document_title: Nick Saban

question_text: who did nick saban play for in college

question_tokens: who did nick saban play for in college

root

text: Nick Saban

text: Early life and education[edit]

text: Saban was born in Fairmont, West Virginia, to Mary and Nick Lou Saban Sr. He grew up and graduated from Monongah High School[11] in the small community of Monongah, West Virginia, about 90 miles south of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. On December 18, 1971, he married Terry Constable, who was also from West Virginia. In 1973, Saban graduated from Kent State University with a bachelor's degree in business. In 1975, he earned his master's degree in sports administration from Kent State.[12]

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text: Saban played defensive back for Kent State under coach Don James. He and a roommate avoided being part of the Kent State shootings when they decided to eat lunch before walking to the rally area.[13]

text: Coaching career[edit]

text: Early coaching career[edit]

text: Saban had not intended to enter the coaching ranks until Don James hired him as a graduate assistant at Kent State, while Saban waited for his wife to graduate.[14] He later served as an assistant coach in NCAA Division I-A, at several schools: Syracuse in 1977, West Virginia in 1978 and 1979, Ohio State in 1980 and 1981, Navy in 1982, and Michigan State from 1983 to 1987.[15]

text: After the 1987 season, Kent State passed over Saban for its vacant head coaching position and hired Dick Crum.[16] Saban was then hired as an assistant for the Houston Oilers in the National Football League.[15]

text: Toledo[edit]

text: Saban began his career as a head coach when he was hired by the University of Toledo on December 22, 1989.[17] Coming off of 6–5 seasons in both 1988 and 1989, the Rockets found quick success under Nick Saban in 1990. With a 9–2 season, Toledo was co-champion of the Mid-American Conference.  The two games the Rockets lost that season were by narrow margins: one point to Central Michigan and four points to Navy.[18] While coaching in Toledo, Saban turned down an application from future head coach Urban Meyer, who was looking for any coaching job on Saban's staff.[19]

text: Cleveland Browns[edit]

text: The following February, Saban resigned as Toledo's head coach after only  one season in order to become defensive coordinator of the Cleveland Browns under head coach Bill Belichick.[20] He remained in that position for four seasons. Saban later said these four years were the "worst of my life".[21]

text: Michigan State[edit]

text: Saban arrived in East Lansing, Michigan prior to the 1995 season. Michigan State had not had a winning season since 1990, and the team was sanctioned by the NCAA for recruiting violations that were committed under his predecessor and former mentor, George Perles.[22]

text: Beginning in 1995, Saban moderately improved Michigan State's fortunes, taking the Spartans to bowl games in each of his first three seasons. From 1995 to 1997, Michigan State finished 6–5–1, 6–6, and 7–5. In comparison, MSU had finished 5–6, 6–6, and 5–6 (prior to NCAA forfeits) in 1992–1994.

text: On November 7, 1998, the Spartans upset the No. 1 ranked Ohio State 28–24 at Ohio Stadium. However, even after the upset and an early-season rout of then-highly ranked Notre Dame the Spartans finished 6–6, including three last-minute losses featuring turnovers, defensive lapses, and special-teams misplays, and failed to earn a bowl invitation.

text: Saban led the 1999 Spartans to a 9–2 season that included wins over Notre Dame, Michigan, Ohio State, and Penn State. However, the two losses were routs at the hands of Purdue and Wisconsin. Following the final regular-season game against Penn State, Saban abruptly resigned to accept the head coaching position with LSU. Saban's assistant head coach and successor, Bobby Williams, then coached the Spartans to a Citrus Bowl victory over Florida, giving the Spartans an overall record of 10–2 for the 1999 season. It would be the best season in terms of wins for the Spartans since 1965, and it would see the Spartans reach their highest ranking since the 1966 team.[23] Future NFL head coach Josh McDaniels served as a graduate assistant on Saban's 1999 coaching staff.

text: LSU[edit]

text: In November 1999, LSU named Nick Saban as their 31st head football coach.[24] In 2000, the Tigers went 8–4 and won the Peach Bowl. The season was somewhat marred by several lopsided losses, including a 34–17 loss to the Auburn Tigers, a 13–10 loss to the UAB Blazers, and a 41–9 loss to the Florida Gators.

text: Saban led LSU to a 10–3 record in 2001, including an SEC Championship and a Sugar Bowl victory. After a loss to the Ole Miss Rebels, the Tigers finished the year with six straight wins, including a win over #2 Tennessee in the 2001 SEC Championship Game, and a 47–34 win over Illinois in the 2002 Sugar Bowl. It was the first outright SEC championship for LSU since 1986, and the first time the Tigers had won the Sugar Bowl since 1968.

text: The 2002 season opened with high expectations, but a 26–8 loss at the hands of Virginia Tech raised serious questions about their outlook. However, the Tigers would rebound to win their next six straight, but after a mid-season injury to quarterback Matt Mauck, LSU lost four of its last six games to close the season, including a 21–20 loss at Arkansas, which knocked the Tigers out of the SEC Championship Game, and forced them to share the SEC West Division title with the Razorbacks. LSU also suffered a 35–20 loss to Texas in the Cotton Bowl Classic, and finished 8–5.

text: The 2003 Tigers started the season with five wins, including a 17–10 victory in Tiger Stadium over the defending SEC champion, and then undefeated, Georgia Bulldogs. LSU lost the following week to Florida, 19–7. After the loss to Florida, LSU did not lose again in the regular season and ended its regular season with a win over the Arkansas Razorbacks to win the SEC West. After winning the SEC West, the Tigers defeated the Georgia Bulldogs in the SEC Championship Game in Atlanta. They were ranked No. 2 in the BCS standings and advanced to play the BCS No. 1 Oklahoma Sooners in the Sugar Bowl, which was the host of the BCS Championship Game in 2003. The Tigers won the game 21–14. The win gave LSU the BCS national championship[25] and a 13–1 finish for the season.[26]

text: LSU finished the 2004 season 9–3, after losing to the Iowa Hawkeyes in the Capital One Bowl 30–25 on a final play touchdown pass. Other losses that season were on the road at Auburn 10–9, and a loss on the road to Georgia 45–16. At the end of the 2004 season, Saban left LSU to coach the Miami Dolphins.

text: Miami Dolphins[edit]

text: Saban accepted the head coaching position for the Miami Dolphins on December 25, 2004. He was the sixth coach in the franchise's history. The Nick Saban era officially kicked off with a 34–10 win over the Denver Broncos in 2005. From there, however, the Dolphins struggled, losing seven of their next nine games to fall to 3–7. The two wins came over the Carolina Panthers and the New Orleans Saints, a game that took place in Tiger Stadium due to Hurricane Katrina. After a frustrating two months, however, the Dolphins would rally late in the season, as they won their final six games, including a win to end the season in Foxboro, Massachusetts over the New England Patriots. The team finished the year with a 9–7 record, and narrowly missed the playoffs in Saban's first season.

text: Going into the 2006 season, the Dolphins were expected to contend for a playoff spot. The season, however, turned out to be a major disappointment. The Dolphins were considering quarterback Drew Brees, who had just been released from the San Diego Chargers due to a career-threatening shoulder injury and subsequent contract dispute, but instead signed Daunte Culpepper, who was still recovering from a knee injury from the previous season. Culpepper never fully recovered and was ultimately benched after the fourth game of the season, when the Dolphins lost to the Houston Texans. He was eventually put on Injured Reserve. After starting the season 1–6, however, the Dolphins got hot. They won four straight games, including wins over the Chicago Bears, who were previously unbeaten and made it to the Super Bowl that year, and the Kansas City Chiefs. Suddenly, the Dolphins were back in the playoff hunt at 5–6, but a 24–10 loss the following week to the Jacksonville Jaguars all but ended their playoff hopes. The Dolphins would rebound the following week with a 21–0 win over the New England Patriots. The win would be the last bright spot for the Dolphins in the 2006 season. Quarterback Joey Harrington was eventually benched in favor of third-string quarterback Cleo Lemon. While the defense was very good, the offense was anemic, with the only bright spot being running back Ronnie Brown, who gained over 1,000 rushing yards on the season. The Dolphins would lose their next two games to the Buffalo Bills and the New York Jets to finish 6–10, Saban's first losing season as a head coach.

text: On November 27, 2006, the University of Alabama announced the firing of head coach Mike Shula. Saban was rumored to be at the top of Alabama's wish list, but Saban refused to discuss the job while his NFL season was still underway.[27] During the month of December 2006, Saban was repeatedly questioned by the media about the Alabama job, and he repeatedly denied the rumors in his weekly press conferences, stating on December 21 "I guess I have to say it. I'm not going to be the Alabama coach."[28][29] Saban met with Alabama officials on January 1, 2007,[30] which was shortly after the Dolphins' season ending loss to the Indianapolis Colts.

text: Alabama[edit]

text: 2007 season[edit]

text: On January 3, 2007, following a meeting with Dolphins owner Wayne Huizenga, Saban announced that he had accepted an offer to become Alabama's 27th head coach.[31] His initial eight-year contract totaling US$32 million made him one of the highest-paid football coaches,[32] professional or collegiate, in the United States at the time.[33]

text: On January 4, 2007, at a press conference on the Alabama campus, Saban was officially introduced as the head football coach of The University of Alabama. On September 1, 2007, his Crimson Tide opened the season with a 52–6 win over the Western Carolina Catamounts, scoring more points than during any game in the 2006 season. Saban became the fifth Alabama coach since 1900 to start his first season 3–0, earning a win over then-ranked No. 16 Arkansas Razorbacks.[34] Alabama ended the regular season with a 6–6 record, including a four-game losing streak, a particularly humiliating loss at home to Louisiana-Monroe, and a sixth straight loss to Auburn in the Iron Bowl. The Crimson Tide defeated Colorado in the 2007 Independence Bowl, 30–24, to end the year 7–6.[n 1]

text: 2008 season[edit]

text: During his second year as head coach of the Tide, Saban led his team from a sub-par season in 2007 to a perfect 12–0 regular season record. Saban finished the regular season undefeated for the first time in his career as a head coach as he led the Crimson Tide to its first undefeated regular season since 1994.  He appeared on the September 1, 2008, cover of Forbes magazine as "The Most Powerful Coach in Sports".[35]

text: His second season at the Capstone began with a 34–10 victory over the No. 9 ranked Clemson Tigers in the Chick-fil-A College Kickoff in the Georgia Dome. Three weeks later Alabama had a convincing 49–14 road-win over Arkansas. The Tide followed that victory with an impressive 41–30 win over the No. 3 ranked Georgia Bulldogs. After the Georgia game, the Tide won consecutive home games against the Kentucky Wildcats and the Ole Miss Rebels and finished the month of October with a 29–9 victory over the Tennessee Volunteers in Knoxville. Following a 35–0 homecoming victory over Arkansas State, the Crimson Tide rose to No. 1 in all major polls in Week 10—following a loss by No. 1 Texas to the Texas Tech Red Raiders. It was the first time since the 1980 season that Alabama held the top spot during the regular season.[36]

