document_title: Charlotte's Web

question_text: where does the story charlotte web take place

text: Charlotte's Web

text: Plot summary

text: After her father spares the life of a piglet from culling it as runt of the litter, a little girl named Fern Arable nurtures the piglet lovingly, naming him Wilbur. On greater maturity, Wilbur is sold to Fern's uncle, Homer Zuckerman, in whose barnyard he is left yearning for companionship but is snubbed by other barn animals, until befriended by a barn spider named Charlotte, living on a web overlooking Wilbur's enclosure. Upon Wilbur's discovery that he is intended for slaughter, she promises to hatch a plan guaranteed to spare his life. Accordingly, she secretly weaves praise of him into her web, attracting publicity among Zuckerman's neighbors who attribute the praise to divine intervention. As time passes, more inscriptions appear on Charlotte's webs, increasing his renown. Therefore, Wilbur is entered in the county fair, accompanied by Charlotte and the rat Templeton, whom she employs in gathering inspiration for her messages. There, Charlotte spins an egg sac containing her 514 unborn children, and Wilbur, despite winning no prizes, is later celebrated by the fair's staff and visitors (thus made too prestigious alive to justify killing him). Exhausted apparently by laying eggs, Charlotte remains at the fair and dies shortly following Wilbur's departure. Having returned to Zuckerman's farm, Wilbur guards Charlotte's egg sac and is saddened further when the new spiders depart shortly after hatching. The three smallest remain, however, and take up residence in the doorway where Charlotte used to live. Pleased at finding new friends, Wilbur names one of them Nellie, while the remaining two name themselves Joy and Aranea. The book then concludes by mentioning that more generations of spiders kept him company in subsequent years.

text: Characters

text:
Wilbur is a rambunctious pig, the runt of his litter. He is often strongly emotional.
Charlotte A. Cavatica, or simply Charlotte, is a spider who befriends Wilbur. In some passages, she is the heroine of the story.[2]
John Arable: Wilbur's first owner.
Fern Arable, John's daughter, who adopts Wilbur when he's a piglet, and later visits him. She is the only human in the story capable of understanding nonhuman conversation.
Templeton is a rat who helps Charlotte and Wilbur only when offered food. He serves as a somewhat caustic, self-serving comic relief to the plot.
Avery Arable is the elder brother of Fern and John's son. Like Templeton, he is a source of comic relief.
Homer Zuckerman is Fern’s uncle who keeps Wilbur in his barn. He has a wife, Edith, and an assistant named Lurvy.
Other animals in Zuckerman’s barn, with whom Wilbur converses, are a disdainful lamb, a talkative goose, and an intelligent "old sheep".
Henry Fussy is a boy of Fern’s age, of whom Fern becomes fond.
Dr. Dorian is the family physician/psychologist consulted by Fern's mother and something of a wise old man character.
Uncle is a large pig whom Charlotte disdains for coarse manners and Wilbur’s rival at the fair.
Charlotte's children are the 514 children of Charlotte. Although they were born at the barn, all but three of them go their own ways by ballooning.

text: Themes

text: Death

text: Death is a major theme seen throughout Charlotte's Web and is brought forth by that of the spider, Charlotte's, web. According to Norton D. Kinghorn, Charlotte's web acts as a barrier that separates two worlds. These worlds are that of life and death.[3] Scholar Amy Ratelle says that through Charlotte's continual killing and eating of flies throughout the novel, White makes the concept of death normal for Wilbur and for the readers.[4] Wilbur constantly has death on his mind at night when he is worrying over whether or not he will be made into meat for humans to consume, but as scholar Sophie Mills notes, Wilbur is able to avoid death.[5] Even though Wilbur is able to escape his death, Charlotte, the spider who takes care of Wilbur, is not able to escape her own death. Charlotte passes away, but according to Trudelle H. Thomas, "Yet even in the face of death, life continues and ultimate goodness wins out".[6] Jordan Anne Deveraux explains that E.B. White discusses a few realities of death. From the novel, readers learn that death can be delayed, but it cannot be avoided forever.[7]

text: Change

text: For Norton D. Kinghorn, Charlotte's web also acts as a signifier of change. The change Kinghorn refers to is that of both the human world and the farm/barn world. For both of these worlds change is something that cannot be avoided.[8] Along with the changing of the seasons throughout the novel, the characters also go through their own changes. Jordan Anne Deveraux also explains that Wilbur and Fern each go through their changes to transition from childhood closer to adulthood throughout the novel.[9] This is evidenced by Wilbur accepting death and Fern giving up her dolls. Wilbur grows throughout the novel, allowing him to become the caretaker of Charlotte's children just as she was a caretaker for him, as is explained by scholar Sue Misheff.[10] But rather than accept the changes that are forced upon them, according to Sophie Mills, the characters aim to go beyond the limits of change.[11] In a different way, Wilbur goes through a change when he switches locations. Amy Ratelle explains that when he moves from Fern's house to Homer Zuckerman's farm, Wilbur goes from being a loved pet to a farm animal.

text: Innocence

text: Fern, the little girl in the novel, goes from being a child to being more of an adult. As she goes through this change, Kinghorn notes that it can also be considered a fall from innocence.[12] Wilbur also starts out young and innocent at the beginning of the novel. A comparison is drawn between the innocence and youth of Fern and Wilbur. Sophie Mills states that the two characters can identify with one another.[13] Both Wilbur and Fern are, at first, horrified by the realization that life must end; however, by the end of the novel, both characters learn to accept that everything must die.[14] According to Matthew Scully, the novel presents the difference in the world view of adults versus the world view of children. Children, such as Fern, believe killing another for food is wrong, while adults have learned to justify this action.[15]

text: History

text: Charlotte's Web was published three years after White began writing it.[16] White's editor Ursula Nordstrom said that one day in 1952, E. B. White arrived at her office and handed her a new manuscript, the only copy of Charlotte's Web then in existence, which she read soon after and enjoyed.[17]

text: Since White published Death of a Pig in 1948,[18] an account of his own failure to save a sick pig (bought for butchering), Charlotte's Web can be seen as White's attempt "to save his pig in retrospect".[19] White's overall motivation for the book has not been revealed and he has written: "I haven't told why I wrote the book, but I haven't told you why I sneeze, either. A book is a sneeze".[20]

text: When White met the spider who originally inspired Charlotte, he called her Charlotte Epeira (after Epeira sclopetaria, the Grey Cross spider, now known as Larinioides sclopetarius), before discovering that the more modern name for that genus was Aranea.[21] In the novel, Charlotte gives her full name as "Charlotte A. Cavatica", revealing her as a barn spider, an orb-weaver with the scientific name Araneus cavaticus.

text: The arachnid anatomical terms (mentioned in the beginning of chapter nine) and other information that White used, came mostly from American Spiders by Willis J. Gertsch and The Spider Book by John Henry Comstock, both of which combine a sense of poetry with scientific fact.[22] White incorporated details from Comstock's accounts of baby spiders, most notably the "flight" of the young spiders on silken parachutes.[22] White sent Gertsch’s book to illustrator Garth Williams.[23] Williams’ initial drawings depicted a spider with a woman’s face, and White suggested that he simply draw a realistic spider instead.[24]

text: White originally opened the novel with an introduction of Wilbur and the barnyard (which later became the third chapter) but decided to begin the novel by introducing Fern and her family on the first page.[23] White’s publishers were at one point concerned with the book’s ending and tried to get White to change it.[25]

text: Charlotte's Web has become White's most famous book; but White treasured his privacy and that of the farmyard and barn that helped inspire the novel, which have been kept off limits to the public according to his wishes.[26]

text: Reception

text: Charlotte's Web was generally well-reviewed when it was released. In The New York Times, Eudora Welty wrote, "As a piece of work it is just about perfect, and just about magical in the way it is done."[27] Aside from its paperback sales, Charlotte's Web is 78th on the all-time bestselling hardback book list. According to publicity for the 2006 film adaptation (see below), the book has sold more than 45 million copies and been translated into 23 languages. It was a Newbery Honor book for 1953, losing to Secret of the Andes by Ann Nolan Clark for the medal. In 1970, White won the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal, a major prize in the field of children's literature, for Charlotte's Web, along with his first children's book, Stuart Little, published in 1945. Seth Lerer, in his book Children’s Literature, finds that Charlotte represents female authorship and creativity, and compares her to other female characters in children’s literature such as Jo March in Little Women and Mary Lennox in The Secret Garden.[28] Nancy Larrick brings to attention the "startling note of realism" in the opening line, "Where's Papa going with that Ax?"[29]

text: Illustrator Henry Cole expressed his deep childhood appreciation of the characters and story, and calls Garth Williams' illustrations full of “sensitivity, warmth, humor, and intelligence.”[30] Illustrator Diana Cain Bluthenthal states that Williams' illustrations inspired and influenced her.[31]

