document_title: Sound

question_text: what is the measurement of low or high sound called

root

text: Sound

text: Acoustics[edit]

text: Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including vibration, sound, ultrasound, and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician, while someone working in the field of acoustical engineering may be called an acoustical engineer.[2] An audio engineer, on the other hand, is concerned with the recording, manipulation, mixing, and reproduction of sound.

tag: p

text: Applications of acoustics are found in almost all aspects of modern society, subdisciplines include aeroacoustics, audio signal processing, architectural acoustics, bioacoustics, electro-acoustics, environmental noise, musical acoustics, noise control, psychoacoustics, speech, ultrasound, underwater acoustics, and vibration.[3]

text: Definition[edit]

text: Sound is defined as "(a) Oscillation in pressure, stress, particle displacement, particle velocity, etc., propagated in a medium with internal forces (e.g., elastic or viscous), or the superposition of such propagated oscillation. (b) Auditory sensation evoked by the oscillation described in (a). "[4] Sound can be viewed as a wave motion in air or other elastic media. In this case, sound is a stimulus. Sound can also be viewed as an excitation of the hearing mechanism that results in the perception of sound. In this case, sound is a sensation.

text: Physics of sound[edit]

text: Sound can propagate through a medium such as air, water and solids as longitudinal waves and also as a transverse wave in solids (see Longitudinal and transverse waves, below). The sound waves are generated by a sound source, such as the vibrating diaphragm of a stereo speaker. The sound source creates vibrations in the surrounding medium. As the source continues to vibrate the medium, the vibrations propagate away from the source at the speed of sound, thus forming the sound wave. At a fixed distance from the source, the pressure, velocity, and displacement of the medium vary in time. At an instant in time, the pressure, velocity, and displacement vary in space. Note that the particles of the medium do not travel with the sound wave. This is intuitively obvious for a solid, and the same is true for liquids and gases (that is, the vibrations of particles in the gas or liquid transport the vibrations, while the average position of the particles over time does not change). During propagation, waves can be reflected, refracted, or attenuated by the medium.[5]

text: The behavior of sound propagation is generally affected by three things:

text:
A complex relationship between the density and pressure of the medium. This relationship, affected by temperature, determines the speed of sound within the medium.
Motion of the medium itself. If the medium is moving, this movement may increase or decrease the absolute speed of the sound wave depending on the direction of the movement. For example, sound moving through wind will have its speed of propagation increased by the speed of the wind if the sound and wind are moving in the same direction. If the sound and wind are moving in opposite directions, the speed of the sound wave will be decreased by the speed of the wind.
The viscosity of the medium. Medium viscosity determines the rate at which sound is attenuated. For many media, such as air or water, attenuation due to viscosity is negligible.

tag: ul

text: When sound is moving through a medium that does not have constant physical properties, it may be refracted (either dispersed or focused).[5]

text: The mechanical vibrations that can be interpreted as sound can travel through all forms of matter: gases, liquids, solids, and plasmas. The matter that supports the sound is called the medium. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.

text: Longitudinal and transverse waves[edit]

text: Sound is transmitted through gases, plasma, and liquids as longitudinal waves, also called compression waves. It requires a medium to propagate. Through solids, however, it can be transmitted as both longitudinal waves and transverse waves. Longitudinal sound waves are waves of alternating pressure deviations from the equilibrium pressure, causing local regions of compression and rarefaction, while transverse waves (in solids) are waves of alternating shear stress at right angle to the direction of propagation.

text: Sound waves may be "viewed" using parabolic mirrors and objects that produce sound.[6]

text: The energy carried by an oscillating sound wave converts back and forth between the potential energy of the extra compression (in case of longitudinal waves) or lateral displacement strain (in case of transverse waves) of the matter, and the kinetic energy of the displacement velocity of particles of the medium.

text: Sound wave properties and characteristics[edit]

text: Although there are many complexities relating to the transmission of sounds, at the point of reception (i.e. the ears), sound is readily dividable into two simple elements: pressure and time. These fundamental elements form the basis of all sound waves. They can be used to describe, in absolute terms, every sound we hear.

text: However, in order to understand the sound more fully, a complex wave such as this is usually separated into its component parts, which are a combination of various sound wave frequencies (and noise).[7][8][9]

text: Sound waves are often simplified to a description in terms of sinusoidal plane waves, which are characterized by these generic properties:

text:
Frequency, or its inverse, wavelength
Amplitude, sound pressure or Intensity
Speed of sound
Direction

text: Sound that is perceptible by humans has frequencies from about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. In air at standard temperature and pressure, the corresponding wavelengths of sound waves range from 17 m to 17 mm. Sometimes speed and direction are combined as a velocity vector; wave number and direction are combined as a wave vector.

text: Transverse waves, also known as shear waves, have the additional property, polarization, and are not a characteristic of sound waves.

text: Speed of sound[edit]

text: The speed of sound depends on the medium the waves pass through, and is a fundamental property of the material. The first significant effort towards measurement of the speed of sound was made by Isaac Newton. He believed the speed of sound in a particular substance was equal to the square root of the pressure acting on it divided by its density:

text:
c
=

p
ρ

{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {p \over \rho }}\,}

text:
This was later proven wrong when found to incorrectly derive the speed. The French mathematician Laplace corrected the formula by deducing that the phenomenon of sound travelling is not isothermal, as believed by Newton, but adiabatic. He added another factor to the equation—gamma—and multiplied

γ

{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\gamma }}\,}

 by

p
ρ

{\displaystyle {\sqrt {p \over \rho }}\,}

, thus coming up with the equation

c
=

γ
⋅

p
ρ

{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {\gamma \cdot {p \over \rho }}}\,}

. Since

K
=
γ
⋅
p

{\displaystyle K=\gamma \cdot p\,}

, the final equation came up to be

c
=

K
ρ

{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {\frac {K}{\rho }}}\,}

, which is also known as the Newton-Laplace equation. In this equation, K = elastic bulk modulus, c = velocity of sound, and

ρ

{\displaystyle {\rho }}

 = density. Thus, the speed of sound is proportional to the square root of the ratio of the bulk modulus of the medium to its density.

text: Those physical properties and the speed of sound change with ambient conditions. For example, the speed of sound in gases depends on temperature. In 20 °C (68 °F) air at sea level, the speed of sound is approximately 343 m/s (1,230 km/h; 767 mph) using the formula "v = (331 + 0.6 T) m/s". In fresh water, also at 20 °C, the speed of sound is approximately 1,482 m/s (5,335 km/h; 3,315 mph). In steel, the speed of sound is about 5,960 m/s (21,460 km/h; 13,330 mph). The speed of sound is also slightly sensitive, being subject to a second-order anharmonic effect, to the sound amplitude, which means there are non-linear propagation effects, such as the production of harmonics and mixed tones not present in the original sound (see parametric array).

text: Perception of sound[edit]

text: A distinct use of the term sound from its use in physics is that in physiology and psychology, where the term refers to the subject of perception by the brain. The field of psychoacoustics is dedicated to such studies. Historically the word "sound" referred exclusively to an effect in the mind. Webster's 1947 dictionary defined sound as: "that which is heard; the effect which is produced by the vibration of a body affecting the ear."[11] This meant (at least in 1947) the correct response to the question: "if a tree falls in the forest with no one to hear it fall, does it make a sound?" was "no". However, owing to contemporary usage, definitions of sound as a physical effect are prevalent in most dictionaries. Consequently, the answer to the same question is now "yes, a tree falling in the forest with no one to hear it fall does make a sound".

text: The physical reception of sound in any hearing organism is limited to a range of frequencies. Humans normally hear sound frequencies between approximately 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz (20 kHz),[12]:382 The upper limit decreases with age.[12]:249 Sometimes sound refers to only those vibrations with frequencies that are within the hearing range for humans[13] or sometimes it relates to a particular animal. Other species have different ranges of hearing. For example, dogs can perceive vibrations higher than 20 kHz.

text: As a signal perceived by one of the major senses, sound is used by many species for detecting danger, navigation, predation, and communication. Earth's atmosphere, water, and virtually any physical phenomenon, such as fire, rain, wind, surf, or earthquake, produces (and is characterized by) its unique sounds. Many species, such as frogs, birds, marine and terrestrial mammals, have also developed special organs to produce sound. In some species, these produce song and speech. Furthermore, humans have developed culture and technology (such as music, telephone and radio) that allows them to generate, record, transmit, and broadcast sound.

text: Noise is a term often used to refer to an unwanted sound. In science and engineering, noise is an undesirable component that obscures a wanted signal. However, in sound perception it can often be used to identify the source of a sound and is an important component of timbre perception (see above).

text: Soundscape is the component of the acoustic environment that can be perceived by humans. The acoustic environment is the combination of all sounds (whether audible to humans or not) within a given area as modified by the environment and understood by people, in context of the surrounding environment.

text: There are six experimentally separable ways in which sound waves are analysed. They are: pitch, duration, loudness, timbre, sonic texture and spatial location.[14]

text: Pitch[edit]

text: Pitch is perceived as how "low" or "high" a sound is and represents the cyclic, repetitive nature of the vibrations that make up sound. For simple sounds, pitch relates to the frequency of the slowest vibration in the sound (called the fundamental harmonic). In the case of complex sounds, pitch perception can vary. Sometimes individuals identify different pitches for the same sound, based on their personal experience of particular sound patterns. Selection of a particular pitch is determined by pre-conscious examination of vibrations, including their frequencies and the balance between them. Specific attention is given to recognising potential harmonics.[15][16] Every sound is placed on a pitch continuum from low to high. For example: white noise (random noise spread evenly across all frequencies) sounds higher in pitch than pink noise (random noise spread evenly across octaves) as white noise has more high frequency content. Figure 1 shows an example of pitch recognition. During the listening process, each sound is analysed for a repeating pattern (See Figure 1: orange arrows) and the results forwarded to the auditory cortex as a single pitch of a certain height (octave) and chroma (note name).

