document_title: Chromosome

question_text: where are chromosomes found in a plant cell

text: Chromosome

text: History of discovery[edit]

text: The word chromosome (/ˈkroʊməˌsoʊm, -ˌzoʊm/[3][4]) comes from the Greek χρῶμα (chroma, "colour") and σῶμα (soma, "body"), describing their strong staining by particular dyes.[5]

text: Schleiden,[1] Virchow and Bütschli were among the first scientists who recognized the structures now familiar as chromosomes.[6] The term was coined by von Waldeyer-Hartz,[7] referring to the term chromatin, which was introduced by Walther Flemming.

text: In a series of experiments beginning in the mid-1880s, Theodor Boveri gave the definitive demonstration that chromosomes are the vectors of heredity. His two principles were the continuity of chromosomes and the individuality of chromosomes.[citation needed][further explanation needed] It is the second of these principles that was so original.[citation needed] Wilhelm Roux suggested that each chromosome carries a different genetic load. Boveri was able to test and confirm this hypothesis. Aided by the rediscovery at the start of the 1900s of Gregor Mendel's earlier work, Boveri was able to point out the connection between the rules of inheritance and the behaviour of the chromosomes. Boveri influenced two generations of American cytologists: Edmund Beecher Wilson, Nettie Stevens, Walter Sutton and Theophilus Painter were all influenced by Boveri (Wilson, Stevens, and Painter actually worked with him).[8]

text: In his famous textbook The Cell in Development and Heredity, Wilson linked together the independent work of Boveri and Sutton (both around 1902) by naming the chromosome theory of inheritance the Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory (the names are sometimes reversed).[9] Ernst Mayr remarks that the theory was hotly contested by some famous geneticists: William Bateson, Wilhelm Johannsen, Richard Goldschmidt and T.H. Morgan, all of a rather dogmatic turn of mind. Eventually, complete proof came from chromosome maps in Morgan's own lab.[10]

text: The number of human chromosomes was published in 1923 by Theophilus Painter. By inspection through the microscope, he counted 24 pairs, which would mean 48 chromosomes. His error was copied by others and it was not until 1956 that the true number, 46, was determined by Indonesia-born cytogeneticist Joe Hin Tjio.[11]

text: Prokaryotes[edit]

text: The prokaryotes – bacteria and archaea – typically have a single circular chromosome, but many variations exist.[12] The chromosomes of most bacteria, which some authors prefer to call genophores, can range in size from only 130,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola[13] and Candidatus Tremblaya princeps,[14] to more than 14,000,000 base pairs in the soil-dwelling bacterium Sorangium cellulosum.[15] Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia are a notable exception to this arrangement, with bacteria such as Borrelia burgdorferi, the cause of Lyme disease, containing a single linear chromosome.[16]

text: Structure in sequences[edit]

text: Prokaryotic chromosomes have less sequence-based structure than eukaryotes. Bacteria typically have a one-point (the origin of replication) from which replication starts, whereas some archaea contain multiple replication origins.[17] The genes in prokaryotes are often organized in operons, and do not usually contain introns, unlike eukaryotes.

text: DNA packaging[edit]

text: Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is organized into a structure called the nucleoid.[18][19] The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined region of the bacterial cell. This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and remodeled by the actions of a range of histone-like proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome.[20] In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized, with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic nucleosomes.[21][22]

text: Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma membrane of the bacteria. In molecular biology application, this allows for its isolation from plasmid DNA by centrifugation of lysed bacteria and pelleting of the membranes (and the attached DNA).

text: Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic DNA, generally supercoiled. The DNA must first be released into its relaxed state for access for transcription, regulation, and replication.

text: Eukaryotes[edit]

text: In eukaryotes, nuclear chromosomes are packaged by proteins into a condensed structure called chromatin. This allows the very long DNA molecules to fit into the cell nucleus. The structure of chromosomes and chromatin varies through the cell cycle. Chromosomes are even more condensed than chromatin and are an essential unit for cellular division. Chromosomes must be replicated, divided, and passed successfully to their daughter cells so as to ensure the genetic diversity and survival of their progeny. Chromosomes may exist as either duplicated or unduplicated. Unduplicated chromosomes are single double helixes, whereas duplicated chromosomes contain two identical copies (called chromatids or sister chromatids) joined by a centromere.

text: Eukaryotes (cells with nuclei such as those found in plants, fungi, and animals) possess multiple large linear chromosomes contained in the cell's nucleus. Each chromosome has one centromere, with one or two arms projecting from the centromere, although, under most circumstances, these arms are not visible as such. In addition, most eukaryotes have a small circular mitochondrial genome, and some eukaryotes may have additional small circular or linear cytoplasmic chromosomes.

text: In the nuclear chromosomes of eukaryotes, the uncondensed DNA exists in a semi-ordered structure, where it is wrapped around histones (structural proteins), forming a composite material called chromatin.

text: Chromatin[edit]

text: Chromatin is the complex of DNA and protein found in the eukaryotic nucleus, which packages chromosomes. The structure of chromatin varies significantly between different stages of the cell cycle, according to the requirements of the DNA.

text: Interphase chromatin[edit]

text: During interphase (the period of the cell cycle where the cell is not dividing), two types of chromatin can be distinguished:

text:
Euchromatin, which consists of DNA that is active, e.g., being expressed as protein.
Heterochromatin, which consists of mostly inactive DNA. It seems to serve structural purposes during the chromosomal stages. Heterochromatin can be further distinguished into two types:

Constitutive heterochromatin, which is never expressed. It is located around the centromere and usually contains repetitive sequences.
Facultative heterochromatin, which is sometimes expressed.

text: Structure of Eukaryotic chromosome:

text:
Each chromosome is made up of two chromatids(chromosomal arms) which are joined to each other at a small constricted region called the centromere.(Primary constriction). These sister chromatids are conjoined twins the result of DNA replication.
The centromere helps the chromatids attach to the spindle fibres during cell division, it is also concerned with the anaphase movement of the chromosomes, by which the spindle fibers pull the chromatids to the two opposite poles by their contraction during anaphase.
Besides the primary constriction, in certain chromosomes there is a secondary constriction as well. Because a small portion is pinched off from the chromosomal body; this portion is called a 'satellite' and the chromosome is called an SAT chromosome.
The two chromatids are made up of very thin chromatin fibres which are made up of 40% DNA and 60% histone proteins
Each chromatin fibre consists of one DNA helix coiled around eight histone molecules like a loop; such a complex is called nucleosome and resembles a bead on a string. These nucleosomes pack tighter, during condensation required to get to metaphase.
The primary constriction cannot take up most stains, so during cell division this region is a gap in staining.
Within the primary constriction there is a clear zone called Centromere.
The centromere with the DNA and histone proteins bound to them form a disc shaped structure called kinetochore.
the chromonemata is a word that means a chromatid in the early stage of condensation.

text: Metaphase chromatin and division[edit]

text: In the early stages of mitosis or meiosis (cell division), the chromatin double helix become more and more condensed. They cease to function as accessible genetic material (transcription stops) and become a compact transportable form. This compact form makes the individual chromosomes visible, and they form the classic four arm structure, a pair of sister chromatids attached to each other at the centromere. The shorter arms are called p arms (from the French petit, small) and the longer arms are called q arms (q follows p in the Latin alphabet; q-g "grande"; alternatively it is sometimes said q is short for queue meaning tail in French[23]). This is the only natural context in which individual chromosomes are visible with an optical microscope.

text: Mitotic metaphase chromosomes are best described by a linearly organized longitudinally compressed array of consecutive chromatin loops.[24]

text: During mitosis, microtubules grow from centrosomes located at opposite ends of the cell and also attach to the centromere at specialized structures called kinetochores, one of which is present on each sister chromatid. A special DNA base sequence in the region of the kinetochores provides, along with special proteins, longer-lasting attachment in this region. The microtubules then pull the chromatids apart toward the centrosomes, so that each daughter cell inherits one set of chromatids. Once the cells have divided, the chromatids are uncoiled and DNA can again be transcribed. In spite of their appearance, chromosomes are structurally highly condensed, which enables these giant DNA structures to be contained within a cell nucleus.

text: Human chromosomes[edit]

text: Chromosomes in humans can be divided into two types: autosomes (body chromosome(s)) and allosome (sex chromosome(s)). Certain genetic traits are linked to a person's sex and are passed on through the sex chromosomes. The autosomes contain the rest of the genetic hereditary information. All act in the same way during cell division. Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes), giving a total of 46 per cell. In addition to these, human cells have many hundreds of copies of the mitochondrial genome. Sequencing of the human genome has provided a great deal of information about each of the chromosomes. Below is a table compiling statistics for the chromosomes, based on the Sanger Institute's human genome information in the Vertebrate Genome Annotation (VEGA) database.[25] Number of genes is an estimate, as it is in part based on gene predictions. Total chromosome length is an estimate as well, based on the estimated size of unsequenced heterochromatin regions.

text:
Chromosome
Genes[26]
Total base pairs
 % of bases
Sequenced base pairs[27]

1
2000
247,199,719
8.0
224,999,719

2
1300
242,751,149
7.9
237,712,649

3
1000
199,446,827
6.5
194,704,827

4
1000
191,263,063
6.2
187,297,063

5
900
180,837,866
5.9
177,702,766

6
1000
170,896,993
5.5
167,273,993

7
900
158,821,424
5.2
154,952,424

8
700
146,274,826
4.7
142,612,826

9
800
140,442,298
4.6
120,312,298

10
700
135,374,737
4.4
131,624,737

11
1300
134,452,384
4.4
131,130,853

12
1100
132,289,534
4.3
130,303,534

13
300
114,127,980
3.7
95,559,980

14
800
106,360,585
3.5
88,290,585

15
600
100,338,915
3.3
81,341,915

16
800
88,822,254
2.9
78,884,754

17
1200
78,654,742
2.6
77,800,220

18
200
76,117,153
2.5
74,656,155

19
1500
63,806,651
2.1
55,785,651

20
500
62,435,965
2.0
59,505,254

21
200
46,944,323
1.5
34,171,998

22
500
49,528,953
1.6
34,893,953

X (sex chromosome)
800
154,913,754
5.0
151,058,754

Y (sex chromosome)
50
57,741,652
1.9
25,121,652

Total
21,000
3,079,843,747
100.0
2,857,698,560

text: Number in various organisms[edit]

text: In eukaryotes[edit]

text: These tables give the total number of chromosomes (including sex chromosomes) in a cell nucleus. For example, human cells are diploid and have 22 different types of autosome, each present as two copies, and two sex chromosomes. This gives 46 chromosomes in total. Other organisms have more than two copies of their chromosome types, such as bread wheat, which is hexaploid and has six copies of seven different chromosome types – 42 chromosomes in total.

