document_title: Back to the Future

question_text: when was back to the future released on vhs

text: Back to the Future

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1985 Hill Valley, California, teenager Marty McFly and his girlfriend, Jennifer Parker, are chastised by the school principal for lateness. Marty auditions for the Battle of the Bands, but is rejected for being too loud. At home, Marty's father George is bullied by his supervisor, Biff Tannen, while his mother Lorraine is an overweight, depressed alcoholic. Lorraine recalls how she met George when her father hit him with his car.

text: Marty is invited by his friend, eccentric inventor Dr. Emmett Brown, to meet him in a parking lot in the early hours. Doc unveils a time machine built from a modified DeLorean and powered by plutonium stolen from terrorists. Preparing to demonstrate the time machine, Doc sets the date to November 5, 1955: the day he invented time travel. The terrorists arrive and shoot Doc. Marty escapes in the DeLorean, but inadvertently activates the time machine.

text: Marty finds himself in 1955 without enough plutonium to return. He encounters the teenaged George, who is bullied by his classmate Biff. After Marty saves George from an oncoming car, he is knocked unconscious and awakens to find himself tended to by Lorraine, who is infatuated with him.

text: Marty tracks down Doc's younger self for help. With no plutonium, Doc explains that the only power source capable of generating the necessary 1.21 gigawatts of electricity for the time machine is a bolt of lightning. Marty shows Doc a flyer from the future that recounts a lightning strike at the town's courthouse due the coming Saturday night.

text: Doc instructs Marty to not leave his house or interact with anyone, as he could inadvertently alter the future; because of this, Doc refuses to heed warnings from Marty about his death in 1985. Marty realizes that he has prevented his parents from meeting and Doc warns him that Marty will be erased from existence if he does not find a way to introduce George to Lorraine. Doc formulates a plan to harness the power of the lightning, while Marty sets about introducing his parents.

text: After Lorraine asks Marty to the school dance, Marty concocts a plan: he will feign inappropriate advances on Lorraine, allowing George to "rescue" her. The plan goes awry when a drunken Biff attempts to force himself on Lorraine. George, enraged, knocks out Biff, and Lorraine follows him to the dance floor, where they kiss while Marty performs with the band.

text: As the storm arrives, Marty returns to the clock tower and the lightning strikes, sending Marty back to 1985. Doc has survived the shooting, as he had listened to Marty's warnings and worn a bullet-proof vest. Doc takes Marty home and departs to the future. Marty awakens the next morning to find that George is a successful author, Lorraine is fit and happy, and Biff is now an obsequious auto valet. As Marty reunites with Jennifer, the DeLorean appears with Doc, insisting they accompany him to 2015 to resolve a problem with their future children. The trio board the DeLorean and warp to the future.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Michael J. Fox as Marty McFly
Christopher Lloyd as Dr. Emmett "Doc" Brown
Lea Thompson as Lorraine Baines-McFly
Crispin Glover as George McFly
Thomas F. Wilson as Biff Tannen
Claudia Wells as Jennifer Parker
James Tolkan as Mr. Strickland
Marc McClure as Dave McFly
Wendie Jo Sperber as Linda McFly

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Writer and producer Bob Gale conceived Back to the Future after he visited his parents in St. Louis, Missouri after the release of Used Cars. Searching their basement, Gale found his father's high school yearbook and discovered he was president of his graduating class. Gale had not known the president of his own graduating class, and wondered whether he would have been friends with his father if they went to high school together.[6] When he returned to California, Gale told director Robert Zemeckis about the idea.[7] Zemeckis thought of a mother claiming she never kissed a boy at school when, in fact, she had been promiscuous.[8] The two took the project to Columbia Pictures, and made a development deal for a script in September 1980.[7]

text: Zemeckis and Gale set the story in 1955 because a 17-year-old traveling to meet his parents at the same age arithmetically required the script to travel to that decade. The era also marked the rise of teenagers as an important cultural element, the birth of rock n' roll, and suburban expansion, which flavored the story.[9] In an early script, the time machine was a refrigerator, and Marty would need the power of an atomic explosion at the Nevada Test Site to return home. Zemeckis was concerned that children would accidentally lock themselves in refrigerators, and felt it was more useful if the time machine were mobile. The DeLorean DMC-12 was chosen because its design made the gag about the family of farmers mistaking it for a flying saucer believable.[10] Zemeckis and Gale found it difficult to create a believable friendship between Marty and Brown before they created the giant guitar amplifier, and only resolved his Oedipal relationship with Marty's mother when they wrote the line "It's like I'm kissing my brother." Biff Tannen was named after studio executive Ned Tanen, who behaved aggressively toward Zemeckis and Gale during a script meeting for I Wanna Hold Your Hand.[8]

text: The first draft of Back to the Future was finished in February 1981 and presented to Columbia, who put the film in turnaround. "They thought it was a really nice, cute, warm film, but not sexual enough," Gale said. "They suggested that we take it to Disney, but we decided to see if any other of the major studios wanted a piece of us."[7] Every major film studio rejected the script for the next four years, while Back to the Future went through two more drafts. During the early 1980s, popular teen comedies (such as Fast Times at Ridgemont High and Porky's) were risqué and adult-aimed, so the script was rejected for being too light.[8] Gale and Zemeckis finally pitched Back to the Future to Disney, but they felt the story of a mother falling in love with her son was not appropriate for a family film under the Disney name.[7]

text: The two were tempted to ally themselves with Steven Spielberg, who produced Used Cars and I Wanna Hold Your Hand, which were both box office bombs. Zemeckis and Gale initially had shown the screenplay to Spielberg, who had "loved" it.[11] Spielberg, however, was absent from the project during development because Zemeckis felt if he produced another flop under him, he would never be able to make another film.[11] Gale said "we were afraid that we would get the reputation that we were two guys who could only get a job because we were pals with Steven Spielberg."[12] Zemeckis chose to direct Romancing the Stone instead, which was a box office success. Now a high-profile director, Zemeckis reapproached Spielberg with the concept.[8] Agreeing to produce Back to the Future, Spielberg set the project up at his production company, Amblin Entertainment, with Kathleen Kennedy and Frank Marshall joining Spielberg as executive producers on the film.[13][14]

text: The script remained with Columbia until legal problems forced them to withdraw. The studio was set to begin shooting a comedic send-up of Double Indemnity entitled Big Trouble. Columbia's legal department determined that the film's plot was too similar to Double Indemnity and they needed the permission of Universal Pictures, owners of the earlier film, if the film was ever to begin shooting. With Big Trouble set to go, desperate Columbia executives phoned Universal's Frank Price to get the necessary paperwork. Price was a former Columbia executive who had been fond of the script for Back to the Future during his tenure there. As a result, Universal agreed to trade the Double Indemnity license in exchange for the rights to Back to the Future.[15]

text: Executive Sidney Sheinberg made suggestions to the script, such as changing Marty's mother's name from Meg to Lorraine (the name of his wife, actress Lorraine Gary), changing Brown's name from Professor Brown to Doc Brown, and replacing Doc's pet chimpanzee with a dog.[8] Sheinberg also wanted the title changed to Spaceman from Pluto,[16] convinced no successful film ever had "future" in the title. He suggested Marty introduce himself as "Darth Vader from the planet Pluto" while dressed as an alien (rather than "the planet Vulcan"), and that the farmer's son's comic book be titled Spaceman from Pluto rather than Space Zombies from Pluto. Appalled, Zemeckis asked Spielberg for help. Spielberg dictated a memo to Sheinberg convincing him they thought his title was a joke, thus embarrassing him into dropping the idea.[17] The original climax was deemed too expensive by Universal executives and was simplified by keeping the plot within Hill Valley and incorporating the clocktower sequence. Spielberg used the omitted refrigerator and Nevada nuclear site elements in his 2008 film Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[18]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Michael J. Fox was the first choice to play Marty McFly, but he was committed to the show Family Ties.[19] Family Ties producer Gary David Goldberg felt that Fox was essential to the show's success. With co-star Meredith Baxter on maternity leave, he refused to allow Fox time off to work on a film. Back to the Future was originally scheduled for a May 1985 release and it was late 1984 when it was learned that Fox would be unable to star in the film.[8] Zemeckis' next two choices were C. Thomas Howell and Eric Stoltz. Stoltz impressed the producers enough with his earlier portrayal of Roy L. Dennis in Mask (which had yet to be released) that they selected him to play Marty McFly.[6] Because of the difficult casting process, the start date was pushed back twice.[20]

