document_title: List of Being Mary Jane episodes

question_text: being mary jane season 4 how many episodes

text: List of Being Mary Jane episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
9
July 2, 2013 (2013-07-02)
February 25, 2014 (2014-02-25)

2
12
February 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)
April 14, 2015 (2015-04-14)

3
10
October 20, 2015 (2015-10-20)
December 15, 2015 (2015-12-15)

4
20
10
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)
March 21, 2017 (2017-03-21)

10
July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)
September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2014)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)

1
0
"Pilot"
Salim Akil
Mara Brock Akil
July 2, 2013 (2013-07-02)
4.01[4]

The story and life of a black woman, her work, and her family as well as her popular talk show, which she hosts.

2
1
"Storm Advisory"
Salim Akil
Jessica Mecklenburg
January 7, 2014 (2014-01-07)
3.32[5]

While spending time with David, Andre surprises Mary Jane at her home. Meanwhile, an anchor at the station is fired, placing the careers of Mary Jane, Kara, and Mark in jeopardy.

3
2
"Girls Night In"
Salim Akil
Mara Brock Akil
January 14, 2014 (2014-01-14)
2.77[6]

The affair between Mary Jane and Andre develops a strain on his marriage. Mary Jane ponders about her future—and if it should include Andre. Meanwhile, Kara, and Mary Jane are faced with creative differences when Kara decides to revamp Mark's show. A woman from Paul Sr.'s past makes an attempt to move in on him after learning about Helen's health condition.
Guest stars: Lesley-Ann Brandt, Sheila Frazier, Brely Evans

4
3
"The Huxtables Have Fallen"
Salim Akil
Devon Greggory
January 21, 2014 (2014-01-21)
2.58[7]

Patrick learns of Mary Jane's affair with Andre. To help her sort through her dilemma, Patrick takes her to visit their voice-of-reason Aunt Toni. She is once again conflicted about her feelings for Andre and decides to once and for all give him an answer in regard to his marriage proposal. Meanwhile, a former business partner declines further partnership with Patrick, resulting in damaging effects to Patrick's sobriety.
Guest stars: Kelly Rutherford, Lorraine Toussaint, Darrin Dewitt Henson

5
4
"Mixed Messages"
Salim Akil
Erica L. Anderson
February 4, 2014 (2014-02-04)
2.69[8]

Andre slips up and reveals that he is still being intimate with his wife, Avery. To even the score, Mary Jane decides to go out on a date with a man she met online. Kara's changes at SNC prove to be over the top for Mark. Meanwhile, Helen misplaces her diamond bracelet in an effort to get Patrick's girlfriend out of the house.
Guest stars: Wayne Brady

6
5
"Exposed"
Salim AKil
Erika Graham
February 11, 2014 (2014-02-11)
2.47[9]

Mary Jane and Andre have decided to settle in together at her home in domestic bliss. Meanwhile, Helen is disappointed with Paul Sr. for not receiving a platinum table at an exclusive gala, so he finds an unlikely source in hopes of obtaining one. While Andre declines his invitation to accompany Mary Jane at the gala, she unexpectedly runs into her ex, David. Also, Mary Jane is faced with a challenging decision at SNC involving a fellow journalist.
Guest star: Chris "Ludacris" Bridges

7
6
"Hindsight is 20/40"
Salim Akil
Erica L. Anderson
February 18, 2014 (2014-02-18)
2.92[10]

Mary Jane and Andre argue over whether Mary Jane is still involved with David or not, once Andre reveals a picture of the two together. Meanwhile, Paul Sr. gives Patrick an ultimatum as his son decides that he will be moving out soon. Kara is faced with a custody issue involving her sons. Also, P.J. lands himself in trouble once again, and Niecy announces her plans following her delivery.
Guest star: Dorian Missick

8
7
"Blindsided"
Salim Akil
Jessica Mecklenburg and Erika Graham
February 25, 2014 (2014-02-25)
2.58[11]

Unsettling news of a fellow journalist's suicide unnerves Mary Jane, who lands in the middle of a scandal. Meanwhile, Niecy grows concerned that the father of her unborn child will not be present for the birth of their baby. Patrick is worried about Helen's well-being now that he has moved out of the house.
Guest stars: Ava DuVernay, Keith Boykin

9
8
"Uber Love"
Salim Akil
Mara Brock Akil
February 25, 2014 (2014-02-25)
3.23[11]

Mary Jane decides to right all the wrongs of the people she has hurt. Meanwhile, Lisa and Mary Jane's friendship is put to the test.

text: Season 2 (2015)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)

10
1
"People In Glass Houses Shouldn't Throw Fish"
Salim Akil
Mara Brock Akil
February 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)
2.37[12]

With Andre and David no longer an active part in her life, Mary Jane recommits herself to work, family and friends; David's new girlfriend is pregnant.
Guest Starring: Salli Richardson

11
2
"Freedom"
Salim Akil
Laurence Andries
February 10, 2015 (2015-02-10)
2.07[13]

Mary Jane vows to carve out an anxiety-free weekend, but plans go awry when Mark calls asking her to be his "beard" during the unexpected arrival of his parents. Revelations during their visit force Mark to make a change.
Guest Starring: Greg Alan Williams, S. Epatha Merkerson

12
3
"Mary Jane Knows Best"
Regina King
Story by : Mara Brock Akil and Erica L. Anderson
Teleplay by : Erica L. Anderson
February 17, 2015 (2015-02-17)
2.46[14]

Mary Jane undergoes a "free" fertility treatment for her modern-day motherhood series on TalkBack; Niecy becomes Mary Jane's new pet project; David realizes he wants to have a future with Mary Jane.

13
4
"Sleepless In Atlanta"
Regina King
Erika Graham
February 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)
2.41[15]

Kara protects Mary Jane; Niecy shields her and Treyvion from his father; Patrick struggles to find balance; Mary Jane and Niecy have a falling out.
Guest starring: Kyle Massey

14
5
"No Eggspectations"
Salim Akil
Njeri Brown and Melora Rivera
March 3, 2015 (2015-03-03)
2.09[16]

During a live installment of Talk Back, Mary Jane is not prepared for Dr. Marrs' news; Cameron and Niecy try to come to an agreement now that he has stepped back into her life; and PJ is offered a business opportunity.
Guest starring: Gayle King, Kyle Massey

15
6
"Pulling The Trigger"
Salim Akil
Adam Giaudrone
March 10, 2015 (2015-03-10)
1.72[17]

Mary Jane desires to become pregnant; Mary Jane's friendship with Lisa is strained.
Guest starring: Salli Richardson, Gary Dourdan

16
7
"Let's Go Crazy"
Regina King
Mara Brock Akil
March 17, 2015 (2015-03-17)
1.43[18]

Mary Jane decides to move forward with her life; Kara must make a decision to stay partners with Mary Jane.

17
8
"One Is The Loneliest Number"
Regina King
Laurence Andries
March 24, 2015 (2015-03-24)
1.23[19]

A fatal Atlanta school shooting; Mary Jane and Sheldon's courtship advances; Mark is depressed over a breakup.

18
9
"Line In The Sand"
Rob Hardy
Erika Graham
March 31, 2015 (2015-03-31)
1.59[20]

Mary Jane gets nominated for an Emmy; Patrick discovers what happened to Tracy.
Guest starring: Gary Dourdan, Salli Richardson-Whitfield, Mark Anthony Neal, India Arie, Bevy Smith, Michaela Angela Davis

19
10
"Primetime"
Rob Hardy
Story by : Erika Graham and Craig Quinn
Teleplay by : Erika Graham
April 7, 2015 (2015-04-07)
1.36[21]

Mary Jane does some shop therapy; Paul Jr. decides about a job.