text:
Chromosome numbers in some plants

Plant Species
#

Arabidopsis thaliana (diploid)[28]
10

Rye (diploid)[29]
14

Einkorn wheat (diploid)[30]
14

Maize (diploid or palaeotetraploid)[31]
20

Durum wheat (tetraploid)[30]
28

Bread wheat (hexaploid)[30]
42

Adder's tongue fern (diploid)[33]
approx. 1,200

Chromosome numbers (2n) in some animals

Species
#

Common fruit fly
8

Pill millipede (Arthrosphaera fumosa)[34]
30

Earthworm (Octodrilus complanatus)[35]
36

Tibetan fox
36

Domestic cat[36]
38

Domestic pig
38

Laboratory mouse[37][38]
40

Laboratory rat[38]
42

Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)[39]
44

Syrian hamster[37]
44

Guppy (poecilia reticulata)[40]
46

Human[41]
46

Hares[42][43]
48

Gorillas, chimpanzees[41]
48

Domestic sheep
54

Garden snail[44]
54

Silkworm[45]
56

Elephants[46]
56

Cow
60

Donkey
62

Guinea pig[47]
64

Horse
64

Dog[48]
78

Hedgehog
90

Goldfish[49]
100-104

Kingfisher[50]
132

Chromosome numbers in other organisms

Species
Large
Chromosomes
Intermediate
Chromosomes
Microchromosomes

Trypanosoma brucei
11
6
~100

Domestic pigeon
(Columba livia domestics)[51]
18
-
59-63

Chicken[52]
8
2 sex chromosomes
60

text: Normal members of a particular eukaryotic species all have the same number of nuclear chromosomes (see the table). Other eukaryotic chromosomes, i.e., mitochondrial and plasmid-like small chromosomes, are much more variable in number, and there may be thousands of copies per cell.

text: Asexually reproducing species have one set of chromosomes that are the same in all body cells. However, asexual species can be either haploid or diploid.

text: Sexually reproducing species have somatic cells (body cells), which are diploid [2n] having two sets of chromosomes (23 pairs in humans with one set of 23 chromosomes from each parent), one set from the mother and one from the father. Gametes, reproductive cells, are haploid [n]: They have one set of chromosomes. Gametes are produced by meiosis of a diploid germ line cell. During meiosis, the matching chromosomes of father and mother can exchange small parts of themselves (crossover), and thus create new chromosomes that are not inherited solely from either parent. When a male and a female gamete merge (fertilization), a new diploid organism is formed.

text: Some animal and plant species are polyploid [Xn]: They have more than two sets of homologous chromosomes. Plants important in agriculture such as tobacco or wheat are often polyploid, compared to their ancestral species. Wheat has a haploid number of seven chromosomes, still seen in some cultivars as well as the wild progenitors. The more-common pasta and bread wheat types are polyploid, having 28 (tetraploid) and 42 (hexaploid) chromosomes, compared to the 14 (diploid) chromosomes in the wild wheat.[53]

text: In prokaryotes[edit]

text: Prokaryote species generally have one copy of each major chromosome, but most cells can easily survive with multiple copies.[54] For example, Buchnera, a symbiont of aphids has multiple copies of its chromosome, ranging from 10–400 copies per cell.[55] However, in some large bacteria, such as Epulopiscium fishelsoni up to 100,000 copies of the chromosome can be present.[56] Plasmids and plasmid-like small chromosomes are, as in eukaryotes, highly variable in copy number. The number of plasmids in the cell is almost entirely determined by the rate of division of the plasmid – fast division causes high copy number.

text: Karyotype[edit]

text: In general, the karyotype is the characteristic chromosome complement of a eukaryote species.[57] The preparation and study of karyotypes is part of cytogenetics.

text: Although the replication and transcription of DNA is highly standardized in eukaryotes, the same cannot be said for their karyotypes, which are often highly variable. There may be variation between species in chromosome number and in detailed organization. In some cases, there is significant variation within species. Often there is:

text: Also, variation in karyotype may occur during development from the fertilized egg.

text: The technique of determining the karyotype is usually called karyotyping. Cells can be locked part-way through division (in metaphase) in vitro (in a reaction vial) with colchicine. These cells are then stained, photographed, and arranged into a karyogram, with the set of chromosomes arranged, autosomes in order of length, and sex chromosomes (here X/Y) at the end.

text: Like many sexually reproducing species, humans have special gonosomes (sex chromosomes, in contrast to autosomes). These are XX in females and XY in males.

text: Historical note[edit]

text: Investigation into the human karyotype took many years to settle the most basic question: How many chromosomes does a normal diploid human cell contain? In 1912, Hans von Winiwarter reported 47 chromosomes in spermatogonia and 48 in oogonia, concluding an XX/XO sex determination mechanism.[58] Painter in 1922 was not certain whether the diploid number of man is 46 or 48, at first favouring 46.[59] He revised his opinion later from 46 to 48, and he correctly insisted on humans having an XX/XY system.[60]

text: New techniques were needed to definitively solve the problem:

text:
Using cells in culture
Arresting mitosis in metaphase by a solution of colchicine
Pretreating cells in a hypotonic solution 0.075 M KCl, which swells them and spreads the chromosomes
Squashing the preparation on the slide forcing the chromosomes into a single plane
Cutting up a photomicrograph and arranging the result into an indisputable karyogram.

text: It took until 1954 before the human diploid number was confirmed as 46.[61][62] Considering the techniques of Winiwarter and Painter, their results were quite remarkable.[63] Chimpanzees, the closest living relatives to modern humans, have 48 chromosomes as do the other great apes: in humans two chromosomes fused to form chromosome 2.

text: (See Also: Argument from authority#Inaccurate chromosome number)

text: Aberrations[edit]

text: Chromosomal aberrations are disruptions in the normal chromosomal content of a cell and are a major cause of genetic conditions in humans, such as Down syndrome, although most aberrations have little to no effect. Some chromosome abnormalities do not cause disease in carriers, such as translocations, or chromosomal inversions, although they may lead to a higher chance of bearing a child with a chromosome disorder. Abnormal numbers of chromosomes or chromosome sets, called aneuploidy, may be lethal or may give rise to genetic disorders.[64] Genetic counseling is offered for families that may carry a chromosome rearrangement.

text: The gain or loss of DNA from chromosomes can lead to a variety of genetic disorders. Human examples include:

text:
Cri du chat, which is caused by the deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome 5. "Cri du chat" means "cry of the cat" in French; the condition was so-named because affected babies make high-pitched cries that sound like those of a cat. Affected individuals have wide-set eyes, a small head and jaw, moderate to severe mental health problems, and are very short.
Down syndrome, the most common trisomy, usually caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). Characteristics include decreased muscle tone, stockier build, asymmetrical skull, slanting eyes and mild to moderate developmental disability.[65]
Edwards syndrome, or trisomy-18, the second most common trisomy.[66] Symptoms include motor retardation, developmental disability and numerous congenital anomalies causing serious health problems. Ninety percent of those affected die in infancy. They have characteristic clenched hands and overlapping fingers.
Isodicentric 15, also called idic(15), partial tetrasomy 15q, or inverted duplication 15 (inv dup 15).
Jacobsen syndrome, which is very rare. It is also called the terminal 11q deletion disorder.[67] Those affected have normal intelligence or mild developmental disability, with poor expressive language skills. Most have a bleeding disorder called Paris-Trousseau syndrome.
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY). Men with Klinefelter syndrome are usually sterile and tend to be taller and have longer arms and legs than their peers. Boys with the syndrome are often shy and quiet and have a higher incidence of speech delay and dyslexia. Without testosterone treatment, some may develop gynecomastia during puberty.
Patau Syndrome, also called D-Syndrome or trisomy-13. Symptoms are somewhat similar to those of trisomy-18, without the characteristic folded hand.
Small supernumerary marker chromosome. This means there is an extra, abnormal chromosome. Features depend on the origin of the extra genetic material. Cat-eye syndrome and isodicentric chromosome 15 syndrome (or Idic15) are both caused by a supernumerary marker chromosome, as is Pallister–Killian syndrome.
Triple-X syndrome (XXX). XXX girls tend to be tall and thin and have a higher incidence of dyslexia.
Turner syndrome (X instead of XX or XY). In Turner syndrome, female sexual characteristics are present but underdeveloped. Females with Turner syndrome often have a short stature, low hairline, abnormal eye features and bone development and a "caved-in" appearance to the chest.
Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome, which is caused by partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4. It is characterized by growth retardation, delayed motor skills development, "Greek Helmet" facial features, and mild to profound mental health problems.
XYY syndrome. XYY boys are usually taller than their siblings. Like XXY boys and XXX girls, they are more likely to have learning difficulties.

text: Sperm aneuploidy[edit]

text: Exposure of males to certain lifestyle, environmental and/or occupational hazards may increase the risk of aneuploid spermatozoa.[68] In particular, risk of aneuploidy is increased by tobacco smoking,[69][70] and occupational exposure to benzene,[71] insecticides,[72][73] and perfluorinated compounds.[74] Increased aneuploidy is often associated with increased DNA damage in spermatozoa.


document_title: List of Major League Baseball single-game strikeout leaders

question_text: who struck out the most batters in a single nine-inning game

root

text: Players[edit]

text:
Key

Pitcher
Name of the pitcher

Date
Date of the game

Team
The player's team at the time of the game

Opposing team
The team against whom the pitcher struck out 18 players

Score
Final score of the game, with the player's team score listed first

Strikeouts
Number of strikeouts the pitcher recorded

Career Ks
Career strikeouts

Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame

*
Player is active

Indicates the player's team lost the game

tag: table

text:
MLB pitchers with 18 strikeouts in a nine-inning game

Pitcher
Date
Team
Opposing team
Score
Strikeouts
Career Ks
Refs

Scherzer, MaxMax Scherzer*
000000002016-05-11-0000May 11, 2016
Washington Nationals
Detroit Tigers
3–2
20
2,149
[16][17]

Wood, KerryKerry Wood
000000001998-05-06-0000May 6, 1998
Chicago Cubs
Houston Astros
2–0
20
1,582
[11][18]

Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
000000001996-09-18-0000September 18, 1996
Boston Red Sox
Detroit Tigers
4–0
20
4,672
[19][20]

Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
000000001986-04-29-0000April 29, 1986
Boston Red Sox
Seattle Mariners
3–1
20
4,672
[20][21]

Johnson, RandyRandy Johnson
000000001997-08-08-0000August 8, 1997
Seattle Mariners
Chicago White Sox
5–0
19
4,875
[22][23]

Johnson, RandyRandy Johnson
000000001997-06-24-0000June 24, 1997
Seattle Mariners
Oakland Athletics
1–4
19
4,875
[23][24]

Cone, DavidDavid Cone
000000001991-10-06-0000October 6, 1991
New York Mets
Philadelphia Phillies
7–0
19
2,668
[25][26]

Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
000000001974-08-12-0000August 12, 1974
California Angels
Boston Red Sox
4–2
19
5,714
[27][28]

Seaver, TomTom Seaver
000000001970-04-22-0000April 22, 1970
New York Mets
San Diego Padres
2–1
19
3,640
[29][30]

Carlton, SteveSteve Carlton
000000001969-09-15-0000September 15, 1969
St. Louis Cardinals
New York Mets
3–4
19
4,136
[31][32]

Daily, HughHugh Daily
000000001884-07-07-0000July 7, 1884
Chicago Browns
Boston Reds
10–4
19
846
[33][34]

Sweeney, CharlieCharlie Sweeney
000000001884-06-07-0000June 7, 1884
Providence Grays
Boston Beaneaters
2–1
19
505
[35][36]

Kluber, CoreyCorey Kluber*
000000002015-05-13-0000May 13, 2015
Cleveland Indians
St. Louis Cardinals
2–0
18
1,201
[37][38]

Sheets, BenBen Sheets
000000002004-05-16-0000May 16, 2004
Milwaukee Brewers
Atlanta Braves
4–1
18
1,325
[39][40]

Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
000000001998-08-25-0000August 25, 1998
Toronto Blue Jays
Kansas City Royals
3–0
18
4,672
[20][41]

Johnson, RandyRandy Johnson
000000001992-09-27-0000September 27, 1992
Seattle Mariners
Texas Rangers
2–3
18
4,875
[23][42]

Martínez, RamónRamón Martínez
000000001990-06-04-0000June 4, 1990
Los Angeles Dodgers
Atlanta Braves
6–0
18
1,427
[43][44]

Gullickson, BillBill Gullickson
000000001980-09-10-0000September 10, 1980
Montreal Expos
Chicago Cubs
4–2
18
1,279
[10][45]

Guidry, RonRon Guidry
000000001978-06-17-0000June 17, 1978
New York Yankees
California Angels
4–0
18
1,778
[46][47]

Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
000000001976-09-10-0000September 10, 1976
California Angels
Chicago White Sox
3–2
18
5,714
[28][48]

Wilson, DonDon Wilson
000000001968-07-14-0000July 14, 1968
Houston Astros
Cincinnati Reds
6–1
18
1,283
[49][50]

Koufax, SandySandy Koufax
000000001962-04-24-0000April 24, 1962
Los Angeles Dodgers
Chicago Cubs
10–2
18
2,396
[51][52]

Koufax, SandySandy Koufax
000000001959-08-31-0000August 31, 1959
Los Angeles Dodgers
San Francisco Giants
5–2
18
2,396
[52][53]

Feller, BobBob Feller
000000001938-10-02-0000October 2, 1938
Cleveland Indians
Detroit Tigers
1–4
18
2,581
[54][55]

Porter, HenryHenry Porter
000000001884-10-03-0000October 3, 1884
Milwaukee Brewers
Boston Reds
4–5
18
659
[56][57]

Shaw, DupeeDupee Shaw
000000001884-07-19-0000July 19, 1884
Boston Reds
St. Louis Maroons
0–1
18
950
[58][59]

text: 18 strikeouts in extra-inning games[edit]

text: Seven different pitchers have struck out at least 18 batters in an extra-inning Major League Baseball (MLB) game to date. Only Nolan Ryan accomplished the feat more than once in his career and no player has ever struck out more than 21 batters in a game.

tag: p

text: The following list is kept separate from the above list of pitchers who have struck out 18 or more batters in a nine-inning game. This is due to the differing number of innings pitched during an extra-inning game, the lack of a definitive endpoint to the game that would otherwise allow for a fair comparison to be made, and the advantage of having more opportunities to strike out players during an extra-inning game as opposed to one lasting nine innings.

text:
Key

IP
Innings pitched by the pitcher in the game

text:
MLB pitchers with 18 strikeouts in an extra-inning game

Pitcher
Date
Team
Opposing team
Score
Strikeouts
IP
Career Ks
Refs

Cheney, TomTom Cheney
000000001962-09-12-0000September 12, 1962
Washington Senators
Baltimore Orioles
2–1
21
16
345
[60][61]

Johnson, RandyRandy Johnson
000000002001-05-08-0000May 8, 2001
Arizona Diamondbacks
Cincinnati Reds
4–3
20
9[b]
4,875
[23][62]

Tiant, LuisLuis Tiant
000000001968-07-03-0000July 3, 1968
Cleveland Indians
Minnesota Twins
1–0
19
10
2,416
[63][64]

Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
000000001974-06-14-0000June 14, 1974
California Angels
Boston Red Sox
4–3
19
13
5,714
[28][65]

Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
000000001974-08-20-0000August 20, 1974
California Angels
Detroit Tigers
0–1
19
11
5,714
[28][66]

Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
000000001977-06-08-0000June 8, 1977
California Angels
Toronto Blue Jays
2–1
19
10
5,714
[28][67]

Spahn, WarrenWarren Spahn
000000001952-06-14-0000June 14, 1952
Boston Braves
Chicago Cubs
1–3
18
15
2,583
[68][69]

Short, ChrisChris Short
000000001965-10-02-0000October 2, 1965
Philadelphia Phillies
New York Mets
0–0
18
15
1,629
[70][71]

Maloney, JimJim Maloney
000000001965-06-14-0000June 14, 1965
Cincinnati Reds
New York Mets
0–1
18
11
1,605
[72][73]


document_title: List of The Walking Dead episodes

question_text: whats the latest episode of the walking dead

text: List of The Walking Dead episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
6
October 31, 2010 (2010-10-31)
December 5, 2010 (2010-12-05)

2
13
October 16, 2011 (2011-10-16)
March 18, 2012 (2012-03-18)

3
16
October 14, 2012 (2012-10-14)
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)

4
16
October 13, 2013 (2013-10-13)
March 30, 2014 (2014-03-30)

5
16
October 12, 2014 (2014-10-12)
March 29, 2015 (2015-03-29)

6
16
October 11, 2015 (2015-10-11)
April 3, 2016 (2016-04-03)

7
16
October 23, 2016 (2016-10-23)
April 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)

8
16[3]
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
April 15, 2018 (2018-04-15)[6]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2010)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Days Gone Bye"
Frank Darabont
Teleplay by : Frank Darabont
October 31, 2010 (2010-10-31)
5.35[7]

2
2
"Guts"
Michelle MacLaren
Frank Darabont
November 7, 2010 (2010-11-07)
4.71[8]

3
3
"Tell It to the Frogs"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Story by : Charles H. Eglee & Jack LoGiudice
Teleplay by : Charles H. Eglee & Jack LoGiudice and Frank Darabont
November 14, 2010 (2010-11-14)
5.07[9]

4
4
"Vatos"
Johan Renck
Robert Kirkman
November 21, 2010 (2010-11-21)
4.75[10]

5
5
"Wildfire"
Ernest Dickerson
Glen Mazzara
November 28, 2010 (2010-11-28)
5.56[11]

6
6
"TS-19"
Guy Ferland
Adam Fierro and Frank Darabont
December 5, 2010 (2010-12-05)
5.97[12]

text: Season 2 (2011–12)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

7
1
"What Lies Ahead"
Ernest Dickerson
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Ardeth Bey and Robert Kirkman
October 16, 2011 (2011-10-16)
7.26[13]

8
2
"Bloodletting"
Ernest Dickerson
Glen Mazzara
October 23, 2011 (2011-10-23)
6.70[14]

9
3
"Save the Last One"
Phil Abraham
Scott M. Gimple
October 30, 2011 (2011-10-30)
6.10[15]

10
4
"Cherokee Rose"
Billy Gierhart
Evan Reilly
November 6, 2011 (2011-11-06)
6.29[16]

11
5
"Chupacabra"
Guy Ferland
David Leslie Johnson
November 13, 2011 (2011-11-13)
6.12[17]

12
6
"Secrets"
David Boyd
Angela Kang
November 20, 2011 (2011-11-20)
6.08[18]

13
7
"Pretty Much Dead Already"
Michelle MacLaren
Scott M. Gimple
November 27, 2011 (2011-11-27)
6.62[19]

14
8
"Nebraska"
Clark Johnson
Evan Reilly
February 12, 2012 (2012-02-12)
8.10[20]

15
9
"Triggerfinger"
Billy Gierhart
David Leslie Johnson
February 19, 2012 (2012-02-19)
6.89[21]

16
10
"18 Miles Out"
Ernest Dickerson
Scott M. Gimple & Glen Mazzara
February 26, 2012 (2012-02-26)
7.04[22]

17
11
"Judge, Jury, Executioner"
Greg Nicotero
Angela Kang
March 4, 2012 (2012-03-04)
6.77[23]

18
12
"Better Angels"
Guy Ferland
Evan Reilly & Glen Mazzara
March 11, 2012 (2012-03-11)
6.89[24]

19
13
"Beside the Dying Fire"
Ernest Dickerson
Robert Kirkman & Glen Mazzara
March 18, 2012 (2012-03-18)
8.99[25]

text: Season 3 (2012–13)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

20
1
"Seed"
Ernest Dickerson
Glen Mazzara
October 14, 2012 (2012-10-14)
10.87[26]

21
2
"Sick"
Billy Gierhart
Nichole Beattie
October 21, 2012 (2012-10-21)
9.55[27]

22
3
"Walk with Me"
Guy Ferland
Evan Reilly
October 28, 2012 (2012-10-28)
10.51[28]

23
4
"Killer Within"
Guy Ferland
Sang Kyu Kim
November 4, 2012 (2012-11-04)
9.27[29]

24
5
"Say the Word"
Greg Nicotero
Angela Kang
November 11, 2012 (2012-11-11)
10.37[30]

25
6
"Hounded"
Dan Attias
Scott M. Gimple
November 18, 2012 (2012-11-18)
9.21[31]

