document_title: Money creation

question_text: who controls the amount of money in circulation

root

text: Money creation

text: Money creation by the central bank[edit]

text: Monetary policy regulates a country's money supply, the amount of broad currency in circulation. Almost all modern nations have central banks such as the United States Federal Reserve System, the European Central Bank (ECB), and the People's Bank of China for conducting monetary policy. Charged with the smooth functioning of the money supply and financial markets, these institutions are generally independent of the government executive.

tag: p

text: The primary tool of monetary policy is open market operations: the central bank buys and sells financial assets such as treasury bills, government bonds, or foreign currencies from private parties. Purchases of these assets result in currency entering market circulation, while sales of these assets remove currency. Usually, open market operations are designed to target a specific short-term interest rate. For example, the U.S. Federal Reserve may target the federal funds rate, the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight. In other instances, they might instead target a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency, the price of gold, or indices such as the consumer price index.

text: Other monetary policy tools to expand the money supply include decreasing interest rates by fiat; increasing the monetary base; and decreasing reserve requirements. Some other means are: discount window lending (as lender of last resort); moral suasion (cajoling the behavior of certain market players); and "open mouth operations" (publicly asserting future monetary policy). The conduct and effects of monetary policy and the regulation of the banking system are of central concern to monetary economics.

text: Physical currency[edit]

text: In modern economies, relatively little of the supply of broad money is in physical currency. For example, in December 2010 in the United States, of the $8.853 trillion in broad money supply (M2), only about 10% (or $915.7 billion) consisted of physical coins and paper money.[2] The manufacturing of new physical money is usually the responsibility of the central bank, or sometimes, the government's treasury.

text: Contrary to popular belief, money creation in a modern economy does not directly involve the manufacturing of new physical money, such as paper currency or metal coins. Instead, when the central bank expands the money supply through open market operations (e.g., by purchasing government bonds or commercial bank assets), it credits the accounts that the government or commercial banks hold at the central bank (termed high-powered money). Governments or commercial banks may draw on these accounts to withdraw physical money from the central bank. Commercial banks may also return soiled or spoiled currency to the central bank in exchange for new currency.[3]

text: Quantitative easing[edit]

text: Quantitative easing (QE) involves the creation of a significant amount of new base money by a central bank through buying assets that it usually does not buy. Usually, a central bank will conduct open market operations by purchasing short-term government bonds or foreign currency. However, during a financial crisis, the central bank may acquire additional types of financial assets. The central bank may buy long-term government bonds, company bonds, asset-backed securities, stocks, or even extend commercial loans. The intent is to stimulate the economy by increasing liquidity and promoting bank lending in cases when interest rates cannot be pushed any lower.

text: Quantitative easing increases reserves in the banking system (i.e., deposits of commercial banks at the central bank), giving depository institutions the ability to make new loans. Quantitative easing is typically used when lowering the discount rate is no longer effective because interest rates are already close to, or at, zero. In such a case, normal monetary policy cannot further lower interest rates, and the economy is in a liquidity trap.

text: Monetary financing[edit]

text: In principle, central banks can create money de novo in order to finance government spending, a process known as debt monetization.

text: Monetary financing used to be standard monetary policy in many countries including Canada[4] and France. Under the influence of monetarism, monetary financing has been gradually prohibited by law in many countries, under the rationale that monetary financing is can be dangerously inflationary.

text: In the Eurozone for example, Article 123 of the Lisbon Treaty explicitly prohibits the European Central Bank from financing public institutions.[5]

text: Money creation by commercial banks[edit]

text: In contemporary monetary systems, most money in circulation exists not as cash or coins created by the central bank, but as bank deposits. Commercial bank lending expands the amount of bank deposits.[6] Through fractional reserve banking, the modern banking system expands the money supply of a country beyond the amount initially created by the central bank, creating most of the broad money in the system.[7]

text: There are two types of money in a fractional-reserve banking system: currency originally issued by the central bank, and bank deposits at commercial banks:[8][9]

text:
Central bank money (all money created by the central bank regardless of its form, e.g., banknotes, coins, electronic money)
Commercial bank money (money created in the banking system through borrowing and lending) – sometimes referred to as checkbook money[10]

text: When a commercial bank loan is extended, new commercial bank money is created if the loan proceeds are issued in the form of an increase in a customer's demand deposit account (that is, an increase in the bank's demand deposit liability owed to the customer). As a loan is paid back through reductions in the demand deposit liabilities the bank owes to a customer, that commercial bank money disappears from existence. Because loans are continually being issued in a normally functioning economy, the amount of broad money in the economy remains relatively stable. Because of this money creation process by the commercial banks, the money supply of a country is usually a multiple larger than the money issued by the central bank; that multiple was traditionally determined by the reserve requirements and now essentially by other financial ratios (primarily the capital adequacy ratio that limits the overall credit creation of a bank) set by the relevant banking regulators in the jurisdiction.