text: Four weeks into filming, Zemeckis determined Stoltz had been miscast. Although he and Spielberg realized re-shooting the film would add $3 million to the $14 million budget, they decided to recast. Spielberg explained Zemeckis felt Stoltz was not comedic enough and gave a "terrifically dramatic performance". Gale further explained they felt Stoltz was simply acting out the role, whereas Fox himself had a personality like Marty McFly. He felt Stoltz was uncomfortable riding a skateboard, whereas Fox was not. Stoltz confessed to director Peter Bogdanovich during a phone call, two weeks into the shoot, that he was unsure of Zemeckis and Gale's direction, and concurred that he was wrong for the role.[8]

text: Fox's schedule was opened up in January 1985 when Baxter returned to Family Ties following her pregnancy. The Back to the Future crew met with Goldberg again, who made a deal that Fox's main priority would be Family Ties, and if a scheduling conflict arose, "we win". Fox loved the script and was impressed by Zemeckis and Gale's sensitivity in releasing Stoltz, because they nevertheless "spoke very highly of him".[8] Per Welinder and Bob Schmelzer assisted on the skateboarding scenes.[21] Fox found his portrayal of Marty McFly to be very personal. "All I did in high school was skateboard, chase girls and play in bands. I even dreamed of becoming a rock star."[19]

text: Christopher Lloyd was cast as Doc Brown after the first choice, John Lithgow, became unavailable.[8] Having worked with Lloyd on The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai (1984), producer Neil Canton suggested him for the part. Lloyd originally turned down the role, but changed his mind after reading the script and at the persistence of his wife. He improvised some of his scenes,[22] taking inspiration from Albert Einstein and conductor Leopold Stokowski.[23][24] Brown pronounces gigawatts as "jigawatts", which was the way a physicist said the word when he met with Zemeckis and Gale as they researched the script,[21][25] rather than with an initial hard "g", although both pronunciations are acceptable.[26][27] Doc Brown's notable hunch came about because at 6'1" Lloyd was considerably taller than Fox at 5'5", and they needed to look closer in height.[28]

text: Crispin Glover played George McFly. Zemeckis said Glover improvised much of George's nerdy mannerisms, such as his shaky hands. The director joked he was "endlessly throwing a net over Crispin because he was completely off about fifty percent of the time in his interpretation of the character".[8] Due to a contract disagreement, Glover was replaced by Jeffrey Weissman in Part II and Part III.[29]

text: Lea Thompson was cast as Lorraine McFly because she had acted opposite Stoltz in The Wild Life; the producers noticed her as they had watched the film while casting Stoltz.[30] Her prosthetic makeup for scenes at the beginning of the film, set in 1985, took three and a half hours to apply.[31]

text: Thomas F. Wilson was cast as Biff Tannen because the producers felt that the original choice, J. J. Cohen, wasn't physically imposing enough to bully Stoltz.[8] Cohen was recast as Skinhead, one of Biff's cohorts. Had Fox been cast from the beginning, Cohen probably would have won the part because he was sufficiently taller than Fox.[21]

text: Melora Hardin was originally cast in the role of Marty's girlfriend Jennifer, but was let go after Stoltz was dismissed, with the explanation that the actress was now too tall to be playing against Fox. Hardin was dismissed before she had a chance to shoot a single scene and was replaced with Claudia Wells.[32] Actress Jill Schoelen had also been considered to play Marty's girlfriend.[33]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Following Stoltz's departure, Fox's schedule during weekdays consisted of filming Family Ties during the day, and Back to the Future from 6:30 pm to 2:30 am. He averaged five hours of sleep each night. During Fridays, he shot from 10 pm to 6 or 7 am, and then moved on to film exterior scenes throughout the weekend, as only then was he available during daytime hours. Fox found it exhausting, but "it was my dream to be in the film and television business, although I didn't know I'd be in them simultaneously. It was just this weird ride and I got on."[35] Zemeckis concurred, dubbing Back to the Future "the film that would not wrap". He recalled that because they shot night after night, he was always "half asleep" and the "fattest, most out-of-shape and sick I ever was".[8]

text: The Hill Valley town square scenes were shot at Courthouse Square, located in the Universal Studios backlot (34°08′29″N 118°20′59″W / 34.141417°N 118.349771°W / 34.141417; -118.349771). Gale explained it would have been impossible to shoot on location "because no city is going to let a film crew remodel their town to look like it's in the 1950s." The filmmakers "decided to shoot all the 50s stuff first, and make the town look real beautiful and wonderful. Then we would just totally trash it down and make it all bleak and ugly for the 1980s scenes."[35] The interiors for Doc Brown's house were shot at the Robert R. Blacker House, while exteriors took place at Gamble House.[36] The exterior shots of the Twin Pines Mall, and later the Lone Pine Mall (from 1985) were shot at the Puente Hills Mall in City of Industry, California. The exterior shots and some interior scenes at Hill Valley High School were filmed at Whittier High School in Whittier, California. The Battle of the Bands tryout scene was filmed at the McCambridge Park Recreation Center in Burbank, and the "Enchantment Under the Sea" dance was filmed in the gymnasium at Hollywood United Methodist Church. The scenes outside of the Baines' house in 1955 were shot at Bushnell Avenue, South Pasadena, California.[37]

text: Filming wrapped after 100 days on April 20, 1985, and the film was delayed from May to August. But after a highly positive test screening ("I'd never seen a preview like that," said Frank Marshall, "the audience went up to the ceiling"), Sheinberg chose to move the release date to July 3. To make sure the film met this new date, two editors, Arthur Schmidt and Harry Keramidas, were assigned to the picture, while many sound editors worked 24-hour shifts on the film. Eight minutes were cut, including Marty watching his mom cheat during an exam, George getting stuck in a telephone booth before rescuing Lorraine, as well as much of Marty pretending to be Darth Vader. Zemeckis almost cut out the "Johnny B. Goode" sequence as he felt it did not advance the story, but the preview audience loved it, so it was kept. Industrial Light & Magic created the film's 32 effects shots, which did not satisfy Zemeckis and Gale until a week before the film's completion date.[8] The compositing involved for the film's time travel sequences, as well as for the lightning effects in the climactic clock tower scene, was handled by animation supervisor Wes Takahashi, who would also work on the subsequent two Back to the Future films with the rest of the ILM crew.[38]

text: Music[edit]

text: Alan Silvestri collaborated with Zemeckis on Romancing the Stone, but Spielberg disliked that film's score. Zemeckis advised Silvestri to make his compositions grand and epic, despite the film's small scale, to impress Spielberg. Silvestri began recording the score two weeks before the first preview. He also suggested Huey Lewis and the News create the theme song. Their first attempt was rejected by Universal, before they recorded "The Power of Love".[35] The studio loved the final song, but were disappointed it did not feature the film's title, so they had to send memos to radio stations to always mention its association with Back to the Future.[8] In the end, the track "Back in Time" was featured in the film, playing during the scene when Marty wakes up after his return to 1985 and also during the end credits.[35]

text: Although it appears that Fox is actually playing a guitar, music supervisor Bones Howe hired Hollywood guitar coach and musician Paul Hanson to teach Fox to simulate playing all the parts so it would look realistic, including playing behind his head. Fox lip-synched "Johnny B. Goode" to vocals by Mark Campbell (of Jack Mack and the Heart Attack fame), with the guitar solo played by Tim May.[39]

text: The original 1985 soundtrack album only included two tracks culled from Silvestri's compositions for the film, both Huey Lewis tracks, the songs played in the film by the fictional band Marvin Berry and The Starlighters (and Marty McFly), one of the vintage 1950s songs in the movie, and two pop songs that are only very briefly heard in the background of the film[citation needed]. On November 24, 2009, an authorized, limited-edition two-CD set of the entire score was released by Intrada Records.[40]

text: Release[edit]

text: Back to the Future opened on July 3, 1985, on 1,200 screens in North America. Zemeckis was concerned the film would flop because Fox had to film a Family Ties special in London and was unable to promote the film. Gale was also dissatisfied with Universal Pictures' tagline "Are you telling me my mother's got the hots for me?".