text: Duration[edit]

text: Duration is perceived as how "long" or "short" a sound is and relates to onset and offset signals created by nerve responses to sounds. The duration of a sound usually lasts from the time the sound is first noticed until the sound is identified as having changed or ceased.[17] Sometimes this is not directly related to the physical duration of a sound. For example; in a noisy environment, gapped sounds (sounds that stop and start) can sound as if they are continuous because the offset messages are missed owing to disruptions from noises in the same general bandwidth.[18] This can be of great benefit in understanding distorted messages such as radio signals that suffer from interference, as (owing to this effect) the message is heard as if it was continuous. Figure 2 gives an example of duration identification. When a new sound is noticed (see Figure 2, Green arrows), a sound onset message is sent to the auditory cortex. When the repeating pattern is missed, a sound offset messages is sent.

text: Loudness[edit]

text: Loudness is perceived as how "loud" or "soft" a sound is and relates to the totalled number of auditory nerve stimulations over short cyclic time periods, most likely over the duration of theta wave cycles.[19][20][21] This means that at short durations, a very short sound can sound softer than a longer sound even though they are presented at the same intensity level. Past around 200 ms this is no longer the case and the duration of the sound no longer affects the apparent loudness of the sound. Figure 3 gives an impression of how loudness information is summed over a period of about 200 ms before being sent to the auditory cortex. Louder signals create a greater 'push' on the Basilar membrane and thus stimulate more nerves, creating a stronger loudness signal. A more complex signal also creates more nerve firings and so sounds louder (for the same wave amplitude) than a simpler sound, such as a sine wave.

text: Timbre[edit]

text: Timbre is perceived as the quality of different sounds (e.g. the thud of a fallen rock, the whir of a drill, the tone of a musical instrument or the quality of a voice) and represents the pre-conscious allocation of a sonic identity to a sound (e.g. “it’s an oboe!"). This identity is based on information gained from frequency transients, noisiness, unsteadiness, perceived pitch and the spread and intensity of overtones in the sound over an extended time frame.[7][8][9] The way a sound changes over time (see figure 4) provides most of the information for timbre identification. Even though a small section of the wave form from each instrument looks very similar (see the expanded sections indicated by the orange arrows in figure 4), differences in changes over time between the clarinet and the piano are evident in both loudness and harmonic content. Less noticeable are the different noises heard, such as air hisses for the clarinet and hammer strikes for the piano.

text:
Figure 3. Loudness perception

Figure 4. Timbre perception

tag: table

text: Sonic texture[edit]

text: Sonic texture relates to the number of sound sources and the interaction between them.[22][23] The word 'texture', in this context, relates to the cognitive separation of auditory objects.[24] In music, texture is often referred to as the difference between unison, polyphony and homophony, but it can also relate (for example) to a busy cafe; a sound which might be referred to as 'cacophony'. However texture refers to more than this. The texture of an orchestral piece is very different to the texture of a brass quintet because of the different numbers of players. The texture of a market place is very different to a school hall because of the differences in the various sound sources.

text: Spatial location[edit]

text: Spatial location (see: Sound localization) represents the cognitive placement of a sound in an environmental context; including the placement of a sound on both the horizontal and vertical plane, the distance from the sound source and the characteristics of the sonic environment.[24][25] In a thick texture, it is possible to identify multiple sound sources using a combination of spatial location and timbre identification. It is the main reason why we can pick the sound of an oboe in an orchestra and the words of a single person at a cocktail party.

text: Sound pressure level[edit]

text:
Sound measurements

Characteristic

Symbols

 Sound pressure
 p, SPL

 Particle velocity
 v, SVL

 Particle displacement
 δ

 Sound intensity
 I, SIL

 Sound power
 P, SWL, LWA

 Sound energy
 W

 Sound energy density
 w

 Sound exposure
 E, SEL

 Acoustic impedance
 Z

 Speed of sound
 c

 Audio frequency
 AF

 Transmission loss
 TL

v
t
e

text:
Sound pressure is the difference, in a given medium, between average local pressure and the pressure in the sound wave. A square of this difference (i.e., a square of the deviation from the equilibrium pressure) is usually averaged over time and/or space, and a square root of this average provides a root mean square (RMS) value. For example, 1 Pa RMS sound pressure (94 dBSPL) in atmospheric air implies that the actual pressure in the sound wave oscillates between (1 atm

−

2

{\displaystyle -{\sqrt {2}}}

 Pa) and (1 atm

+

2

{\displaystyle +{\sqrt {2}}}

 Pa), that is between 101323.6 and 101326.4 Pa. As the human ear can detect sounds with a wide range of amplitudes, sound pressure is often measured as a level on a logarithmic decibel scale. The sound pressure level (SPL) or Lp is defined as

text: Since the human ear does not have a flat spectral response, sound pressures are often frequency weighted so that the measured level matches perceived levels more closely. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has defined several weighting schemes. A-weighting attempts to match the response of the human ear to noise and A-weighted sound pressure levels are labeled dBA. C-weighting is used to measure peak levels.

text: Ultrasound[edit]

text: Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing. Ultrasound is no different from 'normal' (audible) sound in its physical properties, except in that humans cannot hear it. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz.

text: Ultrasound is commonly used for medical diagnostics such as sonograms.


document_title: Union Public Service Commission

question_text: who appoints the chairman of state public service commission

text: Union Public Service Commission

text: History[edit]

text: The Royal Commission on the superior Civil Services in India was set up under the chairmanship of Lord Lee of Fareham by the British Government in 1923.[8][6] With equal numbers of Indian and British members, the commission submitted its report in 1924, recommending setting up of a Public Service Commission.[9] The Lee Commission proposed that 40% of future entrants should be British, 40% Indians directly recruited, and 20% Indians promoted from the provincial services.[8][7]

text: This led to the establishment of the first Public Service Commission on 1 October 1926 under the chairmanship of Sir Ross Barker.[6] A mere limited advisory function was granted to the Public Service Commission and the leaders of the freedom movement continually stressed on this aspect, which then resulted in the setting up of a Federal Public Service Commission under the Government of India Act, 1935.[6][7]

text: The Federal Public Service Commission became the Union Public Service Commission after independence. It was given a constitutional status with under of Constitution of India on 26 January 1950.[9][7][10]

text: Constitutional status[edit]

text: Articles 315 to 323 of Part XIV of the constitution, titled as Services Under the Union and the States, provide for a Public Service Commission for the Union and for each state.[2][3] Accordingly, as per Art. 315, at Union level, Union Public Service Commission is envisaged by it. UPSC is amongst the few institutions which function with both autonomy and freedom, along with the country’s higher judiciary and lately the Election Commission.[4]

text: Appointment[edit]

text: As per Art. 316, the Chairman and other members of Union Public Service Commission shall be appointed by the President. In case the office of the Chairman becomes vacant his duties shall be performed by one of the other members of the Commission as the President may appoint for the purpose.[11]

text: Also, nearly half of the members of the Commission shall be persons who at the dates of their respective appointments have held office for at least ten years either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State. A member of a Union Public Service Commission shall hold office for a term of six years from the date on which he enters upon his office or until he attains the age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier. Under Art 318, the President is empowered to determine number of members of the Commission and their conditions of service. Further, he can make provision with respect to the number of members of the staff of the Commission and their conditions of service too. Also, conditions of service cannot be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment.[11]

text: As per Art 319, a person who holds office as Chairman shall, on the expiration of his term of office, be ineligible for re-appointment to that office. But, a member other than the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission, or as the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission, but not for any other employment either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State. Also, the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the Chairman or any other member of the Union Public Service Commission.[11]

text: Removal and suspension[edit]

text: As per Art. 317, the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission shall only be removed from his office by order of the President on the ground of "misbehaviour" after the Supreme Court, on reference being made to it by the President, has, on inquiry reported that the Chairman or such other member ought to be removed. The President may suspend the Chairman or other member of the Commission until report of the Supreme Court is received.[11]

text: The President may also remove the Chairman or any other member of the commission if he/she:

text:
is adjudged an insolvent; or
engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office; or
is, in the opinion of the President, unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body.

text: If the Chairman or any other member cannot hold an office of profit or otherwise he shall be deemed to be guilty of misbehaviour.[11]

text: Functions[edit]

text: As per Art. 320, it shall be the duty of the Union Public Service Commissions to conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the Union. It shall also assist two or more States, if requested so, in framing and operating schemes of joint recruitment for any services.[11]

text: The Union Public Service Commission shall be consulted:

text:
on all matters relating to

methods of recruitment to civil services and for civil posts
making appointments to civil services and posts
making promotions and transfers from one service to another
the suitability of candidates for such appointments, promotions or transfers

on all disciplinary matters against a civil servant serving in a civil capacity, including memorials or petitions relating to such matters.
on any claim by or in respect of a person who is serving or has served in a civil capacity, that any costs incurred by him in defending legal proceedings instituted against him in respect of acts done or purporting to be done in the execution of his duty should be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India.
on any claim for the award of a pension in respect of injuries sustained by a person while serving in a civil capacity, and any question as to the amount of such award.

text: It shall be the duty of a Union Public Service Commission to advise on any matter referred to them; provided that the President has not made any regulations specifying the matters in which it shall not be necessary for Union Public Service Commission to be consulted.[11]

text: Expenses[edit]

text: As per Art. 322, the expenses of the Union Public Service Commission, including any salaries, allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of the members or staff of the Commission, shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India.[11]

text: Extension of functions[edit]

text: As per Art. 321, an Act made by Parliament may provide for the exercise of additional functions by the Union Public Service Commission w.r.t. services of the Union.[11]

text: Reporting[edit]

text: As per Art. 323, it shall be the duty of the Union Commission to annually present a report to the President of the work done by the Commission. On receipt of such report, the President shall present a copy before each House of Parliament; together with a memorandum, if any, explaining the reasons where the advice of the Commission was not accepted by him.[11]

text: Organisational structure[edit]

text: The Commission consists of a chairman and other members appointed by The President of India. Usually, the Commission consists of 9 to 11 members including the chairman.[12] Every member holds office for a term of six years or until he attains the age of sixty-five years, whichever is earlier.