26
7
"When the Dead Come Knocking"
Dan Sackheim
Frank Renzulli
November 25, 2012 (2012-11-25)
10.43[32]

27
8
"Made to Suffer"
Billy Gierhart
Robert Kirkman
December 2, 2012 (2012-12-02)
10.48[33]

28
9
"The Suicide King"
Lesli Linka Glatter
Evan Reilly
February 10, 2013 (2013-02-10)
12.26[34]

29
10
"Home"
Seith Mann
Nichole Beattie
February 17, 2013 (2013-02-17)
11.05[35]

30
11
"I Ain't a Judas"
Greg Nicotero
Angela Kang
February 24, 2013 (2013-02-24)
11.01[36]

31
12
"Clear"
Tricia Brock
Scott M. Gimple
March 3, 2013 (2013-03-03)
11.30[37]

32
13
"Arrow on the Doorpost"
David Boyd
Ryan C. Coleman
March 10, 2013 (2013-03-10)
11.46[38]

33
14
"Prey"
Stefan Schwartz
Glen Mazzara & Evan Reilly
March 17, 2013 (2013-03-17)
10.84[39]

34
15
"This Sorrowful Life"
Greg Nicotero
Scott M. Gimple
March 24, 2013 (2013-03-24)
10.99[40]

35
16
"Welcome to the Tombs"
Ernest Dickerson
Glen Mazzara
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
12.42[41]

text: Season 4 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

36
1
"30 Days Without an Accident"
Greg Nicotero
Scott M. Gimple
October 13, 2013 (2013-10-13)
16.11[42]

37
2
"Infected"
Guy Ferland
Angela Kang
October 20, 2013 (2013-10-20)
13.95[43]

38
3
"Isolation"
Dan Sackheim
Robert Kirkman
October 27, 2013 (2013-10-27)
12.92[44]

39
4
"Indifference"
Tricia Brock
Matthew Negrete
November 3, 2013 (2013-11-03)
13.31[45]

40
5
"Internment"
David Boyd
Channing Powell
November 10, 2013 (2013-11-10)
12.20[46]

41
6
"Live Bait"
Michael Uppendahl
Nichole Beattie
November 17, 2013 (2013-11-17)
12.00[47]

42
7
"Dead Weight"
Jeremy Podeswa
Curtis Gwinn
November 24, 2013 (2013-11-24)
11.29[48]

43
8
"Too Far Gone"
Ernest Dickerson
Seth Hoffman
December 1, 2013 (2013-12-01)
12.05[49]

44
9
"After"
Greg Nicotero
Robert Kirkman
February 9, 2014 (2014-02-09)
15.76[50]

45
10
"Inmates"
Tricia Brock
Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell
February 16, 2014 (2014-02-16)
13.34[51]

46
11
"Claimed"
Seith Mann
Nichole Beattie & Seth Hoffman
February 23, 2014 (2014-02-23)
13.12[52]

47
12
"Still"
Julius Ramsay
Angela Kang
March 2, 2014 (2014-03-02)
12.61[53]

48
13
"Alone"
Ernest Dickerson
Curtis Gwinn
March 9, 2014 (2014-03-09)
12.65[54]

49
14
"The Grove"
Michael E. Satrazemis
Scott M. Gimple
March 16, 2014 (2014-03-16)
12.87[55]

50
15
"Us"
Greg Nicotero
Nichole Beattie & Seth Hoffman
March 23, 2014 (2014-03-23)
13.47[56]

51
16
"A"
Michelle MacLaren
Scott M. Gimple & Angela Kang
March 30, 2014 (2014-03-30)
15.68[57]

text: Season 5 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

52
1
"No Sanctuary"
Greg Nicotero
Scott M. Gimple
October 12, 2014 (2014-10-12)
17.29[58]

53
2
"Strangers"
David Boyd
Robert Kirkman
October 19, 2014 (2014-10-19)
15.14[59]

54
3
"Four Walls and a Roof"
Jeffrey F. January
Angela Kang & Corey Reed
October 26, 2014 (2014-10-26)
13.80[60]

55
4
"Slabtown"
Michael E. Satrazemis
Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell
November 2, 2014 (2014-11-02)
14.52[61]

56
5
"Self Help"
Ernest Dickerson
Heather Bellson & Seth Hoffman
November 9, 2014 (2014-11-09)
13.53[62]

57
6
"Consumed"
Seith Mann
Matthew Negrete & Corey Reed
November 16, 2014 (2014-11-16)
14.07[63]

58
7
"Crossed"
Billy Gierhart
Seth Hoffman
November 23, 2014 (2014-11-23)
13.33[64]

59
8
"Coda"
Ernest Dickerson
Angela Kang
November 30, 2014 (2014-11-30)
14.81[65]

60
9
"What Happened and What's Going On"
Greg Nicotero
Scott M. Gimple
February 8, 2015 (2015-02-08)
15.64[66]

61
10
"Them"
Julius Ramsay
Heather Bellson
February 15, 2015 (2015-02-15)
12.27[67]

62
11
"The Distance"
Larysa Kondracki
Seth Hoffman
February 22, 2015 (2015-02-22)
13.44[68]

63
12
"Remember"
Greg Nicotero
Channing Powell
March 1, 2015 (2015-03-01)
14.43[69]

64
13
"Forget"
David Boyd
Corey Reed
March 8, 2015 (2015-03-08)
14.53[70]

65
14
"Spend"
Jennifer Lynch
Matthew Negrete
March 15, 2015 (2015-03-15)
13.78[71]

66
15
"Try"
Michael E. Satrazemis
Angela Kang
March 22, 2015 (2015-03-22)
13.76[72]

67
16
"Conquer"
Greg Nicotero
Scott M. Gimple & Seth Hoffman
March 29, 2015 (2015-03-29)
15.78[73]

text: Season 6 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

68
1
"First Time Again"
Greg Nicotero
Scott M. Gimple & Matthew Negrete
October 11, 2015 (2015-10-11)
14.63[74]

69
2
"JSS"
Jennifer Lynch
Seth Hoffman
October 18, 2015 (2015-10-18)
12.18[75]

70
3
"Thank You"
Michael Slovis
Angela Kang
October 25, 2015 (2015-10-25)
13.14[76]

71
4
"Here's Not Here"
Stephen Williams
Scott M. Gimple
November 1, 2015 (2015-11-01)
13.34[77]

72
5
"Now"
Avi Youabian
Corey Reed
November 8, 2015 (2015-11-08)
12.44[78]

73
6
"Always Accountable"
Jeffrey F. January
Heather Bellson
November 15, 2015 (2015-11-15)
12.87[79]

74
7
"Heads Up"
David Boyd
Channing Powell
November 22, 2015 (2015-11-22)
13.22[80]

75
8
"Start to Finish"
Michael E. Satrazemis
Matthew Negrete
November 29, 2015 (2015-11-29)
13.98[81]

76
9
"No Way Out"
Greg Nicotero
Seth Hoffman
February 14, 2016 (2016-02-14)
13.74[82]

77
10
"The Next World"
Kari Skogland
Angela Kang & Corey Reed
February 21, 2016 (2016-02-21)
13.48[83]

78
11
"Knots Untie"
Michael E. Satrazemis
Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell
February 28, 2016 (2016-02-28)
12.79[84]

79
12
"Not Tomorrow Yet"
Greg Nicotero
Seth Hoffman
March 6, 2016 (2016-03-06)
12.82[85]

80
13
"The Same Boat"
Billy Gierhart
Angela Kang
March 13, 2016 (2016-03-13)
12.53[86]

81
14
"Twice as Far"
Alrick Riley
Matthew Negrete
March 20, 2016 (2016-03-20)
12.69[87]

82
15
"East"
Michael E. Satrazemis
Story by : Scott M. Gimple & Channing Powell
Teleplay by : Channing Powell
March 27, 2016 (2016-03-27)
12.38[88]

83
16
"Last Day on Earth"
Greg Nicotero
Scott M. Gimple & Matthew Negrete
April 3, 2016 (2016-04-03)
14.19[89]

text: Season 7 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

84
1
"The Day Will Come When You Won't Be"
Greg Nicotero
Scott M. Gimple
October 23, 2016 (2016-10-23)
17.03[90]

85
2
"The Well"
Greg Nicotero
Matthew Negrete
October 30, 2016 (2016-10-30)
12.46[91]

86
3
"The Cell"
Alrick Riley
Angela Kang
November 6, 2016 (2016-11-06)
11.72[92]

87
4
"Service"
David Boyd
Corey Reed
November 13, 2016 (2016-11-13)
11.40[93]

88
5
"Go Getters"
Darnell Martin
Channing Powell
November 20, 2016 (2016-11-20)
11.00[94]

89
6
"Swear"
Michael E. Satrazemis
David Leslie Johnson
November 27, 2016 (2016-11-27)
10.40[95]

90
7
"Sing Me a Song"
Rosemary Rodriguez
Angela Kang & Corey Reed
December 4, 2016 (2016-12-04)
10.48[96]

91
8
"Hearts Still Beating"
Michael E. Satrazemis
Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell
December 11, 2016 (2016-12-11)
10.58[97]

92
9
"Rock in the Road"
Greg Nicotero
Angela Kang
February 12, 2017 (2017-02-12)
12.00[98]

93
10
"New Best Friends"
Jeffrey F. January
Channing Powell
February 19, 2017 (2017-02-19)
11.08[99]

94
11
"Hostiles and Calamities"
Kari Skogland
David Leslie Johnson
February 26, 2017 (2017-02-26)
10.42[100]

95
12
"Say Yes"
Greg Nicotero
Matthew Negrete
March 5, 2017 (2017-03-05)
10.16[101]

96
13
"Bury Me Here"
Alrick Riley
Scott M. Gimple
March 12, 2017 (2017-03-12)
10.68[102]

97
14
"The Other Side"
Michael E. Satrazemis
Angela Kang
March 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)
10.32[103]

98
15
"Something They Need"
Michael Slovis
Corey Reed
March 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)
10.54[104]

99
16
"The First Day of the Rest of Your Life"
Greg Nicotero
Scott M. Gimple & Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete
April 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)
11.31[105]

text: Season 8 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

100
1
"Mercy"
Greg Nicotero
Scott M. Gimple
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
11.44[106]

101
2
"The Damned"
Rosemary Rodriguez
Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)
8.92[107]

102
3
"Monsters"
Greg Nicotero
Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)
8.52[108]

103
4
"Some Guy"
Dan Liu
David Leslie Johnson
November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12)
8.69[109]