20
11
"Reading The Signs"
Salim Akil
Adam Giaudrone
April 14, 2015 (2015-04-14)
1.30[22]

Mary Jane's rant goes viral; Sheldon struggles; Mark's perspective on dating.
Guest starring: Gary Dourdan, Kelly Rutherford, Christina Vidal, Don Lemon

21
12
"Signing Off"
Salim Akil
Mara Brock Akil
April 14, 2015 (2015-04-14)
1.46[22]

Mary Jane moves into her primetime position at SNC; the relationship between Lisa and David is revealed and Mary Jane overhears leading her to get into a huge car accident.

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)

22
1
"Facing Fears"
Salim Akil
Mara Brock Akil
October 20, 2015 (2015-10-20)
2.23[23]

Mary Jane is rushed to hospital following her accident and her family rallies against David and Lisa; while sidelined, Kara fights for her future at SNC.

23
2
"Louie Louie"
Mario Van Peebles
Devon Shepard
October 20, 2015 (2015-10-20)
2.24[23]

Cece, the other woman involved in the accident, exploits both SNC and Mary Jane to profit from it; SNC hires a hot young Latina replacement anchor called Marisol Esparza.

24
3
"Sparrow"
Salim Akil
Story by : Mara Brock Akil
Teleplay by : Keli Goff & Jameal Turner
October 27, 2015 (2015-10-27)
1.79[24]

Mary Jane's friend Lisa commits suicide and Mary Jane deals with Lisa's family when they make a surprise visit.

25
4
"Being Kara"
Mario Van Peebles
Adam Giaudrone
November 3, 2015 (2015-11-03)
1.45[25]

Kara's life begin to spiral out of control; as Mary Jane struggles to get back to work, she helps Niecy land her first job.

26
5
"Hot Seat"
Neema Barnette
Erika Graham
November 10, 2015 (2015-11-10)
1.78[26]

Mary Jane resorts to unconventional methods when SNC decides to keep Marisol in the Primetime seat. Elsewhere, Neicy's neverending rift with Patrick continues, so she calls her mother Jill Scott.

27
6
"Don't Call It A Comeback"
Neema Barnette
Melora Rivera
November 17, 2015 (2015-11-17)
1.38[27]

Mark contemplates his future at SNC; things between Mary Jane and Brandon take a surprising turn when she learns about his health issues.

28
7
"If the Shoe Fits…"
Regina King
Devon Shepard
November 24, 2015 (2015-11-24)
1.38[28]

Mary Jane's birthday is forgotten by her parents, but they deal with family drama.

29
8
"Wake Up Call"
Regina King
Erika Graham
December 1, 2015 (2015-12-01)
1.39[29]

Harsh opinions are circled about Mary Jane's show while sitting in on a journalism lecture. Meanwhile, Patrick seems to get his life in order until things take a surprising turn with a family intervention.

30
9
"Purging and Cleansing"
Oz Scott
Adam Giaudrone
December 8, 2015 (2015-12-08)
1.08[30]

Mary Jane prepares to return to her "TalkBack" series and begins a life-cleanse in hopes to revive her finances and her journalism voice reclaim.

31
10
"Some Things Are Black and White"
Oz Scott
Mara Brock Akil
December 15, 2015 (2015-12-15)
1.66[31]

Mary Jane goes out with GG. and finds herself on a topic on "The Real" about interracial dating; David's mom has a talk with Mary Jane; Kara has trouble at work; and Niecy has a run-in with the police which takes a turn for the worst.

text: Season 4 (2017)[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)

32
1
"Getting Nekkid"
Mario Van Peebles
Erica Kodish Shelton
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)
1.19[32]

One year later, Mary Jane prepares to tackle the mean streets of NYC as she seeks to make major changes in her personal life and career. Meanwhile, she has an interesting encounter with a new man that quickly get the wheels spinning in her head.
Special Appearances: U.S. Senator Cory Booker, Dave East (credited as Dave Brewster)

33
2
"Getting Naked"
Mario Van Peebles
Rebecca Boss & Chris Masi
January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)
0.89[33]

Mary Jane goes up against her idol, Ronda; Niecy tries to balance her life.

34
3
"Getting Real"
Kat Candler
Story by : Josef Sawyer
Teleplay by : Rebecca Boss & Chris Masi
January 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)
1.24[34]

An interview with a fiery reality star makes Mary Jane a social media sensation; things rapidly heat up with Lee.

35
4
"Getting Schooled"
Kat Candler
Angel Dean Lopez
February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)
0.90[35]

Mary Jane's new position as web correspondent fuels her rivalry with Justin as she pursues the story of a teen boy beaten for wearing a skirt.

36
5
"Getting Served"
Rashaad Ernesto Green
Debra J. Fisher & Patrik-Ian Polk
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)
0.96[36]

While Mary Jane and PJ are homesick, Niecy has a fight at a nightclub with serious repercussions.

37
6
"Getting Home"
Rashaad Ernesto Green
Debra J. Fisher & Patrik-Ian Polk
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
1.01[37]

Mary Jane and Kara return to Atlanta for pleasure and business. Lee also visits Atlanta and bond with Mary Jane's family.

38
7
"Getting Judged"
Neema Barnette
Rebecca Boss & Chris Masi
February 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)
0.92[38]

Mary Jane's interview with Judge McAlister for Good Day USA doesn't go as anyone planned. Lee's kids come for a visit.

39
8
"Getting Risky"
Neema Barnette
Angel Dean Lopez
March 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)
0.84[39]

Mary Jane and Justin put aside their differences and team up catch a good story. Meanwhile, Mary Jane agonizes about meeting Lee's baby mama.

40
9
"Getting Serious"
Adam Shankman
Patrik-Ian Polk & Debra J. Fisher
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
0.90[40]

Justin ravels up a plan for Mary Jane to get a spot in the anchor chair. Also, she wants to figure out her future with Lee to decide on whether they should have a baby together. Meanwhile, Kara's relationship with Orlando becomes public knowledge.

41
10
"Getting It"
Adam Shankman
Erica Kodish Shelton
March 21, 2017 (2017-03-21)
0.89[41]

Mary Jane and Lee make risky decisions that could affect their relationship. Meanwhile, she agrees to join forces with Justin, so they devise a plan to oust Ronda out of the anchor chair but Kara gets caught in the crossfire.