text: Re-lending[edit]

text: An early table, featuring reinvestment from one period to the next and a geometric series, is found in the tableau économique of the Physiocrats, which is credited as the "first precise formulation" of such interdependent systems and the origin of multiplier theory.[11]

text: Money multiplier[edit]

text: The most common mechanism used to measure this increase in the money supply is typically called the money multiplier. It calculates the maximum amount of money that an initial deposit can be expanded to with a given reserve ratio – such a factor is called a multiplier. It is the maximum amount of money commercial banks can legally create for a given quantity of reserves.

text: It is calculated as

text:
M
=

1
R

{\displaystyle M={\frac {1}{R}}}

text: where

text:
M

{\displaystyle M}

 = deposit multiple

text:
R

{\displaystyle R}

 = required reserve ratio.

text: In the re-lending model, this is alternatively calculated as a geometric series under repeated lending of a geometrically decreasing quantity of money: reserves lead loans. In endogenous money models, loans lead reserves, and it is not interpreted as a geometric series. In practice, because banks often have access to lines of credit, and the money market, and can use day time loans from central banks, there is often no requirement for a pre-existing deposit for the bank to create a loan and have it paid to another bank.[12][13]

text: If banks accumulate excess reserves, as occurred in such financial crises as the Great Depression and the Financial crisis of 2007–2008 – in the United States since October 2008, the relationship between base money and broad money breaks down, and central bank money creation may not result in commercial bank money creation, instead remaining as unlent (excess) reserves.[14] However, the central bank may shrink commercial bank money by shrinking central bank money, since reserves are required – thus fractional-reserve money creation is likened to a string, since the central bank can always pull money out by restricting central bank money, hence reserves, but cannot always push money out by expanding central bank money, since this may result in excess reserves, a situation referred to as "pushing on a string".

text: Alternative theories[edit]

text: There are also heterodox theories of how money is created. These include:

text:
Chartalism sees the state as creating money when it spends, and destroying it when it taxes. More importantly, the private banking system is not, in empirical terms, reserve-limited, so its creation of money is an endogenous process, driven by credit demand and lending willingness. This accounts for the power of the state's interest rate policy in governing most of the money supply in normal times.[15][16]
Credit theory of money. This approach was initiated by Joseph Schumpeter. Credit theory asserts the central role of banks as creators and allocators of money supply, and distinguishes between "productive credit creation" (allowing non-inflationary economic growth even at full employment, in the presence of technological progress) and "unproductive credit creation" (resulting in inflation of either the consumer- or asset-price variety).[17][18]

tag: ul


document_title: Theon Greyjoy

question_text: when does theon become reek in the books

text: Theon Greyjoy

text: Character description[edit]

text: Theon Greyjoy is not a point of view character in the first novel, but becomes one beginning with the second novel A Clash of Kings.[5]

text: Theon Greyjoy is the only living son, and heir apparent of Balon Greyjoy. He is the third-person narrator for thirteen chapters throughout A Clash of Kings and A Dance with Dragons. He is initially arrogant, cocky, and proud, but becomes more fragile after being tortured by Ramsay Snow. Ten years before the events of the series, he was taken hostage by Eddard Stark to be executed if Balon displeased the king, Robert Baratheon. Theon was raised at Winterfell with the Stark children and became a close friend to Robb Stark in particular.

text: As a prisoner of Ramsay Snow, the "Bastard of Bolton", he has been subjected to physical and psychological torture, emasculated and mockingly renamed as "Reek".[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Originally auditioning for the role of Jon Snow,[7] the English actor Alfie Allen has received positive reviews for his role as Theon Greyjoy in the TV series.[8] Paul Tassi of Forbes explained:

text: In one scene, six year’s worth of character development gets thrown out the window. It’s maddening. I know the counter-argument to this, that Theon will always be haunted by his time spent being abused by Ramsay, and Reek will always be in there somewhere. But we’ve done this already. We’ve had him suffer and suffer and suffer and be a coward and refuse to be rescued by his own sister in an earlier season because he was just that broken. We spent the last year and a half watching Theon crawl his way back to being Theon again, in some capacity, and now the show does him this disservice, having him revert back to being a coward in the goofiest way possible.[9]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Books[edit]

text: A Game of Thrones[edit]

text: Theon Greyjoy becomes a trusted companion of Robb Stark on the battlefield, participating in the North's victories at Riverrun and the Whispering Wood.