text: When the film was released on VHS in 1986, Universal added a "To be continued..." graphic at the end to increase awareness of production on Part II. This caption is omitted on the film's DVD release in 2002[24] and on subsequent Blu-ray and DVD releases.

text: In October 2010, in commemoration for the film's 25th anniversary, Back to the Future was digitally restored and remastered for a theatrical re-release in the US, the UK and Italy.[41] The release also coincided with Universal Pictures Home Entertainment's Blu-ray Disc releases of the trilogy.[42][43]

text: On October 21, 2015,[44] the futuristic date depicted in Part II, the entire trilogy was re-released theatrically for one day in celebration of the film's 30th anniversary.[45]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Back to the Future spent 11 weeks at number one.[8] Gale recalled "Our second weekend was higher than our first weekend, which is indicative of great word of mouth. National Lampoon's European Vacation came out in August and it kicked us out of number one for one week and then we were back to number one."[12] The film went on to gross $210.61 million in North America and $173.2 million in foreign countries, accumulating a worldwide total of $383.87 million.[4] Back to the Future had the fourth-highest opening weekend of 1985 and was the top-grossing film of the year.[46] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 59 million tickets in the US.[47]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100, the film received an average score of 86/100, which indicates "universal acclaim", based on 12 reviews.[48] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 96% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on 77 reviews, certifying it "Fresh", with an average rating of 8.7 out of 10 and the consensus: "Inventive, funny, and breathlessly constructed, Back to the Future is a rousing time-travel adventure with an unforgettable spirit."[49]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times felt Back to the Future had similar themes to the films of Frank Capra, especially It's a Wonderful Life. Ebert commented "[Producer] Steven Spielberg is emulating the great authentic past of Classical Hollywood cinema, who specialized in matching the right director (Robert Zemeckis) with the right project."[50] He gave the film 3 1/2 out of 4 stars. Janet Maslin of The New York Times believed the film had a balanced storyline: "It's a cinematic inventing of humor and whimsical tall tales for a long time to come."[51] Christopher Null, who first saw the film as a teenager, called it "a quintessential 1980s flick that combines science fiction, action, comedy, and romance all into a perfect little package that kids and adults will both devour."[52] Dave Kehr of Chicago Reader felt Gale and Zemeckis wrote a script that perfectly balanced science fiction, seriousness and humor.[53] Variety praised the performances, arguing Fox and Lloyd imbued Marty and Doc Brown's friendship with a quality reminiscent of King Arthur and Merlin.[54] BBC News lauded the intricacies of the "outstandingly executed" script, remarking that "nobody says anything that doesn't become important to the plot later."[55] Dennis Fischer of Cinefantastique gave the film four stars out of five, calling it an "instant classic".[56] Back to the Future appeared on Gene Siskel's top ten film list of 1985.[57]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: At the 58th Academy Awards, Back to the Future won for Best Sound Effects Editing, while Zemeckis and Gale were nominated for Best Original Screenplay, "The Power of Love" was nominated for Best Original Song, and Bill Varney, B. Tennyson Sebastian II, Robert Thirlwell and William B. Kaplan were nominated for Best Sound Mixing.[58] The film won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation[59] and the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film. Michael J. Fox and the visual effects designers won categories at the Saturn Awards. Zemeckis, composer Alan Silvestri, the costume design and supporting actors Christopher Lloyd, Lea Thompson, Crispin Glover and Thomas F. Wilson were also nominated.[60] The film was nominated for numerous BAFTAs at the 39th British Academy Film Awards, including Best Film, original screenplay, visual effects, production design and editing.[61] At the 43rd Golden Globe Awards, Back to the Future was nominated for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy), original song (for "The Power of Love"), Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (Fox) and Best Screenplay for Zemeckis and Gale.[62]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: President Ronald Reagan, a fan of the film, referred to the film in his 1986 State of the Union Address when he said, "Never has there been a more exciting time to be alive, a time of rousing wonder and heroic achievement. As they said in the film Back to the Future, 'Where we're going, we don't need roads'."[63] When he first saw the joke about him being president, he ordered the projectionist of the theater to stop the reel, roll it back, and run it again.[6]

text: The film ranked number 28 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies.[64] In 2008, Back to the Future was voted the 23rd greatest film ever made by readers of Empire.[65] It was also placed on a similar list by The New York Times, a list of 1000 movies.[66] In January 2010, Total Film included the film on its list of The 100 Greatest Movies of All Time.[67] In 2007, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".[68] In 2006, the original screenplay for Back to the Future was selected by the Writers Guild of America as the 56th best screenplay of all time.[69]

text: In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed the AFI's 10 Top 10 – the best ten films in ten classic American film genres – after polling more than 1,500 people from the creative community. Back to the Future was acknowledged as the 10th best film in the science fiction genre.[70]

text: A musical theater production, also called Back to the Future, is in development for a debut in London's West End theatre during the film's 30th anniversary in 2015. Zemeckis and Gale reunited to write the play, while Silvestri and Glen Ballard provide music.[71]

text: The scenes of Marty McFly skateboarding in the film took place during the infancy of the skateboarding sub-culture and numerous skateboarders, as well as companies in the industry, pay tribute to the film for its influence in this regard. Examples can be seen in promotional material, in interviews in which professional skateboarders cite the film as an initiation into the action sport, and in the public's recognition of the film's influence.[72][73]

text: Back to the Future is ranked tenth on Film4's 50 Films to See Before You Die.[74]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: Back to the Future's success led to two film sequels: Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III.

text: Part II was released on November 22, 1989, to similar financial and critical success as the original, finishing as the third highest-grossing film of the year worldwide.[75][76] The film continues directly from the ending of Back to the Future and follows Marty and Doc as they travel into the future of 2015, an alternative 1985, and 1955 where Marty must repair the future while avoiding his past self from the original film. Part II became notable for its 2015 setting and predictions of technology such as hoverboards.[77][78][79] Part III, released on May 25, 1990, continued the story, following Marty as he travels back to 1885 to rescue a time-stranded Doc.

text: Part III, however, was less financially successful than its predecessors despite being better received by critics than Part II.[80]


document_title: Save the Last Dance

question_text: where does save the last dance take place

root

text: Save the Last Dance

text: Plot[edit]

text: Sara Johnson, a promising dancer in high school in suburban Chicago, hopes to be admitted to study at Juilliard School and invites her mother to attend the audition. She fails the audition and soon learns that her mother was involved in a fatal car accident in her haste to get to the audition.

tag: p

text: Sara is wracked by guilt and gives up on ballet. She moves in with her father and transfers to an urban Chicago school. Her father is a jazz musician who plays the trumpet and usually plays in nightclubs. At her new school, Sara is one of a handful of white students but quickly befriends Chenille, a single teen mother who is having relationship problems. Chenille invites Sara to a dance club called STEPPS, where she has her first experience of dancing to hip hop rhythms. At STEPPS, Sara dances with Derek, Chenille's brother and a student with dreams of ultimately attending Georgetown Medical School. He decides to help Sara develop her dancing skills by incorporating more hip hop into her style. Derek takes a reluctant Sara to the Joffrey Ballet and, afterwards, Sara confides in him about her mother and her dreams. Later, they return to the club and amaze others with their dancing. Having achieved his dream of being accepted at Georgetown University, Derek convinces her to follow her dreams of Juilliard. Eventually, Sara and Derek begin a relationship.