104
5
"The Big Scary U"
Michael E. Satrazemis
Story by : Scott M. Gimple & David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang
Teleplay by : David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang
November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19)
7.85[110]

105
6
"The King, the Widow, and Rick"
John Polson
Angela Kang & Corey Reed
November 26, 2017 (2017-11-26)
8.28[111]

106
7
"Time for After"
Larry Teng
Matthew Negrete & Corey Reed
December 3, 2017 (2017-12-03)
7.47[112]

107
8
"How It's Gotta Be"
Michael E. Satrazemis
David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang
December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10)
7.89[113]

108
9
"Honor"
Greg Nicotero
Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell
February 25, 2018 (2018-02-25)
8.28[114]

109
10
"The Lost and the Plunderers"
David Boyd
Angela Kang & Channing Powell & Corey Reed
March 4, 2018 (2018-03-04)
6.82[115]

110
11
"Dead or Alive Or"
Michael E. Satrazemis
Eddie Guzelian
March 11, 2018 (2018-03-11)
6.60[116]

111
12
"The Key"
Greg Nicotero
Corey Reed & Channing Powell
March 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)
6.66[117]

112
13
"Do Not Send Us Astray"
Jeffrey F. January
Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete
March 25, 2018 (2018-03-25)
6.77[118]

113
14
"Still Gotta Mean Something"
Michael E. Satrazemis
Eddie Guzelian
April 1, 2018 (2018-04-01)
6.30[119]

114
15
"Worth"
Michael Slovis
David Leslie Johnson & Corey Reed
April 8, 2018 (2018-04-08)
TBD

115
16
"Wrath"[120]
TBA
TBA
April 15, 2018 (2018-04-15)
TBD

text: Specials[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Aired between
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"The Journey So Far"
"Last Day on Earth"
"The Day Will Come When You Won't Be"
October 16, 2016 (2016-10-16)
2.18[121]

Recap of the first six seasons of The Walking Dead featuring interviews with the cast and producers.

text: Webisodes[edit]

text: Torn Apart (2011)[edit]

text: Prior to the start of season 2, a six-episode web series called Torn Apart premiered on October 3, 2011 on AMC's official website. The web series is directed by special effects makeup artist and co-executive producer Greg Nicotero and tells the origin story of Hannah, also known as "Bicycle Girl", the walker that Rick Grimes killed out of mercy and whose bicycle he took in the first episode of the TV series.[122]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Running time

1
"A New Day"
Greg Nicotero
Story by : John Esposito & Greg Nicotero
Teleplay by : John Esposito
October 3, 2011 (2011-10-03)
2:37

2
"Family Matters"
Greg Nicotero
Story by : John Esposito & Greg Nicotero
Teleplay by : John Esposito
October 3, 2011 (2011-10-03)
2:20

3
"Domestic Violence"
Greg Nicotero
Story by : John Esposito & Greg Nicotero
Teleplay by : John Esposito
October 3, 2011 (2011-10-03)
3:10

4
"Neighborly Advice"
Greg Nicotero
Story by : John Esposito & Greg Nicotero
Teleplay by : John Esposito
October 3, 2011 (2011-10-03)
4:00

5
"Step-Mother"
Greg Nicotero
Story by : John Esposito & Greg Nicotero
Teleplay by : John Esposito
October 3, 2011 (2011-10-03)
2:22

6
"Everything Dies"
Greg Nicotero
Story by : John Esposito & Greg Nicotero
Teleplay by : John Esposito
October 3, 2011 (2011-10-03)
5:06

text: Cold Storage (2012)[edit]

text: A four-episode web series entitled Cold Storage was released on October 1, 2012.[123] Set during the zombie apocalypse, Cold Storage follows the story of Chase as he seeks shelter in a storage facility under the command of B.J., a malicious former employee who hides a very dark secret. The storage unit Chase is given was owned by Rick Grimes.

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Running time

1
"Hide and Seek"
Greg Nicotero
John Esposito
October 1, 2012 (2012-10-01)
4:29

2
"Keys to the Kingdom"
Greg Nicotero
John Esposito
October 1, 2012 (2012-10-01)
4:57

3
"The Chosen Ones"
Greg Nicotero
John Esposito
October 1, 2012 (2012-10-01)
5:38

4
"Parting Shots"
Greg Nicotero
John Esposito
October 1, 2012 (2012-10-01)
9:04

text: The Oath (2013)[edit]

text: A three-part webisode series, entitled The Oath, was released on October 1, 2013. This series tells the origin of the "Don't Open, Dead Inside" paint on the cafeteria doors of the hospital Rick Grimes awakes in, post-apocalypse. It follows Paul and Karina as they escape their zombie-overrun camp in search of a medical station. The central theme of the series examines the will to persevere in the face of inevitable death.[124]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Running time

1
"Alone"
Greg Nicotero
Story by : Greg Nicotero
Teleplay by : Luke Passmore
October 1, 2013 (2013-10-01)
8:14

2
"Choice"
Greg Nicotero
Story by : Greg Nicotero
Teleplay by : Luke Passmore
October 1, 2013 (2013-10-01)
7:26

3
"Bond"
Greg Nicotero
Story by : Greg Nicotero
Teleplay by : Luke Passmore
October 1, 2013 (2013-10-01)
10:38

text: Red Machete (2017–18)[edit]

text: A six-part webisode series entitled Red Machete first premiered on October 22, 2017. The web series tells the origin story of Rick Grimes's red machete. The series starred actors Jose Rosete, Anais Lilit and Sofia Esmaili.[125]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Running time

1
"Behind Us"
Avi Youabian
Nick Bernardone
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
2:23

2
"Sorrowful"
Avi Youabian
Nick Bernardone
November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19)
3:04

3
"Made to Suffer"
Avi Youabian
Nick Bernardone
December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10)
1:53

4
"What We Become"
Avi Youabian
Nick Bernardone
February 25, 2018 (2018-02-25)
3:33

5
"Gone"
Avi Youabian
Nick Bernardone
March 20, 2018 (2018-03-20)
2:01

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10
Ep. 11
Ep. 12
Ep. 13
Ep. 14
Ep. 15
Ep. 16
Average

1
5.35
4.71
5.07
4.75
5.56
5.97
N/A
5.24

2
7.26
6.70
6.10
6.29
6.12
6.08
6.62
8.10
6.89
7.04
6.77
6.89
8.99
N/A
6.91[126]

3
10.97
9.55
10.51
9.27
10.37
9.21
10.43
10.48
12.26
11.05
11.01
11.30
11.46
10.84
10.99
12.42
10.75[126]

4
16.11
13.95
12.92
13.31
12.20
12.00
11.29
12.05
15.76
13.34
13.12
12.61
12.65
12.87
13.47
15.68
13.33[127]

5
17.30
15.14
13.80
14.52
13.53
14.07
13.33
14.81
15.64
12.27
13.44
14.43
14.53
13.78
13.76
15.78
14.38[128]

6
14.63
12.18
13.14
13.34
12.44
12.87
13.22
13.98
13.74
13.48
12.79
12.81
12.53
12.67
12.38
14.19
13.15[129]

7
17.03
12.46
11.72
11.40
11.00
10.40
10.48
10.58
12.00
11.08
10.43
10.16
10.68
10.32
10.54
11.31
11.35[130]

8
11.44
8.92
8.52
8.69
7.85
8.28
7.47
7.89
8.28
6.82
6.60
6.66
6.77
6.30
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: List of When Calls the Heart episodes