42
11
"Feeling Raw"
Darnell Martin
Erica Kodish Shelton
July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)
0.67[42]

43
12
"Feeling Conflicted"
Darnell Martin
Rebecca Boss & Chris Masi
July 25, 2017 (2017-07-25)
0.79[43]

44
13
"Feeling Exposed"
Rashaad Ernesto Green
Patrik-Ian Polk
August 1, 2017 (2017-08-01)
0.79[44]

45
14
"Feeling Friendless"
Rashaad Ernesto Green
Debra J. Fisher
August 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)
0.76[45]

46
15
"Feeling Hashtagged"
Adam Shankman
Angel Dean Lopez
August 15, 2017 (2017-08-15)
0.58[46]

47
16
"Feeling Ambushed"
Adam Shankman
Resheida Brady
August 22, 2017 (2017-08-22)
0.88[47]

48
17
"Feeling Lost"
Nicole Rubio
Rebecca Boss & Chris Masi
August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)
0.77[48]

49
18
"Feeling Destined"
Nicole Rubio
Debra J. Fisher
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05)
0.78[49]

50
19
"Feeling Seen"
TBA
TBA
September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)
0.64[50]

51
20
"Feeling Tested"
TBA
TBA
September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)
0.82[51]


document_title: Sanctuary city

question_text: when did los angeles become a sanctuary city

root

text: Sanctuary city

text: Tradition[edit]

text: The concept of a sanctuary city goes back thousands of years. It has been associated with Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, Baha'i, Sikhism, and Hinduism.[13]  In Western Civilization, sanctuary cities can be traced back to the Old Testament.  The Book of Numbers commands the selection of six cities of refuge in which the perpetrators of accidental manslaughter could claim the right of asylum.  Outside of these cities, blood vengeance against such perpetrators was allowed by law.[14]  In AD 392, Christian Roman emperor Theodosius I set up sanctuaries under church control.  In AD 600 in medieval England, churches were given a general right of sanctuary, and some cities were set up as sanctuaries by Royal charter.  The general right of sanctuary for churches in England was abolished in 1621.[13]

tag: p

text: United States[edit]

text: It has been suggested that  this article be split into multiple articles. (Discuss)  (January 2017)

tag: table

text: History[edit]

text: The movement that established sanctuary cities in the United States began in the early 1980s.The movement traces its roots to religious philosophy, as well as in histories of resistance movements to perceived state injustices.[15] The sanctuary city movement took place in the 1980s to challenge the US government’s refusal to grant asylum to certain Central American refugees. These asylum seekers were arriving from countries in Central America like El Salvador and Guatemala that were politically unstable. More than 75,000 Salvadoreans and 200,000 Guatemalans were killed by their governments in hopes to suppress the communist movement in those countries at the time.[16] Faith based groups in the US Southwest initially drove the movement of the 1980s, with eight churches publicly declaring sanctuary in March 1982.[17] John Fife, a minister and movement leader famously wrote in a letter to Attorney General William Smith, saying that the "South-side United Presbyterian Church will publicly violate the Immigration and Nationality Act" by allowing sanctuary in its church for those from Central America.[18]

text: A milestone in the U.S. sanctuary city movement occurred in 1985 in San Francisco, which passed the largely symbolic “City of Refuge” resolution. The resolution was followed the same year by an ordinance which prohibited the use of city funds and resources to assist federal immigration enforcement–the defining characteristic of a sanctuary city in the U.S.[19]  As of 2018 more than 560 cities, states and counties considered themselves sanctuaries.[2]

text: Terminology[edit]

text: Several different terms and phrases are used to describe immigrants who enter the U.S. illegally. The term alien is "considered insensitive by many" and a LexisNexis search showed that its use in reports on immigration has declined substantially, making up just 5% of terms used in 2013.[20] Usage of the word "illegal" and phrases using the word (e.g., illegal alien, illegal immigrant, illegal worker and illegal migrant) has declined, accounting for 82% of language used in 1996, 75% in 2002, 60% in 2007, and 57% in 2013.[20] Several other phrases are competing for wide acceptance: undocumented immigrant (usage in news reports increased from 6% in 1996 to 14% in 2013); unauthorized immigrant (3% usage in 2013 and rarely seen before that time), and undocumented person or undocumented people (1% in 2007, increasing to 3% in 2013).[20] A recent term is "illegalized immigrant".[21]

text: Media outlets' policies as to use of terms differ, and no consensus has yet emerged in the press.[22][23] In 2013, the Associated Press changed its AP Stylebook to provide that "Except in direct quotes essential to the story, use illegal only to refer to an action, not a person: illegal immigration, but not illegal immigrant. Acceptable variations include living in or entering a country illegally or without legal permission."[24] Within several weeks, major U.S. newspapers such as Chicago Tribune, the Los Angeles Times, and USA Today adopted similar guidance.[23] The New York Times style guide similarly states that the term illegal immigrant may be considered "loaded or offensive" and advises journalists to "explain the specific circumstances of the person in question or to focus on actions: who crossed the border illegally; who overstayed a visa; who is not authorized to work in this country."[22] The style book discourages the use of illegal as a noun and the "sinister-sounding" alien.[22] Both unauthorized and undocumented are acceptable, but the stylebook notes that the former "has a flavor of euphemism and should be used with caution outside quotation" and the latter has a "bureaucratic tone."[22] The Washington Post stylebook "says 'illegal immigrant' is accurate and acceptable, but notes that some find it offensive"; the Post "does not refer to people as 'illegal aliens' or 'illegals,' per its guidelines.[25]

text: Electoral politics[edit]

text: This issue entered presidential politics in the race for the Republican Party Presidential Nomination in 2008. Colorado CongressmanTom Tancredo ran on an anti-illegal immigration platform and specifically attacked sanctuary cities. Former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney accused Former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani of running it as a sanctuary city.[26] Mayor Giuliani's campaign responded saying that Governor Romney ran a sanctuary Governor's mansion, and that New York City is not a "haven" for undocumented immigrants.[26]

text: Following the shooting death of Kathryn Steinle in San Francisco (a sanctuary city) by an undocumented immigrant,  Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (D-NY) told CNN that "The city made a mistake, not to deport someone that the federal government strongly felt should be deported. I have absolutely no support for a city that ignores the strong evidence that should be acted on."[27] The following day, her campaign stated: "Hillary Clinton believes that sanctuary cities can help further public safety, and she has defended those policies going back years."[28]

text: Trump administration agenda[edit]

text:
On March 6, 2018, the U.S. Justice Department sued California, Governor Jerry Brown, and the state’s attorney general, Xavier Becerra, over three state laws passed in recent months, saying the laws made it impossible for federal immigration officials to do their jobs and deport criminals who were born outside the United States. The Justice Department called the laws unconstitutional and asked a judge to block them. The lawsuit says the state laws “reflect a deliberate effort by California to obstruct the United States’ enforcement of federal immigration law.”[29]
The Trump administration previously released a list of immigration principles to Congress. The list included funding a wall along the U.S.-Mexico border, a crackdown on the influx of Central American minors, and curbs on federal grants to sanctuary cities.[30] A pledge to strip "all federal funding to sanctuary cities" was a key Trump campaign theme. President Trump issued an executive order which declared that jurisdictions that "refuse to comply" with 8 U.S.C. 1373—a provision of federal law on information sharing between local and federal authorities—would be ineligible to receive federal grants.[31]

text: States and cities have shown varying responses to the executive order. Thirty-three states introduced or enacted legislation requiring local law enforcement to cooperate with ICE officers and requests to hold non-citizen inmates for deportation. Other states and cities have responded by not cooperating with federal immigration efforts or showcasing welcoming policies towards immigrants.[31] California openly refused the administration's attempts to "clamp down on sanctuary cities". A federal judge in San Francisco agreed with two California municipalities that a presidential attempt to cut them off from federal funding for not complying with deportation requests is unconstitutional,[32] ultimately issuing a nationwide permanent injunction against the facially unconstitutional provisions of the order.[33] On March 27, 2018, the all-Republican Board of Supervisors in Orange County, California voted to join the Justice Department's lawsuit against the state.[34] In Chicago a federal judge ruled that the Trump administration may not withhold public safety grants to sanctuary cities. These decisions have been seen as a setback to the administration's efforts to force local jurisdictions to help federal authorities with the policing of illegal immigrants.[35]  On July 5, 2018, a federal judge upheld two of California's Sanctuary laws, but struck down a key provision in the third.[36]

