document_title: Electric current

question_text: the type of electrical current in which electrons flow first in one direction then in the other is

text: Electric current

text: Symbol

text: The conventional symbol for current is I, which originates from the French phrase intensité de courant, (current intensity).[4][5] Current intensity is often referred to simply as current.[6] The I symbol was used by André-Marie Ampère, after whom the unit of electric current is named, in formulating Ampère's force law (1820).[7] The notation travelled from France to Great Britain, where it became standard, although at least one journal did not change from using C to I until 1896.[8]

text: Conventions

text: In a conductive material, the moving charged particles which constitute the electric current are called charge carriers. In metals, which make up the wires and other conductors in most electrical circuits, the positively charged atomic nuclei are held in a fixed position, and the negatively charged electrons are free to move, carrying their charge from one place to another. In other materials, notably the semiconductors, the charge carriers can be positive or negative, depending on the dopant used. Positive and negative charge carriers may even be present at the same time, as happens in an electrolyte in an electrochemical cell.

text: A flow of positive charges gives the same electric current, and has the same effect in a circuit, as an equal flow of negative charges in the opposite direction. Since current can be the flow of either positive or negative charges, or both, a convention is needed for the direction of current that is independent of the type of charge carriers. The direction of conventional current is arbitrarily defined as the same direction as positive charges flow.

text: The consequence of this convention is that electrons, the charge carriers in metal wires and most other parts of electric circuits, flow in the opposite direction of conventional current flow in an electrical circuit.

text: Reference direction

text: Since the current in a wire or component can flow in either direction, when a variable I is defined to represent that current, the direction representing positive current must be specified, usually by an arrow on the circuit schematic diagram. This is called the reference direction of current I. If the current flows in the opposite direction, the variable I has a negative value.

text: When analyzing electrical circuits, the actual direction of current through a specific circuit element is usually unknown. Consequently, the reference directions of currents are often assigned arbitrarily. When the circuit is solved, a negative value for the variable means that the actual direction of current through that circuit element is opposite that of the chosen reference direction. In electronic circuits, the reference current directions are often chosen so that all currents are toward ground. This often corresponds to the actual current direction, because in many circuits the power supply voltage is positive with respect to ground.

text: Ohm's law

text: Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference across the two points. Introducing the constant of proportionality, the resistance,[9] one arrives at the usual mathematical equation that describes this relationship:[10]

text: where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current.[11]

text: Alternating and direct current

text: In alternating current (AC) systems, the movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction. AC is the form of electric power most commonly delivered to businesses and residences. The usual waveform of an AC power circuit is a sine wave. Certain applications use different waveforms, such as triangular or square waves. Audio and radio signals carried on electrical wires are also examples of alternating current. An important goal in these applications is recovery of information encoded (or modulated) onto the AC signal.

text: In contrast, direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge, or a system in which the movement of electric charge is in one direction only. Direct current is produced by sources such as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type. Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams. An old name for direct current was galvanic current.[12]

text: Occurrences

text: Natural observable examples of electrical current include lightning, static electric discharge, and the solar wind, the source of the polar auroras.

text: Man-made occurrences of electric current include the flow of conduction electrons in metal wires such as the overhead power lines that deliver electrical energy across long distances and the smaller wires within electrical and electronic equipment. Eddy currents are electric currents that occur in conductors exposed to changing magnetic fields. Similarly, electric currents occur, particularly in the surface, of conductors exposed to electromagnetic waves. When oscillating electric currents flow at the correct voltages within radio antennas, radio waves are generated.

text: In electronics, other forms of electric current include the flow of electrons through resistors or through the vacuum in a vacuum tube, the flow of ions inside a battery or a neuron, and the flow of holes within a semiconductor.

text: Current measurement

text: Current can be measured using an ammeter.

text: At the circuit level, there are various techniques that can be used to measure current:

text:
Shunt resistors[13]
Hall effect current sensor transducers
Transformers (however DC cannot be measured)
Magnetoresistive field sensors[14]

text: Resistive heating

text: Joule heating, also known as ohmic heating and resistive heating, is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor releases heat. It was first studied by James Prescott Joule in 1841. Joule immersed a length of wire in a fixed mass of water and measured the temperature rise due to a known current through the wire for a 30 minute period. By varying the current and the length of the wire he deduced that the heat produced was proportional to the square of the current multiplied by the electrical resistance of the wire.

text: This relationship is known as Joule's First Law. The SI unit of energy was subsequently named the joule and given the symbol J. The commonly known unit of power, the watt, is equivalent to one joule per second.

text: Electromagnetism

text: Electromagnet

text: In an electromagnet a coil, of a large number of circular turns of insulated wire, wrapped on a cylindrical core, behaves like a magnet when an electric current flows through it. When the current is switched off, the coil loses its magnetism immediately. We call such a device as an electromagnet.[15][16]

text: Electric current produces a magnetic field. The magnetic field can be visualized as a pattern of circular field lines surrounding the wire that persists as long as there is current.

text: Magnetism can also produce electric currents. When a changing magnetic field is applied to a conductor, an Electromotive force (EMF) is produced, and when there is a suitable path, this causes current.

text: Electric current can be directly measured with a galvanometer, but this method involves breaking the electrical circuit, which is sometimes inconvenient. Current can also be measured without breaking the circuit by detecting the magnetic field associated with the current. Devices used for this include Hall effect sensors, current clamps, current transformers, and Rogowski coils.

text: Radio waves

text: When an electric current flows in a suitably shaped conductor at radio frequencies radio waves can be generated. These travel at the speed of light and can cause electric currents in distant conductors.

text: Conduction mechanisms in various media

text: In metallic solids, electric charge flows by means of electrons, from lower to higher electrical potential. In other media, any stream of charged objects (ions, for example) may constitute an electric current. To provide a definition of current independent of the type of charge carriers, conventional current is defined as moving in the same direction as the positive charge flow. So, in metals where the charge carriers (electrons) are negative, conventional current is in the opposite direction as the electrons. In conductors where the charge carriers are positive, conventional current is in the same direction as the charge carriers.

text: In a vacuum, a beam of ions or electrons may be formed. In other conductive materials, the electric current is due to the flow of both positively and negatively charged particles at the same time. In still others, the current is entirely due to positive charge flow. For example, the electric currents in electrolytes are flows of positively and negatively charged ions. In a common lead-acid electrochemical cell, electric currents are composed of positive hydrogen ions (protons) flowing in one direction, and negative sulfate ions flowing in the other. Electric currents in sparks or plasma are flows of electrons as well as positive and negative ions. In ice and in certain solid electrolytes, the electric current is entirely composed of flowing ions.

text: Metals

text: In a metal, some of the outer electrons in each atom are not bound to the individual atom as they are in insulating materials, but are free to move within the metal lattice. These conduction electrons can serve as charge carriers, carrying a current. Metals are particularly conductive because there are a large number of these free electrons, typically one per atom in the lattice. With no external electric field applied, these electrons move about randomly due to thermal energy but, on average, there is zero net current within the metal. At room temperature, the average speed of these random motions is 106 metres per second.[17] Given a surface through which a metal wire passes, electrons move in both directions across the surface at an equal rate. As George Gamow wrote in his popular science book, One, Two, Three...Infinity (1947), "The metallic substances differ from all other materials by the fact that the outer shells of their atoms are bound rather loosely, and often let one of their electrons go free. Thus the interior of a metal is filled up with a large number of unattached electrons that travel aimlessly around like a crowd of displaced persons. When a metal wire is subjected to electric force applied on its opposite ends, these free electrons rush in the direction of the force, thus forming what we call an electric current."

text: When a metal wire is connected across the two terminals of a DC voltage source such as a battery, the source places an electric field across the conductor. The moment contact is made, the free electrons of the conductor are forced to drift toward the positive terminal under the influence of this field. The free electrons are therefore the charge carrier in a typical solid conductor.

text: For a steady flow of charge through a surface, the current I (in amperes) can be calculated with the following equation:

text: where Q is the electric charge transferred through the surface over a time t. If Q and t are measured in coulombs and seconds respectively, I is in amperes.

text: More generally, electric current can be represented as the rate at which charge flows through a given surface as:

text: Electrolytes

text: Electric currents in electrolytes are flows of electrically charged particles (ions). For example, if an electric field is placed across a solution of Na+ and Cl− (and conditions are right) the sodium ions move towards the negative electrode (cathode), while the chloride ions move towards the positive electrode (anode). Reactions take place at both electrode surfaces, absorbing each ion.

text: Water-ice and certain solid electrolytes called proton conductors contain positive hydrogen ions ("protons") that are mobile. In these materials, electric currents are composed of moving protons, as opposed to the moving electrons in metals.

text: In certain electrolyte mixtures, brightly coloured ions are the moving electric charges. The slow progress of the colour makes the current visible.[18]

text: Gases and plasmas

text: In air and other ordinary gases below the breakdown field, the dominant source of electrical conduction is via relatively few mobile ions produced by radioactive gases, ultraviolet light, or cosmic rays. Since the electrical conductivity is low, gases are dielectrics or insulators. However, once the applied electric field approaches the breakdown value, free electrons become sufficiently accelerated by the electric field to create additional free electrons by colliding, and ionizing, neutral gas atoms or molecules in a process called avalanche breakdown. The breakdown process forms a plasma that contains enough mobile electrons and positive ions to make it an electrical conductor. In the process, it forms a light emitting conductive path, such as a spark, arc or lightning.