text: A Clash of Kings[edit]

text: Robb sends Theon as an envoy to Pyke, seeking Balon Greyjoy's aid in his rebellion against House Lannister. Theon arrives to find Balon instead intends to seize the North while Robb is fighting in the Riverlands. Theon is charged to reave on the Stony Shore, but is jealous when he learns that his sister Asha has captured Deepwood Motte. After sending some of his men to besiege Torrhen's Square and lure Winterfell's garrison away from the castle, Theon and his party invade and capture Winterfell. He releases the prisoner Reek, formerly a servant of House Bolton. When Bran and Rickon Stark apparently escape Winterfell, Reek advises Theon to kill two young boys and pass their bodies off as those of the Stark children.

text: Winterfell's garrison soon repels the ironborn at Torrhen's Square and besieges Winterfell. When Asha refuses to give Theon men to hold the castle, he allows Reek to seek reinforcements from the Dreadfort. Reek returns with several hundred Bolton men and defeats the Stark soldiers, but then reveals his true identity is Roose Bolton's bastard Ramsay Snow and takes Theon prisoner.

text: A Storm of Swords and A Feast for Crows[edit]

text: Ramsay imprisons Theon in the Dreadfort's dungeons and tortures him for his own amusement, though most of the Ironborn believe that Theon is dead. At some point, Theon manages to escape with his former bedwarmer, Kyra, though this turns out to be a trick of Ramsay's and the two are soon recaptured.

text: A Dance with Dragons[edit]

text: Ramsay's torture leaves Theon with many of his toes, fingers and teeth missing; it is implied that Ramsay also removes his penis. The trauma of this torture causes Theon to lose much of his body weight, turns his hair white, and leaves him resembling an old man. He is forced to assume the identity of Reek. When Roose Bolton begins to lead his forces back to the North, Ramsay (who has since been legitmised as a Bolton) has Theon convince the Ironborn garrison holding Moat Cailin to surrender, but flays them regardless. Theon is ordered to give away Jeyne Poole (who is posing as Arya Stark) at her wedding to Ramsay, who later forces Theon to participate in his sexual abuse of Jeyne. Theon later encounters Mance Rayder (disguised as Abel the bard) and his spearwives, who enlist his help in freeing Jeyne, having been sent by Jon Snow. When the alarm is raised, Theon jumps from Winterfell's battlements with Jeyne and is rescued by Mors Umber, who sends him to Stannis Baratheon's camp several days' ride away. There he is reunited with Asha, who initially does not recognise him.

text: The Winds of Winter[edit]

text: Theon is kept prisoner by Stannis, who notes that he may have useful information about the Boltons but means to execute him for the supposed murders of Bran and Rickon. Asha unsuccessfully tries to ransom Theon before convincing Stannis to behead him rather than burn him alive.

text: Television adaptation[edit]

text: Theon Greyjoy is played by Alfie Allen in the television adaptation of the series of books.[10]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Theon is introduced as the hostage and ward of Lord Eddard Stark, stemming from the failed Greyjoy Rebellion. Despite his position, he remains loyal to Eddard and is good friends with his sons Robb and Jon. While he has never questioned his position, he soon begins to have doubts after Tyrion Lannister tells him he is nothing more than a servant to the Starks and that not everyone respects him. Nevertheless, Theon initially remains loyal to Robb after he goes to war with the Lannisters and supports his decision to have the North secede from the Seven Kingdoms and form their own kingdom.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Theon is sent to the Iron Islands to persuade Balon to ally with the Starks against the Lannisters, but Balon instead intends to conquer the North while its army is fighting in the Westerlands. Theon is insulted when he is given command of a single ship to raid the Stony Shore and contemplates sending a warning to Robb, but ultimately decides to remain loyal to his family.[11] When his crew proves to be disrespectful of Theon's station, his first mate Dagmer Cleftjaw suggests that Theon prove himself by capturing Winterfell. Theon lures the Stark garrison away from Winterfell and easily captures the castle, but is forced to execute his old mentor Ser Rodrik Cassel when he refuses to yield. Theon is seduced by the wildling servant Osha, who later frees Bran and Rickon Stark. Theon's men are unable to recapture the two and Theon kills two farm boys to pass their bodies off as those of the Stark boys, an act he soon feels guilty for.

text: Theon asks his sister Yara to bring 500 men as reinforcements, but instead she arrives with a paltry force to warn Theon of his unstable position and to return to the Iron Islands. Theon refuses, and soon afterwards Winterfell is besieged by men of House Bolton commanded by (the then unnamed) Ramsay Snow, bastard son of Lord Roose Bolton. Theon attempts to rally his men to fight to the death, but they knock him out and hand him over to Ramsay, hoping for amnesty. Unknown to the viewer, Ramsay disobeys his orders to free the Ironborn and instead flays them all and sacking Winterfell, before taking Theon back to the Dreadfort as prisoner.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: Theon is taken captive and kept in an unknown castle, where he is briefly tortured, but later manages to escape with the help of a serving boy who claims to work for his sister Yara. He is brought back to the very castle he escaped from, the serving boy proving to actually be his captor and torturer, Ramsay Snow, Lord Bolton's sadistic bastard child. Theon is subsequently brutally tortured, flayed and castrated by Ramsay, who forces him to rename himself Reek, and beats him until he submits to his new name. Theon's penis is sent in a box to his father, with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon further unless the Ironmen retreat from the North. Balon refuses, as Theon defied him and is now unable to further the Greyjoy line. Outraged, Yara responds she intends to save her brother of her own accord.[12]