text: Local officials who oppose the president's policies say that complying with federal immigration officers will ruin the trust established between law enforcement and immigrant communities. Supporters of the president's policies say that protection of immigrants from enforcement makes communities less safe and undermines the rule of law.[35]

text: Political action[edit]

text: State[edit]

text: Georgia banned "sanctuary cities" in 2010, and in 2016 went further by requiring local governments, in order to obtain state funding, to certify that they cooperate with federal immigration officials.[37]

text: Arizona, through SB 1070 (enacted in 2010), requires law enforcement officers to notify federal immigration authorities "if they develop reasonable suspicion that a person they’ve detained or arrested is in the country illegally."[38]

text: Tennessee state law bars "local governments or officials from making policies that stop local entities from complying with federal immigration law."[39] In 2017, legislation proposed in the Tennessee General Assembly would go further, withholding funding from local governments deemed insufficiently cooperative with the federal government.[39]

text:
The California state senate passed a bill that would largely prohibit local law enforcement agencies from using their money, equipment or personnel to aid federal government action against illegal immigrants.
[40]

text: In Texas no city has formally declared "sanctuary" status, but a few do not fully cooperate with federal immigration authorities and have drawn a negative response from the legislature.[41] Bills seeking to deprive state funding from police departments and municipalities that do not cooperate with federal authorities had been introduced into the Texas Legislature several times.[41] On February 1, 2017, Texas Governor Greg Abbott blocked funding to Travis County, Texas due to its recently implemented de facto sanctuary city policy.[42][43] On May 7, 2017, Abbott signed Texas Senate Bill 4 into law, effectively banning sanctuary cities by charging county or city officials who refuse to work with federal officials and by allowing police officers to check the immigration status of those they detain if they choose.[44][45]

text: Federal[edit]

text: The Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 addressed the relationship between the federal government and local governments.  Minor crimes, such as shoplifting, became grounds for possible deportation.[46] Additionally, the legislation outlawed cities' bans against municipal workers reporting a person's immigration status to federal authorities.[47]

text: Section 287(g) makes it possible for state and local law enforcement personnel to enter into agreements with the federal government to be trained in immigration enforcement and, subsequent to such training, to enforce immigration law. However, it provides no general power for immigration enforcement by state and local authorities.[48] This provision was implemented by local and state authorities in five states, California, Arizona, Alabama, Florida and North Carolina by the end of 2006.[49] On June 16, 2007 the United States House of Representatives passed an amendment to a United States Department of Homeland Security spending bill that would withhold federal emergency services funds from sanctuary cities.  Congressman Tom Tancredo (R-Colo.) was the sponsor of this amendment.  50 Democrats joined Republicans to support the amendment.  The amendment would have to pass the United States Senate to become effective.[50]

text: In 2007, Republican representatives introduced legislation targeting sanctuary cities. Reps. Brian Bilbray, R-Calif., Ginny Brown-Waite, R-Fla., Thelma Drake, R-Va., Jeff Miller, R-Fla., and Tom Tancredo introduced the bill.  The legislation would make undocumented immigrant status a felony, instead of a civil offense.  Also, the bill targets sanctuary cities by withholding up to 50 percent of Department of Homeland Security funds from the cities.[51]

text: On September 5, 2007, Department of Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff told a House committee that he certainly wouldn't tolerate interference by sanctuary cities that would block his "Basic Pilot Program" that requires employers to validate the legal status of their workers. "We're exploring our legal options. I intend to take as vigorous legal action as the law allows to prevent that from happening, prevent that kind of interference."[52][53]

text: On January 25, 2017 President Donald Trump signed Executive Order 13768 directing the Secretary of Homeland Security and Attorney General to defund sanctuary jurisdictions that refuse to comply with federal immigration law.[54] He also  ordered the Department of Homeland Security to begin issuing weekly public reports that include "a comprehensive list of criminal actions committed by aliens and any jurisdiction that ignored or otherwise failed to honor any detainers with respect to such aliens."[54] Ilya Somin, Professor of Law at George Mason University, has argued that Trump's withholding of federal funding would be unconstitutional: "Trump and future presidents could use [the executive order] to seriously undermine constitutional federalism by forcing dissenting cities and states to obey presidential dictates, even without authorization from Congress. The circumvention of Congress makes the order a threat to separation of powers, as well."[55] On April 25, 2017, U.S. District Judge William Orrick issued a nationwide preliminary injunction halting this executive order.[56][57]  The injunction was made permanent on November 20, 2017, when Judge Orrick ruled that section 9(a) of the order was "unconstitutional on its face".[58]  The judgment concluded that the order violates "the separation of powers doctrine and deprives [the plaintiffs] of their Tenth and Fifth Amendment rights."[59]

text: Jurisdiction

text: Whether federal or local government has jurisdiction to detain and deport undocumented immigrants is a tricky and unsettled issue, because the U.S. Constitution does not provide a clear answer. Both federal and local government offer arguments to defend their authority. The issue of jurisdiction has been vigorously debated dating back to the Alien Act of 1798.[60] Opponents of local level policing tend to use the Naturalization Clause and the Migration clause in the Constitution as textual confirmation of federal power. Because the  Supremacy Clause is generally interpreted to mean that federal law takes priority over state law, the U.S. Supreme Court in the majority of cases has ruled in favor of the federal government. Certain states have been affected by illegal immigration more than others and have attempted to pass legislation that limits access by undocumented immigrants to public benefits. A notable case was Arizona's SB 1070 law, which was passed in 2010 and struck down in 2012 by the Supreme Court as unconstitutional.[61]

text: States like Arizona, Texas and Nevada justify their aggressive actions as a result of insufficient efforts by the federal government to address issues like use of schools and hospitals by illegal immigrants and changes to the cultural landscape—impacts that are most visible on a local level.[62] Ambiguity and confusion over jurisdiction is one of the reasons why local and state policies for and against sanctuary cities vary widely depending on location in the country.

text: Effects[edit]

text: Crime[edit]

text: A 2017 review study of the existing literature noted that the existing studies had found that sanctuary cities either have no impact on crime or that they lower the crime rate.[5] A second 2017 study in the journal Urban Affairs Review found that sanctuary policy itself has no statistically meaningful effect on crime.[63][3][64][65][66] The findings of the study were misinterpreted by Attorney General Jeff Sessions in a July 2017 speech when he claimed that the study showed that sanctuary cities were more prone to crime than cities without sanctuary policies.[67][68] A third study in the journal Justice Quarterly found evidence that the adoption of sanctuary policies reduced the robbery rate but had no impact on the homicide rate except in cities with larger Mexican undocumented immigrant populations which had lower rates of homicide.[69]

