any reference to the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus or Turkish Cypriot State" was unacceptable and was ultimately the reason for the OIC not adopting any resolutions or conclusions in the 2014 summit.[62][63][64]

text: Structure and organisation[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The OIC system consists of:

text: Islamic Summit[edit]

text: The largest meeting, attended by the kings and the heads of state and government of the member states, convenes every three years.[clarification needed]  The Islamic Summit takes policy decisions and provide guidance on all issues pertaining to the realisation of the objectives as provided for in the Charter and consider other issues of concern to the Member States and the Ummah.[65]

text: Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers[edit]

text: Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers meets once a year to examine a progress report on the implementation of its decisions taken within the framework of the policy defined by the Islamic Summit.

text: Secretary General[edit]

text: The Secretary General is elected by the Council of Foreign Ministers for a period of five years, renewable once. The Secretary-General is elected from among nationals of the Member States in accordance with the principles of equitable geographical distribution, rotation and equal opportunity for all Member States with due consideration to competence, integrity and experience.[66]

text: Permanent Secretariat[edit]

text: The Permanent Secretariat is the executive organ of the Organisation, entrusted with the implementation of the decisions of the two preceding bodies, and is located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The Secretary General of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) is Dr. Yousef A. Al-Othaimeen.  He received his office on, Tuesday, 29 November 2016

text: Subsidiary organisations[edit]

text:
The Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic Countries, in Ankara, Turkey.
The Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture (IRCICA), located in Istanbul, Turkey.
The Islamic University of Technology, located in Gazipur, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
The Islamic Centre for the Development of Trade, located in Casablanca, Morocco.
The Islamic Fiqh Academy, located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
The Islamsate Islamic network, located at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan.
The Executive Bureau of the Islamic Solidarity Fund and its Waqf, located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
The Islamic University in Niger, located in Say, Niger.
The Islamic University in Uganda, located in Mbale, Uganda.
The Tabriz Islamic Arts University, located in Tabriz, Iran.

text: Specialised institutions[edit]

text:
The Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (ISESCO), located in Rabat, Morocco.
The Islamic States Broadcasting Organisation (ISBO) and the International Islamic News Agency (IINA), located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

text: Affiliated institutions[edit]

text:
Islamic Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ICCI), located in Karachi, Pakistan.
World Islamic Economic Forum (WIEF), located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Organisation of Islamic Capitals and Cities (OICC), located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Sports Federation of Islamic Solidarity Games, located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Islamic Committee of the International Crescent (ICIC), located in Benghazi, Libya.
Islamic Shipowners Association (ISA), located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
World Federation of International Arab-Islamic Schools, located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
International Association of Islamic Banks (IAIB), located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Islamic Conference Youth Forum for Dialogue and Cooperation (ICYF-DC), located in Istanbul, Turkey.
General Council for Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions (CIBAFI), located in Manama, Bahrain.
Standards and Metrology Institute for Islamic Countries (SMIIC), located in Istanbul, Turkey.[67]

text: Secretaries-General[edit]

text:
Secretaries-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation[68]

No.
Name
Country of origin
Took office
Left office

1
Tunku Abdul Rahman
 Malaysia
1970
1974

2
Hassan Al-Touhami
 Egypt
1974
1975

3
Amadou Karim Gaye
 Senegal
1975
1979

4
Habib Chatty
 Tunisia
1979
1984

5
Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada
 Pakistan
1984
1988

6
Hamid Algabid
 Niger
1988
1996

7
Azeddine Laraki
 Morocco
1996
2000

8
Abdelouahed Belkeziz
 Morocco
2000
2004

9
Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu
 Turkey
2004
2014

10
Iyad bin Amin Madani
 Saudi Arabia
2014
2016

11
Yousef Al-Othaimeen
 Saudi Arabia
2016
current

text: Islamic Summits[edit]

text:
Number

Date

Country

Place

1st

22–25 September 1969

 Morocco

Rabat

2nd[69]

22–24 February 1974

 Pakistan

Lahore

3rd[70]

25–29 January 1981

 Saudi Arabia

Mecca and Ta’if

4th

16–19 January 1984

 Morocco

Casablanca

5th[71]

26–29 January 1987

 Kuwait

Kuwait City

6th[72]

9–11 December 1991

 Senegal

Dakar

7th

13–15 December 1994

 Morocco

Casablanca

1st Extraordinary
23–24 March 1997

 Pakistan

Islamabad

8th

9–11 December 1997

 Iran

Tehran

9th

12–13 November 2000

 Qatar

Doha

2nd Extraordinary[73]
4–5 March 2003

 Qatar

Doha

10th

16–17 October 2003

 Malaysia

Putrajaya

3rd Extraordinary

7–8 December 2005

 Saudi Arabia

Mecca

11th[74]

13–14 March 2008

 Senegal

Dakar

4th Extraordinary[75]

14–15 August 2012

 Saudi Arabia

Mecca

12th[76]

6–7 February 2013

 Egypt

Cairo

5th Extraordinary[77]

6–7 March 2016

 Indonesia

Jakarta

13th[78]

14–15 April 2016

 Turkey

Istanbul

6th Extraordinary

13 December 2017

 Turkey

Istanbul

7th Extraordinary

18 May 2018

 Turkey

Istanbul


document_title: David Ryall

question_text: who did david ryall play in call the midwife

root

text: David Ryall

text: Early life[edit]

text: Born in Shoreham-by-Sea, Sussex,[1] Ryall was educated at Shoreham and Wallington grammar schools. He received a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1962, during which time he won the Caryl Brahms Award for a Musical.[1]

tag: p

text: Career[edit]

text: On leaving RADA, he went into repertory work in Salisbury, Bristol, Leicester and Birmingham (including King Lear and The Master Builder) and then into Laurence Olivier's company with the National Theatre at the Old Vic from 1965–73. During this time he was involved with many new and influential plays, including Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead and Jumpers, Peter Shaffer's The Royal Hunt of the Sun and Adrian Mitchell's Tyger.[1] Other work at the National Theatre included Guys and Dolls, The Beggar's Opera, Coriolanus and Animal Farm (for which he won the Clarence Derwent Award in 1985),  The School for Wives, Wild Oats, Democracy and The UN Inspector. In 1979 Ryall played a small role as a mechanic in the episode Earnshaw Strikes Back in the long running BBC series Last of the Summer Wine.  In 1983 he worked on 'A Matter of the Officers' and Jean Seberg with Julian Barry, who remained a lifelong friend. In 1984 Ryall performed a one-man show of stories and poems by Edward Bond at the NT, entitled A Leap in the Light.