text: Season 4[edit]

text: Theon Greyjoy remains a prisoner, locked in the cages of the dogs under Ramsay's watch. Theon, now adopting and living under the name Reek he was given, is a broken man living in this squalor. Yara Greyjoy, his sister comes to his rescue, however the torture he has endured has begun to take his mind and he thoroughly believes he IS Reek. He refuses to go with her, and in a fight with Ramsay, is beaten and sent away without her brother and running from bloodthirsty hounds.

text: Ramsay rewards his tortured prisoner with a bath and soft words. Easing the body of the tortured Theon into the bath, he asks him to do a job, to play a role. Ramsay tells Reek to assume the name of Theon Greyjoy, and help him fight. He is taken to Moat Cailin, a heavily defended, but winded fortress of the Iron Hills. Surrounded and blockaded the Castle has all but fallen. Theon rides to the gates, holding a white flag of truce and presents the offer of Ramsay extending peace for submission. He is met with contempt, and just as his personality begins to break and blood is spit in his face, another soldier kills the commander with an axe to the head, and accepts the doomed proposal.

text: Theon watches as Ramsay has the keep raided, and all the men were killed. He rides with Ramsay north to Winterfell, now recognized by his father as a trueborn Bolton.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: Theon is stunned to find that Ramsay has been betrothed to Sansa Stark. He tries to avoid her until Ramsay's psychotic paramour Myranda leads Sansa to Theon's sleeping quarters, a cage in the kennels.[13] After learning of their reunion, Ramsay involves Theon in his torment of Sansa by having him give her away at the wedding and then forces him to watch as he rapes her on their wedding night.[14] Sansa asks for Theon's assistance to escape from Ramsay, but Theon, wishing to spare her Ramsay's wrath, instead warns Ramsay, causing him to flay the maid who had tried to help Sansa escape. When Sansa confronts Theon, he confesses that he did not kill her brothers. While Ramsay and the Bolton army attack Stannis Baratheon's forces, Sansa makes another escape attempt, but is caught and threatened by Myranda. Finally snapping, Theon pushes Myranda over a walkway to her death, just as the victorious Boltons return. Rather than face Ramsay's anger, Theon and Sansa jump from the Winterfell wall into the snow and flee.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: Theon and Sansa are caught by Bolton soldiers in the woods surrounding Winterfell, but are saved by the arrival of Brienne of Tarth, who kills the hunters. Although Sansa and Brienne decide to make for Castle Black, where Sansa's half-brother Jon Snow is Lord Commander of the Night's Watch, Theon tells her that he does not deserve the Starks' forgiveness and instead decides to return to the Iron Islands. Theon returns to the Iron Islands to discover that Balon is dead, and offers to support Yara at the Kingsmoot, a ceremony where the Ironborn elect their new leader. However, the Kingsmoot is won by Theon's uncle Euron Greyjoy, who admits to killing Balon but wins over the Ironborn by promising to conquer Westeros through marriage to Daenerys Targaryen, who possesses the only living dragons in the world. Correctly surmising that Euron will have them put to death, Theon, Yara, and their loyalists flee the Iron Islands with the best ships of the Iron Fleet. Theon remains psychologically traumatized by Ramsay's torture, but is urged by Yara to find courage. They travel to Meereen, which Daenerys has taken as her seat, and offer her the Iron Fleet in exchange for the Iron Islands' independence and the removal of Euron as king. Daenerys agrees, on the condition that the Ironborn cease their practices of pillaging. Theon and Yara then join Daenerys as she sets sail for Westeros.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: After Daenerys seizes Dragonstone as her base for the invasion of Westeros, Theon and Yara are sent with Ellaria Sand and the Sand Snakes to Dorne to transport the Dornish army to besiege King's Landing. However, Yara's fleet is attacked by Euron in the Narrow Sea, with Euron personally taking Yara captive. Theon is triggered after watching the carnage and jumps overboard, being rescued some time later by survivors of the battle unimpressed by his cowardice.

text: Theon returns to Dragonstone, seeking Daenerys' aid in freeing Yara, but discovers that Daenerys has left to confront the Lannister army on the Roseroad. He is confronted by Jon Snow, now King in the North after defeating Ramsay. Jon reassures Theon that Sansa is safe, but that it is the only reason Jon is sparing his life.