text: The Tide took their No. 1 ranking into Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and came out with a 27–21 overtime victory over LSU. With the win, Alabama clinched its first SEC Western Division Championship since 1999 and guaranteed the team a trip to the 2008 SEC championship game. The Tide then improved to 11–0 with a win at home over Mississippi State. To finish the regular season, Bama defeated in-state rival Auburn, 36–0, the largest margin of victory in the series since 1962. It was Alabama's first victory over Auburn since the 2001 season. In the SEC Championship Game, Alabama suffered its first defeat in a 31–20 loss to the SEC Eastern Division Champion Florida Gators (who later won the 2008 BCS Championship), and closed out the season with a 31–17 loss to Utah in the Sugar Bowl[37] to finish the season at 12–2. For his efforts during the season, Saban received several Coach of the Year awards.[38][39][40]

text: 2009 season[edit]

text: No. 5 Alabama began Saban's third year by defeating the No. 7 ranked Virginia Tech Hokies in the Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game, 34–24. The Crimson Tide followed up with wins over Florida International and North Texas. The following week Alabama won its conference opener over Arkansas, 35–7. In its fifth game of the year Alabama beat Kentucky, 38–20. The sixth game of the season featured a hard-fought defensive battle with Bama defeating Ole Miss, 22–3. The seventh game was the same as Alabama defeated the South Carolina Gamecocks, 20–6. The next day, Alabama moved up to No. 1 in the AP poll for the second straight year. The next week Alabama beat Tennessee 12–10, when Terrence Cody blocked Tennessee's game-winning field goal attempt with four seconds left, sealing the victory and improving the team's record to 8–0.[41]

text: After a bye week, Alabama clinched its second straight SEC West Division Championship by knocking off LSU, 24–15. The next week Alabama defeated Mississippi State, 31–3, securing the second straight 10-win season for Alabama. Following a 45–0 blowout of Chattanooga, on Black Friday, Alabama came from behind to defeat Gene Chizik's Auburn Tigers, 26–21, marking the first time since 1973–1974 Alabama had finished the regular season undefeated in consecutive years, and the first consecutive 12-win seasons. The Crimson Tide defeated the Florida Gators in the SEC Championship, 32–13, in a rematch of the previous year's championship game. The championship represented Alabama's 22nd SEC title and its first since 1999. Saban's Crimson Tide ended the season with a 37–21 victory over the Texas Longhorns in the National Championship to finish a perfect 14–0. The win secured Saban's second national championship and Alabama's 13th, and its first in the BCS era. Following the victory over the Longhorns, the University of Alabama announced that it would unveil a statue of Saban in the week prior to the kickoff of the 2010 season. On April 16, 2011, a life-sized bronzed statue of Saban was unveiled at the 2011 A-Day spring game, making him Alabama's fifth coach to be immortalized outside the north end zone of Bryant–Denny Stadium.

text: 2010 season[edit]

text: At the start of his fourth season, Alabama was overwhelmingly chosen as the preseason No. 1 team in both the AP and Coaches Poll. It was the first time since 1978 that the Crimson Tide started the season ranked N. 1.[42] In the season opener in front a record crowd of 101,821, Alabama defeated San Jose State, 48–3. The following week, the Tide defeated Joe Paterno and the #23 Penn State 24–3 in their first meeting since 1990. The next week against Duke, Mark Ingram made his first start of the 2010 season leading Alabama to a 62–13 victory.[43] The next week Alabama overcame a 20–7 deficit to win its conference opener against #10 Arkansas, 24–20.[44] On October 2, Alabama defeated #7 Florida 31–6. The following week Alabama lost to #19 South Carolina 35–21, snapping a 19-game win streak (29 in regular season).[45]

text: Alabama bounced back with a 23–10 win over Ole Miss, and followed that up with a 41–10 victory over Tennessee. After a bye week, Alabama suffered its second loss of the season, losing to #10 LSU, 24–21. The following week, Alabama bounced back at home defeating #17 Mississippi State, 30–10. The game marked the 800th victory for the University of Alabama's football program. The following week Alabama defeated Georgia State 63–7, the most points for Alabama since 1979.[46] In the Iron Bowl, Alabama lost to in-state rival (and eventual BCS champions) #2 Auburn 28–27, snapping a 20-game home winning streak. In winning the game, Auburn overcame a 24–0 second quarter Alabama lead, thus marking the largest deficit any team had overcome to defeat the Crimson Tide in its football program's history. Alabama was selected to play in the 2011 Capital One Bowl and in their first ever meeting, Alabama defeated #7 Michigan State 49–7 in the largest margin of victory in that bowl game's history. The bowl victory brought Alabama to 10–3 on the season and secured Alabama's third consecutive 10-win season.[47]

text: 2011 season[edit]

text: At the start of his fifth season, Alabama came into the season ranked No. 2 in the country. In the first game of the season, Alabama defeated Saban's alma mater Kent State 48–7. The next week, Alabama traveled to Penn State for the first time since 1989 and defeated Joe Paterno and #23 Nittany Lions 27–11. Alabama recorded its first shutout of the season by defeating North Texas 41–0. In the conference opener, Alabama defeated #12 Arkansas 38–14. The next week Alabama traveled to The Swamp and defeated the 12th-ranked Florida Gators 38–10. The following week at homecoming, Alabama shut out Vanderbilt, defeating them 34–0. Alabama then traveled to Oxford and destroyed Ole Miss 52–7. In week 8, Alabama defeated their rival Tennessee 37–6 by scoring 31 unanswered points in the second half. After a bye week, Alabama played host to #1 LSU, losing in overtime 9–6. This was the first time in SEC history that two conference teams ranked No. 1 and No. 2 in the polls played each other during the regular season.[citation needed]

text:
Alabama rebounded the next week after struggling in the first half, with a win over Mississippi State 24–7. The next week, Alabama defeated FCS 3rd ranked Georgia Southern 45–21 on Senior Day. This win gave Saban his fourth consecutive 10-win season, tying Bear Bryant from 1977–80. In the Iron Bowl, Alabama defeated Auburn 42–14. This was Saban's third win over the Tigers in four years. On December 4, Alabama was selected to face LSU in the BCS National Championship Game by finishing No. 2 in the final BCS rankings, the first time in college football history that two teams from the same conference (much less the same division of the same conference) played each other for the BCS Championship. In the rematch, Alabama defeated the Tigers 21–0 with a dominating defensive performance, improving Saban's record to 3–3 against Les Miles and his former employer, LSU.[48]
The win secured Saban his third BCS Championship, his second with Alabama, and the 14th National Championship for the Alabama football team. He is the only coach in college football to win three BCS Championships and the first coach since Nebraska's Tom Osborne to win three National Championships.

text: 2012 season[edit]

text: At the start of his sixth season, Alabama came into the season ranked No. 2 in both preseason polls for the second consecutive year. Alabama opened the season at Cowboys Stadium against #8 Michigan in the first meeting between the schools since the 2000 Orange Bowl with Alabama winning 41–14. The next week, Alabama moved up to No. 1 in both polls, marking the fifth consecutive year the Tide have reached the top spot. A few days later, Alabama shut out Western Kentucky 35–0. Alabama opened up conference play the next week by routing Arkansas 52–0 in their sixth consecutive win over the Razorbacks. In week 4, Alabama defeated Florida Atlantic 40–7, giving Saban his 150th win. The next week, the Tide defeated Ole Miss 33–14. Following a bye week, Alabama traveled to Columbia, Missouri for the first time since 1978 and defeated the Missouri Tigers 42–10 in their first meeting as conference opponents. The next week Alabama defeated their rival Tennessee 44–13 for the sixth consecutive year. On homecoming, Alabama beat undefeated #13 Mississippi State 38–7.

text: In a rematch of the 2012 BCS National Championship Game, Alabama overcame a late deficit with less than a minute remaining to defeat #5 LSU 21–17. The next week, Alabama suffered their first loss of the season to new conference member #15 Texas A&M 29–24. Alabama rebounded the following week recording its third shutout of the season defeating Western Carolina 49–0. The win secured Alabama's fifth consecutive 10-win season, tying the longest streak from 1971 to 1975. In the Iron Bowl, Alabama defeated Auburn 49–0 to secure its third SEC Western Division Championship under Saban. It is the second biggest margin of victory in the rivalry's history and first shutout since 2008. It is Alabama's fourth shutout of the season (second time back-to-back) and second year in a row the Tide finish the regular season 11–1. In the SEC Championship, Alabama overcame a late drive by #3 Georgia to defeat the Bulldogs 32–28 winning the schools 23rd conference title. The 2012 title was Alabama's first conference championship since 2009 and Saban's fourth overall (2nd with Alabama). The win also clinched a spot in a BCS bowl game for the fourth time in five years. On December 2, Alabama finished second in the final BCS rankings for the second consecutive season. On January 7, 2013, No. 2 Alabama faced #1 Notre Dame in the first meeting between the schools since 1987, defeating the Irish 42–14 in the 2013 BCS National Championship Game. The win gave Alabama their 15th national championship and their third championship in four years. Alabama won back-to-back national titles for the first time since 1978 and 1979. The title was Saban's fourth national championship and his third with the Crimson Tide, tying him with Wallace Wade for second all-time at Alabama.

text: 2013 season[edit]

text: As the 2013 campaign began, Saban's Crimson Tide was ranked No. 1 in both the AP and Coaches preseason polls for the first time since 2010. In the Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game,  Alabama defeated Virginia Tech 35–10 at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta. Following a bye week, Alabama traveled to College Station, Texas to pick up its first conference win, defeating #6 Texas A&M, 49–42, in a wild shootout that Alabama had lost the year before. The Crimson Tide then went on to defeat Colorado State, which was coached by Alabama's former offensive coordinator Jim McElwain, 31–6. #21 Ole Miss Rebels was next up for Alabama, which shut out the Rebels 25–0 for its tenth straight win in the series. The following week saw Alabama beat Georgia State 45–3. Alabama then went on the road and defeated Kentucky 48–7. And for the second straight year Alabama defeated Arkansas 52–0. In the Third Saturday in October, The Tide defeated Tennessee 45–10 to win its seventh consecutive game over the Vols. Following their second bye week, Alabama took on #10 LSU and Saban improved his record to 5–3 against the Tigers, as Alabama won 38–17. The Crimson Tide then defeated Mississippi State 20–7 in a defensive bout. The win gave Alabama its sixth straight ten-win season, the longest in school history. On Senior day, the Tide knocked off FCS opponent Chattanooga 49–0.

text: Up next was the Iron Bowl, which was hosted by #4 Auburn in a matchup between top five teams. The game was tied 28–28 with only a single second remaining in regulation, as Alabama and Auburn appeared headed for overtime. Extra time wasn't necessary, however, as Saban decided to attempt a 56-yard field goal instead of either running out the clock or attempting a Hail Mary from Auburn's 39-yard line. The decision proved costly, as the field goal was short but caught nine yards deep in the Auburn end zone by the Tigers' Chris Davis, who returned the failed attempt 109 yards for a touchdown as time expired. The 28–34 loss knocked Alabama out of contention for the SEC Championship and dashed The Tide's hope for a national championship. Alabama finished the regular season 11–1 for the third consecutive year and clinched a share with Auburn of the SEC West Division title. At the end of the regular season, Alabama finished ranked No. 3 in the final BCS rankings and earned an at-large bid to the 2014 Sugar Bowl. Alabama accepted an invitation to play in its third straight BCS bowl game and fifth in Saban's seven seasons at Alabama. In the Sugar Bowl, Alabama lost to #11 Oklahoma 45–31. This was Saban's second bowl loss at Alabama and first since the 2009 Sugar Bowl against Utah. The Tide finished the season at 11–2.

