document_title: The Defenders (miniseries)

question_text: when does marvel's the defenders take place

question_tokens: when does marvel 's the defenders take place

text: The Defenders (miniseries)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Set a few months after the events of the second season of Daredevil,[2] and a month after the events of the first season of Iron Fist,[3] the vigilantes Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Iron Fist team up in New York City to fight a common enemy: the Hand.[4]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Charlie Cox as Matt Murdock / Daredevil:
A blind pro-bono lawyer in Hell's Kitchen with his four remaining senses enhanced who is secretly the vigilante, Daredevil.[5][6] Cox stated that the second season of Daredevil, which sees Murdock fight alongside Elektra Natchios and the Punisher, prepared Murdock for the Defenders, saying, "Something that’s very tricky for Matt is to allow anyone to help him. He finds it impossible to ask for help. One of the lessons that he’s [starting] to learn... is that he needs other people, he needs help."[7] Cox added that the start of the miniseries sees Elektra's death at the end of Daredevil's second season weighing heavily on Murdock, that he is "a little bit lost, and the best he can do for now is to not engage in his vigilante activities," though he has not "completely found peace with that idea." In addition, Murdock still looks to his faith regarding his actions, with Cox commenting, "He believes that his intentions are good. He’s always, always going to wonder if he’s committing mortal sin."[2] Ramirez likened Murdock and Natchios' relationship to Edward Norton and Brad Pitt's characters in Fight Club "except with a more overt sexual dynamic... Emotionally, Matt knows and has to embrace the fact that she’s his burden to deal with [once she is resurrected]... Elektra is his problem, his cross to bear."[8] Cox also felt that Murdock and Jessica Jones would have a "fiery relationship" in the series since both characters are "quite opinionated and quite stubborn."[9]

Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones:
A private investigator suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder who runs her own agency, Alias Investigations.[10][6] Ritter felt it would be interesting to see what forces Jones to team up with the other heroes, since "she doesn't want to be a superhero. She doesn't want anything to do with that."[11] She added that at the start of the series, Jones is "still dealing with the aftermath of Kilgrave" along with the new found "success" for Alias Investigations at the conclusion of the first season of Jessica Jones, stating, "People want her to work for them, she’s getting a lot of business, and she’s not ready for any of that." Describing the dynamic between Jones and the rest of the team, showrunner Marco Ramirez says, "She’s gloriously the most reluctant hero in the world. She’s going to have to let three men into her life who she doesn’t 100 percent trust." Ritter noted that Jones and Murdock would have a "cat and mouse" dynamic, with the roles switching between the two characters.[12]

Mike Colter as Luke Cage:
A former convict with superhuman strength and unbreakable skin who now fights crime in Harlem.[13][6] Colter felt that none of the Defenders seemed like they would want to be in a superhero group together, and said that though Cage, specifically, "knows there are other people like him," he "is in his own world."[14] He added that the beginning of the series would deal with the consequences of Cage voluntarily going to prison to atone for his past, saying, "He’s been able to come clean and deal with his past... The difficulty with Cage [in the first season of Luke Cage] is that he has this secret, he has this thing that he’s been trying to run away from and deal with, and that’s a big burden to bear. That weighs on you, that changes who you are as a person. Now that that’s out of the way, I think we can give him a different approach to life." Colter added that Cage would act as "the conciliator" for the group as well as a mentor to Danny Rand. The combination of Cage and Rand was done as an homage to the pair's relationship in Heroes for Hire, that Colter described as "a cool combination" and would have "a wisdom-versus-youth quality."[15]

Finn Jones as Danny Rand / Iron Fist:
A billionaire Buddhist monk, co-CEO of Rand Enterprises, and martial arts expert with the ability to call upon the mystical power of the Iron Fist.[4][16][6] Jones said that Rand is the one "who really knows what's going on, he knows how serious this situation is" and the one who "drives the group to get shit done."[9] Jones described the difference in Rand from Iron Fist versus The Defenders as "Danny in his adolescence" in the former, and "Danny taking responsibility and moving forward with his purpose" in the latter. He continued, saying, "He’s craving desperately for family, for help, for guidance, for people to learn from, and for a team [in The Defenders]. But because of what happens in Iron Fist, he’s very untrusting. It’s really his way or no way." Jones also felt that between Iron Fist and The Defenders, the series and miniseries was "the complete first season of Danny’s journey."[17] Colter described Rand as "a young guy" with "an exuberance... that Luke Cage wants to temper a bit... Danny comes out like a bull in a china shop in some ways, and I think Luke has seen the world and knows certain things."[15] Jones felt Rand is influenced by the other Defenders, who are older than Rand and are "people with abilities and problems that still manage to keep their shit together and live a responsible and purposeful life. Danny is really in admiration of that, especially in admiration of Daredevil... he's really inspired by what they are able to achieve, so it's like Danny meeting a bunch of older brothers and sister for the first time, and they're keeping him in check a little bit, and they give him a self-realization that he can do that as well."[18] Since Rand is picked on by the other members of the group, this was seen by viewers as an acknowledgment of the poor reception that the first season of his series received. However, Ramirez said that Iron Fist had not been released when they were making The Defenders, and that dynamic was how they naturally felt his character would be treated.[8]

Eka Darville as Malcolm Ducasse: Jones' neighbor and assistant at Alias Investigations. Darville reprises his role from Jessica Jones.[19]
Elden Henson as Franklin "Foggy" Nelson: Murdock's close friend and former law partner who now works with Jeri Hogarth. Henson reprises his role from Daredevil.[20]
Jessica Henwick as Colleen Wing: A former member of the Hand, Rand's lover, and the owner of a New York City dojo. Henwick reprises her role from Iron Fist.[21]
Simone Missick as Misty Knight: A Harlem police detective part of a citywide task force who is Cage's ally. Missick reprises her role from Luke Cage.[22][23]
Ramón Rodríguez as Bakuto: One of the five "fingers" of the Hand, and Wing's former sensei. Rodríguez reprises his role from Iron Fist.[24]
Rachael Taylor as Trish Walker: Jones' adoptive sister and best friend who hosts her own radio talk show. Taylor reprises her role from previous Marvel Netflix series.[25]
Deborah Ann Woll as Karen Page: Murdock's close friend and former secretary and a burgeoning newspaper reporter. Woll reprises her role from Daredevil.[26]
Élodie Yung as Elektra Natchios:
A mysterious and dangerous woman from Murdock's past, who is the Black Sky, a weapon of the Hand. Yung reprises her role from Daredevil.[27] Executive producer Jeph Loeb wanted to include Natchios' resurrection storyline from the comics with the character, with Ramirez commenting that "once we got to where we got organically by the end of season 2 of Daredevil" where the character died, it "was pretty clear" that her resurrection would be featured in The Defenders.[8] Yung called Natchios "an amnesiac [who] doesn’t remember who she is or anything about her past life," adding that she is trained by Alexandra. Sigourney Weaver, who portrays the latter, called their relationship "one of the most unusual that I’ve ever experienced" and "very, very strange."[28]

Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple: A former nurse who gives medical aid to vigilantes. Dawson reprises her role from each of the previous Marvel Netflix series.[25]
Scott Glenn as Stick: Murdock's mentor and leader of The Chaste who wages a war against the Hand. Glenn reprises his role from Daredevil.[25]
Sigourney Weaver as Alexandra:
One of the five "fingers" of the Hand and its leader.[29] Weaver described the character as "really smart", "very in charge",[30][31] and more of an adversary than a villain.[32] Showrunner Marco Ramirez described her as "a survivor" and "a very powerful force in New York City",[32][33] adding, "She's everything Sigourney is: sophisticated, intellectual, dangerous." As the villain of the series, the character had to be "something massive to pull these four [hero] characters from their individual worlds to work together, but also small enough that it felt like it existed in our world."[33] Alexandra is "charmed" by the four heroes teaming up against her, having "never met four people who are seemingly just interested in taking care of this one little part of New York... they’re unlike anybody she’s ever faced off against before, it’s intimidating to her." Weaver worked with the writers to avoid a cliche portrayal, specifically "terms like ‘ice queen’ that are often thrown at women who aren’t completely sympathetic."[32] It was important to Ramirez and Weaver to introduce Alexandra in a "fairly sympathetic light" and "in a way where she's actually vulnerable."[34] The character is ultimately a supporting player for the overall story of Natchios, with Ramirez explaining, "In a way we introduced Sigourney’s character a little bit to highlight Elektra’s story. I like to think that we wrote a really fun cool character for Sigourney but really it was also a way for us to say this is the journey that Elektra is going on."[8]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Wai Ching Ho as Gao: A former ally of Wilson Fisk and one of the five "fingers" of the Hand. Ho reprises her role from previous Marvel Netflix series.[35]
J. Mallory McCree as Cole Miller: A young man from Harlem that gets involved with the Hand to try and make ends meet where he works for Sowande.[36]
Michelle Federer as Michelle Raymond: A woman that approaches Jones about her missing husband.[37]
Chloe Levine as Lexi Raymond: The daughter of John and Michelle Raymond, who helps with the investigation into her father.[37]
Babs Olusanmokun as Sowande: One of the five "fingers" of the Hand, also known as "White Hat", who uses Harlem teenagers to clean up Hand operations.[24]
Ron Simons as Strieber: Knight's police captain.[38]
Yutaka Takeuchi as Murakami: One of the five "fingers" of the Hand.[24]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Peter McRobbie as Lantom: A Catholic priest and confidante for Murdock. McRobbie reprises his role from Daredevil.[39]
Debbi Morgan as Delores Miller: Cole's mother.[40]
Marko Zaror as Shaft: A member of The Chaste.[41]
Carrie-Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth: A lawyer and ally of Jones and Rand. Moss reprises her role from previous Marvel Netflix series.[20]
Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett: A low-level criminal who crosses paths with Daredevil and Luke Cage. Morgan reprises his role from previous Marvel Netflix shows.[42]
Amy Rutberg as Marci Stahl: Nelson's girlfriend and fellow lawyer. Rutberg reprises her role from Daredevil.
Susan Varon as Josie: Owner of a bar frequented by Nelson and Murdock. Varon reprises her role from Daredevil.
Alex Moggridge as John Raymond: An architect who gets involved with the Hand, and whose missing persons case leads to Jones and Murdock's investigations.[37]
Nichole Yannetty as Nicole: An intern at Walker's talk show. Yannetty reprises her role from Jessica Jones.

text: Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance through an on-set photograph as NYPD Captain Irving Forbush, the same photograph seen in previous Marvel Netflix series.[43][44] The Aeolus Quartet also cameo as themselves.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
"The H Word"
S. J. Clarkson
Douglas Petrie & Marco Ramirez
August 18, 2017 (2017-08-18)

While hunting agents of the Hand in Cambodia, Danny Rand / Iron Fist and Colleen Wing are told that the war they are fighting is actually taking place in New York City. There, Matt Murdock has given up his life as the vigilante Daredevil and is working as a pro bono lawyer. He remains conflicted due to his feelings for Elektra Natchios, who died fighting the Hand. Luke Cage, his name cleared by Murdock's ex-partner Foggy Nelson, returns from prison to the streets of Harlem where police detective Misty Knight informs him of local kids who have been getting involved with a mysterious business and ending up dead. After learning that all her major organs are failing and she has little time to live, a woman informs her colleagues to speed up their plans, and subsequently watches with a resurrected Natchios as a large earthquake tears through New York, felt by Rand and Wing as they return, and private investigator Jessica Jones as she discovers explosives while searching for a missing husband that an anonymous caller warned her to avoid.