question_text: when did season 5 of when calls the heart start

text: List of When Calls the Heart episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired112January 11, 2014 (2014-01-11)March 29, 2014 (2014-03-29)27April 25, 2015 (2015-04-25)June 13, 2015 (2015-06-13)New Year's WishDecember 26, 2015 (2015-12-26)38February 21, 2016 (2016-02-21)April 10, 2016 (2016-04-10)ChristmasDecember 25, 2016 (2016-12-25)410February 19, 2017 (2017-02-19)April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)The Christmas Wishing TreeDecember 25, 2017 (2017-12-25)510February 18, 2018 (2018-02-18)April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)11"Lost and Found"Michael Landon Jr.Michael Landon Jr. and Cindy KelleyJanuary 11, 2014 (2014-01-11)1.69[5]
When a wooden plank inscribed with a sentimental message is discovered in the mine, new constable Jack Thornton tries to discover the plank's rightful owner.  Elizabeth struggles with capturing the enthusiasm of her students in the wake of tragedy.
22"Cease And Desist"Michael Landon Jr.Brian BirdJanuary 18, 2014 (2014-01-18)1.59[6]
When all the widows in Coal Valley receive eviction notices from the Coal Company to make way for new miner recruits, Elizabeth hatches a plan to keep the widows from moving out of the only town they know.
33"A Telling Silence"Michael Landon Jr.Ken LaZebnikJanuary 25, 2014 (2014-01-25)1.39[7]
Elizabeth helps a mute student who is struggling to cope with the death of her father.  Jack investigates the mysterious circumstances surrounding the burning of Coal Valley's only church.
44"Secrets and Lies"Michael Landon Jr.John WierickFebruary 1, 2014 (2014-02-01)1.19[8]
After finding the cans of whale oil, Jack investigates Cat Montgomery for her possible involvement in the church arson case. When the evidence points to Cat, Gabe becomes infuriated by the idea of his mother being imprisoned for something she didn't do.
55"The Dance"Anne WheelerKen LaZebnikFebruary 8, 2014 (2014-02-08)1.50[9]
When a group of new male miners comes to Coal Valley, many of the town's women get caught up in the idea of the single men.  One of the new miners begins courting Elizabeth and Jack seems to have concerns that resemble jealousy.  Abigail takes in Carla Noonan, a pregnant widow, to keep an eye on her health while Coal Valley's doctor is away.
66"These Games"Anne WheelerSheryl J. AndersonFebruary 15, 2014 (2014-02-15)1.15[10]
The Miners' Games allow the townspeople to cut loose and have a little fun.  Elizabeth is feeling caught between overprotective Jack and new miner Billy Hamilton, but when Jack tells her he has proof Billy lied to her, Elizabeth decides she's had enough. Abigail suggests Jack try a gentler approach to reach Elizabeth.  Jack also investigates a series of robberies that are plaguing Coal Valley.
77"Second Chances"Neill FearnleyKim Beyer-JohnsonFebruary 22, 2014 (2014-02-22)1.15[11]
Abigail is encouraged to reopen Coal Valley's dilapidated and abandoned cafe and make it her own after Elizabeth raves about Abigail's baking.  Jack accidentally insults Elizabeth as he fumbles to confess his feelings for her.  One of Elizabeth's students has trouble reading so she enlists Jack's help for a creative solution.
88"Perils of the Soloists"Neill FearnleyJon NappaMarch 1, 2014 (2014-03-01)1.04[12]
Elizabeth and Abigail move into rooms above Abigail's cafe.  The only surviving miner from the explosion comes home from the hospital with a shocking surprise.  Elizabeth and her students must put on the Coal Valley Founders' Day play on short notice.
99"Change of Heart"Anne WheelerKen CrawMarch 8, 2014 (2014-03-08)1.65[13]
Jack makes his intentions known by asking an excited Elizabeth on date. Her younger sister Julie (Charlotte Hegele) also makes a surprise visit. Julie wants to know all about Elizabeth's new life and her new romance. Elizabeth is careful with her emotions, until she sees the romantic evening at the café that he and Abigail planned for them. However, Jack has been granted a transfer to another post, which he requested upon arriving at Coal Valley. Now happy, he must break the news to Elizabeth. Meanwhile, Gowen has a sudden interest in Abigail, who mentions this to Jack. He informs her that Gowen's role in the mine explosion is being investigated. Elsewhere, a naive Julie helps an injured man shown to be a wanted outlaw.
1010"Love Comes First"Neill FearnleyVanessa PariseMarch 15, 2014 (2014-03-15)1.24[14]
After Jack's departure from Coal Valley, Abigail learns her husband might be at fault for the mine disaster. Julie unknowingly nurses wanted outlaw Nate Tolliver back to health and gives him directions to the cabin where they met, and where his loot is stashed. Julie confides in Elizabeth about her newfound love, but a suspicious Elizabeth goes to tell Abigail, just as the trouble arrives. The Thatcher women are put in danger, and Elizabeth realizes that love is stronger than fear.
1111"Rules of Engagement"Neill FearnleyNeal Dobrofsky & Tippi DobrofskyMarch 22, 2014 (2014-03-22)2.01[15]
After taking care of the Tollivers, hero Jack returns to Coal Valley. His ex-fiancée Rosemary LeVeaux also arrives. Rosemary broke up with him long ago to become an actress. However, she now seeks to make Coal Valley her home and Jack her husband, putting Elizabeth at odds with Jack. Meanwhile, he has asked forensic investigator and friend Bill Avery to help Abigail in regards to Gowen, the mining company and the explosion. As Bill works with Abigail, he becomes interested in her, admitting his intentions to Jack. Abigail also has the same intentions. Elizabeth receives news from home, causing her to ponder leaving Coal Valley.
1212"Prelude to a Kiss"Neill FearnleyNeal Dobrofsky & Tippi DobrofskyMarch 29, 2014 (2014-03-29)2.07[16]
Coal Valley is finally going to get some justice for the mine explosion when Circuit Judge Jedidiah Black comes to town.  Jack confronts Elizabeth about her teaching offer.  Abigail begins letting go of the past and starts looking to the future with Bill Avery.  Jack and Elizabeth’s relationship changes in a big way.

text: Season 2 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)131"Trials of the Heart"Neill FearnleyTippi Dobrofsky & Neal DobrofskyApril 25, 2015 (2015-04-25)1.94[17]
Elizabeth and Jack are closer than ever after their first kiss and Jack gains a new understanding of Elizabeth's high-society family life. Abigail confronts Bill about a shocking discovery that could put their romantic future on hold and the mining disaster trial takes a surprising turn, when a shocking witness is called to the stand, and its result creates a name change for the town.
142"Heart and Soul"Mike RohlRobin BernheimMay 2, 2015 (2015-05-02)1.35[18]
Elizabeth grows nostalgic while spending time with her friend Charles in Hamilton, further complicating her feelings, while Jack returns to the renamed Hope Valley to rebuild the church and school. He enlists the help of new friend and timber tycoon Lee Coulter, who has taken interest in Jack's ex-fiancée, Rosemary. Abigail says goodbye to Bill, who claims he has a new investigation back East, but promises to return to her. Abigail is devastated after a visit from someone very close to Bill, claiming he hasn't been completely truthful. Meanwhile, conman Floyd Conklin arrives in town to swindle the hard-working residents, but is quickly mistaken for the church's new Reverend, Frank Hogan, who is expected to arrive any day. After Lee rejects Gowen's offer to work together on the new saw mill, Gowen threatens him and soon has another tactic for getting what he wants that will drastically affect the whole town. Floyd and Gowen's manipulative exploits explode in the saloon as a beloved Hope Valley couple prepares to exchange vows. Back in Hamilton, Elizabeth feels the pressure from her parents and her newly engaged sister Viola to make a decision about Charles and Jack, wondering if her adventure on the frontier prevented her from finding happiness and true love.
153"Heart's Desire"Mike Rohl & Neill FearnleyAndrea Stevens (Part I) /
Derek Thompson (Part II)May 16, 2015 (2015-05-16)1.62[19]
Abigail travels to Hamilton to stay with Elizabeth's family and is compelled to accept Bill's help on a personal matter. A heroic act by Jack brings him closer to Rosemary. Elizabeth returns to Hope Valley and she and Jack come together to consider what the future holds.
164"Awakenings & Revelations"Neill FearnleyTony BlakeMay 23, 2015 (2015-05-23)1.51[20]
Elizabeth's conflict of the heart follows her to Hope Valley when she is surprised with a visitor from Hamilton, Charles. Although he has new business with Lee at the sawmill, Elizabeth knows it is more than just a coincidence that her father sent him to town, as does Jack. As the two men attempt to hide their thinly veiled fight for Elizabeth's affections, Clara meets a charming suitor, leaving her uncertain about how her new courtship could affect Abigail. Sensing Clara is upset, Abigail goes to Pastor Frank for advice. Meanwhile, Rosemary promises Lee an evening he will never forget as she aims to get what she desires. Then, Bill Avery returns to Hope Valley and begins evading Jack's questioning about a gang of counterfeiting criminals in the region. Elizabeth ponders her romance with Jack, and confusion about Charles, putting her relationship at an emotional impasse.
175"Heart of the Family"Martin WoodRobin BernheimMay 30, 2015 (2015-05-30)1.63[21]
Elizabeth and Jack both receive telegrams about an automobile accident involving Tom and Julie. Julie is fine, but Jack has received no word on Tom's condition. Elizabeth's family is furious and Julie is refusing to speak to anyone. Elizabeth and Jack must return to Hamilton to help in the situation.  Meanwhile, Abigail tries to find forgiveness in her heart for Bill as Lee asks Rosemary's help to fight Gowen and keep Hope Valley from falling apart.
186"Coming Together, Coming Apart"Martin WoodTony BlakeJune 6, 2015 (2015-06-06)1.52[22]
Elizabeth and Jack, still upset after their fight, separately set out to help their younger siblings move toward a better future—apart from each other. When Tom and Julie run off together, Elizabeth enlists Jack's help to find them before they make an even bigger mistake. In Hope Valley, Gowen, still reeling from his loss in the poker game, begins pressuring Abigail to sell the café to a new investor. When Abigail refuses, Gowen conspires with Dottie to threaten Abigail into understanding the consequences. Abigail looks to Pastor Frank for guidance and finds the spark of something new with him, even as his past remains a mystery. At the same time, Lee wants something more with Rosemary, but her independence proves she isn’t ready to settle down, making him reconsider his approach. In Hamilton, Jack realizes Tom's troubling behavior has roots in their past as he helps his brother say an emotional farewell. Then, a calculated offer from William makes Jack realize Elizabeth's family might never accept him for who he is, and their different worlds suddenly seem even farther apart.
197"With All My Heart"Neill FearnleyDerek Thompson (Part I);Tony Blake & Derek Thompson (Part II)June 13, 2015 (2015-06-13)1.78[23]
Elizabeth and Jack return from Hamilton at odds with each other. Jack's dog Rip gets lost during storm, and they set out to find him before taking shelter in an old mine tunnel. Trapped together and narrowly escaping danger, they discuss what has been keeping them apart. Meanwhile, Gowen threatens to shut down the café if Abigail doesn't finish a long list of repairs. She is grateful when Pastor Frank offers to help – but a confession about his past could make her ponder their new connection. Then, after Jack arrests a third counterfeiter in town, Bill returns under the guise of investigating, while seemingly falling deeper into corruption. Tipped off to her husband's whereabouts, Nora arrives, hoping to mend their marriage and keep Abigail away. Nora's history with her surprising informant complicates her feelings. Finally, as Jack captures a special memory for Elizabeth and her schoolchildren, he plans a bold new proposal for their future.

text: Special (2015)[edit]

text:
No.overallTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)20"New Year's Wish"Neill FearnleyRobin Bernheim BurgerDecember 26, 2015 (2015-12-26)2.49[24]
A fresh start for Jack and Elizabeth, a surprise guest for Abbys, an adventure for Rosemary and Lee, an unwanted visitor from Pastor Hogan's past, and new beginnings for the town makes this the most unforgettable New Year's celebration Hope Valley has ever seen.