text: Ryall portrayed discredited scientist Frank Skuse in the March 1990 docudrama Who Bombed Birmingham?[2]

text: In 1994 he played Feste in Sir Peter Hall's production of Twelfth Night – a performance which was praised highly by Sir Alec Guinness in his autobiography. In 1996–97, working with the Royal Shakespeare Company, he played God in The Mysteries, and Polonius in Hamlet, for which he was nominated for the Helen Hayes Award during its tour of the United States.

text: He worked with Sir Peter Hall again in the 1999 production of Lenny in the West End, and after that in the 2000 epic Tantalus, in Colorado and the UK. Ryall continued to be a regular face in the theatre, with appearances in Patrick Marber's Don Juan in Soho at the Donmar Warehouse in 2007.

text: His television and film career included The Knowledge, The Singing Detective, Shelley, Inspector Morse, Plotlands, State of Play, The Elephant Man, Truly, Madly, Deeply, Black Beauty and Two Men Went to War. He appeared as Max, an antiques collector, in episode 4 of BBC drama Bonekickers.

text: In 2005, Ryall played the role of Winston Churchill in the French television drama Le Grand Charles, based on the life of Charles de Gaulle.

text: Ryall appeared in the BBC One sitcom Outnumbered from 2007 to 2011, in which he played Frank (known as "Granddad"), a character who suffers from dementia. The character appeared in series 1 and 2. Ryall reprised his role in the Christmas specials in 2009 and 2011. On 26th December 2016 the Christmas special was dedicated to his memory.[3]

text: In 2010, Ryall portrayed Elphias Doge in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1.[3]

text: Ryall appeared briefly as an old soldier in the BBC Drama Our Girl starring Lacey Turner, in 2013. He was also cast in the BBC Drama The Village, as Old Bert, Britain's oldest man who recounts his long life through a series of flashbacks.

text: Ryall's last appearance was in Call the Midwife, where he played Tommy Mills. This episode was aired on BBC One on 1 March 2015 and was dedicated to his memory in the closing credits.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Ryall had one son and two daughters: Jonathan Ryall (born 1966), who was the manager of the Australian band Glide; Imogen Ryall (born 1967), who is a singer and Charlie Ryall (born 1986), who is also an actor.[4]

text: Ryall died on 25 December 2014 aged 79.[4][5][6]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
The Dance of Death (1969) - Sentry
Black Joy (1977) - Buthcer
Love for Lydia (1977) - Bretherton
Bless Me, Father (1978) - Billy Buzzle
The Knowledge (1979) - Titanic
The Elephant Man (1980) - Man With Whores
Fords on Water (1983) - Mister Jack
Jack the Ripper (1988) - Bowyer
The Woman in Black (1989) - Sweetman
Wilt (1990) - Rev. Froude
Truly, Madly, Deeply (1990) - George
The Russia House (1990) - Colonial Type
Shuttlecock (1993) - Pound
Justice (1993) - English Minister
Black Beauty (1994) - Carriagemaker
Giorgino (1994) - Professor Beaumont
Carrington (1995) - Mayor
Restoration (1995) - Lord Bathurst
Mad Cows (1999) - Man outside Harrods
Unconditional Love (2002) - Funeral Director
Two Men Went to War (2002) - Winston Churchill
Blackball (2003) - Giles Wilton
Around the World in 80 Days (2004) - Lord Salisbury
The League of Gentlemen's Apocalypse (2005) - Tom Tit
City of Ember (2008) - Chief Builder
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) - Elphias Doge
Hysteria (2011) - Judge
Trollied (2011-2012, TV Series) - Vic
Quartet (2012) - Harry
Mr. Turner (2014) - Footman
Autómata (2014) - Dominic Hawk
Call the Midwife season 4, episode 7 (2015) - Tommy Mills (final appearance)

tag: ul


document_title: List of The Andy Griffith Show guest stars

question_text: who played ellen brown on the andy griffith show

text: This article is being considered for deletion in accordance with Wikipedia's deletion policy.Please share your thoughts on the matter at this article's entry on the Articles for deletion page.Feel free to improve the article, but the article must not be blanked, and this notice must not be removed, until the discussion is closed. For more information, particularly on merging or moving the article during the discussion, read the guide to deletion.%5B%5BWikipedia%3AArticles+for+deletion%2FList+of+The+Andy+Griffith+Show+guest+stars%5D%5DAFD

tag: table

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In addition to the regular and recurring cast members of The Andy Griffith Show (1960–68), the show had many guest stars. Some were known prior to appearing, while others became well-known since.

text:
Contents

A · B · C · D · F · G · H · I · J · K · L · M · N · O · P · Q · R · S · T · U · W · Y · Z

text:
Guest star

Role(s)

Episode(s)

Notes

Julie Adams

Nurse Mary Simpson

"The County Nurse" (2.24)

Jack Albertson

Bradford J. Taylor

"Aunt Bee's Cousin" (8.13)

Later known for Chico and the Man, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, and The Fox and the Hound

Norman Alden

Tom Strongbow / Hank

"The Battle of Mayberry" (6.29) / "Howard, the Bowler" (8.2)

Known for voice work including as Aquaman in Super Friends and The All-New Super Friends Hour

Leon Ames

Mr. Hampton

"The Senior Play" (7.9)

Known for the role of Col. Gordon Kirkwood on Mister Ed

David Alan Bailey

Fred Simpson

"Opie's First Love" (8.1)

Played the recurring role of Opie's friend Trey Bowden during season 4

Jack Bannon

Announcer

"The Mayberry Chef" (8.17)

Later known for portraying Art Donovan on Lou Grant

James Best

Jim Lindsey

"The Guitar Player" (1.3), "The Guitar Player Returns" (1.31)

Best known for playing Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane on The Dukes of Hazzard

Bill Bixby

Ronald Bailey

"Bailey's Bad Boy" (2.15)

Later starred in My Favorite Martian, The Courtship of Eddie's Father and The Incredible Hulk

Whitney Blake

Lee Drake

"Andy's Trip to Raleigh" (8.4)

Known for playing Dorothy Baxter on Hazel (1961–65)

Morgan Brittany

Mary Alice Carter

"Opie's First Love" (8.1)

Known for playing Katherine Wentworth on Dallas

Edgar Buchanan

Henry Wheeler

"Aunt Bee's Brief Encounter" (2.9)

Known for playing Joseph "Uncle Joe" Carson on Petticoat Junction

Richard Bull

Bill Lindsay / Mr. Jackson

"Goober Makes History" (7.14) / "Opie's Piano Lesson" (7.26)

Known for playing Nels Oleson on Little House on the Prairie Bull was not in "Goober Makes History", although he is listed in the end credits. Sandy Kenyon played Bill Lindsay.