2
"Mean Right Hook"
S. J. Clarkson
Lauren Schmidt Hissrich & Marco Ramirez
August 18, 2017 (2017-08-18)

Jones calls the police, but Knight sees her taking some evidence as she leaves the scene. Cage follows some leads on local kids, and finds them being sent to clean up a workshop where several enemies of the Hand have been murdered. Rand and Wing are also investigating the workshop, leading to a fight between Rand and Cage which only ends when the police arrive. The mysterious woman, Alexandra, is informed that her group's plans have been halted by a mystical wall. Alexandra believes this may actually be a door, and interrogates an old enemy, Stick, for answers on this. Jones is warned off her investigation by lawyer Jeri Hogarth, who later tells Nelson to keep any fallout from Jones's actions away from their firm. Jones returns to her apartment to find the missing man, John Raymond. They are attacked by Natchios, but he kills himself first. Jones chases Natchios, but is caught and arrested by Knight. Murdock soon arrives to serve as Jones's lawyer, having made an agreement with Nelson to carry out some of his extra work.

3
"Worst Behavior"
Peter Hoar
Lauren Schmidt Hissrich & Douglas Petrie
August 18, 2017 (2017-08-18)

Months ago, the Hand acquired the ancient weapon Black Sky—the body of Natchios—and used the last of their resources to resurrect her. Under Alexandra's tutelage, the Black Sky was prepared to fight as a weapon against the Hand's enemies. Now, Jones dismisses Murdock's help, but he becomes interested in her case and begins investigating it himself. Cage tells his girlfriend Claire Temple about his fight with Rand, whom she knows. Temple organizes a meeting between the two, hoping they can work together to fight the Hand, but they clash over their respective backgrounds. Inspired by some of Cage's comments, Rand decides to take a different approach and uses his corporate influence to find the Hand's new front, Midland Circle. Cage visits the mother of one of the local kids the Hand had hired, while Jones investigates Raymond's job. They also learn of a connection to Midland Circle. Cage arrives there to help Rand fight the Hand, soon followed by Jones and Murdock. They are attacked by the Black Sky, but Rand drives her off.

4
"Royal Dragon"
Phil Abraham
Douglas Petrie & Marco Ramirez
August 18, 2017 (2017-08-18)

Rand, Cage, Jones, and Murdock escape to a nearby restaurant to hide out. With everyone introduced, Rand proposes that they work as a team to defeat the Hand, but Murdock is unwilling to get involved, and Jones leaves. Stick escapes from the Hand and finds the group, having already known Murdock and known of Rand. He explains that a long time ago the elders of K'un-Lun came together to study the healing powers of qi, but five among them wished to use this power to live forever and were cast out. They became the five fingers of the Hand, and include Alexandra (who has gone by many names through the centuries), Madame Gao, Sowande (who has been recruiting the Harlem kids), Murakami, and the recently deceased Bakuto. Now the Hand have defeated all that oppose them, except for Stick and the Iron Fist. Alexandra arrives and offers to spare New York if Rand leaves with her, since their plan requires the Iron Fist, but he rejects her offer. Jones realizes that the Raymond family is still in danger, and returns to help as the Black Sky attacks.

5
"Take Shelter"
Uta Briesewitz
Lauren Schmidt Hissrich, Douglas Petrie & Marco Ramirez
August 18, 2017 (2017-08-18)

The Hand converges on the restaurant, and Murdock lures the Black Sky away from the fight. When he calls her Elektra, she flees, but not before preventing Murakami from killing Murdock. Cage is able to kidnap Sowande while the others escape. After Sowande warns that their loved ones will be targeted next, they convince their friends to stay with Knight at the police precinct until they are out of danger. While doing this, Wing is confronted by a resurrected Bakuto, who unsuccessfully attempts to recruit her to his cause after raising her as a member of the Hand before she met and joined with Rand. Murdock decides to take up his Daredevil identity once again, something that concerns the leaders of the Hand due to his relationship with Natchios. Murakami questions Alexandra's reliance on the Black Sky to complete their goals and notes that they can all be killed now that their resources were used on Natchios. He suggests that they devise a new plan without Alexandra. Stick decapitates Sowande when he attempts to escape capture.

6
"Ashes, Ashes"
Stephen Surjik
Drew Goddard & Marco Ramirez
August 18, 2017 (2017-08-18)

Now realizing that the Hand wants the Iron Fist as a key to unlock something, the group decides to hide Rand away while they continue the fight. However, Rand disagrees and attacks the others. They stop him, and tie him up, with Cage and Stick watching over him while Jones and Murdock continue the investigation of Raymond. Natchios begins to regain memories of her previous life, but Alexandra insists that she is not that person anymore. Meanwhile, the other leaders of the Hand learn of Sowande's death, and continue to lose faith in Alexandra's leadership. Murdock and Jones learn that there is something beneath Midland Circle, a hole to which Murdock had come across previously when dealing with the Hand. They return to the group with plans of attacking the building, to find Stick attempting to murder Rand to keep the Hand from using him. They are interrupted by Natchios, who kills Stick and takes Rand. Alexandra gloats to the other leaders about this victory, but is murdered herself by Natchios, who claims leadership of the Hand.

7
"Fish in the Jailhouse"
Félix Enríquez Alcalá
Lauren Schmidt Hissrich & Marco Ramirez
August 18, 2017 (2017-08-18)

Jones, Murdock, and Cage wake up in the police precinct as suspects for the murders of Sowande and Stick. They tell Knight about the Hand, but try not to go into the details or let her get involved much to the chagrin of her superiors. The remaining fingers of the Hand agree to let Natchios pursue her goals, hoping that she will grant them access to the substance they need to avoid death (the last of their supply was used on Natchios). She takes Rand below the building to the mystical door that they need him to open. Jones, Murdock, and Cage escape the precinct and go to Midland Circle, where they are confronted by Gao, Bakuto, and Murakami. Wing soon arrives to help, bringing with her the explosives that Raymond had been stockpiling. The group drives the fingers of the Hand away. Knight and Temple arrive soon after, and Knight agrees to stall the police while the others get to Rand. Natchios tricks Rand into opening the door, causing a blast that knocks out power throughout the city. Rand awakens beneath the skeleton of a dragon.

8
"The Defenders"
Farren Blackburn
Lauren Schmidt Hissrich & Marco Ramirez
August 18, 2017 (2017-08-18)

Gao explains to Rand that the substance that the Hand uses for resurrection comes from the bones of dragons, just as his Iron Fist abilities came from a dragon. The Hand begins harvesting the skeleton, which will weaken the foundations of the city and cause widespread destruction. Wing and Temple place the explosives so as to destroy the building once the others escape. They are confronted by Bakuto, who cuts off Knight's arm when she arrives to help. Wing kills Bakuto, but his body sets off the timer for the explosives. Jones, Murdock, and Cage arrive in the cavern to help Rand, and they fight the members of the Hand together. When Murdock realizes that the explosives are about to go off, he gets the others to leave immediately. He remains to plead with Natchios, and the two are together—along with Gao and Murakami—as the building implodes above them. The entire situation is covered up by authorities, and Rand, Jones, and Cage look to move on with their lives, protecting the city. A battered Murdock later wakes up in a room with a nun at his side.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In October 2013, Deadline reported that Marvel was preparing four drama series and a miniseries, totaling 60 episodes, to present to video on demand services and cable providers, with Netflix, Amazon, and WGN America expressing interest.[45] A few weeks later, Marvel and Disney announced that Marvel Television and ABC Studios would provide Netflix with live action series centered around Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Iron Fist, leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders.[46] In November 2015, Marvel Comics' editor-in-chief Joe Quesada stated there was no apprehension from Marvel in changing the line up of the Defenders from the "classic" original line-up (Doctor Strange, Hulk, Namor and Silver Surfer) to Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage and Iron Fist, "because to the world at large, no one knows who the Defenders are. So the idea of taking the concept and name and applying it to [the Marvel Cinematic Universe] feels wholly natural" adding that Marvel has "a wonderful concept" behind why the group would form in the MCU and why they would be called the Defenders.[47]

text: In April 2016, Marvel announced that Douglas Petrie and Marco Ramirez, the showrunners for the second season of Marvel's Daredevil, would serve as showrunners and executive producers on Marvel's The Defenders. Daredevil creator Drew Goddard also serves as an executive producer on the miniseries,[48] along with Karim Zreik, Cindy Holland, Allie Goss, Alison Engel, Kris Henigman, Alan Fine, Stan Lee, Joe Quesada, Jim Chory, and head of Marvel Television Jeph Loeb.[49] S. J. Clarkson, director of the first two episodes, also serves as an executive producer on the first episode.[50] In January 2015, Netflix COO Ted Sarandos had stated that the series was "eligible to go into multiple seasons for sure" and Netflix would look at "how well [they] are addressing both the Marvel fanbase but also the broader fanbase" in terms of determining if additional seasons would be appropriate.[51] However, in July 2016, Loeb referred to the miniseries as a one-off event rather than a season of an ongoing story. Loeb also confirmed that the miniseries would consist of eight episodes, and stated that Petrie and Ramirez would consult with Melissa Rosenberg, Cheo Hodari Coker, and Scott Buck—the showrunners of Marvel's Jessica Jones, Marvel's Luke Cage, and Marvel's Iron Fist, respectively—on how "their characters would react" to certain situations;[52] the other showrunners read each of the scripts for The Defenders and provided insight into each individual character's world.[53] On this collaboration, Petrie said of Rosenberg specifically that she was "wonderful because she's in this position of being a fellow artist and letting us do what we do, but at the same time loving her character and being protective of her character and wanting us to get it right and wanting to guide us and help up, but also let us be free." Rosenberg added that all of the showrunners for the other series "felt really included in the process."[54] Loeb compared this relationship to Joss Whedon's approach with the similar crossover in the MCU films, Marvel's The Avengers, for which Whedon "sought out all of the creative input from everybody that had worked on Iron Man and Hulk and Captain America and Thor, but he had to make The Avengers its own thing."[52]

text: At the start of filming in October 2016, Petrie left the series as co-showrunner. Loeb explained, "We got to a point where the scripts were done, and we wanted Marco to continue, and Doug pursued other avenues."[53] Finn Jones said The Defenders "feels like the end of Phase One" of the Marvel Netflix series, with the events of the miniseries leading into "the beginning of another phase".[55]

text: Writing[edit]

text:
One of the things early on that I found helpful was not to think about how many differences [the other series] have but to go the opposite way and think about how much they have in common ... there’s a recurring theme here with people who are orphans or people who don’t understand this urge but feel the need to do good and are constantly fighting inner turmoil and having that affect their personal lives ... We didn’t think about it in terms of how we’ll combine all the tones. We thought about the tone as its own thing. It’s about making sure this thing is something that could encapsulate all four worlds.