text: The terms and conditions of service of chairman and members of the Commission are governed by the Union Public Service Commission (Members) Regulations, 1969.[13]

text: The chairman and any other member of the Commission can submit his resignation at any time to the President of India. He may be removed from his office by the President of India on the ground of misbehaviour (only if an inquiry of such misbehaviour is made and upheld by Supreme Court) or if he is adjudged insolvent, or engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office, or in the opinion of the President unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body.

text: Secretariat[edit]

text: The Commission is serviced by a Secretariat headed by a Secretary with four Additional Secretaries, a number of Joint Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries and other supporting staff.[14] The secretariat, for administrative purpose, is further divided into divisions, each undertaking a specific responsibility:[15]

text:
Administration: Administers the Secretariat as well as looks after personal matters of Chairman/Members and other Officers/Staff of the Commission.[16]
All India Services: Recruitment to All India Services is done either by direct recruitment (through Competitive Examinations) or by promotion from the State Service. The AIS Branch handles the promotions of State Service officers to the IAS, IPS and IFS. It also handles policy matters relating to All India Services and amendments in the 'Promotion Regulations' of respective services.[17]
Appointments: It carry out appointments to central services based on Promotion(based on proposals from various Ministries/Departments/Union Territories and from certain local bodies) and by the means of Deputation and Absorption.[18]
Examination: It carries out merit-based selection and recommendation of candidates, through various examinations, to Group A and Group B Services of the Government of India.[19]
General: Primarily deals with day-to-day housekeeping works for Commission, like, arrangements and facilitation for conduction of Examinations by the UPSC, printing Annual Report etc.[20]
Recruitment: This branch carries out Direct Recruitment(out of the 3 possible mechanisms of : 'direct recruitment', 'recruitment by promotion' and 'recruitment by transfer and permanent absorption') by selection to all Group `A’ and certain Group `B’ posts of the services of the Union (including some Union Territories). These recruitment are done either by selection(interview) or through competitive examination.[21]
Recruitment Rules: The Commission is mandated under Art. 320 of the Constitution of India, read along the UPSC (Exemption from Consultation) Regulations, 1958, to advise on framing and amending of Recruitment and Service Rules for various Group A and Group B posts in the Government of India, and certain autonomous organizations like EPFO, ESIC, DJB, NDMC & Municipal Corporations(s) of Delhi. This Branch carries out this responsibility by facilitating the Ministries / Departments / UT Administrations / Autonomous Organisations in this regard.[22]
Services I: Handles disciplinary cases received from various Ministries/Departments and State Governments for advice of the Commission, as required under Article 320 (3)(c).
Services II: Handles all other cases that 'Services I' branch doesn't. It compiles the Annual Report. Also, it coordinates visits of foreign delegations, correspondence with foreign countries and hosting of international events concerning Public Service Commissions, including the SAARC Member States.

text: Present members[edit]

text: As of 28 June 2017[update], the commission has 9 members including the chairman, who are:[23]

text:
David R. Syiemlieh (Chairman)
Vinay Mittal
Chhatar Singh
Arvind Saxena
Pradeep Kumar Joshi (Dr.)
Bhim Sain Bassi
A.S. Bhonsle
Sujata Mehta
Manoj Soni (Dr.)[24]

text: List of all chairmen[edit]

text: Following is the list of chairmen of UPSC:[25]

text:
List of UPSC Chairmen (since inception)[hide]

Chairman
Term
Background

From
To

Sir Ross Barker
000000001926-10-01-0000October 1926
000000001932-08-01-0000August 1932

Sir David Petrie
000000001932-08-01-0000August 1932
000000001936-01-01-00001936

Sir Eyre Gorden
000000001937-01-01-00001937
000000001942-01-01-00001942

Sir F. W. Robertson
000000001942-01-01-00001942
000000001947-01-01-00001947

H. K. Kripalani
000000001947-04-01-0000April 1947
000000001949-01-01-0000January 1949

R. N. Banerjee
000000001949-01-01-0000January 1949
000000001955-05-01-0000May 1955

N. Govindarajan
000000001955-05-01-0000May 1955
000000001955-12-01-0000December 1955

V. S. Hejmadi
000000001955-12-01-0000December 1955
000000001961-12-01-0000December 1961

B. N. Jha
000000001961-12-01-0000December 1961
000000001967-02-01-0000February 1967

K. R. Damle
000000001967-04-01-0000April 1967
000000001971-03-01-0000March 1971

R.C.S. Sarkar
000000001971-05-01-0000May 1971
000000001973-02-01-0000February 1973
Academician, West Bengal Civil Services Officer

A. R. Kidwai
000000001973-02-01-0000February 1973
000000001979-02-01-0000February 1979

M. L. Shahare
000000001979-02-01-0000February 1979
000000001985-02-01-0000February 1985

H. K. L. Capoor
000000001985-02-01-0000February 1985
000000001990-03-01-0000March 1990

J. P. Gupta
000000001990-03-01-0000March 1990
000000001992-06-01-0000June 1992

R. M. Bathew (Kharbuli)
000000001992-09-01-0000September 1992
000000001996-08-01-0000August 1996

S. J. S. Chhatwal
000000001996-08-01-0000August 1996
000000001996-09-01-0000September 1996

J. M. Qureshi
000000001996-09-01-0000September 1996
000000001998-12-01-0000December 1998

Lt. Gen. Surinder Nath
000000001998-12-01-0000December 1998
000000002002-06-01-0000June 2002

P. C. Hota
000000002002-06-01-0000June 2002
000000002003-09-01-0000September 2003

Mata Prasad
000000002003-09-01-0000September 2003
000000002005-01-01-0000January 2005
Indian Administrative Service of 1962 Batch

S. R. Hashim
000000002005-01-01-0000January 2005
000000002006-04-01-0000April 2006

D. P. Agrawal
000000002008-08-01-0000August 2008
000000002014-08-01-0000August 2014
Academician

Rajni Razdan
000000002014-08-01-0000August 2014[26]
000000002014-11-01-0000November 2014
Indian Administrative Service Officer of 1973 Batch

Deepak Gupta
000000002014-11-01-0000November 2014
000000002016-09-01-0000September 2016

Alka Sirohi
000000002016-09-21-0000September 21, 2016
000000002017-01-03-0000January 3, 2017

David R. Syiemlieh
000000002017-01-04-0000January 4, 2017
- today -
Academician

text: Functions[edit]

text: As mentioned in Article 320 of the Constitution of India, the Commission shall be consulted on all matters relating to recruitment to civil services and posts in India. The Commission carries out its functions through the Secretariat, further divided in divisions. Details and work of each division is mentions above in the 'Secretariat' section of this article. In a nutshell, the Commission perform following tasks:[27]

text:
Conduct examinations for appointment to the services of the Union.
Recruitment (Direct) by selection through interviews.
Appointment of Department officers on promotion, deputation and through absorption.
Framing and amendment of Recruitment Rules for various services and posts under the Government.
Disciplinary cases relating to different Civil Services.
On any matter referred to the UPSC, they can directly Advice the Government by the President of India.

text: Recruitment[edit]

text: UPSC is India's central recruiting agency. It is mandated by the Constitution of India for recruitment to Central and All India Services of the Republic of India. It carries out this task through 4 modes:[9]

text:
Direct Recruitment
Promotion
Deputation/absorption
Composite Method (Deputation + Promotion)

tag: ol

text: Direct recruitment[edit]

text: Conducted broadly by following two methods-[21][9]

text:
Competitive Examination
Selection

text: Candidates can apply for these exams and interviews through a separate portal which is the only means(offline) for applying to these posts.

text: Competitive examinations[edit]

text: The Commission conducts examinations on biannual/annual/biennial basis throughout India for appointment to various Civil/Defence services/posts. The notifications for these examinations are published in the Gazette of India and Employment News/Rozgar Samachar. A shorter version of notification is also published in major Indian newspapers including regional language newspapers. Copies of the notifications are also sent to all Employment Exchanges and Universities, etc

text: UPSC conducts following examinations:[28][29]

text:
Civil Services Examination (CSE)
Engineering Services Examination (ESE)
Combined Medical Services Examination (CMSE)
Combined Defence Services Examination (CDSE)
National Defence Academy Examination (NDA)
Naval Academy Examination
Special Class Railway Apprentice (SCRA)
Indian Forest Service Examination
Indian Economic Service Examination
Indian Statistical Service Examination
Combined Geo-scientist and Geologist Examination
Central Armed Police Forces (Assistant Commandant) Examination (CAPF)
Section Officers/Stenographers (Grade-B/Grade-I) Departmental Competitive Examination

text: The examinations conducted for Civil Services have a success rate of 0.1%–0.3%.

text: Selection[edit]

text: The Commission has the responsibility of direct recruitment at various levels by the method of "selection" to Group "A" Posts and selected Group "B" Posts in the Central Government.

text: Vacancies are advertised in Employment News, and other major newspapers of India. Applicants are then short-listed through computerized 'Preliminary Scrutiny' software via a rational criteria. Higher qualifications and experience than that is prescribed in the notification may be the criteria. The short-listed candidates are then called for an interview. In case of a large number of candidates apply for a post or if it is not quite possible to short-list candidates on the basis of qualifications and/or experience, a 'Recruitment Test' may be conducted to shortlist the candidates.