Frank Cady

Luke / Farley Upchurch

"The Rehabilitation of Otis" (5.18) / "The Legend of Barney Fife" (6.18)

Known for playing Sam Drucker on Green Acres (1963–70)

Mary Grace Canfield

Mary Grace Gossage

"A Date for Gomer" (4.9)

Known for portraying Ralph Monroe on Green Acres (1965-1971)

William Christopher

Dr. Peterson / Mr. Heathcoat

"A New Doctor in Town" (7.15) / "Aunt Bee on TV" (6.18)

Known for portraying Father Mulcahy on M*A*S*H

Andy Clyde

Frank Myers

"Mayberry Goes Bankrupt" (2.4)

Long time comedic character actor in cinema Westerns and numerous television family series.

Jackie Coogan

George Stevens

"Barney on the Rebound" (2.5)

Known for The Kid and for playing Uncle Fester on The Addams Family

Ellen Corby

Myrt 'Hubcaps' Lesh

"Barney's First Car" (3.27)

Known for playing Grandma Esther Walton on The Waltons

Gail Davis

Karen Moore

"The Perfect Female" (2.8)

Played the title role in Annie Oakley television series

John Dehner

Colonel Harvey

"Aunt Bee's Medicine Man" (3.24)

Before becoming an actor, he worked as an animator at Walt Disney Studios

Bob Denver

Dudley "Dud" Wash

"Divorce, Mountain Style" (4.25)

Known for playing Gilligan on Gilligan's Island

The Dillards

The Darlings

6 episodes

Buddy Ebsen

Dave Browne

"Opie's Hobo Friend" (2.6)

Known for his role as Jed Clampett on The Beverly Hillbillies

Barbara Eden

Ellen Brown

"The Manicurist" (2.16)

Eden starred in I Dream of Jeannie (1965–70)

Robert Emhardt

Malcolm Tucker/ Willard Foster

"Man in a Hurry" (3.6), "The Foster Lady" (6.26)

Frequent type-A personality character actor in movies and television. Was the psychiatrist opposite Andy Griffith in the 1955 United States Steel Hour version of "No Time for Sergeants".

Jamie Farr

Sylvio

"The Gypsies" (6.23)

Known for the role of  Max Klinger on M*A*S*H

Dabbs Greer

Various

4 episodes

Portrayed Reverend Robert Alden on Little House on the Prairie

Ann Morgan Guilbert

Ella

"Aunt Bee's Cousin" (8.13)

Known for playing Millie Helper on The Dick Van Dyke Show and Yetta on The Nanny

Jean Hagen

Elizabeth Crowley

"Andy and the Woman Speeder" (2.35)

Played the ditzy Lina Lamont in Singin' in the Rain and Marjorie Williams on The Danny Thomas Show

Alan Hale, Jr.

"Big Jeff" Pruitt

"The Farmer Takes a Wife" (2.13)

Known for playing the Skipper on Gilligan's Island

Howard Hesseman

Counterboy / Harry

"Goober Goes to an Auto Show" (8.22) / "Sam for Town Council" (8.27)

Credited as Don Sturdy. Best known roles are Dr. Johnny Fever on WKRP in Cincinnati and Charles P. Moore on Head of the Class

Pat Hingle

Fred Gibson

"Wyatt Earp Rides Again" (6.20)

Played Commissioner James Gordon in Batman, Batman Returns, Batman Forever, and Batman & Robin

Sterling Holloway

Burt Miller

"The Merchant of Mayberry" (2.22)

A veteran of numerous films, Holloway was also the voice of Winnie the Pooh

Bo Hopkins

George

"Goober the Executive" (8.16)

Larry Hovis

Gilly Walker

"Goober Takes a Car Apart" (5.17), "The Case of the Punch in the Nose" (3.14)

Played Pvt. Larry Gotschalk on Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. as well as Sgt. Andrew Carter on Hogan's Heroes

George Kennedy

George

"The Big House" (3.32)

Among his movie credits are Cool Hand Luke, Airport '77 and Naked Gun

Charles Lane

Mr. Frisby

"Aunt Bee the Crusader" (4.15)

Lane portrayed J. Homer Bedloe on Petticoat Junction

Sue Ane Langdon

Nurse Mary

"Three's A Crowd" (2.27)

Gavin MacLeod

Gilbert Jamel / Bryan Bender

"TV or Not TV (5.23), "The Taylors in Hollywood" (6.8)

Portrayed Murray Slaughter on The Mary Tyler Moore Show and Capt. Merrill Stubing in The Love Boat

Laurie Main

Robling Flask

"Helen, the Authoress" (7.24)

Known for hosting and narrating for Welcome to Pooh Corner, as well as narrating for many "Disney Read-Along" records and cassettes

Sid Melton

Pat Michaels

"The Hollywood Party" (6.9)

Melton was "Uncle Charley" Halper on The Danny Thomas Show and Alf Monroe on Green Acres

Allan Melvin

Various

8 episodes

On Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C., he was Sgt. Carter's rival, Sgt. Hacker, the mess cook; also noted for his roles as Sam Franklin on The Brady Bunch and Barney Hefner on All in the Family

Alvy Moore

Kitchenware salesman

"A Baby in the House" (6.25)

Played Hank Kimball on Green Acres

Burt Mustin

Jud Fletcher / Jubal / Sam Benson / Mr. Crowley

14 episodes

Played Gus the fireman on Leave it to Beaver

George Nader

Dr. Robert Benson

"The New Doctor" (1.24)

Played a handsome new doctor in Mayberry

Jack Nicholson

baby's father / defendant

"Opie Finds a Baby" (7.10) / "Aunt Bee the Juror" (8.7)

Hank Patterson

Hobo

"If I Had a Quarter-Million" (5.22)

Known for playing farmer Fred Ziffel on Green Acres

Roger Perry

George Jones

"Don't Miss a Good Bet" (7.16)

Known for playing Mr. Parker on The Facts of Life

Michael J. Pollard

Virgil

"Cousin Virgil" (2.30)

Played C.W. Moss in Bonnie and Clyde

Rob Reiner

Joe

"Goober's Contest" (7.30)