text: There is an unabridged audio book read by White himself which reappeared decades after it had originally been recorded.[32] Newsweek writes that White reads the story "without artifice and with a mellow charm," and that "White also has a plangency that will make you weep, so don't listen (at least, not to the sad parts) while driving."[32] Joe Berk, president of Pathway Sound, had recorded Charlotte's Web with White in White’s neighbor's house in Maine (which Berk describes as an especially memorable experience) and released the book in LP.[33] Bantam released Charlotte’s Web alongside Stuart Little on CD in 1991, digitally remastered, having acquired the two of them for rather a large amount.[33]

text: In 2005, a school teacher in California conceived of a project for her class in which they would send out hundreds of drawings of spiders (each representing Charlotte’s child Aranea going out into the world so that she can return and tell Wilbur of what she has seen) with accompanying letters; they ended up visiting a large number of parks, monuments, and museums, and were hosted by and/or prompted responses from celebrities and politicians such as John Travolta and then-First Lady Laura Bush.[34]

text: In 2003 Charlotte's Web was listed at number 170 on the BBC's The Big Read poll of the UK's 200 "best-loved novels."[35] A 2004 study found that Charlotte's Web was a common read-aloud book for third-graders in schools in San Diego County, California.[36] Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named the book one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children."[37] It was one of the "Top 100 Chapter Books" of all time in a 2012 poll by School Library Journal.[38]

text: Its awards and nominations include:

text:
Newbery Honor Book (1953)[39]
Horn Book Fanfare (1953)[40]
Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal (1970) (awarded to White for his children's books: Charlotte's Web and Stuart Little)
Massachusetts Children's Book Award (1984)[41]

text: Adaptations

text: Film

text: The book was adapted into an animated feature of the same name in 1973 by Hanna-Barbera Productions and Sagittarius Productions with a score by the Sherman Brothers. In 2003, a direct-to-video sequel of that film, Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure, was released by Paramount Pictures. In 2006, Paramount Pictures, with Walden Media, Kerner Entertainment Company, and Nickelodeon Movies, produced a live-action/animated adaptation starring Dakota Fanning as Fern and the voice of Julia Roberts as Charlotte, released on December 15, 2006.

text: Stage

text: A musical production was created with music and lyrics by Charles Strouse.

text: Video game

text: A video game of the 2006 film was developed by Backbone Entertainment and published by THQ and Sega, and released on December 12, 2006, for the Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, PlayStation 2 and PC.


document_title: Limitless (TV series)

question_text: who plays brian finch's father on limitless

question_tokens: who plays brian finch 's father on limitless

root

text: Limitless (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Brian Finch (McDorman), a 28-year-old burnout and struggling musician, is introduced to NZT-48, a miracle drug that gives him access to every neuron in his brain. For twelve hours after taking the pill, he becomes the smartest person in the world, able to perfectly recall every detail of his life and capable of prodigious leaps of intuition and reasoning. With the mysterious US Senator Eddie Morra (Cooper) providing him with an immunity shot to counteract NZT's deadly side effects, Brian uses his enhanced abilities to help FBI agent Rebecca Harris (Carpenter). The FBI doesn't know about the shot and Brian has to keep both worlds separate.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jake McDorman as Brian Finch[7]
Jennifer Carpenter as FBI Special Agent Rebecca Harris[8]
Hill Harper as FBI Special Agent Spelman Boyle,[9][10] named for Spelman College.
Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as FBI Special Agent in Charge Nasreen "Naz" Pouran, of Iranian origin,[11] commander of the Cross Jurisdictional Command (CJC) team[12]

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Bradley Cooper as U.S. Senator Edward "Eddie" Morra, the original main character from the film[13]
Analeigh Tipton as Shauna, Brian's ex-girlfriend
Ron Rifkin as Dennis Finch, Brian's father
Blair Brown as Marie Finch, Brian's mother
Megan Guinan as Rachel Finch, Brian's sister
Tom Degnan as FBI Agent Jason[14] "Ike", Mike's partner and Brian's bodyguard
Michael James Shaw as FBI Agent Daryl "Mike", Ike's partner and Brian's bodyguard
Colin Salmon as Jarrod Sands, a former MI6 officer who now works as a fixer for Morra[15]
Desmond Harrington as SWAT Agent Casey Rooks
Georgina Haig as Piper Baird
Michael Devine as James "Tech" Padgett

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
Marc Webb
Craig Sweeny
September 22, 2015 (2015-09-22)
9.86[16]

When his father becomes seriously ill, Brian Finch realises he has not reached the goals that he had set for his life. His friend Eli offers him a pill of NZT, which helps Brian excel in his temp job and discover the true nature of his father's disease. When Brian finds Eli dead from a gunshot, he becomes the main suspect in an FBI murder investigation. Looking for more NZT, Brian tracks down one of Eli's coworkers and gets shot in the leg by the real murderer. He passes out, and awakes to find himself with Senator Eddie Morra, who offers him access to both NZT and a drug to counter its dangerous side effects, on the condition that he will not tell the FBI. The FBI wants to find out who created NZT and how to counter the side effects, and FBI agent Rebecca Harris offers Brian a consultant position with the Bureau. Brian insists that they first help his father get an immediate liver transplant. Agent Harris reveals a personal reason behind her involvement in the investigation: she suspects that her father was using NZT before he was found dead in a river.

2
"Badge! Gun!"
Marc Webb
Craig Sweeny & Marc Webb
September 29, 2015 (2015-09-29)
9.73[17]

Brian begins work with the FBI, only to be stuck behind a desk as an analyst while they monitor his use of NZT, since they are unaware he is using the enzyme to counter the side effects. Restless, he works his way into an assassination case investigated by Harris and Boyle, but leaves the facility against orders to find evidence, and nearly gets himself fired. Together they unravel a plot to target an army general with a genetically-engineered virus. Meanwhile, Brian tries to learn more about Senator Eddie Morra, and draws a blank. Morra's nurse starts taking care of Brian's father in order to monitor Brian.

3
"The Legend of Marco Ramos"
Guillermo Navarro
Matthew Federman & Stephen Scaia
October 6, 2015 (2015-10-06)
9.57[18]

With his daily NZT pill, Brian helps the FBI find a sniper who shot a former FBI agent. He also has a chance encounter with Shauna (Analeigh Tipton), a former love interest, and starts up a new relationship with her. One of Morra's henchmen, Mr. Sands, calls himself Brian's new boss and threatens to harm Brian's friends and family if Brian does not comply with his every request on behalf of Morra's interests. To protect Shauna, Brian breaks up with her.

4
"Page 44"
Doug Aarniokoski
Mark Goffman
October 13, 2015 (2015-10-13)
8.03[19]

Brian receives his first confidential case investigating a Chinese spy. However, when his new online friend Arthur Maciel is framed for the murder of a former business partner, Rebecca helps Brian look into the police investigation instead. Mr. Sands asks Brian to find out how much the FBI knows about NZT and threatens to withhold the counter-effect drug until he has their files. Afraid of committing treason and not wanting to betray Rebecca, Brian fabricates a file. Sands has Brian's father infected with a virus, forcing Brian to steal the real files. Rebecca goes to an exhibition of her father's last paintings and Brian finds her father in the NZT files.

5
"Personality Crisis"
Joshua Butler
Sallie Patrick
October 20, 2015 (2015-10-20)
7.90[20]

After recovering all of the files the FBI has on NZT which includes information about suspected users past & present, one of which being Rebecca's late father, Brian very badly wants to tell her, but worries that telling her will blow his cover. He keeps himself from telling her by making videos from his NZT self to his non-NZT self. Also, Brian accidentally meddles in Rebecca's personal life while learning self-defense from her secret boyfriend, FBI Agent Casey Rooks (who incidentally does not know about NZT) by making him suspicious about how Brian was able to pick up self-defense technique so quickly.

6
"Side Effects May Include..."
Doug Aarniokoski
Jenna Richman
October 27, 2015 (2015-10-27)
7.45[21]

After Brian tells Rebecca about the file, they start digging deeper into her father's involvement with NZT. Sands, however, wants Rebecca gone and attempts to blackmail Brian by withholding the immunity shot, into framing her so she loses her job at the FBI. Brian hopes that whoever created NZT might be able to provide him with a way to counteract the side effects. He eventually tracks down Andrew Epperly, a Ubient scientist who received the NZT formula anonymously, and tried it on his father who was suffering from Alzheimer's, as well as on several others, among whom Rebecca's father. Rebecca confronts Epperly, and he reveals he faked his death after NZT started circulating on the streets. Finally, Morra gives Brian the shot and five extra NZT pills. He explains he was testing his moral compass, and whether he is "somebody who just takes orders like Sands, or if he is somebody who has character".

7
"Brian Finch's Black Op"
Aaron Lipstadt
Taylor Elmore
November 3, 2015 (2015-11-03)
7.86[22]

Brian fakes being sick when Mike & Ike show up for his morning NZT pill in order to create his own version of Ferris Bueller's Day Off with one of the five NZT pills Senator Morra gave him. However, the CIA abducts him before he is even able to leave his apartment to borrow his NZT-enhanced capabilities for a black-ops mission without Naz's clearance nor knowledge, infuriating her and forcing the CIA agent handling the case to return Brian. It becomes clear near the end of the mission that Brian will most likely be killed by the CIA mercenaries who kidnapped him, as the mission has gone off-script. Brian thinks quickly on his feet to get out alive, even with his NZT dose wearing off, and finally manages to escape.