text: At school, Nikki, Derek's jealous ex-girlfriend, picks a fight with Sara. Chenille tells Sara that she didn't approve of the fight but can understand the bitterness since Sara, a white girl, is seen as stealing one of the few decent black men in the school. Because of this conversation, Sara breaks up with Derek. Meanwhile, Derek deals with his friend Malakai, who is heavily into the gang lifestyle that Derek is trying to leave. Derek accepts Malakai's plea for support in a drive-by for the same time as Sara's audition. Sara's father has a heart-to-heart talk with her and encourages her to audition for Juilliard again.

text: After hearing what Chenille told Sara, Derek confronts her and admitted his true reasons for dumping Nikki. She admits what she did was wrong and encourages him to be with Sara. Chenille also warns Derek not to support Malakai knowing the consequences and he will lose his chance to attend Georgetown. Derek turns his back on Malakai to attend Sara's audition. He arrives at a crucial point of her performance to offer her encouragement and moral support. After her audition, Sara is accepted and she rekindles her relationship with Derek. Meanwhile, the drive-by becomes botched and Malakai is arrested. The film closes as Sara, Derek, Chenille, and their friends meet at STEPPS to celebrate Sara's successful audition.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Julia Stiles as Sara Johnson
Terry Kinney as Roy Johnson
Sean Patrick Thomas as Derek Reynolds
Kerry Washington as Chenille Reynolds
Fredro Starr as Malakai
Bianca Lawson as Nikki
Vince Green as Snookie
Garland Whitt as Kenny

tag: ul

text: Box office and reception[edit]

text: The film debuted at #1 at the North American box office making $27.5 million in its opening weekend. Though the film had a 44% decline in earnings the following weekend, it was still enough to keep the film at the top spot for another week.  It grossed $91,057,006 in the US alone and $131.7 million worldwide.[2]

text: Save the Last Dance won several awards, most notably:

text:
The 2001 MTV Movie Awards, winning in the category "Best Kiss" for Julia Stiles and Sean Patrick Thomas, who also won "Breakthrough Male Performance"; and being nominated for "Best Female Performance" for Julia Stiles and "Best Dance Sequence" for a scene in the hip hop club
The 2001 Teen Choice Awards, winning in the categories "Choice Movie: Actress" for Julia Stiles, "Choice Movie: Breakout Star" for Kerry Washington and "Choice Movie: Fight Scene" for Julia Stiles and Bianca Lawson; and being nominated for "Choice Movie: Drama"
The 2001 Young Hollywood Awards, winning in the category "Standout Performance — Male" for Sean Patrick Thomas
It was also nominated for the 2002 Black Reel Awards in the category "Theatrical — Best Supporting Actress" for Kerry Washington and the 2002 Golden Reel Awards in the category "Best Sound Editing — Music, Musical Feature Film" for the music editor Michael T. Ryan.

text: Rotten Tomatoes' gave the film a 53% approval rating and summarizes the critical consensus as: "This teen romance flick feels like a predictable rehashing of other movies."[3] Some of the positive reviews are measured in their enthusiasm, with remarks such as, "Look elsewhere for reality or good drama. Look here, however, if you're in the mood for a good heaping of fantasy and some fun"; "a decent, well-put-together romantic drama to hold hands to on the weekend"; and "A sometimes predictable, but mostly enjoyable tale." Salon's reviewer called the film "a bad, friendly, enjoyable movie," observing that "for all its dumb clichés it offers the basic appeal of teen movies: the pleasure of watching kids be kids, acting as they do among themselves instead of how parents and teachers expect them to act."[4]

text: Roger Ebert rated it three stars out of four:

text:
“

The setup promises cliches, but the development is intelligent, the characters are more complicated than we expect, and the ending doesn't tie everything up in a predictable way.[5]

”

tag: table

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Save the Last DanceSoundtrack album by Various artistsReleased
December 19, 2000Recorded
2000Genre
Hip hop, R&BLabel
HollywoodProducer
DJ Battlecat, Raphael Saadiq, Eddie F, Sean "Puffy" Combs, Stevie J, Darryl Anthony, The Whole 9,Jave & Sweet, Delite

text: The film soundtrack was released on December 19, 2000 through Hollywood Records and consisted of hip hop and R&B music. The soundtrack was a huge success, and made it to several Billboard charts. It peaked at 3 on the Billboard 200, 2 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, 6 on the Top Soundtracks, 3 on the Top Internet Albums and 2 on the Canadian Albums Chart, and featured two charting singles "Crazy" and "You". Save the Last Dance went both gold and platinum on January 29, 2001 and was certified 2x multi-platinum on May 20, 2002.  The Soundtrack won the American Music Award for best Soundtrack in 2002.[6]

text: Allmusic rated the soundtrack three out of five stars.[7] RapReviews rated it three and a half out of ten.[8]

text:
"Shining Through" (Theme from Save the Last Dance) - Fredro Starr & Jill Scott
"You" - Lucy Pearl feat. Snoop Dogg & Q-Tip
"Bonafide" - X-2-C
"Crazy" - K-Ci & JoJo
"You Make Me Sick" - Pink
"U Know What's Up" - Donell Jones
"Move It Slow" - Kevon Edmonds
"Murder She Wrote" - Chaka Demus & Pliers
"You Can Do It" - Ice Cube feat. Mack 10 & Ms. Toi
"My Window" - Soulbone
"Only You" - 112 feat. The Notorious B.I.G.
"Get It On Tonite" - Montell Jordan
"All or Nothing" - Athena Cage
"Shining Through" (Theme from Save the Last Dance) [Soulshock & Karlin Bonus Track] - Fredro Starr & Jill Scott
"What You Want"  - Mase

tag: ol


document_title: Michael Jackson: Searching for Neverland

question_text: who plays michael jackson in looking for neverland

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Navi as Michael Jackson
Chad L. Coleman as Bill Whitfield
Sam Adegoke as Javon Beard
Aidan Hanlon Smith as Prince Jackson
Taegen Burns as Paris Jackson

text: Development[edit]

text: On January 13, 2017, Lifetime announced that it had ordered a television biopic of Michael Jackson, which would be based on the book Remember the Time: Protecting Michael Jackson in His Final Days. Production was scheduled to begin in February in Los Angeles.[3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Viewership[edit]

text: On its premiere airing, the film was watched by 2 million viewers.[4]


document_title: My Three Sons

question_text: who played the triplets on my 3 sons

question_tokens: who played the triplets on my 3 sons

text: My Three Sons

text: History[edit]

text: ABC years[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The show began on ABC in black-and-white. The first season, consisting of 36 episodes, was directed in its entirety by Peter Tewksbury, who produced and occasionally scripted the programs.[2]

text: These early episodes held to no specific generic type, so that any episode from one week to the next might be either comedic or dramatic. Tewksbury's episodes are also unusual for their use of cross-talk (a way of having the voices of off-screen characters heard in the background of the soundtrack, just under the voices of the main characters). Using this clever directorial twist, Tewksbury realistically portrayed the chaotic, fast-paced, and ever-changing sequence of events; coordinate and conflicting, that was the daily routine of living in the Douglas household.

text: An example of Tewksbury's use of cross-talk is the fourth episode, "Countdown", written by David Duncan, which chronicles the Douglas family's attempts to wake up, prepare for the day, have breakfast, and get out of the house by a common, agreed-upon time, all carefully synchronized to a televised rocket launch countdown – to comical and often ironic effect. Tewksbury returned to directing feature films after concluding the season because the producers could not handle his perfectionist attitude, which was costing thousands of dollars in lost time and reshoots.