Played Michael Stivic on All in the Family

Don Rickles

Newton Munroe

"The Luck of Newton Munroe" (5.29)

Hayden Rorke

A.J. Considine

"The Taylors in Hollywood" (6.8)

Known for his portrayal of Col. Alfred E. Bellows, M.D. on I Dream of Jeannie

Bing Russell

Mr. Burton

"The Loaded Goat" (3.18)

Portrayed Deputy Clem Foster on Bonanza

Karl Swenson

Mr. McBeevee

"Mr. McBeevee" (3.1)

Played Lars Hanson on Little House on the Prairie (1974–78)

Lee Van Cleef

Skip

"Banjo-Playing Deputy" (5.32)

Played the villain Angel Eyes in The Good, the Bad and the Ugly

Jerry Van Dyke

Jerry Miller

"Banjo-Playing Deputy" (5.32)

He later portrayed Luther Van Dam on Coach

Joyce Van Patten

Laura Hollander

"Opie Steps Up in Class" (8.5)

Van Patten is the sister of actor Dick Van Patten

Doodles Weaver

George Bricker / Regis

"Aunt Bee's Brief Encounter" (2.9) / "A Black Day for Mayberry" (4.7)

Weaver is the brother of former NBC president Pat Weaver and the uncle of actress Sigourney Weaver

Clarence White

The Country Boys member

"Mayberry on Record" (1.19)

text:
hidevteThe Andy Griffith Show
Characters
Episodes
Guest stars
Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.
Mayberry R.F.D.
Return to Mayberry

text: Lists of celebritiesLists of guest appearances in television

text: Noindexed articlesArticles for deletionArticles lacking sources from July 2012All articles lacking sources


document_title: United States presidential line of succession

question_text: who takes over if both president and vice president die

text: Current order[edit]

text: The table below details the current presidential order of succession as established by the 1947 presidential succession statute as amended (3 U.S.C. § 19).[1] The order is determined by the offices. However, the individual in an office must still satisfy the constitutional requirements for the office in order to serve as Acting President. In the table, the absence of a number in the first column indicates that the incumbent is ineligible, or is of uncertain eligibility.[2] In such cases, a note explains the detail.

text:
No.

Office

Incumbent

Party

1

Vice President

Mike Pence

Republican

2

Speaker of the House of Representatives

Paul Ryan

Republican

3

President pro tempore of the Senate

Orrin Hatch

Republican

4

Secretary of State

Mike Pompeo

Republican

5

Secretary of the Treasury

Steven Mnuchin

Republican

6

Secretary of Defense[A]

Jim Mattis

Independent

7

Attorney General

Jeff Sessions

Republican

8

Secretary of the Interior

Ryan Zinke

Republican

9

Secretary of Agriculture

Sonny Perdue

Republican

10

Secretary of Commerce

Wilbur Ross

Republican

11

Secretary of Labor

Alexander Acosta

Republican

12

Secretary of Health and Human Services[B]

Alex Azar

Republican

13

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

Ben Carson

Republican

 —[C]

Secretary of Transportation

Elaine Chao

Republican

14

Secretary of Energy

Rick Perry

Republican

15

Secretary of Education

Betsy DeVos

Republican

16

Secretary of Veterans Affairs

Robert Wilkie

Republican

17

Secretary of Homeland Security

Kirstjen Nielsen

Independent

text: Constitutional provisions[edit]

text: Presidential eligibility[edit]

text: Article II, Section 1, Clause 5 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for holding the presidency. To serve as president, one must: be a natural-born citizen of the United States; be at least thirty-five years old; and be a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years.[6][D]

text: A person who meets the above qualifications, however, would still be constitutionally disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions:

text:
Under the 22nd Amendment, no person can be elected president more than twice. The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president, the former can only be elected president once.[7][8]
Under Article I, Section 3, Clause 7, upon conviction in impeachment cases, the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office, including that of president.[9]
Under Section 3 of the 14th Amendment, no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution, and later rebelled against the United States, can become president. However, this disqualification can be lifted by a two-thirds vote of each house of Congress.[10]

text: Presidential succession[edit]

text: The presidential line of succession is mentioned at four places in the Constitution:

text:
Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 makes the vice president first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the president nor vice president can serve.[11]
The 12th Amendment includes a statement clarifying that, just as they would due to the president's death or disability, the powers and duties of the presidency devolve to the vice president if—following a presidential election where no candidate won an absolute majority of votes in the Electoral College—the House of Representatives has been unable to elect a president by the scheduled beginning of the president's term.[12]
The 20th Amendment, Section 3, supersedes the above 12th Amendment provision, by declaring that if the president-elect dies before his term begins, the vice president-elect becomes president on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the president-elect was elected, and also that, if on Inauguration Day, a president has not been chosen or the president-elect does not qualify for the presidency, the vice president-elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the president-elect qualifies. It also authorizes Congress to provide for instances in which neither a president-elect nor a vice president-elect have qualified.[13]
The 25th Amendment, Section 1, clarifies Article II, Section 1, Clause 6, by stating unequivocally that the vice president is the direct successor of the president, and becomes president if the incumbent dies, resigns or is removed from office. It also, in sections 3 and 4, provides for situations where the president is temporarily disabled, such as if the president has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit, establishing procedures whereby the Vice President can become acting president. Additionally, in Section 2, the amendment provides a mechanism for intra-term vice presidential succession, establishing that vice presidential vacancies will be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of Congress.[E] Previously, whenever a vice president had succeeded to the presidency or had died or resigned from office, the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began; there were 16 such vacancies prior to 1967.[15]

text: Succession acts[edit]

text: Act of 1792[edit]

text: The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 (Full text ) provided for succession to the presidency, in the event both the office of the President and the Vice President were vacant, by, first, the president pro tempore of the Senate, followed by, if need be, the speaker of the House.[16] Various framers of the Constitution, such as James Madison, criticized the arrangement as being contrary to their intent. The decision to build the line of succession around those two officials was made after a long and contentious debate. In addition to the president pro tempore and the speaker, both the secretary of state and the chief justice of the Supreme Court were also suggested. Including the secretary of state was unacceptable to most Federalists, who did not want the then secretary of state, Thomas Jefferson, who had become the leader of the opposition Democratic-Republicans, to follow the vice president in the succession, and many objected to including the chief justice due to separation of powers concerns.[11][17]

text: The statute provided that the presidential successor would serve in an acting capacity, holding office only until a new president could be elected.[18] A special election was to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred (unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October, in which case the election would occur the following year; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term, in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled). The persons elected president and vice president in such a special election would have served a full four-year term beginning on March 4 of the next year; no such election ever took place.