text: Plasma is the state of matter where some of the electrons in a gas are stripped or "ionized" from their molecules or atoms. A plasma can be formed by high temperature, or by application of a high electric or alternating magnetic field as noted above. Due to their lower mass, the electrons in a plasma accelerate more quickly in response to an electric field than the heavier positive ions, and hence carry the bulk of the current. The free ions recombine to create new chemical compounds (for example, breaking atmospheric oxygen into single oxygen [O2 → 2O], which then recombine creating ozone [O3]).[19]

text: Vacuum

text: Since a "perfect vacuum" contains no charged particles, it normally behaves as a perfect insulator. However, metal electrode surfaces can cause a region of the vacuum to become conductive by injecting free electrons or ions through either field electron emission or thermionic emission. Thermionic emission occurs when the thermal energy exceeds the metal's work function, while field electron emission occurs when the electric field at the surface of the metal is high enough to cause tunneling, which results in the ejection of free electrons from the metal into the vacuum. Externally heated electrodes are often used to generate an electron cloud as in the filament or indirectly heated cathode of vacuum tubes. Cold electrodes can also spontaneously produce electron clouds via thermionic emission when small incandescent regions (called cathode spots or anode spots) are formed. These are incandescent regions of the electrode surface that are created by a localized high current. These regions may be initiated by field electron emission, but are then sustained by localized thermionic emission once a vacuum arc forms. These small electron-emitting regions can form quite rapidly, even explosively, on a metal surface subjected to a high electrical field. Vacuum tubes and sprytrons are some of the electronic switching and amplifying devices based on vacuum conductivity.

text: Superconductivity

text: Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics.

text: Semiconductor

text: In a semiconductor it is sometimes useful to think of the current as due to the flow of positive "holes" (the mobile positive charge carriers that are places where the semiconductor crystal is missing a valence electron). This is the case in a p-type semiconductor. A semiconductor has electrical conductivity intermediate in magnitude between that of a conductor and an insulator. This means a conductivity roughly in the range of 10−2 to 104 siemens per centimeter (S⋅cm−1).

text: In the classic crystalline semiconductors, electrons can have energies only within certain bands (i.e. ranges of levels of energy). Energetically, these bands are located between the energy of the ground state, the state in which electrons are tightly bound to the atomic nuclei of the material, and the free electron energy, the latter describing the energy required for an electron to escape entirely from the material. The energy bands each correspond to a large number of discrete quantum states of the electrons, and most of the states with low energy (closer to the nucleus) are occupied, up to a particular band called the valence band. Semiconductors and insulators are distinguished from metals because the valence band in any given metal is nearly filled with electrons under usual operating conditions, while very few (semiconductor) or virtually none (insulator) of them are available in the conduction band, the band immediately above the valence band.

text: The ease of exciting electrons in the semiconductor from the valence band to the conduction band depends on the band gap between the bands. The size of this energy band gap serves as an arbitrary dividing line (roughly 4 eV) between semiconductors and insulators.

text: With covalent bonds, an electron moves by hopping to a neighboring bond. The Pauli exclusion principle requires that the electron be lifted into the higher anti-bonding state of that bond. For delocalized states, for example in one dimension – that is in a nanowire, for every energy there is a state with electrons flowing in one direction and another state with the electrons flowing in the other. For a net current to flow, more states for one direction than for the other direction must be occupied. For this to occur, energy is required, as in the semiconductor the next higher states lie above the band gap. Often this is stated as: full bands do not contribute to the electrical conductivity. However, as a semiconductor's temperature rises above absolute zero, there is more energy in the semiconductor to spend on lattice vibration and on exciting electrons into the conduction band. The current-carrying electrons in the conduction band are known as free electrons, though they are often simply called electrons if that is clear in context.

text: Current density and Ohm's law

text: Current density is a measure of the density of an electric current. It is defined as a vector whose magnitude is the electric current per cross-sectional area. In SI units, the current density is measured in amperes per square metre.

text:
where

I

{\displaystyle I}

 is current in the conductor,

J
→

{\displaystyle {\vec {J}}}

 is the current density, and

d

A
→

{\displaystyle d{\vec {A}}}

 is the differential cross-sectional area vector.

text:
The current density (current per unit area)

J
→

{\displaystyle {\vec {J}}}

 in materials with finite resistance is directly proportional to the electric field

E
→

{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}

 in the medium. The proportionality constant is called the conductivity

σ

{\displaystyle \sigma }

 of the material, whose value depends on the material concerned and, in general, is dependent on the temperature of the material:

text:
The reciprocal of the conductivity

σ

{\displaystyle \sigma }

 of the material is called the resistivity

ρ

{\displaystyle \rho }

 of the material and the above equation, when written in terms of resistivity becomes:

text:
Conduction in semiconductor devices may occur by a combination of drift and diffusion, which is proportional to diffusion constant

D

{\displaystyle D}

 and charge density

α

q

{\displaystyle \alpha _{q}}

. The current density is then:

text:
with

q

{\displaystyle q}

 being the elementary charge and

n

{\displaystyle n}

 the electron density. The carriers move in the direction of decreasing concentration, so for electrons a positive current results for a positive density gradient. If the carriers are holes, replace electron density

n

{\displaystyle n}

 by the negative of the hole density

p

{\displaystyle p}

.

text: In linear anisotropic materials, σ, ρ and D are tensors.

text: In linear materials such as metals, and under low frequencies, the current density across the conductor surface is uniform. In such conditions, Ohm's law states that the current is directly proportional to the potential difference between two ends (across) of that metal (ideal) resistor (or other ohmic device):

text:
where

I

{\displaystyle I}

 is the current, measured in amperes;

V

{\displaystyle V}

 is the potential difference, measured in volts; and

R

{\displaystyle R}

 is the resistance, measured in ohms. For alternating currents, especially at higher frequencies, skin effect causes the current to spread unevenly across the conductor cross-section, with higher density near the surface, thus increasing the apparent resistance.

text: Drift speed

text: The mobile charged particles within a conductor move constantly in random directions, like the particles of a gas. (More accurately, a Fermi gas.) To create a net flow of charge, the particles must also move together with an average drift rate. Electrons are the charge carriers in metals and they follow an erratic path, bouncing from atom to atom, but generally drifting in the opposite direction of the electric field. The speed they drift at can be calculated from the equation:

text: where

text: Typically, electric charges in solids flow slowly. For example, in a copper wire of cross-section 0.5 mm2, carrying a current of 5 A, the drift velocity of the electrons is on the order of a millimetre per second. To take a different example, in the near-vacuum inside a cathode ray tube, the electrons travel in near-straight lines at about a tenth of the speed of light.

text: Any accelerating electric charge, and therefore any changing electric current, gives rise to an electromagnetic wave that propagates at very high speed outside the surface of the conductor. This speed is usually a significant fraction of the speed of light, as can be deduced from Maxwell's Equations, and is therefore many times faster than the drift velocity of the electrons. For example, in AC power lines, the waves of electromagnetic energy propagate through the space between the wires, moving from a source to a distant load, even though the electrons in the wires only move back and forth over a tiny distance.

text: The ratio of the speed of the electromagnetic wave to the speed of light in free space is called the velocity factor, and depends on the electromagnetic properties of the conductor and the insulating materials surrounding it, and on their shape and size.

text: The magnitudes (not the natures) of these three velocities can be illustrated by an analogy with the three similar velocities associated with gases. (See also hydraulic analogy.)

text:
The low drift velocity of charge carriers is analogous to air motion; in other words, winds.
The high speed of electromagnetic waves is roughly analogous to the speed of sound in a gas (these waves move through the medium much faster than any individual particles do)
The random motion of charges is analogous to heat – the thermal velocity of randomly vibrating gas particles.


document_title: List of oldest trees

question_text: where is the oldest living tree in the united states

root

text: List of oldest trees

text: Individual trees with verified ages[edit]

text:
Name
Age
(years)
Species
Location
Country
Notes

?[nb 1]
7006185097300000000♠5,067
Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva
White Mountains, California
United States
Oldest-known currently living tree. Tree cored by Edmund Schulman, age determined by Tom Harlan.[6]

Methuselah
7006177137600000000♠4,849[nb 2]
Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva
White Mountains, California
United States
Until 2012, it was the oldest-known living tree in the world.[8]

Prometheus
(WPN-114)
4844 !4,844
Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva
Wheeler Peak, Nevada
United States
Cut down in 1964.[6]

Gran Abuelo
7006133212500000000♠3,647
Patagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides
Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos
Chile
Alive.[6][9] Located within Alerce Costero National Park.[10]

CBR26
3266 !3,266
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
Dead.[6]

D-21
3220 !3,220
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
Dead.[6]

D-23
3075 !3,075
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
Dead.[6]

CMC 3
3033 !3,033
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
Dead.[6]

Scofield Juniper
2675 !2,675
Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
Dead.[6]

CB-90-11
7005898786000000000♠2,460
Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine
Pinus aristata
central Colorado
United States
[6][11]

Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
2302 !2,302
Sacred fig
Ficus religiosa
Anuradhapura, North Central Province
Sri Lanka
A sapling from the historical Bodhi tree under which the Buddha became enlightened. It was planted in 288 BC and is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.[6]

?
2200 !2,200
Coast Redwood
Sequoia sempervirens
northern California
United States
Dead.[6]

Bennett Juniper
2200 !2,200
Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
[6]

SHP 7
2110 !2,110
Foxtail Pine
Pinus balfouriana
Sierra Nevada California
United States
[6]

?
7005710259000000000♠1,944
Subalpine Larch
Larix lyallii
Kananaskis, Alberta
Canada
[6][12]

CRE 175
1889 !1,889
Rocky Mountain Juniper
Juniperus scopulorum
northern New Mexico
United States
[6]

Miles Juniper
7005668392000000000♠1,829
Western Juniper
Juniperus occidentalis
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
[6][13]

?
7005659888000000000♠1,806
Sugi
Cryptomeria japonica
Yakushima Island
Japan
[14]

KET 3996
7005628384000000000♠1,720
Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis
Ketchum, Idaho
United States
[6][15]

BFR-46
1697 !1,697
Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis
Wasatch Mountains, Utah
United States
[6]

FL117
7005613563000000000♠1,679
Northern Whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis
Ontario
Canada
[6][16]

ERE
1670 !1,670
Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis
northern New Mexico
United States
[6]

RCR 1
1666 !1,666
Foxtail Pine
Pinus balfouriana
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
[6]

?
1661 !1,661
Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis
South Park, Colorado
United States
[6]

BBL 2
1649 !1,649
Foxtail Pine
Pinus balfouriana
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
[6]

BCK 69
7005603367000000000♠1,651
Baldcypress
Taxodium distichum
Bladen County, North Carolina
United States
[6][17]

?
1636 !1,636
Nootka Cypress
Callitropsis nootkatensis
Vancouver Island
Canada
[6]

FL101
1567 !1,567
Northern Whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis
Ontario
Canada
[6]

?
1542 !1,542
Limber Pine
Pinus flexilis
central Colorado
United States
[6]

tag: table

text: Old trees with estimated ages[edit]

text: Note: The ages of the trees in this list are speculative and probably unreliable.

tag: p

text:
Name
Age
(years)
Species
Location
Country
Notes

?
4,112
Yew
Taxus baccata
Zonguldak
Turkey
Alive, found in 2016.[18]

Llangernyw Yew
4,000–5,000
Common Yew
Taxus baccata
Llangernyw, Conwy
Wales
Girth of 10.75 m. Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain's Church in Llangernyw village. One of the 50 Great British Trees.