text: During the 1964 fall season, William Frawley, who played Bub, was declared too ill to work by Desilu Studios, as the company was informed that insuring the actor would be too costly. Frawley continued in the role until a suitable replacement could be found at midseason. He was replaced by William Demarest, who had played his hard-nosed brother (great) Uncle Charley part way through the 1964-1965 season (the last on ABC). According to the storyline, Bub returns to Ireland to help his Auntie Kate celebrate her 104th birthday. Soon after, brother Charley visits and stays on. Charley, a cello-playing merchant sailor, was a soft-hearted curmudgeon, who proved to be a responsible caregiver. Frawley left the series before the end of the 1964-1965 season.

text: Directors[edit]

text: Peter Tewksbury directed the first season. The succeeding director, Richard Whorf, took over the reins for one season and was in turn followed by former actor-turned-director Gene Reynolds from 1962 to 1964. James V. Kern, an experienced Hollywood television director who had previously helmed the "Hollywood" and "Europe" episodes of I Love Lucy, continued in this role for two years until his untimely death in late 1966, aged 57. Director James Sheldon was also contracted to finish episodes that had been partly completed by Kern to complete that season. Fred De Cordova was the show's longest and most consistent director of the series (108 episodes) until he left in 1971 to produce The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. Earl Bellamy rounded out the series as director of the show's final year.[3]

text: CBS years[edit]

text: My Three Sons moved to the CBS television network for the 1965-1966 season after ABC declined to commit to underwriting the expense of producing the program in color. Along with the change in networks and the transition to color, Tim Considine (who had earlier worked with Fred MacMurray on The Shaggy Dog), playing eldest son Mike, had chosen not to renew his contract due to a clash with executive producer Don Fedderson over Considine's wish to direct but not co-star in the series. (Considine did, however, direct one of the last black-and-white episodes for ABC.) In an August 1989 interview on the Pat Sajak Show, he explained that he was also devoted to automobile racing, which his contract forbade. His character was written out, along with Meredith MacRae, who had played his fiancee Sally, in a wedding episode that was the premiere of the 1965–1966 season on CBS. After this episode, which was the program's first in color, Mike is mentioned briefly in only four succeeding episodes (including one in which Ernie becomes adopted), and is never seen again, even at Robbie and Steve's weddings. In the episode "Steve and the Huntress" (first aired January 27, 1966), Mike is specifically mentioned as teaching at a college. MacRae joined Petticoat Junction the following year, the last of three actresses to play Billie Jo Bradley.

text: To keep the show's title plausible, the show's head writer, George Tibbles, fashioned a three-part story arc in which an orphaned friend of youngest brother Richard (Chip, played by Stanley Livingston), Ernie Thompson (played by his real-life brother, Barry Livingston), awaits adoption when his current foster parents are transferred to the Orient. Steve offers to adopt Ernie, but faces antagonism from Uncle Charley, who finds Ernie a bit grating, and forecasts major headaches over both the boy and his dog. It also transpires that a law requires a woman to live in the home of an adoptive family. A likable female social worker supervises the case, and the Douglases speculate that Steve might marry the woman, to make the adoption possible, but they both agree this is not reason enough for them to be married. The family also does not need to hire a housekeeper, since Uncle Charley already has things running smoothly. The family soon appears before a judge who researches the law, and determines that its intent is to ensure a full-time caregiver is in the household. With Charley meeting that role, and having had a change of heart about Ernie, Charley assents to a legal fiction declaring him "housemother" to the Douglas family.[4]

text: While the three sons were always central to the storyline, several major changes took place by the late 1960s. In the spring of 1967, the ratings for the series began to sag and My Three Sons finished its seventh season in 31st place in the Nielsen ratings. It was decided that the 1967-1968 season would bring the program not only a new time slot, but also new storylines to spice up the ratings. In the fall of 1967, CBS moved My Three Sons to Saturday night at 8:30 pm. In the season-premiere episode, "Moving Day", the Douglas family and Uncle Charley relocate from the fictional town of Bryant Park in the Midwest to Los Angeles. Robbie (Don Grady) marries his classmate/girlfriend, Katie Miller (Tina Cole). Tina Cole, in fact, had appeared in different roles on three previous episodes of My Three Sons: "House For Sale" from the fourth season (February 13, 1964), "The Coffee House Set" from the fifth season (November 19, 1964), and "Robbie and the Little Stranger" from the sixth season (February 17, 1966). At the end of the 1967-1968 season, the ratings had improved from the previous year with the series placing at 24th in the Nielsens. The following season, the newlyweds discover that Katie is pregnant, and she gives birth to triplets named Robert, Steven, and Charles. Although originally played by sets of uncredited twins, these babies were played uncredited by Guy, Gunnar, and Garth Swanson. The most familiar triplets in the show's last two seasons are played by Michael, Daniel, and Joseph Todd.

text: The following year in the tenth season, 1969-1970, Steve remarries, taking widowed teacher Barbara Harper (Beverly Garland) as his wife; she brings with her a 5-year-old daughter, Dorothy "Dodie" (Dawn Lyn), so Steven now had a stepdaughter whom he also subsequently adopts. Also, the last year-and-a-half of the series feature fewer appearances of both Don Grady and Stanley Livingston. Grady's character was written out of the show at the end of the 11th season, which allowed for his wife Katie and their triplet sons to remain within the Douglas household the following season (as a structural engineer Robbie was working on a bridge construction in Peru). Chip and his teen wife Polly (Ronne Troup) (who eloped after Polly's disciplinarian father refused to sanction the marriage) move into their own apartment.

text: At the end of the 1970-1971 season (the show's 11th year), My Three Sons was still garnering healthy ratings. By the spring of 1971, it had finished in 19th place. A 1971 television pilot with Don Grady and Tina Cole called Three of a Kind, then retitled Robbie—about Robbie, Katie, and the triplets moving to San Francisco—was filmed but not picked up as a series.[5]

text: The final episode of the 1970-1971 season, "After the Honeymoon", actually set up the premise for this pilot. The guest stars were Richard X. Slattery and Pat Carroll, who were featured as the landlords of the apartment block into which Robbie and Katie move. However, Don Grady had informed the producers of his intention to leave the series and pursue a new full-time career as a composer, which he ultimately did.

text: For the series' 12th season, CBS moved My Three Sons to Monday nights at 10:00 pm. In addition to the time changes for the 12th season, a new four-part story arc is introduced with MacMurray in a second role, that of his cousin, the Laird (Lord) Fergus McBain Douglas of Sithian Bridge. The voice of English actor Alan Caillou is awkwardly dubbed over MacMurray's. The plot centers around Lord Douglas's arrival in Los Angeles from the family's native Scotland, in search of a first lady to marry and return with him to Scotland.

text: He finds Terri Dowling (Anne Francis), a waitress at the Blue Berry Bowling Alley. While initially reluctant to give up her life in America and return to Scotland as royalty, she finally accepts. This storyline is a continuation of a plot idea that originally began in the fourth season, when the Douglases visit Scotland on the pretense of having been told they had inherited a castle in the highlands.[6]

text: With a later time slot, the show finished the season outside the top 30. To save the series, CBS moved it in midseason back to Thursday nights at 8:30 pm, its old time slot. Nevertheless, My Three Sons ended its primetime run in the spring of 1972 after 12 years on the air. CBS also aired daytime reruns starting in September 1971 (only the CBS color shows), for about one season.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Fred MacMurray, Steven "Steve" Douglas (1960–1972)
William Frawley, William Michael Francis Aloysius "Bub" O'Casey (1960–1965)
William Demarest, Charles Leslie "Uncle Charley" O'Casey, Bub's brother (1965–1972)
Tim Considine, Michael "Mike" Douglas (1960–1965)
Don Grady, Robert "Robbie" Douglas (1960–1971)
Stanley Livingston, Richard "Chip" Douglas (1960–1972)
Barry Livingston, Ernest "Ernie" Thompson/Douglas (1963–1972)
Meredith MacRae, Sally Ann Morrison Douglas (1963–1965)
Tina Cole, Kathleen "Katie" Miller Douglas (1967–1972)
Beverly Garland, Barbara Harper Douglas (1969–1972)
Dawn Lyn, Dorothy "Dodie" Harper Douglas (1969–1972)
Ronne Troup, Polly Williams Douglas (1970–1972)
Michael, Daniel, and Joseph Todd, playing Robbie, Stevie, and Charley Douglas respectively (1970–1972)