text: According to a study by Tom K. Wong, associate professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego, published by the Center for American Progress, a progressive think tank: "Crime is statistically significantly lower in sanctuary counties compared to nonsanctuary counties. Moreover, economies are stronger in sanctuary counties – from higher median household income, less poverty, and less reliance on public assistance to higher labor force participation, higher employment-to-population ratios, and lower unemployment."[4] The study also concluded that sanctuary cities build trust between local law enforcement and the community, which enhances public safety overall.[70] The study evaluated sanctuary and non-sanctuary cities while controlling for differences in population, the foreign-born percentage of the population, and the percentage of the population that is Latino."[4]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Advocates of local enforcement of immigration laws argue that more regulatory local immigration policies would cause immigrants to flee those cities and possibly the United States altogether,[71] while opponents argue that regulatory policies on immigrants wouldn't affect their presence because immigrants looking for work will relocate towards economic opportunity despite challenges living there.[7] Undocumented migrants tend to be attracted to states with more economic opportunity and individual freedom.[72]  Because there is no reliable data that asks for immigration status, there is no way to tell empirically if regulatory policies do have an effect on immigrant presence. A study comparing restrictive counties with nonrestrictive counties found that local jurisdictions that enacted regulatory immigration policies experienced a 1–2% negative effect in employment.[7]

text: Health and well-being[edit]

text: A preliminary study's results imply that the number of Sanctuary cities in the U.S. positively affects well-being in the undocumented immigrant population.[73] Concerning health, a study in North Carolina found that after implementation of section 287(g), prenatal Hispanic/Latina mothers were more likely than non-Hispanic/Latina mothers to have late or inadequate prenatal care. The study's interviews indicated that Hispanics/Latinos in the section 287(g) counties had distrust in health services among other services and had fear about going to the doctor.[74]

text: Laws and policies by state and city[edit]

text: Alabama[edit]

text: In Alabama, state law (Alabama HB 56) was enacted in 2011, calling for proactive immigration enforcement; however, many provisions are either blocked by the federal courts or subject to ongoing lawsuits.[citation needed] On January 31, 2017, William A. Bell, the mayor of Birmingham, declared the city a "welcoming city" and said that the police would not be "an enforcement arm of the federal government" with respect to federal immigration law. He also stated that the city would not require proof of citizenship for granting business licenses. The Birmingham City Council subsequently passed a resolution supporting Birmingham being a "sanctuary city".[75]

tag: ul

text: Arizona[edit]

text: Following the passage of Arizona SB 1070, a state law, few if any cities in Arizona are "sanctuary cities."  A provision of SB 1070 requires local authorities to "contact federal immigration authorities if they develop reasonable suspicion that a person they've detained or arrested is in the country illegally."[38] The Center for Immigration Studies, which advocates restrictive immigration policies, labels only one city in the state, South Tucson, a "sanctuary city"; the label is because South Tucson does not honor ICE detainers "unless ICE pays for cost of detention".[38]

text: California[edit]

text:
According to the National Immigration Law Center, about a dozen California cities have some formal sanctuary policy, and none of the 58 California counties "complies with detainer requests by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement."[76]
Berkeley became the first city in the United States to pass a sanctuary resolution on November 8, 1971.[77] Additional local governments in certain cities in the United States began designating themselves as sanctuary cities during the 1980s.[78][79]  Some have questioned the accuracy of the term "sanctuary city" as used in the US.[80] The policy was first initiated in 1979 in Los Angeles, to prevent the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) from inquiring about the immigration status of arrestees. Many Californian cities have adopted "sanctuary" ordinances banning city employees and public safety personnel from asking people about their immigration status.[81][82]
Coachella - 95% Latino, 2nd highest percentage Latino city in Southern California, adopted the policy in 2015. [83]
Los Angeles – In 1979, the Los Angeles City Council adopted Special Order 40, barring LAPD officers from initiating contact with a person solely to determine their immigration status.[84] However, the city frequently cooperates with federal immigration authorities.[76] Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti does not use the phrase "sanctuary city" to describe the city because the label is unclear.[76]
San Francisco "declared itself a sanctuary city in 1989, and city officials strengthened the stance in 2013 with its 'Due Process for All' ordinance. The law declared local authorities could not hold immigrants for immigration officials if they had no violent felonies on their records and did not currently face charges."[76] The 2015 shooting of Kathryn Steinle provoked debate about San Francisco's "sanctuary city" policy.[85]
Seaside –  On March 29, 2017, Seaside became Monterey County's first sanctuary city.[86]
Williams - 75% Latino, largest percentage Latino town in Northern California, adopted the policy in 2015. [87]
On October 5, 2017, Governor Jerry Brown signed a bill that makes California a "sanctuary state". In spite of this, it does not bar local and state agencies from cooperating with ICE regarding certain illegal criminals and ICE is still free to carry out raids targeting undocumented immigrants within the state.[88]

text: Colorado[edit]

text:
Boulder[89] became a sanctuary city in 2017.
Denver does not identify as a sanctuary city. The Denver Post reports: "The city doesn't have an ordinance staking out a claim or barring information-sharing with federal officials about a person's immigration status, unlike some cities. But it is among cities that don't enforce immigration laws or honor federal 'detainer' requests to hold immigrants with suspect legal status in jail past their release dates.[90]
Estes Park police chief Wes Kufeld stated that, "As far as day-to-day policing, people are not required to provide proof of immigration status, and our officers are not required by ICE to check immigration status, nor to conduct sweeps for undocumented individuals. So, we don’t do these things." He added that town police do assist ICE in the arrest and detainment of any illegal immigrant suspected of a felony.[91]

text: Connecticut[edit]

text:
Hartford passed an ordinance providing services to all residents regardless of their immigration in 2008. Said ordinance also prohibits that police from detaining individuals based solely on their immigration status or inquiring as to their immigration status. In 2016, the ordinance was amended to declare that Hartford is a "Sanctuary City", though the term itself does not have an established legal meaning.[92]
In 2013, Connecticut passed a law that gives local law enforcement officers discretion to carry out immigration detainer requests, though only for suspected felons.[93]
On February 3, 2017, Middletown, CT declared itself a sanctuary city.  This was in direct response to President Trump's executive order.  Said Middletown's mayor, “We don't just take orders from the President of the United States”[94]

text: Florida[edit]

text:
In January 2017 Miami-Dade County rescinded a policy of insisting the U.S. government pay for detention of persons on a federal list. Republican Mayor Carlos Gimenez ordered jails to "fully cooperate" with Presidential immigration policy. He said he did not want to risk losing a larger amount of federal financial aid for not complying. The mayor said Miami-Dade County has never considered itself to be a sanctuary city.[95]
St. Petersburg Democratic Mayor Rick Kriseman said residents from all backgrounds implored him to declare a sanctuary city. In February 2017 he blogged that, "I have no hesitation in declaring St. Petersburg a sanctuary from harmful federal immigration laws. We will not expend resources to help enforce such laws, nor will our police officers stop, question or arrest an individual solely on the basis that they may have unlawfully entered the United States." He said the county sheriff’s office has ultimate responsibility for notifying federal officials about people illegally in the city. The mayor criticized President Trump for "demonization of Muslims."[96][97]

text: Georgia[edit]

text: The mayor of Atlanta, Georgia in January 2017 declared the city was a “welcoming city” and “will remain open and welcoming to all”.  This statement was in response to President's Trump's executive orders related to “public safety agencies and the communities they serve”.  Nonetheless, Atlanta does not consider itself to be a “sanctuary city”.[98] Atlanta also has refused to house new ICE detainees in its jail, but will keep the current detainees.