Sarv-e Abarkuh
4,500
Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens
Abarkuh, Yazd
Iran
Also called "Zoroastrian Sarv",[19][20]

The Senator
3,500
Pond cypress
Taxodium ascendens
Longwood, Florida
United States
Destroyed by fire on January 16, 2012[21][22]

Oliveira do Mouchão (KNJ1/601)
3,350
European olive tree
Olea europea L. var. europaea

Mouriscas, Abrantes
Portugal
Alive.[23][24]

The President
3200 !3,200
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Sierra Nevada, California
United States
Alive.

Alishan Sacred Tree
3,000
Formosan cypress
Chamaecyparis formosensis
Alishan National Scenic Area, Chiayi
Taiwan
Collapsed on July 1, 1997, following heavy rainstorms.[25]

S’Ozzastru
3,000–4,000
Olive
Olea europaea
Luras, Sardinia
Italy
[26]

Patriarca da Floresta (pt)
3,020
Jequitibá-rosa
Cariniana legalis

Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, São Paulo
Brazil
Alive. Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil. Its name translates as "Patriarch of the Forest". Located at the Vassununga State Park. [27]

Raintree
3,000
Great Basin bristlecone pine
Spring Mountains, Nevada
United States
Great Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada, USA. Estimated 3000 years old but never cored.

Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia (Wikidata)
2,850
Olive
Olea europaea
Santa Iria de Azóia (pt), Loures, Lisbon
Portugal
Magnificent Olive tree, probably the last one from a large olive grove. Studied by UTAD University and now classified "Public interest tree" by the Portuguese National Forest Authority ; Tree ID [28]

Mother of the Forest
2520 !2,520
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Calaveras Big Trees State Park, California
United States
Dead.

General Sherman
2,300–2,700
Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum
Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, California
United States
Alive with a height of 83.8 meters (275 ft), a diameter of 11 m (36 ft) at its base, and an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m3 (52,513 cu ft), it is among the tallest, widest, and longest-lived of all trees on the planet.[29]

Kayano Ōsugi
2,300
Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica
Yamanaka Onsen, Ishikawa
Japan
Girth of 9.6 m. One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine. Its name translates as "Great Sugi of Kayano".

Jōmon Sugi
2,170–7,200
Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica
Yakushima
Japan
Girth of 16.4 m. Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk. Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory.[30][31][32]

Koca Katran
2022 !2,022
Lebanon Cedar
Cedrus libani
Antalya
Turkey
Alive.[33]

Ballyconnell Yew
2,000–5,000
Yew
Taxus baccata
Ballyconnell, Annagh
Ireland
Oldest tree in Ireland and possibly in Europe.[citation needed]

Fortingall Yew
2,000–3,000
Yew
Taxus baccata
Fortingall, Perthshire
Scotland
Possibly the oldest tree in Britain[34]

Elia Vouvon
2,000–5,000
Olive
Olea europaea
Kolymvari, Crete
Greece
Its name translates as "Olive Tree of Vouves".[35]

Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi
2,000–4,000
Sweet chestnut
Castanea sativa
Sicily
Italy
Its name translates as the "Hundred Horse Chestnut".

Ulleungdo Hyangnamu
2,000–3,000
Chinese Juniper
Juniperus chinensis
Ulleung-gun, Gyeongbuk
South Korea
Girth of 4.5 m. One of the main branch was broken in 1985 by typhoon "Brenda".

Lady Liberty
2,000
Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum
Longwood, Florida
United States
Sometimes called the "Companion Tree" to 'Senator".

Tnjri
2,000
Oriental plane
Platanus orientalis
Martuni Region
Artsakh
Oldest tree in Artsakh. Its trunk is hollow. Also known as "Sose's Tree".

Stara Maslina
2,000
Olive
Olea europaea
Stari Bar, Bar
Montenegro

The Pechanga Great Oak Tree
2,000
Coast live oak
Quercus agrifolia
Temecula, California
United States
Oldest oak tree in the United States, possibly in the world.

?
2,000
Olive
Olea europaea
Tavira, Algarve
Portugal
Possibly oldest olive tree in Portugal.[36]

?
2,000
Olive
Olea europaea
Exo Hora, Zakynthos
Greece
[37]

?
2,000
Yew
Taxus
Sochi, Krasnodar Krai
Russia
A grove known to possess several 2,000-year-old specimens.[38]

Houkisugi at Nakagawa
2,000
Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica
Nakagawa Settlement, Yamakita town, Ashigarakami District, Kanagawa Prefecture
Japan

Methuselah
1,800
Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens
Woodside, California
United States
[39]

Araucaria Madre
1,800
Araucaria Araucana
Araucanía
Chile
Located in Parque Nacional Conguillío. 1,800 rings account for at least 1,800 years.[40]

Granit oak
1,700
Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur
Granit
Bulgaria

Kongeegen
1,500–2,000
Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur
Jægerspris Nordskov, Zealand
Denmark
[41]

Stelmužė Oak
1,500-2,000
Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur
Stelmužė, Zarasai
Lithuania
Oldest tree in the Baltic states. Supposedly oldest oak in Europe.

Aubépines
1,500
Common hawthorn
Crataegus monogyna
Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, Mayenne
France
Oldest tree in France.[citation needed]

Angel Oak
1,500
Southern live oak
Quercus virginiana
Charleston, South Carolina
United States
Highly speculative; live oaks are extremely difficult to age, and rarely live more than 500 years.[42]

Seven Sisters Oak
1,500
Southern live oak
Quercus virginiana
Mandeville, Louisiana
United States
Highly speculative; live oaks are extremely difficult to age, and rarely live more than 500 years.[42]

Jardine Juniper
1,500
Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum
Logan Canyon, Utah
United States
[43]

Árbol del Tule
1,433–1,600
Montezuma cypress
Taxodium mucronatum
Santa María del Tule, Oaxaca
Mexico
Stoutest tree trunk in the world. Its name translates as the "Tule Tree".

Cedars of God
1000+
Cedrus libani
Cedars of Lebanon
Mount Lebanon
Lebanon
Oldest forest of cedars in Lebanon[44]

Te Matua Ngahere
1,200–4,000
Kauri
Agathis australis
Waipoua Forest, Northland
New Zealand
Oldest tree in New Zealand. Its name translates as "Father of the Forest".

Algarrobo Abuelo
+ 1,200
Algarrobo blanco
Prosopis chilensis
Merlo Forest, Merlo, San Luis
Argentina
Oldest tree in Central Argentina.

text: Clonal trees[edit]

text: As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire clone. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not actually interconnected, but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies, often based on current growth rates, are estimates.[citation needed]

text:
Name
Age
(years)
Species
Location
Country
Notes

Pando
80,000[45]–1,000,000[46]
Quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides
Fishlake National Forest, Utah
United States
Covers 107 acres (0.43 km2) and has around 47,000 stems (average age 130 years), which continually die and are renewed by its roots. Is also the heaviest-known organism, weighing 6,000 tonnes.

Jurupa Oak[47]
13,000[48]
Palmer oak
Quercus palmeri
Jurupa Mountains, California
United States
Quercus palmeri Engelm. = Quercus dunnii Kellogg.[48]

Old Tjikko
9,550
Norway spruce
Picea abies
Fulufjället National Park, Dalarna
Sweden
The tree's stems live no more than 600 years, but its root system's age[49][50] was established using carbon dating and genetic matching.[51] Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains, 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years.[52]

Old Rasmus
9,500
Norway spruce
Picea abies
Sonfjället, Härjedalen
Sweden
[53]

unknown
3,000[54]–10,000[55]
Huon Pine
Lagarostrobos franklinii
Mount Read, Tasmania
Australia
Several genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively. Although single trees in this stand may be around 3 to 4 thousand years old, the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years.[5]


document_title: Webb (surname)

question_text: where did the last name webb originate from

text: Webb (surname)

text:
Webb

Origin

Region of origin
England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland

Meaning
Weaver

Other names

Variant(s)
Weaver, Webbe, Webster, Webber

text: Webb is an English and Scottish surname meaning weaver of cloth. Notable people with the surname include:

text:
Alan Webb (disambiguation), several people
Alexander Russell Webb (1846–1916), American writer and publisher, converted to Islam
Alexander S. Webb (1835–1911), United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War
Alison Webb (born 1961), Canadian judoka
Aston Webb (1849–1930), British architect
Beatrice Webb (1858–1943), British reformer; wife of Sidney Webb
Ben Webb (born 1981), English professional wrestler better known as Trent Seven
Benjamin Joseph Webb (1814–1897), Catholic editor, state senator for Kentucky, and historian
Billy Webb, alias of Greg Johnston, member of Goldie Lookin Chain
Bradie Webb, drummer in Short Stack
Brandon Webb (born 1979), baseball player
Carl Webb (born 1981), Australian rugby league player
Catherine Webb (born 1986), English author
Catherine Webb (co-operative activist) (1859–1947)
Charles Webb (disambiguation), several people
Charley Webb (born 1988), English actress
Chick Webb (1909–1939), US jazz musician
Chloe Webb (born 1960), US actor
Clifton Webb (1889–1966), US actor
Daniel Webb (disambiguation), several people
David Webb (disambiguation), several people
Del Webb (1899–1974), American real estate developer
Derek Webb (born 1974), American singer-songwriter
Donald Webb (disambiguation), several people
Donald Eugene Webb (born 1931), fugitive on the FBI's most wanted list
Douglas Webb (1922–1996), Dambuster and British photographer
Electra Havemeyer Webb (1888–1960), U.S. art collector, founded the Shelburne Museum
Francis Webb (disambiguation), several people
Gary Webb (disambiguation), several people
George Webb (disambiguation), several people
George James Webb (1803–1887), British-American composer
Graham Webb (1944–2017), English racing cyclist
H. Walter Webb (1856–1900) U.S. railway executive
Haley Webb (born 1985), American actress and filmmaker
Harry Rodger Webb, name changed to Cliff Richard
Henry Webb (disambiguation), several people
Howard Webb (born 1971), English football referee
Ian Webb, current Editor-in-Chief of the Real Geeks
J. Griswold Webb (1890–1934), New York politician
Jack Webb (1920–1982), US actor, most famous for his role as a detective in the television series Dragnet
James Webb (disambiguation), several people named James, Jim and Jimmy
Jim Webb, American politician
Jimmy Webb, American songwriter, composer, and singer
John Webb (disambiguation)
Julian Webb (1911-2002), American politician and judge in the state of Georgia
Karrie Webb (born 1974), Australian golfer
Kate Webb (1943–2007), Australian journalist
Katharine Webb (disambiguation), several people named Catherine, Kathy, Cathy, Katie, Kate, Kathryn etc.
Katherine Webb (born 1989), American model, Miss Alabama 2012
Kathy Webb, Arkansas politician
Keith Houghton-Webb (born 1959), Australian TV co-host; brother of Mike Webb (pastor)
Lara Honos-Webb, American psychologist and author
Leland Justin Webb (1846-1893), American politician and lawyer
Leonard Webb (born 1921), World War II veteran
Lizzie Webb, British exercise television show host
Lorna Webb (born 1983), English professional cyclist
Lucy Webb Hayes (1831–1889), First Lady of the United States during the presidency of her husband Rutherford B. Hayes
Marilynn Webb (born 1937), New Zealand artist
Mark Webb (disambiguation), multiple people
Marti Webb (born 1944), English musical actress
Mary Webb (1881–1927), English romantic novelist
Matthew Webb (1848–1883), first person to swim the English Channel without the use of artificial aids
Max Webb (born 1917), Polish-born American Holocaust survivor, real estate developer in Southern California
Maynard Webb (born 1955), CEO of LiveOps, former COO of eBay
Michael Webb (disambiguation), several people named Michael or Mike
Morgan Webb (born 1978), US television host
Neil Webb (born 1963), British footballer, Nottingham Forest and England international
Nick Webb (disambiguation), several people
Paddy Webb (1884–1950), New Zealand unionist and politician
Paul Webb, MD, developer of the Space activity suit
Philip Barker Webb (1793–1854), English botanist
Philip Carteret Webb (1702–1770), English barrister, involved with the 18th-century antiquarian movement
Philip Webb (1831–1915), British "Father of Arts and Crafts Architecture"
Phyllis Webb (born 1927), Canadian poet
Ralph Webb (1887–1945), mayor of Winnipeg
Rhys 'Spider' Webb (born 1983), musician with the Horrors
Richard Webb (disambiguation), several people
Rita Webb (1904–1981), English actress
Robert Webb (disambiguation), several people
Robin Webb, runs the Animal Liberation Press Office in the UK
Russell Webb (musician) (born 1958), Scottish
Russell Webb (water polo) (born 1945), American water polo player
Sam Webb, Chair of the Communist Party USA
Sarah Webb (born 1977), British Olympic sailor
Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield (1859–1947), British reformer; husband of Beatrice Webb
Simon Webb (disambiguation), several people
Skeeter Webb (James Laverne Webb, 1909–1986), Major League Baseball player
Suhaib Webb, American imam
Spud Webb (Anthony Jerome Webb, born 1963), National Basketball Association basketball player
Stephen H. Webb (1961–2016), American theologian and philosopher
Steve Webb (born 1965), United Kingdom politician
Tamilee Webb (born 1960), US personal fitness personality
Timothy James Webb (born 1967), Australian artist
Thomas William Webb (1807–1885), British astronomer
Travis Webb ("Spider" Webb, 1910–1990), US Formula One driver
Vanessa Webb (born 1976), Canadian tennis player
Watt W. Webb
Wellington Webb (born 1941), US politician
William Webb (disambiguation), several people
W. Roger Webb, (born 1941), American university president

tag: ul

text: Distribution[edit]

text: As a surname Webb is the 141st most common surname in Great Britain with 54,036 bearers. It is most common in Essex, where it is the 73rd most common surname with 4,877 bearers. Other concentrations include South Ayrshire, (15th, 1,751), Gwynedd, (17th, 1,737), Wiltshire, (22nd, 3,371), Belfast, (34th, 3,299), City of Bradford, (43rd, 1,703), Hampshire, (82nd, 3,387), East Riding of Yorkshire, (90th, 1,783), Tyne & Wear, (218th, 1,811), Cheshire, (280th, 1,717), Kent, (428th, 1,695), Greater London (697th, 1,811).

text: This page lists people with the surname Webb. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

text: Surnames

text: All set index articles


document_title: Rules of chess

question_text: where do you place the king on a chessboard

question_tokens: where do you place the king on a chessboard

text: Rules of chess

text: Initial setup

text:
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

8

8

7
7

6
6

5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2

1
1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

text: Chess is played on a chessboard, a square board divided into 64 squares (eight-by-eight) of alternating color, which is similar to that used in draughts (checkers) (FIDE 2008). No matter what the actual colors of the board, the lighter-colored squares are called "light" or "white", and the darker-colored squares are called "dark" or "black". Sixteen "white" and sixteen "black" pieces are placed on the board at the beginning of the game. The board is placed so that a white square is in each player's near-right corner. Horizontal rows are called ranks and vertical rows are called files.

text: Each player controls sixteen pieces:

text:
Piece
King
Queen
Rook
Bishop
Knight
Pawn

Number
1
1
2
2
2
8

Symbols

text: At the beginning of the game, the pieces are arranged as shown in the diagram: for each side one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. The pieces are placed, one on a square, as follows:

text:
The rooks are placed on the outside corners, right and left edge.
The knights are placed immediately inside of the rooks.
The bishops are placed immediately inside of the knights.
The queen is placed on the central square of the same color of that of the player: white queen on the white square and black queen on the black square.
The king takes the vacant spot next to the queen.
The pawns are placed one square in front of all of the other pieces.

text: Popular mnemonics used to remember the setup are "queen on her own color" and "white on right". The latter refers to setting up the board so that the square closest to each player's right is white (Schiller 2003:16–17).

text: Gameplay

text: The player controlling the white pieces is named "White"; the player controlling the black pieces is named "Black". White moves first, then players alternate moves. Making a move is required; it is not legal to skip a move, even when having to move is detrimental. Play continues until a king is checkmated, a player resigns, or a draw is declared, as explained below. In addition, if the game is being played under a time control players who exceed their time limit lose the game.

text: The official chess rules do not include a procedure for determining who plays White. Instead, this decision is left open to tournament-specific rules (e.g. a Swiss system tournament or Round-robin tournament) or, in the case of non-competitive play, mutual agreement, in which case some kind of random choice is often employed. A common method is for one player to conceal a piece (usually a pawn) of each color in either hand; the other player chooses a hand to open, and receives the color of the piece that is revealed.

text: Movement

text: Basic moves

text:
Basic moves of the king

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

8

8

7
7

6
6

5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2

1
1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

Moves of a rook

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

8

8

7
7

6
6

5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2

1
1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

text:
Moves of a bishop

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

8

8

7
7

6
6

5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2

1
1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

Moves of the queen

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

8

8

7
7

6
6

5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2

1
1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

text:
Moves of a knight

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

8

8

7
7

6
6

5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2

1
1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

Moves of a pawn

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

8

8

7
7

6
6

5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2

1
1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

The pawns can move to the squares marked "×" in front of them. The pawn on c6 can also take either black rook.

text: Each type of chess piece has its own method of movement. A piece moves to a vacant square except when capturing an opponent's piece.

text: Except for any move of the knight and castling, pieces cannot jump over other pieces. A piece is captured (or taken) when an attacking enemy piece replaces it on its square (en passant is the only exception). The captured piece is thereby permanently removed from the game.[1] The king can be put in check but cannot be captured (see below).

text:
The king moves exactly one square horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. A special move with the king known as castling is allowed only once per player, per game (see below).
A rook moves any number of vacant squares in a horizontal or vertical direction. It also is moved when castling.
A bishop moves any number of vacant squares in any diagonal direction.
The queen moves any number of vacant squares in a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal direction.
A knight moves to the nearest square not on the same rank, file, or diagonal. (This can be thought of as moving two squares horizontally then one square vertically, or moving one square horizontally then two squares vertically—i.e. in an "L" pattern.) The knight is not blocked by other pieces: it jumps to the new location.
Pawns have the most complex rules of movement:

text:
A pawn moves straight forward one square, if that square is vacant. If it has not yet moved, a pawn also has the option of moving two squares straight forward, provided both squares are vacant. Pawns cannot move backwards.
Pawns are the only pieces that capture differently from how they move. A pawn can capture an enemy piece on either of the two squares diagonally in front of the pawn (but cannot move to those squares if they are vacant).

text: Castling

text:
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

8

8

7
7

6
6

5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2

1
1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

Position of pieces before castling

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

8

8

7
7

6
6

5
5

4
4

3
3

2
2

1
1

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h

Positions of the king and rook after kingside (White) and queenside (Black) castling

text: Castling consists of moving the king two squares towards a rook, then placing the rook on the other side of the king, adjacent to it.[2] Castling is only permissible if all of the following conditions hold:

text:
The king and rook involved in castling must not have previously moved;
There must be no pieces between the king and the rook;
The king may not currently be in check, nor may the king pass through or end up in a square that is under attack by an enemy piece (though the rook is permitted to be under attack and to pass over an attacked square);
The king and the rook must be on the same rank (Schiller 2003:19).[3]

text: En passant

text: When a pawn advances two squares from its original square and ends the turn adjacent to a pawn of the opponent's on the same rank, it may be captured by that pawn of the opponent's, as if it had moved only one square forward. This capture is only legal on the opponent's next move immediately following the first pawn's advance. The diagrams on the right demonstrate an instance of this: if the white pawn moves from a2 to a4, the black pawn on b4 can capture it en passant, moving from b4 to a3 while the white pawn on a4 is removed from the board.