text: After Jon captures a wight beyond the Wall, Theon joins Daenerys, Jon, and their retinues as they present the wight to Queen Cersei Lannister as evidence of the White Walkers' threat. During the meeting, Theon is confronted by Euron, who threatens to execute Yara if Theon does not bend the knee to him. Returning to Dragonstone, Theon speaks to Jon, who reassures him that Theon is both a Stark and a Greyjoy and forgives him. Inspired by this, and remembering that Yara was the only one who tried to free him from Ramsay, Theon orders the Ironborn survivors to aid him in freeing Yara. Their leader, Harrag, defies Theon and nearly beats him to death, but Theon eventually gains the upper hand and beats Harrag senseless. Having regained the respect of the Ironborn, Theon leads his men to find Yara.

text: Family tree of House Greyjoy[edit]

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Family tree of House Greyjoy

Lady
Stonetree

Quellon[a]

Lady
Piper[a]

Lady
Sunderly[b]

Harlon[b]

Quenton[b]

Donel[b]

Balon IX[c]

Alannys Harlaw[d][c]

Euron III
"Crow's Eye"[c]

Victarion[c]

Urrigon[b]

Aeron
"Damphair"[c]

Robin[b]

Rodrik[e][c]

Maron[e][c]

Asha[c]

Erik
Ironmaker[c]

Theon[c]

several
bastard
children[f]

Notes:

^ Jump up to: a b Martin, George R. R.; García Jr., Elio M.; Antonsson, Linda (2014). "The Old Way and the New". The World of Ice & Fire. ISBN 978-0-553-80544-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Martin, George R. R. (2005). "Chapter 1, The Prophet". A Feast for Crows. ISBN 0-553-80150-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Martin, George R. R. (2011). "Appendix: King of the Isles and the North". A Dance with Dragons. ISBN 978-0553801477.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2005). "Chapter 11, The Kraken's Daughter". A Feast for Crows. ISBN 0-553-80150-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, George R. R. (1999). "Chapter 11, Theon I". A Clash of Kings. ISBN 0-553-10803-4.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2005). "Chapter 29, The Reaver". A Feast for Crows. ISBN 0-553-80150-3.

tag: table


document_title: Non-Aligned Movement

question_text: in which year colombia hosted the nam summit

text: Non-Aligned Movement

text: History

text: Origins and the Cold War

text: The founding fathers of the Non-Aligned Movement were Josip Broz Tito of Socialist Yugoslavia, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Sukarno of Indonesia, Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. Their actions were known as 'The Initiative of Five'.

text: The Non-Aligned Movement as an organization was founded on the Brijuni islands in Yugoslavia in 1956, and was formalized by signing the Declaration of Brijuni on July 19th, 1956. The Declaration was signed by Yugoslavia's president, Josip Broz Tito, India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser. One of the quotations within the Declaration is "Peace can not be achieved with separation, but the aspiration towards collective security in global terms and expansion of freedom, as well as terminating the domination of one country over another". The Movement advocates a middle course for states in the developing world between the Western and Eastern Blocs during the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V. K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United Nations.[5][unreliable source?]

text: But it soon after became the name to refer to the participants of the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries first held in 1961. The term "non-alignment" was established in 1953 at the United Nations. Nehru used the phrase in a 1954 speech in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations called Panchsheel (five restraints), these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were:

text:
Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty.
Mutual non-aggression.
Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs.
Equality and mutual benefit.
Peaceful co-existence.[citation needed]

text: A significant milestone in the development of the Non-Aligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference, a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno, who gave a significant contribution to promote this movement. Bringing together Sukarno, U Nu, Nasser, Nehru, Tito, Nkrumah and Menon with the likes of Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai, and Norodom Sihanouk, as well as U Thant and a young Indira Gandhi, the conference adopted a "declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation", which included Nehru's five principles, and a collective pledge to remain neutral in the Cold War. Six years after Bandung, an initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade.[6] The term non-aligned movement appears first in the fifth conference in 1976, where participating countries are denoted as members of the movement.[7]

text: At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970, the member nations added as aims of the movement the peaceful resolution of disputes and the abstention from the big power military alliances and pacts. Another added aim was opposition to stationing of military bases in foreign countries.[8]

text: Some members were involved in serious conflicts with other members (e.g. India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq). The movement fractured from its own internal contradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Although the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other members of the movement (particularly predominantly Muslim states) condemned it.