text: Illinois[edit]

text:
Chicago became a "de jure" sanctuary city in 2012 when Mayor Rahm Emanuel and the City Council passed the Welcoming City Ordinance.[99][100] The ordinance protects residents' rights to access city services regardless of immigration status and states that Chicago police officers cannot arrest individuals on the basis of immigration status alone.[101] The status was reaffirmed in 2016.[102][103]
Urbana, Illinois[104]
Evanston, Illinois[105]
On August 28, 2017, Illinois Governor Bruce Rauner signed a bill into law that prohibited state and local police from arresting anyone solely due to their immigration status or due to federal detainers.[106][107][108][109] Some fellow Republicans criticized Rauner for his action, claiming the bill made Illinois a sanctuary state. However, the Illinois associations for Sheriffs and Police Chiefs stated that the bill does not prevent cooperation with the federal government or give sanctuary for illegal immigrants. Both organizations support the bill.[110][111][112]

text: Louisiana[edit]

text: In New Orleans[113] the New Orleans Police Department began a new policy to "no longer cooperate with federal immigration enforcement" beginning on Feb. 28, 2016.[113]

text: Maine[edit]

text: A 2004 executive order prohibited state officials from inquiring about immigration status of individual seeking public assistance, but in 2011, the incoming Maine governor Paul LePage rescinded this, stating “it is the intent of this administration to promote rather than hinder the enforcement of federal immigration law”. In 2015 Governor LePage accused the city of Portland, Maine of being a sanctuary city based on the fact that “city employees are prohibited from asking about the immigration status of people seeking city services unless compelled by a court or law”,[114] but Portland city officials did not accept that characterization.[114]

text: Maryland[edit]

text: In 2008, Baltimore and Takoma Park are sometimes identified as sanctuary cities.[115] However, "[m]ost local governments in Maryland – including Baltimore – still share information with the federal government."[116] In 2016, Baltimore Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake said that she did not consider Baltimore to be a "sanctuary city."[117]

text: Massachusetts[edit]

text:
Boston has an ordinance, enacted in 2014, that bars the Boston Police Department "from detaining anyone based on their immigration status unless they have a criminal warrant."[118] Cambridge,  Chelsea, Somerville, Orleans, Northampton, and Springfield have similar legislation.[118] In August 2016, Boston Police Commissioner, William B. Evans re-issued a memo stating “all prisoners who are subject to ICE Detainers must receive equal access to bail commissioners, which includes notifying said prisoner of his or her right to seek bail.” Bail commissioners are informed of the person’s status on an ICE detainer list and may set bail accordingly.[119]
The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled in 2017 that a person cannot be held solely due to an ICE detainer.[120]

text: Michigan[edit]

text:
Detroit and Ann Arbor are sometimes referred to as "sanctuary cities" because they "have anti-profiling ordinances that generally prohibit local police from asking about the immigration status of people who are not suspected of any crime."[121] Unlike San Francisco's ordinance, however, the Detroit and Ann Arbor policies do not bar local authorities from cooperating and assisting ICE and Customs and Border Protection, and both cities frequently do so.
Kalamazoo re-affirmed its status as a sanctuary city in 2017. Vice Mayor Don Cooney stated, "We care about you. We will protect you. We are with you."
Lansing voted to become a sanctuary city in April 2017, but reversed the decision a week later due to public and business opposition. An order by mayor Virg Bernero still prohibits Lansing police officers from asking residents about their immigration status, however. [122]

text: Minnesota[edit]

text: Minneapolis has an ordinance, adopted in 2003,[123] that directs local law enforcement officers "not to 'take any law enforcement action' for the sole purpose of finding undocumented immigrants, or ask an individual about his or her immigration status."[124] The Minneapolis ordinance does not bar cooperation with federal authorities: "The city works cooperatively with the Homeland Security, as it does with all state and federal agencies, but the city does not operate its programs for the purpose of enforcing federal immigration laws. The Homeland Security has the legal authority to enforce immigration laws in the United States, in Minnesota and in the city."[123]

text: New York[edit]

text:
Albany - Mayor Kathy Sheehan stated that the city complies with federal law and cooperates with ICE, but she asserted that comments by national government officials show a failure "to understand what is happening in our cities and why a city like Albany would choose to label itself as a sanctuary city."[125]
Ithaca[126]
New York City[127] (see also illegal immigration to New York City)
Newburgh, New York
Rochester[128]
Syracuse[129]

text: New Jersey[edit]

text: Among the municipalities which are considered sanctuary cities are  Asbury Park, Camden, East Orange, Hoboken, Jersey City, Linden, New Brunswick, Newark, North Bergen, Plainfield, Trenton and Union City.[130] Those with specific executive orders made by mayors or resolution by municipal councils are:

text:
Jersey City[131][132]
Maplewood[133]
Newark[134][135]
East Orange[136]
Prospect Park[137]
Union City[138]
Highland Park (see:Reformed Church of Highland Park)
Hoboken[139][140]

text: North Carolina[edit]

text: The state of North Carolina currently restricts any city or municipality from refusing to cooperate with federal immigration and customs enforcement officials.[141] There are therefore no official sanctuary cities in the state.  A bill, under consideration as of March 2017, is entitled Citizens Protection Act of 2017 or HB 63.  Under the new provisions, the state would be able to deny bail to undocumented immigrants for whom Immigration and Customs Enforcements (ICE) has issued a detainer; allow the state to withhold tax revenues from cities who are not in compliance with the statewide immigration regulations; and encourage tipsters to identify municipalities which violate these laws.[142]

text: Ohio[edit]

text: Cincinnati's mayor declared the city a sanctuary city on January 30, 2017 in response to a federal executive order limiting immigration issued three days earlier.[143]

text: Oregon[edit]

text:
State law passed in 1987: "Oregon Revised Statute 181.850, which prohibits law enforcement officers at the state, county or municipal level from enforcing federal immigration laws that target people based on their race or ethnic origin, when those individuals are not suspected of any criminal activities.[144][145]
Beaverton city council passed a resolution in January 2017 stating, in part, "The City of Beaverton is committed to living its values as a welcoming city for all individuals ...regardless of a person's ... immigration status" and that they would abide by Oregon state law of not enforcing federal immigration laws.[146]
Corvallis[147]
Portland[148]

text: Pennsylvania[edit]

text: There are currently 18 sanctuary jurisdictions in the state of Pennsylvania.[149][150] Sanctuary jurisdictions exist in Bradford County, Bucks County, Chester County, Clarion County, Delaware County, Erie County, Franklin County, Lebanon County, Lehigh County, Lycoming County, Montgomery County, Montour County, Perry County, Philadelphia County, Pike County, and Westmoreland County.