8
"When Pirates Pirate Pirates"
Peter Werner
Kari Drake
November 10, 2015 (2015-11-10)
7.09[23]

Naz is taken into custody because she is under suspicion of funding international group of terrorists. She paid a known terrorist to help with the release of her niece from Southeast-Asian pirates. This brings the whole NZT program at the FBI to a halt and Brian briefly retreats to Naz's home (his new safe house). Together with Naz's daughter, he plans to find a solution using a pill from his stash. They negotiate with the pirates. With the help of Sands, they get Naz out of detention and reinstate her back into her position.

9
"Headquarters!"
Doug Aarniokoski
Story by : Frances Brennand Roper
Teleplay by : Craig Sweeny
November 17, 2015 (2015-11-17)
7.52[24]

Brian begs Naz for his own office which he calls his "headquarters!" To earn it, he sends agents out to track down the FBI's top ten Most Wanted. But, when this endeavor causes too much attention, Naz shuts down the search. Brian meets with his father, who feels they have become increasingly estranged, so Brian tells him about NZT.

10
"Arm-ageddon"
Leslie Libman
Dennis Saavedra Saldua
November 24, 2015 (2015-11-24)
6.53[25]

Brian is asked by Agent Boyle to help his U.S ranger friend whose brain-controlled prosthetic arm appears to have killed his wife against his will. Meanwhile, Brian's father betrays his confidence to a lawyer, leading to danger that Morra will certainly find out.

11
"This is Your Brian on Drugs"
Steven A. Adelson
Sallie Patrick
December 15, 2015 (2015-12-15)
6.70[26]

Agent Casey Rooks and his team steal the NZT pills for themselves, triggering an internal investigation. Rebecca faces relationship issues with Casey and Mike and Ike's allegiance to Finch is tested. After Brian figures out Casey stole the NZT pills, Casey holds Brian at gunpoint, but Boyle shoots him in the head before he could have pulled the trigger on him.

12
"The Assassination of Eddie Morra"
Christine Moore
Matthew Federman & Stephen Scaia
January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)
7.30[27]

Senator Edward Morra is victim of an assassination attempt while giving a speech at the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in Manhattan. Sands informs Brian that a woman named Piper Baird is behind the failed attempt on the Senator's life. Piper is a former associate of Morra's, who was involved in the development of the immunity shot. She began questioning the Senator's motives and went rogue, breaking into one of his R&D facilities and stealing a year's supply of the enzyme. Upon finding Piper, Brian has doubts about the intentions of Morra and Sands. Eventually, he helps her fake her death so that she can go into hiding. Towards the end of the episode, the Senator announces his candidacy for President of the United States.

13
"Stop Me Before I Hug Again"
Edward Ornelas
Jenna Richman
January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)
6.33[28]

Brian needs to find a serial killer. In the process, he finds out an innocent man is in jail, convicted of a series of murders. Brian sets out to prove the man's innocence and catch the real killer. Meanwhile, Brian realizes that Morra's coat from the assassination attempt, on which is Morra's blood, is still in the evidence locker and if tested, Morra will be exposed as an NZT user. After informing Sands, he brings in another coat with Morra's blood without NZT inside it and manages to fool the evidence clerk into letting him in, where he covertly switches the coat just as Rebecca, who is investigating Morra, goes in to retrieve the coat.

14
"Fundamentals of Naked Portraiture"
Guy Ferland
Story by : Dennis Saavedra Saldua & Craig Sweeny
Teleplay by : Sallie Patrick & Craig Sweeny
February 9, 2016 (2016-02-09)
6.39[29]

Brian gets a new bodyguard, Spike. The FBI investigates the death of a programmer who was working on a type of artificial intelligence and who may have been selling secrets to the enemy. Rebecca asks Finch to follow him to the evidence locker again, but Brian is hesitant as the clerk will recognize him. However, just before they are about to make the trip, they hear that the evidence clerk has suddenly died from eating food laced with peanuts (to which he was allergic).

15
"Undercover!"
Peter Werner
Taylor Elmore
February 16, 2016 (2016-02-16)
6.01[30]

Following the theft of the FBI's list of undercover agents, Finch goes undercover with one of them who does not want to come in due to being very close to catching the human traffickers she has been investigating, until she grows romantic feelings for him due to his help. Elsewhere, Brian meets with Sands, who admits that he murdered the evidence clerk's death in order to prevent Brian from being exposed, but Brian argues that Rebecca is now even more suspicious of the circumstances. Sands decides to meet with Rebecca and offers her a job within Morra's organization, but she declines.

16
"Sands, Agent of Morra"
Rich Lee
Gregory Weidmann & Geoff Tock
February 23, 2016 (2016-02-23)
5.87[31]

Brian is visited by his sister, Rachel, for hanging out. However, Brian is suddenly visited by Sands, who is injured. After stitching him up, he swears Rachel to secrecy and goes with Sands to help him out, who is being forced to murder his former army colleagues because he needs to save his son. Coincidentally, Rebecca and Boyle are on a case where a boy of a wealthy political family has been kidnapped, who just happens to be Sands' son. Elsewhere, Rachel has to cover-up for Brian when Ike checks up, but she ends up sleeping with him.

17
"Close Encounters"
Maja Vrvilo
Kari Drake
March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)
5.40[32]

Amidst a large-scale blackout in Manhattan, Brian tracks down whoever stole an estimated $8 million in cash from the mutilated money vault. Meanwhile, Mike and Ike hear Brian's mother blurt out that there was an injured agent lying in his apartment. To make matters worse, Brian is confronted by his mother about NZT after Rachel produces his spare NZT pills, and she ostracizes him from the family after his father, who is also his attorney, refuses to tell her more after his NZT pills are confiscated. Brian, who covertly steals the pills back, decides to leave and leaves Rebecca an apology note.

18
"Bezgranichnyy"
John Behring
Matthew Federman & Stephen Scaia
March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)
5.63[34]

Brian, wanting to finally rid himself of Morra's influence on him, travels to St. Petersburg, Russia, where he reconnects with Piper and helps her steal the last ingredient she needs to synthesize the enzyme that protects against NZT damage from the highly secured vault of an eco-friendly Russian millionaire. Meanwhile, Naz launches a search for Brian after finding out that he stole some spare NZT pills.
The title of this episode is Russian for "limitless."[33]

19
"A Dog's Breakfast"
Lexi Alexander
Jenna Richman
March 22, 2016 (2016-03-22)
6.64[35]

Returning from Russia, Brian is placed under increased surveillance by both the FBI and by Sands, while Rebecca, with help from Mike and Ike, starts her own investigation about Brian's meetings with Sands. He solves the case of a man who was murdered and had his kidney stolen. Sands gets to Piper before Brian can and acquires her supply of the enzyme while forcing her to make NZT. Brian comes clean about Piper to Senator Morra, who tells him that Sands has gone AWOL. Meanwhile, after witnessing Brian's visit to Morra, Rebecca goes to his house with handcuffs and demands that Brian explain his connection with Morra.

20
"Hi, My Name Is Rebecca Harris"
Holly Dale
Mark Goffman
April 5, 2016 (2016-04-05)
6.07[36]

When Rebecca confronts Brian about his lies, he admits everything to her about spying for Morra and that Sands killed her father. She then takes his NZT pill for that day and they find Houston's burn book that Brian hid with the information about the NZT purge. This leads them to a former Morra employee who was addicted to NZT and she gives them a cigarette butt with the DNA of the killer. As they leave her trailer, Harris is shot by a sniper sent by Sands to kill them and Brian does field surgery to heal her. They then go visit Huston and attempt to communicate with him in his coma using a homemade EEG machine. With the information gathered, they lure out Sands and arrest him.

21
"Finale: Part One!"
Paul Edwards
Sallie Patrick & Taylor Elmore
April 19, 2016 (2016-04-19)
5.63[37]

When NZT floods the streets of New York City and threatens to become a national epidemic, the FBI partners with the DEA in a city-wide manhunt to find the lab producing the drug. Also, Brian has trouble adjusting to his new reality when he lacks the resources to continue searching for Piper.