—Showrunner Marco Ramirez on combining elements from the individual series to craft the tone of The Defenders[56]

tag: div

text: By late May 2016, Petrie and Ramirez had turned in a completed story for the miniseries,[57] based on a "very bare-bones structure" from Loeb.[53] The latter described the completed story as "epic", feeling that all the characters "have great roles ... where everyone feels like they’re telling more of their own ongoing tale."[57] Petrie and Ramirez created a story that would allow viewers to watch The Defenders without having seen any of the previous series while still not redundant stating information from the previous series for those who had seen them. Ramirez noted it was "a trapeze act of figuring out the writing, making sure to never be expository but also make sure it wasn't a requirement that you would have" go back to watch the other series to fully understand what was happening.[34] The intention was for the miniseries to feel like "Daredevil season 2.5, a Luke Cage season 1.5, a Jessica Jones 1.5, and Iron Fist 1.5," telling "the story that came after their immediate seasons and before their next ones."[53] Loeb compared this dynamic to the Olympics, where "you get to know all of these athletes in their various sports all throughout their careers, and then once every four years they're going to get together and compete against each other."[52] Coker further compared the miniseries to the forming of the Wu-Tang Clan and Voltron.[14]

text: Petrie noted that the intent was not to stop any of the character arcs built in the previous series, rather each character is "just taking this incredible epic detour then going back into their own respective pools."[54] Ramirez said the ending was designed "so they could go back to their individual worlds, but it’s not like they’re apart permanently in any way."[8] Goddard talked about the resulting genre for the miniseries, since each of the individual series were different from one another, feeling that bringing them all together created "its own genre".[58] Ramirez added that the series' tone was "one of the most challenging and most exciting parts of this project", and "has really just been about organically blending [the tones of the previous series] together so that it feels like they're all cohesive and all of a piece."[59] Scenes in the early episodes were created "to feel like the most optimal versions of" each individual series, which slowly "start to cross-pollinate" helping "the identity" of The Defenders to emerge, "which is kind of a combination of all the visual and sonic elements of each of their individual worlds."[34] Ramirez and Petrie also wanted to ensure the project did not feel like "a corporate mandate", striving to make it "feel earned and real and grounded ... and also topical and important" as the individual series had done.[53]

text: Cautioning against the "easy comparison" to The Avengers, Loeb said the aim with The Defenders was to say, "'OK, how do we do that and how do we do it different?' We saw how the Avengers came together [and] it doesn’t quite go as smoothly as you’d like it to go."[60] He added, "The Defenders didn’t have a 'D' on their belt buckles and a Defenders Tower. We agreed from the very beginning that these folks could at the very end go, 'I never want to see your face again.'"[61] Loeb also noted that "the sky's not going to open up and aliens aren't going to come flying out of it. That's the Avengers' job, that's what they're supposed to do. The street level heroes always come from a very real place."[14] The Dirty Dozen, Seven Samurai, and other films "where characters came together who did not want to come together" served as influences for The Defenders, more so than The Avengers.[34] Regarding the antagonist, Ramirez said having the Defenders face an alien threat like the Avengers, for example, was "never an option", as the crossover was always going to be a street level New York story. This did prove challenging in choosing an antagonist though, as the four Defenders are shown to be "really powerful people" in their individual series, and the miniseries' villain had to prove a challenge for the four of them together.[59] Discussing why the antagonists were the Hand, and not a previously established antagonist such as Wilson Fisk, Ramirez felt the villain needed to be "new to all four of them, so that everyone was on the same page. We needed a villain who was a common denominator... as opposed to everyone having a villain [from their show] who they're facing off with here."[62] To form the team-up, Ramirez stated that each Defender begins to investigate a mystery separately, with the four all converging on the same location after "following their own trail of bread crumbs". Ramirez added, "We wanted them all caught off guard [by seeing one another at the same location]. Once they're in that room together, it's kind of like, 'Oh, shit, who are you?'"[61]

text: Regarding the Hand's destruction at the end of the series, Ramirez said "we definitely felt like we wanted this to be the end of this specific show, so while I don’t know if it’s the end of the Hand forever — who knows what will happen in the future — it just felt like it’s the end of this story in the lore. Particularly for Iron Fist, we wanted to close that chapter [of the Hand’s story]". On the decision to kill off Alexandra, who was presented as the show's main villain, in the sixth episode, Ramirez said that it was something unexpected to give the audience a "jolt" rather than play into assumptions, and came from the idea that they had really wanted to focus on Nachios' story and her relationship with Alexandra. He elaborated that "it’s organic in the writing of Elektra, because Elektra has been told by many people in her life what she is, whether it was Stick or Matt… So when she kills Alexandra, it’s really her saying, 'People need to stop telling me who I am. This is who I am.' And I think there’s something particularly interesting about that idea." He said that similar thoughts were behind Nachios' murder of Stick in the series, and said that the theme of "rejecting the identity that the world is trying to put upon you, and having to embrace the identity you want" is one that applies to the four Defenders as well.[8]

text: The final image of Murdock waking up is an homage to a panel from the "Born Again" story arc, while the nun calling for "Maggie", is implied to be Murdock's mother, Maggie Murdock.[63][64] When asked if "Maggie" in the scene was Murdock's mother, Ramirez could not confirm it, but noted this scene, and others in Daredevil's story in The Defenders, were homages to the comics, and called the panel taken from "Born Again" "one of my favorite Daredevil images".[8] Ramirez added the scene was included because "we didn't want to make the audience think we were trying to cheat them or convince them of something that's not happening", given The Defenders released after the announcement of the third season of Daredevil.[62]

text: Casting[edit]

text: At the end of May 2014, Charlie Cox was cast as Daredevil for Daredevil.[5] In December 2014, Krysten Ritter was cast as Jessica Jones and Mike Colter was cast as Luke Cage for Jessica Jones,[10][13] with Colter also headlining Luke Cage.[13] In February 2016, Finn Jones was reported to be cast as Danny Rand for Iron Fist,[16] with Marvel confirming his casting the following month. They also confirmed that Cox, Ritter, Colter, and Jones would all reprise their roles to star in The Defenders.[6][48]

text: In March 2016, Élodie Yung, who portrays Elektra Natchios in Daredevil, expressed interest in appearing in The Defenders "on the bad side... that would be a good dynamic I think—to be confronted by these four superheroes".[65] The next month, Eka Darville said that he would reprise his Jessica Jones role of Malcolm Ducasse in The Defenders.[19] In September, Simone Missick stated that she would be reprising the role of Misty Knight from Luke Cage in the miniseries.[22] At New York Comic-Con in October, Sigourney Weaver was announced as playing the main antagonist of the miniseries,[30] later revealed to be Alexandra.[33] The producers had referred to the character as "a Sigourney Weaver type" for four months before Loeb contacted the actress about the project.[32] After production on the miniseries began at the end of that month, Marvel confirmed that Darville, Missick, and Yung would appear,[20][26][27] alongside Deborah Ann Woll as Karen Page,[26] Elden Henson as Foggy Nelson,[20] Scott Glenn as Stick, Rachael Taylor as Trish Walker, Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple,[25] and Jessica Henwick as Colleen Wing,[21] all also reprising their roles from previous Marvel Netflix series. Ramón Rodríguez also reprises his role as Bakuto.[24]

text: Other actors reprising their roles for the miniseries include Wai Ching Ho as Madame Gao,[35] Carrie-Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth,[20] Peter McRobbie as Father Lantom,[39] Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett,[42] Amy Rutberg as Marci Stahl, Susan Varon as Josie, and Nichole Yannetty as Nicole. Additionally, J. Mallory McCree recurs as Cole;[36] Michelle Federer and Chloe Levine portray Michelle and Lexi Raymond;[37] Ron Simons appears as police captain Strieber;[38] and Babs Olusanmokun as Sowande and Yutaka Takeuchi as Murakami, who are other leaders of the Hand.[24]

text: Design[edit]

text: Stephanie Maslansky is the costume designer for The Defenders, after serving the same role for the previous Marvel Netflix series.[66] Maslansky noted, "we celebrated the differences, and the coming together of these four very distinct characters. For each character, there is definitely a color palette–Daredevil you think of the reds, Jessica Jones shades of navies and lavender, Iron Fist you think of the olive green family and with Luke Cage it's the golds, the Harlem colors. We utilized those palettes, and that gave us the distinction."[67] For Alexandra, Maslansky wanted "a lot of depth to her wardrobe" that was "grounded in an older world. Maybe very, in a way, European. More of a global feeling to her wardrobe, very lush... her wardrobe reflects that kind of ancientness."[29] The series' title sequence, designed by Elastic,[68] "teases all the heroes through colored topographical views of New York City."[23]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Marvel announced in February 2014 that the series would be filmed in New York City,[69] with Marvel Comics' editor-in-chief Joe Quesada stating in April that the show would be filming in areas of Brooklyn and Long Island City that still look like the old Hell's Kitchen, in addition to sound stage work.[70] In April 2016, Cox confirmed a late 2016 start for filming,[71] following the conclusion of production on Iron Fist in October 2016.[72][73][30] The Defenders began filming on October 31, 2016,[74][75] under the working title Group Therapy.[76] Additional filming took place in the Upper West Side, Hell's Kitchen, and Williamsburg, Brooklyn neighborhoods,[77] the Stapleton neighborhood on Staten Island,[78] St. Nicholas Park, the Central Park Mall, the rooftop gardens at Rockefeller Center, the Downtown Manhattan Heliport, 240 Centre Street in Manhattan, the Appel Room at Time Warner Center and the New York City Municipal Archives.[77] Ritter revealed that the series would be filming back-to-back with the second season of Jessica Jones, adding there was the potential to overlap the two productions.[79] Filming wrapped on March 19, 2017.[80]