text: These candidates are subjected to 'Interview Boards' which are presided over by Members of the Commission, assisted by eminent experts drawn from fields for which recruitment is being done.

text: Finally, the Commission approves the Interview-Board's Report and recommendation is sent to the concerned Ministry/Department that had sought candidates for the concerned post(s).[9][21]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: The Chairman or a Member of the Commission presides over the Departmental Promotion Committee Meetings for carrying out following promotions:

text:
From Group "B" to Group "A"
From one grade to another within Group "A", where promotion is to be made by Selection.

text: The Commission also performs promotions from State Civil/Police/Forest Services to All India Services through a "Selection Committee" presided over by the Chairman or a Member of the Commission in terms of the respective "IAS/IPS/IFS/Promotion Regulations" and selection of Non-State Civil Service Officers for appointment to the IAS under "IAS(Appointment by Selection) Regulations, 1997".[9][17]

text: Deputation/absorption[edit]

text: The Recruitment Rules for a number of posts provide for appointment by Deputation (including short term contract) and Absorption. If the post under consideration consists of Central and State Government officers, prior consultation with the Commission is required for selection of the officer. If the post under consideration consists of not only Central/State Government officers, but also include officers from non-Government Institutions, the selection shall be made in consultation with the Union Public Service Commission only.[9][18]

text: Museum[edit]

text: In November 2016, UPSC opened a museum for showcasing its possession of archival material including original pamphlets, documents, reports and various other records.[30][31] The 1st section displays various artifacts related to early administration in ancient and medieval India, and phases of growth of administration in modern India. It also provides information regarding civil services in China, USA, France, Japan and Bhutan. The 2nd section displays artifacts related to UPSC itself and the various examinations it had conducted. The 3rd section displays various reports of various committees appointed for suggesting improvements to quality of UPSC and Civil Services in India.[30][32]

text: The museum is located in the premises of UPSC Dholpur House and is open 10 am - 2 pm (Monday to Saturday). Entry is free and photography is allowed inside it.[32][31]

text: Limitations[edit]

text: Although the commission is granted its charter by Constitution itself, its scope is limited in following matters:[33]

text:
It cannot be consulted while making reservations of appointments to services or posts in favour of backward classes(SC-ST and others).
It shall not be consulted for selection for chairmanships or memberships of commissions or tribunals, and posts of highest diplomatic nature.
Almost all of group C and group D central services are fulfilled by the Staff Selection Commission, and not UPSC.
It is not consulted in the case of temporary selection or officiating appointment to a post if the person appointed is not likely to hold the post for more than one year.

text: As per Art 320, the president can also regulate or limit jurisdiction of UPSC w.r.t. any post, service or other matter relating to Central and All India Services. But all such regulations by the president shall be presented before Parliament within 14 days, and the parliament may amend or repeal them.[33]

text: The Supreme Court has too held that if the government fails to consult UPSC in the matters ascribed under Art 320, does not invalidate the decision of the government. Thus rendering this provision of constitution as only advisory and not binding.[34] Nonetheless, the government still remains answerable to parliament for deviating from the advice of the commission; thereby checking indiscriminate use of this provision by the government.[33][34]

text: With the formation of Department of Personnel and Training, UPSC is no longer concerned with the classification of services, pay and service conditions, cadre management, training etc, limiting its role to that of a recruiting agency. The formation of Central Vigilance Commission in 1964 also affected role of UPSC in disciplinary matters.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Transparency and public oversight[edit]

text: UPSC, along with other State Public Service Commissions,[35] has came under public criticism for lack of transparency and accountability in its recruitment procedures. UPSC never discloses answer sheets and marking scheme for the examinations and interviews conducted by it.[36]

text: Gender issue in application form[edit]

text: While the notification of UPSC claims "Government strives to have a workforce which reflects gender balance and women candidates are encouraged to apply",[37] the application form available online doesn't have the option for "others" under the category of sex. This was highlighted through an RTI appeal filed by a Madurai-based 23-year-transgender, Swapna.[38]

text: Transgender Swapna and the gender activist Gopi Shankar from Srishti Madurai[39] staged the protest in Madurai collectorate on 7 October 2013 demanding reservation and to permit alternate genders to appear for examinations conducted by TNPSC, UPSC, SSC and Bank Exams. Later, Swapna successfully moved the Madras High Court in 2013 seeking permission to write the TNPSC Group II exam as a woman candidate.[40]


document_title: Doreen (name)

question_text: what's the meaning of the name doreen

question_tokens: what 's the meaning of the name doreen

text: Doreen (name)

text: Doreen is a woman's name, usually found in English-speaking countries. It is a combination of Dora with the suffix -een, therefore it can be said to mean "gift" from Greek doron.[1] The -een suffix could also be related to the -ín suffix used in Irish, added to first names to distinguish a child with the same first name as her or his parent.


document_title: The Shawshank Redemption (soundtrack)

question_text: who sings the marriage of figaro in shawshank redemption

text: The Shawshank Redemption (soundtrack)

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
May (0:33)
Shawshank Prison (Stoic Theme) (1:53)
New Fish (1:50)
Rock Hammer (1:51)
An Inch of His Life (2:48)
"If I Didn't Care" by The Ink Spots (3:03)
Brooks was Here (5:06)
His Judgement Cometh (2:00)
Suds on the Roof (1:36)
Workfield (1:10)
Shawshank Redemption (4:26)
"Lovesick Blues" by Hank Williams (2:42)
Elmo Blatch (1:08)
Sisters (1:18)
Zihuatanejo (4:43)
"The Marriage of Figaro: Duettino - Sull'aria" performed by Edith Mathis, Gundula Janowitz, Orchestra of the Deutsche Oper Berlin, Karl Böhm (dir.) (3:32)
Lovely Raquel (1:55)
And That Right Soon (1:08)
Compass and Guns (3:53)
So was Red (2:44)
End Title (4:05)

text: Credits[edit]

text:
Artwork – Castle Rock Entertainment
Music By – Thomas Newman
Photography By – Castle Rock Entertainment
Producer – Bill Bernstein, Thomas Newman

text: Recognition[edit]

text: The album was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score and a Grammy Award: "Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television" but lost both to The Lion King.


document_title: List of islands of the British Isles

question_text: which is bigger isle of wight or isle of man

text: List of islands of the British Isles

text: This list has no precise inclusion criteria as described in the Manual of Style for standalone lists. Please improve this article by adding inclusion criteria. (Discuss) (June 2018)

text: This page is a list of the larger[vague] islands that form the British Isles, listing area and population data. The total area of the islands is 314,965 km².[1] Great Britain accounts for the larger part of this area at 66%,[2] with Ireland accounting for 26%,[3] leaving the remaining 8%—an area of 23,996 km²—comprising thousands of smaller islands. The largest of the other islands are to be found in the Hebrides and Northern Isles to the north, and Anglesey and the Isle of Man between Great Britain and Ireland. Not included are the Channel Islands which are positioned off the coast of France.

text: There are 187 permanently inhabited islands in total:

text:
Isle of Man: 2
Republic of Ireland: 62 and part of Ireland
United Kingdom: 123 and part of Ireland

England: 19 and part of Great Britain
Northern Ireland: 1 and part of Ireland
Scotland: 97 and part of Great Britain (as of the 2001 census, 4 had only a sole permanent occupant, and further 20 had a permanent population of fewer than 10)
Wales: 6 and part of Great Britain

text: The Isle of Man is a Crown dependency.

text:
Name
Area
(km²)
Area
rank
Population[4]
Population
rank
Location
Country

Great Britain
209,331[2]
01
60,800,000[5]
01
N/A
England, Scotland and Wales, United Kingdom

Ireland
81,638[3]
02
6,378,000[6]
02
N/A
Republic of Ireland
Northern Ireland, United Kingdom

Lewis and Harris[7]
2,179
03
19,918
11
Outer Hebrides
Scotland, United Kingdom

Skye[7]
1,656
04
9,232
17
Inner Hebrides
Scotland, United Kingdom

Shetland Mainland[7]
969
05
17,550
12
Shetland Islands
Scotland, United Kingdom

Mull[7]
875
06
2,667
22
Inner Hebrides
Scotland, United Kingdom

Anglesey (including Holy Island)
714
07
69,000
07
Irish Sea
Wales, United Kingdom