22
"Finale: Part Two!!"
Douglas Aarniokoski
Craig Sweeny & Taylor Elmore
April 26, 2016 (2016-04-26)
5.71[38]

Sands enacts a plan regarding Canada's Northwest Passage, as Boyle and Harris fail to save the diplomat Sands orders assassinated. Using details taken from the killer's testimony, Brian and the CJC close in on Sands' real NZT lab. When the lab is raided, Brian learns Piper was there but is gone, while Sands is shot by Rebecca and sent to the hospital. After Brian returns to his parents' house, he learns Piper is there with a permanent NZT immunity shot, but that she has to keep moving so the cure doesn't fall into the wrong hands. Brian returns to the CJC with his own squad to tackle new cases, while Senator Morra is still missing.

tag: table

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The premiere of Limitless was broadcast in the U.S. on CBS on September 22, 2015.[2] In Canada, the show was simulcast with the American broadcast, airing on Global.[39] In Brazil, Space began airing the series on October 1, 2015.[40] The series premiered in Australia on Network Ten on October 11, 2015.[41] In Italy, the series started airing on January 3, 2016 on Rai 2. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the series started airing on February 17, 2016 on Sky 1.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Limitless received mixed reviews from television critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 57% approval rating with an average rating of 6.39/10 based on 47 reviews. The website's critics' consensus reads, "Even with a likable hero, Limitless cannot overcome its credulity-straining premise and shaky, hole-riddled narrative."[42] On Metacritic, the series holds an average score of 57 (out of 100 points) based on 30 critics.[43]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
September 22, 2015
1.9/6
9.86[16]
1.3
4.40
3.2
14.26[44]

2
"Badge! Gun!"
September 29, 2015
1.9/7
9.73[17]
1.2
4.10
3.1
13.84[45]

3
"The Legend of Marcos Ramos"
October 6, 2015
1.7/6
9.57[18]
1.1
3.53
2.8
13.11[46]

4
"Page 44"
October 13, 2015
1.4/5
8.03[19]
1.2
3.64
2.6
11.67[47]

5
"Personality Crisis"
October 20, 2015
1.4/4
7.90[20]
1.2
3.63
2.6
11.53[48]

6
"Side Effects May Include..."
October 27, 2015
1.4/4
7.45[21]
1.1
3.41
2.5
10.86[49]

7
"Brian Finch's Black Op"
November 3, 2015
1.5/5
7.86[22]
1.1
3.27
2.6
11.13[50]

8
"When Pirates Pirate Pirates"
November 10, 2015
1.5/5
7.09[23]
1.0
3.20
2.5
10.30[51]

9
"Headquarters!"
November 17, 2015
1.4/5
7.52[24]
1.1
3.54
2.5
11.07[52]

10
"Arm-ageddon"
November 24, 2015
1.3/4
6.53[25]
0.9
3.15
2.2
9.68[53]

11
"This is Your Brian on Drugs"
December 15, 2015
1.3/4
6.63[26]
1.0
3.39
2.3
10.02[54]

12
"The Assassination of Eddie Morra"
January 5, 2016
1.4/5
7.40[27]
0.9
2.83
2.3
10.13[55]

13
"Stop Me Before I Hug Again"
January 19, 2016
1.2/4
6.33[28]
1.2
3.50
2.4
9.83[56]

14
"Fundamentals of Naked Portraiture"
February 9, 2016
1.3/4
6.39[29]
1.0
3.19
2.3
9.57[57]

15
"Undercover!"
February 16, 2016
1.2/4
6.01[30]
1.0
3.05
2.2
9.06[58]

16
"Sands, Agent of Morra"
February 23, 2016
1.1/4
5.87[31]
1.0
2.93
2.1
8.79[59]

17
"Close Encounters"
March 8, 2016
1.1/4
5.40[32]
1.0
3.05
2.1
8.45[60]

18
"Bezgranichnyy"
March 15, 2016
1.1/4
5.63[34]
0.8
2.70
1.9
8.33[61]

19
"A Dog's Breakfast"
March 22, 2016
1.3/5
6.64[35]
0.9
2.81
2.2
9.46[62]

20
"Hi, My Name is Rebecca Harris..."
April 5, 2016
1.1/4
6.07[36]
0.9
2.74
2.0
8.81[63]

21
"Finale: Part One!"
April 19, 2016
1.1/4
5.63[37]
0.8
2.49
1.9
8.12[64]

22
"Finale: Part Two!!"
April 26, 2016
1.1/4
5.71[38]
0.8
2.52
1.9
7.99[65]


document_title: Empire (season 4)

question_text: when does empire season 4 episode 18 air

text: Empire (season 4)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The show centers around a hip hop music and entertainment company, Empire Entertainment, and the drama among the members of the founders' family as they fight for control of the company. After the explosive season 3 finale, Lucious has lost his memory and his family is trying to help him regain it, with the uncomfortable assistance from Nurse Claudia. The storyline also includes the war between the Lyons and the Dubois with Warren falling in love with Jamal, Andre receiving prescriptions from his psychiatrist and Hakeem meeting with Diana on a three week basis until disaster strikes.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Terrence Howard as Lucious Lyon
Taraji P. Henson as Cookie Lyon
Bryshere Y. Gray as Hakeem Lyon
Jussie Smollett as Jamal Lyon
Trai Byers as Andre Lyon
Grace Byers as Anika Calhoun
Gabourey Sidibe as Becky Williams
Ta'Rhonda Jones as Porsha Taylor
Serayah as Tiana Brown
Xzibit as Shyne Johsnon
Rumer Willis as Tory Ash
Terrell Carter as Warren Hall
Andre Royo as Thirsty Rawlings

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Forest Whitaker as Eddie Barker[3]
Vivica A. Fox as Candace Holloway[4]
Demi Moore as Nurse Claudia[5]
Leslie Uggams as Leah Walker
Taye Diggs as Angelo DuBois
Phylicia Rashad as Diana DuBois
Teyonah Parris as Detective Pamela Rose
Charles D. Clark as Shyne's Main Goon
Veronika Bozeman as Veronica
Mo McRae as J Poppa
Pej Vahdat as Kelly Patel
Lizzy Leigh as Employee
Chet Hanks as Blake
Nicole Ari Parker as Giselle Barker [6]
Tasha Smith as Carol Holloway
Alfre Woodard as Renee Holloway[7]

text: Guest cast[edit]

text:
Queen Latifah as Carlotta Brown[8]
Funkmaster Flex as himself
Tisha Campbell-Martin as Brooke
Rhyon Nicole Brown as Maya
Cassie Ventura as Haven Quinn
Sierra McClain as Nessa Parker
Magic Johnson as himself
Eve as herself
Kaitlin Doubleday as Rhonda Lyon