text: Clarkson took inspiration, when establishing the look of the miniseries, from other New York-set films such as The French Connection, Shaft, and Serpico. Clarkson looked to embrace the different color palettes of the individual series, and bring them together, noting that Jessica Jones (which she had also directed for) was "very dark and very steely and very blue" while Daredevil focused more on red, and so these were emphasized early on. When Murdock and Jones meet, they are in a "steely gray-blue" room to indicate that it is Jones's world, with Knight there wearing a Luke Cage-appropriate tan color, and Murdock entering and letting red into the room to show the connecting of the two characters. Clarkson also looked to "twist" the series to indicate that the characters were coming together, including a moment in the first episode where Cage leaves an apartment and puts his head up, which cuts to Jones entering a flat and putting her head down. Clarkson said on this, "I tried to do transitions that connected them, even though they were far removed from each other at this point, so you constantly felt these world were eventually going to come together."[81] Clarkson also looked to film the action sequences in the different ways that the other series had, such as the "incredibly choreographed and ... almost balletic" fights from Daredevil, or the more "scrappy, messy" sequences from Jessica Jones. For Cage, Clarkson felt that he is "this solid, central figure that is bulletproof, is unbreakable", so she often filmed him with a static camera or steady camera, while Iron Fist was filmed in a lot more movements and with handheld cameras. The fight between the two, in the second episode, combined those two styles.[82]

text: Music[edit]

text: In February 2017, John Paesano was announced as the composer for the miniseries, after previously composing the first two seasons of Daredevil.[83] Paesano felt "there was more license to push the envelope and lean a bit more into the orchestral colors" of each character since "we’re dealing with outright superheroes that our audience is familiar with". His score, which was a hybrid of synthesizers and a 30-piece orchestra, borrows the "color" of each character's themes from their individual series, "to remind viewers of their individual personalities."[84] A soundtrack album for the series was released digitally by Hollywood Records and Marvel Music on August 17, 2017.[85]

text: All music composed by John Paesano.[85]

text:
[show]Track listing

No.
Title
Length

1.
"The Defenders Main Title"
1:18

2.
"Allies Aren't Alone"
3:42

3.
"Terminal"
2:39

4.
"Tailing Jones"
2:44

5.
"Board Room"
5:36

6.
"Our Weapon"
3:27

7.
"Aliasing"
1:54

8.
"Chinese Drive Through"
1:35

9.
"Restaurant Fight"
2:35

10.
"Alexandra"
3:59

11.
"Old Friends"
2:49

12.
"A Bone to Pick"
2:32

13.
"Kung Fu Party"
3:45

14.
"Protect My City"
5:36

15.
"The Defenders"
5:04

Total length:
49:15

text: Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins[edit]

text: The Defenders is the final miniseries of the initially ordered Netflix series, after Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage and Iron Fist.[72][73] In August 2014, Vincent D'Onofrio, Wilson Fisk in Daredevil, stated that after the "series stuff with Netflix", Marvel has "a bigger plan to branch out".[86] In March 2015, Loeb spoke on the ability for the series to crossover with the MCU films and the ABC television series, saying, "It all exists in the same universe. As it is now, in the same way that our films started out as self-contained and then by the time we got to The Avengers, it became more practical for Captain America to do a little crossover into Thor 2 and for Bruce Banner to appear at the end of Iron Man 3. We have to earn that. The audience needs to understand who all of these characters are and what the world is before you then start co-mingling in terms of where it's going."[87]

text: Midland Circle, where the four Defenders all initially meet and was previously mentioned in the first and second seasons of Daredevil and the first season of Iron Fist,[61][88][8] was revealed to be an operation of the Hand, who bought the building to search for the life substance hidden beneath the property. Ramirez noted that after showing the Hand purchasing the building in the first season of Daredevil, and introducing the hole they were digging in Daredevil's second season, it was not known "what they were digging for, and we could come up with anything". Having the skeleton of a dead dragon be the source of the substance the Hand sought "felt like the cleanest way to tie everything in" according to Ramirez, referencing back to the first season of Daredevil, where Gao sells a drug made from the dragon's bone crushed into powder.[8] The miniseries also references the events of The Avengers.[42]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Defenders was released on August 18, 2017, on the streaming service Netflix, worldwide,[89] in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range.[90] The eight, hour-long episodes were released simultaneously, as opposed to a serialized format, to encourage binge-watching, a format which has been successful for other Netflix series.[69][70][52]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: At San Diego Comic-Con International 2016, a teaser trailer was shown featuring the word "Defend" forming from pieces of the logos from the four previous series over "the ominous shape of a giant hand", along with Glenn providing a voice over as Stick, asking how the four heroes plan to save New York when they cannot save themselves.[91] For New York Comic Con later that year, the four Defenders' actors appeared together on stage, along with Weaver, to promote the miniseries.[30]

text: In April 2017, the release date for the series was revealed via a teaser trailer designed to look like security footage showing the four Defenders inside a Midland Circle elevator. The teaser also featured a hidden URL which led to a faux website for the New York Bulletin featuring "plenty of easter eggs and little details waiting to be discovered"; the bottom of the faux website also confirmed the miniseries' release date.[92] Dave Lewis of the Los Angeles Times felt having the security footage teaser end on the timecode 08:18:20:17, was "a fun way to indicate the show's release date".[93] A month later, Netflix and Marvel released an official trailer for the miniseries.[94] They also released multiple motion graphics showcasing various character crossovers through the social media accounts for The Defenders as well as each of the individual series. Nicole Sobon of Comic Book Resources felt releasing each of the graphics this way was "a smart marketing move by both Marvel and Netflix, as over the course of the years, the Twitter accounts [for each series] have managed to drive in plenty of fan interaction by their 'conversations' between the characters."[95] Cox, Ritter, Colter, Jones, and additional stars of the miniseries appeared at San Diego Comic-Con International 2017 to promote the series,[96] where the first episode was also screened.[97] The Defenders had its red carpet premiere at the Tribeca Performing Arts Center on July 31, 2017.[98]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Audience viewership[edit]

text: As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series, the marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the series garnered 17% of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received in its first 30 days, which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot. The Defenders was, comparably, the least-viewed of the Marvel Netflix series and had the largest week-over-week drop in viewership, declining by 67%, 48%, and 41%, respectively, over the 30-day period. Jumpshot, which "analyzes anonymized click-stream data from a panel of more than 100 million internet consumers", looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company’s U.S. members, factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season. The data excludes viewing that occurred on Netflix's connected TV or mobile apps.[99] In October 2017, Netflix revealed The Defenders was the third-most "Binge Raced" series globally, and first in South Korea, of their original series. Netflix defined "Binge Racers" as members who watched the entire series within 24 hours after its release, and that data accommodated "for time zones and is reflective of a show’s launch within 24 hours of a country’s release." They also went on to note that the "Binge Racing" ranking had "no relation to overall viewership."[100]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 74% approval rating with an average rating of 6.49/10 based on 77 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, "Marvel's The Defenders further develops well-known characters in an action-packed arc whose payoff packs more than enough of a punch to offset its flaws."[101] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 63 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[102]

text: The early screening of the first episode at San Diego Comic-Con was met by "applause throughout" from the crowd. Tracy Brown of the Los Angeles Times noted after "a quick refresher on where each hero's solo story left off... there is forward progress in the narratives for each" of the Defenders, despite them not interacting in the episode. She added that the episode "includes fighting, lawyering, drinking, destruction of property, and, yes, even a little bit of physical loving" as has come to be expected for the Marvel Netflix series, and concluded that "if every episode of The Defenders ends in a similar way to this pilot, fans may end up binge-watching the show without being able to help themselves."[103] Polygon's Julia Alexander was "stupidly excited to binge the rest of the season" after seeing the first episode. On the episode, Alexander said "Even though you know they’ll end up getting together to take on the worst villains the city has to offer, having a first episode to set up [the Defenders] own personal identities and narratives goes a long way for a show like this." She also called Weaver's Alexandra "one of the more entertaining and intriguing antagonists we’ve gotten in a Marvel/Netflix series," with her relationship to Elektra making her potentially "the most deadly."[104] Peter Sciretta for /Film called the episode "a fine start" to The Defenders, but felt it did not "do a great job of explaining these heroes for people who have not seen the individual series." He also commented on the use of color throughout the episode, with "colored lighting in the background to match the particular hero who is the focus of the scene" as a way to differentiate each character's story.[23]

text: Reviewing the first four episodes of the series, Katharine Trendacosta for io9 had positive thoughts, appreciating the writers for addressing many of "the questions viewers would have coming into the show, as well as the moments fans would love to see... It’s fanservice done right, without sacrificing the characters or the story." However, she did feel there was an overabundance of talking, explaining every part of the story. She concluded that "the good of The Defenders far outweighs the bad. The story isn’t revolutionary, and as usual, the villains have a typically over-the-top and hilariously convoluted plan—but it’s all a canvas to showcase Matt, Jessica, Luke, and Danny coming together as a team. They’re not just stronger together than they are apart—it turns out they’re more entertaining, too."[105] The Washington Post's David Betancourt also gave a positive review, saying, "The Defenders is the type of superhero streaming that we’ve come to expect from Netflix’s live-action Marvel productions. Well worth the wait, the new show is every bit the event that Marvel fans hoped it could be." He enjoyed the pairing of Cage and Rand, and felt Weaver's "compelling" Alexandra was "the biggest surprise" of the series.[106] Jeff Jensen for Entertainment Weekly gave the series a "B+" saying, the series is "a lively genre entertainment that recharges your interest in Marvel pop. It presents as a big event, yet values consolidation." He praised the fact that The Defenders was only 8 episodes long, compared to the 13 of previous Marvel Netflix seasons, and Petrie and Ramirez for "upping their own game, honoring the best parts of every series, and elevating the franchise."[107] Dan Jolin of Empire gave The Defenders 3 out of 5 stars, saying, "there is enough joy in watching the sparks fly as these four alpha characters finally collide to make you feel The Defenders might just have been worth the wait. It's a long-anticipated crossover series that delivers some engaging character clashes, but which fails — in the first half at least — to up the ante story-wise." He also called the villains of the series "a mild disappointment", with Weaver's Alexandra "yet another businessperson baddie whose dirty deeds are hidden by sharp suits" and the Hand "fail[ing] to ignite much excitement."[108]

text: Collider's Allison Keene also gave the miniseries 3 stars out of 5, noting, "It’s something new, but it has a lot of problems... If you thought Defenders would be a culminating chapter to the other Netflix Marvel series so far, think again. So far it feels like another prelude, and it makes one wonder if we’ll ever get to the main event." She felt some of the solo series issues such as pacing and narrative choices were still present, but like each, "there are still things to enjoy" including Jessica Jones and the banter among the heroes. Keane added that "the show doesn’t really come together" until the Defenders unite, which helps with some of the pacing issues, but felt one of the major mistakes of the series was setting the series around Rand and his connection to Rand Enterprises.[109] Reviewing the series for Uproxx, Alan Sepinwall felt The Defenders did "a good job of borrowing what worked best from the previous series: the fight scenes are mostly Daredevil-caliber rather than Iron Fist-caliber, Jessica gets a lot of snappy dialogue,... the music is strong (particularly in the Cage scenes), and Rosario Dawson as usual works wonders in making these characters feel like they could all be part of the same story." However, he also commented on the pacing of the four episodes reviewed, saying it was "yet another Netflix ultra-slow burn" and "a frustrating reminder that even at a relatively compact eight episodes, these Marvel Netflix shows still don’t have a great command of pacing." Once the four heroes meet in the fourth episode (after "a pretty impressive" fight), Sepinwall felt the series got better, but hoped in the second half of the season "both [the] show and team could justify their existence as something more than a package Marvel put together years ago in the hopes everything would work out."[110] Variety's Maureen Ryan felt The Defenders was "a workmanlike series that gets the job done with a reasonable amount of energy and a few bursts of flair. It may not offer the highest highs of Jessica Jones... [and] is occasionally a bit blander than an endeavor featuring deadly ninjas and elaborate costumes should be, [but] the eight-part drama has notable selling points, chief among them an elegant and fierce performance from Sigourney Weaver."[49]