text: Pawn promotion

text: If a player advances a pawn to its eighth rank, the pawn is then promoted (converted) to a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color at the choice of the player (a queen is usually chosen). The choice is not limited to previously captured pieces. Hence it is theoretically possible for a player to have up to nine queens or up to ten rooks, bishops, or knights if all of their pawns are promoted. If the desired piece is not available, the player should call the arbiter to provide the piece (Schiller 2003:17–19).[4]

text: Check

text: A king is in check when it is under attack by at least one enemy piece. A piece unable to move because it would place its own king in check (it is pinned against its own king) may still deliver check to the opposing player.

text: It is illegal to make a move that places or leaves one's king in check. The possible ways to get out of check are:

text:
Move the king to a square where it is not in check.
Capture the checking piece (possibly with the king).
Block the check by placing a piece between the king and the opponent's threatening piece (Just 2014), (Polgar & Truong 2005:32,103), (Burgess 2009:550).

text: If it is not possible to get out of check, the king is checkmated and the game is over (see the next section).

text: In informal games, it is customary to announce "check" when making a move that puts the opponent's king in check. However, in formal competitions check is rarely announced (Just 2014).

text: Competition rules

text: These rules apply to games played "over the board". There are special rules for correspondence chess, blitz chess, computer chess, and for handicapped players.

text: Act of moving the pieces

text: The movement of pieces is to be done with one hand. Once the hand is taken off a piece after moving it, the move cannot be retracted unless the move is illegal. When castling, the player should first move the king with one hand and then move the rook with the same hand (Schiller 2003:19–20).

text: In the case of a pawn promotion, if the player releases the pawn on the eighth rank, the player must promote the pawn. After the pawn has moved, the player may touch any piece not on the board and the promotion is not finalized until the new piece is released on the promotion square (Just 2014).

text: Touch-move rule

text: In serious play, if a player having the move touches a piece as if having the intention of moving it, then the player must move it if it can be legally moved. So long as the hand has not left the piece on a new square, any legal move can be made with the piece. If a player touches one of the opponent's pieces then that piece must be captured if there is a legal move that does so. If none of the touched pieces can be moved or captured there is no penalty (Schiller 2003:19–20).

text: When castling, the king must be the first piece touched.[5] If the player touches the rook at the same time as touching the king, the player must castle with that rook if it is legal to do so. If the player completes a two-square king move without touching a rook, the player must move the correct rook accordingly if castling in that direction is legal. If a player starts to castle illegally, another legal king move must be made if possible, including castling with the other rook (Schiller 2003:20).

text: If a player moves a pawn to its eighth rank, it cannot be substituted for a different move of the pawn when the player has stopped touching it. However, the move is not complete until the promoted piece is released on that square.

text: If a player wishes to touch a piece with the intention of adjusting its position on a square, the player must first alert the opponent of this intention by saying J'adoube or "I adjust". Once the game has started, only the player with the move may touch the pieces on the board (Schiller 2003:19–20).

text: Timing

text: Tournament games are played under time constraints, called time controls, using a chess clock. Players must make their moves within the time control or forfeit the game. There are different types of time controls. In some cases each player will have a certain amount of time to make a certain number of moves. In other cases each player will have a limited amount of time to make all of their moves. Also, the player may gain a small amount of additional time for each move made, either by a small increment added for each move made, or by the clock delaying a small amount of time each time it is started after the opponent's move (Schiller 2003:21–24).

text:
If a player delivers a checkmate, the game is over and that player wins, no matter what is subsequently noticed about the time on the clock.
If player A calls attention to player B being out of time while player A is not out of time and some sequence of legal moves leads to B being checkmated then player A wins automatically.
If player A does not have the possibility of checkmating B then the game is a draw (Schiller 2003:28).

text: The United States Chess Federation (USCF) rule is different. USCF Rule 14E defines "insufficient material to win on time", that is lone king, king plus knight, king plus bishop, and king plus two knights opposed by no pawns, and there is no forced win in the final position. Hence to win on time with this material, the USCF rule requires that a win can be forced from that position, while the FIDE rule merely requires a win to be possible. (See Monika Soćko rules appeal in 2008 and Women's World Chess Championship 2008 for a famous instance of this rule.)

text:
If a player is out of time and also calls attention to their opponent running out of time, then:

If a sudden death time control is not being used, the game continues in the next time control period (Schiller 2003:23).
if the game is played under a sudden death time control, then if it can be established which player ran out of time first, the game is lost by that player; otherwise the game is drawn (Schiller 2003:29).

text: If a player believes that the opponent is attempting to win the game on time and not by normal means (i.e. checkmate), if it is a sudden death time control and the player has less than two minutes remaining, the player may stop the clocks and claim a draw with the arbiter. The arbiter may declare the game a draw or postpone the decision and allot the opponent two extra minutes (Schiller 2003:21–24,29).[6]

text: Recording moves

text: Each square of the chessboard is identified with a unique pair of a letter and a number. The vertical files are labeled a through h, from White's left (i.e. the queenside) to White's right. Similarly, the horizontal ranks are numbered from 1 to 8, starting from the one nearest White's side of the board. Each square of the board, then, is uniquely identified by its file letter and rank number. The white king, for example, starts the game on square e1. The black knight on b8 can move to a6 or c6.

text: In formal competition, each player is obliged to record each move as it is played in a chess notation in order to settle disputes about illegal positions, overstepping time control, and making claims of draws by the fifty-move rule or repetition of position. Algebraic chess notation is the accepted standard for recording games today. There are other systems such as ICCF numeric notation for international correspondence chess and the obsolete descriptive chess notation. The current rule is that a move must be made on the board before it is written on paper or recorded with an electronic device.[7][8]

text: Both players should indicate offers of a draw by writing "=" at that move on their score sheet (Schiller 2003:27). Notations about the time on the clocks can be made. If a player has less than five minutes left to complete all of their moves, they are not required to record the moves (unless a delay of at least thirty seconds per move is being used). The score sheet must be made available to the arbiter at all times. A player may respond to an opponent's move before writing it down (Schiller 2003:25–26).

text: Adjournment

text: Irregularities

text: Illegal move

text: A player who makes an illegal move must retract that move and make a legal move. That move must be made with the same piece if possible, because the touch-move rule applies. If the illegal move was an attempt to castle, the touch-move rule applies to the king but not to the rook. The arbiter should adjust the time on the clock according to the best evidence. If the mistake is only noticed later on, the game should be restarted from the position in which the error occurred (Schiller 2003:24–25). Some regional organizations have different rules.[9]

text: If blitz chess is being played (in which both players have a small, limited time, e.g. five minutes) the rule varies. A player may correct an illegal move if the player has not pressed their clock. If a player has pressed their clock, the opponent may claim a win if he or she hasn't moved. If the opponent moves, the illegal move is accepted and without penalty (Schiller 2003:77).[10]

text: According to the FIDE Laws of Chess, the first completed illegal move is penalized by awarding the opponent two additional minutes on the clock. The second completed illegal move by the same player results in the loss of the game, unless the position is such that it is impossible for the opponent to win by any series of legal moves (e.g. if the opponent has a bare king) in which case the game is drawn.[11] A move is completed when it has been made and the player has pressed the clock.[12] In rapid chess and blitz chess, the first completed illegal move results in a loss.[13]

text: Illegal position

text: If it is discovered during the game that the starting position was incorrect, the game is restarted. If it is discovered during the game that the board is oriented incorrectly, the game is continued with the pieces transferred to a correctly oriented board. If the game starts with the colors of the pieces reversed, the game continues (unless the arbiter rules otherwise) (Schiller 2003:24). Some regional organizations have different rules.[14]

text: If a player knocks over pieces, it is their responsibility to restore them to their correct position on their time. If it is discovered that an illegal move has been made, or that pieces have been displaced, the game is restored to the position before the irregularity. If that position cannot be determined, the game is restored to the last known correct position (Schiller 2003:24–25).

text: Conduct

text: Players may not use any notes, outside sources of information (including computers), or advice from other people. Analysis on another board is not permitted. Scoresheets are to record objective facts about the game only, such as time on the clock or draw offers. Players may not leave the competition area without permission of the arbiter (Schiller 2003:30–31).

text: High standards of etiquette and ethics are expected. Players should shake hands before and after the game. Generally a player should not speak during the game, except to offer a draw, resign, or to call attention to an irregularity. An announcement of "check" is made in amateur games but should not be used in officially sanctioned games. A player may not distract or annoy another player by any means, including repeatedly offering a draw (Schiller 2003:30–31,49–52).

text: Due to increasing concerns about the use of chess engines and outside communication, in 2014 FIDE banned all mobile phones from the playing area during chess competitions, under penalty of forfeiture of the game or even expulsion from the tournament. However, the rules also allow for less rigid enforcement in amateur events.[15]

text: Equipment

text: The size of the squares of the chessboard should be approximately 1.25 to 1.3 times the diameter of the base of the king, or 50 to 65 mm. Squares of approximately 57 mm ( 2 1⁄4 inches) normally are well-suited for pieces with the kings in the preferred size range. The darker squares are usually brown or green and the lighter squares are off-white or buff.

text: Pieces of the Staunton chess set design are the standard and are usually made of wood or plastic. They are often black and white; other colors may be used (like a dark wood or even red for the dark pieces) but they would still be called the "white" and "black" pieces (see White and Black in chess). The height of the king should be 85 to 105 millimetres (3.35–4.13 inches).[16] A height of approximately 95 to 102 mm ( 3 3⁄4–4 inches) is preferred by most players. The diameter of the king should be 40 to 50% of its height. The size of the other pieces should be in proportion to the king. The pieces should be well balanced (Just 2014).[17]

text: In games subject to time control, a chess clock is used, consisting of two adjacent clocks and buttons to stop one clock while starting the other, such that the two component clocks never run simultaneously. The clock can be analog or digital though a digital clock is highly preferred under both USCF and FIDE rulesets. This is since most tournaments now include either a time delay (a countdown to when a clock starts again) or add (extra time being added prior or after the move) to their time controls. Before the start of the game, either the arbiter decides, or whomever is playing Black, where the chess clock is placed.