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Cynthia Pepper, Jean Pearson (1960–1961)
Peter Brooks, Hank Ferguson (1960–1963)
Cheryl Holdridge, Judy Doucette (1960–1961)
Ricky Allen, Hubert 'Sudsy' Pfeiffer (1961–1963)
Hank Jones, Pete (1964–1966)
Bill Erwin, Joe Walters (1962–1964)
Doris Singleton, Helen Morrison (1964–65) and Margaret Williams (1970)
John Howard, Dave Welch (1965–1967)
Joan Tompkins, Lorraine Miller (1967–1970)

text: Musical connections[edit]

text: The series' cast had several music connections. MacMurray began his career as a saxophone player during the 1930s, and sometimes played it on the series, as well as clarinet. Actress Tina Cole (Katie) was born into the King Family, a popular 1950s–1960s group. Ronne Troup (Polly) was the step-daughter of singer Julie London and daughter of musician/composer Bobby Troup (who wrote the song Route 66 and also starred in the TV program Emergency! along with wife London), and Dawn Lyn is the younger sister of 1970s pop idol Leif Garrett. Don Grady (Robbie) composed and produced music, having created successful Las Vegas venues for Phantom of the Opera star Michael Crawford and pop star David Cassidy.

text: Grady also played drums in the '60s pop group Yellow Balloon. Musical arranger Frank De Vol, who did the toe-tapping theme, scored over thirty motion pictures and arranged for such vocalists as Sarah Vaughan, Jack Jones, Nat King Cole, Ella Fitzgerald, Tony Bennett, Vic Damone, Dinah Shore, Doris Day, and Jaye P. Morgan.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: My Three Sons had 36 episodes each in the first two seasons. The series had more than thirty episodes in each of the first eight seasons; the episode output then decreased by two episodes until the eleventh season, which had twenty-four episodes, along with the twelfth season. The first five seasons were filmed in black & white, then after the move to CBS, it was filmed in color for the remainder of its run.

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text:
Season
Time slot (ET)
Nielsen ratings[7]

Rank
Rating

1960–61
Thursday at 9:00-9:30 PM on ABC
13
25.8 (Tied with 77 Sunset Strip)

1961–62
11
24.7

1962–63
28
21.0

1963–64
Thursday at 8:30-9:00 PM on ABC
27
21.9

1964–65
13
25.5

1965–66
Thursday at 8:30-9:00 PM on CBS
15
23.8

1966–67
29
20.2 (Tied with I Spy, CBS Thursday Night Movie and The F.B.I.)

1967–68
Saturday at 8:30-9:00 PM on CBS
24
20.8

1968–69
14
22.8

1969–70
15
21.8 (Tied with Ironside and The Johnny Cash Show)

1970–71
19
20.8

1971–72
Monday at 9:00-9:30 PM on CBS (Episodes 1-12)
Thursday at 8:30-9:00 PM on CBS (Episodes 13-24) Daytime Reruns: 10:30-11:00am (EST) M-F 12/20/71-6/23/72 4:00-4:30pm (EST) M-F 6/26/72-9/1/72
colspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | N/A

text: Production schedule[edit]

text: The series was initially filmed at Desilu Studios in Hollywood, but at the start of the 1967–68 season, the cast and crew began filming the series at the CBS Studio Center in Studio City, California. The reasons behind this move concerned the sale of actress-comedian Lucille Ball 's studios to the Gulf + Western conglomerate, which owned Paramount Pictures, so Don Fedderson Productions, who produced My Three Sons (along with Family Affair starring Brian Keith), had to quickly make other arrangements for filming. The move also necessitated moves in the show's storyline as well, hence the family's move from the fictitious town of Bryant Park (in the Midwestern United States) to North Hollywood, California, although the town is never officially mentioned, simply just the city of Los Angeles.

text: Fred MacMurray was the only actor to appear in every episode of the series. Reportedly, MacMurray's contract stipulated that he work only 65 days per year. His scenes for each season were produced in two blocks of filming. He would report to the Desilu-Gower lot in late May and work 35 days (five days per week, weekends off), then take off for 10 weeks. He would then return to complete his remaining 30 days of shooting and was finished altogether around Thanksgiving. MacMurray's ten-week hiatus in the middle of each season's production schedule freed up the actor to follow other pursuits, while the filming of scenes with the other cast members continued. In short, all episodes were filmed out of sequence. Evidence of this is very apparent in several episodes, where plotlines had MacMurray's character on a business trip (e.g. "Small Adventure") or spending much of his time at the office (e.g. "Soap Box Derby"). This allowed him to seemingly take part in the entire episode with limited or no interaction with the other regulars during filming. This sometimes produced noticeable continuity problems onscreen, especially as the boys grew and changed styles.

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Although Don Fedderson gets the credit, My Three Sons was created by George Tibbles and produced by Don Fedderson Productions throughout the show's run, with MCA Television co-distributing the series during its 1960–65 ABC airing. When the series moved to CBS in 1965, the latter network assumed full production responsibilities (in association with Fedderson Productions) until the end of the series in 1972. CBS now holds the series' copyright. CBS Television Distribution presently owns distribution rights to the entire series (including the more widely seen and aforementioned 1965–72 CBS episodes). The show did not get syndicated until September 1976 (although CBS did air reruns of the show in its daytime lineup from December 1971 until the fall of 1972), and even then, only the CBS color episodes aired, while the black and white ABC episodes did not air on broadcast TV at all.

text: Nick at Nite aired My Three Sons from November 3, 1985 to October 28, 1991 with episodes from Seasons 1-5, the second half of season 11, and season 12. The Family Channel also aired only the black and white episodes from September 7, 1992 to July 30, 1993. The Seasons 1-3 episodes had the original Chevrolet closing credits. The Seasons 6–10 (and the first half of season 11) episodes were later aired on TV Land in the late 1990s. Odyssey ran all of the color episodes in the early 2000s. They also briefly aired the black and white episodes. In 2000, TV Land briefly aired the black & white episodes again, using the same syndication episode rights that were on Nick at Nite during the 1980s. In 2006 the Retro Television Network broadcast the show, airing only the color episodes.

text: Since fall 2004, only Seasons 6-10 are being distributed for syndication in the US-Domestic market, though very few stations air the show anymore.

text: In 2009, FamilyNet began airing the program as a lead-in for its Happy Days and Family Ties program block, which ended in February 2010. From 2012-14, and also from October 2015-February 2016, MeTV aired the Season 6-10 episodes in heavy rotation, and most closing credits included the original sponsor tags, such as those for Kellogg's. In 2016, Decades began airing the CBS (color) episodes in its "binge" blocks on some week-ends.

text: MeTV began airing the black and white episodes on May 29, 2017.[8]

text: Reunion special[edit]

text: This does not cite any sources. Please help improve this by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: MacMurray and most of the cast took part in Thanksgiving Reunion with The Partridge Family & My Three Sons, which aired on ABC on November 25, 1977. The retrospective special looked back at the history of My Three Sons and The Partridge Family (other than featuring single parents with a large family, the two series had no narrative, or even a studio link). The special was notable for featuring footage from early black and white episodes of My Three Sons that, at this point in time, were not in syndication. While most of the collected casts gathered in a studio to reminisce, Demarest appeared in a brief pre-taped segment.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount) has released the first two seasons of My Three Sons on DVD in Region 1.[9][10] It is unknown if the remaining seasons will be released.