text: USA Today's Kelly Lawler was more critical of the series, awarding it 2 out of 4 stars, feeling Rand was the "undeniable handicap" of the series, noting "One would hope that The Defenders would shy away from Danny and his petulance, but unfortunately, Iron Fist is integral to the larger plot. Every scene featuring him drags, and he is in too many to ignore, with clunkier dialogue than his fellows." She also felt The Defenders suffered from the pacing issue the previous individual series had, and while some of the character pairings worked, as a group the Defenders "lack chemistry". Lawler felt Weaver was "a bright spot" but concluded "The Defenders will likely please devoted Marvel fans who merely want to see these four in the same room... But viewers who were attracted to one or more of the Netflix series for their unique perspectives will be disappointed. Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage and even Iron Fist deserve better."[111]

text: Reviewing the entire miniseries, Daniel Krupa of IGN gave it a 6.5 out of 10, saying, The Defenders felt "uneven, hastily-planned, and ultimately like a missed opportunity." Krupa added that the story suffered from pacing issues, and "an ill-defined, confused and confusing antagonist in the form of The Hand" did not compare favorably to previously introduced villains Wilson Fisk, Kilgrave and Cornell "Cottonmouth" Stokes, while the inclusion of the supporting characters felt forced. Conversely, Krupa noted that the chemistry between the main characters was "excellent", with the reintroduction of Elektra "well-done", given Yung provided "the most credible and emotionally-rich villain for The Defenders to face." He also called the Chinese restaurant scene in episode 4 "the highpoint of the season".[112]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Cox and Yung were named TVLine's "Performers of the Week" for the week of August 20, 2017, for their performances in the episode "The Defenders". The site described their final fight as "an emotionally compelling two-hander" and "a lovers’ quarrel like no other", with Cox bringing warmth to the scene and Yung being "brutally blunt" with her line deliveries.[113]


document_title: Axon terminal

question_text: what type of ion channels is necessary for the function of the axon and the axon terminal

root

text: Axon terminal

text: Nerve impulse release[edit]

text: Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic vesicles that cluster beneath the axon terminal membrane on the presynaptic side of a synapse. The axonal terminals are specialized to release the neurotransmitters of the presynaptic cell.[1] The terminals release transmitter substances into a gap called the synaptic cleft between the terminals and the dendrites of the next neuron. The information is received by the dendrite receptors of the postsynaptic cell that are connected to it. Neurons don't touch each other, but communicate across the synapse.[2]

tag: p

text: The neurotransmitter molecule packages (vesicles) are created within the neuron, then travel down the axon to the distal axon terminal where they sit docked. Calcium ions then trigger a biochemical cascade which results in vesicles fusing with the presynaptic membrane and releasing their contents to the synaptic cleft within 180 µs of calcium entry.[3] Triggered by the binding of the calcium ions, the synaptic vesicle proteins begin to move apart, resulting in the creation of a fusion pore. The presence of the pore allows for the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.[4][5] The process occurring at the axon terminal is exocytosis, which a cell uses to exude secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane. These membrane-bound vesicles contain soluble proteins to be secreted to the extracellular environment, as well as membrane proteins and lipids that are sent to become components of the cell membrane. Exocytosis in neuronal chemical synapses is Ca2+ triggered and serves interneuronal signalling.[citation needed]

text: Mapping activity[edit]

text:
Structure of a typical neuron

Neuron

Dendrite
Soma
Axon
Nucleus
Node of
Ranvier
Axon terminal
Schwann cell
Myelin sheath

tag: table

text: Dr. Wade Regehr, a Professor of Neurobiology at Harvard Medical School's Department of Neurobiology, developed a method to physiologically see the synaptic activity that occurs in the brain. A dye alters the fluorescence properties when attached to calcium. Using fluorescence-microscopy techniques calcium levels are detected, and therefore the influx of calcium in the presynaptic neuron.[6] Regehr's laboratory specializes in pre-synaptic calcium dynamics which occurs at the axon terminals. Regehr studies the implication of calcium Ca2+ as it affects synaptic strength.[7][8] By studying the physiological process and mechanisms, a further understanding is made of neurological disorders such as epilepsy, schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, as well as memory and learning.[9][10]


document_title: List of alcohol laws of the United States

question_text: when do they stop selling beer in michigan

text: Table[edit]

text: Alabama–Hawaii[edit]

text:
State
Alcoholic beverage control state
Alcohol sale hours
Grocery store sales
Age
Notes

Beer
Wine
Distilled spirits
On-premises
Off-premises
Beer
Wine
Distilled spirits
Purchasing
Consumption

Alabama
Yes
Prohibited between midnight until noon on Sundays in some counties. Private clubs, which require a membership fee and a membership card, have no day or time restrictions.
Yes
No
21
21 No exceptions to the law
13.9% ABV cap on beer
Beer containers may not exceed 25.4 ounces (0.75 l)
ABV > 14.9% wine sold in state stores
Alcohol may be served 24 hours a day unless restricted by local ordinances. Twenty-six of Alabama's 67 counties do not allow the sale of alcohol. However, possession and consumption remain legal within those 26 counties. Of the 26 "dry" counties, 23 have at least one "wet" city; these are considered "moist" dry counties. Within those 23 counties there are 43 wet cities. State law allows any city with a population greater than 1,000 located within a dry county to "go wet" if a referendum is passed by 50% of voters. State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only.
Distilled spirits (liquor) are purchasable in either state-owned retail liquor stores, known as ABC Stores, or privately-owned retail liquor stores. Privately-owned retail liquor stores tend to be open on Sundays, public (federal & state) holidays, and later hours than state-owned liquor stores.

Alaska
No
8 a.m. – 5 a.m.,[10] except election days (liquor stores may not open until polls close)
No (although many grocery stores have separate areas that sell all forms of alcoholic beverages and many bars sell packaged liquor as well)
21
21 Exception: Underage drinking allowed for medical purposes, and on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent [11]
Most communities have more restrictive laws, ranging from restrictions on operating hours to bans on sale and possession.[12] Sellers/servers may not, for any reason, give a person alcohol for free or sell it for less than its cost. Sellers/servers may drink while on duty, but no intoxicated person may remain on the premises, so an impaired server could be arrested.[10]

Arizona
No
6 a.m. – 2 a.m. seven days a week—no election day nor holiday restrictions [13]
Yes
21
21 Exception: Underage drinking allowed for religious[14] and medical purposes[15]
Sales of any type of alcohol are legal at any store that has an off-premises liquor license, including but not limited to convenience stores and grocery stores. Bars may sell closed containers of alcohol for consumption off the premises. Drive-through liquor stores are allowed. Everclear Grain Alcohol Proof 190 (95% alcohol) is legal. A large percentage of the land area of Arizona is in Indian reservations, many of which have liquor laws considerably more restrictive than state law, up to and including total prohibition. "Beer busts" (all the beer/liquor one can drink for a set price) in bars are illegal. Persons 19 years of age or older may work in bars and liquor stores serving and selling alcohol. Patrons may not purchase for on premises consumption more than 40 ounces of beer, 1 liter of wine or 4 ounces of distilled spirits at one time.[16] DUI penalties are some of the most severe in the nation. A person convicted of a DUI (even first offense) must have an interlock installed in his car for one year. Arizona has an 'Impaired to the Slightest Degree' law that can convict a person even if his BAC is less than .08%.

Arkansas
No
Sale prohibited Sundays, Mondays between 12:00 a.m. and 1:00 a.m., or on any other days between the hours of 1:00 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. The governing body of any city or town may fix later closing hours for the permitted premises of a hotel or restaurant which in no event shall be later than two (2) hours after midnight on Saturday night.[17]
Yes
No
21
21 No exceptions to the law
Has numerous dry counties and other dry areas, but private clubs can serve even in dry areas.
Alcohol sales are generally prohibited on Sundays, but exceptions can be made through local option (usually for restaurants and private clubs).
No sales on Christmas Day.

California
No
6 a.m. – 2 a.m.
Yes
21
21 Exception: A minor will not be penalized for consuming alcohol if discovered or reported through a medical emergency.[18]
Relatively unrestricted; beer, wine and liquor available at grocery stores, convenience stores, gas stations, and warehouse clubs. No statewide holiday restrictions.
Motor vehicles entering from Mexico may only import 1 liter of alcohol (duty-free). Sale or distribution of alcoholic beverages higher than 60% ABV is illegal (B&P 23403).[19]
You may serve alcohol if you are at least 21 years of age.
City and county governments can set different sale hours.
18-, 19- and 20-year-old wine and beer production students can taste—but not consume—what they are making and studying.[20]

Colorado
No
7 a.m. – 2 a.m.
Beer, wine, and liquor: 8 a.m. – midnight
3.2 beer: 5 a.m.-midnight

3.2 only*
No*
21
21 Exception: Underage consumption allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent, for religious, medical, and educational purposes.[21]
Spirituous, vinous & malt liquor available in liquor stores and liquor-licensed drug stores only.
Liquor stores closed on Christmas Day. Sunday sales restriction lifted on July 1, 2008. Liquor stores and liquor-licensed drug stores may have only one location, while 3.2% beer may be sold in gas stations, supermarkets, and convenience stores. Appropriately licensed businesses may also sell 3.2% beer for both on and off-premises consumption. A small number of grocery stores are licensed as drug stores and sell full strength beer, wine, and spirits. As an example, a chain grocery store that has pharmacy services at most or all locations may elect a single location in the chain as the licensed establishment to sell beer, wine, and spirits.

Connecticut
No
9 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Mon.–Thurs.)
9 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Fri.–Sat.)
11 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Sun.)
8 a.m. – 10 p.m. (Mon.–Sat.) 10 a.m. – 6 p.m. (Sun.)
Yes
No
21 Exception: No explicit age if a present legal guardian is 21 or older[22]
21 Exception: Underage consumption is allowed on private non alcohol selling premises with parental consent, for medical and religious puroposes, and on alcohol selling premises with parental consent.[22]
Sunday off-premises sales allowed as of May 20, 2012;[23][24] Sunday on-premises sales subject to local ordinances.
Beer can be purchased at grocery/convenience stores. Spirits and wine can be purchased only at liquor stores.
No off-premises alcohol sales on Thanksgiving, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day.
Open container law applies only to drivers, not passengers.