text: Since the end of the Cold War

text: Because[original research?] the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to thwart the Cold War,[8] it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold War ended. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended[9] in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations.[10][11] The successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have observer status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined the European Union. Belarus is the only member of the Movement in Europe. Azerbaijan and Fiji are the most recent entrants, joining in 2011. The applications of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998, respectively.[11]

text: Since the end of the Cold War, the Non-Aligned Movement has been forced to redefine itself and reinvent its purpose in the current world system. A major question has been whether many of its foundational ideologies, principally national independence, territorial integrity, and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism, can be applied to contemporary issues. The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism, equality, and mutual non-aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the global South, and an instrument that can be utilised to promote the needs of member nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with developed nations. In its efforts to advance Southern interests, the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst member states,[12] but as in the past, cohesion remains a problem since the size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation. While agreement on basic principles has been smooth, taking definitive action vis-à-vis particular international issues has been rare, with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than pass hard-line resolutions.[13]

text: The movement continues to see a role for itself, as in its view, the world's poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no longer by opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world,[14] and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs and aggressive unilateral measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic challenges facing member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and the implications of neo-liberal policies. The Non-Aligned Movement has identified economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security.[15]

text: The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran, Iran, from 26 to 31 August 2012. According to Mehr News Agency, representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled to attend.[16] Attendance at the highest level includes 27 presidents, 2 kings and emirs, 7 prime ministers, 9 vice presidents, 2 parliament spokesmen and 5 special envoys.[17] At the summit, Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015.[18]

text: Organizational structure and membership

text: The movement stems from a desire not to be aligned within a geopolitical/military structure and therefore itself does not have a very strict organizational structure.[2] Some organizational basics were defined at the 1996 Cartagena Document on Methodology[19] The Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned States is "the highest decision making authority". The chairmanship rotates between countries and changes at every summit of heads of state or government to the country organizing the summit.[19]

text: Requirements for membership of the Non-Aligned Movement coincide with the key beliefs of the United Nations. The current requirements are that the candidate country has displayed practices in accordance with the ten "Bandung principles" of 1955:[19]

text:
Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.
Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations.
Recognition of the movements for national independence.
Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations, large and small.
Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country.
Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself singly or collectively, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country.
Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
Promotion of mutual interests and co-operation.
Respect for justice and international obligations.

text: Policies and ideology

text: Secretaries General of the NAM had included such diverse figures as Suharto,[20] militaristic[21] anti-communist, and Nelson Mandela, a democratic socialist and famous anti-apartheid activist. Consisting of many governments with vastly different ideologies, the Non-Aligned Movement is unified by its declared commitment to world peace and security. At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in March 1983, the movement described itself as "history's biggest peace movement".[22] The movement places equal emphasis on disarmament. NAM's commitment to peace pre-dates its formal institutionalisation in 1961. The Brioni meeting between heads of governments of India, Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognized that there exists a vital link between struggle for peace and endeavours for disarmament.[22]

text: During the 1970s and early 1980s, the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations between developed and developing nations, namely the New International Economic Order (NIEO), and its cultural offspring, the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). The latter, on its own, sparked a Non-Aligned initiative on cooperation for communications, the Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool, created in 1975 and later converted into the NAM News Network in 2005.

text: The Non-Aligned Movement espouses policies and practices of cooperation, especially those that are multilateral and provide mutual benefit to all those involved. Many of the members of the Non-Aligned Movement are also members of the United Nations. Both organisations have a stated policy of peaceful cooperation, yet the successes the NAM has had with multilateral agreements tend to be ignored by the larger, western and developed nation dominated UN.[23] African concerns about apartheid were linked with Arab-Asian concerns about Palestine[23] and multilateral cooperation in these areas has enjoyed moderate success. The Non-Aligned Movement has played a major role in various ideological conflicts throughout its existence, including extreme opposition to apartheid governments and support of guerrilla movements in various locations, including Rhodesia and South Africa.[4]

text: Current activities and positions

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2017)

text: In recent years the organization has criticized certain aspects of US foreign policy. The 2003 invasion of Iraq and the War on Terrorism, its attempts to stifle Iran and North Korea's nuclear plans, and its other actions have been denounced by some members of the Non-Aligned Movement as attempts to run roughshod over the sovereignty of smaller nations; at the most recent summit, Kim Yong-nam, the head of North Korea's parliament, stated that, "The United States is attempting to deprive other countries of even their legitimate right to peaceful nuclear activities."[24]

text: Since 1961, the organization has supported the discussion of the case of Puerto Rico's self-determination before the United Nations. A resolution on the matter was to be proposed on the XV Summit by the Hostosian National Independence Movement.[needs update][25]

text: Since 1973, the group has supported the discussion of the case of Western Sahara's self-determination before the United Nations.[26] The movement reaffirmed in its last meeting (Sharm El Sheikh 2009) the support to the Self-determination of the Sahrawi people by choosing between any valid option, welcomed the direct conversations between the parties, and remembered the responsibility of the United Nations on the Sahrawi issue.[27]

text: The movement is publicly committed to the tenets of sustainable development and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, but it believes that the international community has not created conditions conducive to development and has infringed upon the right to sovereign development by each member state. Issues such as globalization, the debt burden, unfair trade practices, the decline in foreign aid, donor conditionality, and the lack of democracy in international financial decision-making are cited as factors inhibiting development.[28]