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProductioncodeU.S. viewers(millions)491"Noble Memory"Sanaa HamriBrett MahoneySeptember 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)4AXP017.05[9]
Five months after the explosion in Las Vegas, Cookie helps Lucious prepare to make his first appearance to celebrate Empire's 20th anniversary, but Lucious still has no memory of himself or his family; as Cookie helps Lucious regain full control of his memory, she keeps a close eye on Lucious' new nurse, Claudia; Andre is faced with the investigation of the LAPD into Giuliana's whereabouts. Meanwhile, Diana continues to declare war on the Lyons and Carlotta Brown (Queen Latifah) makes a special appearance to visit Cookie and Lucious.
502"Full Circle"Craig BrewerCraig Brewer & Eric HaywoodOctober 4, 2017 (2017-10-04)4AXP025.89[10]
With his memory still lost, Lucious sneaks away under Claudia's watch to find out what type of person he was before the explosion in Vegas and receives a visit from Uncle Eddie, a longtime music icon and close friend of the Lyons. With Anika still in prison, Hakeem and Tiana grow closer, raising Bella together as a family. Cookie and Thirsty work together to get Anika out. Meanwhile, Cookie has a new project planned for Empire and Becky makes a bold move regarding Jamal's new song.
513"Evil Manners"Bille WoodruffMatt Pyken & Carlito RodriguezOctober 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)4AXP035.93[11]
Cookie reminisces over her years in prison when her line of credit is declined. She also begins to compare her past struggles to her life now. After Leah insists that he is a monster, Lucious struggles with his demons and pleads for his family to tell him how he wronged them in the past, but they are reluctant to tell him the truth. The LAPD is still on Andre's case about the events in Vegas, including Giuliana's disappearance, and Cookie encounters Diana at a magazine photoshoot.
524"Bleeding War"Sanaa HamriDiane Ademu-John & Jamie RosengardOctober 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)4AXP045.65[12]
With Bella's birthday just around the corner, the family plans a special princes and princesses-themed party, including a special Prince tribute, but the events bring back haunting memories for Andre as he remembers his wife Rhonda died on the same day; all of Empire's top label artists compete for the 20-for-20's number one album, which inspires Jamal's direction for his new song; Lucious suddenly finds himself at a crossroads and tries to put to rest the anger from his past life; with help from Angelo, Anika files for sole custody of Bella.
535"The Fool"Howie DeutchJaneika James & Jasheika JamesNovember 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)4AXP055.40[13]
When a news report on TMZ circles upon Lucious' memory, Cookie attempts to convince the board that he is fine, inviting the press to watch him produce the first 20-for-20 album. Eddie Barker steps in to help Lucious get his music-making mojo back. Worried about Bella being taken away from him and his involvement with the DuBois' clan becoming toxic, Hakeem plans to run to Cuba with Bella, but Cookie finds out. The relationship between Andre and Detective Pamela Rose heats up; she reveals information that was secretly uncovered regarding the explosion. Claudia helps Lucious with a breakthrough and, as Lucious finally gets his memory back, he kicks Claudia out of the house.
546"Fortune Be Not Crost"Sanaa HamriJoshua Allen & Dianne HoustonNovember 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)4AXP066.05[14]
As the family prepares for the custody battle between Hakeem and Anika for Bella, the Lyons stand united supporting Hakeem; Hakeem gets upset at Tiana and blames her for running to Cookie about the Cuba trip, resulting in their break up; Andre sees a new therapist; Jamal thinks about introducing Warren to Lucious; Becky's old flame, J. Poppa, returns to Empire to record an album and rekindle his relationship with Becky; Diana returns from a trip and dark secrets are revealed upon her return, making Hakeem look bad at the trial and granting Anika full custody of Bella.
557"The Lady Doth Protest"Karen GaviolaMatt Pyken & Eric HaywoodNovember 29, 2017 (2017-11-29)4AXP075.05[15]
After dealing with the aftermath of Hakeem and Anika's custody battle, Empire's 20-for-20 production is in jeopardy, when Portia and Calvin go on strike when they are feeling unappreciated and overworked when Eddie Barker begins working as their new producer and Cookie must find a solution; Hakeem must find a way to get Bella back with the help of Thirsty; Lucious attempts to arrange a deal with Anika on Hakeem's behalf; just when Jamal feels like his relationship with Warren is getting real, Warren's true colors are shown when the Lyons seen him at dinner with Diana and they plot for revenge.
568"Cupid Painted Blind"Elizabeth Allen RosenbaumDiane Ademu-John & Carlito RodriguezDecember 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)4AXP085.68[16]
As they watch Diana DuBois' master scheme unfold, Cookie and Lucious take action matters in their own hands to protect their family. Meanwhile, Andre begins to spiral out of control, wondering what she could have in store for him; Jamal's sobriety is put to the test and Shyne gives Hakeem advice on how to maintain a balance between his work and personal life; in the end, Andre's love life with Pamela turned out to be imaginary due the  prescription pills by the therapist that Diana hired.
579"Slave to Memory"Sanaa HamriJoshua Allen & Dianne HoustonDecember 13, 2017 (2017-12-13)4AXP095.95[17]
After Andre winds up in the hospital over his psychotic breakdown, Lucious vows to get revenge on the DuBois' once and for all. He hatches a plan that involves forcing Angelo to sign a written confession about Diana's actions. The Lyons then break into the Captain's Ball and Cookie gets on stage exposing the truth about Diana, with help from Warren. As Diana continues to try to get the police and Cookie continues to tell the guests about her actions, the police end up arresting Diana for kidnapping Bella, which forces Anika to give Bella back to Hakeem. Angelo attempts to kill Warren for betrayal and shoots him in the shoulder, but Jamal intervenes and in a struggle, kills Angelo. Lucious then visits Andre to tell him the news, but Andre confesses in his sleep that he set the car bomb. Before this could sink in, Lucious is then drugged immediately after and kidnapped by Claudia, who has become obsessed with him.
5810"Birds in the Cage"Craig BrewerCraig BrewerMarch 28, 2018 (2018-03-28)4AXP106.22[18]
Jamal escapes jail time, as Warren gave a full account of what happened during Angelo’s death to the police. Cookie must race against time and use the skills she learned in prison to save Lucious from Claudia. Meanwhile, Andre, Jamal, and Hakeem pick up the pieces from their battle with the DuBois family. After learning about her pregnancy, Porsha becomes the friend that Becky needed in comfort. When Cookie finally comes to the rescue, she is knocked unconscious by Claudia, and wakes up to see her hands tied to a table. Once Claudia is distracted, Cookie frees herself with a hidden razor in her hair. She fights Claudia, but before Cookie gets tazed by her. At the same time, Lucious breaks the leg of the piano is chained to, and hits Claudia. He picks up her ax, but then opts not to kill her, and Claudia is arrested. Andre wakes up from a dream and convinces himself that he must tell Lucious about the car bomb.
5911"Without Apology"Dianne HoustonMatt Pyken & Joshua AllenApril 4, 2018 (2018-04-04)4AXP115.57[19]
On the brink of a lucrative tech deal, Eddie realizes that he must work on rebranding Empire. Cookie springs into action when a girl group from the past reunites and threatens to expose secrets about Empire and Lucious. Meanwhile, Hakeem makes a major move with Tiana by proposing to her, Andre struggles with guilt, and Becky is faced with a difficult situation. After the tech deal is finalized, head of the tech company, Kelly Patel, is revealed to be plotting with Eddie to buy Empire. During a family dinner to celebrate Andre’s release from the hospital, Andre admits to Lucious that he planted the car bomb, enraging Lucious. Lucious whips him with a pistol and strangles him, before the rest of the family intervenes. After the brothers leave the house, Cookie is distraught about the Andre situation, and the amounting level of stress makes her suffer a heart attack, as Lucious frantically calls 911.
6012"Sweet Sorrow"Eric HaywoodEric Haywood & Jamie RosengardApril 11, 2018 (2018-04-11)4AXP125.91[20]
Lucious rallies the family together, just as Cookie is rushed to the hospital following her heart attack. Both Andre and Jamal try to right their wrongs, and Jamal makes a shocking revelation on live TV with Robin Roberts. Eager to take Empire to new heights, Eddie's motives are questioned when numbers don't add up. Meanwhile, Hakeem and Tiana find common ground with their new song. Becky reveals to J. Poppa about her pregnancy and about her getting an abortion but later backs her up for support. Lucious leaves Cookie under the care of her sisters Candace and Carol. Also, Cookie tends to handle both her health and her business but comes to a realization that she can't handle both at the same time.
6113"Of Hardiness is Mother"Craig BrewerDianne Houston & Carlito RodriguezApril 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)4AXP135.41[21]
Although Lucious pressures Cookie to take it easy, she can't help but take matters into her own hands when she receives unsettling news about her friend from prison, Poundcake. After hearing the news that Poundcake has cancer, Cookie confronts Burleson, who raped Poundcake, about her daughter whereabouts. Meanwhile, Tiana's new 20 for 20 single takes off, leading to an unexpected change in her demeanor. Also, Jamal struggles to rebrand his image, Hakeem adopts a new role as musical mentor and Andre recruits Lucious to help him uncover the truth about Eddie's intentions. Ultimately, both Lucious and Andre deal with their conflicted feelings in their strained relationship.
6214"False Face"Millicent SheltonStory by : Diane Ademu-John Teleplay by : Janeika James & Jasheika JamesApril 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)4AXP145.34[22]
Lucious and Thirsty try to squash Eddie's takeover by confronting him with legal papers. Cookie recalls her complex relationship with her mother, while she continues her search for Poundcake's orphaned daughter. Meanwhile, Andre works on repairing his relationship with his brothers, Hakeem throws an underground party and anxiously prepares a release strategy for his 20 for 20 single, and Jamal and Tory try to find a new team to make their own first non-Empire single. Also, Eddie join forces with Anika in order to destroy Lucious and Cookie and take over Empire.
6315"A Lean and Hungry Look"Bille WoodruffMatt Pyken & Joshua AllenMay 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)4AXP155.28[23]
As Eddie fights for his place at Empire Entertainment and gets the board on his side, Lucious and Shyne must find a permanent solution to keep him out. Meanwhile, Cookie tries to get Maya to see Poundcake one last time before it's too late. At the hospital cell, Poundcake's condition worsens and Maya reads the letter that Poundcake wrote to her, letting her know that she loves her and that she never intended to give her up. Poundcake dies right before Maya has the chance of getting to know her. When tensions rise in Jamal and Tory's new band, Preacher Azal inspires Jamal with an idea to get everyone in sync. Lucious lures Shyne in to a trap after finding that he also had something to do with the explosion and his security guard shoots Shyne into a bloody death. In the end, Cookie finally visits her mother to try to fix their strained relationship.
6416"Fair Terms"Jussie SmollettDianne Houston & Jamie RosengardMay 9, 2018 (2018-05-09)4AXP165.02[24]
Andre informs Lucious and Thirsty of Anika's efforts in convincing Empire's board members on rejecting Eddie's resignation. In order to prove Anika's moves futile, they need Shyne's vote. Shyne, now deceased, is not available to outdo the support Anika has gained. At Shyne's memorial, Lucious approaches Tiffany to convince her to fill Shyne's seat at the board but declines on grounds that Nessa was Shyne's protégé, who declines to come to their aid but ultimately has a change of heart. Cookie realizes that her mother kept a watch on them over the years, prompting her to awaken their relationship. At the 20 for 20 concert, a photo emerges of Blake making the Nazi salute while his father holds a Confederate flag, putting Empire's reputation at risk. With Tiana and other artist rebelling against a racist label, they decline to distract the press. Eddie offers his help, Lucious vehemently refuses but the board wants the contrary. Tension rises between Lucious and Eddie at the glare of the cameras, as the latter practically strips the former of his Empire.
6517"Bloody Noses and Crack'd Crowns"Howard DeutchCarlito RodriguezMay 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)4AXP175.14[25]
Eddie's return to Empire is welcomed eagerly by the board, who overrule the Lyons. Cookie convinces a despondent and raging Lucious that their only option is to buy back Empire. Jamal and Tory's new team, Anonymous, is celebrating in the wake of their covert rise to stardom during the previous episode, but tensions rise when Tory prioritizes the music over the band's wishes for fame and fortune. When Eddie starts pre-empting the Lyons' attempts to attract investors, Andre pretends to change sides to try and leak Eddie's buyout amount to Lucious: Cookie is inspired to throw a "rent party"-esque concert to be streamed live on Empire X-Stream and raise the amount through crowdfunding. Blake denounces his father's racist ways on live TV, generating a sympathy wave for the Lyons. Lucious confronts Jamal about Anonymous and attempts to recruit them to no avail. Eddie reveals he was on to Andre and attempts to sway him into shutting the X-Stream servers down in exchange for being CFO for Kelly Patel: Andre pretends to comply but instead disables the paywall and sends the concert live across the internet. Jamal convinces Anonymous (initially minus Tory) to appear in public at the Rent Party concert, while Lucious and Cookie sway support with an impassioned speech. The Lyons manage to meet their crowdfunding goals, with Cookie and Lucious finally rekindling their love in the process, but Eddie confronts them with physical evidence tying Lucious to Shine's murder and threatens to turn him in to the police unless the Lyons cease any attempts to buy back Empire.
6618"The Empire Unpossess'd"Craig BrewerBrett Mahoney & Joshua AllenMay 23, 2018 (2018-05-23)4AXP185.30[26]
Eddie demands the profits from an eventual sale of Empire to Kelly Patel to secure Lucious' freedom in return. As other suggestions on saving Empire prove contentious, Cookie meets up with Anika to ask for her help in retrieving the compromising evidence of Lucious' hand in Shyne's murder. Tory increasingly becomes uncomfortable with Anonymous known to the public, as a consequence, she loses her sobriety, sending her back to rehab, where she dies after suffering a seizure. When a meeting is convened for the Empire bidding, Kelly Patel offers $700 million while the Lyons offer nothing. It turns out Cookie offered Empire in exchange for Lucious' freedom. Andre and Anika call it a truce for their past differences; a scheme plotted by Andre as he slips powdered pills in Anika's drink. During a press conference, Anika starts feeling giddy and suffers from hallucinations of Rhonda; she later falls from a balcony, then dies. To stay away from the spotlight, Jamal moves away. Lucious and Cookie tie the knot. A shootout puts Hakeem, Blake, Bella and Tiana's lives on the line.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Noble Memory"