Delaware
No
9 a.m. – 1 a.m.
9 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Mon.–Sat.)
noon–8 p.m. (Sun.) Municipalities with a population over 50,000 persons may impose stricter hours of sale by local ordinance.
No
21
21 Exception: A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency. Underage drinking allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent, for religious purposes.[25][26]
For off-premises consumption, alcohol may be purchased only in a liquor store, taproom, or a brew pub that has an off-premises license. Unless accompanied by a parent or guardian over 21, no person under 21 may enter a liquor store or taproom for any reason, even for the intent of purchasing only tobacco or lottery tickets. No sales of alcohol by liquor stores or taprooms are permitted during designated holidays including Thanksgiving, Easter or Christmas.[27]

District of Columbia
No
8 a.m. – 2 a.m. Sun.–Thu.,
8 a.m. – 3 a.m. Fri.–Sat.
[28]

Liquor Stores:
9 a.m. – midnight daily*
Grocery Stores:
9 a.m.-12 a.m. daily
[28]

Yes
No
21
21 Exception: A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency.[29][30]
*Liquor stores can begin applying for licenses to open on Sunday as of January 16, 2013.[31]
No singles sold, but stores in some areas may apply for an exemption.[32]
Certain wards may be made dry by the decision of the local ANC, but as of 2005[update] none are
The day before a federal or district holiday, on-premises retailers may sell/serve from 8 a.m.-3 a.m. On New Yer's Eve, on-premises retailers may sell/serve until 4 a.m. on January 1.[28]

Florida
No
State law prohibits selling of alcohol between midnight and 7 a.m., unless the county chooses to change the operating hours later (FS 562.14(1)) ; such as for Sunday morning; Ormond Beach stays open until 7pm on Sundays. Miami-Dade County liquor stores may operate 24 hours a day.
Yes
No
21
21 Exception: 18 for educational purposes[33]
Sale, processing, or consumption of any liquor or spirit of greater than 153 proof is illegal. (FSS 565.07)
No retail sale of wine in containers larger than 1 gallon. FS 564.05 Supermarkets and other licensed business establishments may sell beer, low-alcohol liquors, and wine. Liquor must be sold in dedicated liquor stores which may be in a separate part of a grocery or a drug store. As of July 1, 2015, the restriction on 64 ounce refillable containers, or growlers, has been lifted and beer may be sold in quantities of 64 ounces, in addition to the previously legal 32 and 128 ounce sizes.

Georgia
No
Hours of sale determined by local jurisdiction. No alcohol sales on Christmas Day.
Yes
No
21
21 Exception: Underage drinking allowed on non-alcoholic premises with parental consent, and for religious and medical purposes.[34]
14% ABV cap on beer.
Sunday off-premises sales from 12:30 p.m. to 11:30 p.m. allowed only by local referendum.[35]
In general, one may not be drunk in public. Though there is no state law prohibiting drinking in public, most municipal corporations and political subdivisions limit the possession of open containers of alcohol to private property, with notable exceptions being Savannah and Roswell. A charge of public drunkenness is only warranted when one is drunk in public and his acts are either loud or disorderly.

Hawaii
No
Bars and restaurants stop serving alcohol at 2 a.m., but some hold a special ‘cabaret license’ that allows them to continue serving alcohol until 4 a.m.[36]
6 a.m. to 12 a.m. Within Honolulu County
6 a.m. to 11 p.m. Within Kauai, Maui, and Hawaii counties
Yes
21
21 Exception: Underage consumption allowed for religious purposes[37]

text: Idaho–Massachusetts[edit]

text:
State
Alcoholic beverage control state
Alcohol sale hours
Grocery Store Sales
Age
Notes

Beer
Wine
Distilled spirits
On-premises
Off-premises
Beer
Wine
Distilled Spirits
Purchasing
Consumption

Idaho
No
Yes
6:00 a.m. to 2:00 a.m., 7:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. in some counties

Yes
No

Alcoholic beverages exceeding 16% ABV can only be sold in Idaho State Liquor Dispensary stores, or contracted stores.

Illinois
No
Depending on local government; 24-hour bars are permitted in Cicero; a handful of 21- to 22-hour bars exist in Cook County, and the Metro East. In Rock Island County, many establishments sell alcohol 24 hours a day.

Yes

Opening/closing hours are up to the decision of counties or municipalities.

Indiana
No
7 a.m. – 3 a.m.
7 a.m. – 3 a.m.
Noon - 8 p.m. on Sunday.
Yes

Indiana prohibits the sales of cold beer by grocery stores or gas stations, but allows cold beer to be sold from liquor stores (IC 7.1-5-10-11).
Minors, including babies, are not allowed to enter a liquor store.
Indiana has a photo identification requirement for all off-premises transactions to anyone who is or reasonably appears to be less than forty (40) years of age. (See IC 7.1-5-10-23).
Public intoxication is a class B misdemeanor. (IC 7.1-5-1-3)

Iowa
No
Yes
6 a.m. – 2 a.m. Mon–Sat
8 a.m. – 2 a.m. Sun[38]
Yes

If a controlled substance is detected in a person’s system at or near the time they were operating a motor vehicle, they can be charged and potentially convicted of operating while intoxicated (OWI) even if they were not “impaired” by that substance.

Kansas
Yes
9 a.m. - 2 a.m. (in counties which allow on-premises sales)
9 a.m. - 11 p.m. (Mon–Sat) (in counties which allow off-premises sales)
noon - 7 p.m. or 8 p.m. (Sun) (in communities which allow Sunday off-premises sales)
3.2 only
No

Kansas's alcohol laws are among the strictest in the United States. Kansas prohibited all alcohol from 1881 to 1948, and continued to prohibit on-premises sales of alcohol from 1949 to 1987. Sunday sales only have been allowed since 2005. Today, 29 counties still do not permit the on-premises sale of alcohol. 59 counties require a business to receive at least 30% of revenue from food sales to allow on-premises sale of alcohol. Only 17 counties allow general on-premises sales. Not all communities which allow off-premises sales allow sales on Sunday. Sales are prohibited on Christmas and Easter. The only alcoholic beverage which grocery stores and gas stations may sell is beer with no more than 3.2% alcohol by weight. Other liquor sales only are allowed at state-licensed retail liquor stores. Kansas has comprehensive open container laws for public places and vehicles, public intoxication laws, and requirements for prospective on-premises or off-premises licensees.

Kentucky
No
6 a.m. to 4 a.m. on Monday through Saturday
1 p.m. to 4 a.m. on Sundays
Yes
No

Local ordinance may vote to permit Sunday sales at restaurants. Sales 2–4 a.m. only in Louisville. As of 2005 Sunday sales were allowed per state law, but may still be prohibited in some areas by local ordinance (as of early 2006, such a situation existed with smaller cities within Louisville Metro, though these cities have since changed local ordinances).
Alcohol sale restriction and wet/dry (both by drink and package) allowed by both county and city local option. Approximately 39 counties in the state (mostly eastern and southern counties) are dry, all alcohol sale and possession prohibited; 22 "moist" counties (with "wet" cities allowing package liquor sales in counties otherwise dry); 29 counties that are otherwise dry but have communities with local option that allow sales of liquor by the drink or under special exemptions allowing sales at wineries. Majority of wet counties are around major metropolitan areas (Louisville, Lexington, Covington, Bowling Green). Note: Beginning in 2013 Liquor by the drink and beer by the drink are available on Sundays in Louisville, KY beginning at 10:00 am. Bowling Green, KY recently began allowing Sunday sales in December 2013 for carry-out beer, wine, and liquor. Prohibition on liquor sales on Election Day was repealed effective June 24, 2013. Kentucky was one of only two states to still have Election Day prohibition, the other being South Carolina.

Louisiana
No
No state imposed restrictions on on-premises hours. "24 hour" bars are common in New Orleans and in Jefferson Parish. Some municipalities and parishes (including Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge Parish) require on-premises service to stop at 2:00 am.
No statewide restrictions on hours of package sales.
Yes
21
Exceptions to state law include:[39]

For an established religious purpose;
When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;
For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;
In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;
The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.

Packaged alcoholic beverages of any strength may be sold in supermarkets, drug stores, gas stations, and convenience stores. Local municipalities may not restrict this. As a result, dedicated "liquor stores" are mostly specialty stores in larger cities, and some supermarkets have large selections of liquors and wines, and compete on the basis of liquor prices and selection.
Alcohol can be consumed in the streets of New Orleans as long as it is in an "unbreakable container" (no glass) and may be taken from club to club if both establishments allow it. Otherwise, it depends on the locality. Most parishes other than Orleans Parish do not permit alcoholic beverages served on premises to be carried out. However, many parishes and municipalities permit consumption of packaged beverages (for example, cans of beer) on the street. Glass bottles on the streets are prohibited. One can enter most bars at 18 years of age but must be 21 years old to purchase or consume alcohol. Also, it is legal in the state of Louisiana for a legal parent or guardian to purchase alcoholic beverages for their underaged child.
Drive-thru frozen daiquiri stands are legal and common, but the police can arrest you for driving with an open container, if you have put the straw in the cup [40]

Maine
No
Yes
6 a.m. to 1 a.m. (Mon–Sun)

Yes [41]
21
21
ABV > Alcohol may not be purchased after 1 a.m. any day of the week, may not be purchased prior to 6 a.m. Monday through Saturday, and not prior to 9 a.m. on Sunday. Bars and restaurants may serve until 1:15 a.m. On New Year's Day alcohol may be sold one hour later in all establishments. When St. Patrick's Day falls on a Sunday, bars and restaurants may serve alcohol starting at 6 a.m that day.[42] Wholesaling through state-licensed monopoly.[43] Municipalities may prohibit the sale of alcohol by referendum; 56 towns have done so.[44][45]

Maryland
Variable by locality
Variable by locality
Variable by locality
Variable by locality

Baltimore County prohibits the sale on Sunday in some areas.
In the counties of Montgomery, Somerset, Wicomico, and Worcester sale of alcoholic beverages are controlled directly by the county Liquor Control Boards, there are exceptions in Montgomery where some liquors are still sold in grocery store due to being grandfathered before the change of the law.
Garrett County prohibits the sale on Sunday except in some areas.
The sale of alcohol at grocery and convenience stores varies by county.
There are no dry counties, but some individual voting districts within counties restrict or prohibit alcohol on a local-option basis.