text: In most episodes, the soundtrack was edited to remove the background musical score, which were originally stock music from the Capitol Records library; the licensing agreement with Capitol only covered broadcast rights, not home video rights, and clearing the music for home video release with the individual composers who worked on the Capitol recordings was deemed cost-prohibitive. The Capitol scores were replaced instead with more modern, synthesized music.[11] The original theme tune by Frank DeVol has been left unaltered; his musical scores in later seasons of the show, written specifically for the series, would less-likely be affected by licensing problems if the later seasons were released on DVD.[citation needed]

text:
DVD name
No. of
episodes
Release date

The First Season: Volume 1
18
September 30, 2008

The First Season: Volume 2
18
January 20, 2009

The Second Season: Volume 1
18
February 23, 2010

The Second Season: Volume 2
18
June 15, 2010


document_title: Las Vegas weddings

question_text: what does it mean to get married in vegas

text: Las Vegas weddings

text: Marriage license[edit]

text: Nevada marriage licenses are notoriously easy to get; there is no blood test or required waiting period. Las Vegas has streamlined the process further. Once a short form is completed and submitted to the marriage license bureau along with $77.00 cash or money order and a government issued photographic identification, a marriage license may be obtained within minutes until midnight every night.[1]

text: Within one year of receipt of the marriage license a wedding ceremony must be performed in order to have a legal union, and marriages are legal and binding throughout the United States under the Full Faith and Credit Clause, as well as most other countries.[2]

text:
Wedding licenses issued[3]

Year
Clark County
United States
Clark County %

1996
104,789
2,344,000
4.5

1997
109,378
2,384,000
4.6

1998
108,717
2,244,000
4.8

1999
114,465
2,251,000
5.1

2000
120,629
2,376,000
5.1

2001
121,547
2,345,000
5.2

2002
119,759
2,254,000
5.3

2003
114,544
2,187,000
5.2

2004
125,967
2,224,000
5.7

2005
121,282
2,230,000
5.4

2006
112,531
2,160,000
5.2

text: Wedding venues[edit]

text: There are numerous options for wedding ceremonies in Las Vegas. The least expensive option, costing $75.00, is to marry at the Office of Civil Marriages.[4]

text: Most weddings performed in Las Vegas may be a civil or religious service depending upon the wedding venue selected.

text: With an average of 115,000 weddings a year, the Las Vegas wedding industry is competitive and ceremony locations are plentiful. Most of the city's major hotels have wedding chapels and many of the local restaurants offer wedding ceremonies. Weddings may also be performed in the local churches, at one of the many golf courses, or at a free standing wedding chapel. Drive-thru weddings are also available.[5]

text: Wedding chapels[edit]

text: The majority of the newer wedding chapels are located on the Las Vegas Strip. A local law in the 1970s made it impossible to build a free standing wedding chapel on the Las Vegas Strip. The older wedding chapels will be found downtown.

text: Themed weddings[edit]

text: Many chapels also offer themed weddings. Common themes include Hawaiian, fairy tale, Star Trek, goth, and weddings with an Elvis or Michael Jackson impersonator. The Tropicana has offered a "rock star" wedding officiated by former Quiet Riot frontman Paul Shortino.[6]

text: Outside Las Vegas[edit]

text: Second in popularity to the wedding chapel option, is to have a ceremony performed outdoors somewhere in the surrounding Las Vegas area.


document_title: List of Nobel laureates in Physics

question_text: youngest person to receive nobel prize in physics

text: List of Nobel laureates in Physics

text: Statistics[edit]

text: The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice—in 1956 and 1972. Maria Skłodowska-Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25.[5] Two women have won the prize: Curie and Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1963).[6] As of 2017, the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals. There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940–1942).

text: Laureates[edit]

text:
Year
Laureate[A]
Country[B]
Rationale[C]

1901

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
 Germany
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him"[7]

1902

Hendrik Lorentz
 Netherlands
"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"[8]

Pieter Zeeman
 Netherlands

1903

Antoine Henri Becquerel
 France
"for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"[9]

Pierre Curie
 France
"for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"[9]

Maria Skłodowska-Curie
 Poland
 France

1904

Lord Rayleigh
 United Kingdom
"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"[10]

1905

Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard
 Austria-Hungary
 Germany
"for his work on cathode rays"[11]

1906

Joseph John Thomson
 United Kingdom
"for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"[12]

1907

Albert Abraham Michelson
 United States
 Poland
"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"[13]

1908

Gabriel Lippmann
 France
"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"[14]

1909

Guglielmo Marconi
 Italy
"for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"[15]

Karl Ferdinand Braun
 Germany

1910

Johannes Diderik van der Waals
 Netherlands
"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids"[16]

1911

Wilhelm Wien
 Germany
"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat"[17]

1912

Nils Gustaf Dalén
 Sweden
"for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys"[18]

1913

Heike Kamerlingh-Onnes
 Netherlands
"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"[19]

1914

Max von Laue
 Germany
"For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals",[20] an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy.

1915

William Henry Bragg
 United Kingdom
"For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays",[21] an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography

William Lawrence Bragg
 Australia
 United Kingdom

1916
Not awarded World War I

1917

Charles Glover Barkla
 United Kingdom
"For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements",[22] another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy

1918

Max Planck
 Germany
"for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta"[23]

1919

Johannes Stark
 Germany
"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"[24]

1920

Charles Édouard Guillaume
  Switzerland
"for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys"[25]

1921

Albert Einstein
 Germany
  Switzerland
"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"[26]

1922

Niels Bohr
 Denmark
"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"[27]

1923

Robert Andrews Millikan
 United States
"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"[28]

1924

Manne Siegbahn
 Sweden
"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy"[29]

1925

James Franck
 Germany
"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"[30]

Gustav Hertz
 Germany

1926

Jean Baptiste Perrin
 France
"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium"[31]

1927

Arthur Holly Compton
 United States
"for his discovery of the effect named after him"[32]

Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
 United Kingdom
"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"[32]

1928

Owen Willans Richardson
 United Kingdom
"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"[33]

1929

Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie
 France
"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"[34]

1930

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
 India
"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"[35]

1931
Not awarded

1932

Werner Heisenberg
 Germany
"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"[36]

1933

Erwin Schrödinger
 Austria
"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"[37]

Paul Dirac
 United Kingdom

1934
Not awarded

1935

James Chadwick
 United Kingdom
"for the discovery of the neutron"[38]

1936

Victor Francis Hess
 Austria
"for his discovery of cosmic radiation"[39]

Carl David Anderson
 United States
"for his discovery of the positron"[39]

1937

Clinton Joseph Davisson
 United States
"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"[40]

George Paget Thomson
 United Kingdom

1938

Enrico Fermi
 Italy
"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"[41]

1939

Ernest Lawrence
 United States
"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"[42]

1940
Not awarded World War II

1941
Not awarded World War II

1942
Not awarded World War II

1943

Otto Stern
 United States
"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"[43]

1944

Isidor Isaac Rabi
 United States
 Poland
"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"[44]

1945

Wolfgang Pauli
 Austria
"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"[45]

1946

Percy Williams Bridgman
 United States
"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics"[46]

1947

Edward Victor Appleton
 United Kingdom
"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer"[47]

1948

Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett
 United Kingdom
"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"[48]

1949

Hideki Yukawa
 Japan
"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces"[49]

1950

Cecil Frank Powell
 United Kingdom
"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"[50]

1951

John Douglas Cockcroft
 United Kingdom
"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"[51]

Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton
 Ireland

1952

Felix Bloch
  Switzerland
 United States
"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"[52]