text: The movement has been outspoken in its criticism of current UN structures and power dynamics, stating that the organisation has been utilised by powerful states in ways that violate the movement's principles. It has made a number of recommendations that it says would strengthen the representation and power of "non-aligned" states. The proposed UN reforms are also aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision-making. The UN Security Council is the element it considers the most distorted, undemocratic, and in need of reshaping.[29]

text: The movement has collaborated with other organisations of the developing world –  primarily the Group of 77 –  forming a number of joint committees and releasing statements and documents representing the shared interests of both groups. This dialogue and cooperation can be taken as an effort to increase the global awareness about the organisation and bolster its political clout.[citation needed]

text: The movement accepts the universality of human rights and social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenisation.[citation needed] In line with its views on sovereignty, the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural diversity, and the tolerance of the religious, socio-cultural, and historical particularities that define human rights in a specific region.[30][not in citation given]

text:
Committee on Palestine
High-Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations
Joint Coordinating Committee (chaired by Chairman of G-77 and Chairman of NAM)
Non-Aligned Security Caucus
Standing Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation
Task Force on Somalia
Working Group on Disarmament
Working Group on Human Rights
Working Group on Peace-Keeping Operations

text: Summits

text: The conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, often referred to as Non-Aligned Movement Summit is the main meeting within the movement and are held every few years:[32]

text:
Date
Host country
Host city

1st
1–6 September 1961
 Yugoslavia
Belgrade

2nd
5–10 October 1964
 United Arab Republic
Cairo

3rd
8–10 September 1970
 Zambia
Lusaka

4th
5–9 September 1973
 Algeria
Algiers

5th
16–19 August 1976
 Sri Lanka
Colombo

6th
3–9 September 1979
 Cuba
Havana

7th
7–12 March 1983
 India
New Delhi

8th
1–6 September 1986
 Zimbabwe
Harare

9th
4–7 September 1989
 Yugoslavia
Belgrade

10th
1–6 September 1992
 Indonesia
Jakarta

11th
18–20 October 1995
 Colombia
Cartagena

12th
2–3 September 1998
 South Africa
Durban

13th
20–25 February 2003
 Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur

14th
15–16 September 2006
 Cuba
Havana

15th
11–16 July 2009
 Egypt
Sharm el-Sheikh

16th
26–31 August 2012
 Iran
Tehran

17th
13–18 September 2016
 Venezuela
Porlamar

text: A variety of ministerial meetings are held between the summit meetings. Some are specialist, such as the meeting on "Inter-Faith Dialogue and Co-operation for Peace", held in Manila, the Philippines, 16–18 March 2010. There is a general Conference of Foreign Ministers every three years. The most recent were in Bali, Indonesia, 23–27 May 2011 and Algiers, Algeria, 26–29 May 2014.

text: The Non-Aligned Movement celebrated its 50th anniversary in Belgrade on 5–6 September 2011.[33][34]

text: Secretary general

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Between summits, the Non-Aligned Movement is run by the secretary general elected at the last summit meeting. The Coordinating Bureau, also based at the UN, is the main instrument for directing the work of the movement's task forces, committees and working groups.

text:
Image
Secretary-General
Country (holding the Presidency)
Party
From
To

Josip Broz Tito
 Yugoslavia
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
1961
1964

Gamal Abdel Nasser
 United Arab Republic
Arab Socialist Union
1964
1970

Kenneth Kaunda
 Zambia
United National Independence Party
1970
1973

Houari Boumediène
 Algeria
Revolutionary Council
1973
1976

William Gopallawa
 Sri Lanka
Independent
1976
1978

Junius Richard Jayewardene
United National Party
1978
1979

Fidel Castro
 Cuba
Communist Party of Cuba
1979
1983

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
 India
Janata Party
1983

Zail Singh
Indian National Congress
1983
1986

Robert Mugabe
 Zimbabwe
ZANU-PF
1986
1989

Janez Drnovšek
 Yugoslavia
League of Communists of Yugoslavia
1989
1990

Borisav Jović
Socialist Party of Serbia
1990
1991

Stjepan Mesić
Croatian Democratic Union
1991

Branko Kostić
Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro
1991
1992

Dobrica Ćosić
 FR Yugoslavia
Independent
1992

Suharto
 Indonesia
Golkar
1992
1995

Ernesto Samper
 Colombia
Colombian Liberal Party
1995
1998

Andrés Pastrana Arango
Colombian Conservative Party
1998

Nelson Mandela
 South Africa
African National Congress
1998
1999

Thabo Mbeki
1999
2003

Mahathir Mohamad
 Malaysia
United Malays National Organisation
2003

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
2003
2006

Fidel Castro[35]
 Cuba
Communist Party of Cuba
2006
2008

Raúl Castro
2008
2009

Hosni Mubarak
 Egypt
National Democratic Party
2009
2011

Mohamed Hussein Tantawi
Independent
2011
2012

Mohamed Morsi
Freedom and Justice Party
2012

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
 Iran
Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran
2012
2013