text: 2014 season[edit]

text: Starting in his eighth season, Alabama began the year ranked No. 2 in the preseason AP and Coaches Poll for the third time in four years. It was the fifth straight season the Crimson Tide started the year in the top two and the seventh consecutive year in the top five. In the season opener, Alabama improved to 4–0 in the Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game beating West Virginia 33–23 in the first meeting between the two schools. The Tide won their home opener the next week over Florida Atlantic 41–0 after the game was called in the fourth quarter due to lightning. The following week they defeated Southern Miss 52–12. In their conference opener, Alabama put up 645 yards of offense beating Florida 42–21. Following a bye week Alabama was voted No. 1 in the Coaches Poll marking the seventh consecutive season Alabama has reached the top spot. Alabama suffered their first loss of the season losing to #11 Ole Miss 23–17 which ended a 10-game win streak against the Rebels. In Saban's 100th game with the Tide, Alabama bounced back, narrowly defeating Arkansas 14–13 for its eighth consecutive victory in the series. The next week the Tide dominated #21 Texas A&M shutting them out 59–0 which is the 4th largest victory in school history. In their annual rivalry with Tennessee, Alabama won their eighth straight over the Vols 34–20. After a second bye week, Alabama traveled to Baton Rouge to play #14 LSU. After a late field goal, Alabama sent the game into overtime defeating the Tigers 20–13. In a matchup of top five teams, Alabama defeated #1 Mississippi State 25–20 marking the first time Alabama has defeated an AP No. 1 team at home. Alabama then defeated FCS opponent Western Carolina 48–14. The win secured Alabama its seventh consecutive ten-win season. In the Iron Bowl, Alabama avenged their only regular season loss of last season defeating their in state rival #15 Auburn 55–44, the most points scored in the rivalry's history. The Tide finished the regular season 11–1 for the 4th straight season and won the SEC West. It was Saban's 5th division title at Alabama (8th overall for his career). In the 2014 SEC Championship Game, Saban won his 5th SEC title (3rd with Alabama) defeating #14 Missouri 42–13. It was Alabama's 24th SEC championship and first since 2012.  Alabama was selected for the College Football Playoff as the No. 1 seed and played the No. 4 seed Ohio State in the Sugar Bowl, losing 42–35. The loss was Saban's third in Sugar Bowls at Alabama. The Tide finished the season at 12–2.

text: 2015 season[edit]

text: Starting in his ninth season, Saban and Alabama began the year ranked No. 3 in the preseason AP and Coaches Poll marking the eighth straight year the Tide began the season in the top five. It is their lowest preseason ranking since 2009. In the season opener against #20 Wisconsin, Alabama won, 35–17, in Arlington, Texas. In the home opener, the Tide defeated Middle Tennessee, 37–10. In the conference opener, Alabama lost a back and forth struggle to #15 Ole Miss, 43–37. The following week Alabama bounced back with a 34–0 win over Louisiana Monroe.  The Tide picked up a conference win dominating #8 Georgia, 38–10. Alabama then defeated Arkansas 27–14 for its ninth consecutive win in the series. The following week behind a strong defensive performance, the Tide beat #9 Texas A&M 41–23. In the annual Third Saturday in October meeting, the Tide narrowly defeated Tennessee 19–14 to win its ninth consecutive in the rivalry. After the bye week, Alabama hosted #2 LSU in a matchup of top five teams winning 30–16. It was Saban's fifth consecutive win the series. The Tide then beat #20 Mississippi State, 31–6, for the eighth straight year. Alabama then defeated FCS opponent Charleston Southern, 56–6, to secure Saban's 8th consecutive 10 win season. In the Iron Bowl, Alabama defeated in-state rival Auburn, 29–13, to secure a fourth straight West Division Championship and sixth for Saban at Alabama. The Tide also finished the regular season 11–1 for the fifth straight season. In the SEC Championship, Saban secured his sixth conference title when the Tide defeated #18 Florida 29–15. It's Alabama's 25th conference championship, 2nd consecutive title and third in four years. Alabama for the second straight year was selected to the College Football Playoff and represented as the #2 seed. On December 12, running back Derrick Henry became Saban's second player to win the Heisman Trophy. Saban joined Bob Stoops as the only active coaches to have multiple Heisman winners. In the College Football Playoff semifinal at the Cotton Bowl, Alabama shutout the #3 seed Michigan State, 38–0. The win was Alabama's first in the College Football Playoff and marked Alabama's first appearance in a national championship game since the 2012 season. Alabama went on to defeat unbeaten #1 Clemson, 45–40, to win the College Football Playoff National Championship.  The victory marked Alabama's 16th national title and fourth in seven seasons. It was Saban's fifth national title and fourth at Alabama. The Tide finished the season at 14–1.

text: 2016 season[edit]

text: Alabama came into Saban's tenth season ranked #1 in the AP and Coaches poll. 2016 was the ninth consecutive year Alabama has been #1 during the season. In the first meeting since the 1985 Aloha Bowl, Alabama dominated traditional power #20 USC, 52–6, in the Advocare Classic at Arlington, Texas. In the home opener, the Tide took down Western Kentucky, 38–10. In the conference opener, Alabama avenged their last two regular season losses, defeating #19 Ole Miss 48–43. The next week Saban took on his alma mater Kent State with a 48–0 shutout. On homecoming, Alabama defeated Kentucky 34–6. The next week Saban picked up his 10th consecutive victory over Arkansas winning 49–30. In the annual Third Saturday in October, Alabama dominated #9 Tennessee 49–10, to win its 10th in a row over the Vols. In their second straight game versus a top 10 opponent, Alabama defeated #6 Texas A&M 33–14. After a bye week, the Tide went to Baton Rouge to face #15 LSU. In a defensive slugfest, Alabama shut out the Tigers 10–0. The win gave Saban his 200th win as a college head coach. The win was also Alabama's sixth in a row over LSU and the first shutout over them since the 2012 BCS National Championship Game. The following week Alabama defeated Mississippi State 51–3. The win gave Saban his ninth consecutive season winning 10 or more games. With a win by Georgia over #9 Auburn, the Tide secured their fifth consecutive SEC West Division Championship, seventh for Saban at Alabama, and 10th overall for his career. The next week the Tide defeated FCS opponent Chattanooga 31–3. In the Iron Bowl, Saban secured an undefeated regular season by defeating in-state rival #16 Auburn 30–12. This is Alabama's third straight win over the Tigers, the first time since 1990–1992. Alabama finished its regular season 12–0 for the third time in Saban's career at Alabama and first since 2009. In the SEC Championship, Alabama defeated #15 Florida in a rematch of last season's title game 54–16. The win gave Alabama its 26th SEC title, 5th for Saban at Alabama and 7th overall for his career. Alabama has won three straight conference championships for the first time since 1977–1979 and first three-peat since the championship game was added in 1992. Alabama made the College Football Playoff for the third consecutive year and came in as the #1 seed for the second time. The Tide was selected to play in the Peach Bowl against the #4 seed Washington Huskies. In the first meeting with the Huskies since the 1986 Sun Bowl, Alabama won 24–7. In a rematch of last season's National Championship game, Alabama fell short to #2 Clemson 35–31 when the Tigers scored on a game-winning touchdown pass with 1 second left on the clock. Alabama failed to recover Clemson's onside kick and time ran out. The loss snapped Alabama's 26-game winning streak and was Saban's first loss in a title game. The Tide finished the season at 14–1.

text: 2017 season[edit]

text: In his 11th season, Alabama started the season #1 in both the AP and Coaches poll for the second consecutive year. This is the 10th season in a row that Alabama was #1 at a point during the season and 4th time to start the season under Saban. In the Chick-fil-A Kickoff Game in a matchup of top 3 teams, Alabama beat #3 Florida State 24–7. Alabama improved to 5–0 in Chick-fil-A games and Saban improved to 11–0 against former assistant coaches. In the home opener, the Tide defeated Fresno State 41–10. The next week Alabama defeated Colorado State 41–23. In the conference opener, the Tide dominated Vanderbilt 59–0. The following week, Alabama manhandled Ole Miss 66–3, the most points in a game since 1979. The next week, Alabama went on the road and defeated Texas A&M 27–19. The next week, the Tide defeated Arkansas 41–9 for the 11th win in a row in the series. In the annual Third Saturday in October, the Tide defeated Tennessee 45–7. The win is the 11th consecutive victory over the Vols, tying the record set back from 1971–1981. Following the bye week, Alabama won its seventh consecutive game over rival #19 LSU 24–10. Alabama then traveled to Starkville and escaped with a 31-24 win over #18 Mississippi State. The win secured Saban's 10th consecutive season with 10 or more wins. On Senior Day, Alabama dominated FCS opponent Mercer 56-0. The win gave Saban's senior class its 51st win, tying the NCAA record. In the Iron Bowl, the Tide suffered its first loss of the season to in state rival #6 Auburn 26-14. Alabama wins a share of the SEC Western division title, their 6th in a row. They finish the regular season 11-1. On December 3, Alabama was selected to the College Football Playoff for the 4th consecutive year. They were chosen as the #4 seed and played the #1 seed Clemson Tigers at the Sugar Bowl. In the rematch of the previous two National Championship games, Alabama avenged last season's only loss to Clemson winning 24-6. The win gave Saban his first Sugar Bowl victory as Alabama's coach, ending a 3-game losing streak in the bowl. The win secured Saban his third consecutive appearance in the College Football Playoff Championship game. It also gave Saban's Senior class an NCAA record 52nd win. Alabama took on the #3 seed Georgia Bulldogs in the 2nd ever National Championship game between SEC schools. In overtime, backup quarterback Tua Tagovailoa threw the game winning touchdown pass to Devonta Smith for a 26-23 victory. This is Alabama's 17th National Championship and fifth title in nine seasons. Saban tied Coach Paul W. Bryant with six National Championships for most all time in the poll era. The Tide finished the season 13-1.

text: 2018 season[edit]

text: In this twelfth season, Alabama started the season ranked #1 in the AP and coaches poll for the third consecutive year. In the Camping World Kickoff in Orlando, FL, the Tide defeated Louisville 51-14.[49] In the home opener, the Tide dominated Arkansas State 57-7.[50] In their conference opener against Ole Miss, the Crimson Tide won 62-7. [51] The Tide then defeated Jimbo Fisher and #22 Texas A&M 45-23. The following week, Alabama beat Louisiana 56-14. Alabama then went to Fayetteville and defeated Arkansas 65-31 for its 12th consecutive victory over the Hogs. On homecoming, the Tide defeated Missouri 39-10. In the Third Saturday in October, Alabama defeated rival Tennessee 58-21. It's the longest winning streak against the Vols with 12 wins and most points scored against them.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: He is a devout Roman Catholic who attends Mass before games.[52] The Sabans attend St. Francis of Assisi University Parish In Tuscaloosa.[53] St. Francis' Parish priest, Father Gerald Holloway, served as a chaplain for the football team before he was transferred.[54] Saban owns a vacation home on Lake Burton in northeast Georgia.