text: Act of 1886[edit]

text: The Presidential Succession Act of 1886 (Full text ) established a line of succession that included the members of the president's cabinet, the order of the establishment of the various departments, beginning with the Secretary of State,[F] and stipulated that any official discharging the powers and duties of the presidency must possess the constitutional qualifications to hold the office.[18] The president pro tempore and speaker were excluded from the new line; also dropped was the provision mandating a special presidential election when a double vacancy arose.

text: The need for increasing the number of presidential successors was abundantly clear to Congress, for twice within the span of four years it happened that there was no one in the presidential line of succession. In September 1881, When Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency following James A. Garfield's death, there was no vice President, no president pro tempore of the Senate, and no Speaker of the House of Representatives.[12] Then, in November 1885, Grover Cleveland faced a similar situation, following the death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks, as the Senate and the House had not convened yet to elect new officers.[19]

text: Act of 1947[edit]

text: The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 (Full text ) restored the speaker of the House and president pro tempore of the Senate to the line of succession—but in reverse-order from their 1792 positions—and placed them ahead of the members of the Cabinet, who were positioned once more in the order of the establishment of their department.[5][G] Placing the speaker and the president pro tempore (both elected officials) back in the succession and placing them ahead of cabinet members (all of whom are appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate), was Harry S. Truman's idea. Personally conveyed to Congress in June 1945, two months after becoming president upon Franklin D. Roosevelt's death, the proposal reflected Truman's belief that the president should not have the power to appoint to office "the person who would be my immediate successor in the event of my own death or inability to act," and that the presidency should, whenever possible, "be filled by an elective officer."[18][20]

text: The Act, which the president signed into law on July 18, 1947,[18] has been modified several times, with changes being made as the face of the federal bureaucracy has changed over the ensuing years. Its most recent change came about in 2006, when the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act added the secretary of Homeland Security to the presidential line of succession.[1][H]

text: Ambiguities regarding succession and inability[edit]

text: Although the Presidential Succession Clause in Article II of the Constitution clearly provided for the vice president to take over the "powers and duties" of the presidency in the event of a president's removal, death, resignation, or inability, left unclear was whether the vice president became president of the United States or simply temporarily acted as president in a case of succession.[11] Some historians, including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick,[22] have argued that the framers' intention was that the vice president would remain vice president while executing the powers and duties of the presidency until a new president could be elected.[23]

text: The hypothetical debate about whether the office or merely the powers of the office devolve upon a vice president who succeeds to the presidency between elections became an urgent constitutional issue in 1841, when President William Henry Harrison died in office, only 31 days into his term. Vice President John Tyler claimed a constitutional mandate to carry out the full powers and duties of the presidency, asserting he was the president and not merely a temporary acting president, by taking the presidential oath of office.[24]

text: Many around him—including John Quincy Adams,[22][25] Henry Clay[26] and other members of Congress,[25][26] along with Whig party leaders,[26] and even Tyler's own cabinet[25][26]—believed that he was only acting as president and did not have the office itself. He was nicknamed "His Accidency" and excoriated as a usurper.[24] Nonetheless, Tyler adhered to his position, even returning, unopened, mail addressed to the "Acting President of the United States" sent by his detractors.[27] Tyler's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title "President,"[26] setting a momentous precedent for an orderly transfer of presidential power following a president's death,[24] one that was written into the Constitution as section 1 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment.[23]

text: Even after the precedent regarding presidential succession due to the president's death was set, the part of the Presidential Succession Clause that provided for replacing a disabled president remained unclear. What constituted an "inability"? Who determined the existence of an inability? Did a vice president become president for the rest of the presidential term in the case of an inability; or was the vice president merely "acting as President"?  Due to this lack of clarity, later vice presidents were hesitant to assert any role in cases of presidential inability.[28] Two situations are noteworthy:

text: On July 2, 1881, James Garfield was shot; hit from behind by two bullets (one grazing his arm and the other lodging in his back).[29] The president wavered between life and death for 80 days after the shooting; it was the first time that the nation as a whole experienced the uncertainties associated with a prolonged period of presidential inability.[12] Most disconcerting, especially for Garfield administration personnel and members of Congress, was the lack of constitutional guidance on how to handle the situation. No one was sure who, if anyone, should exercise presidential authority while the president was disabled; many urged Vice President Chester Arthur to step-up, but he declined, fearful of being labeled a usurper. Aware that he was in a delicate position and that his every action was placed under scrutiny, Arthur remained secluded in his New York City home for most of the summer. Members of the Garfield Cabinet conferred daily with the president's doctors, and kept the vice president informed of significant developments on the president's condition.[29]

text: In October 1919, Woodrow Wilson suffered a debilitating stroke. Nearly blind and partially paralyzed, he spent the final 17 months of his presidency sequestered in the White House.[30] Vice President Thomas Marshall, the cabinet, and the nation were kept in the dark over the severity of the president's illness for several months. Marshall was pointedly afraid to ask about Wilson's health, or to preside over cabinet meetings, fearful that he would be accused of "longing for his place."  Though members of both parties in Congress pledged to support him if he assert his claim to the presidency, Marshall declined to act, or to do anything that might seem ambitious or disloyal to Wilson.[31] At a time when the fight over joining the League of Nations was reaching a climax, and domestic issues such as strikes, unemployment, inflation and the threat of Communism were demanding action, the operations of the executive branch were once more hampered due to the fact that there was no constitutional basis for declaring that the president was unable to function.[32]

text: When Dwight D. Eisenhower suffered a heart attack in September 1955, he and Vice President Richard Nixon developed an informal plan authorizing Nixon to assume some administrative duties during Eisenhower's recovery. Although it did not have the force of law, the plan helped to reassure the nation. The agreement also contained a provision whereby Eisenhower could declare his own inability and, if unable to do so, empowered Nixon, with appropriate consultation, to make the decision.[28] Had it been invoked, Nixon would have served as acting president until the president issued a declaration of his recovery. Moved forward as consequence of President Kennedy's November 1963 assassination, this informal plan evolved into constitutional procedure a decade later through Sections 3 and 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, which resolved the uncertainties surrounding presidential disability.[15]

text: Presidential succession by vice presidents[edit]

text: Nine vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency intra-term, eight due to the president's death, and one due to the president's resignation from office.[1][12]

text:
Successor[33]

Party[33]

Date and reason for succession[33][34]