September 27, 2017
2.4/9
7.05[9]
1.2
2.77
3.6
9.82[27]

2

"Full Circle"

October 4, 2017
1.9/7
5.89[10]
1.1
N/A
3.0[28]
N/A

3

"Evil Manners"

October 11, 2017
2.0/8
5.93[11]
1.0
N/A
3.0[29]
N/A

4

"Bleeding War"

October 18, 2017
1.8/7
5.65[12]
1.0
N/A
2.8[30]
N/A

5

"The Fool"

November 8, 2017
1.8/7
5.40[13]
1.0
2.52
2.8
7.92[31]

6

"Fortune Be Not Crost"

November 15, 2017
2.0/8
6.05[14]
1.0
N/A
3.0[32]
N/A

7

"The Lady Doth Protest"

November 29, 2017
1.7/6
5.05[15]
1.0
2.52
2.7
7.57[33]

8

"Cupid Painted Blind"

December 6, 2017
1.8/7
5.68[16]
1.0
2.35
2.8
8.03[34]

9

"Slave to Memory"

December 13, 2017
1.9/7
5.95[17]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10

"Birds in the Cage"

March 28, 2018
2.0/8
6.22[18]
0.9
2.44
2.9
8.66[35]

11

"Without Apology"

April 4, 2018
1.8/7
5.57[19]
0.9
2.35
2.7
7.93[36]

12

"Sweet Sorrow"

April 11, 2018
1.9/8
5.91[20]
0.8
2.13
2.7
8.04[37]

13

"Of Hardiness is Mother"

April 18, 2018
1.8/7
5.41[21]
0.8
N/A
2.6[38]
N/A

14

"False Face"

April 25, 2018
1.7/7
5.34[22]
0.8
2.07
2.5
7.41[39]

15

"A Lean and Hungry Look"

May 2, 2018
1.7/7
5.28[23]
0.9
N/A
2.6[40]
N/A

16

"Fair Terms"

May 9, 2018
1.6/7
5.02[24]
0.9
N/A
2.5[41]
N/A

17

"Bloody Noses and Crack'd Crowns"

May 16, 2018
1.6/7
5.14[25]
0.8
2.12
2.4
7.27[42]

18

"The Empire Unpossess'd"

May 23, 2018
1.7/8
5.30[26]
0.8
2.11
2.5
7.41[43]


document_title: First university in the United States

question_text: which is the oldest university in the usa

text: First university in the United States

text: Claimants and potential claimants[edit]

text: Several universities claim to be the first university in the United States:

text:
Harvard University, founded in 1636, claims itself to be (v.i.) "the oldest institution of higher education in the United States". The claim of being "the first university" has been made on its behalf by others.[3] An early official mention of Harvard as "the University" is found in the Massachusetts Constitution, first submitted on October 28, 1779 by James Bowdoin, Samuel Adams, and John Adams.[4]
The University of Pennsylvania considers itself to be America's first university, a title it claims on its website and in other published materials.[5] The university has published a book about being the first university in America,[6] and its website contains numerous instances of the phrase "America's First University".[7]
The College of William and Mary's website states, "The College of William and Mary was the first college to become a university (1779)."[8]

text: Additionally, Johns Hopkins University opened in 1876 and claims to be "America's first research university" (emphasis added).[9]

text: Facts that have been used to support claims of being "the first university in the United States"[edit]

text: Institutional age[edit]

text: Harvard University calls itself "the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States" and this claim is rarely challenged. It is possible to disagree what year should be taken as Harvard's "real" founding date (Harvard uses the earliest possible one, 1636, when the institution was chartered by the Massachusetts Bay Colony). However, Harvard has operated since 1650 under the same corporation, the "President and Fellows of Harvard College"; it thus has an unbroken institutional history dating back to the mid seventeenth century (an official Harvard web page for the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences [10] claims, "Founded in 1636, Harvard is America's oldest university").

text: William & Mary calls itself "America's second-oldest college", acknowledging Harvard's claim but adding that William & Mary itself is the nation's oldest college in its "antecedents," the College of Henricopolis or University of Henrico established by the Virginia Company near Richmond, Virginia. This institution received a royal charter in 1618 and operated a school for several years before being destroyed with the town during the Indian Massacre of 1622, but it never offered college-level instruction. The following year, King James I dissolved the Virginia Company, converting the Colony of Virginia to a crown colony. William and Mary was founded under a new charter in 1693.

text: Official designation as a "university"[edit]

text: University of Pennsylvania[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The founding date of the University of Pennsylvania is associated with more subjectivity and institutional debate than the more straightforward dates used by the eight other colonial era colleges. Harvard University uses as its founding date 1636, the year in which the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony formally voted to budget funds for the creation of a college in Newtowne, later called Cambridge. The seven remaining colonial era colleges consider their founding dates to be the year in which they were first granted charters and thus became legal corporations.

text: Penn's claim as the first university in the United States is three-fold: the 1765 founding of the first medical school in America made Penn the first institution to offer both "undergraduate" and professional education; the 1779 charter made it the first American institution of higher learning to take the name of "University"; and existing colleges were established as seminaries (although, as detailed in its own article, Penn adopted a traditional seminary curriculum as well).[11] Harvard and Yale were officially affiliated with the Congregational Church. Although officially nonsectarian, Princeton was founded by Presbyterians. Similarly, though Penn was officially nonsectarian, it was established by a board composed of Church of England and Methodist members, with a curriculum consistent with those religions.

text: The first charter for an institution of higher learning in Philadelphia was granted in 1755 to the College of Philadelphia, a new undertaking of the Academy of Philadelphia, which had previously taught only secondary students. In 1779, a charter was granted to a separate institution called the "University of the State of Pennsylvania"[12] which in 1791 was merged with the College of Philadelphia and issued a new charter as the "University of Pennsylvania".

text: Despite the three charter dates of 1755, 1779 and 1791, the University used for more than a century the founding date of 1749, the year in which founder Benjamin Franklin first convened a board of trustees to organize the new institution. In 1899, the University's board of trustees voted to change the founding date by nine years to 1740, the year in which a group of Philadelphia citizens established a trust for a charity school requested by traveling evangelist George Whitefield. A frame of a building was erected, but the citizens discovered that they lacked the funds to furnish the interior chapel or open the charity school.

text: The unfinished edifice lay vacant for roughly a decade until Franklin's nascent Academy of Philadelphia was looking for space to begin operations and purchased the still unused building in 1750. The Academy of Philadelphia operated a charity school for a few years and this brief period was the basis for the trustees' claims of institutional continuity to the earlier date, as the Academy had assumed the trust of the charity school for local orphans planned but not begun by the original fundraisers of the building.