text: Philadelphia mayor Jim Kenney said in November 2016 that federal immigration policies lead to more crime, and that crime rates declined the year he reinstated a sanctuary city policy.[151] U.S. Attorney General Sessions has included Philadelphia on the list of cities threatened with subpoenas if they fail to provide documents to show whether local law enforcement officers are sharing information with federal immigration authorities.[152]

text: Washington[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: Toronto was the first city in Canada to declare itself a sanctuary city, with Toronto City Council voting 37–3 on February 22, 2013 to adopt a formal policy allowing undocumented migrants to access city services.[154] Hamilton, Ontario declared itself a sanctuary city in February 2014 after the Hamilton City Council voted unanimously to allow undocumented immigrants to access city-funded services such as shelters, housing and food banks.[155] In response to US President Donald Trump's Executive Order 13769, the city council of London, Ontario voted unanimously to declare London a sanctuary city in January 2017[156] with Montreal doing the same in February 2017 after a unanimous vote.[157]

text: While Vancouver is not a sanctuary city, it adopted an "Access to City Services without Fear" policy for residents that are undocumented or have an uncertain immigration status in April 2016.[158] The policy does not apply to municipal services operated by individual boards, including services provided by the Vancouver Police Department, Vancouver Public Library, or Vancouver Park Board.[159]

text: As of  February 2017[update], the cities of Calgary, Ottawa, Regina, Saskatoon, and Winnipeg are considering motions to declare themselves sanctuary cities.[159][160]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, sanctuary cities provide services – such as housing, education, and cultural integration – to asylum seekers (i.e. persons fleeing one country and seeking protection in another).[11]  The movement began in Sheffield in the north of England in 2005. It was motivated by a national policy adopted in 1999 to disperse asylum seekers to different towns and cities in the UK.  In 2009, the city council of Sheffield drew up a manifesto outlining key areas of concern and 100 supporting organizations signed on.[161]

text: A city's status as a place of sanctuary is not necessarily a formal governmental designation.  The organization City of Sanctuary encourages local grassroots groups throughout the UK and Ireland to build a culture of hospitality towards asylum seekers.[162]

text: Glasgow is a noted sanctuary city in Scotland.  In 2000 the city council accepted their first asylum seekers relocated by the Home Office. The Home Office provided funding to support asylum seekers but would also forcibly deport them ("removal seizures") if it was determined they could not stay in the UK. As of 2010 Glasgow had accepted 22,000 asylum seekers from 75 different nations. In 2007, local residents upset by the human impact of removal seizures, organized watches to warn asylum seekers when Home Office vans were in the neighborhood. They also organized protests and vigils which led to the ending of the removal seizures.[10][12]


document_title: List of causes of death by rate

question_text: what is the number one cause of death in humans

text: List of causes of death by rate

text: By frequency[edit]

text: The table below uses data from 2002 and is out of date. Data is now available for 2010.[3]

text: Note: Tinted backgrounds indicate items that also appear in the subsequent table. Percentage figures add to more than 100% because some deaths appear in both broadly-defined and narrowly defined categories; for example, Cardiovascular Deaths includes deaths from both Ischaemic Heart Disease and Stroke.

text:
Mortality rates (death rate per year, from data for 2002[4])

Group[5]
Cause
Percent of deaths
Deaths per 100,000

Group
Subgroup
All
Male
Female

–
All causes
100.0
100.0
916.1
954.7
877.1

A
Cardiovascular diseases
29.34

268.8
259.3
278.4

B
Infectious and parasitic diseases
23.04

211.3
221.7
200.4

A.1
Coronary artery disease

12.64
115.8
121.4
110.1

C
Malignant neoplasms (cancers)
12.49

114.4
126.9
101.7

A.2
Cerebrovascular disease (Stroke)

9.66
88.5
85.4
95.6

B.1
Respiratory infections

6.95
63.7
63.5
63.8

B.1.1
Lower respiratory tract infections

6.81
62.4
62.2
62.6

D
Respiratory diseases
6.49

59.5
61.1
57.9

E
Unintentional injuries
6.23

57.0
73.7
40.2

B.2
HIV/AIDS

4.87
44.6
46.2
43.0

D.1
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

4.82
44.1
45.1
43.1

–
Perinatal conditions
4.32
4.32
39.6
43.7
35.4

F
Digestive diseases
3.45

31.6
34.9
28.2

B.3
Diarrhea diseases

3.15
28.9
30.0
27.8

G
Intentional injuries (Suicide, Violence, War, etc.)
2.84

26.0
37.0
14.9

B.4
Tuberculosis

2.75
25.2
32.9
17.3

B.5
Malaria

2.23
20.4
19.4
21.5

C.1
Lung cancer

2.18
20.0
28.4
11.4

E.1
Road traffic accidents

2.09
19.1
40.8
10.4

B.6
Childhood diseases

1.97
18.1
18.0
18.2

H
Neuropsychiatric disorders
1.95

17.9
18.4
17.3

–
Diabetes mellitus
1.73
1.73
15.9
14.1
17.7

A.3
Hypertensive heart disease

1.60
14.6
13.4
15.9

G.1
Suicide

1.53
14.0
17.4
10.6

C.2
Stomach cancer

1.49
13.7
16.7
10.5

I
Diseases of the genitourinary system
1.49

13.6
14.1
13.1

F.1
Cirrhosis of the liver

1.38
12.6
16.1
9.1

I.1
Nephritis/nephropathy

1.19
10.9
11.0
10.7

C.3
Colorectal cancer

1.09
10.0
10.3
9.7

C.4
Liver cancer

1.08
9.9
13.6
6.2

B.6.1
Measles

1.07
9.8
9.8
9.9

G.2
Violence

0.98
9.0
14.2
3.7

–
Maternal conditions
0.89
0.89
8.2
0.0
16.5

–
Congenital abnormalities
0.86
0.86
7.9
8.1
7.7

J
Nutritional deficiencies
0.85

7.8
6.9
8.7

C.5
Breast cancer

0.84
7.7
0.1
15.3

C.6
Esophageal cancer

0.78
7.2
9.1
5.2

A.4
Inflammatory heart disease

0.71
6.5
6.7
6.2

H.1
Alzheimer's disease and other dementias

0.70
6.4
4.7
8.1

E.2
Falls

0.69
6.3
7.5
5.0

E.3
Drowning

0.67
6.1
8.4
3.9

E.4
Poisoning

0.61
5.6
7.2
4.0

C.7
Lymphomas, multiple myeloma

0.59
5.4
5.4
5.4

A.5
Rheumatic heart disease

0.57
5.3
4.4
6.1

C.8
Oral and oropharynx cancers

0.56
5.1
7.1
3.1

E.5
Fires

0.55
5.0
3.8
6.2

B.6.2
Pertussis

0.52
4.7
4.7
4.8

C.9
Prostate cancer

0.47
4.3
8.6
0.0

C.10
Leukemia

0.46
4.2
4.7
3.8

F.2
Peptic ulcer disease

0.46
4.2
5.0
3.5

J.1
Protein-energy malnutrition

0.46
4.2
4.2
4.2

–
Endocrine/nutritional disorders
0.43
0.43
3.9
3.4
4.4

D.2
Asthma

0.42
3.9
3.9
3.8

C.11
Cervical cancer

0.42
3.8
0.0
7.7

C.12
Pancreatic cancer

0.41
3.7
3.9
3.5

B.6.3
Tetanus

0.38
3.4
3.4
3.5

B.7
Sexually transmitted diseases excluding HIV/AIDS

0.32
2.9
2.9
2.9

C.13
Bladder cancer

0.31
2.9
4.0
1.7

B.8
Meningitis

0.30
2.8
2.9
2.7

G.3
War

0.30
2.8
5.0
0.5

B.7.1
Syphilis

0.28
2.5
2.7
2.3

–
Neoplasms other than malignant
0.26
0.26
2.4
2.4
2.4

J.2
Iron deficiency anemia

0.24
2.2
1.5
2.9

C.14
Ovarian cancer

0.24
2.2
0.0
4.4

B.9
Tropical diseases excluding malaria

0.23
2.1
2.5
1.6

H.2
Epilepsy

0.22
2.0
2.2
1.8

–
Musculoskeletal diseases
0.19
0.19
1.7
1.2
2.2

B.10
Hepatitis B

0.18
1.7
2.3
1.0

H.3
Parkinson's disease

0.17
1.6
1.6
1.6

H.4
Alcohol use disorders

0.16
1.5
2.5
0.4

H.5
Drug use disorders

0.15
1.4
2.2
0.5

B.1.2
Upper respiratory infections

0.13
1.2
1.2
1.2

C.15
Uterine cancer

0.12
1.1
0.0
2.3

–
Skin diseases
0.12
0.12
1.1
0.8
1.4

C.16
Melanoma and other skin cancers

0.12
1.1
1.1
1.0

B.11
Hepatitis C

0.09
0.9
1.1
0.6

B.9.1
Leishmaniasis

0.09
0.8
1.0
0.7

B.9.2
Trypanosomiasis

0.08
0.8
1.0
0.5

I.2
Benign prostatic hyperplasia

0.06
0.5
1.0
0.0

text: Malnutrition[edit]