text: Saban is of Croatian origin.[55] Bill Belichick and Saban are good friends. When Belichick spoke about their relationship, he said: "Two successful Croats in the same division of NFL. You must admit, you don't see that every day."[56]

text: Saban shares his last name with another famous football coach, Lou Saban. They were called "distant cousins" in a 2005 article where Lou comments on the younger Saban's success.[57] Upon the death of Lou Saban, his widow Joyce Saban said the two men might have been second cousins,[58] but their families say they are not related.

text: Saban made a cameo appearance as himself in the movie The Blind Side. In August 2010, the movie Nick Saban: Gamechanger was released. Included in the film are interviews from Belichick and Alabama athletic director Mal Moore, among others.

text: Saban and his wife Terry are the co-founders of the foundation Nick's Kids. This foundation has been used by the Sabans to help mentally challenged children ever since Saban started head coaching. In the first three years at Alabama, Nick's Kids raised more than US$1 million.[59]

text: Political endorsements[edit]

text: In October, 2018, Saban appeared in an ad endorsing the incumbent Senate candidate from West Virginia, Joe Manchin, stating that they grew up together. [60]

text: Coaching tree[edit]

text: Saban is from the Don James coaching tree.  After finishing his degree at Kent State University in 1972 Coach James convinced Saban to join the Kent State coaching staff as a graduate assistant.  Saban's coaching career also encompasses the Bill Belichick coaching tree, having worked as his defensive coordinator during Belichick's tenure as head coach of the Cleveland Browns.

text: Saban has had many assistants who have gone on to become head coaches:

text:
Bobby Williams: Michigan State (1999–2002)
Mark Dantonio: Cincinnati (2004–2006), Michigan State (2007–present)
Derek Dooley: Louisiana Tech (2007–2009), Tennessee (2010–2012)
Lane Kiffin: Oakland Raiders (2007-2008), Tennessee (2009), USC (2010-2013), FAU (2016–present)
Mike Haywood: Miami (OH) (2009–2010), Texas Southern (2016–present)
Jimbo Fisher: Florida State (2010–2017), Texas A&M (2018–present)
Jason Garrett: Dallas Cowboys (2011–present) [61]
Will Muschamp: Florida (2011–2014), South Carolina (2016–present)
Jim McElwain: Colorado State (2012–2014), Florida (2015–2017)
Dan Quinn: Atlanta Falcons (2015–present)
Adam Gase: Miami Dolphins (2016–present)
Kirby Smart: Georgia (2016–present)[62][63]
Major Applewhite: Houston (2016–present)[64]
Mario Cristobal: FIU (2007-2012) Oregon (2017–present)
Jeremy Pruitt: Tennessee (2018–present)[65]
Billy Napier: Louisiana (2018–present)

tag: ul

text: Head coaching record[edit]

text: College[edit]

text:
Year

Team

Overall

Conference
Standing

Bowl/playoffs

Coaches#

AP°

Toledo Rockets (Mid-American Conference) (1990)

1990

Toledo

9–2
7–1
T–1st

Toledo:

9–2
7–1

Michigan State Spartans (Big Ten Conference) (1995–1999)

1995

Michigan State

6–5–1
4–3–1
5th
L Independence

1996

Michigan State

6–6
5–3
5th
L Sun

1997

Michigan State

7–5
4–4
6th
L Aloha

1998

Michigan State

6–6
4–4
6th

1999

Michigan State

9–2[n 2]
6–2
T–2nd
Florida Citrus[n 2]
9[n 2]
9[n 2]

Michigan State:

34–24–1
23–16–1

LSU Tigers (Southeastern Conference) (2000–2004)

2000

LSU

8–4
5–3
3rd (Western)
W Peach

22

2001

LSU

10–3
5–3
1st (Western)
W Sugar†
8
7

2002

LSU

8–5
5–3
T–2nd (Western)[n 3]
L Cotton

2003

LSU

13–1
7–1
1st (Western)
W Sugar†
1
2

2004

LSU

9–3
6–2
2nd (Western)
L Capital One
16
16

LSU:

48–16
28–12

Alabama Crimson Tide (Southeastern Conference) (2007–present)

2007

Alabama

2–6[n 1]
1–4[n 1]
T–3rd (Western)
W Independence

2008

Alabama

12–2
8–0
1st (Western)
L Sugar†
6
6

2009

Alabama

14–0
8–0
1st (Western)
W BCS NCG†
1
1

2010

Alabama

10–3
5–3
4th (Western)
W Capital One
11
10

2011

Alabama

12–1
7–1
2nd (Western)
W BCS NCG†
1
1

2012

Alabama

13–1
7–1
1st (Western)
W BCS NCG†
1
1

2013

Alabama

11–2
7–1
T–1st (Western)
L Sugar†
8
7

2014

Alabama

12–2
7–1
1st (Western)
L Sugar†
4
4

2015

Alabama

14–1
7–1
1st (Western)
W Cotton†, W CFP NCG†
1
1

2016

Alabama

14–1
8–0
1st (Western)
W Peach†, L CFP NCG†
2
2

2017

Alabama

13–1
7–1
T–1st (Western)
W Sugar†, W CFP NCG†
1
1

2018

Alabama

8–0
5–0
(Western)

Alabama:

135–20[n 1]
77–13[n 1]

Total:
226–62–1[n 1]

      National championship         Conference title         Conference division title or championship game berth

†Indicates BCS or CFP / New Years' Six bowl.
#Rankings from final Coaches Poll.
°Rankings from final AP Poll.

tag: table

text: NFL[edit]

text:
Team
Year
Regular season
Postseason

Won
Lost
Ties
Win %
Finish
Won
Lost
Win %
Result

MIA
2005

9
7
0
.563
2nd in AFC East
–
–
–
–

MIA
2006

6
10
0
.375
4th in AFC East
–
–
–
–

MIA Total
15
17
0
.469

–
–
–

Total
15
17
0
.469


document_title: Fräulein

question_text: what is the difference between frau and fraulein

text: Fräulein

text: Look up fräulein in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: Fräulein (German: [ˈfʀɔɪ̯laɪ̯n] ( listen)) is the German language honorific previously in common use for unmarried women, comparable to Miss in English.

text: Description[edit]

text: Fräulein is the diminutive form of Frau, which was previously reserved only for married women. Frau is in origin the equivalent of "Mylady" or "Madam", a form of address of a noblewoman. But by an ongoing process of devaluation of honorifics, it came to be used as the unmarked term for "woman" by about 1800. Therefore, Fräulein came to be interpreted as expressing a "diminutive of woman", as it were implying that a Fräulein is not-quite-a-woman. By the 1960s, this came to be seen as patronising by proponents of feminism, and during the 1970s and 1980s, the term Fräulein became nearly taboo in urban and official settings, while it remained an unmarked standard in many rural areas. This process was somewhat problematic, at least during the 1970s to 1980s, since many unmarried women of the older generation insisted on Fräulein as a term of distinction, respecting their status, and took the address of Frau as offensive or suggestive of extra-marital sexual experience.

text: Since the 1970s, Fräulein has come to be used less often, and was banned from official use in West Germany in 1972 by the Minister of the Interior.[2] Nowadays, style guides and dictionaries recommend that all women be addressed as Frau regardless of marital status, particularly in formal situations.[3][4] A newsletter published on the website of the German dictionary Duden in 2002, for instance, noted that women should only be addressed as Fräulein when they specifically request this form of address.[5]

text: Despite its less common everyday use nowadays, Fräulein has seen a revival in recent years as a vogue term, especially in popular culture. [6][7] The term has also seen a rise in use by antiquarians, traditionalists and reactionaries.


document_title: Minister for Trade and Industry (Ghana)

question_text: who is the current minister for trade and industry in ghana

text: Minister for Trade and Industry (Ghana)

text: The Minister for Trade and Industry is the Ghana government official responsible for both internal and external trade as well as the promotion of Ghanaian industries.

text: The Minister for Trade and Industry since 16 July 2014 is Ekwow Spio-Garbrah.

text: List of Ghanaian Trade Ministers[edit]

text:
Number

Minister

Took office

Left office

Government

Party

1
Kojo Botsio[1]  (MP)
1957
1958
Nkrumah government
Convention People's Party

2
Patrick Quaidoo
1958
1960

2
Lawrence Rosario Abavana (MP)
1961

3
Akwasi Afrifa
1966
1969
National Liberation Council
Military government

4
R. A. Quarshie

Busia government
Progress Party

5
Roger Joseph Felli
1972

National Redemption Council
Military government

6
Colonel Kobina Adduah Quashie
1975
1979
Supreme Military Council

7
J.L.S. Abbey
1979
1979
Armed Forces Revolutionary Council

8
Francis Kwame Buah
1979
1980
Limann government
People's National Party

9
Vincent Y. Bulla
1980

10
Kofi Djin  ?

Provisional National Defence Council
Military government

11
Huudu Yahaya

 12    Aanaa Ening

12
John Bawa

13
Emma Mitchell
?
Jan 1996
Rawlings government
National Democratic Congress

14
John Frank Abu

15
Dan Abodakpi
?
Jan 2001

16
Kofi Konadu Apraku
2001
2003
Kufuor government
New Patriotic Party

17
Alan Kyeremanteng
2003
2007

18
Joe Baidoe-Ansah
2007
2008

19
Papa Owusu Ankomah
2008
2009

20
Hanna Tetteh
2009
2012
Mills government
National Democratic Congress

2012
2013
Mahama government

21
Haruna Iddrisu  (MP)
14 February 2013
16 July 2014

22
Ekwow Spio-Garbrah
16 July 2014
6 January 2017

23
Alan John Kyerematen[2]
28 January 2017
incumbent
Akufo-Addo government
New Patriotic Party


document_title: List of Arizona Diamondbacks seasons

question_text: when was the last time the dbacks went to the playoffs

text: List of Arizona Diamondbacks seasons

text: Table Key[edit]

text:
NLDS

National League Division Series

NLCS

National League Championship Series

MVP

Most Valuable Player Award

CYA

Cy Young Award

ROY

Rookie of the Year Award

MOY

Manager of the Year Award

CB POY

Comeback Player of the Year Award

WS MVP

World Series Most Valuable Player Award

text: Regular season results[edit]

text:
World Series champions †
NL champions *
Division champions (1969–present) ^
Wild card berth (1995–present) ¤

text:
Season
Level
League
Division
Finish
Wins
Losses
Win%
GB
Post-season
Awards

1998
MLB
NL
West
5th
65
97
.401
33

1999
MLB
NL
West ^
1st
100
62
.617
—
Lost NLDS (Mets) 3–1[4]
Randy Johnson (CYA)[8]

2000
MLB
NL
West
3rd
85
77
.525
12

Randy Johnson (CYA)[8]