text: Parenthetically, the University of Pennsylvania calls itself the fourth oldest institution of higher learning in the United States, comparing the legal charter dates of Princeton University (1746) and Columbia University (1754) with the 1740 date in which the trust had been established and fundraising had begun for the building it would ultimately purchase in 1750.

text: Perhaps not surprisingly, Princeton University and Columbia University do not follow the same train of thought in their own institutional histories. Princeton and Columbia consider themselves the fourth and fifth oldest institutions of higher learning in the country, respectively, comparing the three collegiate charter dates of 1746, 1754 and 1755.

text: This seemingly minor difference of opinion assumes greater importance in the world of academia. Formal academic processions such as those at graduation ceremonies place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates, explaining why universities have sometimes used strained rationales to claim and defend dates as early as possible. The University of Pennsylvania changed its founding date in 1899, four years after elite universities in the United States agreed that academic processions would follow this age-based hierarchy. The revision in founding date was the result of a three-year campaign initiated by the University's "Alumni Register" magazine to make it older than Princeton for these processions.

text: The argument used is that it is the common legal practice to date the founding of an institution from the date of founding for the oldest trust it administers. In this case, the oldest trust that the University of Pennsylvania administers was established in 1740. Historian Edward Potts Cheyney states that, "it might be considered a lawyer's date; it is a familiar legal practice in considering the date of any institution to seek out the oldest trust it administers." (The University still administers this trust in the funding of the Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander University of Pennsylvania Partnership School.) He also points out that Harvard's founding date is merely the year in which the Massachusetts General Court resolved to establish a fund in a year's time for a "School or College". As well, Princeton claims its founding date as 1746—the date of its first charter. However, the exact words of the charter are unknown, the number and names of the trustees in the charter are unknown, and no known copy is extant. Though it is a common practice to use the dates of charter as the official date, the majority of the American Colonial Colleges do not have clear-cut dates of foundation.[13]

text: In brief, in 1779 the College of Philadelphia was directed by provost William Smith. One might have expected it to evolve into the "University of the State of Pennsylvania" but this did not occur. "Since the Revolutionary state legislature felt that the board of trustees led by Provost Smith contained too many suspected loyalist sympathizers, they created a new board of trustees." Thus, the University of the State of Pennsylvania was created de novo. A schism occurred, with an attenuated College of Philadelphia continuing under Dr. Smith's direction. In 1791 Pennsylvania adopted a new state constitution which merged the College of Philadelphia and the University of the State of Pennsylvania into the "University of Pennsylvania," with a board of trustees made up of twelve men from each of the two parent institutions. "It is this institution and this board of trustees that has continued to this day."

text: William and Mary[edit]

text: On December 4, 1779, just seven days after the founding of the "University of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania", an event occurred which William and Mary describes thus:[14]

text: Under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson, then governor of Virginia and a member of the Board of Visitors, William and Mary became a university. The grammar and divinity schools were discontinued, and a professorship of anatomy and medicine, and the first American chairs of law and police and modern languages were established. The elective system of studies was introduced at this time, the first such program in the United States.

text: (For historical reasons, The College of William and Mary, like Dartmouth College and Boston College, has continued to use "college" rather than "university" in its official name.)

text: William and Mary has a published list of its first graduates (by Swem) available through its library.

text: Harvard[edit]

text: The Constitution of Massachusetts, submitted by James Bowdoin, Samuel Adams, and John Adams to the full Convention on October 28, 1779[15] and ratified on June 15, 1780, contains this language:[16]

text: The word "university" is used a total of five times in reference to Harvard in the Massachusetts Constitution.

text: (It is not clear from context, either above or in the paragraphs that follow, that the constitution meant to draw any semantic distinction between "college" and "university." )

text: In George Washington's honorary Doctor of Laws degree, conferred by Harvard on April 30, 1776, the text of the degree refers to Harvard twice as "our University".[17]

text: Establishment of quaternary-education schools, issuance of any kind of "doctoral" degree[edit]

text: If a university is defined as an institution that awards doctoral degrees, then there are a number of contenders for the title of oldest United States university based on that criteria, as well. Among the conflicting interpretations is whether the date the first doctoral degree is awarded should be the determining factor, or the date a doctoral program was first attempted is the determinant.

text: Harvard University[edit]

text: Harvard has awarded honorary "doctorates" since the 17th century, such as the Doctor of Sacred Theology degree to Increase Mather in 1692[18] (the first honorary degree in the New World).[19]

text: Columbia University[edit]

text: King's College (now Columbia University) organized a medical faculty in 1767, and in 1769 became the first institution in the North American Colonies to confer the degree of Doctor of Medicine, according to the College of Physicians and Surgeons.[20]

text: University of Pennsylvania[edit]

text: Penn founded the first medical school in America in 1765, according to Penn's archivist.[21]

text: Yale University[edit]

text: Yale's website refers to the establishment of "the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" in 1847.[22]

text: Georgetown University[edit]

text: Georgetown's website references 1820 as the year it first established its graduate school, issuing its first advanced degree in 1820.[23]

text: Issuance of Ph. D. degree[edit]

text: Yale University[edit]

text: Yale's website states that in 1861, Yale "awarded the first Ph.D. in the United States".[22]


document_title: Big Mouth (TV series)

question_text: who is the voice of leah in big mouth

question_tokens: who is the voice of leah in big mouth

text: Big Mouth (TV series)

text: Summary[edit]

text: The series follows 7th grade best friends Nick Birch and Andrew Glouberman as they navigate their way through puberty, masturbation, and sexual arousal. Acting as sex-based shoulder angels are the hormone monsters; Maurice (who pesters Andrew and occasionally Nick and Jay), and Connie (who pesters Jessi and occasionally Missy). Throughout the series, the kids interact with people and objects who are personified in one way or another and offer helpful, albeit confusing, advice in their puberty-filled lives including the ghost of Duke Ellington, a French accented Statue of Liberty, a pillow capable of getting pregnant, and even Jessi's own vagina.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nick Kroll[2] as:

Nick Birch, an adolescent boy, with a mother named Diane who babies him and father named Elliot who overshares. He also has an older brother named Judd and an older sister named Leah.
Maurice the Hormone Monster, a wild thing-type monster who follows Andrew around and is responsible for his brooding sexual desires, which frequently occur at inappropriate moments.
Coach Steve, the middle school gym class teacher, who is incompetent and overly talkative, often trying to get his colleagues—or even the students—to hang out (often to no avail). It is heavily implied that the coach may be mentally disabled.
Kroll also voices Lola, Lady Liberty, a ladybug, Joe Walsh, the ghosts of Picasso and Richard Burton, and Sylvester Stallone.

John Mulaney[2] as Andrew Glouberman, a young Jewish boy, who spends much of his time furtively masturbating.

Mulaney also voices Mint, Grandpa Andrew, Babe the Blue Ox, and a detective.

Jessi Klein[2] as Jessi Glaser, a sarcastic and smart girl. Her father, named Greg, is an unemployed stoner and her mother, named Shannon, is secretly dating another woman. She gets her period for the first time on a school trip to the Statue of Liberty.
Jason Mantzoukas[2] as Jay Bilzerian, a boy who is obsessed with magic and sex. He has sex with a pillow that he made into a sex toy. His mom is mentally ill, his dad is a divorce lawyer, and his two older brothers are named Kurt and Val. He is obsessed with Nick's mother and father and wishes for a loving family.

Mantzoukas also voices the ghost of Socrates and Guy Bilzerian.

Jenny Slate[2] as Missy, a girl who is nerdy and kind. Her father is black and her mother is Mexican.
Fred Armisen[2] as Elliot Birch/Ghost of Antonin Scalia/Bus Driver/Stavros
Maya Rudolph[2] as Diane Birch/Connie the Hormone Monstress/Bath Mat/Ghost of Elizabeth Taylor/Ghost of Whitney Houston
Jordan Peele[2] as the Ghost of Duke Ellington/Ghost of Freddie Mercury/Atlanta Claus/DJ/Cyrus/Patrick Ewing

text: Also starring[edit]

text:
Paula Pell as Barbara Glouberman, Andrew's mother and a Jewish wife stereotype.
Richard Kind as Marty Glouberman
Andrew Rannells as Matthew
June Diane Raphael as Devin
Jak Knight as DeVon
Neil Casey as Detective
John Gemberling as Security Guard
Joe Wengert as Caleb
Seth Morris as Greg Glaser
Emily Altman
Jessica Chaffin as Shannon Glaser
Rob Huebel as Mr. Lizer
Kat Dennings as Leah Birch
Jon Gabrus
Kristen Bell as Pam the pillow/Uninterested Girl
Jess Harnell as Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson
Mark Rivers
Heather Lawless as Jenna Bilzerian
Chelsea Peretti as Monica
Mark Duplass as Val Bilzerian/Clerk
Paul Scheer as Kurt Bilzerian
Nathan Fillion as himself
Anna Graves
Kristen Wiig as Jessi's genitalia
Nasim Pedrad as Fatima
Carlos Alazraqui as Gustavo
Alia Shawkat as Roland
Mae Whitman as Tallulah Levine
Zach Woods as Daniel
Jon Hamm as Scallops
Jack McBrayer as Nick's pubic hair #1
Craig Robinson as Nick's pubic hair #2
Jon Daly as Judd Birch
Rosa Salazar as Ms. Benitez
Michaela Watkins as Cantor Dina Reznick
Gil Ozeri
Ashley London

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
"Ejaculation"
Joel Moser
Nick Kroll & Andrew Goldberg & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

As Andrew falls under the spell of the Hormone Monster, Maury, his buddy Nick becomes obsessed with the lack of changes in his own body. The gang go to the school dance.