text: Season 3 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)211"Troubled Hearts"Martin WoodDerek ThompsonFebruary 21, 2016 (2016-02-21)1.70[25]
Elizabeth surprises Jack with a home of her own as Abigail learns of Gowen's latest greedy scheme and Frank's past quickly closes in on him.
222"A Time to Speak"Martin WoodRichard ManningFebruary 28, 2016 (2016-02-28)1.74[26]
After the discovery that Frank is a wanted man, Hope Valley quickly turns on their pastor before Abigail sets out to prove that the mistakes of the past don't define the future.
233"Heart of a Hero"Neill FearnleyJosef AndersonMarch 6, 2016 (2016-03-06)1.76[27]
After Hope Valley learns redemption is possible, Abigail and Frank pursue a romance before the heart of the town is tested by the threat of a gang of outlaws.
244"A Gentle Heart"Neill FearnleyDerek ThompsonMarch 13, 2016 (2016-03-13)2.05[28]
Jack and Elizabeth are stronger than ever - but as Faith prepares to make a permanent move to Hope Valley while leaning on Jack for emotional support, Elizabeth grows wary of their friendship.
255"Forever in My Heart"Peter DeLuiseJosef AndersonMarch 20, 2016 (2016-03-20)1.80[29]
Elizabeth attempts to trust Jack when she learns Faith is staying in Hope Valley for good, even as Jack sneaks around to negotiate a big purchase as he dreams of a future with her. Then, Elizabeth inspires her students with a science fair project, and Abigail learns Becky is finally coming home from the hospital. However, Becky's surprising debilitating condition concerns everyone, as Abigail contemplates the emotional decision of taking in Becky and Cody as her own. Meanwhile, a frustrated Bill Avery is determined to prove Henry Gowen is sabotaging Lee's business and causing it to fail. Then, just as Becky finds the courage to overcome the obstacle she fears most, Abigail assures her love is the best medicine after all before a visitor to the café threatens to tear the happy new family apart.
266"Heartbreak"Peter DeLuiseRichard Manning and Robin Bernheim BurgerMarch 27, 2016 (2016-03-27)1.94[30]
Abigail is stunned at the arrival of Becky and Cody's Aunt Carolyn, who announces plans to move the children away from Hope Valley. Elizabeth fears a distraught Becky will have a setback in her recovery hampering a chance to demonstrate her talent at the science fair. Meanwhile, Jack and Bill find the needed proof to arrest Gowen in the sawmill case. The mayor insists on being framed and accuses Bill of having a personal vendetta against him for his romance with Nora. New clues lead Jack to another surprising suspect. At the settlement, Jack enlists Faith's help to convince Roy to return to Edith and let go of his fear of failure. Back home, Elizabeth shares her writing with Jack. He assures her she has something important to say about life on the frontier,  and their relationship seems stronger than ever. As a producer gives Rosemary the opportunity to become a Hollywood star, she is forced to reconsider her life's dream and her love for Lee. Abigail, Cody and Becky prepare for a heartbreaking farewell, and Elizabeth makes an impassioned plea.
277"Hearts in Question"Neill FearnleyCynthia J. CohenApril 3, 2016 (2016-04-03)2.07[31]
Jack's mother Charlotte (Brooke Shields) arrives unannounced. As Elizabeth eagerly attempts to get to know her, she quickly finds she has little in common with her. Meanwhile, Abigail and Frank make their courtship official, causing her to wonder if she has found love again. Rosemary, busy planning her dream wedding to Lee, enlists the help of Abigail, Dottie and others in town to make it perfect, as well as extravagant. However, her preparations hit a snag, and she worries about her compatibility with Lee. At the settlement, Elizabeth urges the mothers to let her give their children lessons, but it takes Jack's confidence in her to finally convince them and impress Charlotte in the process. When Bill learns of a misuse of city funds, he begins a quiet investigation as a nervous Gowen convinces Nora to leave town with him in search of a new beginning; but bad weather looms near Hope Valley and its surrounding frontier. The settlement workers are at risk of a natural disaster that will threaten their land as well as their lives.
288"Prayers from the Heart"Neill FearnleyPaul JacksonApril 10, 2016 (2016-04-10)2.53[32]
Hope Valley comes to the aid of the Silverton miners trapped in the mudslide. As Jack leads a rescue team of Frank, Lee, Jesse and others out to the mine to find survivors, Elizabeth, Abigail  and Faith convert the schoolhouse into a makeshift infirmary. Concerned for Jack, both Elizabeth and Charlotte come to understand each other through the crisis. Abigail must inform the settlement families about the disaster, a reminder of Hope Valley's own mining tragedy and the loss of her husband. Bill searches for a friend in trouble and discovers Nora and Gowen, who is left fighting for his life after their accident. Back in town, bride-to-be Rosemary makes a selfless gesture for the sake of the injured. Before the rescue mission is complete, Jack puts himself into even more danger to help a young girl near the swollen river. The strength of the town is again tested in this fight for survival, before coming together for the wedding.

text: Special (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)29"Christmas"Neill FearnleyRobin Bernheim BurgerDecember 25, 2016 (2016-12-25)3.66[33]
An intriguing peddler comes to Hope Valley selling the townspeople his wares and teaching them valuable lessons about joy and giving. When the townspeople realize that the recently displaced settlers in the area will not have a proper Christmas, they come together to create a special holiday celebration — including a Nativity presentation from the schoolchildren — that will infuse everyone with the true spirit of Christmas.

text: Season 4 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)301"Words from the Heart"Peter DeLuiseCharles LazerFebruary 19, 2017 (2017-02-19)2.19[34]
Abigail begins her duties as mayor, and nearly everyone in Hope Valley seems to want her attention. Ray Wyatt (Jeremy Guilbaut) of the National Pacific Railroad proposes a new route that he claims will bring business to the area. Abigail must determine the course of action best for the town, while not sacrificing the individual interests of its people. Bill is asked to head the railroad security team. Meanwhile, in an effort to integrate Elizabeth's new students from the settlement with the Hope Valley children, Jack proposes a friendly baseball game. He and Elizabeth divide them into teams and the two serve as respective coaches. The whole town turns out for the game, and one of the new children becomes a hero after Elizabeth encourages him to overcome his fear.
312"Heart of Truth"Peter DeLuiseDerek ThompsonFebruary 26, 2017 (2017-02-26)1.86[35]
Hope Valley's prosperity from the railroad begins when the mill gets a big contract and Lee Coulter expands his workforce to meet the demand. Rosemary worries about her new marriage, since Lee is working so many hours. Jack is honored by the Mounted Police for his outstanding work, while Elizabeth receives a rejection letter from the publisher about her book. The debate surrounding the railroad's plan to route through Hope Valley reaches a boiling point, and Abigail as mayor must break the town's tie vote on the matter. Bill accepts the railroad's offer as security head, after a fire on railroad property appears to be arson.
323"The Heart of the Community"Neill FearnleyRichard ManningMarch 5, 2017 (2017-03-05)2.13[36]
Abigail finalizes a deal with Ray Wyatt to bring the railroad to Hope Valley, and new families flock to the town with the promise of work. When word reaches the town that a notorious gang is at large and may be heading their way, Jack and Bill enlist Frank's counsel in thwarting their plan to rob the incoming stage carrying the railroad's payroll. Elizabeth takes a strong interest in new student Philip Cantrell, whose single father Shane (Niall Matter) is working overtime at the mill and has little time left over for his son. She also plans a carnival to raise funds for supplies the school needs to accommodate the new students, and the entire town turns out in support. Rosemary's new job at the café comes to an abrupt end, but she quickly eyes a new opportunity.
334"Change of Heart"Neill FearnleyCynthia J. Cohen & Paul JacksonMarch 12, 2017 (2017-03-12)2.21[37]
Abigail's mayoral tenure is threatened as Gowen plots to be reinstated. Ray Wyatt promises Elizabeth that the railroad will help the underfunded school, but she ultimately finds her teaching position in jeopardy. Jack reunites with a younger Mountie that he mentored at the academy, while newcomer Carson Shepherd lands a job at the café after being sidelined from railroad labor with an injury. Abigail and Frank's relationship is still in limbo, but Rosemary schemes with Cody to get them back together. Not swayed by their failed stagecoach heist, the Tate brothers return to Hope Valley intent on carrying out a daring bank robbery.
345"Heart of a Teacher"Michael Landon Jr.Derek ThompsonMarch 19, 2017 (2017-03-19)2.01[38]
When the key witness against him fails to appear, Gowen reassumes his position as mayor and, without warning, summarily fires Elizabeth as the school's teacher, citing a hidden scandal from her past. With nearly the entire town's support, especially the children, and Abigail at her side, she travels to Cape Fullerton in hopes of resolving the false allegations. Bill lays out a plan to learn what underhandedness is going on between Gowen and Ray Wyatt. Following days of instruction under Mr. Stoneman, the school's strict new teacher, Cody takes a stand in defense of Emily and leads the students in a walkout. When Jack delivers the Tate brothers to Mountie Headquarters, he receives bad news about the young Mountie he mentored.
356"My Heart Will Go On"Peter DeLuiseCharles LazerMarch 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)2.02[39]
Elizabeth tutors Hope Valley's children after school, while continuing to fight for her rightful job as their teacher. Abigail and Cody spearhead a letter-writing campaign for Elizabeth's reinstatement, while an unexpected ally steps in on Elizabeth's behalf. Gowen continues to act as the puppet of Ray Wyatt, who remains intent on controlling the town and its inhabitants. Meanwhile, Bill redoubles his efforts to locate the missing witness, an accountant whose testimony could help finally bring Gowen to justice. Jack attends the funeral of the young Mountie and begins to question his own devotion to duty.
367"Healing Heart"Michael RohlRichard ManningApril 2, 2017 (2017-04-02)2.08[40]
Elizabeth is overjoyed by her engagement to Jack and begins to plan their future together in Hope Valley, as she nervously awaits word that her betrothed is safe amidst the danger of the Northern Territories. When Lee loses his voice, Rosemary helps him run the mill, with some unforeseen results. At the café, Carson Shepherd, Abigail's new cook with a mysterious past, implements a plan to attract customers in the wake of Wyatt's obvious attempts to squeeze her out of business. Elizabeth has a challenge with a pair of newly enrolled students, railroad kids who are ill-behaved bullies harboring a family secret. She's determined to discover the source of their anger so she can help them but gets no help from their uncle, Ray Wyatt. Acting on an informant's tip, Bill finally captures the mystery witness, but both Avery and the witness, A.J. Foster (Josie Bissett), engage in a firefight when Wyatt learns that Avery might be onto his and Gowen's plans.
378"Courageous Hearts"Michael RohlCynthia J. Cohen & Paul JacksonApril 9, 2017 (2017-04-09)2.31[41]
Elizabeth further attracts Wyatt's ire when she asks his brother Russ to help his sons deal with the loss of their mother. Bill's plan to bring A.J. Foster back to testify against Gowen is complicated by Dale Kellogg, who was ordered by Wyatt to stop them by any means necessary. Frank Hogan's suspicions about Carson's past prompt the newcomer to share his big secret. Meanwhile, Abigail receives an offer from Wyatt that could save the café. After Lee buys a new car, Rosemary insists that he teach her to drive but instead learns a lesson about humility.
389"Heart of a Secret"Neill FearnleyRobin Bernheim BurgerApril 16, 2017 (2017-04-16)2.16[42]
Abigail is reinstated as mayor with Gowen in jail. A mystery woman arrives bearing harmful allegations about Carson's secret past that confirm Frank's suspicions. Elizabeth tends to Opal for a few days, learns about motherhood, and is thrilled when a young Mountie under Jack's command gives her an update on him. Cody is excited that his sister Becky has returned from school on a surprise visit but is saddened that she doesn't seem to have any time for him. Meanwhile, Rosemary questions her own talents when she is unable to make sales at Dottie's Dress Shop.
3910"Heart of a Fighter"Neill FearnleyCynthia J. Cohen & Paul JacksonApril 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)2.58[43]
Cody lies seriously ill at the infirmary with apparent appendicitis, and a race is on to get a qualified surgeon to Hope Valley in time. When Dr. Strohm arrives the next day and declares that Cody does not have appendicitis, Abigail is relieved. However, Carson vehemently disagrees with the diagnosis and insists Cody needs lifesaving emergency surgery. Abigail must decide whether to allow Carson to operate against Dr. Strohm's orders, while Elizabeth tries to convince his sister-in-law that his Carson was not responsible for his wife's death. Everyone in town is concerned for Cody, including Becky, who promises to spend more time with him when he gets better, and Gowen. During this crisis, Abigail finally receives news about her status as Cody and Becky's guardian.