2001
MLB †
NL *
West ^
1st
92
70
.568
—
Won NLDS (Cardinals) 3–2
Won NLCS (Braves) 4–1
Won World Series (Yankees) 4–3[5] †
Randy Johnson (CYA, co-WS MVP)
Curt Schilling (co-WS MVP)[8]

2002
MLB
NL
West ^
1st
98
64
.605
—
Lost NLDS (Cardinals) 3–0[6]
Randy Johnson (CYA)[8]

2003
MLB
NL
West
3rd
84
78
.519
16½

2004
MLB
NL
West
5th
51
111
.315
42

2005
MLB
NL
West
2nd
77
85
.475
5

2006
MLB
NL
West
4th
76
86
.469
12

Brandon Webb (CYA)[8]

2007
MLB
NL
West ^
1st
90
72
.556
—
Won NLDS (Cubs) 3–0
Lost NLCS (Rockies) 4–0[7]
Bob Melvin (MOY)[9]

2008
MLB
NL
West
2nd
82
80
.506
2

2009
MLB
NL
West
5th
70
92
.432
25

2010
MLB
NL
West
5th
65
97
.401
27

2011
MLB
NL
West ^
1st
94
68
.580
—
Lost NLDS (Brewers) 3–2
Kirk Gibson (MOY)

2012
MLB
NL
West
3rd
81
81
.500
13

2013
MLB
NL
West
2nd
81
81
.500
11

2014
MLB
NL
West
5th
64
98
.395
30

2015
MLB
NL
West
3rd
79
83
.488
13

2016
MLB
NL
West
4th
69
93
.426
22

2017
MLB
NL
West
2nd ¤
93
69
.574
11
Won NLWC (Rockies)
Lost NLDS (Dodgers) 3–0

Totals
Wins
Losses
Win%

1596
1644
.493
All-time regular season record[10]

18
22
.450
All-time postseason record

5
5
.500
All-time postseason series record

text: These statistics are current as of October 5, 2017. Bold denotes a playoff season, pennant or championship; italics denote an active season.

text: Record by decade[edit]

text: The following table describes the Diamondbacks' MLB win–loss record by decade.

text:
Decade
Wins
Losses
Win %

1990s
165
159
.509

2000s
805
815
.497

2010s
626
670
.483

All-time
1596
1644
.493

text: These statistics are from Baseball-Reference.com's Arizona Diamondbacks History & Encyclopedia,[10] and are current as of October 5, 2017.


document_title: Bantu Education Act, 1953

question_text: when was bantu education introduced in south africa

text: Bantu Education Act, 1953

text:
Bantu Education Act, 1953

Act to provide for the transfer of the administration and control of native education from the several provincial administrations to the Government of the Union, and for matters incidental thereto.Citation
Act No. 47 of 1953Enacted by
Parliament of South AfricaDate of Royal Assent
5 October 1986Date commenced
1 January 1954Date repealed
1 January 1980Administered by
Minister of Native AffairsRepealing legislation
Education and Training Act, 1979
Status: Repealed

text: The Bantu Education Act, 1953 (Act No. 47 of 1953; later renamed the Black Education Act, 1953) was a South African segregation law which legalised several aspects of the apartheid system passed by the Apartheid regime which was really not on the side of the black community. Its major provision was enforcing racially separated educational facilities.[1] Even universities were made "tribal", and all but three missionary schools chose to close down when the government no longer would help support their schools. Very few authorities continued using their own finances to support education for native Africans.[2] In 1959, this type of education was extended to "non white" universities and colleges with the Extension of University Education Act, and the internationally prestigious University College of Fort Hare was taken over by the government and degraded to being part of the Bantu education system.[3] It is often argued that the policy of Bantu (African) education was aimed to direct black or non-white youth to the unskilled labour market,[4] although Hendrik Verwoerd, at the time Minister of Native Affairs, claimed that the aim was to solve South Africa's "ethnic problems" by creating complementary economic and political units for different ethnic group.

text: The national authorities of the time is often said to have viewed education as having a rather pivotal position in their goal of eventually separating South Africa from the Bantustans entirely. The Minister of Native Affairs at the time, the "Architect of Apartheid" Hendrik Verwoerd, stated that:[2]

text: "There is no place for [the Bantu] in the European community above the level of certain forms of labour ... What is the use of teaching the Bantu child mathematics when it cannot use it in practice?"

text: The introduction of Bantu Education led to a substantial increase of government funding to the learning institutions of black Africans, but it did not keep up with population increase.[5] The law forced institutions under the direct control of the state and solve white man problems. The National Party now had the power to employ and train teachers as they saw fit. Black teachers' salaries in 1953 were extremely low and resulted in a dramatic drop of trainee teachers. Only one third of the black teachers were qualified.[2]

text: The schools reserved for the country's white children were of Western standards. 30% of the black schools did not have electricity, 25% no running water and less than half had plumbing. The education for Blacks, Indians and Coloureds was subtantially cheaper but not free.[2] In the 70s, the per capita governmental spending on black education was one-tenth of the spending on white.[4]

text: In 1976, the Afrikaans Medium Decree of 1974, which forced all black schools to use both Afrikaans and English as languages of instruction beginning with the last year of primary school, led to the Soweto Uprising in which more than 575 people died, at least 134 of them under the age of eighteen.[4][6]

text: The act was repealed in 1979 by the Education and Training Act, 1979, which continued the system of racially segregated education, while also eliminating both discrimination in tuition fees and the segregated Department of Bantu Education and allowing the both use of native tongue education up to the fourth grade and limited attendance at private schools as well.[7] Segregation became unconstitutional after the introduction of the Interim Constitution in 1994, and most sections of the Education and Training Act were repealed by the South African Schools Act, 1996.


document_title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

question_text: when was the proclamation line of 1763 resolved

text: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: Background[edit]

text: The Treaty of Paris was officially conclusion of the Seven Years' War, of which the French and Indian War was the North American theater. Under this treaty, France ceded ownership to Britain all of continental North America east of the Mississippi River, including Quebec, and the rest of Canada. Spain received all French territory west of the Mississippi. Both Spain and Britain received some French islands in the Caribbean. France kept a few small islands used by fishermen,[2] modern-day Haiti and the rich sugar island of Guadeloupe.

text: Provisions[edit]

text: New colonies[edit]

text: Besides regulating colonial expansion, the Proclamation of 1763 dealt with the management of inherited French colonies from the French and Indian War. It established government for four areas: Quebec, West Florida, East Florida, and Grenada.

text: Native lands[edit]

text: Some Native American peoples—primarily in the Great Lakes region—had a long and close relationship with France, and were dismayed to find that they were now under British sovereignty. They missed the amicable relationship with the French, along with the gifts they bestowed upon them, neither of which they had with the British. Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–66), a war launched by a group of natives around the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley, was an unsuccessful effort by the western tribes to push the British back. However tribes were able to take over a large number of the forts which commanded the waterways involved in trade within the region and export to Great Britain. The Proclamation of 1763 had been in the works before Pontiac's Rebellion, but the outbreak of the conflict hastened the process.[3] British officials hoped the proclamation would reconcile American Indians to British rule and help to prevent future hostilities.

text: Proclamation line[edit]

text: At the outset, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 defined the jurisdictional limits of the occupied territories of North America. Explaining parts of the Frontier expansion in North America, in Colonial America and especially Canada colony of New France, a diminutive new colony, the Province of Quebec was carved. The territory northeast of the St. John River on the Labrador coast was placed under the Newfoundland Colony.[4] The lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny mountains became Indian territory, temporarily barred to settlement, to the great disappointment of the land speculators of Virginia and Pennsylvania, who had started the Seven Years' War to gain these territories.[5] The proclamation created a boundary line (often called the proclamation line) between the British colonies on the Atlantic coast and American Indian lands (called the Indian Reserve) west of the Appalachian Mountains. The proclamation line was not intended to be a permanent boundary between the colonists and Aboriginal lands, but rather a temporary boundary which could be extended further west in an orderly, lawful manner.[6][7] It was also not designed as an uncrossable boundary; people could cross the line, just not settle past it. Its contour was defined by the headwaters that formed the watershed along the Appalachians. All land with rivers that flowed into the Atlantic was designated for the colonial entities, while all the land with rivers that flowed into the Mississippi was reserved for the native Indian population. The proclamation outlawed the private purchase of Native American land, which had often created problems in the past. Instead, all future land purchases were to be made by Crown officials "at some public Meeting or Assembly of the said Indians". Furthermore, British colonials were forbidden to settle on native lands, and colonial officials were forbidden to grant ground or lands without royal approval. The proclamation gave the Crown a monopoly on all future land purchases from American Indians.

text: British colonists and land speculators objected to the proclamation boundary since the British government had already assigned land grants to them. Many settlements already existed beyond the proclamation line,[3] some of which had been temporarily evacuated during Pontiac's War, and there were many already granted land claims yet to be settled. For example, George Washington and his Virginia soldiers had been granted lands past the boundary. Prominent American colonials joined with the land speculators in Britain to lobby the government to move the line further west. Their efforts were successful, and the boundary line was adjusted in a series of treaties with the Native Americans. In 1768 the Treaty of Fort Stanwix and the Treaty of Hard Labour, followed in 1770 by the Treaty of Lochaber, opened much of what is now Kentucky and West Virginia to British settlement.

text: Legacy[edit]

text:
Indigenous peoples
in Canada

First Nations
Inuit
Métis

History[show]

Paleo-Indians
Pre-colonization
Genetics
Residential schools
Indian hospitals
Conflicts
First Nations
Inuit

Politics[show]

Crown and Indigenous peoples
Treaty rights
Health Policy
Numbered Treaties
Royal Commission
Self-government
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v
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e

text: Indigenous People of Treaty Six Territory[edit]

text: The Royal Proclamation continued to govern the cession of Indigenous land in British North America, especially Upper Canada and Rupert's Land. The proclamation forms the basis of land claims of Indigenous peoples in Canada – First Nations, Inuit, and Métis. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 is thus mentioned in Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

text: According to historian Colin Calloway, "[settler] scholars disagree on whether the proclamation recognized or undermined tribal sovereignty".[8] The proclamation established the important precedent that the indigenous population had certain rights to the lands they occupied.