John Tyler

Whig

April 4, 1841, William Henry Harrison died 31 days into his presidency.[35]

Millard Fillmore

Whig

July 9, 1850, Zachary Taylor died 1 year, 4 months and 5 days into his presidency.[36]

Andrew Johnson

National Union

April 15, 1865, Abraham Lincoln died 4 years, 1 month and 11 days into his presidency.[37]

Chester A. Arthur

Republican

September 19, 1881, James A. Garfield died 6 months and 15 days into his presidency.[38]

Theodore Roosevelt

Republican

September 14, 1901, William McKinley died 4 years, 6 months and 10 days into his presidency.[39]

Calvin Coolidge

Republican

August 2, 1923, Warren G. Harding died 2 years, 4 months and 29 days into his presidency.[40]

Harry S. Truman

Democratic

April 12, 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt died 12 years, 1 month and 8 days into his presidency.[41]

Lyndon B. Johnson

Democratic

November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy died 2 years, 10 months and 2 days into his presidency.[42]

Gerald Ford

Republican

August 9, 1974, Richard Nixon resigned from office 5 years, 6 months and 20 days into his presidency.[43]

text: Additionally, two vice presidents have temporarily assumed the powers and duties of the presidency as acting president, as authorized by Section 3 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment: George H. W. Bush did so once, on July 13, 1985, and Dick Cheney did so twice, on June 29, 2002, and on July 21, 2007.[44]

text: Presidential succession beyond the vice president[edit]

text: While several vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency upon the death or resignation of the president, and a number of them have died or resigned, the offices of President and Vice President have never been simultaneously vacant;[I] thus no other officer in the presidential line of succession has ever been called upon to act as president. The prospect of such a double vacancy lurked in the shadows surrounding President Abraham Lincoln's 1865 assassination, as Vice President Andrew Johnson (along with Secretary of State William Seward and possibly General Ulysses S. Grant) was also targeted as part of John Wilkes Booth's plot to destabilize the Union government. It was also there three years later, when, as president and with the vice presidency vacant, Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and faced removal from office if convicted at trial in the Senate. Johnson was acquitted by a one-vote margin.[2][47]

text: Ratification of the 25th Amendment, with its mechanism for filling an intra-term vice presidential vacancy, has made calling on the speaker, president pro tempore, or a cabinet member to serve as acting president unlikely to happen, except in the aftermath of a catastrophic event.[14] Only a few years after it went into effect, in October 1973, at the height of Watergate, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned. With Agnew's unexpected departure, and the state of Richard Nixon's presidency, Speaker of the House Carl Albert was suddenly first in line to become acting president. The vacancy continued until Gerald Ford was sworn in as vice president on December 6, 1973.[48] Albert was also next in line from the time Ford assumed the presidency on August 9, 1974, following Nixon's resignation from office, until Ford's choice to succeed him as vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, was confirmed by Congress four months later.[12]

text: Next in line[edit]

text: The vice presidency has been vacant on 18 occasions since 1789;[34] during those periods, the following people have been next in line to serve as Acting President of the United States:

text: Under the 1792 succession act[edit]

text:
No.

Official (party)

Dates

Reason

President (party)

1

William H. Crawford (D-R)[49]President pro tempore of the Senate

April 20, 1812 –March 4, 1813

Death of Vice President George Clinton

Madison (D-R)

2

Langdon Cheves (D-R)[50]Speaker of the House

November 23, 1814 –November 25, 1814

Death of Vice President Elbridge Gerry, and vacancy in office of president pro tempore of the Senate

Madison (D-R)

John Gaillard (D-R)[50]President pro tempore of the Senate

November 25, 1814 –March 4, 1817

John Gaillard elected president pro tempore of the Senate, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

3

Hugh Lawson White (D)[50]President pro tempore of the Senate

December 28, 1832 –March 4, 1833

Resignation of Vice President John C. Calhoun

Jackson (D)

4

Samuel L. Southard (W)[51]President pro tempore of the Senate

April 4, 1841 –May 31, 1842

Death of President William Henry Harrison and accession of Vice President John Tyler to presidency

Tyler (W)

Willie Person Mangum (W)[51]President pro tempore of the Senate

May 31, 1842 –March 4, 1845

Willie Person Mangum elected president pro tempore of the Senate, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

5

Vacant[52]

July 9, 1850 –July 11, 1850

Death of President Zachary Taylor and accession of Vice President Millard Fillmore to presidency, vacancy in office of president pro tempore of the Senate, and ineligibility of Speaker of the House Howell Cobb[J]

Fillmore (W)

William R. King (D)[53]President pro tempore of the Senate

July 11, 1850 –December 20, 1852

William R. King elected president pro tempore of the Senate, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

David Rice Atchison (D)[54]President pro tempore of the Senate

December 20, 1852 –March 4, 1853

David Rice Atchison elected president pro tempore of the Senate, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

6

David Rice Atchison (D)[52]President pro tempore of the Senate

April 18, 1853 –December 4, 1854

Death of Vice President William R. King

Pierce (D)

Lewis Cass (D)[52]President pro tempore of the Senate

December 4, 1854 –December 5, 1854

Lewis Cass elected president pro tempore of the Senate, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

Jesse D. Bright (D)[52]President pro tempore of the Senate

December 5, 1854 –June 9, 1856

Jesse D. Bright elected president pro tempore of the Senate, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

Charles E. Stuart (D)[52]President pro tempore of the Senate

June 9, 1856 –June 10, 1856

Charles E. Stuart elected president pro tempore of the Senate, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

Jesse D. Bright (D)[52]President pro tempore of the Senate

June 11, 1856 –January 6, 1857

Jesse D. Bright elected president pro tempore of the Senate, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

James Murray Mason (D)[52]President pro tempore of the Senate

January 6, 1857 –March 4, 1857

James Murray Mason elected president pro tempore of the Senate, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

7

Lafayette S. Foster (R)[55]President pro tempore of the Senate

April 15, 1865 –March 2, 1867

Death of President Abraham Lincoln and accession of Vice President Andrew Johnson to presidency

A. Johnson (NU)

Benjamin Wade (R)[55]President pro tempore of the Senate

March 2, 1867 –March 4, 1869

Benjamin Wade elected president pro tempore of the Senate, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

8

Thomas W. Ferry (R)[56]President pro tempore of the Senate

November 22, 1875 –March 4, 1877

Death of Vice President Henry Wilson

Grant (R)

9

Vacant[57]