Islay[7]
620
08
3,457
21
Inner Hebrides
Scotland, United Kingdom

Isle of Man[8]
572
09
80,056
06
Irish Sea
Isle of Man

Orkney Mainland[7]
523
10
15,315
14
Orkney Islands
Scotland, United Kingdom

Arran[7]
432
11
5,045
20
Firth of Clyde
Scotland, United Kingdom

Isle of Wight[9]
381
12
132,731
04
English Channel
England, United Kingdom

Jura
367
13
188
50
Inner Hebrides
Scotland, United Kingdom

South Uist[7]
320
14
1,818
25
Outer Hebrides
Scotland, United Kingdom

North Uist[7]
303
15
1,271
28
Outer Hebrides
Scotland, United Kingdom

Yell
212
16
957
34
Shetland Islands
Scotland, United Kingdom

Achill Island[10]
147
17
2,620
23
County Mayo
Republic of Ireland

Hoy
143
18
272
45
Orkney Islands
Scotland, United Kingdom

Bute[7]
122
19
7,228
18
Firth of Clyde
Scotland, United Kingdom

Unst
121
20
720
37
Shetland Islands
Scotland, United Kingdom

Rùm
105
21
22
—
Small Isles
Scotland, United Kingdom

Isle of Sheppey[11]
94
22
37,852
09
Kent
England, United Kingdom

Benbecula[7]
82
23
1,219
29
Outer Hebrides
Scotland, United Kingdom

Tiree
78
24
770
36
Inner Hebrides
Scotland, United Kingdom

Coll
77
25
164
—
Inner Hebrides
Scotland, United Kingdom

Raasay
64
26
192
49
Inner Hebrides
Scotland, United Kingdom

Barra[7]
59
27
1,078
31
Outer Hebrides
Scotland, United Kingdom

Sanday
50
28
478
40
Orkney Islands
Scotland, United Kingdom

South Ronaldsay
50
28
458
41
Orkney Islands
Scotland, United Kingdom

Rousay
49
30
212
47
Orkney Islands
Scotland, United Kingdom

Westray
47
31
563
39
Orkney Islands
Scotland, United Kingdom

Fetlar
41
32
86
—
Shetland Islands
Scotland, United Kingdom

Colonsay
41
32
108
—
Inner Hebrides
Scotland, United Kingdom

Holy Island, Anglesey
39
34
13,579
15
Anglesey
Wales, United Kingdom

Stronsay
33
35
343
43
Orkney Islands
Scotland, United Kingdom

Inishmore
31
36
824
35
Aran Islands
Republic of Ireland

Eigg
30
37
67
—
Small Isles
Scotland, United Kingdom

Shapinsay
30
37
300
44
Orkney Islands
Scotland, United Kingdom

Bressay
28
39
384
42
Shetland Islands
Scotland, United Kingdom

Eday
27
40
121
—
Orkney Islands
Scotland, United Kingdom

Hayling Island[12]
27
40
16,887
13
Hampshire
England, United Kingdom

Foulness Island
26
42
212
47
Essex
England, United Kingdom

Scalpay
25
43
10
—
Inner Hebrides
Scotland, United Kingdom

Gorumna[10]
24
44
1,010
33
County Galway
Republic of Ireland

Portsea Island
24
44
147,088
03
Hampshire
England, United Kingdom

Lismore
24
44
146
—
Inner Hebrides
Scotland, United Kingdom

Great Bernera
21
47
233
46
Outer Hebrides
Scotland, United Kingdom

Ulva
20
48
16
—
Inner Hebrides
Scotland, United Kingdom

Whalsay[7]
20
48
1,034
32
Shetland Islands
Scotland, United Kingdom

Canvey Island[13]
19
50
37,479
10
Essex
England, United Kingdom

Mersea Island[14]
18
51
7,182
19
Essex
England, United Kingdom

Muckle Roe
18
51
104
—
Shetland Islands
Scotland, United Kingdom

Walney Island[15]
13
53
11,388
16
Furness
England, United Kingdom

Great Cumbrae[7]
12
54
1,434
27
Firth of Clyde
Scotland, United Kingdom

St Mary's[16]
6
55
1,666
26
Isles of Scilly
England, United Kingdom

Lundy
4
56
28
—
Devon
England, United Kingdom

Tresco
3
57
180
51
Isles of Scilly
England, United Kingdom

Calf of Man
3
57
2
—
Irish Sea
Isle of Man

Thorney Island[17]
2
59
1,079
30
West Sussex
England, United Kingdom

Bardsey Island[18]
2
59
4
—
Gwynedd
Wales, United Kingdom

St Martin's
2
59
142
—
Isles of Scilly
England, United Kingdom

St Agnes
1
62
73
—
Isles of Scilly
England, United Kingdom

Bryher
1
62
92
—
Isles of Scilly
England, United Kingdom


document_title: Los Angeles Olympics

question_text: when was the last time la hosted the olympics

text: Los Angeles Olympics

text: Los Angeles Olympics may refer to three different Olympic Games held in Los Angeles:

text:
1932 Summer Olympics, games of the X Olympiad
1984 Summer Olympics, games of the XXIII Olympiad
2028 Summer Olympics, games of the XXXIV Olympiad

text:
Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Los Angeles Olympics.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Disambiguation pages

text: Disambiguation pages with short descriptionAll article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pagesMonitored short pages


document_title: Lay's

question_text: when were sour cream and onion chips invented

text: Lay's

text: History[edit]

text: In 1932, salesman Herman Lay opened a snack food operation in Dorset, Ohio; and, in 1938, he purchased the Atlanta, Georgia, potato chip manufacturer "Barrett Food Company", renaming it "H.W. Lay Lingo & Company." Lay criss-crossed the southern United States, selling the product from the trunk of his car.

text: The business shortened its name to "the Lay's Lay Lingo Company" in 1944 and became the first snack food manufacturer to purchase television commercials, with Bert Lahr as a celebrity spokesman.[3]

text: In 1961, the Frito Company founded by Derrick Lothert and Lay's merged to form Frito-Lay Inc., a snack food giant with combined sales of over $127 million annually, the largest of any manufacturer. Shortly thereafter, Lays introduced its best-known slogan "betcha can't eat just one." Sales of the chips became international, with marketing assisted by a number of celebrity endorsers.

text: In 1965, Frito-Lay merged with the Pepsi-Cola Company to form PepsiCo, Inc. A new formulation of chip was introduced in 1991 that was crisper and kept fresher longer. Shortly thereafter, the company introduced the "Wavy Lays" products to grocery shelves. In the mid to late 1990s, Lay's introduced a lower calorie baked version and a variety that was completely fat-free (Lay's WOW chips containing the fat substitute olestra).

text: In the 2000s, kettle-cooked brands appeared as did a processed version called Lay's Stax that was intended to compete with Pringles, and the company began introducing a variety of additional flavor variations.

text: Frito-Lay products currently control 59% of the United States savory snack-food market.[4]

text: International[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
In Argentina, Lays was commercialized before 2001 with the name Frenchitas and Chizitos for the Cheetos.
In Australia, PepsiCo acquired The Smith's Snackfood Company in 1998 and marketed Frito-Lay products under that label, using the name Thins. After Thin's was sold to Snack Brands Australia (Owned by Arnotts), Smith's produced a line of potato chips under the Lay's brand for a brief period of time. The Lay's line was eventually rebranded in 2004 as Smith's Crisps, while the traditional Smith's line was renamed Smith's Crinkles. This is still sold in Australia as a direct competitor to Smith's Crisps.
In the Benelux Lay's are sold in three varieties: Lay's, Lay's Light and Lay's Sensations (Thai Sweet Chili/Red Paprika/Oven Roasted Chicken and Thyme). Lay's Super Chips (Heinz Ketchup/Mexican Pepper/Perfect Pickles/Salt 'n' Pepper (all through Delhaize) and Lay's Baked Chips (Mediterranean Herbs/through Delhaize). As with Doritos, Lay's are manufactured, distributed and imported in The Netherlands by Frito Lay's Benelux division, Smith's Food Group. Lay's used to be called Smiths in the Netherlands until the name was changed in 2001.
In Brazil, products used to be distributed under the Elma Chips label. In 2016, though, they were all rebranded to simply state Lay's.[citation needed]
In Colombia, the chips are sold under the name Margarita. They are still commercialized under the label Lay's, however.
In Egypt, Lay's was once sold under its own label until it was merged with the local label Chipsy (شيبسى), which has since become the local unit of Lay's under much the same arrangement as Walkers.
In India, cricketer Mahendra Singh Dhoni and Bollywood actors Saif Ali Khan and Ranbir Kapoor endorse Lay's.
In Indonesia, Lay's products are distributed by Indofood.[5]
In Iran, Lay's products are distributed as Sensation by MazMaz.
In Israel, the Lay's label is distributed with the name Tapuchips (תפוצ'יפס) by Strauss-Elite.
In Italy, Lay's are distributed in by Ferrero SpA since 2014.
In Mexico, PepsiCo acquired Sabritas S. de R.L. in 1966. Lay's along with other products such as Cheetos, Fritos, Doritos and Ruffles are marketed under the Sabritas brand. The logo for the Mexican company sports the red ribbon, but it has a stylized smiling face instead of the sun. It controls around 80% of the market there.
In Pakistan, the Lay's brand is endorsed by renowned pop star Ali Zafar.
In Romania, Lay's is the best sold and the most bought chips brand in that country, being followed by Chio Chips. Lay's bought its own terrain to grow potatoes for chips on in early 2008's, making chips out of their own potatoes.
In South Africa, Lay's are distributed by the Simba Chip company since 1998.[6]
In United Arab Emirates, Lay's and Walkers are sold as different labels.
In the UK, Lay's is known as Walkers. Walkers flavors include Cheese & Onion, Ready Salted, Salt & Vinegar. Walkers also makes Sensations-branded crisps in the UK. The logo used by Lay's and Walkers is noticeably similar, featuring a red ribbon around a yellow sun; it derives from the Walkers logo used in 1990. The other Frito-Lay brands are also distributed through the Walkers label.
In Vietnam, Lay's products are distributed as Poca.

text: Flavors[edit]

text: North America[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: Lay's Barbecue-flavored potato chips, which appeared in 1958, was the only flavor available in the United States other than the conventional salted chip until the introduction of Sour Cream & Onion in the late 1970s.

text: In the United States, Lay's offers a number of flavor combinations, in addition to the classic chips. Flavored products in the traditional fried varieties include Sour Cream & Onion, Barbecue, Chipotle Ranch, Cheddar & Sour Cream, Hidden Valley Ranch, Salt & Pepper, Flamin' Hot, Limón, and a thicker "Deli style" chip. The WOW! brand was rebranded in 2004 as Lay's Light after the olestra formula was altered and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration allowed removal of warnings about various health consequences of the fat substitute. Other potato chip flavors offered by Lay's are Garden Tomato and Basil, Honey Barbecue, Sweet Southern Heat Barbecue, Tapatio Limon, Simply Sea Salt Thick Cut, and Dill Pickle Brand.

text: "Do Us A Flavor" contests[edit]

text: Lay's has occasionally solicited new flavor ideas through its "Do Us a Flavor" promotions.

text: The 2013 contest produced three new flavors: sriracha, chicken and waffles, and cheesy garlic bread. Cheesy garlic bread was chosen as the winner and was added to the lineup, however the other flavors remain on sale in some regions.