text: Some see the Royal Proclamation of 1763 as a "fundamental document" for First Nations land claims and self-government.[9] It is “the first legal recognition by the British Crown of Aboriginal rights"[10] and imposes a fiduciary duty of care on the Crown. The intent and promises made to the native in the Proclamation have been argued to be of a temporary nature, only meant to appease the Native peoples who were becoming increasingly resentful of “settler encroachments on their lands”[11] and were capable of becoming a serious threat to British colonial settlement.[12][13] Advice given by a merchant to the Board of Trade on August 30, 1764, expressed that

text: The Indians all know we cannot be a Match for them in the midst of an extensive woody Country...from whence I infer that if we are determined to possess Our Posts, Trade & ca securely, it cannot be done for a Century by any other means than that of purchasing the favour of the numerous Indian inhabitants.[14]

text: Some historians believe that “the British were trying to convince Native people that there was nothing to fear from the colonists, while at the same time trying to increase political and economic power relative to First Nations and other European powers.”[15] Others argue that the Royal Proclamation along with the subsequent Treaty of Niagara, provide for an argument that “discredits the claims of the Crown to exercise sovereignty over First Nations”[16] and affirms Aboriginal “powers of self-determination in, among other things, allocating lands.”[17]

text: United States[edit]

text: The influence of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on the coming of the American Revolution has been variously interpreted. Many historians argue that the proclamation ceased to be a major source of tension after 1768, since the aforementioned treaties opened up extensive lands for settlement. Others have argued that colonial resentment of the proclamation contributed to the growing divide between the colonies and the mother country. Some historians argue that even though the boundary was pushed west in subsequent treaties, the British government refused to permit new colonial settlements for fear of instigating a war with Native Americans, which angered colonial land speculators.[18] Others argue that the Royal Proclamation imposed a fiduciary duty of care on the Crown.[19][citation needed]

text: George Washington was given 20,000 acres (81 km2) of wild land in the Ohio region for his services in the French and Indian War. In 1770, Washington took the lead in securing the rights of him and his old soldiers in the French War, advancing money to pay expenses in behalf of the common cause and using his influence in the proper quarters. In August 1770, it was decided that Washington should personally make a trip to the western region, where he located tracts for himself and military comrades and eventually was granted letters patent for tracts of land there. The lands involved were open to Virginians under terms of the Treaty of Lochaber of 1770, except for the lands located 2 miles south of Fort Pitt, now known as Pittsburgh.[20]

text: In the United States, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 ended with the American Revolutionary War because Great Britain ceded the land in question to the United States in the Treaty of Paris (1783). Afterward, the U.S. government also faced difficulties in preventing frontier violence and eventually adopted policies similar to those of the Royal Proclamation. The first in a series of Indian Intercourse Acts was passed in 1790, prohibiting unregulated trade and travel in Native American lands. In 1823, the U.S. Supreme Court case Johnson v. M'Intosh[21] established that only the U.S. government, and not private individuals, could purchase land from Native Americans.

text: 250th anniversary celebrations[edit]

text: In October 2013 the 250th anniversary of the Royal Proclamation was celebrated in Ottawa with a meeting of Indian leaders and Governor-General David Johnston.[22] The Aboriginal movement Idle No More held birthday parties for this monumental document at various locations across Canada.[23]


document_title: Open Door Policy

question_text: when did the us end its open door policy

text: Open Door Policy

text: Background[edit]

text: As a theory, the United States' Open Door Policy originated with British commercial practice as reflected in treaties concluded with the Qing dynasty China after the First Opium War (1839–42).[3]

text: The Open Door concept was first seen at the Berlin Conference of 1885, which declared that no power could levy preferential duties in the Congo.

text: A principle only[edit]

text: The Open Door Policy was a principle, never formally adopted via treaty or international law. It was invoked or alluded to but never enforced as such. Starting with the 1931 Japanese seizure of Manchuria and the creation of Manchukuo, however, the policy was broken with impunity and with increasing frequency.

text: The second Open Door Policy[edit]

text: Technically, the term Open Door Policy was only applicable before the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. After Deng Xiaoping took office in 1978, the term referred to China's policy of opening up to foreign business that wanted to invest in the country, setting into motion the economic transformation of modern China.

text: Formation of the policy[edit]

text: During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, China faced imminent threat of being partitioned and colonized by imperialist powers such as Britain, France, Russia, Japan and Germany. After winning the Spanish–American War of 1898, with the newly acquired territory the Philippine Islands, the United States increased its Asian presence and was expecting to further its commercial and political interest in China. It felt threatened by other powers' much larger spheres of influence in China and worried that it might lose access to the Chinese market should the country be partitioned. As a response, William Woodville Rockhill formulated the Open Door Policy to safeguard American business opportunities and other interests in China.[4]On September 6, 1899, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the major powers (France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia), asking them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and would not interfere with the free use of the treaty ports within their spheres of influence in China.[5] The Open Door Policy stated that all nations, including the United States, could enjoy equal access to the Chinese market.[6]

text: In reply, each country tried to evade Hay's request, taking the position that it could not commit itself until the other nations had complied. However, by July 1900, Hay announced that each of the powers had granted consent in principle. Although treaties made after 1900 refer to the Open Door Policy, competition among the various powers for special concessions within China for railroad rights, mining rights, loans, foreign trade ports, and so forth, continued unabated.[6]

text: On October 6, 1900 Britain and Germany signed the Yangtze Agreement, providing that they would oppose the partition of China into spheres of influence. The agreement, signed by Lord Salisbury and Ambassador Paul von Hatzfeldt was an endorsement of the Open Door Policy proposed by the United States for free trade in China.[7][8][9] However, Germany's failure to keep up the agreement led to the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902.[10]

text: Subsequent development[edit]

text: In 1902, the United States government protested that Russian encroachment in Manchuria after the Boxer Rebellion was a violation of the Open Door Policy. When Japan replaced Russia in southern Manchuria after the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05) the Japanese and U.S. governments pledged to maintain a policy of equality in Manchuria. In finance, American efforts to preserve the Open Door Policy led (1909) to the formation of an international banking consortium through which all Chinese railroad loans would agree (1917) to another exchange of notes between the United States and Japan in which there were renewed assurances that the Open Door Policy would be respected, but that the United States would recognize Japan's special interests in China (the Lansing–Ishii Agreement). The Open Door Policy had been further weakened by a series of secret treaties (1917) between Japan and the Allied Triple Entente, which promised Japan the German possessions in China on successful conclusion of World War I.[6] The subsequent realization of such promise in the Versailles Treaty of 1919 angered the Chinese public and sparked the protest known as May Fourth Movement. The Nine-Power Treaty, signed in 1922, expressly reaffirmed the Open Door Policy.

text: Since the policy in effect hindered Chinese sovereignty, the government of the Republic of China endeavored to revise related treaties with foreign powers in the twenties and thirties. Only after the conclusion of World War II did China manage to regain its full sovereignty.

text: In modern China[edit]

text: In China's modern day economic history the Open Door Policy refers to the new policy announced by Deng Xiaoping in December 1978 to open the door to foreign businesses that wanted to set up in China.[2] Special Economic Zones (SEZ) were set up in 1980 in his belief that in order to modernize China's industry and boost its economy, it needed to welcome foreign direct investment. Chinese economic policy then shifted to encouraging and supporting foreign trade & investment. It is the turning point in China economic fortune that truly started China on the path to becoming 'The World's Factory'.

text: Four SEZs were initially set up in 1980, namely Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou in Guangdong, and Xiamen in Fujian. These SEZs were strategically located near Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, but with a favorable tax regime and low wages in order to attract capital and business from these overseas Chinese communities.[2][11] Shenzhen was the first to be established and it showed the most rapid growth, averaging at a very high growth rate of 40% per annum between 1981 and 1993, compared to the average GDP growth of 9.8% for the country as a whole.[12] Further SEZs were later set up in other parts of China.

text: In 1978, China was ranked 32nd in the world in export volume, but by 1989, it had doubled its world trade and became the 13th largest exporter. Between 1978 and 1990, the average annual rate of trade expansion was above 15 percent,[13] and a high rate of growth continued for the next decade. In 1978 its exports in the world market share was negligible, in 1998 it still had less than 2%, but by 2010, it had a world market share of 10.4% according to the World Trade Organization (WTO), with merchandise export sales of more than $1.5 trillion, the highest in the world.[14] In 2013, China overtook the USA and became the world's biggest trading nation in goods with a total for imports and exports valued at US$4.16 trillion for the year.[15]


document_title: List of top Premier League goal scorers by season

question_text: the highest goal scorer in epl this season

text: The top goalscorer in the Premier League's inaugural season was Teddy Sheringham, who scored one goal for Nottingham Forest before his early-season transfer followed by 21 for Tottenham Hotspur for a total of 22.[1]

text:
Rank
Player
Club
Goals[2]