2
"Everybody Bleeds"
Bryan Francis
Kelly Galuska
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

A field trip goes from awkward to mortifying as Jessi is pressured into being Nick's girlfriend, then gets her first period—inside the Statue of Liberty.

3
"Am I Gay?"
Mike L. Mayfield
Joe Wengert
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

A trailer for a new movie starring The Rock leaves Andrew questioning his sexuality. Jessi and Nick's budding romance turns ugly fast.

4
"Sleepover: A Harrowing Ordeal of Emotional Brutality"
Joel Moser
Jess Dweck & Victor Quinaz
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

While the boys head to Jay's for a testosterone-fueled sleepover, Jessi throws a party of her own and gets caught up in mean-girl drama.

5
"Girls Are Horny Too"
Bryan Francis
Emily Altman
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

A steamy novel making the rounds at school inspires Jessi to explore her own sexuality—and leaves the boys totally confused about what girls want.

6
"Pillow Talk"
Mike L. Mayfield
Peter A. Knight
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

Nick drags Andrew into the city to visit an old camp crush, but the day doesn't go as planned. Jay embarks on an emotional journey with his pillow.

7
"Requiem for a Wet Dream"
Joel Moser
Duffy Boudreau
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

Andrew struggles to keep the Hormone Monster in check as he works with Missy on a science fair project. Jessi and Matthew have fun at Jay's expense.

8
"The Head Push"
Bryan Francis
Emily Altman & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

When Leah hosts a party for the high school drama crowd, Nick wrestles with a romantic dilemma, and Andrew and Missy witness a disturbing scene.

9
"I Survived Jessi's Bat Mitzvah"
Mike L. Mayfield
Kelly Galuska
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

Family blowups, secret liaisons and an unflattering dress make Jessi's bat mitzvah a night to remember.

10
"The Pornscape"
Joel Moser
Gil Ozeri
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

Andrew tries to drown his sorrows in a sea of porn, only to become hopelessly addicted. Coach Steve becomes a suspect in a murder spree. Also, Jessi and Jay run away together.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Big Mouth has received critical acclaim since its official release. On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 100% based on 17 reviews, with the critical consensus reading, "Big Mouth's simplistic animation and scatalogical humor belie its finely sketched characters and smart, empathetic approach to the messiness of adolescence."[5] At Metacritic, the show currently holds a rating of 80 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[6]

text: Vox described the show as sharp, and as jarringly depicting the awkwardness of pubescence, postpubescence and prepubescence.[7]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2018
Annie Award
Best General Audience Television/Broadcast Production
Big Mouth
Nominated


document_title: Birla Planetarium, Chennai

question_text: name the president of india who inaugurated the birla planetarium

text: Birla Planetarium, Chennai

text: Location[edit]

text: The planetarium is located in the Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre's (TNSTC) Periyar Science and Technology Centre campus on the Gandhi Mandapam Road in Kotturpuram abutting the Central Leather Research Institute campus. It lies close to the Guindy National Park in the predominantly wooded Adyar-Guindy region known as the Green Lungs of Chennai, enabling it to conduct night-sky observation comparatively easily which is otherwise difficult amidst the glaring city lights in the night. Other nearby landmarks include the IIT Madras, Adyar Cancer Institute, Anna University, University of Madras–Guindy campus and the Anna Centenary Library. The nearest railway stations are Kotturpuram MRTS in the northeast and Kasturba Nagar MRTS in the southeast, both located at a distance of 1 km from the planetarium.[1] The Kotturpuram bus stop lies 2 km to the north.

text: History[edit]

text: The Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre (TNSTC) was established in 1983 and is functioning with the financial assistance of the Government of Tamil Nadu. The centre started its operations in 1988 with the setting up of Periyar Science and Technology Centre and the functioning of the Birla Planetarium. The centre functions under the chairmanship of the minister of education. The planetarium was inaugurated on 11 May 1988 by the then President of India R. Venkataraman.

text: There are about 8 staff at the planetarium.[2] The centre has branches in Coimbatore, Vellore and Trichy.

text: Planetarium features[edit]

text: The planetarium is equipped with a versatile opto-mechanical GOTO GM II starfield projector,[3] an accompanying special-effects projector and an X-Y table system for simulating various celestial phenomena. The GM II projector has the provision to execute the diurnal, annual, latitudinal, and precessional motions. The pierced hemispherical inner dome of the planetarium, made of aluminium, is 15 m in diameter. The air-conditioned theatre has a seating capacity of 236.

text: The total outlay proposed for the Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002–2007) for the Periyar Science and Technology Centre and B. M. Birla Planetarium was ₹ 6.4 million, including ₹ 2.6 million for the X-Y table system at the planetarium.[4]

text: In 2009, the planetarium established the 360-degree sky theatre, the first in India,[5] with the installation of a full-dome mirror projection system with a DLP projector.[6] The 360-degree effect is created with the help of Wrap, a special software that takes care of curvature correction. The projector was installed at a cost of ₹ 2.1 million.

text: The planetarium building features a circumferential hall of fame around the main theatre with portraits and statues of scientists and photographs and models of various heavenly bodies, celestial phenomena and space missions. In 2009, the U.S. Consulate at Chennai donated portraits of Neil Armstrong, Sunita Williams and Kalpana Chawla for display in the hall of fame to commemorate increasing Indo-U.S. space ties.[7]

text: The planetarium also offers courses in astronomy and night-sky observations. There is a seminar hall and a classroom studio at the planetarium, where discussions and workshops are conducted by eminent personalities in the field of astronomy. The planetarium organises a special show on every second Saturday of month to view the night sky from 7:00 pm to 9:00 pm.

text: Under Part II Scheme for the year 2011-2012, the state government has sanctioned an amount of ₹ 1.5 million for the modernisation of the planetarium by providing six-segment multimedia projection system.[8]

text: Shows[edit]

text: The planetarium conducts sky shows every day at different times in different languages. The shows include the Solar System, sky and seasons, eclipses, Earth, Man on Moon, comets, shooting meteoroids, stellar cycle and the deep sky. As of 2007, since its inception, the planetarium has introduced 35 programmes on these topics. Audio-visual programs on various aspects of astronomy and different cosmic phenomena are also shown. Program themes are changed every 3 months.[9] Shows are conducted in English and Tamil. The planetarium and the Science and Technology Centre is open on all days except on national holidays from 10:00 am to 5:45 pm.

text: The Science and Technology Centre, however, receives complaints on lack of maintenance of the scientific displays at the science park.[10]

text: Other exhibits[edit]

text: DRDO Pavilion[edit]

text: In 2013, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) began setting up a DRDO pavilion on the planetarium campus in collaboration with Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre (TNSTC). The DRDO gallery will have a covered area of 5,000 sq ft built in the existing building, with additional open space made available for large life-size models and exhibits. The pavilion, being constructed at a cost of ₹ 8.5 million, is aimed to showcase the works undertaken by the DRDO in its 50 laboratories across the nation in the fields of aeronautics, electronics, armaments, engineering systems, instrumentation, missiles, combat vehicles, advanced computing and stimulation, naval systems, special materials, training, information systems, life sciences, and agriculture.[11][12] The exhibit will showcase various models of gun, including the advanced machine guns and AK47s, historical developments of gun, construction of cut-section of gun, scale-down model of Brahmos 1.3, a supersonic cruise missile, Prithvi, a tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic missile, Agni, a family of medium to intercontinental range ballistic missiles, electronic equipments, electronic radars, electronic and communication systems, and life-supporting devices. It was also exhibit a model of a specialised clothing designed by DRDO, used by the Indian soldiers deployed at Siachen Glacier as protection against freezing temperatures.[11]

text: Future[edit]

text: In April 2013, the state government upgraded the planetarium into a digital one at a cost of ₹ 10 crores. The 3D theatre in the complex was also upgraded.[13]

text: In April 2013, the Tamil Nadu Science and Technology Centre (TNSTC) announced its plan of setting up a 'Space Gallery' at a cost of ₹ 6 million in collaboration with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The gallery showcases the development of space technology in India. There are plans to showcase models of satellite launch vehicle (SLV), polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV), and geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV) in the gallery, in addition to a 10-m long scale-down model of SLV 1.6, kept in a horizontal position, to explain the first, second and third stage of a rocket. A mock-up control room will also be established to explain about how a rocket is launched into the space and the ways to observe the trajectory of the rocket.[12]