text: Special (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)40"The Christmas Wishing Tree"Neill FearnleyCynthia J. Cohen & Paul JacksonDecember 25, 2017 (2017-12-25)3.61[44]
Hope Valley is buzzing from the introduction of the Wishing Tree, with all the townspeople eagerly placing their wishes on its branches in the hopes they will be granted. Elizabeth wishes for Jack's return. Meanwhile, Abigail spearheads the town's first Christmas parade, featuring an energetic band, led by Bill. Abigail's newly adopted son, Cody, tries to make their first Christmas together special, connecting her past with their future. Rosemary and Lee discover the importance of Christmas traditions and treasured memories. Meanwhile, Doctor Carson Shepherd exhibits faith and resilience in trying to heal and inspire a guarded woman who has given up on the spirit of Christmas. Also, disgraced former mayor, Henry Gowen, gets a second chance at redemption.

text: Season 5 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)411"Believing"Neill FearnleyDerek ThompsonFebruary 18, 2018 (2018-02-18)2.20[45]
Abigail leaves town to testify on behalf of Henry while Bill joins her to testify against him. Abigail must convince a strict judge to give Henry a second chance but it seems like the odds are against it. With Bill gone, Lee is made acting sheriff and – despite Rosemary's encouragement – isn't confident that he is up to the task. Still anxiously awaiting Jack's return from the Northern Territories, Elizabeth is given a diversion thanks to a surprise visit from her sister Julie, who reveals a surprising career path that she's decided to take. Clara thinks it may be time for a break from Jesse but becomes jealous when she sees Jesse spending time with Julie. Dr. Carson is determined to stop a traveling salesman selling a tonic that has caused a stomach-ache epidemic in town, which leads to a surprising arrest.
422"Hearts and Minds"Martin WoodPaco ClevelandFebruary 25, 2018 (2018-02-25)2.23[47]
Elizabeth mentors Julie, who finds teaching more difficult than she imagined; Abigail has to find a way to convince the railroad to build its depot in Hope Valley.[46]
433"Home Is Where the Heart Is"Mike RohlElizabeth StewartMarch 4, 2018 (2018-03-04)2.18[49]
Jack returns and he and Elizabeth start planning their future; sparks fly between Carson and a new arrival; and Elizabeth teaches her students the difference between facts and speculation.[48]
444"Open Hearts"Mike RohlCynthia J. Cohen & Paul JacksonMarch 11, 2018 (2018-03-11)2.11[50]
Abigail has to figure out how to keep the town's bank thriving. Meanwhile, Elizabeth struggles to understand what troubles one of her students. Rosemary is overzealous in planning Jack and Elizabeth's wedding.
455"My Heart Is Yours"Neill FearnleyPaco ClevelandMarch 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)2.45[51]
Jack and Elizabeth's plan to get married is put in serious jeopardy, and Bill has difficulties transporting a prisoner.
466"Love and Marriage"Neill FearnleyCynthia J. Cohen & Paul JacksonMarch 25, 2018 (2018-03-25)2.15[52]
Jack and Elizabeth's relationship is put to the test. Pastor Frank and Abigail make a decision about their future and Bill helps a young girl solve a mystery.
477"Heart of the Matter"Peter DeLuiseElizabeth StewartApril 1, 2018 (2018-04-01)1.93[53]
Elizabeth assigns her students to follow business leaders in Hope Valley; Abigail and the town host two possible investors for the failing bank; and Bill's life is disrupted when A.J. Foster arrives and turns herself in.
488"Weather the Storm"Peter DeLuiseDerek ThompsonApril 8, 2018 (2018-04-08)2.12[54]
Bill is put in jeopardy while transporting A.J. to face trial; Abigail tries to save the town from an investor who will hurt Hope Valley; Carson is faced with a decision; Elizabeth tries to reunite a mother and her son.
499"In My Dreams"Neill FearnleyElizabeth StewartApril 15, 2018 (2018-04-15)2.04[55]
The widow of Lee's former partner arrives and gives Gowen a chance to run a company again; Elizabeth tutors a new student; the residents of Hope Valley conspire to pull off a surprise. However, Elizabeth receives shocking news about Jack.
5010"Close to My Heart"Neill FearnleyDerek ThompsonApril 22, 2018 (2018-04-22)2.57[56]
Three weeks following Jack's death, Elizabeth, distraught, wonders if she should remain in town. Abigail gives her a letter that Jack wrote to be read in the event of his death. Bill gives her a horse from the Mounties, and the school is renamed in Jack's honor. Elizabeth exhibits strange symptoms, and Abigail suggests that she is pregnant.


document_title: Meyers

question_text: where does the last name meyers come from

text: Meyers

text:
Meyers

Origin

Word/Name
England

Other names

Variant(s)
Myers, Myars, Miares, Myeres

text: Meyers is a surname of English origin; many branches of the Meyers family trace their origins to Anglo-Saxon England. The name is derived from the Old English name Maire, meaning "mayor", or an officer in charge of legal matters.[1] The English surname may also mean "physician" (from mire, Old French), or "marsh" (from myrr, Old Norse).[2]

text: In the form Meyer the surname can be of Jewish and German origin, deriving from the German word meiger, meaning "mayor"; the name likely traces its origins to a wealthy landholder. Among German Jews, "Meyer" converged with the etymologically unconnected name "Meir", which is derived from Hebrew.

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Adam Meyers (1812–1875), lawyer and political figure in Canada West
Al Meyers (1908–1976), American pioneer aviator
Albert Meyers (1932–2007), American organic chemist, professor at Colorado State University
Ann Meyers (born 1955), former American basketball player and current sportscaster
Anne Akiko Meyers (born 1970), American concert violinist
Ari Meyers (born 1969), American actress, best known from the television series Kate & Allie
August Meyers (1864–1951), American politician
Augustus Meyers (1841–1919), American Civil War soldier and author of Ten Years in the Ranks, U.S. Army
Benjamin Franklin Meyers (1833–1918), politician
Beth Meyers (born 1959), American politician
Brad Meyers (born 1980), Australian National Rugby League player
Bruce F. Meyers, American car designer and entrepreneur, best known for the Meyers Manx dune buggy
Carol Meyers (born 1942), feminist biblical scholar
Carole Meyers (died 2007), rabbi
Carolyn Meyers, former president of Jackson State University
Chad Meyers (born 1975), former infielder and outfielder in Major League Baseball
Charlie Meyers, American politician and armyman
Chief Meyers (1880–1971), Major League Baseball catcher from 1909 to 1917
Dave Meyers (director) (born 1980), American music video director
Diana Tietjens Meyers, philosopher
Elvet Meyers (born 1960), sailor
Errol Solomon Meyers (1890–1956),Brisbane doctor
Françoise Bettencourt Meyers (born 1953), French heiress and author
Franklin Meyers (born 1967), Dutch politician
Franz Meyers (1908–2002), German politician
Freddie Meyers (born 1930s), former Canadian footballer
G. Bruce Meyers (born 1948), American politician
Gerald C. Meyers (born 1928), American industrialist, former Chairman of American Motors Corporation
Glenford J. Myers, computer scientist, an author of a number of books.
Hazel Meyers, American singer
Henry Meyers (1860–1898), Major League Baseball third baseman
J. E. Meyers (1862–1944), insurance salesman, philanthropist, and politician
Jack Meyers, American music promoter
Jan Meyers (born 1928), American politician
Jeffrey Meyers (born 1939), American biographer, literary, art and film critic
Jerry Meyers (born 1965), American college baseball coach
Jill Meyers (born 1950), American bridge player
Joel Meyers, American sportscaster, current play-by-play announcer for the Los Angeles Lakers
John Meyers (disambiguation), several

Johnny Weaver, professional wrestler and wrestling commentator[citation needed]

Jonathan Rhys Meyers (born 1977), Irish actor
Josh Meyers (actor) (born 1976), American actor and comedian, cast member of the American sketch comedy show MADtv
Josh Meyers (ice hockey) (born 1985), American professional ice hockey player
Julie Meyers (born 2000), Belgian artistic gymnast
Klinks Meyers (1890–1933), professional American football player
Krystal Meyers (born 1988), American Christian rock musician
Lanny Meyers (born 1956), American composer, orchestrator, principal arranger, and musical director
Lawrence E. Meyers (born 1947), judge
Leroy F. Meyers (1927–1995), mathematician
Linda Meyers (born 1937), retired American alpine skier
Linn Meyers (born 1968), American, Washington, D.C.–based artist
Lou Meyers (1859–1920), 19th-century baseball catcher and outfielder
Louis Meyers (1950s–2016), American festival organizer
Marc A. Meyers (born 1946), American materials scientist, engineer, and professor
Marc Meyers, American feature film director and screenwriter
Marilyn Meyers (born 1942), Chargé d'Affaires ad interim to Burma from September 1994 - October 1996
Mary Meyers (born 1946), American speed skater
Maury Meyers (1932–2014)
Michael Myers (disambiguation), several people
Nancy Meyers (born 1949), American film director, producer, and screenwriter
Nina Palmquist Meyers, wife of Earl Warren
Richard Meyers (born 1949), better known as Richard Hell, American punk-rock singer, songwriter, and bass guitarist
Roger Meyers, Sr., fictional founder of Itchy and Scratchy Studios
Scott Meyers (born 1959), American author of several books on object oriented programming
Seth Meyers (born 1973), American actor and comedian, cast member of Saturday Night Live
Sidney Meyers (1906–1969), American film director and editor
Sydney Herbert Meyers, of Eedle and Meyers
William "Billy" Meyers, "policy dealer" (numbers racketeer) investigated by the Lexow Committee
William M. Colmer (middle name, Meyers, 1890–1980), Mississippi politician

tag: ul