1
 Teddy Sheringham
Nottingham Forest / Tottenham Hotspur
22

2
 Les Ferdinand
Queens Park Rangers
20

3
 Dean Holdsworth
Wimbledon
19

4
 Micky Quinn
Coventry City
17

5
 Alan Shearer
Blackburn Rovers
16

 David White
Manchester City
16

7
 Chris Armstrong
Crystal Palace
15

 Eric Cantona
Leeds United / Manchester United
15

 Brian Deane
Sheffield United
15

 Mark Hughes
Manchester United
15

 Matt Le Tissier
Southampton
15

 Mark Robins
Norwich City
15

 Paul Wilkinson
Middlesbrough
15

 Ian Wright
Arsenal
15

text:
Rank
Scorer
Club
Goals

1
 Andy Cole
Newcastle United
34

2
 Alan Shearer
Blackburn Rovers
31

3
 Matt Le Tissier
Southampton
25

 Chris Sutton
Norwich City
25

5
 Ian Wright
Arsenal
23

6
 Peter Beardsley
Newcastle United
20

7
 Mark Bright
Sheffield Wednesday
19

8
 Eric Cantona
Manchester United
18

9
 Dean Holdsworth
Wimbledon
17

 Rod Wallace
Leeds United
17

text:
Rank
Scorer
Club
Goals

1
 Alan Shearer
2i

34

2
 Robbie Fowler
Liverpool
25

3
 Les Ferdinand
Queens Park Rangers
24

4
 Stan Collymore
Nottingham Forest
22

5
 Andy Cole
Newcastle United / Manchester United
21

 Jürgen Klinsmann
Tottenham Hotspur
21

7
 Matt Le Tissier
Southampton
19

8
 Teddy Sheringham
Tottenham Hotspur
18

 Ian Wright
Arsenal
18

10
 Uwe Rösler
Manchester City
15

 Dean Saunders
Aston Villa
15

 Chris Sutton
Blackburn Rovers
15

text:
Rank
Scorer
Club
Goals

1
 Alan Shearer
Blackburn Rovers
31

2
 Robbie Fowler
Liverpool
28

3
 Les Ferdinand
Newcastle United
25

4
 Dwight Yorke
Aston Villa
17

5
 Andrei Kanchelskis
Everton
15

 Teddy Sheringham
Tottenham Hotspur
16

7
 Chris Armstrong
Tottenham Hotspur
15

 Ian Wright
Arsenal
15

9
 Eric Cantona
Manchester United
14

 Stan Collymore
Liverpool
14

 Dion Dublin
Coventry City
14

text:
Rank
Scorer
Club
Goals

1
 Alan Shearer
Newcastle United
25

2
 Ian Wright
Arsenal
23

3
 Robbie Fowler
Liverpool
18

 Ole Gunnar Solskjær
Manchester United
18

5
 Dwight Yorke
Aston Villa
17

6
 Les Ferdinand
Newcastle United
16

 Fabrizio Ravanelli
Middlesbrough
16

8
 Dion Dublin
Coventry City
13

 Matt Le Tissier
Southampton
13

10
 Dennis Bergkamp
Arsenal
12

 Steve Claridge
Leicester City
12

 Stan Collymore
Liverpool
12

 Juninho
Middlesbrough
12

text:
Rank
Scorer
Club
Goals

1
 Dion Dublin
Coventry City
18

 Michael Owen
Liverpool
18

 Chris Sutton
Blackburn Rovers
18

4
 Dennis Bergkamp
Arsenal
16

 Kevin Gallacher
Blackburn Rovers
16

 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
Leeds United
16

7
 Andy Cole
Manchester United
15

 John Hartson
West Ham United
15

9
 Darren Huckerby
Coventry City
14

10
 Paulo Wanchope
Derby County
13

text:
Rank
Scorer
Club
Goals

1
 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
Leeds United
18

 Michael Owen
Liverpool
18

 Dwight Yorke
Manchester United
18

4
 Nicolas Anelka
Arsenal
17

 Andy Cole
Manchester United
17

6
 Hamilton Ricard
Middlesbrough
15

7
 Dion Dublin
Aston Villa
14

 Robbie Fowler
Liverpool
14

 Julian Joachim
Aston Villa
14

 Alan Shearer
Newcastle United
14

text:
Rank
Scorer
Club
Goals

1
 Kevin Phillips
Sunderland
30

2
 Alan Shearer
Newcastle United
23

3
 Dwight Yorke
Manchester United
20

4
 Michael Bridges
Leeds United
19

 Andy Cole
Manchester United
19

6
 Thierry Henry
Arsenal
17

7
 Paolo Di Canio
West Ham United
16

8
 Chris Armstrong
Tottenham Hotspur
14

 Steffen Iversen
Tottenham Hotspur
14

 Niall Quinn
Sunderland
14

text:
Rank
Scorer
Club
Goals

1
 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
Chelsea
23

2
 Marcus Stewart
Ipswich Town
19

3
 Thierry Henry
Arsenal
17

 Mark Viduka
Leeds United
17

5
 Michael Owen
Liverpool
16

6
 Teddy Sheringham
Manchester United
15

7
 Emile Heskey
Liverpool
14

 Kevin Phillips
Sunderland
14

9
 Alen Bokšić
Middlesbrough
12

10
 James Beattie
Southampton
11

 Jonatan Johansson
Charlton Athletic
11

 Frédéric Kanouté
West Ham United
11

 Gustavo Poyet
Chelsea
11

 Alan Smith
Leeds United
11

text:
Rank
Scorer
Club
Goals

1
 Thierry Henry
Arsenal
24

2
 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
Chelsea
23

 Ruud van Nistelrooy
Manchester United
23

 Alan Shearer
Newcastle United
23

5
 Michael Owen
Liverpool
19

6
 Ole Gunnar Solskjær
Manchester United
17

7
 Robbie Fowler
Liverpool / Leeds United
15

8
 Eiður Guðjohnsen
Chelsea
14

 Marians Pahars
Southampton
14

10
 Andy Cole
Manchester United
13

text:
Rank
Player
Club
Goals[3]

1
 Ruud van Nistelrooy
Manchester United
25

2
 Thierry Henry
Arsenal
24

3
 James Beattie
Southampton
23

4
 Mark Viduka
Leeds United
20

5
 Michael Owen
Liverpool
19

6
 Alan Shearer
Newcastle United
17

7
 Nicolas Anelka
Manchester City
15

8
 Gianfranco Zola
Chelsea
14

 Robert Pirès
Arsenal
14

 Harry Kewell
Leeds United
14

 Paul Scholes
Manchester United
14

text:
Rank
Scorer
Club
Goals[4]

1
 Thierry Henry
Arsenal
30

2
 Alan Shearer
Newcastle United
22

3
 Louis Saha
Manchester United / Fulham
20

 Ruud van Nistelrooy
Manchester United
20

5
 Mikael Forssell
Birmingham City
17

6
 Nicolas Anelka
Manchester City
16

 Juan Pablo Ángel
Aston Villa
16

 Michael Owen
Liverpool
16

 Yakubu
Portsmouth
16

10
 James Beattie
Southampton
14

text:
Rank
Scorer
Team
Goals[5]

1
 Thierry Henry
Arsenal
25

2
 Andy Johnson
Crystal Palace
21

3
 Robert Pirès
Arsenal
14

4
 Jermain Defoe
Tottenham Hotspur
13

 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
Middlesbrough
13

 Frank Lampard
Chelsea
13

 Yakubu
Portsmouth
13

8
 Andy Cole
Fulham
12

 Peter Crouch
Southampton
12

 Eiður Guðjohnsen
Chelsea
12

text:
Rank
Scorer
Club
Goals[6]

1
 Thierry Henry
Arsenal
27

2
 Ruud van Nistelrooy
Manchester United
21

3
 Darren Bent
Charlton Athletic
18

4
 Robbie Keane
Tottenham Hotspur
16

 Frank Lampard
Chelsea
16

 Wayne Rooney
Manchester United
16

7
 Marlon Harewood
West Ham United
14

8
 Mido
Tottenham Hotspur
13

9
 Craig Bellamy
Blackburn Rovers
13

 Yakubu
Middlesbrough
13

10
 Henri Camara
Wigan Athletic
12

 Didier Drogba
Chelsea
12

text:
Rank
Scorer
Club
Goals[7]

1
 Didier Drogba
Chelsea
20

2
 Benni McCarthy
Blackburn Rovers
18

3
 Cristiano Ronaldo
Manchester United
17

4
 Wayne Rooney
Manchester United
14

 Mark Viduka
Middlesbrough
14

6
 Darren Bent
Charlton Athletic
13

 Kevin Doyle
Reading
13

8
 Dimitar Berbatov
Tottenham Hotspur
12

 Dirk Kuyt
Liverpool
12

 Yakubu
Middlesbrough
12

text:
Rank
Scorer
Club
Goals[8]

1
 Cristiano Ronaldo
Manchester United
31

2
 Fernando Torres
Liverpool
24

 Emmanuel Adebayor
Arsenal
24

4
 Roque Santa Cruz
Blackburn Rovers
19

5
 Benjani
Portsmouth / Manchester City
15

 Dimitar Berbatov
Tottenham Hotspur
15

 Robbie Keane
Tottenham Hotspur
15

 Yakubu
Everton
15

9
 Carlos Tevez
Manchester United
14

10
 John Carew
Aston Villa
13

text: 7|Amr Zaki

text:
Rank
Scorer
Club
Goals[9]

1
 Nicolas Anelka
Chelsea
19

2
 Cristiano Ronaldo
Manchester United
18

3
 Steven Gerrard
Liverpool
16

4
 Robinho
Manchester City
14

 Fernando Torres
Liverpool
14

6
 Gabriel Agbonlahor
Aston Villa
12

 Darren Bent
Tottenham Hotspur
12

 Kevin Davies
Bolton Wanderers
12

 Dirk Kuyt
Liverpool
12

 Frank Lampard
Chelsea
12

Wigan Athletic
10

text:
Rank
Scorer
Club
Goals[10] [11]

1
 Didier Drogba
Chelsea
29

2
 Wayne Rooney
Manchester United
26

3
 Darren Bent
Sunderland
24

4
 Carlos Tevez
Manchester City
23

5
 Frank Lampard
Chelsea
22

6
 Fernando Torres
Liverpool
18

 Jermain Defoe
Tottenham Hotspur
18

8
 Cesc Fàbregas
Arsenal
15

9
 Emmanuel Adebayor
Manchester City
14

10
 Gabriel Agbonlahor
Aston Villa
13

 Louis Saha
Everton
13

text:
Rank
Player
Club
Goals[12]

1
 Dimitar Berbatov
Manchester United
20

 Carlos Tevez
Manchester City
20

3
 Robin van Persie
Arsenal
18

4
 Darren Bent
Sunderland / Aston Villa
17

5
 Peter Odemwingie
West Bromwich Albion
15

6
 DJ Campbell
Blackpool
13

 Andy Carroll
Newcastle United / Liverpool
13

 Javier Hernández
Manchester United
13

 Dirk Kuyt
Liverpool
13

 Florent Malouda
Chelsea
13

 Rafael van der Vaart
Tottenham Hotspur
13

text:
Rank
Player
Club
Goals[13]

1
 Robin Van Persie
Arsenal
30

2
 Wayne Rooney
Manchester United
27

3
 Sergio Agüero
Manchester City
23

4
 Clint Dempsey
Fulham
17

 Emmanuel Adebayor
Tottenham Hotspur
17

 Yakubu
Blackburn
17

7
 Demba Ba
Newcastle United
16

8
 Grant Holt
Norwich City
15

9
 Edin Džeko
Manchester City
14

10
 Mario Balotelli
Manchester City
13

 Papiss Cissé
Newcastle United

text:
Rank
Player
Club
Goals[14]

1
 Robin van Persie
Manchester United
26

2
 Luis Suárez
Liverpool
23

3
 Gareth Bale
Tottenham Hotspur
21

4
 Christian Benteke
Aston Villa
19

5
 Michu
Swansea City
18

6
 Romelu Lukaku
West Bromwich Albion
17

7
 Demba Ba
Chelsea / Newcastle United
15

 Dimitar Berbatov
Fulham
15

 Rickie Lambert
Southampton
15

 Frank Lampard
Chelsea
15

text:
Rank
Player
Club
Goals[15]

1
 Luis Suárez
Liverpool
31

2
 Daniel Sturridge
Liverpool
21

3
 Yaya Touré
Manchester City
20

4
 Wayne Rooney
Manchester United
17

 Wilfried Bony
Swansea City
17

 Sergio Agüero
Manchester City
17

7
 Edin Džeko
Manchester City
16

 Olivier Giroud
Arsenal
16

9
 Jay Rodriguez
Southampton
15

 Romelu Lukaku
Everton
15

text:
Rank
Player
Club
Goals[16]

1
 Sergio Agüero
Manchester City
26

2
 Harry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
21

3
 Diego Costa
Chelsea
20

4
 Charlie Austin
Queens Park Rangers
18

5
 Alexis Sánchez
Arsenal
16

6
 Saido Berahino
West Bromwich Albion
14

 Olivier Giroud
Arsenal

 Eden Hazard
Chelsea

9
 Christian Benteke
Aston Villa
13

10
 Graziano Pellè
Southampton
12

 Wayne Rooney
Manchester United

 David Silva
Manchester City

text:
Rank
Player
Club
Goals[17]