Edward Mills Purcell
 United States

1953

Frits Zernike
 Netherlands
"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"[53]

1954

Max Born
 West Germany
"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"[54]

Walther Bothe
 West Germany
"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"[54]

1955

Willis Eugene Lamb
 United States
"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"[55]

Polykarp Kusch
 United States
 Germany
"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"[55]

1956

John Bardeen
 United States
"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"[56]

Walter Houser Brattain
 United States

William Bradford Shockley
 United States

1957

Tsung-Dao Lee
 Republic of China
 United States
"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"[57]

Chen Ning Yang
 Republic of China
 United States

1958

Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov
 Soviet Union
"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"[58]

Ilya Frank
 Soviet Union

Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm
 Soviet Union

1959

Emilio Gino Segrè
 Italy
 United States
"for their discovery of the antiproton"[59]

Owen Chamberlain
 United States

1960

Donald Arthur Glaser
 United States
"for the invention of the bubble chamber"[60]

1961

Robert Hofstadter
 United States
"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"[61]

Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer
 West Germany
"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name"[61]

1962

Lev Davidovich Landau
 Soviet Union
"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"[62]

1963

Eugene Paul Wigner
 Hungary
 United States
"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"[63]

Maria Goeppert-Mayer
 United States
"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"[63]

J. Hans D. Jensen
 West Germany

1964

Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov
 Soviet Union
"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser–laser principle"[64]

Alexander Prokhorov
 Soviet Union

Charles Hard Townes
 United States

1965

Richard Phillips Feynman
 United States
"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"[65]

Julian Schwinger
 United States

Shin'ichirō Tomonaga
 Japan

1966

Alfred Kastler
 France
"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"[66]

1967

Hans Albrecht Bethe
 United States
"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"[67]

1968

Luis Walter Alvarez
 United States
"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"[68]

1969

Murray Gell-Mann
 United States
"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"[69]

1970

Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén
 Sweden
"for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics"[70]

Louis Néel
 France
"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics"[70]

1971

Dennis Gabor
 Hungary
 United Kingdom
"for his invention and development of the holographic method"[71]

1972

John Bardeen
 United States
"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"[72]

Leon Neil Cooper
 United States

John Robert Schrieffer
 United States

1973

Leo Esaki
 Japan
"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"[73]

Ivar Giaever
 United States
 Norway

Brian David Josephson
 United Kingdom
"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"[73]

1974

Martin Ryle
 United Kingdom
"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"[74]

Antony Hewish
 United Kingdom

1975

Aage Bohr
 Denmark
"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"[75]

Ben Roy Mottelson
 Denmark

Leo James Rainwater
 United States

1976

Burton Richter
 United States
"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"[76]

Samuel Chao Chung Ting
 United States

1977

Philip Warren Anderson
 United States
"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"[77]

Nevill Francis Mott
 United Kingdom

John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
 United States

1978

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa
 Soviet Union
"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"[78]

Arno Allan Penzias
 United States
"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"[78]

Robert Woodrow Wilson
 United States

1979

Sheldon Lee Glashow
 United States
"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"[79]

Abdus Salam
 Pakistan

Steven Weinberg
 United States

1980

James Watson Cronin
 United States
"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"[80]

Val Logsdon Fitch
 United States

1981

Nicolaas Bloembergen
 Netherlands
 United States
"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"[81]

Arthur Leonard Schawlow
 United States

Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn
 Sweden
"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy"[81]

1982

Kenneth G. Wilson
 United States
"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"[82]

1983

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
 India
 United States
"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"[83]

William Alfred Fowler
 United States
"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"[83]

1984

Carlo Rubbia
 Italy
"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"[84]

Simon van der Meer
 Netherlands

1985

Klaus von Klitzing
 West Germany
"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"[85]

1986

Ernst Ruska
 West Germany
"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope"[86]

Gerd Binnig
 West Germany
"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"[86]

Heinrich Rohrer
  Switzerland

1987

Johannes Georg Bednorz
 West Germany
"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"[87]

Karl Alexander Müller
  Switzerland

1988

Leon Max Lederman
 United States
"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"[88]

Melvin Schwartz
 United States

Jack Steinberger
 United States

1989

Norman Foster Ramsey
 United States
"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"[89]

Hans Georg Dehmelt
 United States
 Germany
"for the development of the ion trap technique"[89]

Wolfgang Paul
 West Germany

1990

Jerome I. Friedman
 United States
"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"[90]

Henry Way Kendall
 United States

Richard E. Taylor
 Canada

1991

Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
 France
"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers"[91]

1992

Georges Charpak
 France
 Poland
"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"[92]

1993

Russell Alan Hulse
 United States
"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"[93]

Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.
 United States

1994

Bertram Brockhouse
 Canada
"for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"[94]

Clifford Glenwood Shull
 United States
"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"[94]

1995

Martin Lewis Perl
 United States
"for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"[95]

Frederick Reines
 United States
"for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"[95]

1996

David Morris Lee
 United States
"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"[96]

Douglas D. Osheroff
 United States

Robert Coleman Richardson
 United States

1997

Steven Chu
 United States
"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."[97]

Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
 France

William Daniel Phillips
 United States

1998

Robert B. Laughlin
 United States
"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"[98]

Horst Ludwig Störmer
 Germany

Daniel Chee Tsui
 Republic of China
 United States

1999

Gerard 't Hooft
 Netherlands
"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"[99]

Martinus J. G. Veltman
 Netherlands

2000

Zhores Ivanovich Alferov
 Russia
"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"[100]

Herbert Kroemer
 Germany

Jack St. Clair Kilby
 United States
"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"[100]

2001

Eric Allin Cornell
 United States
"for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"[101]

Carl Edwin Wieman
 United States

Wolfgang Ketterle
 Germany

2002

Raymond Davis, Jr.
 United States
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"[102]

Masatoshi Koshiba
 Japan

Riccardo Giacconi
 Italy
 United States
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"[102]

2003

Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov
 Russia
 United States
"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"[103]

Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg
 Russia

Anthony James Leggett
 United Kingdom
 United States

2004

David J. Gross
 United States
"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[104]

Hugh David Politzer
 United States

Frank Wilczek
 United States

2005

Roy J. Glauber
 United States
"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"[105]

John L. Hall
 United States
"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"[105]

Theodor W. Hänsch
 Germany

2006

John C. Mather
 United States
"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"[106]

George F. Smoot
 United States

2007

Albert Fert
 France
"for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance"[107]

Peter Grünberg
 Germany

2008

Makoto Kobayashi
 Japan
"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"[108]

Toshihide Maskawa
 Japan

Yoichiro Nambu
 Japan
 United States
"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"[108]

2009

Charles K. Kao
 Hong Kong
 United Kingdom
 United States
"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"[109]

Willard S. Boyle
 Canada
 United States
"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"[109]

George E. Smith
 United States

2010

Andre Geim
 Russia
 United Kingdom
 Netherlands
"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"[110]

Konstantin Novoselov
 Russia
 United Kingdom

2011

Saul Perlmutter
 United States
"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"[111]

Brian P. Schmidt
 Australia
 United States

Adam G. Riess
 United States

2012

Serge Haroche
 France
"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems."[112]

David J. Wineland
 United States

2013

François Englert
 Belgium
"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"[113]

Peter Higgs
 United Kingdom

2014

Isamu Akasaki
 Japan
"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"[114]

Hiroshi Amano
 Japan

Shuji Nakamura
 Japan
 United States

2015

Takaaki Kajita
 Japan
"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass"[115]

Arthur B. McDonald
 Canada

2016

David J. Thouless
 United Kingdom
 United States
"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"[116]

F. Duncan M. Haldane
 United Kingdom
 United States

John M. Kosterlitz
 United Kingdom
 United States

2017

Rainer Weiss
 Germany
 United States
"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"[117]

Kip Thorne
 United States

Barry Barish
 United States