text: Malnutrition can be identified as an underlying cause for shortened life.[6] 70% of childhood deaths (age 0-4) are reportedly due to diarrheal illness, acute respiratory infection, malaria and immunizable disease. However, of these childhood deaths, 56% can be attributed to the effects of malnutrition as an underlying cause.[7] The effects of malnutrition include increased susceptibility to infection,[8] musculature wasting, skeletal deformities and neurologic development delays.[9] According to the World Health Organization, malnutrition is named as the biggest contributor to child mortality[10] with 36 million deaths in 2005 related to malnutrition.[11]

text: Developed vs. developing economies[edit]

text: Top causes of death, according to the World Health Organization report for the calendar year 2001:[12]

text:
Causes of death in developing countries
Number of deaths
Causes of death in developed countries
Number of deaths

HIV-AIDS
2,678,000
Ischaemic heart disease
3,512,000

Lower respiratory infections
2,643,000
Cerebrovascular disease
3,346,000

Ischaemic heart disease
2,484,000
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
1,829,000

Diarrhea
1,793,000
Lower respiratory infections
1,180,000

Cerebrovascular disease
1,381,000
Lung cancer
938,000

Childhood diseases
1,217,000
Car crash
669,000

Malaria
1,103,000
Stomach cancer
657,000

Tuberculosis
1,021,000
Hypertensive heart disease
635,000

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
748,000
Tuberculosis
571,000

Measles
674,000
Suicide
499,000

text: By age group[edit]

text: By occupation[edit]

text: With an average of 123.6 deaths per 100,000 from 2003 through 2010 the most dangerous occupation in the United States is the cell tower construction industry.[14]


document_title: Statue of Zeus at Olympia

question_text: who was the statue of zeus built for

question_tokens: who was the statue of zeus built for

text: Statue of Zeus at Olympia

text: History[edit]

text: The statue of Zeus was commissioned by the Eleans, custodians of the Olympic Games, in the latter half of the fifth century BC for their recently constructed Temple of Zeus. Seeking to outdo their Athenian rivals, the Eleans employed the renowned sculptor Phidias, who had previously made the massive statue of Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon.[3]

text: The great seated statue as fashioned by Phidias occupied half the width of the aisle of the temple built to house it. "It seems that if Zeus were to stand up," the geographer Strabo noted early in the 1st century BC, "he would unroof the temple."[4] The Zeus was a chryselephantine sculpture, made with ivory and gold panels on a wooden substructure. No copy in marble or bronze has survived, though there are recognizable but only approximate versions on coins of nearby Elis and on Roman coins and engraved gems.[5]

text: In the 2nd century AD, the geographer and traveler Pausanias gave a detailed description. The statue was crowned with a sculpted wreath of olive sprays, and wore a gilded robe made from glass and carved with animals and lilies. In its right hand was a small chryselephantine statue of crowned Nike, goddess of victory. Its left hand held a scepter inlaid with many metals, supporting an eagle. The throne featured painted figures and wrought images and was decorated in gold, precious stones, ebony, and ivory.[6] Zeus' golden sandals rested upon a footstool decorated with an Amazonomachy in relief. The passage underneath the throne was restricted by painted screens.[7]

text: Pausanias also recounts that the statue was kept constantly coated with olive oil to counter the harmful effect on the ivory caused by the "marshiness" of the Altis grove. The floor in front of the image was paved with black tiles and surrounded by a raised rim of marble, to contain the oil.[8] This reservoir acted as a reflecting pool which doubled the apparent height of the statue.[9]

text: According to the Roman historian Livy, the Roman general Aemilius Paulus (the victor over Macedon) saw the statue and "was moved to his soul, as if he had seen the god in person,"[10] while the 1st century AD Greek orator Dio Chrysostom declared that a single glimpse of the statue would make a man forget all his earthly troubles.[11]

text: According to a legend, when Phidias was asked what inspired him—whether he climbed Mount Olympus to see Zeus, or whether Zeus came down from Olympus so that Phidias could see him—the artist answered that he portrayed Zeus according to Book One, verses 528 – 530 of Homer's Iliad: [12]

text: The sculptor also was reputed to have immortalised Pantarkes, the winner of the boys' wrestling event at the eighty-sixth Olympiad who was said to have been his "beloved" (eromenos), by carving Pantarkes kalos ("Pantarkes is beautiful") into Zeus's little finger, and by placing a relief of the boy crowning himself at the feet of the statue.[14][15]

text: According to Pausanias, "when the image was quite finished Pheidias prayed the god to show by a sign whether the work was to his liking. Immediately, runs the legend, a thunderbolt fell on that part of the floor where down to the present day the bronze jar stood to cover the place."[8]

text: Loss and destruction[edit]

text: According to Roman historian Suetonius, the Roman Emperor Caligula gave orders that "such statues of the gods as were especially famous for their sanctity or their artistic merit, including that of Jupiter at Olympia, should be brought from Greece, in order to remove their heads and put his own in their place."[16] Before this could happen, the emperor was assassinated in 41 AD; his death was supposedly foretold by the statue, which "suddenly uttered such a peal of laughter that the scaffolding collapsed and the workmen took to their heels."[17]

text: In 391 AD, the Roman emperor Theodosius I banned participation in pagan cults and closed the temples. The sanctuary at Olympia fell into disuse. The circumstances of the statue's eventual destruction are unknown. The 11th-century Byzantine historian Georgios Kedrenos records a tradition that it was carried off to Constantinople, where it was destroyed in the great fire of the Palace of Lausus, in 475 AD.

text: Alternatively, the statue perished along with the temple, which was severely damaged by fire in 425 AD.[18] But earlier loss or damage is implied by Lucian of Samosata in the later 2nd century, who referenced it Timon: "they have laid hands on your person at Olympia, my lord High-Thunderer, and you had not the energy to wake the dogs or call in the neighbours; surely they might have come to the rescue and caught the fellows before they had finished packing up the loot."[19][20]

text: Phidias' workshop[edit]

text: The approximate date of the statue (the third quarter of the 5th century BC) was confirmed in the rediscovery (1954–58) of Phidias' workshop, approximately where Pausanias said the statue of Zeus was constructed. Archaeological finds included tools for working gold and ivory, ivory chippings, precious stones and terracotta moulds. Most of the latter were used to create glass plaques, and to form the statue's robe from sheets of glass, naturalistically draped and folded, then gilded. A cup inscribed "ΦΕΙΔΙΟΥ ΕΙΜΙ" or "I belong to Phidias" was found at the site.[21]