text: Another round of 'Do Us a Flavor' was launched in 2014. The flavors included Cheddar Bacon Mac & Cheese, Kettle Cooked Wasabi Ginger, Wavy Mango Salsa, and Cappuccino. Kettle Cooked Wasabi Ginger was chosen as the winner.

text: The 2015 finalists include Kettle Cooked Greektown Gyro, New York Reuben, Southern Biscuits & Gravy, and Wavy West Coast Truffle Fries. Southern Biscuits & Gravy was crowned the winner.

text: The 2016 'Do Us a Flavor' was rebranded 'Passport to Flavor' for the 2016 Summer Olympics. The four finalists were Chinese Szechuan Chicken, Greek Tzatziki, Brazilian Picanha, and Indian Tikka Masala.

text: The 2017 contest produced three flavors: Crispy Taco, Bacon Wrapped Jalapeno Popper, Everything Bagel with Cream Cheese, and Fried Green Tomato.

text: Canada[edit]

text: The following Lay's flavors are available nationally in Canada: Classic, Lightly Salted, Wavy Original, Dill Pickle, BBQ, Ketchup, Salt & Vinegar, Smoky Bacon, Sea Salt & Pepper, and Cheddar & Sour Cream. There are also a number of regional flavors, including Fries & Gravy and Roast Chicken (available in Atlantic Canada), Sour Cream & Onion (available in Ontario, Atlantic Canada, and Western Canada) and Wavy Smoky BBQ and Wavy Old Fashioned Ketchup (available in Western Canada). Other varieties available nationally include Baked Lay's, Lay's Kettle Cooked and Lay's Stax.

text: In 2015, Lay's made Canadian flavor "All Dressed" available in the United States.[7] The flavor combines the potato chip flavors of barbecue, sour cream and onion, ketchup, and salt and vinegar.[8]

text: Do Us a Flavour contests[edit]

text: In 2013, Lay's ran a 'Do Us a Flavour' contest in Canada, with four flavors chosen as finalists: Creamy Garlic Caesar, Perogy Platter, Grilled Cheese & Ketchup, and Maple Moose. Maple Moose was chosen as the winner, but discontinued in February 2014 due to low sales.[9]

text: In 2014, Lay's ran a second 'Do Us a Flavour' contest in Canada, with a new batch of finalists: Bacon Poutine, Cinnamon Bun, Jalapeño Mac n' Cheese, and Tzatziki.[10] Jalapeño Mac n' Cheese was chosen as the winner.[11]

text: In 2015, Lay's ran their third 'Do Us a Flavour' contest in Canada, with four new flavors chosen as finalists: Cowboy BBQ Beans, Butter Chicken, Montreal Smoked Meat, and PEI Scalloped Potatoes.[12] The winning flavor was PEI Scalloped Potatoes.

text: Mexico[edit]

text: The following Lay's (called Sabritas) are available nationally in Mexico: Original, Ruffles, Tostitos, Doritos, Cheetos, Pake-Taxo, Japoneses (peanuts), Cheetos Poffets, Rancheritos, Adobados, Frit-os, Churrumais, Caseras, Sabritones, Crujitos and Chicharrón Clásico.

text: Europe[edit]

text: Parts of this article (those related to UK Do Us a Flavour 2014) need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2015)

text: There are a number of unique products in the United Kingdom which are sold under the Walkers label, including, prawn cocktail, pickled onion, cheese & onion and Marmite. Walkers also ran a 'Do Us A Flavour' promotion wherein the public vote for the flavor they like the best. Flavors included in the 2010 promotion were: Spanish Chicken Paella, Japanese Teriyaki Chicken, German Bratwurst Sausage, Italian Spaghetti Bolognese, French Garlic Baguette, American Cheeseburger, Brazilian Salsa, Scottish Haggis, Irish Stew, English Roast Beef and Yorkshire Pudding, Dutch Edam Cheese, Australian BBQ Kangaroo, South African Sweet Chutney, Argentinian Flame Grilled Steak and Welsh Rarebit. The previous winner of this promotion was Builders Breakfast. 2014 competition flavor choices included Chip Shop Chicken Curry, Pulled Pork in sticky BBQ sauce, Sizzling Steak Fajita, Cheesy Beans on Toast, Hotdog with Tomato Ketchup and Ranch Raccoon. Pulled Pork in sticky BBQ sauce won, with the winning suggestion receiving a £1,000,000 prize.

text: In France, about eight varieties of potato chips are marketed in a number of flavors for a total of approximately thirty products. Lay’s flavors available in France include Barbecue, Cheeseburger, Bolognaise, Roasted Chicken, Cheese, Salt & Vinegar, Spicy, and Nature.

text: In Greece and Cyprus, Lay's are made and packed by Tasty Foods and Corina Snacks LTD, with Mediterranean flavors which include Feta cheese flavor, Tzatziki, Olive and Tomato, Oregano, Sea Salt & Black Pepper and various more. There are hundreds of sub-variations in the Mediterranean line adjusted to each country's liking.

text: In Germany, Lay's are sold in three varieties: Lay's, Lay's Light and Lay's Sensations (Thai Sweet Chili/Red Paprika/Oven Roasted Chicken and Thyme) and as Lay's Super Chips (Heinz Ketchup/Mexican Pepper/Perfect Pickles/Salt 'n' Pepper and Lay's Baked Chips). As with Doritos, Lay's are manufactured, distributed and imported in Germany by Frito Lay's Benelux division, Smith's Food Group.

text: In the Netherlands, the following flavors are marketed: Lay's (Naturel (Natural), Paprika (Bell Pepper), Cheese Onion, Bolognese Original, Barbecue Ham (Barbecue Bacon), Stokbroodje Kruidenboter Smaak (Baguette with garlic butter flavour), and Pickles) Lay's Super Chips (Naturel (Natural), Paprika (Bell Pepper), Patatje Joppie (French Fries with Joppiesaus), Heinz tomato ketchup, Salt'n Pepper, and Just Paprika (Bell Pepper)), Lay's Sensations (Red Sweet Paprika, Thai Sweet Chili, Mexican Peppers & Cream, Sweet & Spicy Tomato Chutney, and Japanese Teriyaki), Lay's Light (Natural, Paprika (Bell Pepper), and Balsamico), Lay's Oven (Naturel (Natural), Paprika (Bell Pepper), Crispy thins Emmental Cheese, Mediterranean Herbs, Barbecue, Crispy Thins Olive Oil & Herbs, Crunchy Biscuits Tomato & Spring Onion, Crunchy Biscuits Paprika & Mediterranean Herbs (Crunchy Biscuits Bell Pepper & Mediterranean Herbs), and Olive Oil & Herbs), Lay's Deep Ridged (Naturel (Natural), Sweet Chili, American BBQ, and Xtreme Cheese), Lay's Pops (Naturel (Natural), and Paprika (Bell Pepper)), Lay's Sticks (Naturel (Natural), and Paprika (Bell Pepper)), and Lay's Finest (Mixed Pepper & Sea Salt, and Finest Sea Salt). In addition, Lays started a new campaign in 2010 in the Netherlands, in which people can enter a competition to suggest new flavors, resulting in three new flavors being produced, and, after voting, with one of them becoming the winner (the three new flavors being 'Mango Red Chilli', 'Patatje Joppie' and 'Nr. 66 Babi Pangang'). 'Patatje Joppie' became the winner of the competition and is now being sold as limited edition. 'Patatje Joppie' mean French Fries with Joppiesaus. A new campaign added three flavours to the list, called Lay's raad de smaak A, B, and C (Guess the flavour). In Belgium, the same contest was held and their choices were 'Bicky Crisp' and 'Indian Curry Style'. Bicky is a sort of hamburger sauce with mayonnaise, onions and pickles. Bicky Crisp won. There is also a Cucumber and Goats flavour.[13] In the Netherlands Lays announced another contest to find a new flavor and replace 'Patatje Joppie'.

text: In Russia, both international and local flavors are available, including Bacon, Cheese, Onion, Paprika, as well as Crab, Mushroom & Sour Cream, Red Caviar (no longer sold), and Salted Cucumber. In addition to regular potato chips, Lay’s MAX and Lay’s Strong series are offered.

text: In Romania the Lay's flavors are Salt, Paprika, Cheese, Barbecue, Sour Cream & Dill; the Lay's Sensations flavors are: Thai Chili, Baked chicken with lemon and thyme; Lay's Max and Lay's Sticks flavors are: Paprika and Salt.

text: In Poland, the chips flavors are: Cheese, Green Onion, Chicken with Spices, Salted, Paprika, Hot Green Peppers, Fromage, Cucumber and Guacamole. There is also the Lays Apettite flavor of Cheese and Onion, Classic Salted, Ham and Cheese, Ketchup and Cheese. Lay's Strong: Chilli and Knuckle of Pork and Horseradish. 'Lay's Prosto z pieca' ('Lay's Straight from the Oven') flavors are: Natural Salted, Mediterranean Herbs, Tomato with Basil and Grilled Paprika and lastly the '4 Pory Roku' ('4 Season of the Year') which change flavor every Season. Lay's Appettite Stix: Ketchup, Garlic and Sour Cream Dip. Lay's with flavors: Winter Onion, Piquant Paprika, Creamy Forest Mushroom, Cheese, Salted, Grilled Bacon, Tomato, Onion, Fromage. Lay's Strong: Chilli & Lime, Wasabi, Piri Piri. Lay's Max: Paprika, Salted, Grilled Meat, Cheese & Onion. Oven Baked: Cheese & Onion, Natural. Lay's Stix: Ketchup.

text: Asia[edit]

text: India[edit]

text: One flavor sold primarily in India is called "India’s Magic Masala". This flavor is popular in the country. It is also sold in Indian deli stores in Canada and the United States. Indian Lay's chips are ridged, closely resembling another Frito-Lay brand in North America, Ruffles.