text: End of the game

text: Checkmate

text: If a player's king is placed in check and there is no legal move that player can make to escape check, then the king is said to be checkmated, the game ends, and that player loses (Schiller 2003:20–21). Unlike other pieces, the king is never actually captured or removed from the board because checkmate ends the game (Burgess 2009:502).

text: The diagram shows an example checkmate position. The white king is threatened by the black queen; the square to which the king could move is also threatened; it cannot capture the queen, because it would then be in check by the rook.

text: Resigning

text: Either player may resign at any time and their opponent wins the game. Players typically resign when they believe they are very likely to lose the game. A player may resign by saying it verbally or by indicating it on their score sheet in any of three ways: (1) by writing "resigns", (2) by circling the result of the game, or (3) by writing "1–0" if Black resigns or "0–1" if White resigns (Schiller 2003:21). Tipping over the king also indicates resignation, but it is not frequently used (and should be distinguished from accidentally knocking the king over). Stopping both clocks is not an indication of resigning, since clocks can be stopped to call the arbiter. An offer of a handshake is not necessarily a resignation either, since one player could think they are agreeing to a draw (Just 2014).

text: Draws

text: The game ends in a draw if any of these conditions occur:

text:
The game is automatically a draw if the player to move is not in check but has no legal move. This situation is called a stalemate. An example of such a position is shown in the adjacent diagram.
The game is immediately drawn when there is no possibility of checkmate for either side with any series of legal moves. This draw is often due to insufficient material, including the endgames

king against king;
king against king and bishop;
king against king and knight;
king and bishop against king and bishop, with both bishops on squares of the same color (see Checkmate#Unusual mates).[18]

Both players agree to a draw after one of the players makes such an offer.

text: The player having the move may claim a draw by declaring that one of the following conditions exists, or by declaring an intention to make a move which will bring about one of these conditions:

text:
Fifty-move rule: There has been no capture or pawn move in the last fifty moves by each player.
Threefold repetition: The same board position has occurred three times with the same player to move and all pieces having the same rights to move, including the right to castle or capture en passant.

text: If the claim is proven true, the game is drawn (Schiller 2003:21,26–28).

text: At one time, if a player was able to check the opposing king continually (perpetual check) and the player indicated their intention to do so, the game was drawn. This rule is no longer in effect; however, players will usually agree to a draw in such a situation, since either the rule on threefold repetition or the fifty-move rule will eventually be applicable (Staunton 1847:21–22), (Reinfeld 1954:175).

text: Time control

text: A game played under time control will end as a loss for a player who uses up all of their allotted time, unless the opponent cannot possibly checkmate him (see the Timing section above). There are different types of time control. Players may have a fixed amount of time for the entire game or they may have to make a certain number of moves within a specified time. Also, a small increment of time may be added for each move made.

text: History

text: The rules of chess have evolved much over the centuries from the early chess-like games played in India in the 6th century. For much of that time the rules have varied from area to area. The modern rules first took form in Italy during the 13th century, giving more mobility to pieces that previously had more restricted movement (such as the queen and bishop). Such modified rules entered into an accepted form during the late 15th century (Hooper & Whyld 1992:41,328) or early 16th century (Ruch 2004). The basic moves of the king, rook, and knight are unchanged. Pawns originally did not have the option of moving two squares on their first move and promoted only to a queen if they reached the eighth rank. The queen was originally the fers or farzin, which could move one square diagonally in any direction. In European chess it became able to leap two squares diagonally, forwards, backwards, or to left or right on its first move; some area also gave this right to a newly promoted pawn. In the Persian and Arabic game the bishop was a pīl (Persian) or fīl (Arabic) (meaning "elephant") which moved two squares diagonally with jump (Davidson 1949:13). In the Middle Ages the pawn could only be promoted to the equivalent of a queen (which at that time was the weakest piece) if it reached its eighth rank (Davidson 1949:59–61). During the 12th century the squares on the board sometimes alternated colors, and this became the standard in the 13th century (Davidson 1949:146).

text: Between 1200 and 1600 several laws emerged that drastically altered the game. Checkmate became a requirement to win; a player could not win by capturing all of the opponent's pieces. Stalemate was added, although the outcome has changed several times (see History of the stalemate rule). Pawns gained the option of moving two squares on their first move, and the en passant rule was a natural consequence of that new option. The king and rook acquired the right to castle (see Variations throughout history of castling for different versions of the rule).

text: Between 1475 and 1500 the queen and the bishop also acquired their current moves, which made them much stronger pieces[19] (Davidson 1949:14–17). When all of these changes were accepted the game was in essentially its modern form (Davidson 1949:14–17).

text: The rules for pawn promotion have changed several times. As stated above, originally the pawn could only be promoted to the queen, which at that time was a weak piece. When the queen acquired its current move and became the most powerful piece, the pawn could then be promoted to a queen or a rook, bishop, or knight. In the 18th century rules allowed only the promotion to a piece already captured, e.g. the rules published in 1749 by François-André Danican Philidor. In the 19th century this restriction was lifted, which allowed for a player to have more than one queen, e.g. the 1828 rules by Jacob Sarratt (Davidson 1949:59–61).

text: Two new rules concerning draws were introduced, each of which have changed through the years:

text:
The threefold repetition rule was added, although at some times up to six repetitions have been required, and the exact conditions have been specified more clearly (see Threefold repetition#History).
The fifty-move rule was also added. At various times, the number of moves required was different, such as 24, 60, 70, or 75. For several years in the 20th century, the standard fifty moves was extended to one hundred moves for a few specific endgames (see Fifty-move rule's history).

text: Another group of new laws included (1) the touch-move rule and the accompanying "j'adoube/adjust" rule; (2) that White moves first (in 1889[20]); (3) the orientation of the board; (4) the procedure if an illegal move was made; (5) the procedure if the king had been left in check for some moves; and (6) issues regarding the behavior of players and spectators. The Staunton chess set was introduced in 1849 and it became the standard style of pieces. The size of pieces and squares of the board was standardized (Hooper & Whyld 1992:220–21,laws, history of).

text: Until the middle of the 19th century, chess games were played without any time limit. In an 1834 match between Alexander McDonnell and Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais, McDonnell took an inordinate amount of time to move, sometimes up to 1½ hours. In 1836 Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant suggested a time limit, but no action was taken. At the 1851 London tournament, Staunton blamed his loss in his match against Elijah Williams on Williams' slow play; one game was adjourned for the day after only 29 moves.[21] The next year a match between Daniel Harrwitz and Johann Löwenthal used a limit of 20 minutes per move.The first use of a modern-style time limit was in an 1861 match between Adolph Anderssen and Ignác Kolisch (Sunnucks 1970:459).

text: Codification

text: The first known publication of chess rules was in a book by Luis Ramírez de Lucena about 1497, shortly after the movement of the queen, bishop, and pawn were changed to their modern form (Just 2014). In the 16th and 17th centuries, there were differences of opinion concerning rules such as castling, pawn promotion, stalemate, and en passant. Some of these differences existed until the 19th century (Harkness 1967:3). Ruy López de Segura gave rules of chess in his 1561 book Libro de la invencion liberal y arte del juego del axedrez (Sunnucks 1970:294).

text: As chess clubs arose and tournaments became common, there was a need to formalize the rules. In 1749 Philidor (1726–1795) wrote a set of rules that were widely used, as well as rules by later writers such as the 1828 rules by Jacob Sarratt (1772–1819) and rules by George Walker (1803–1879). In the 19th century, many major clubs published their own rules, including The Hague in 1803, London in 1807, Paris in 1836, and St. Petersburg in 1854. In 1851 Howard Staunton (1810–1874) called for a "Constituent Assembly for Remodeling the Laws of Chess" and proposals by Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa (1818–1889) were published in 1854. Staunton had published rules in Chess Player's Handbook in 1847, and his new proposals were published in 1860 in Chess Praxis; they were generally accepted in English-speaking countries. German-speaking countries usually used the writings of chess authority Johann Berger (1845–1933) or Handbuch des Schachspiels by Paul Rudolf von Bilguer (1815–1840), first published in 1843.

text: In 1924, Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE) was formed and in 1929 it took up the task of standardizing the rules. At first FIDE tried to establish a universal set of rules, but translations to various languages differed slightly. Although FIDE rules were used for international competition under their control, some countries continued to use their own rules internally (Hooper & Whyld 1992:220–21). In 1952 FIDE created the Permanent Commission for the Rules of Chess (also known as the Rules Commission) and published a new edition of the rules. The third official edition of the laws was published in 1966. The first three editions of the rules were published in French, with that as the official version. In 1974 FIDE published the English version of the rules (which was based on an authorized 1955 translation). With that edition, English became the official language of the rules. Another edition was published in 1979. Throughout this time, ambiguities in the laws were handed by frequent interpretations that the Rules Commission published as supplements and amendments. In 1982 the Rules Commission rewrote the laws to incorporate the interpretations and amendments (FIDE 1989:7–8). In 1984 FIDE abandoned the idea of a universal set of laws, although FIDE rules are the standard for high-level play (Hooper & Whyld 1992:220–21). With the 1984 edition, FIDE implemented a four-year moratorium between changes to the rules. Other editions were issued in 1988 and 1992 (FIDE 1989:5), (Just 2014).

text: The rules of national FIDE affiliates (such as the United States Chess Federation, or USCF) are based on the FIDE rules, with slight variations (Just 2014).[22] Kenneth Harkness published popular rulebooks in the United States starting in 1956, and the USCF continues to publish rulebooks for use in tournaments it sanctions.

text: In 2008 FIDE added the variant Chess960 to the appendix of the Laws of Chess. Chess960 uses a random initial set-up of main pieces, with the conditions that the king is placed somewhere between the two rooks, and bishops on opposite-color squares. The castling rules are extended to cover all these positions.[23]

text: In 2014 a rule about mobile phones was brought in: see #Conduct.