Hassan Rouhani
Moderation and Development Party
2013
2016

Nicolás Maduro
 Venezuela
United Socialist Party
2016
present

text: Members, observers and guests

text: Current members

text: The following countries are members of the NAM, arranged by continent, showing their year of admission:[1][36]

text: Africa

text: Currently every African country (except the newly created South Sudan) is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

text:
Algeria (1961)
 Angola (1976)
 Benin (1964)
 Botswana (1970)
 Burkina Faso (1973)
 Burundi (1964)
 Cameroon (1964)
 Cape Verde (1976)
 Central African Republic (1964)
 Chad (1964)
 Comoros (1976)
 Democratic Republic of the Congo (1961)
 Djibouti (1983)
 Egypt (1961)
 Equatorial Guinea (1970)
 Eritrea (1995)
 Ethiopia (1961)
 Gabon (1970)
 Gambia (1973)
 Ghana (1961)
 Guinea (1961)
 Guinea-Bissau (1976)
 Côte d'Ivoire (1973)
 Kenya (1964)
 Lesotho (1970)
 Liberia (1964)
 Libya (1964)
 Madagascar (1973)
 Malawi (1964)
 Mali (1961)
 Mauritania (1964)
 Mauritius (1973)
 Morocco (1961)
 Mozambique (1976)
 Namibia (1979)
 Niger (1973)
 Nigeria (1964)
 Republic of the Congo (1964)
 Rwanda (1970)
 São Tomé and Príncipe (1976)
 Senegal (1964)
 Seychelles (1976)
 Sierra Leone (1964)
 Somalia (1961)
 South Africa (1994)
 Sudan (1961)
 Swaziland (1970)
 Tanzania (1964)
 Togo (1964)
 Tunisia (1961)
 Uganda (1964)
 Zambia (1964)
 Zimbabwe (1979)

tag: ol

text: Americas

text:
Antigua and Barbuda (2006)
 Bahamas (1983)
 Barbados (1983)
 Belize (1976)
 Bolivia (1979)
 Chile (1973)
 Colombia (1983)
 Cuba (1961)
 Dominica (2006)
 Dominican Republic (2000)
 Ecuador (1983)
 Grenada (1979)
 Guatemala (1993)
 Guyana (1970)
 Haiti (2006)
 Honduras (1995)
 Jamaica (1970)
 Nicaragua (1979)
 Panama (1976)
 Peru (1973)
 Saint Kitts and Nevis (2006)
 Saint Lucia (1983)
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2003)
 Suriname (1983)
 Trinidad and Tobago (1970)
 Venezuela (1989)

text: Asia

text:
Afghanistan (1961)
 Azerbaijan (2011)
 Bahrain (1973)
 Bangladesh (1973)
 Bhutan (1973)
 Brunei (1993)
 Cambodia (1961)
 India (1961)
 Indonesia (1961)
 Iran (1979)
 Iraq (1961)
 Jordan (1964)
 Kuwait (1964)
 Laos (1964)
 Lebanon (1961)
 Malaysia (1970)
 Maldives (1976)
 Mongolia (1993)
 Myanmar (1961)
   Nepal (1961)
 North Korea (1976)
 Oman (1973)
 Pakistan (1979)
 Palestine (1976)
 Philippines (1993)
 Qatar (1973)
 Saudi Arabia (1961)
 Singapore (1970)
 Sri Lanka (1961)
 Syria (1964)
 Thailand (1993)
 East Timor (2003)
 Turkmenistan (1995)
 United Arab Emirates (1970)
 Uzbekistan (1993)
 Vietnam (1976)
 Yemen (1990) [38]

text: Europe

text: Belarus (1998)

text: Oceania

text:
Fiji (2011)
 Papua New Guinea (1993)
 Vanuatu (1983)

text: Former members

text:
Cyprus (1961–2004)[39][40]
 Malta (1973–2004)[40]
 Yugoslavia (1961–1992)[9][41][42]

text: Observers

text: The following countries and organizations have observer status (2012):[1]

text: Countries

text:
Argentina[43]
 Armenia
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Brazil
 China
 Costa Rica
 El Salvador
 Kazakhstan
 Kyrgyzstan
 Macedonia
 Mexico
 Montenegro
 Paraguay
 Serbia
 South Sudan
 Tajikistan
 Uruguay

text: Organisations

text:
African Union
Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation
Arab League
Commonwealth Secretariat
Hostosian National Independence Movement
Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
South Centre
United Nations
World Peace Council
International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies

text: Guests

text: There is no permanent guest status,[44] but often several non-member countries are represented as guests at conferences. In addition, a large number of organisations, both from within the UN system and from outside, are always invited as guests.