text: In India, Lay's is available in several flavors: "India's Magic Masala", "American Style Cream & Onion", "Spanish Tomato Tango", "Classic Salted". A baked variant of Lay's called "Lay's Baked" is available in the following flavors : "Original Salted", "Cream, Herb & Onion" and "Sunkissed Tomato". Lay's Maxx is available in two flavors: Sizzling Barbecue and Macho Chilli. In 2014, Lays was ranked 49th among India's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report 2014, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory, a brand analytics company.[14]

text: Other Asian nations[edit]

text: In Pakistan Lay’s is available in mainly as ‘Masala’, ‘Salted’ , 'French cheese' and ‘Yoghurt & Herb’ flavours.

text: In Thailand and the Philippines, their Flavors featured are Classic, Sour Cream & Onion, Cheese & Onion, Mexican Bar-B-Q, Japanese Nori Seaweed, Basil, Squid, Spicy Chili Squid, Seafood and Mayonnaise, and Spicy Seafood. Temporary international flavors have also been introduced, such as French Mayonnaise, Balsamic Vinegar and Salt (England), Garlic Soft Shelled Crab (Hong Kong), Soy Sauce, Salmon Teriyaki (Japan), Lobster, Bacon & Cheese (America). Other traditional "Thai" flavors include Tom Yum, Thai Chili Paste, Thai Seafood Dip, Chili and Lime.

text: Lay's China has four ranges of flavors: Cool & Refreshing (Cucumber, Kiwi, Blueberry, Cherry Tomato, and Lime), Classic Flavors (American Classic, Italian Red Meat, Mexican Tomato Chicken, Texas Grilled BBQ, and French Chicken), Intense & Stimulating (Numb & Spicy Hot Pot, and Hot & Sour Fish Soup), and Stax (Authentic Original, Green Cucumber, Tomato, Sizzled Barbecue, Finger Licking Braised Pork, Black Pepper Rib Eye Steak, Sea Salt And Cheese, Sea Salt And Chocolate, Garden Tomato, Green Tea, and Lime).[15]

text: Flavors in Vietnam include Original, Brazilian BBQ, Beijing Roasted Duck, Manhattan Steak, Nori, and Mornay Shrimp.

text: In Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei Darussalam, the flavors are Salmon Teriyaki, Classic Salty, Nori Seaweed, Pizza, Grilled Chicken Paprika, and Fiesta BBQ. It is produced by Indonesian-based PT Indofood Fritolay Makmur, a joint venture between PT Indofood CBP Sukses Makmur with Seven-Up Nederland B.V.[16]

text: Lay's, with its original brand, is also produced by the Saudi Snack Foods Company in Saudi Arabia, and is exported to the other GCC countries. It is available in several flavors, including Salt, Salt & Vinegar, Chilli, Chilli-Lemon, Ketchup, French cheese, and Pizza. Lay's Max is available in flavors: Chili, Cheese and Italian Blend. Lay's Forno, which has less fat by 60%, is available in two flavors: Authentic Cheese and Black Pepper.

text: Africa[edit]

text: Since its acquisition of Chipsy, Lay's chips (marketed as Chipsy) in Egypt inherited the Chipsy range of flavors as well as the pre-merger Lay's flavors. These flavors include salt and vinegar, cheese (most likely based on Roumy cheese and the most popular flavor), seasoned cheese, tomato (a ketchup-based flavor), kebab on charcoal, and chili & lime, and Peri peri flavor. In 2010, a shrimp flavor was added after a national contest.

text: Nutritional information[edit]

text: As with most snack foods, the Lay's brands contain very few vitamins and minerals in any variety. At ten percent of the daily requirement per serving, vitamin C is the highest. Salt content is particularly high, with a serving containing as much as 380 mg of sodium.

text: A one-ounce (28 gram) serving of Lay's regular potato chips has 160 Calories, and contains ten grams of fat, with one gram of saturated fat. Kettle-cooked brands have seven to eight grams of fat and one gram of saturated fat, and are 140 Calories. Lays Natural has nine grams of fat, two grams of saturated fat and 150 Calories. Stax chips typically contain ten grams of fat, 2.5 grams saturated fat and are 160 calories per serving. Wavy Lays are identical to the regular brand, except for a half-gram less of saturated fat in some combinations. The various brands do not contain any trans fats.

text: A 50 gram serving of Lay's BarBQ chips contains 270 calories, and 17 grams of fat. It also contains 270 mg of sodium, and 15% Vitamin C.

text: The baked variety, introduced in the mid 90s, feature 1.5 grams of fat per one ounce serving, and have no saturated fat. Each serving has 110 to 120 Calories. Lay's Light servings are 75 Calories per ounce and have no fat.

text: Lay's Classic Potato chips were cooked in hydrogenated oil until 2003.[17] Currently, the chips are made with sunflower, corn and/or canola oil.

text: Baked Lays are produced in cheddar, barbecue, sour cream and onion, and original flavors.


document_title: My Fair Lady (film)

question_text: who sings for audrey in my fair lady

question_tokens: who sings for audrey in my fair lady

text: My Fair Lady (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Edwardian London, Professor Henry Higgins (Rex Harrison), a scholar of phonetics, believes that the accent and tone of one's voice determines a person's prospects in society. In Covent Garden one evening, he boasts to a new acquaintance, Colonel Hugh Pickering (Wilfrid Hyde-White), himself an expert in phonetics, that he could teach any person to speak in a way that he could pass them off as a duke or duchess at an embassy ball. Higgins selects as an example a young flower seller, Eliza Doolittle (Audrey Hepburn), who has a strong Cockney accent. Eliza's ambition is to work in a flower shop, but her thick accent makes her unsuitable. Having come from India to meet Higgins, Pickering is invited to stay with the professor. The following morning, Eliza shows up at Higgins' home, seeking lessons. Pickering is intrigued and offers to cover all expenses if the experiment should be successful.

text: Eliza's father, Alfred P. Doolittle (Stanley Holloway), a dustman, shows up three days later, ostensibly to protect his daughter's virtue, but in reality simply to extract some money from Higgins, and is bought off with £5. Higgins is impressed by the man's honesty, his natural gift for language, and especially his brazen lack of morals. Higgins recommends Alfred to a wealthy American who is interested in morality. Eliza goes through many forms of speech training, such as speaking with marbles in her mouth, enduring Higgins' harsh approach to teaching and his treatment of her personally. She makes little progress, but just as she, Higgins, and Pickering are about to give up, Eliza finally "gets it"; she instantly begins to speak with an impeccable upper class accent.

text: As a test, Higgins takes her to Ascot Racecourse, where she makes a good impression initially, only to shock everyone by a sudden lapse into vulgar Cockney while cheering on a horse. Higgins, who dislikes the pretentiousness of the upper class, partly conceals a grin behind his hand. Eliza poses as a mysterious lady at an embassy ball and even dances with a foreign prince. At the ball is Zoltan Karpathy (Theodore Bikel), a Hungarian phonetics expert trained by Higgins. After a brief conversation with Eliza, he certifies that she is not only Hungarian, but of royal blood, declaring her to be a Princess.

text: After all the effort she has put in, however, Eliza's actions aren't even acknowledged; all the praise going to Higgins. This, and his callous treatment towards her afterwards, especially his indifference to her future, causes her to throw Higgins' slippers at him, and to walk out on him, leaving him mystified by her ingratitude. Accompanied by Freddy Eynsford-Hill (Jeremy Brett), a young man she met at Ascot and who is charmed by her, Eliza returns to her old life, but finds that she no longer fits in. She meets her father, who has been left a large fortune by the wealthy American to whom Higgins had recommended him, and is resigned to marrying Eliza's stepmother. Alfred feels that Higgins has ruined him, since he is now bound by morals and responsibility. Eventually, Eliza ends up visiting Higgins' mother (Gladys Cooper), who is enraged at her son's behaviour.

text: The next day, Higgins finds Eliza gone and searches for her, eventually finding her at his mother's house. Higgins attempts to talk Eliza into coming back to him. He becomes angered when Eliza announces that she is going to marry Freddy and become Karpathy's assistant. He makes his way home, stubbornly predicting that she will come crawling back. However, he comes to the realization that he has "grown accustomed to her face." Henry returns to his study to lament his loneliness. As he listens to Eliza's recorded voice, she reappears in the doorway behind him, turning off the recording and saying in her old Cockney accent, "I washed my hands and face before I come I did." Higgins looks surprised then pleased before asking for his slippers once more as Eliza smiles on behind him, leaving the audience to decide what happens next.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Audrey Hepburn as Eliza Doolittle

Marni Nixon as Eliza's singing voice (uncredited)

Rex Harrison as Professor Henry Higgins
Stanley Holloway as Alfred P. Doolittle
Wilfrid Hyde-White as Colonel Hugh Pickering
Gladys Cooper as Mrs. Higgins
Jeremy Brett as Freddy Eynsford-Hill

Bill Shirley as Freddy's singing voice (uncredited)

Theodore Bikel as Zoltan Karpathy
Mona Washbourne as Mrs. Pearce, Higgins' housekeeper
Isobel Elsom as Mrs. Eynsford-Hill
John Holland as the Butler

text: Uncredited Cast

text:
Henry Daniell as the British Ambassador
Baroness Rothschild as the Queen of Transylvania
Buddy Bryant as Prince Gregor of Transylvania
Charles Fredericks as the King in Eliza's fantasy
Lillian Kemble-Cooper as female Ambassador (in yellow dress) at Ball
Queenie Leonard as Cockney bystander
Moyna MacGill as Lady Boxington
Alan Napier as gentleman escorting Eliza to the Queen
Betty Blythe as Lady at Ball
Marjorie Bennett as Cockney with pipe