text: Variations

text: From time to time, rules have been introduced at certain tournaments to discourage players from agreeing to short draws. One such case was the "no drawing or resigning during the first 30 moves" rule used at the 2009 London Chess Classic.[24]


document_title: List of Houston Rockets seasons

question_text: when was the last time the rockets were in the finals

text: List of Houston Rockets seasons

text: Table key[edit]

text:
AMVP
All-Star Game Most Valuable Player

COY
Coach of the Year

DPOY
Defensive Player of the Year

EOY
Executive of the Year

Finish
Final position in league or division standings

FMVP
Finals Most Valuable Player

GB
Games behind first-place team in division[a]

L
Number of regular-season losses

JWKC
J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship

MVP
Most Valuable Player

ROY
Rookie of the Year

W
Number of regular-season wins

text: Seasons[edit]

text: Note: Statistics are correct as of the 2017–18 season.

text:
NBA Champions(1968–present)

Conference Champions(1971–present)

Division Champions(1971–present)

Playoff Berth(1968–present)

text:
Season

League

Conference

Finish

Division

Finish

Wins

Losses

Win%

GB

Playoffs

Awards

San Diego Rockets

1967–68

NBA

—

—

Western

6th

15

67

.183

41

—

1968–69

NBA

—

—

Western

4th

37

45

.461

18

Lost Division Semifinals (Hawks) 4–2[4]

—

1969–70

NBA

—

—

Western

7th

27

55

.329

21

—

1970–71

NBA

Western

7th

Pacific[b]

3rd

40

42

.488

8

—

Houston Rockets

1971–72

NBA

Western

7th

Pacific

4th

34

48

.415

35

—

1972–73

NBA

Eastern

5th

Central

3rd

33

49

.402

19

—

1973–74

NBA

Eastern

6th

Central

3rd

32

50

.390

15

—

1974–75

NBA

Eastern

4th

Central

2nd

41

41

.500

19

Won First Round (Knicks) 2–1Lost Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–1[7]

—

1975–76

NBA

Eastern

6th

Central

3rd

40

42

.488

9

—

1976–77

NBA

Eastern

2nd

Central

1st

49

33

.598

—

Won Conference Semifinals (Bullets) 4–2Lost Conference Finals (76ers) 4–2[8]

Tom Nissalke (COY)Ray Patterson (EOY)

1977–78

NBA

Eastern

9th

Central

6th

28

54

.341

24

—

1978–79

NBA

Eastern

4th

Central

2nd

47

35

.573

1

Lost First Round (Hawks) 2–0[9]

Calvin Murphy (JWKC)Moses Malone (MVP)

1979–80

NBA

Eastern

4th

Central

2nd

41

41

.500

9

Won First Round (Spurs) 2–1Lost Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–0[10]

—

1980–81

NBA

Western

6th

Midwest

3rd[c]

40

42

.488

12

Won First Round (Lakers) 2–1Won Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–3Won Conference Finals (Kings) 4–1Lost NBA Finals (Celtics) 4–2[12]

—

1981–82

NBA

Western

6th

Midwest

3rd[d]

46

36

.561

2

Lost First Round (SuperSonics) 2–1[14]

Moses Malone(MVP)

1982–83

NBA

Western

12th

Midwest

6th

14

68

.171

39

—

1983–84

NBA

Western

12th

Midwest

6th

29

53

.354

16

Ralph Sampson(ROY)

1984–85

NBA

Western

3rd

Midwest

2nd

48

34

.585

4

Lost First Round (Jazz) 3–2[15]

Ralph Sampson(AMVP)

1985–86

NBA

Western

2nd

Midwest

1st

51

31

.622

—

Won First Round (Kings) 3–0Won Conference Semifinals (Nuggets) 4–2Won Conference Finals (Lakers) 4–1Lost NBA Finals (Celtics) 4–2[16]

—

1986–87

NBA

Western

6th

Midwest

3rd

42

40

.512

13

Won First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–1Lost Conference Semifinals (SuperSonics) 4–2[17]

—

1987–88

NBA

Western

6th

Midwest

4th

46

36

.561

8

Lost First Round (Mavericks) 3–1[18]

—

1988–89

NBA

Western

5th

Midwest

2nd

45

37

.549

6

Lost First Round (SuperSonics) 3–1[19]

—

1989–90

NBA

Western

8th

Midwest

5th

41

41

.500

15

Lost First Round (Lakers) 3–1[20]

—

1990–91

NBA

Western

6th

Midwest

3rd

52

30

.634

3

Lost First Round (Lakers) 3–0[21]

Don Chaney(COY)

1991–92

NBA

Western

9th

Midwest

3rd

42

40

.512

13

—

1992–93

NBA

Western

2nd

Midwest

1st

55

27

.671

—

Won First Round (Clippers) 3–2Lost Conference Semifinals (SuperSonics) 4–3[22]

Hakeem Olajuwon(DPOY)

1993–94

NBA

Western

2nd

Midwest

1st

58

24

.707

—

Won First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–1Won Conference Semifinals (Suns) 4–3Won Conference Finals (Jazz) 4–1Won NBA Finals (Knicks) 4–3[23]

Hakeem Olajuwon(MVP, FMVP, DPOY)

1994–95

NBA

Western

6th

Midwest

3rd

47

35

.573

15

Won First Round (Jazz) 3–2Won Conference Semifinals (Suns) 4–3Won Conference Finals (Spurs) 4–2Won NBA Finals (Magic) 4–0[24]

Hakeem Olajuwon(FMVP)

1995–96

NBA

Western

5th

Midwest

3rd

48

34

.585

11

Won First Round (Lakers) 3–1Lost Conference Semifinals (SuperSonics) 4–0[25]

—

1996–97

NBA

Western

3rd

Midwest

2nd

57

25

.695

7

Won First Round (Timberwolves) 3–0Won Conference Semifinals (SuperSonics) 4–3Lost Conference Finals (Jazz) 4–2[26]

—

1997–98

NBA

Western

8th

Midwest

4th

41

41

.500

21

Lost First Round (Jazz) 3–2[27]

—

1998–99[e]

NBA

Western

5th

Midwest

3rd

31

19

.620

6

Lost First Round (Lakers) 3–1[29]

—

1999–2000

NBA

Western

11th

Midwest

6th

34

48

.415

21

Steve Francis[f](ROY)

2000–01

NBA

Western

9th

Midwest

5th

45

37

.549

13

—

2001–02

NBA

Western

11th

Midwest

5th

28

54

.341

30

—

2002–03

NBA

Western

9th

Midwest

5th

43

39

.524

17

—

2003–04

NBA

Western

7th

Midwest

5th

45

37

.549

13

Lost First Round (Lakers) 4–1[31]

—

2004–05

NBA

Western

5th

Southwest

3rd

51

31

.622

8

Lost First Round (Mavericks) 4–3[32]

—

2005–06

NBA

Western

12th

Southwest

5th

34

48

.415

29

—

2006–07

NBA

Western

5th

Southwest

3rd

52

30

.634

15

Lost First Round (Jazz) 4–3[33]

—

2007–08

NBA

Western

5th

Southwest

3rd

55

27

.671

1

Lost First Round (Jazz) 4–2[34]

—

2008–09

NBA

Western

5th

Southwest

2nd

53

29

.646

1

Won First Round (Trail Blazers) 4–2Lost Conference Semifinals (Lakers) 4–3

Dikembe Mutombo(JWKC)

2009–10

NBA

Western

9th

Southwest

3rd

42

40

.512

13

Aaron Brooks(MIP)

2010–11

NBA

Western

9th

Southwest

5th

43

39

.524

18

—

2011–12[g]

NBA

Western

9th

Southwest

4th

34

32

.515

16

—

2012–13

NBA

Western

8th

Southwest

3rd

45

37

.549

15

Lost First Round (Thunder) 4–2

—

2013–14

NBA

Western

4th

Southwest

2nd

54

28

.659

8

Lost First Round (Trail Blazers) 4–2

—

2014–15

NBA

Western

2nd

Southwest

1st

56

26

.683

—

Won First Round (Mavericks) 4–1Won Conference Semifinals (Clippers) 4–3 Lost Conference Finals (Warriors) 4–1

—

2015–16

NBA

Western

8th

Southwest

4th

41

41

.500

26

Lost First Round (Warriors) 4–1

—

2016–17

NBA

Western

3rd

Southwest

2nd

55

27

.671

6

Won First Round (Thunder) 4–1 Lost Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–2

Mike D'Antoni (COY)Eric Gordon (SMOY)

2017–18

NBA

Western

1st

Southwest

1st

65

17

.793

—

Won First Round (Timberwolves) 4–1 Won Conference Semifinals (Jazz) 4–1 Lost Conference Finals (Warriors) 4–3

James Harden (MVP)Daryl Morey (EOY)

Total (51 seasons)
2,172
1,962
.525

2 NBA Championships

text: All-time records[edit]

text:
Statistic

Wins

Losses

Win%

San Diego Rockets regular season record (1968–1971)

119

209

.363

Houston Rockets regular season record (1971–present)

2,053

1,753

.539

All-time regular season record (1968–2018)

2,172

1,962

.525

San Diego Rockets post-season record (1969)

2

4

.333

Houston Rockets post-season record (1975–present)

145

148

.495

All-time post-season record (1969–2018)

147

152

.492

All-time regular and post-season record

2,319

2,114

.523

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The formula is as followed:

G
a
m
e
s

b
e
h
i
n
d

=

(

T
e
a
m

A
′

s

w
i
n
s

−

T
e
a
m

B
′

s

w
i
n
s

)
+
(

T
e
a
m

B
′

s

l
o
s
s
e
s

−

T
e
a
m

A
′

s

l
o
s
s
e
s

)

2

{\displaystyle \mathrm {Games} \ \mathrm {behind} ={\frac {(\mathrm {TeamA's} \ \mathrm {wins} -\mathrm {TeamB's} \ \mathrm {wins} )+(\mathrm {TeamB's} \ \mathrm {losses} -\mathrm {TeamA's} \ \mathrm {losses} )}{\mathrm {2} }}}

Jump up ^ The Western Division was renamed to the Western Conference and split into the Midwest and Pacific divisions.[5][6]