September 19, 1881 –October 10, 1881

Death of President James A. Garfield and accession of Vice President Chester A. Arthur to presidency, and vacancy in office of president pro tempore of the Senate and in office of speaker of the House

Arthur (R)

Thomas F. Bayard (D)[58]President pro tempore of the Senate

 October 10, 1881 –October 13, 1881

Thomas E. Bayard elected president pro tempore of the Senate, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

David Davis (I)[58]President pro tempore of the Senate

October 13, 1881 –March 3, 1883

David Davis elected president pro tempore of the Senate, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

George F. Edmunds (R)[58]President pro tempore of the Senate

March 3, 1883 –March 3, 1885

George F. Edmmunds elected president pro tempore of the Senate, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

10

Vacant[57]

November 25, 1885 –December 7, 1885

Death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks, and vacancy in office of president pro tempore of the Senate and in office of speaker of the House

Cleveland (D)

John Sherman (R)[57]President pro tempore of the Senate

December 7, 1885 –January 19, 1886

John Sherman elected president pro tempore of the Senate, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

text: Under the 1886 succession act[edit]

text:
No.

Official (party)

Dates

Reason

President (party)

10

Thomas F. Bayard (D)[25]Secretary of State

January 19, 1886 –March 4, 1889

Succession Act of 1886 is enacted, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

Cleveland (D)

11

John Hay (R)[59]Secretary of State

November 21, 1899 –March 4, 1901

Death of Vice President Garret Hobart

McKinley (R)

12

John Hay (R)[59]Secretary of State

September 14, 1901 –March 4, 1905

Death of President William McKinley and accession of Vice President Theodore Roosevelt to presidency

T. Roosevelt (R)

13

Philander C. Knox (R)Secretary of State

October 30, 1912 –March 4, 1913

Death of Vice President James S. Sherman

Taft (R)

14

Charles Evans Hughes (R)Secretary of State

August 2, 1923 –March 4, 1925

Death of President Warren G. Harding and accession of Vice President Calvin Coolidge to the presidency

Coolidge (R)

15

Edward Stettinius Jr. (D)[60]Secretary of State

April 12, 1945 –June 27, 1945

Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and accession of Vice President Harry S. Truman to the presidency

Truman (D)

Henry Morgenthau Jr. (D)[60]Secretary of the Treasury

June 27, 1945 –July 3, 1945

Resignation of Secretary of State Edward Stettinius Jr., and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

James F. Byrnes (D)[60]Secretary of State

July 3, 1945 –January 21, 1947

James F. Byrnes confirmed as Secretary of State, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

George Marshall (D)[59]Secretary of State

January 21, 1947 –July 18, 1947

George Marshall Confirmed as Secretary of State, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

text: Under the 1947 succession act[edit]

text:
No.

Official (party)

Dates

Reason

President (party)

15

Joseph William Martin Jr. (R)[59]Speaker of the House

July 18, 1947 –January 3, 1949

Succession Act of 1947 is enacted, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

Truman (D)

Sam Rayburn (D)[61]Speaker of the House

January 3, 1949 –January 20, 1949

Sam Rayburn elected speaker of the House, and continuing intra-term vacancy in vice presidency

16

John W. McCormack (D)[62]Speaker of the House

November 22, 1963 –January 20, 1965

Death of President John F. Kennedy and accession of Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson to the presidency

L. Johnson (D)

17

Carl Albert (D)[48]Speaker of the House

October 10, 1973 –December 6, 1973

Resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew

Nixon (R)

18

Carl Albert (D)[12]Speaker of the House

August 9, 1974 –December 19, 1974

Resignation of President Richard Nixon and accession of Vice President Gerald Ford to the presidency

Ford (R)

text: Contemporary issues and concerns[edit]

text: In 2003, the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has "at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention", specifically:

text:
The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington, D.C. In the event of a nuclear, chemical, or biological attack, it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated.
Doubt that congressional leaders are eligible to act as president.
A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the "largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest-serving Senator of the majority party".  For example, from January 20, 2001, to June 6, 2001, the President pro tempore was then-98-year-old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina.
A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term, as the president, Speaker, and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other.
A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments, without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary.
The fact that, should a Cabinet member begin to act as president, the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker (or the Senate, a new President pro tempore), who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time.
The absence of a provision where a president is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant (for example, if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the president and killed the vice president).[63]

tag: ol

text: In 2009, the Continuity of Government Commission commented on the use of the term "Officer" in the 1947 statute,

text: The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation. The 1886 Act refers to "such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named..." The current act merely refers to "officers appointed, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate." Read literally, this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post (even for example, the second or third in command within a department). It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office. Though there is some dispute over this provision, the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession. (We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession.)[64]

text: In 2016–17, the Second Fordham University School of Law Clinic on Presidential Succession developed a series of proposals to "resolve succession issues that have received little attention from scholars and commissions" over the past several decades. The clinic's recommendations included:

text:
Remove legislators and several Cabinet members from the line of succession and adding four officials, or "Standing Successors," outside of Washington, D.C. The line of succession would be: 1st–Secretary of State, 2nd–Secretary of Defense, 3rd–Attorney General, 4th–Secretary of Homeland Security, 5th–Secretary of the Treasury, 6th–Standing Successor 1, 7th–Standing Successor 2, 8th–Standing Successor 3, and 9th–Standing Successor 4;
If legislators are not removed from the line of succession, only designate them as successors in cases where the President dies or resigns not where he is disabled (to protect legislators from being forced to resign to act as President temporarily) or removed from office;
Eliminate the "bumping provision" in the Succession Act of 1947;
Clarify the ambiguity in the Succession Act of 1947 as to whether acting Cabinet secretaries are in the line of succession;
That the outgoing President nominate and the Senate confirm some of the incoming President's Cabinet secretaries prior to Inauguration Day, which is a particular point of vulnerability for the line of succession;
Establish statutory procedures for declaring 1–a dual inability of the President and the Vice President, including where there is no Vice President and 2–a sole inability of the Vice President.[2]


document_title: Ordinance (India)

question_text: when can ordinances be issued by the president

text: Ordinance (India)

text: Ordinances are temporary laws that are promulgated by the President of India on the recommendation of the Union Cabinet. They can only be issued when Parliament is not in session. They enable the Indian government to take immediate legislative action. Ordinances cease to operate either if Parliament does not approve of them within six weeks of reassembly, or if disapproving resolutions are passed by both Houses. It is also mandatory for a session of Parliament to be held within six months of passing an ordinance.[1]

text: List of Central Government Ordinances since 2003[edit]

text:
Year
Number
Title of Ordinance
Ref.