Massachusetts
No
8:00 a.m. – 2:00 a.m. by state law, although individual cities and towns may prohibit sales before 11:00 a.m. and after 11:00 p.m.[46] Not before 11:00 a.m. on Sunday.[47]
8:00 a.m. – 11:00 p.m., or 8:00 a.m. – 11:30 p.m. on the day before a holiday.[48] Not before 10:00 am on Sunday.
Yes.[49][50]
21
21
As of January 2016, no individual, partnership, or corporation may have more than seven off-premises licences in the state, nor more than two in any city, nor more than one in any town. No individual, partnership, or corporation not resident or headquartered in Massachusetts may apply for a license, although one may devolve thereupon.[48]
As of 2012-10-29, a Massachusetts driver's license, Massachusetts Liquor ID card, RMV-issued Massachusetts non-driver ID card, passport (issued by the US or a US-recognized foreign entity), US-issued Passport Card, and military identification card are the only acceptable proofs of age under state law. Out of state or Canadian driver's licenses/ ID's and other forms of identification do not grant the establishment legal protection if accepted as proof of age (and many establishments will not accept out of state licenses for this reason).[51]
On-premises regulations: No discounts at specific times (i.e. no "Happy Hour" discounts) or for specific individuals, no fixed-price open bar or all-you-can-drink (except at private functions), no more than two drinks per individual at any one time, no pitchers for fewer than two people, no drinking contests, no drinks as prizes, no free drinks.[52]
Off-premises sale of alcohol is prohibited on the last Monday in May (Memorial Day), Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and the day after Christmas if Christmas falls on a Sunday.[47]
Sale of alcohol is prohibited during polling hours on election days (subject to local exceptions).[47]
"Malt beverages" defined as having not more than 12% alcohol by weight.[53]

text: Michigan–New Mexico[edit]

text:
State
Alcoholic beverage control state
Alcohol sale hours
Grocery Store Sales
Age
Notes

Beer
Wine
Distilled spirits
On-premises
Off-premises
Beer
Wine
Distilled Spirits
Purchasing
Consumption

Michigan
No
Yes
7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon.–Sat.)
noon-2 a.m. (Sunday)*sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension

7 a.m.-2 a.m. (Mon-Sat)
noon-2 a.m. (Sunday)*sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension ,[54]

Yes

The Michigan Liquor Control Commission allows the sale of alcoholic beverages until 11:59 p.m. on December 24 and after 12:00 p.m. on December 25. On-premises sales are permitted on January 1 until 4:00 a.m. Local or county ordinance may restrict Sunday or Sunday morning sales. State does not operate retail outlets; maintains a monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only.[55]

Minnesota
No (but see note)
8 a.m. – 2 a.m. seven days
8:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m. (Mon–Sat);
11:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m. (Sun)[56]

3.2% Only
No

Local or County ordinance prevails for hours of operation for off-sale licenses. Growler sales allowed until 10 p.m. 7 days a week. Certain municipalities may establish municipal liquor stores; they are permitted, but not required, to exclude privately owned stores.[57] Off-premises sales on Sundays became legal on July 1, 2017.[56]

Mississippi
No
Yes
Local authorities fix hours of alcohol sale

Yes
No

ABW > 5% wine and sparkling wine sold in state-contracted stores which are open from 10:00 am until 10:00 pm (Closed Sundays) statewide. Beer and light wine (ABW < 5%, ABV < ~6.3%) sold in convenience stores/supermarkets. Beer and light wine (ABW < 5%) may be consumed by persons age 18-20 with parental supervision. Governor Phil Bryant signed a bill permitting beer with 8% ABW/10% ABV on April 9, 2012. The bill went into effect on July 1, 2012.[58]

No sales on Christmas Day. No state open container laws. Complimentary alcohol all day and night in coastal casinos.
In most counties, alcohol cannot be sold on Sundays. There are many dry counties in which it is illegal to possess alcoholic beverages, though some cities within dry counties have voted in beer sales.

Missouri
No
Most establishments:
(Mon–Sat) 6:00am–1:30am
(Sunday) 9:00am–12:00pm
Special licenses in Kansas City and St. Louis:
(Daily) 6:00am–3:00am

(Mon–Sat) 6:00am–1:30am
(Sunday) 9:00am–12:00am
Sales permitted until 3:00 am in those Kansas City and St. Louis bars grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores.

Yes

One of the most alcohol-permissive states, perhaps only behind Nevada and Louisiana:

No open container law.[59]
No state public intoxication law.
Liquor control law[60] covers all beverages containing more than 0.5% alcohol, without further particularities based on percentage.[61]
Cities and counties are prohibited from banning off-premises alcohol sales.[62]
No dry jurisdictions.
State preemption of local alcohol laws which do not follow state law.
Certain bars in Kansas City and St. Louis grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores.
Special licenses available for bars and nightclubs which allow selling alcohol until 3:00am in Kansas City,[63] Jackson County,[64] North Kansas City,[64] St. Louis,[65] and St. Louis County.[66]
Grocery stores, drug stores, and even gas stations may sell liquor without limitation other than hours.[67]
Patrons allowed to take open containers out of bars in Kansas City's Power & Light District.[68]
Parents and guardians may furnish alcohol to their children.[69]
Missourians over 21 may manufacture up to 100 gallons of any liquor per year for personal use, without any further state limitation, state taxation, or state license.[70] (Obtaining a permit from the Federal Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau and meeting other requirements under federal law probably still is required for private citizens to manufacture distilled alcohol - but not wine or beer - for personal use.[71][72][73][74][75])

Missouri law recognizes two types of alcoholic beverage: liquor, which is any beverage containing more than 0.5% alcohol except "non-intoxicating beer"; and "non-intoxicating beer,"[76] which is beer containing between 0.5% and 3.2% alcohol. Liquor laws[77] apply to all liquor, and special laws apply to "non-intoxicating beer."[76]

Montana
No
Yes
Closing 2am

Yes
No

ABV > 16% wine sold in state-contracted stores, ABV < 16% may be sold in grocery stores.

Nebraska
No
6 a.m. – 1 a.m. Legislation passed in 2010 allows for municipalities to extend on-premises sales to 2 a.m. with two-thirds approval of city or county councils.[78]
Yes

No on- or off-premises sales of spirits before noon on Sundays. All beer, wine, and champagne can be sold starting at 6 a.m.

Nevada
No
24 hours
Yes

There are few restrictions on the sale and consumption of alcohol in Nevada except for age. The maximum abv of alcohol sold is 80%.[79]
State law also renders public intoxication legal, and explicitly prohibits any local or state law from making it a public offence.[80] Alcohol purchase is only controlled in Panaca.[81]

New Hampshire
No
Yes
6 a.m. – 1 a.m.
6 a.m. – 11:45 p.m.
Yes
No

Liquor sold in state-run stores, many found at highway rest areas.
14% ABV cap on beer. State is wholesaler of wine. State taxes beer $0.30/gal at the wholesale level.

New Jersey
No
Each municipality can control hours by local ordinance. Most municipalities have a last call of 2 or 3 a.m. Atlantic City, Brigantine, Absecon, Elwood, Pomona, Smithville, Galloway, and Mullica (All in Atlantic County) serve 24 hours. There are some dry towns in the southern part of the state, including Ocean City.
9 a.m.-10 p.m. for liquor. Beer and wine can be sold at any time on-premise sales are permitted in that municipality. This causes most liquor stores to close at 10 PM, however some will stay open an hour later selling only beer and wine. Cities of the first class (e.g. Jersey City and Newark) are exempt from this law and may set their own hours for liquor sales.[82]
Rarely
21
21 (unless provided by parent or guardian in private)
Some dry communities in historically Methodist and Quaker communities in the southern part of the state.
Though there is not a ban on selling alcoholic beverages at grocery stores, New Jersey limits each chain to two licenses, so with only a few exceptions, most supermarkets/convenience stores/gas stations/pharmacies do not sell alcoholic beverages. In addition, liquor sales are only permitted in a separate department or attached sister store.
Bars are allowed to off-sale packaged goods.
With the exception of Jersey City and Newark, all municipalities MUST allow off-sales of beer and wine at any time on-sales are permitted. However, since alcoholic beverages are generally only found in package stores, this right is rarely exercised.
Alcoholic beverages by the drink as well as off-sales of beer and wine are permitted 24 hours a day in Atlantic City and Brigantine.

New Mexico
No
7 a.m. – 2 a.m., except Sundays, for establishments with full dispenser license.[83]
7 a.m. – 11 p.m., except Sundays, for restaurants with beer and wine license.

7 a.m. – midnight except Sundays[84]
Yes

New Mexico issues two types of license for consumption on-premises: a full dispenser license allowing sale of all types of alcohol, or a restaurant license permitting sale of beer and wine only. An additional Sunday permit is available which allows sale (on or off premises) on Sundays from noon until midnight. Exceptions are the prohibition of alcohol sale on Christmas, regardless of the day it falls on,[85] and a Sunday permit allowing of sale (on or off premises) until 2:00 a.m. January 1, if December 31 falls on a Sunday.[86] Sunday permits are only available where approved by voters within a local option district.[87] Selling, serving and giving alcohol to a minor is a class 4 felony punishable by up to 18 months in prison,[88] except when "a parent, legal guardian or adult spouse of a minor serves alcoholic beverages to that minor on real property, other than licensed premises, under the control of the parent, legal guardian or adult spouse",[89] or for religious purposes.

text: New York–South Dakota[edit]

text:
State
Alcoholic beverage control state
Alcohol sale hours
Grocery Store Sales
Age
Notes

Beer
Wine
Distilled spirits
On-premises
Off-premises
Beer
Wine
Distilled Spirits
Purchasing
Consumption

New York
No
8 a.m. – 4 a.m. (Mon – Sat)
Noon – 4 a.m. (Sun)
Some counties have more restrictive hours.
Beer: 24 hours
Wine & spirits: 8 a.m. – midnight (Mon–Sat)
Noon – 9 p.m. (Sun).
Yes
No
21

Off-premises sale of wine and spirits is only at liquor stores, and beer is not sold at liquor stores; it must be sold at supermarkets and convenience stores. Exchanges for returned items are permitted (at store owners' discretion).[90]
Some counties may retain the Sunday morning beer prohibition which the state discontinued as of July 30, 2006. Twelve dry towns, mostly in western region of state. Many counties have more restrictive off-premises hours, such as bans on beer sales overnight (hours vary). All liquor stores must be owned by a single owner, who owns that store and lives within a certain distance of it—effectively banning chain liquor stores from the state. New York City law does not allow open containers of alcohol in public.

North Carolina
No
Yes
7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)
10 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Sun)
Beer and wine: 7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)
10 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Sun)
Liquor: 9 a.m. – 9 p.m. (Mon – Sat)
Yes
No
21

15% ABV cap on beer, 16% cap on unfortified wine, 24% cap on fortified wine.[91]
No "happy hour," "buy one get one free," or "ladies night" style specials allowed.[92]

North Dakota
No
8 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)
Noon – 2 a.m. (Sun)
8 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)
Noon – 2 a.m. (Sun)
No
21

No off-sale on Thanksgiving Day. No Christmas Day on-sale, nor sales on Christmas Eve after 6 p.m.