Jump up ^ Though the Rockets had the same record as the Kansas City Kings in the Midwest Division, the Rockets lost the tiebreaker and finished third.[11]

Jump up ^ Though the Rockets had the same record as the Denver Nuggets in the Midwest Division, the Rockets lost the tiebreaker and finished third.[13]

Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50-game regular season schedule.[28]

Jump up ^ Francis shared Rookie of the Year honors with Elton Brand of the Chicago Bulls.[30]

Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66 game regular season schedule.[35]

tag: ol


document_title: Game Shakers

question_text: who plays as double g in game shakers

question_tokens: who plays as double g in game shakers

text: Game Shakers

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series revolves around two seventh graders, Babe and Kenzie, who start a multi-million-dollar title gaming company and take on rap superstar Double G as their business partner. The series also features Double G's son, Triple G, whom the girls hire as a game consultant, and Hudson, who is a test dummy for experiments on games.

text: In Brooklyn, New York, Babe and Kenzie create a video game app called "Sky Whale" for their science project; when it proves to be successful, they form a company called Game Shakers with the help of their friend, Hudson. The three of them later befriend rapper Double G who becomes their partner and investor after a compromise involving the illegal use of his song, "Drop Dat What". Additionally, Double G's son, Triple G, becomes a video game consultant.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Babe Carano[1] (Cree Cicchino) is a 12-year-old girl and one of the creators of Game Shakers. She always does her own thing and doesn't mind stepping on someone's toes to do so. She is creative, confident, quick-witted, and fearless when it comes to making tough decisions.
Kenzie Bell[2] (Madisyn Shipman) is a 12-year-old girl and one of the creators of Game Shakers. She lacks a social filter and tends to be extremely blunt, but makes up for her lackluster social skills with incredible tech knowledge.
Triple G (Benjamin "Lil' P-Nut" Flores, Jr.) is the son of Double G who had a lavish childhood, but all that he really wants is to be with children his own age. He's eventually hired by Babe and Kenzie as the video game consultant. In "Shark Explosion", it is revealed that his real name is Grover.
Hudson (Thomas Kuc) is a friend of Babe and Kenzie as well as a member of Game Shakers. Despite knowing that Hudson isn't necessarily intelligent, Babe states in "Sky Whale" that he's cute and will do whatever she and Kenzie say.
Double G (Kel Mitchell) is a successful rapper and billionaire whose real name is Gale J. Griffin. He is impulsive, unpredictable, and determined to have as much fun and money as possible. With the help of Babe and Kenzie, he rediscovers his love for gaming, and becomes the main investor of Game Shakers. In "Revenge at Tech Fest", Double G gets a temporary trionic right arm after his right arm is badly broken following a slingslot incident caused by MeGo.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Ruthless (Shel Bailey) is Double G's tall assistant who speaks extremely loudly.
Bunny (Bubba Ganter) is Double G's childish assistant.
Mr. Sammich (Regi Davis) is Babe, Kenzie, and Hudson's science teacher at Sugar Hill Junior High School. While he is often annoyed when Double G crashes his classes to scold Babe and Kenzie on something they did wrong, Mr. Sammich tends to cower when Ruthless and Bunny are with him.
Mason Kendall (Tanner Buchanan) is an older boy whom Babe has a crush on.

text: Production[edit]

text: When ordered to series in early 2015, it was planned that the first season would consist of 26 episodes.[3] The cast of the series was announced on July 7, 2015.[4][5] On July 25, 2015, the network announced some special guest stars, including Matt Bennett, Yvette Nicole Brown, GloZell, Jared "ProJared" Knabenbauer, and Smosh Games host David "Lasercorn" Moss.[6] On March 2, 2016, Nickelodeon announced that the series had been renewed for a second season.[7] The second season premiered on Nickelodeon on September 17, 2016. Nickelodeon renewed Game Shakers for a third season on November 16, 2016.[8]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
19
September 12, 2015 (2015-09-12)
May 21, 2016 (2016-05-21)

2
TBA
September 17, 2016 (2016-09-17)
TBA

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
19
September 12, 2015 (2015-09-12)
1.98[9]
May 21, 2016 (2016-05-21)
1.73[10]
1.64

2
21
September 17, 2016 (2016-09-17)
1.56[11]
TBA
TBD
1.46

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The series premiered on YTV in Canada on October 6, 2015,[12] and debuted on Nickelodeon channels in the United Kingdom and Ireland on November 2, 2015,[13] and in Australia and New Zealand on February 8, 2016.

text: Nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref.

2016
Kids' Choice Awards Mexico
Favorite International Program
Nominated

2017
Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show – Kids' Show
Nominated
[14]

2017
Kids' Choice Awards Mexico
Favorite International Program
Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards Colombia
Favorite International Program
Pending

text: Video games[edit]

text: Over the course of the series, a number of games designed by the characters have been shown on Game Shakers. These games have been released online and through the Nick app. Several of the games share titles with episodes of the series (e.g. "Sky Whale", "Dirty Blob", "Tiny Pickles", "Nasty Goats", and "Llama Llama Spit Spit"). The following is the list of games that have been released:[15][16]

text:
Sky Whale
Dirty Blob
Tiny Pickles
Punchy Face
Pop Star Surgeon
Scubaroo
Pick It, Scratch It, Pop It
Octopie
Psycho Beach Mummies
Llama Llama Spit Spit


document_title: Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey

question_text: who is the voice of shadow on homeward bound

text: Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey

text: Plot

text: Chance (voiced by Michael J. Fox), an immature and disobedient American Bulldog and the narrator of the film, explains that he is the pet of Jamie Burnford (Kevin Chevalia), but expresses no interest in his owner or being part of a family. He shares his home with Shadow (voiced by Don Ameche), a wise old Golden Retriever owned by Jamie's brother Peter (Benj Thall), and Sassy (voiced by Sally Field), a smart-mouthed Himalayan cat owned by Jamie and Peter's sister Hope (Veronica Lauren). That morning, the children's mother, Laura Burnford (Kim Greist), marries Bob Seaver (Robert Hays), and Chance manages to cause chaos by digging into the wedding cake in front of all the guests.

text: Shortly after the wedding, the family has to move to San Francisco because Bob must temporarily relocate there for his job. They leave the pets at a ranch belonging to Kate (Jean Smart), a family friend. Shadow and Sassy start missing their owners immediately, but Chance sees it as an opportunity to explore and have fun. Later in the week, Kate goes on a cattle drive, leaving the animals to be looked after by her neighbor Frank (Gary Taylor). However, Frank does not see her message and thinks that she has taken them along, leaving the  animals alone.  Worried by the disappearance of their host, the animals fear they have been abandoned. Shadow, refusing to believe that his boy would abandon him, resolves to make his way home.  Not wanting to be left alone on the ranch, Chance and Sassy decide to accompany Shadow on his journey.

text: They head into the rocky, mountainous wilderness of the Sierra Nevadas with Shadow leading by instinct. After a night spent in fear of the woodland noises, the group stops to catch breakfast at a river.  However, two black bear cubs bother Chance and a large brown bear causes the group to flee.  At another river, Sassy refuses to swim across to follow the dogs and instead tries to via a wooden path further downstream; halfway across, the wood breaks and she falls into the river.  Shadow tries to save her, but she goes over a waterfall to her apparent death.  Devastated, Shadow and Chance go on without her.  Unknown to them, Sassy survives and is later found on the riverbank by an old man named Quentin (William Edward Phipps), who nurses her back to health.

text: Over the next two days, Shadow and Chance try unsuccessfully to catch food and encounter a mountain lion, which chases them to the edge of a cliff. Chance, assuming he is about to die, reveals his dark secrets to Shadow by telling him where he has buried everything at home.  When Chance mentions that the remote control is buried under the seesaw, Shadow gets an idea to use a balanced rock shaped like a seesaw as a way to thwart the mountain lion. While Shadow acts as bait, Chance pounces onto the end of the rock and sends the mountain lion over the cliff and into a river. Sassy hears the dogs barking in celebration and follows the sound to rejoin them.

text: The animals continue on their way, but Chance tries to befriend a porcupine, ending up with a load of quills in his muzzle.  The animals then encounter a little girl named Molly (Mariah Milner), who is lost in the woods. Too loyal to ignore her, they stand guard over her and keep her warm during overnight. In the morning, Shadow finds a rescue party and leads them back to the girl.  They recognize the animals from a missing pets flyer and take them to the local animal shelter, but Chance mistakes it for a dog pound and the trio panic.  As the medical staff removes the quills from Chance's muzzle, Sassy sneaks in and frees Shadow. Together, they retrieve Chance and escape the shelter, unaware that their owners are on their way to get them.

text: Finally reaching their hometown, the animals cross through a train yard, where Shadow falls into a muddy pit and injures his leg.  Demoralized, he tells Chance and Sassy to go on without him.  Near dusk, Chance and Sassy finally make it home and are happily reunited with their owners.  Shadow initially fails to appear, but eventually he limps into view and happily comes running home at the sight of Peter.  Chance narrates how it was Shadow's belief that brought them home and how the years seemed to lift off of him, making him a puppy again as he reunited with his boy.  The film ends with Chance musing about how he truly feels "home" with his family, before happily running into the house at the smell of food.

text: Cast

text:
Michael J. Fox as the voice of Chance
Don Ameche as the voice of Shadow
Sally Field as the voice of Sassy
Robert Hays as Bob Seaver
Kim Greist as Laura Burnford-Seaver
Benj Thall as Peter Burnford
Veronica Lauren as Hope Burnford
Kevin Chevalia as Jamie Burnford
William Edward Phipps as Quentin
Ed Bernard as Desk Sergeant
Gary Taylor as Frank
Jean Smart as Kate
Bart the Bear as Bear

text: Reception

text: The film received positive reception.[2] The film holds an 87% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes based on 30 reviews, with the consensus stating "Disney's remake of The Incredible Journey successfully replicates, and in some ways improves upon, the simple charms of the original, with its cross-country animal odyssey sure to delight kids."[3] According to movie critic Roger Ebert, the movie is "frankly designed for kids, and yet it has a certain craftsmanship and an undeniable charm, and if you find yourself watching it with a child you may end up liking it almost as much."[4]