1
 Harry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
25

2
 Sergio Agüero
Manchester City
24

 Jamie Vardy
Leicester City

4
 Romelu Lukaku
Everton
18

5
 Riyad Mahrez
Leicester City
17

6
 Olivier Giroud
Arsenal
16

7
 Jermain Defoe
Sunderland
15

 Odion Ighalo
Watford

9
 Troy Deeney
Watford
13

 Alexis Sánchez
Arsenal

text:
Rank
Player
Club
Goals

1
 Harry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
29

2
 Romelu Lukaku
Everton
25

3
 Alexis Sánchez
Arsenal
24

4
 Diego Costa
Chelsea
20

 Sergio Agüero
Manchester City

6
 Dele Alli
Tottenham Hotspur
18

7
 Zlatan Ibrahimović
Manchester United
17

8
 Joshua King
Bournemouth
16

 Eden Hazard
Chelsea

10
 Fernando Llorente
Swansea City
15

 Jermain Defoe
Sunderland

 Christian Benteke
Crystal Palace

text:
Rank
Player
Club
Goals

1
 Mohamed Salah
Liverpool
32

2
 Harry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
30

3
 Sergio Agüero
Manchester City
21

4
 Jamie Vardy
Leicester City
20

5
 Raheem Sterling
Manchester City
18

6
 Romelu Lukaku
Manchester United
16

7
 Roberto Firmino
Liverpool
15

8
 Alexandre Lacazette
Arsenal
14

9
 Gabriel Jesus
Manchester City
13

10
 Son Heung-min
Tottenham Hotspur
12

 Eden Hazard
Chelsea

 Glenn Murray
Brighton and Hove Albion

 Riyad Mahrez
Leicester City


document_title: Driving Miss Daisy

question_text: what was the drivers name on driving miss daisy

text: Driving Miss Daisy

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1948, Mrs. Daisy Werthan, or Miss Daisy (Jessica Tandy), a 72-year-old wealthy, Jewish, widowed, retired school teacher, lives alone in Atlanta, Georgia, except for a black housemaid named Idella (Esther Rolle). When Miss Daisy drives her 1946 Chrysler Windsor into her neighbor's yard, her 40-year-old son Boolie (Dan Aykroyd) buys her a 1949 Hudson Commodore and hires Hoke Colburn (Morgan Freeman), a black chauffeur. Miss Daisy at first refuses to let anyone else drive her, but gradually gives in.

text: As Miss Daisy and Hoke spend time together, she gains appreciation for his many skills. After Idella dies in 1962, rather than hire a new maid, Miss Daisy decides to care for her own house and have Hoke do the cooking and the driving.

text: The film explores racism against black people, which affects Hoke at that time. The film also touches on anti-semitism in the South. After her synagogue is bombed, Miss Daisy realizes that she is also a victim of prejudice. But American society is undergoing radical changes, and Miss Daisy attends a dinner at which Dr. Martin Luther King gives a speech. She initially invites Boolie to the dinner, but he declines, and suggests that Miss Daisy invite Hoke. However, Miss Daisy only asks him to be her guest during the car ride to the event and ends up attending the dinner alone, with Hoke, insulted by the manner of the invitation, listening to the speech on the car radio outside.

text: Hoke arrives at the house one morning in 1971 to find Miss Daisy agitated and showing signs of dementia, believing she is a young teacher again. Hoke calms her down with a conversation in which Daisy calls Hoke her "best friend." Boolie arranges for Miss Daisy to enter a retirement home. In 1973, Hoke, now 85 and rapidly losing his eyesight, retires. Boolie, now 65, drives Hoke to the retirement home to visit Miss Daisy, now 97.[4]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Morgan Freeman as Hoke Colburn
Jessica Tandy as Daisy Werthan
Dan Aykroyd as Boolie Werthan
Patti LuPone as Florine Werthan
Esther Rolle as Idella
Joann Havrilla as Miss McClatchey
William Hall, Jr. as Oscar
Muriel Moore as Miriam
Sylvia Kaler as Beulah
Crystal R. Fox as Katey Bell

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Driving Miss Daisy was given a limited release on December 15, 1989, earning $73,745 in three theaters. The film was given a wide release on January 26, 1990, earning $5,705,721 over its opening weekend in 895 theaters. The film ultimately grossed $106,593,296 in North America and $39,200,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $145,793,296.[2]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: Driving Miss Daisy was well received by critics, with particular emphasis on Morgan Freeman's and Jessica Tandy's performances. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 81% based on reviews from 59 critics, with an average score of 7.2/10. The website's critical consensus states: "Warm and smartly paced, and boasting impeccable performances from Morgan Freeman and Jessica Tandy."[5] On Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 based on reviews from mainstream critics, the film has a score of 81 based on 17 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[6] CinemaScore similarly reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[7]

text: Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune declared Driving Miss Daisy one of the best films of 1989.[8] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called it "a film of great love and patience" and wrote, "It is an immensely subtle film, in which hardly any of the most important information is carried in the dialogue and in which body language, tone of voice or the look in an eye can be the most important thing in a scene. After so many movies in which shallow and violent people deny their humanity and ours, what a lesson to see a film that looks into the heart."[9] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also gave the film a positive review, calling Tandy's performance "glorious" and opining, "This is Tandy's finest two hours onscreen in a film career that goes back to 1932."[10] The performances of Tandy and Freeman were also praised by Vincent Canby of The New York Times, who observed, "The two actors manage to be highly theatrical without breaking out of the realistic frame of the film."[11]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
List of accolades

Award / film festival
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

62nd Academy Awards
Best Picture
Richard D. Zanuck
Lili Fini Zanuck
Won

Best Actress
Jessica Tandy
Won

Best Adapted Screenplay
Alfred Uhry
Won

Best Makeup
Manlio Rocchetti
Lynn Barber
Kevin Haney
Won

Best Actor
Morgan Freeman
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
Dan Aykroyd
Nominated

Best Art Direction-Set Decoration
Bruno Rubeo
Crispian Sallis
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Elizabeth McBride
Nominated

Best Film Editing
Mark Warner
Nominated

47th Golden Globe Awards (January 20, 1990)
Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Driving Miss Daisy
Won

Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Morgan Freeman
Won

Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Jessica Tandy
Won

text: Driving Miss Daisy also achieved the following distinctions at the 62nd Academy Awards:

text:
It is the only film based on an off Broadway production ever to win an Academy Award for Best Picture.[12]
Jessica Tandy, at age 81, became the oldest winner in the history of the Best Actress category.[12]
It was the first Best Picture winner since 1932's Grand Hotel to not also receive a Best Director nomination.[13] (This has only occurred once since, for Argo in 2012. Wings, the 1927 film that was the first to win Best Picture, did not have a nomination for director William Wellman). In his opening monologue at the 62nd Academy Awards, Billy Crystal made fun of this irony by calling it "the film that apparently directed itself".
It would also be the last Best Picture winner to be rated PG. All the winners since have been mostly rated PG-13 and R.

text: Driving Miss Daisy also won three Golden Globe Awards (Best Picture, Best Actor Morgan Freeman, and Best Actress Jessica Tandy) in the Comedy/Musical categories.[14] At the 1989 Writers Guild of America Awards, the film won in the Best Adapted Screenplay category. Rounding out its United States awards, the film won both Best Picture and Best Actor from the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures. In the United Kingdom, Driving Miss Daisy was nominated for four British Academy Film Awards, with Tandy winning in the Best Actress category. Tandy and Freeman won the Silver Bear for the Best Joint Performance at the 40th Berlin International Film Festival.[15]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The film's score was composed by Hans Zimmer, who won a BMI Film Music Award and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television for his work. The score was performed entirely by Zimmer, done electronically using samplers and synthesizers, and did not feature a single live instrument. There is a scene, however, in which the "Song to the Moon" from the opera Rusalka by Antonín Dvořák is heard on a radio as sung by Gabriela Beňačková. Similarities have been noted between the main theme and the "plantation" folk song "Shortnin' Bread".[16] The soundtrack was issued on Varèse Sarabande.

text: Home release[edit]

text: The film was also successful on home video.[17] It was released on DVD in the US on April 30, 1997, and the special edition was released on February 4, 2003. The movie was first released on Blu-ray disc in Germany, and was finally released on Blu-ray in the US in a special edition digibook in January 2013 by Warner Bros.


document_title: List of European countries by area

question_text: what is the biggest country in western europe

text: List of European countries by area

text: It has been suggested that this article be merged with List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe. (Discuss) Proposed since December 2017.

text: This article duplicates the scope of other articles. Please discuss this issue on the talk page and edit it to conform with Wikipedia's Manual of Style. (December 2017)

text: Below is a list of all countries in Europe, in order of geographical area. Europe's total geographical area is 10,288,305 km².[citation needed]

text: * — Note: some countries are transcontinental, meaning, they are only partially located in Europe. Those are ranked according to the size of their parts within Europe only.

text: The list includes only sovereign states. Therefore, for example the United Kingdom is included in place of the four individual home nations.

text:
Rank

Country

Area (km²)

Notes

1

 Russia*

3,972,400

17,098,242 including North Asia

2

 Ukraine

603,628

This includes Crimea

3

 France*

551,394

643,801 when the overseas departments are included

4

 Spain*

498,468

505,992 when the Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla are included

5

 Sweden

449,964

6

 Norway

385,178

This includes Svalbard and Jan Mayen[1]

7

 Germany

357,168

8

 Finland

338,145

9

 Poland

312,685

10

 Italy

301,338

11

 United Kingdom

248,532

1,976,102 when the British Overseas Territories are included.

12

 Romania

238,392

13

 Belarus

207,600

14

 Kazakhstan*

180,000 (est.)

2,724,902 including Asian part

15

 Greece

131,940

16

 Bulgaria

110,994

17

 Iceland

102,775

18

 Hungary

93,030

19

 Portugal

91,568

20

 Austria

83,858

21

 Czech Republic

78,866

22

 Serbia

77,453

This excludes Kosovo

23

 Ireland

70,273

24

 Lithuania

65,300

25

 Latvia

64,589

26

 Croatia

56,594

27

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

51,129

28

 Slovakia

49,036

29

 Estonia

45,339

30

 Denmark

44,493

This includes Faroe Islands; 2,210,579 including Greenland

31

 Switzerland

41,290

32

 Netherlands

41,198

Excluding Caribbean Netherlands, Aruba, Curacao and Sint Maarten.

33

 Moldova

33,846

34

 Belgium

30,510

35

 Albania

28,748

36

 Macedonia (Former Yugoslavian Republic)

25,713

37

 Turkey*

23,507

783,562 including Asian part

38

 Slovenia

20,273

39

 Montenegro

13,812

40

 Kosovo

10,908

Partially recognized state

41

 Cyprus

9,251

42

 Azerbaijan*

6,960

86,600 including Asian part

43

 Luxembourg

2,586

44

 Georgia*

2,428

69,700 including Asian part

45

 Andorra

468

46

 Malta

316

47

 Liechtenstein

160

48

 San Marino

61

49

 Monaco

1.95

50

 Vatican City

0.44

Total

10,141,183±5,000

text: Purple = Russia,Green = countries with European area bigger than 10,000 km²,Red = countries with European area smaller than 10,000 km²

text: Definition[edit]

text: Europe and Asia are contiguous with each other and thus the exact boundary between them is not clearly defined, and often follows historical, political, and cultural definitions rather than geographical.

text:
Clickable map of Europe, showing one of the most commonly used continental boundaries[2] Key: blue: states which straddle the border between Europe and Asia;
green: countries not geographically in Europe, but closely associated with the continent