Ohio
No
Yes
5:30 a.m. – 2:30 a.m.
5:30 a.m. – 1 a.m.
Yes, under 21% ABV
21
21 or older, unrestricted under supervision of individual's parent or legal guardian or legal age spouse[93]
12% ABV cap on beer was removed on May 31, 2016.[94] 21% ABV cap on wine.
Some counties have more restrictive off-premises hours.
The Division of Liquor Control does not operate retail outlets; it appoints private businesses to act as its agents and sell its products in exchange for a commission. Normal proof spirits (>21% ABV) are sold only in a limited number of agent stores. Many retail outlets sell diluted spirits (diluted by water to 21% ABV) under a more readily obtained permit.
No intoxicating liquor shall be handled by any person under twenty-one years of age, except that a person eighteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle or sell beer or intoxicating liquor in sealed containers in connection with wholesale or retail sales, and any person nineteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle intoxicating liquor in open containers when acting in the capacity of a server in a hotel, restaurant, club, or night club. .[95]
Beverages with less than 0.5% ABV can be sold/given to people under the age of eighteen if given by a physician in the regular line of his practice or given for established religious purposes, or the underage person is accompanied by a parent, spouse who is not an underage person, or legal guardian.[96]

Oklahoma
No
6 a.m. – 2 a.m.
10 a.m. – 9 p.m. (Mon – Sat)
3.2% only
No
21

4.0% ABV/3.2 ABW or higher only sold at room temperature in liquor stores, Liquor Stores closed on Sundays and some holidays. As of 2007, liquor stores are now open on election days. State law prohibits public intoxication, many counties and cities also prohibit public intoxication.

Oregon
No
Yes
7 a.m. – 2:30 a.m.
7 a.m. – 2:30 a.m.[97]
Yes
No
21

Liquor, all of which is state-owned prior to sale to consumers, is sold in private liquor stores. These stores are approved by Oregon's Liquor Commissioners to act as sales agents on the state's behalf.[98]

Pennsylvania
No
Yes
Restaurants, and bars: 7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)
11 a.m. - 2 a.m. (Sun)[99]
Clubs: 7 a.m. – 3 a.m.[100]
Beverage Centers and State Run Stores:
9 a.m. – 10 p.m. (Mon – Sat)
Noon – 5 p.m . (Sun)[101]
Grocery Stores:
7 a.m. - 10 p.m. (Mon -
Sat)
9 a.m. - 10pm
(Sun)

Yes*
No
21

Spirits can only be sold at state-operated stores. All persons must be at least 21 years of age to enter a state-operated liquor store alone. Beer is not sold at state-operated liquor stores.
Beer (but not wine) to go can be purchased at beverage outlets in any quantity. Prior to 2015 beverage centers could only sell 24 pack cases or greater. The rules were relaxed to permit sales of beer in any quantity in 2016.
*Beer and wine to go can be purchased in restaurants and grocery stores (at a separate point of purchase for alcohol and prepared foods sales in grocery stores) (six and 12 packs/192oz max. purchase (two six packs)) with Liquor Control Board–issued licenses
Sunday sales were prohibited in LCB stores until 2003 (selected locations) and beverage outlets (owner's option) until 2005.
Special permits may be purchased for certain organizations for fundraisers once per calendar year, and are valid for a total of six days under the same rules governing restaurants.[102] Grain alcohol prohibited as a beverage.

Rhode Island
No
9 am – 1 a.m. (Mon – Sat)
Noon – 1 a.m. (Sun)
9 a.m. – 10 p.m. (Mon – Sat)
10 a.m. – 6 p.m. (Sun)[103]
No
21
21
All alcohol may be sold only in liquor stores.
Bars may stay open until 2 a.m. in Providence only on Friday and Saturday nights and nights before a state-recognized holiday.

South Carolina
No
Yes
Liquor: 10 AM - 2 AM. Beer and Wine: Local Option.
Beer and low-alcohol wine: 24 hours
Liquor: 9 a.m. – 7 p.m. (Mon – Sat.)
Yes
No
21

14% ABW (17.5% ABV) cap on beer
Wine > 16% ABV sold in liquor stores
No hard liquor sales after 7 p.m. and none on Sundays.
No off-premises alcohol sales after midnight Saturday until 7 a.m. Monday, except in Aiken, Greenville, Pendleton, Spartanburg, Horry County, Colleton County, Richland County, Charleston County/city, Beaufort County, York County,[104] and Newberry County.[105]

South Dakota
No

Yes
21

14% ABV cap on beer

text: Tennessee–Wyoming, Puerto Rico[edit]

text:
State
Alcoholic beverage control state
Alcohol sale hours
Grocery Stores
Age
Notes

Beer
Wine
Distilled spirits
On-premises
Off-premises
Wine
Beer
Distilled Spirits
Purchasing
Consumption

Tennessee
No
Mon-Sat: 8 a.m. to 3 a.m.; Sun: Noon to 3 a.m. Hours of alcohol sale can be modified by local jurisdictions if approved by the alcohol control commission.
Beer: By municipality.
Wine & Spirits: 8 a.m. to 11 p.m. Mon–Sat[106]
Yes
No
21

Wine may be sold in grocery stores. Sales of wine and liquor are limited to on-premises in restaurants on Sundays. Retail stores must be closed for business on Christmas, Thanksgiving Day, Labor Day, New Year's Day, and the Fourth of July. Beer above 8% ABW /10.1% ABV must be sold in liquor stores. Open container law only applies to drivers, not passengers.[107]It is legal to carry alcohol in a non-glass container on the Beale Street stretch in Memphis. While most clubs allow drinks to be carried outside, many do not allow drinks from outside.

Texas
No
Monday-Friday: 7am-midnight
Saturday: 7am-1am
Sunday: Noon to 12 midnight.
Some cities/counties permit sale until 2am (with license).
Beer/Non-hard liquor:
7 a.m. to midnight (Mon.-Fri.)
7 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. (Sat.)
Noon to midnight (Sun.)
Hard Liquor:
10 a.m. to 9 p.m. (Mon.-Sat.)
Yes
No
21

No alcohol cap but ABV > 15.5% requires additional license, so many places are beer/wine only.
Wet/dry issues determined by city/county election.
Liquor stores statewide closed all day Sunday.
An alcoholic beverage served (on-premises) to a customer between 10 a.m. and noon on Sunday may only be provided during the service of food to the customer. Eleven Texas counties are completely dry.[108] In many counties, public intoxication laws are vigorously upheld.[109] Texas law permits consumption by minors (any age under 21) if in the "visible presence" of a parent, guardian or adult spouse. (Section 106.04) Possession by minors is permitted as part of employment or education, or in the visible presence of an adult parent, guardian or spouse, or supervision of a commissioned peace officer. (Section 106.05) There are also exemptions for minors requesting or receiving medical attention.

Utah
Yes
Restaurants: Noon to midnight for liquor, 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. for beer. Bars may serve liquor from 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m.
Varies by state liquor store hours

3.2 only
No
21

ABV > 4.0+% sold in state-controlled stores only. 3.2% ABW (4.0% ABV) beer may be sold at grocery stores and convenience stores. State-controlled stores close on Sundays and cease operations no later than 10 p.m. the rest of the week. Restaurants must buy from the state-controlled store (no delivery) at retail prices. No alcohol is served in restaurants without purchase of food. Sales of kegs prohibited. Importation of alcohol into the state by private individuals generally prohibited.

Vermont
No
Yes
8 a.m. – 2 a.m.
6 a.m. – midnight

Yes
No
21

ABV > 16% beer and ABV > 16% wine are only available through state liquor stores (most of which are integrated within grocery and beverage stores[110]). A 2008 bill allows the sale of beer in grocery and convenience stores up to ABV 16%.

Virginia
No
Yes
6 a.m. – 2 a.m. No restrictions at any time for club licensees.
6 a.m. – 11:59 p.m. except local blue law.

Yes
No
21

Licensed supermarkets, convenience stores, and gas stations may sell beer and wine. Off-premises sales no later than 12 midnight. Liquor stores are owned and operated by the Commonwealth and are generally open 10am-9pm Monday-Saturday and from 12pm-6pm on Sunday.

Washington
No
6 a.m. – 2 a.m. (A local government subdivision may establish later opening hours or earlier closing hours.)
Yes
21

Beer and wine are available in specialty stores, grocery stores, convenience stores, department stores, taverns, and other locations licensed by the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board. Spirits are available in stores greater than 10,000 sq ft (grocery stores, big box liquor chains). There are two exceptions to the 10,000-sq-ft rule: 1) Former State and Contract Liquor Stores that reopened under private ownership may also sell spirits provided they have been issued a new license from the state. 2) Cities, mostly in rural areas, that do not have a store that meets the minimum floor space may be allowed to sell spirits if the Liquor Control Board deems that there are no sufficient establishments within the trade area.

West Virginia
No
Yes
Beer/Wine: Mon-Sat:7 am-2 am, Sun:1 pm-2 am
Liquor: Mon-Sat:8 am-Midnight, Sun: Prohibited

Mon-Fri:7 am-3:30 am, Sat: 7A-3:00A, Sun:1 pm-3 am

Yes
21

12% ABV Cap on Beer. 75% ABV spirits Permitted. Liquor, wine and beer products that are not already in closed packaging must be bagged before exiting retail locations. State no longer operates retail stores (formerly State ABC Stores); Number of privately owned stores restricted according to county or city population. All stores are state contracted; Bars and clubs must purchase liquor from state contracted private stores in person. State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only.

Wisconsin
No
6 a.m. – 2 a.m. Sunday–Thursday, 2:30 a.m. Friday–Saturday, no closing time on New Year's Day.
6 a.m. – midnight for beer (some counties and municipalities only allow sales until 9 p.m. for beer), 6 a.m. – 9 p.m. for liquor and wine

By local ordinance
21

Wisconsin permits the consumption of alcohol by minors, provided they are being supervised by parents/guardians/spouses. Most municipalities have a uniform 9 p.m. restriction on all alcohol sales. Notable exceptions: Kenosha, Green Bay, La Crosse, Maple Bluff (near Madison), Baraboo (near the Dells). Supermarkets, liquor stores, and gas stations may sell liquor, wine, and beer. Law changed effective 12/7/2011 to allow all liquor sales to begin at 6 a.m.
Nonalcoholic beer is not regulated by state law.

Wyoming
No
Yes
6.00 a.m. – 2.00 a.m.

No
21

Clubs holding liquor licenses may be exempt from the hours of operation here specified by local ordinance or regulation of the appropriate licensing authority, but it does not seem to happen in practice

Puerto Rico
No
No territory-wide mandated last call
No territory-wide mandated hours of operation for liquor stores, but sales prohibited on Election Day and during hurricane emergencies; some municipalities prohibit sales after midnight weekdays or 2:00 weekends.

Beer, wine and spirits available for sale in supermarkets, convenience stores and drug stores as well as liquor stores.
18

Minimum drinking age is 18.

Drinking on the street is illegal in San Juan (except in designated areas during selected street festivals) but not in all cities.