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"Overture" – played by orchestra.
"Why Can't the English Learn to Speak?" – performed by Rex Harrison, Wilfrid Hyde-White and Audrey Hepburn.
"Wouldn't It Be Loverly?" – performed by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and chorus.
"An Ordinary Man" – performed by Rex Harrison.
"With a Little Bit of Luck" – performed by Stanley Holloway, John Alderson, John McLiam, and chorus.
"Just You Wait" – sung by Audrey Hepburn (partially dubbed by Marni Nixon) and Charles Fredericks.
"Servants Chorus" – sung by Mona Washbourne and chorus.
"The Rain in Spain" – performed by Rex Harrison, Wilfrid Hyde-White, and Audrey Hepburn (partially dubbed by Marni Nixon).
"I Could Have Danced All Night" – performed by Audrey Hepburn (mostly dubbed by Marni Nixon), Mona Washbourne and chorus.
"Ascot Gavotte" – sung by chorus.
"Ascot Gavotte (Reprise)" – sung by chorus.
"On the Street Where You Live" – sung by Jeremy Brett (dubbed by Bill Shirley).
"Intermission" – played by orchestra.
"Transylvanian March" – played by orchestra.
"Embassy Waltz" – played by orchestra.
"You Did It" – performed by Rex Harrison, Wilfrid Hyde-White, and chorus.
"Just You Wait (Reprise)" – sung by Audrey Hepburn.
"On the Street Where You Live" (reprise) – sung by Jeremy Brett (dubbed by Bill Shirley).
"Show Me" – sung by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and Jeremy Brett (dubbed by Bill Shirley).
"Wouldn't It Be Loverly" (reprise) – sung by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and chorus.
"Get Me to the Church on Time" – performed by Stanley Holloway, John Alderson, John McLiam, and chorus.
"A Hymn to Him (Why Can't A Woman Be More Like a Man?)" – performed by Rex Harrison and Wilfrid Hyde-White.
"Without You" – sung by Audrey Hepburn (dubbed by Marni Nixon) and Rex Harrison.
"I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face" – performed by Rex Harrison.
"Finale" – played by orchestra.

text: Production[edit]

text: The head of CBS, William S. Paley, put up the money for the original Broadway production in exchange for the rights to the cast album (through Columbia Records). When Warner bought the film rights in February 1962 for the then-unprecedented sum of $5 million, it was agreed that the rights to the film would revert to CBS seven years following release.[4]

text: Order of musical numbers[edit]

text: The order of the songs in the show was followed faithfully, except for "With a Little Bit of Luck". The song is listed as being the third musical number in the play; in the film it is the fourth. Onstage, the song is split into two parts sung in two different scenes. Part of the song is sung by Doolittle and his cronies just after Eliza gives him part of her earnings, immediately before she makes the decision to go to Higgins's house to ask for speech lessons. The second half of the song is sung by Doolittle just after he discovers that Eliza is now living with Higgins. In the film, the entire song is sung in one scene that takes place just after Higgins has sung "I'm an Ordinary Man". However, the song does have a dialogue scene (Doolittle's conversation with Eliza's landlady) between verses.

text: The instrumental "Busker Sequence", which opens the play immediately after the Overture, is the only musical number from the play omitted in the film version. However, there are several measures from this piece that can be heard as we see Eliza in the rain, making her way through the cars and carriages in Covent Garden.

text: All of the songs in the film were performed near complete; however, there were some verse omissions, as there sometimes are in film versions of Broadway musicals. For example, in the song "With a Little Bit of Luck", the verse "He does not have a Tuppence in his pocket", which was sung with a chorus, was omitted, due to space and its length. The original verse in "Show Me" was used instead.

text: The stanzas of "You Did It" that came after Higgins says "she is a Princess" were originally written for the Broadway version, but Harrison hated the lyrics for whatever reason, and refused to perform the song unless and until those lyrics were omitted, which they were in most Broadway versions. However, Cukor insisted that the omitted lyrics be restored for the film version or he would not direct at all, causing Harrison to oblige. The omitted lyrics end with the words "Hungarian Rhapsody" followed by the servants shouting "Bravo" three times, to the strains of Liszt's "Hungarian Rhapsody" before the servants sing "Congratulations, Professor Higgins".[5]

text: Dubbing[edit]

text: Hepburn's singing was judged inadequate, and she was dubbed by Marni Nixon,[6] who sang all songs except "Just You Wait", where Hepburn's voice was left undubbed during the harsh-toned chorus of the song and Nixon sang the melodic bridge section. Some of Hepburn's original vocal performances for the film were released in the 1990s, affording audiences an opportunity to judge whether the dubbing was necessary. Less well known is the dubbing of Jeremy Brett's songs (as Freddy) by Bill Shirley.[7]

text: Harrison declined to pre-record his musical numbers for the film, explaining that he had never talked his way through the songs the same way twice and thus could not convincingly lip-sync to a playback during filming (as musical stars had, according to Jack L. Warner, been doing for years. "We even dubbed Rin-Tin-Tin"[8]). George Groves decided to use a wireless microphone, the first such use during filming of a motion picture.[9] The sound department earned an Academy Award for its efforts.

text: Intermission[edit]

text: One of the few differences in structure between the stage version and the film is the placement of the intermission. In the stage play, the intermission comes after the embassy ball where Eliza dances with Karpathy. In the film, the intermission comes before the ball, as Eliza, Higgins, and Pickering are seen departing for the embassy.

text: Art direction[edit]

text: Gene Allen, Cecil Beaton, and George James Hopkins won an Academy Award for Best Production Design for art direction of the film. Beaton's inspiration for the library in Higgins' home, where much of the action takes place, was a room at the Château de Groussay, Montfort-l'Amaury, in France, which had been decorated opulently by its owner Carlos de Beistegui.[citation needed] Hats were created by Parisian milliner Paulette[fr] at Beaton's request.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Original Columbia Records LP

All tracks played by the Warner Bros. Studio Orchestra conducted by André Previn. Between brackets the singers.

"Overture"
"Why Can't the English Learn to Speak?" (Rex Harrison, Audrey Hepburn, Wilfrid Hyde-White)
"Wouldn't It Be Loverly?" (Marni Nixon (for Hepburn))
"I'm an Ordinary Man" (Harrison)
"With a Little Bit of Luck" (Stanley Holloway)
"Just You Wait" (Hepburn, Nixon)
"The Rain in Spain" (Harrison, Hepburn, Nixon, Wilfrid Hyde-White)
"I Could Have Danced All Night" (Nixon)
"Ascot Gavotte"
"On the Street Where You Live" (Bill Shirley (for Jeremy Brett))
"You Did It" (Harrison, Hyde-White) (without the choir "Congratulations")
"Show Me" (Nixon, Shirley)
"Get Me to the Church on Time" (Holloway)
"A Hymn to Him (Why Can't a Woman Be More Like a Man?)" (Harrison, Hyde-White)
"Without You" (Nixon, Harrison)
"I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face" (Harrison)

Previously unreleased on LP, included on the CD

"The Flower Market"
"Servants' Chorus"
"Ascot Gavotte (Reprise)"
"Intermission"
"The Transylvanian March"
"The Embassy Waltz"
"You Did It" (Harrison, Hyde-White) (with the servant's final choir "Congratulations")
"Just You Wait (Reprise)" (Hepburn and/or Nixon (for Audrey Hepburn))
"On the Street Where You Live (Reprise)" (Shirley)
"The Flowermarket" (containing the reprise of "Wouldn't It Be Loverly?") (Nixon)
"End Titles"
"Exit Music"

text: Reception[edit]

text: With a production budget of $17 million, My Fair Lady was the most expensive film shot in the United States up to that time.[10] The film was re-released in 1971 and earned North American rentals of $2 million. It was re-released again in 1994 after a thorough restoration.[11]

text: My Fair Lady currently holds a 96% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 46 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The general consensus states: "George Cukor's elegant, colorful adaptation of the beloved stage play is elevated to new heights thanks to winning performances by Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison."[12] Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four, and, in 2006, he put it on his "Great Movies" list, praising Hepburn's performance, and calling the film "the best and most unlikely of musicals."[13]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Academy Awards: 1964[edit]

text: My Fair Lady won eight Oscars:[3][14]

text:
Academy Award for Best Picture – Jack L. Warner
Academy Award for Directing – George Cukor
Academy Award for Best Actor – Rex Harrison
Academy Award for Best Cinematography – Harry Stradling
Academy Award for Sound – George R. Groves, Warner Brothers Studio
Academy Award for Best Adaptation or Treatment Score – André Previn
Academy Award for Best Art Direction – Gene Allen, Cecil Beaton, and George James Hopkins
Academy Award for Costume Design – Cecil Beaton
Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay – Alan Jay Lerner - Nominated
Academy Award for Film Editing – William Ziegler - Nominated
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor – Stanley Holloway - Nominated
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress – Gladys Cooper - Nominated

text: Golden Globe Awards[edit]

text: My Fair Lady won three Golden Globes:

text:
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Golden Globe Award for Best Director – Motion Picture – George Cukor
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy – Rex Harrison

text: BAFTA Awards[edit]

text: My Fair Lady won the BAFTA Award for Best Film from any source

text: Restoration[edit]

text: The film was restored in 1994 by James C. Katz and Robert A. Harris, who had restored Spartacus three years earlier. The restoration was commissioned and financed by CBS, to which the film rights reverted from Warner Bros. in 1971.[15] CBS would later hire Harris to lend his expertise to a new 4K restoration of the film for a 2015 Blu-ray release, working from 8K scans of the original camera negative and other surviving 65mm elements.[16]

text: Planned remake[edit]

text: A new film of the musical was planned in 2008 with a screenplay by Emma Thompson but the project did not materialize. Keira Knightley, Carey Mulligan, and Colin Firth were among those in consideration for the lead roles.[17][18][19]