2003
1
Customs (Tariff) Amendment Ordinance, 2003
[2]

2003
2
Taxation Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003
[3]

2003
3
National Tax Tribunal Ordinance, 2003
[4]

2003
4
Prevention of Terrorism (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003
[5]

2003
5
Representation of the People (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003
[6]

2003
6
Delimitation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003
[7]

2003
7
Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003
[8]

2003
8
Indian Medicine Central Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2003
[9]

2004
1
Prevention of Terrorism (Repeal) Ordinance, 2004
[10]

2004
2
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Ordinance, 2004
[11]

2004
3
Banking Regulation (Amendment) and Miscellaneous Provisions Ordinance, 2004
[12]

2004
4
Securities Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004
[13]

2004
5
Enforcement of Security Interest and Recovery of Debts Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004
[14]

2004
6
National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions Ordinance, 2004
[15]

2004
7
Patents (Amendment) Ordinance, 2004
[16]

2004
8
Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority Ordinance, 2004
[17]

2005
1
Central Excise Laws (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2005
[18]

2005
2
Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance, 2005
[19]

2005
3
Manipur University Ordinance, 2005
[20]

2005
4
Taxation Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2005
[21]

2006
1
National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions (Amendment) Ordinance, 2006
[22]

2006
2
National Council for Teacher Education (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2006
[23]

2006
3
Indian Telegraph (Amendment) Ordinance, 2006
[24]

2007
1
Banking Regulation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007
[25]

2007
2
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007
[26]

2007
3
National Tax Tribunal (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007
[27]

2007
4
Sports Broadcasting Signals (Mandatory Sharing with Prasar Bharati) Ordinance, 2007
[28]

2007
5
State Bank of India (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007
[29]

2007
6
National Capital Territory of Delhi Law (Special Provisions) Ordinance, 2007
[30]

2007
7
National Capital Territory of Delhi Law (Special Provisions) Second Ordinance, 2007
[31]

2007
8
Payment of Bonus (Amendment) Ordinance, 2007
[32]

2008
1
Delimitation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008
[33]

2008
2
Railways (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008
[34]

2008
3
Forward contracts (Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2008
[35]

2008
4
Sugar Development Fund (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008
[36]

2008
5
Prasar Bharti (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Amendment Ordinance, 2008
[37]

2008
6
Food Safety and Standards (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008
[38]

2008
7
Employee's State Insurance (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008
[39]

2008
8
Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (Amendment) Ordinance, 2008
[40]

2009
1
High Court and Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Amendment Ordinance, 2009
[41]

2009
2
Cental Industrial Security Force (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009
[42]

2009
3
Central Universities Ordinance 2009
[43]

2009
4
Meghalaya Appropriation (Vote on Account) Ordinance, 2009
[44]

2009
5
Meghalaya Appropriation Ordinance, 2008
[45]

2009
6
Competition (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009
[46]

2009
7
Jharkhand Contingency Fund (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009
[47]

2009
8
Central Universities (Amendment) Ordinance, 2009
[48]

2009
9
Essential Commodities (Amendment And Validation) Ordinance, 2009
[49]

2010
1
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment & Validation) Ordinance, 2010
[50]

2010
2
Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2010
[51]

2010
3
Securities and Insurance Laws (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2010
[52]

2010
4
Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2010
[53]

2011
1
Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2011
[54]

2011
2
Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Kancheepuram Ordinance, 2011
[55]

2011
3
Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2011
[56]

2012
1
All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (Amendment) Ordinance, 2012
[57]

2013
1
Securities and Exchange Board of India (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013
[58]

2013
2
Readjustment of Representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Ordinance, 2013
[59]

2013
3
Criminal Law (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013
[60]

2013
4
Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013
[61]

2013
5
Securities and Exchange Board of India (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2013
[62]

2013
6
Readjustment of Representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Second) Ordinance, 2013
[63]

2013
7
National Food Security Ordinance, 2013
[64]

2013
8
Securities Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2013
[65]

2013
9
Securities Laws (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2013
[66]

2013
10
Readjustment of Representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies (Third) Ordinance, 2013
[67]

2013
11
Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2013
[68]

2014
1
Scheduled Castes And The Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Amendment Ordinance, 2014
[69]

2014
2
Securities Laws (Amendment) Odinance, 2014
[70]

2014
3
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014
[71]

2014
4
Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014
[72]

2014
5
Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Ordinance, 2014
[73]

2014
6
Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Laws (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2014
[74]

2014
7
Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Second Ordinance, 2014
[75]

2014
8
Insruance Laws (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014
[76]

2014
9
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency In Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance , 2014
[77]

2015
1
Citizenship (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015
[78]

2015
2
Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015
[79]

2015
3
Mines And Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Ordinance, 2015
[80]

2015
4
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015
[81]

2015
5
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2015
[82]

2015
6
Negotiable Instruments (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015
[83]

2015
7
Negotiable Instruments (Amendment) Second Ordinance, 2015
[84]

2015
8
Commercial Courts, Commercial Division and Commercial Appellate Division of High Courts Ordinance, 2015
[85]

2015
9
Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015
[86]

2016
1
Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Ordinance, 2016
[87]

2016
2
Uttarakhand Appropriation (Vote on Account) Ordinance, 2016
[88]

2016
3
Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Second Ordinance, 2016
[89]

2016
4
Indian Medical Council (Amendment) Ordinance, 2016
[90]

2016
5
Dentists (Amendment) Ordinance, 2016
[91]

2016
6
Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Third Ordinance, 2016
[92]

2016
7
Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Fourth Ordinance, 2016
[93]

2016
8
Enemy Property (Amendment and Validation) Fifth Ordinance, 2016[94]
[95]

2016
9
Payment of Wages (Amendment) Ordinance, 2016
[96]

2016
10
Specified Bank Notes (Cessation of Liabilities) Ordinance, 2016
[97]

2017
11
Goods and Services Tax (Compensation to States) Ordinance, 2017
[98]


document_title: All Is Fair in Love and War

question_text: who says that everything is fair in love and war

text: All Is Fair in Love and War

text: All Is Fair in Love and War may refer to:

text:
"All is fair in love and war", a proverb attributed to John Lyly's Euphues
All Is Fair in Love and War (album), an album by Blessed by a Broken Heart
"All Is Fair in Love and War" (song), a song by Ronnie Milsap

text:
Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title All Is Fair in Love and War.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Disambiguation pages

text: Disambiguation pages with short descriptionAll article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages