document_title: Academy Awards

question_text: on the academy awards statue what is oscar standing on

question_tokens: on the academy awards statue what is oscar standing on

text: Academy Awards

text: History[edit]

text: The first Academy Awards presentation was held on 16 May 1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel.[8] The cost of guest tickets for that night's ceremony was $5 ($71 in 2017 dollars). Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the film-making industry of the time, for their works during the 1927–28 period. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes.

text: Winners were announced to media three months earlier. That was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11:00 pm on the night of the awards.[8] This method was used until an occasion when the Los Angeles Times announced the winners before the ceremony began; as a result, the Academy has, since 1941, used a sealed envelope to reveal the name of the winners.[8]

text: Institutions[edit]

text: The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. He had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier; this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. At that time, the winners were recognized for all of their work done in a certain category during the qualifying period; for example, Jannings received the award for two movies in which he starred during that period, and Janet Gaynor later won a single Oscar for performances in three films. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, and professionals were honored for a specific performance in a single film. For the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years.[8]

text: At the 29th ceremony, held on 27 March 1957, the Best Foreign Language Film category was introduced. Until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award.

text: The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.[9]

text: Since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies have ended with the Academy Award for Best Picture.

text: Traditionally, the previous year's winner for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor present the awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress, while the previous year's winner for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress present the awards for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor.

text: Oscar statuette[edit]

text: Other awards presented by the Academy[edit]

text: In addition to the Academy Award of Merit (Oscar award), there are nine honorary (non-competitive) awards presented by the Academy from time to time (except for the Academy Honorary Award, the Technical Achievement Award, and the Student Academy Awards, which are presented annually):

text:
Governors Awards:
The Academy Honorary Award (annual) (which may or may not be in the form of an Oscar statuette);
The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (since 1938) (in the form of a bust of Thalberg);
The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award (since 1957) (in the form of an Oscar statuette);
The Academy Scientific and Technical Awards:
Academy Award of Merit (non-competitive) (in the form of an Oscar statuette);
Scientific and Engineering Award (in the form of a bronze tablet);
Technical Achievement Award (annual) (in the form of a certificate);
The John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation (since 1978) (in the form of a medal);
The Gordon E. Sawyer Award (since 1982); and
The Academy Student Academy Awards (annual).

tag: ul

text: The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting.

text: Academy Award of Merit (Oscar statuette)[edit]

text: The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette.[10] Made of gold-plated bronze on a black metal base, it is 13.5 in (34.3 cm) tall, weighs 8.5 lb (3.856 kg), and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a crusader's sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes. The five spokes represent the original branches of the Academy: Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers, and Technicians.[11]

text:
The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio "El Indio" Fernández.[12] Sculptor George Stanley (who also did the Muse Fountain at the Hollywood Bowl) sculpted Cedric Gibbons' design. The statuettes presented at the initial ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze. Within a few years the bronze was abandoned in favor of Britannia metal, a pewter-like alloy which is then plated in copper, nickel silver, and finally, 24-karat gold.[13] Due to a metal shortage during World War II, Oscars were made of painted plaster for three years. Following the war, the Academy invited recipients to redeem the plaster figures for gold-plated metal ones.[14] The only addition to the Oscar since it was created is a minor streamlining of the base. The original Oscar mold was cast in 1928 at the C.W. Shumway & Sons Foundry in Batavia, Illinois, which also contributed to casting the molds for the Vince Lombardi Trophy and Emmy Award's statuettes. From 1983 to 2015,[15] approximately 50 Oscars in a tin alloy with gold plating were made each year in Chicago by Illinois manufacturer R.S. Owens & Company.[16] It takes between three and four weeks to manufacture 50 statuettes.[12]
In 2016, the Academy returned to bronze as the core metal of the statuettes, handing manufacturing duties to Walden, New York-based Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry.[17][18] While based on a digital scan of an original 1929 Oscar, the statuettes retain their modern-era dimensions and black pedestal. Cast in liquid bronze from 3D-printed ceramic molds and polished, they are then electroplated in 24-karat gold by Brooklyn, New York–based Epner Technology. The time required to produce 50 such statuettes is roughly three months.[19] R.S. Owens is expected to continue producing other awards for the Academy and service existing Oscars that need replating.[20]

text: Naming[edit]

text: The origin of the name Oscar is disputed. One biography of Bette Davis, who was a president of the Academy, claims she named the Oscar after her first husband, band leader Harmon Oscar Nelson.[21] Another claimed origin is the Academy's Executive Secretary, Margaret Herrick, first saw the award in 1931 and made reference to the statuette's reminding her of her "Uncle Oscar" (a nickname for her cousin Oscar Pierce).[22] Columnist Sidney Skolsky was present during Herrick's naming and seized the name in his byline, "Employees have affectionately dubbed their famous statuette 'Oscar'." [23]

text: One of the earliest mentions of the term Oscar dates to a Time magazine article about the 1934 6th Academy Awards.[24] Walt Disney also thanked the Academy for his Oscar as early as 1932.[25] The trophy officially received the name "Oscar" in 1939 by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

text: Engraving[edit]

text: To prevent information identifying the Oscar winners from leaking ahead of the ceremony, Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony have blank baseplates. Until 2010, winners returned their statuettes to the Academy, and had to wait several weeks to have their names inscribed on their respective Oscars. Since 2010, winners have had the option of having engraved nameplates applied to their statuettes at an inscription-processing station at the Governor's Ball, a party held immediately after the Oscar ceremony. The R.S. Owens company has engraved nameplates made before the ceremony, bearing the name of every potential winner. The nameplates for the non-winning nominees are later recycled.[26][27]

text: Ownership of Oscar statuettes[edit]

text: Since 1950, the statuettes have been legally encumbered by the requirement that neither winners nor their heirs may sell the statuettes without first offering to sell them back to the Academy for US$1. If a winner refuses to agree to this stipulation, then the Academy keeps the statuette. Academy Awards not protected by this agreement have been sold in public auctions and private deals for six-figure sums.[28] In December 2011, Orson Welles' 1941 Oscar for Citizen Kane (Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay) was put up for auction, after his heirs won a 2004 court decision contending that Welles did not sign any agreement to return the statue to the Academy.[29] On 20 December 2011, it sold in an online auction for US$861,542.[30]

text: In 1992, Harold Russell needed money for his wife's medical expenses. In a controversial decision, he consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for The Best Years of Our Lives to Herman Darvick Autograph Auctions, and on 6 August 1992, in New York City, the Oscar sold to a private collector for $60,500. Since he won the award before 1950, he was not required to offer it to the Academy first. Russell defended his decision, saying, "I don't know why anybody would be critical. My wife's health is much more important than sentimental reasons. The movie will be here, even if Oscar isn't." Harold Russell is the only Academy Award-winning actor to ever sell an Oscar.[31]

text: While the Oscar is owned by the recipient, it is essentially not on the open market.[32] Michael Todd's grandson tried to sell Todd's Oscar statuette to a movie prop collector in 1989, but the Academy won the legal battle by getting a permanent injunction. Although some Oscar sales transactions have been successful, some buyers have subsequently returned the statuettes to the Academy, which keeps them in its treasury.[33]

text: Nomination[edit]

text: Since 2004, Academy Award nomination results have been announced to the public in mid-January. Prior to that, the results were announced in early February.

text: Voters[edit]

text: The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), a professional honorary organization, maintains a voting membership of over 8,000 as of  2018[update].[34]

text: Academy membership is divided into different branches, with each representing a different discipline in film production. Actors constitute the largest voting bloc, numbering 1,311 members (22 percent) of the Academy's composition. Votes have been certified by the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers (and its predecessor Price Waterhouse) for the past 83 annual awards ceremonies. The firm mails the ballots of eligible nominees to members of the Academy in December to reflect the previous eligible year with a due date sometime in January of the next year, then tabulates the votes in a process that takes thousands of hours.[35][36][37]

text: All AMPAS members must be invited to join by the Board of Governors, on behalf of Academy Branch Executive Committees. Membership eligibility may be achieved by a competitive nomination or a member may submit a name based on other significant contributions to the field of motion pictures.

text: New membership proposals are considered annually. The Academy does not publicly disclose its membership, although as recently as 2007 press releases have announced the names of those who have been invited to join. The 2007 release also stated that it has just under 6,000 voting members. While the membership had been growing, stricter policies have kept its size steady since then.[38]

text: In 2012, the results of a study conducted by the Los Angeles Times were published describing the demographic breakdown of approximately 88% of AMPAS' voting membership. Of the 5,100+ active voters confirmed, 94% were Caucasian, 77% were male, and 54% were found to be over the age of 60. 33% of voting members are former nominees (14%) and winners (19%).[39]

text: In May 2011, the Academy sent a letter advising its 6,000 or so voting members that an online system for Oscar voting would be implemented in 2013.[40]

text: Rules[edit]

text: According to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, from midnight at the start of 1 January to midnight at the end of 31 December, in Los Angeles County, California, and play for seven consecutive days, to qualify (except for the Best Foreign Language Film, Best Documentary Feature, and Best Documentary Short Subject).[41][42]

text: The Best Foreign Language Film award does not require a U.S. release. The Best Documentary Feature award requires week-long releases in both Los Angeles County and New York City during the previous calendar year.[43]

text: The Best Documentary Short Subject award has noticeably different eligibility rules from most other competitive awards. First, the qualifying period for release does not coincide with a calendar year, instead covering a one-year period starting on 1 September and ending on 31 August of the calendar year before the ceremony. Second, there are multiple methods of qualification. The main method is a week-long theatrical release in either Los Angeles County or New York City during the eligibility period. Films also can qualify by winning specified awards at one of a number of competitive film festivals designated by the Academy. Finally, a film that is selected as a gold, silver, or bronze medal winner in the Documentary category of the immediately previous Student Academy Awards is also eligible.[44]

text: For example, the 2009 Best Picture winner, The Hurt Locker, was actually first released in 2008, but did not qualify for the 2008 awards as it did not play its Oscar-qualifying run in Los Angeles until mid-2009, thus qualifying for the 2009 awards. Foreign films must include English subtitles, and each country can submit only one film per year.[45]

text: Rule 2 states that a film must be feature-length, defined as a minimum of 40 minutes, except for short-subject awards, and it must exist either on a 35 mm or 70 mm film print or in 24 frame/s or 48 frame/s progressive scan digital cinema format with a minimum projector resolution of 2048 by 1080 pixels.[46] Effective with the 90th Academy Awards, presented in 2018, multi-part and limited series will be ineligible for the Best Documentary Feature award. This followed the win of O.J.: Made in America, an eight-hour presentation that was screened in a limited release before being broadcast in five parts on ABC and ESPN, in that category in 2017. The Academy's announcement of the new rule made no direct mention of that film.[47]

text: Producers must submit an Official Screen Credits online form before the deadline; in case it is not submitted by the defined deadline, the film will be ineligible for Academy Awards in any year. The form includes the production credits for all related categories. Then, each form is checked and put in a Reminder List of Eligible Releases.

text: In late December ballots and copies of the Reminder List of Eligible Releases are mailed to around 6,000 active members. For most categories, members from each of the branches vote to determine the nominees only in their respective categories (i.e. only directors vote for directors, writers for writers, actors for actors, etc.). In the special case of Best Picture, all voting members are eligible to select the nominees. In all major categories, a variant of the single transferable vote is used, with each member casting a ballot with up to five nominees (ten for Best Picture) ranked preferentially.[48][49][50] In certain categories, including Foreign Film, Documentary and Animated Feature, nominees are selected by special screening committees made up of members from all branches.

text: In most categories the winner is selected from among the nominees by plurality voting of all members.[48][50] Since 2009, the Best Picture winner has been chosen by instant runoff voting.[50][51] Since 2013, re-weighted range voting has been used to select the nominees for the Best Visual Effects.[52][53]

text: Film companies will spend as much as several million dollars on marketing to awards voters for a movie in the running for Best Picture, in attempts to improve chances of receiving Oscars and other movie awards conferred in Oscar season. The Academy enforces rules to limit overt campaigning by its members so as to try to eliminate excesses and prevent the process from becoming undignified. It has an awards czar on staff who advises members on allowed practices and levies penalties on offenders.[54] For example, a producer of the 2009 Best Picture nominee The Hurt Locker was disqualified as a producer in the category when he contacted associates urging them to vote for his film and not another that was seen as the front-runner (The Hurt Locker eventually won).

text: Awards ceremonies[edit]

text: Telecast[edit]

text: The major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony, commonly in late February or early March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December of the previous year. This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day. Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men, although fashion may dictate not wearing a bow-tie, and musical performers sometimes do not adhere to this. (The artists who recorded the nominees for Best Original Song quite often perform those songs live at the awards ceremony, and the fact that they are performing is often used to promote the television broadcast.)

text: The Academy Awards is the only awards show televised live in the United States (excluding Hawaii), Canada, and the United Kingdom, and gathers millions of viewers elsewhere throughout the world. The Oscars were first televised in 1953 by NBC, which continued to broadcast the event until 1960, when ABC took over, televising the festivities (including the first color broadcast of the event in 1966) through 1970. NBC regained the rights for five years (1971–75), then ABC resumed broadcast duties in 1976 and its current contract with the Academy runs through 2028.[55] The Academy has also produced condensed versions of the ceremony for broadcast in international markets (especially those outside of the Americas) in more desirable local timeslots. The ceremony was broadcast live internationally for the first time via satellite since 1970, but only two South American countries, Chile and Brazil, purchased the rights to air the broadcast. By that time, the television rights to the Academy Awards had been sold in 50 countries. A decade later, the rights were already being sold to 60 countries, and by 1984, the TV rights to the Awards were licensed in 76 countries.

text: The ceremonies were moved up from late March/early April to late February since 2004 to help disrupt and shorten the intense lobbying and ad campaigns associated with Oscar season in the film industry. Another reason was because of the growing TV ratings success coinciding with the NCAA Basketball Tournament, which would cut into the Academy Awards audience. (In 1976 and 1977, ABC's regained Oscars were moved from Tuesday to Monday and went directly opposite NBC's NCAA title game.) The earlier date is also to the advantage of ABC, as it now usually occurs during the highly profitable and important February sweeps period. Some years, the ceremony is moved into first Sunday of March in order to avoid clash with the Winter Olympic Games. Another reason for the move to late February and early March is also to avoid the awards ceremony occurring so close to the religious holidays of Passover and Easter, which for decades had been a grievance from members and the general public. Advertising is somewhat restricted, however, as traditionally no movie studios or competitors of official Academy Award sponsors may advertise during the telecast. The production of the Academy Awards telecast currently holds the distinction of winning the most Emmys in history, with 47 wins and 195 nominations overall since that award's own launch in 1949.[56]

text: After many years of being held on Mondays at 9:00 pm Eastern/6:00 p.m Pacific, since the 1999 ceremonies, it was moved to Sundays at 8:30 pm ET/5:30 pm PT.[57] The reasons given for the move were that more viewers would tune in on Sundays, that Los Angeles rush-hour traffic jams could be avoided, and an earlier start time would allow viewers on the East Coast to go to bed earlier.[58] For many years the film industry opposed a Sunday broadcast because it would cut into the weekend box office.[59] In 2010, the Academy contemplated moving the ceremony even further back into January, citing TV viewers' fatigue with the film industry's long awards season. However, such an accelerated schedule would dramatically decrease the voting period for its members, to the point where some voters would only have time to view the contending films streamed on their computers (as opposed to traditionally receiving the films and ballots in the mail). Furthermore, a January ceremony on Sunday would clash with National Football League playoff games.[60]

text: Originally scheduled for 8 April 1968, the 40th Academy Awards ceremony was postponed for two days, because of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.. On 30 March 1981, the 53rd Academy Awards was postponed for one day, after the shooting of President Ronald Reagan and others in Washington, D.C.

text: In 1993, an In Memoriam segment was introduced,[61] honoring those who had made a significant contribution to cinema who had died in the preceding 12 months, a selection compiled by a small committee of Academy members.[62] This segment has drawn criticism over the years for the omission of some names. Criticism was also levied for many years regarding another aspect, with the segment having a "popularity contest" feel as the audience varied their applause to those who had died by the subject's cultural impact; the applause has since been muted during the telecast, and the audience is discouraged from clapping during the segment and giving silent reflection instead.

text: In terms of broadcast length, the ceremony generally averages three and a half hours. The first Oscars, in 1929, lasted 15 minutes. At the other end of the spectrum, the 2002 ceremony lasted four hours and twenty-three minutes.[63][64] In 2010, the organizers of the Academy Awards announced winners' acceptance speeches must not run past 45 seconds. This, according to organizer Bill Mechanic, was to ensure the elimination of what he termed "the single most hated thing on the show" – overly long and embarrassing displays of emotion.[65] In 2016, in a further effort to streamline speeches, winners' dedications were displayed on an on-screen ticker.[66] During the 2018 ceremony, host Jimmy Kimmel acknowledged how long the ceremony had become, by announcing that he would give a brand-new jet ski to whoever gave the shortest speech of the night (a reward won by Mark Bridges when accepting his Best Costume Design award for Phantom Thread).[67]

text: Although still dominant in ratings, the viewership of the Academy Awards have steadily dropped; the 88th Academy Awards were the lowest-rated in the past eight years (although with increases in male and 18-49 viewership), while the show itself also faced mixed reception. Following the show, Variety reported that ABC was, in negotiating an extension to its contract to broadcast the Oscars, seeking to have more creative control over the broadcast itself. Currently and nominally, AMPAS is responsible for most aspects of the telecast, including the choice of production staff and hosting, although ABC is allowed to have some input on their decisions.[68] In August 2016, AMPAS extended its contract with ABC through 2028: the contract neither contains any notable changes, nor gives ABC any further creative control over the telecast.[69]

text: TV ratings[edit]

text: Historically, the "Oscarcast" has pulled in a bigger haul when box-office hits are favored to win the Best Picture trophy. More than 57.25 million viewers tuned to the telecast for the 70th Academy Awards in 1998, the year of Titanic, which generated close to US$600 million at the North American box office pre-Oscars.[70] The 76th Academy Awards ceremony in which The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (pre-telecast box office earnings of US$368 million) received 11 Awards including Best Picture drew 43.56 million viewers.[71] The most watched ceremony based on Nielsen ratings to date, however, was the 42nd Academy Awards (Best Picture Midnight Cowboy) which drew a 43.4% household rating on 7 April 1970.[72]

text: By contrast, ceremonies honoring films that have not performed well at the box office tend to show weaker ratings. The 78th Academy Awards which awarded low-budgeted, independent film Crash (with a pre-Oscar gross of US$53.4 million) generated an audience of 38.64 million with a household rating of 22.91%.[73] In 2008, the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched by 31.76 million viewers on average with an 18.66% household rating, the lowest rated and least watched ceremony at the time, in spite of celebrating 80 years of the Academy Awards.[74] The Best Picture winner of that particular ceremony was another independently financed film (No Country for Old Men).

text: Venues[edit]

text: In 1929, the first Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. From 1930 to 1943, the ceremony alternated between two venues: the Ambassador Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard and the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles.

text: Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946, followed by the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948. The 21st Academy Awards in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theatre at what was the Academy's headquarters on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood.[75]

text: From 1950 to 1960, the awards were presented at Hollywood's Pantages Theatre. With the advent of television, the awards from 1953 to 1957 took place simultaneously in Hollywood and New York, first at the NBC International Theatre (1953) and then at the NBC Century Theatre, after which the ceremony took place solely in Los Angeles. The Oscars moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California in 1961. By 1969, the Academy decided to move the ceremonies back to Los Angeles, this time to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion at the Los Angeles County Music Center.

text: In 2002, the Dolby Theatre (previously known as the Kodak Theatre) became the presentation's current venue.[76]

text: Awards of Merit categories[edit]

text: Current categories[edit]

text:
Best Picture: since 1927/28
Best Director: since 1927/28
Best Actor in a Leading Role: since 1927/28
Best Actress in a Leading Role: since 1927/28
Best Actor in a Supporting Role: since 1936
Best Actress in a Supporting Role: since 1936
Best Animated Feature Film: since 2001
Best Animated Short Film: since 1930/31
Best Cinematography: since 1927/28
Best Costume Design: since 1948
Best Documentary Feature: since 1943
Best Documentary Short Subject: since 1941
Best Film Editing: since 1934
Best Foreign Language Film: since 1947
Best Live Action Short Film: since 1931/32
Best Makeup and Hairstyling: since 1981
Best Original Score: since 1934
Best Original Song: since 1934
Best Production Design: since 1927/28
Best Sound Editing: since 1963
Best Sound Mixing: since 1929/30
Best Visual Effects: since 1939
Best Adapted Screenplay: since 1927/28
Best Original Screenplay: since 1940

text: In the first year of the awards, the Best Directing award was split into two categories (Drama and Comedy). At times, the Best Original Score award has also been split into separate categories (Drama and Comedy/Musical). From the 1930s through the 1960s, the Art Direction (now Production Design), Cinematography, and Costume Design awards were likewise split into two categories (black-and-white films and color films). Prior to 2012, the Production Design award was called Art Direction, while the Makeup and Hairstyling award was called Makeup.

text: In August 2018, the Academy announced that several categories would not be televised live, but rather be recorded during commercial breaks and aired later in the ceremony.[77]

text: Discontinued categories[edit]

text:
Best Assistant Director: 1932/33 to 1937
Best Director, Comedy Picture: 1927/28
Best Director, Dramatic Picture: 1927/28
Best Dance Direction: 1935 to 1937
Best Engineering Effects: 1927/28
Best Original Musical or Comedy Score: 1995 to 1998
Best Original Musical: 1984
Best Original Story: 1927/28 to 1956
Best Short Subject – 1 Reel: 1936 to 1956
Best Short Subject – 2 Reel: 1936 to 1956
Best Short Subject – Color: 1936 to 1937
Best Short Subject – Comedy: 1931/32 to 1935
Best Short Subject – Novelty: 1931/32 to 1935
Academy Award for Best Title Writing: 1927/28
Academy Award for Best Unique and Artistic Production: 1927/28

text: Proposed categories[edit]

text: The Board of Governors meets each year and considers new award categories. To date, the following proposed categories have been rejected:

text:
Best Casting: rejected in 1999[78]
Best Popular Film: 2018[79]
Best Stunt Coordination: rejected every year from 1991 to 2012[80][81][82][83]
Best Title Design: rejected in 1999[78]

text: Special categories[edit]

text: The Special Academy Awards are voted on by special committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a whole. They are not always presented on a consistent annual basis.

text: Current special categories[edit]

text:
Academy Honorary Award: since 1929
Academy Scientific and Technical Award (three different awards): since 1931
Gordon E. Sawyer Award: since 1981
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award: since 1957
Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award: since 1938
Academy Special Achievement Award: from 1972 to 1995, and again for 2017

text: Discontinued special categories[edit]

text: Academy Juvenile Award: 1934 to 1960

text: Criticism[edit]

text: This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (April 2016)

text: Accusations of commercialism[edit]

text: Due to the positive exposure and prestige of the Academy Awards, studios spend millions of dollars and hire publicists specifically to promote their films during what is typically called the "Oscar season". This has generated accusations of the Academy Awards being influenced more by marketing than quality. William Friedkin, an Academy Award-winning film director and former producer of the ceremony, expressed this sentiment at a conference in New York in 2009, describing it as "the greatest promotion scheme that any industry ever devised for itself".[84]

text: Tim Dirks, editor of AMC's filmsite.org, has written of the Academy Awards,

text: Unfortunately, the critical worth, artistic vision, cultural influence and innovative qualities of many films are not given the same voting weight. Especially since the 1980s, moneymaking "formula-made" blockbusters with glossy production values have often been crowd-pleasing titans (and Best Picture winners), but they haven't necessarily been great films with depth or critical acclaim by any measure.[85]

text: Accusations of bias[edit]

text: Typical criticism of the Academy Awards for Best Picture is that among the winners and nominees there is an over-representation of romantic historical epics, biographical dramas, romantic dramedies, and family melodramas, most of which are released in the U.S. the last three months of the calendar year. The Oscars have been infamously known for selecting specific genres of movies to be awarded. This has led to the coining of the term 'Oscar bait', describing such movies. This has led at times to more specific criticisms that the Academy is disconnected from the audience, e.g., by favoring 'Oscar bait' over audience favorites, or favoring historical melodramas over critically acclaimed movies that depict current life issues.[86]

text: Allegations of a lack of diversity[edit]

text: The Academy Awards have long received criticism over its lack of diversity among the nominees.[87][88][89] This criticism is based on the statistics from every Academy Awards since 1929 which shows us that only 6.4% of academy award nominees have been non-white and since 1991, 11.2% of nominees have been non-white, with the rate of winners being even more polarizing.[90] The 88th awards ceremony became the target of a boycott, popularized on social media by the #OscarsSoWhite, based on critics' perception that its all-white acting nominee list reflected bias. In response, the Academy initiated "historic" changes in membership by the year 2020.[91][92]

text: Symbolism or sentimentalization[edit]

text: Acting prizes in certain years have been criticized for not recognizing superior performances so much as being awarded for personal popularity[93] or presented as a "career honor" to recognize a distinguished nominee's entire body of work.[94]

text: Refusing the award[edit]

text: Some winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars. The first to do so was screenwriter Dudley Nichols (Best Writing in 1935 for The Informer). Nichols boycotted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony because of conflicts between the Academy and the Writers' Guild.[95] Nichols eventually accepted the 1935 award three years later, at the 1938 ceremony.  Nichols was nominated for three further Academy Awards during his career.

text: George C. Scott became the second person to refuse his award (Best Actor in 1970 for Patton) at the 43rd Academy Awards ceremony. Scott described it as a "meat parade", saying "I don't want any part of it."[96][97][98]

text: The third person to refuse the award was Marlon Brando, who refused his award (Best Actor for 1972's The Godfather) citing the film industry's discrimination and mistreatment of Native Americans. At the 45th Academy Awards ceremony, Brando sent actress and civil rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather to read a 15-page speech detailing his criticisms.[95]

text: Incidents[edit]

text: At the 2017 awards ceremony, Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway mistakenly announced that La La Land was the Best Picture award recipient, instead of Moonlight, the actual winner. Beatty had been given the wrong envelope by a partner from PricewaterhouseCoopers, and after hesitating during the announcement, during which PricewaterhouseCoopers failed to correct their error, handed the envelope to Dunaway, which listed Emma Stone as Best Actress for La La Land and led to the confusion. The proper winner was announced after the acceptance speeches by La La Land producers Jordan Horowitz, Marc Platt and Fred Berger. The following year, Beatty and Dunaway were invited back as announcers for Best Picture winner, and this time they were handed the correct envelope, which PricewaterhouseCoppers accomplished without error.[99]

text: Associated events[edit]

text: The following events are closely associated with the annual Academy Awards:

text:
César Awards
Nominees luncheon
Governors Awards
The 25th Independent Spirit Awards (in 2010), usually held in Santa Monica the Saturday before the Oscars, marked the first time it was moved to a Friday and a change of venue to L.A. Live
The annual "Night Before", traditionally held at the Beverly Hills Hotel, begun in 2002 and generally known as the party of the season, benefits the Motion Picture and Television Fund, which operates a retirement home for SAG actors in the San Fernando Valley
Elton John AIDS Foundation Academy Award Party airs the awards live at the nearby Pacific Design Center
The Governors' Ball is the Academy's official after-party, including dinner (until 2011), and is adjacent to the awards-presentation venue
The Vanity Fair after-party, historically at the former Morton's restaurant, since 2009 has been at the Sunset Tower

text: Presenter and performer gifts[edit]

text:
It has become a tradition to give out gift bags to the presenters and performers at the Oscars. In recent years, these gifts have also been extended to award nominees and winners.[100] The value of each of these gift bags can reach into the tens of thousands of dollars. In 2014, the value was reported to be as high as US$80,000.[101] The value has risen to the point where the U.S. Internal Revenue Service issued a statement regarding the gifts and their taxable status.[102]
Oscar gift bags have included vacation packages to Hawaii and Mexico and Japan, a private dinner party for the recipient and friends at a restaurant, videophones, a four-night stay at a hotel, watches, bracelets, vacation packages, spa treatments, bottles of vodka, maple salad dressing, and weight-loss gummie candy.[100][103][104] Some of the gifts have even had a "risque" element to them; in 2014, the adult products retailer Adam & Eve had a "Secret Room Gifting Suite". Celebrities visiting the gifting suite included Judith Hoag, Carolyn Hennesy, Kate Linder, Chris Mulkey, Jim O'Heir, and NBA player John Salley.[105]

text: Television ratings and advertisement prices[edit]

text: From 2006 onwards, results are Live+SD, all previous years are Live viewing[106]

text:
Year

Viewers,millions[106]

Ad price,[106][107]USD, millions

Adjusted Price,USD, millions

2018

26.5

Not available

Not available

2017

32.9

Not available

Not available

2016

34.3

Not available

Not available

2015

37.260[108]

1.95[109]

2.01

2014

43.740[110]

1.8 – 1.9[111]

1.86 - 1.96

2013

40.376[112]

1.65 – 1.8[111]

1.73 - 1.89

2012

39.460[113]

1.610

1.72

2011

37.919

1.3684

1.49

2010

41.699

1.1267

1.26

2009

36.310

1.3[111]

1.48

2008

32.006

1.82[111]

2.07

2007

40.172

1.6658

1.97

2006

38.939

1.6468

2.00

2005

42.139

1.503

1.88

2004

43.531

1.5031

1.95

2003

33.043

1.3458

1.79

2002

41.782

1.29

1.76

2001

42.944

1.45

2.00

2000

46.333

1.305

1.85

1999

45.615

1

1.47

1998

55.249

0.95

1.43

1997

40.075

0.85

1.30

1996

44.867

0.795

1.24

1995

48.279

0.7

1.12

1994

45.083

0.6435

1.06

1993

45.735

0.6078

1.03

1992

44.406

Not available

Not available

1991

42.727

Not available

Not available

1990

40.375

0.45

0.84

1989

42.619

0.375

0.74

1988

42.227

0.36

0.74

1987

37.190

0.335

0.72

1986

37.757

0.32

0.71

1985

38.855

0.315

0.72

1984

42.051

0.275

0.65

1983

53.235

0.245

0.60

1982

46.245

Not available

Not available

1981

39.919

Not available

Not available

1980

48.978

Not available

Not available

1979

46.301

Not available

Not available

1978

48.501

Not available

Not available

1977

39.719

Not available

Not available

1976

46.751

Not available

Not available

1975

48.127

Not available

Not available

1974

44.712

Not available

Not available

text: Trademark[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2016)

text: The term "Oscar" is a registered trademark of the AMPAS; however, in the Italian language, it is used generically to refer to any award or award ceremony, regardless of which field.[114][115]


document_title: Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

question_text: when did spurs last win the premier league

question_tokens: when did spurs last win the premier league

root

text: Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

text: History

text: Formation and early years (1882–1908)

text: Originally named Hotspur Football Club, the club was formed on 5 September 1882 by a group of schoolboys led by Robert Buckle. They were members of the Hotspur Cricket Club and the football club was formed in order to play sports during the winter months.[4] A year later the boys sought help with the club from John Ripsher, the Bible class teacher at All Hallows Church, who became the first president of the club and its treasurer. Ripsher helped and supported the boys through the club's formative years, reorganised and found premises for the club.[5][6][7] In April 1884, due to mail for another club London Hotspur being misdirected to North London, the club was renamed Tottenham Hotspur Football Club to avoid any further confusion.[8][9]

tag: p

text: Initially, the boys played games between themselves and friendly matches against other local clubs. The team entered their first cup competition in the London Association Cup, and won their first competitive match on 17 October 1885.[10] The club's matches began to attract the interest of the local community and attendances at its matches increased. In 1892, they played for the first time in a league, the short-lived Southern Alliance.[11]

text: The club turned professional on 20 December 1895 and, in the summer of 1896, was admitted to Division One of the Southern League. On 2 March 1898, the club also became a limited company, the Tottenham Hotspur Football and Athletic Company.[11] Soon after, Frank Brettell became the first ever manager of Spurs, and he signed John Cameron, who took over as player-manager when Brettell left a year later. Cameron would have a significant impact on Spurs, helping the club win its first trophy, the Southern League title. The following year, on 27 April 1901, Spurs won the FA Cup by beating Sheffield United 3–1 (in a replay of the 1901 Cup final) and became the only non-League club to have ever achieved such a feat since the formation of The Football League in 1888.[12]

text: Early decades in Football League (1908–1958)

text: In 1908, the club was elected into the Football League Second Division and won immediate promotion to the First Division, where they finished runners-up in their first year in the league. In 1912, Peter McWilliam became manager; Tottenham finished bottom of the league at the end of the 1914–15 season when football was suspended due to the First World War. Spurs were relegated to Division Two on the resumption of League football after the war, but quickly returned to Division One as Division Two champions of the 1919–20 season.[13]

text: On 23 April 1921, McWilliam guided Spurs to their second FA Cup win, beating Wolverhampton Wanderers 1–0 in the Cup Final. In 1922, Spurs finished second to Liverpool in the League in 1922, but would finish mid-table in the next five seasons. Spurs were relegated in the 1927–28 season after McWilliam left. For most of the 1930s and 40s, Spurs languished in the Second Division, apart from a brief return to the top flight in the 1933–34 and 1934–35 seasons.[14]

text: Former Spurs player Arthur Rowe became manager in 1949. Rowe developed a style of play, known as "push and run", that proved to be successful in his early years as manager. He took the team back to the First Division after finishing top of the Second Division in 1949–50 season.[15] In his second season in charge, the team won Tottenham's first ever League Championship title when they finished top of the First Division of 1950–51 season. Rowe resigned in April 1955 due to illness from the stress of managing the club although, before he left, he signed one of Spurs' most celebrated players, Danny Blanchflower, who would win the FWA Footballer of the Year twice while at Tottenham.[16]

text: Bill Nicholson and the Glory Years (1958–1974)

text: Bill Nicholson took over as manager in October 1958. He would become the club's most successful manager, guiding the team to major trophy success three seasons in a row in the early 1960s: the Double in 1961, the FA Cup in 1962 and the Cup Winners' Cup in 1963. Nicholson signed Dave Mackay and John White in 1959, two influential players of the Double-winning team, and Jimmy Greaves in 1961, the most prolific goal-scorer in the history of the top tier of English football.[17]

text: The 1960–61 season started with a run of 11 wins, followed by a draw and another four wins, at that time the best ever start by any club in the top flight of English football.[18] The title was won on 17 April 1961 when they beat the eventual runner-up Sheffield Wednesday at home 2–1, with three more games still to play. The Double was achieved when Spurs won 2–0 against Leicester in the final of the 1960–61 FA Cup. It was the first Double of the 20th century, and the first since Aston Villa achieved the feat in 1897.[19] The next year Spurs won their second consecutive FA Cup after beating Burnley in the 1962 FA Cup Final.[20]

text: On 15 May 1963 Tottenham also became the first British team to win a European trophy by winning the 1962–63 European Cup Winners' Cup when they beat Atlético Madrid 5–1 in the Cup Winners' Cup Final.[21] Spurs added another European trophy when they won the 1971–72 UEFA Cup with a rebuilt team that included Martin Chivers, Pat Jennings, and Steve Perryman. They had also won the FA Cup in 1967,[22] and two League Cups (in 1971 and 1973). In total, Nicholson won eight major trophies in his 16 years at the club as manager.[23]

text: Burkinshaw to Venables (1974–1992)

text: Spurs went into a period of decline after the successes of the early 70s. Nicholson decided to resign after a poor start to the 1974–75 season. The team was then relegated at the end of the 1976–77 season with Keith Burkinshaw as manager. Burkinshaw quickly returned the club to the top flight, building a team that included Glenn Hoddle, as well as two Argentinians Osvaldo Ardiles and Ricardo Villa, whose signings were particularly uncommon in the British game as foreign players in British football were rare at that time.[24] The team that Burkinshaw rebuilt went on to win the FA Cup in 1981 and 1982[25] and the UEFA Cup in 1984.[26]

text: The 1980s was a period of change that began with a new phase of redevelopment at White Hart Lane, as well as a change of directors. Irving Scholar took over the club and moved it in a more commercial direction, the beginning of the transformation of English football clubs into commercial enterprises.[27][28] Debt at the club would again lead to a change in the boardroom, and Terry Venables teamed up with businessman Alan Sugar in June 1991 to take control of Tottenham Hotspur plc.[29][30][31] Venables, who had become manager in 1987, signed players such as Paul Gascoigne and Gary Lineker. Under Venables, Spurs won the 1990–91 FA Cup, making them the first club to win eight FA Cups.[32]

text: Premier League football (1992–present)

text: Spurs were one of the five clubs that pushed for the founding of the Premier League, created with the approval of The Football Association, replacing the Football League First Division as the highest division of English football.[33] Despite a succession of managers and players such as Teddy Sheringham, Jürgen Klinsmann and David Ginola, for a long period in the Premier League until the late 2000s, Spurs finished mid-table most seasons with few trophies won. They won the League Cup in 1999 under George Graham, and again in 2008 under Juande Ramos. Performance improved under Harry Redknapp with players such as Gareth Bale and Luka Modrić, and the club finished in the top five in the early 2010s.[34][35]

text: In February 2001, Sugar sold his share holding in Spurs to ENIC Sports plc, run by Joe Lewis and Daniel Levy, and stepped down as chairman.[36] Lewis and Levy would eventually own 85% of the club, with Levy responsible for the running of the club.[37][38] The current manager is Mauricio Pochettino, who was appointed in May 2014.[39]

text: Stadia/playing grounds

text: Early grounds

text: Spurs played their early matches on public land at the Park Lane end of Tottenham Marshes, where they had to mark out and prepare their own pitch.[4] Occasionally fights broke out on the marshes in disputes with other teams over the use of the ground.[40] The first recorded match took place on 30 September 1882 against a local team named the Radicals, which Hotspur lost 2–0.[41] The first Spurs game reported by the local press took place on Tottenham Marshes on 6 October 1883 against Brownlow Rovers, which Spurs won 9–0.[42] It was at this ground that, in 1887, Spurs first played the team that would later become their arch rivals, Arsenal (then known as Royal Arsenal) leading 2–1 until the match was called off due to poor light after the away team arrived late.[43]

text: As they played on public parkland, the club could not charge admission fees and, while the number of spectators grew to a few thousands, it yielded no gate receipts. In 1888, the club rented a pitch at Asplins Farm, next to the railway line at Northumberland Park, at a cost of £17 per annum, where spectators were charged 3d a game, raised to 6d for cup ties.[44] The first game at the Park was played on 13 October 1888, a reserve match that yielded gate receipts of 17 shillings. The first stand with just over 100 seats and changing rooms underneath was built at the ground for the 1894–95 season at a cost of £60. However, the stand was blown down a few weeks later and had to be repaired.[45] In April 1898, 14,000 fans turned up to watch Spurs play Woolwich Arsenal. In the overcrowded ground, spectators climbed up onto the roof of the refreshment stand, which then collapsed causing a few injuries. As Northumberland Park could no longer cope with the larger crowds, Spurs were forced to look for a larger ground and moved to the White Hart Lane site in 1899.[46]

text: White Hart Lane

text: The White Hart Lane ground was built on a disused nursery owned by the brewery Charringtons and located behind a public house named the White Hart on Tottenham High Road (White Hart Lane actually lies a few hundred yards north of the main entrance). The ground was initially leased from Charringtons, and the stands they used at Northumberland Park were moved here, giving shelter for 2,500 spectators.[47] Notts County were the first visitors to 'the Lane' in a friendly watched by 5,000 people and yielding £115 in receipts; Spurs won 4–1.[48] QPR became the first competitive visitors to the ground and 11,000 people saw them lose 1–0 to Tottenham. In 1905, Tottenham raised enough money to buy the freehold to the land, as well as land at the northern (Paxton Road) end.[47]

text: After Spurs were admitted to the Football League, the club started to build a new stadium, with stands designed by Archibald Leitch being constructed over the next two and a half decades. The West Stand was added in 1909, the East stand was also covered this year and extended further two years later. The profits from the 1921 FA Cup win were used to build a covered terrace at the Paxton Road end and the Park Lane end was built at a cost of over £3,000 some two years later. This increased the stadium's capacity to around 58,000, with room for 40,000 under cover. The East Stand (Worcester Avenue) stand was finished in 1934 and this increased capacity to around 80,000 spectators and cost £60,000.[47]

text: Starting in the early 1980s, the stadium underwent another major phase of redevelopment. The West Stand was replaced by an expensive new structure in 1982, and the East Stand was renovated in 1988. In 1992, following the Taylor Report's recommendation that Premier League clubs eliminate standing areas, the lower terraces of the south and east stand were converted to seating, with the north stand becoming all-seater the following season. The south stand redevelopment was completed in March 1995 and included the first giant Sony Jumbotron TV screen for live game coverage and away match screenings. In the 1997–98 season the Paxton Road stand had a new upper tier as well as a second Jumbotron screen added.[47] Minor amendments to the seating configuration were made in 2006 bringing the capacity of the stadium to 36,310.[47]

text: By the turn of the millennium, the capacity of White Hart Lane was limited compared to other major Premier League clubs. Talks began over the future of White Hart Lane with a number of schemes considered, such as increasing the stadium capacity by redevelopment of the current site or the use of the 2012 London Olympic Stadium in Stratford.[49][50] Eventually the club settled on the Northumberland Development Project, whereby a new stadium would be built on a larger piece of land that incorporated the White Hart Lane site. In 2016, the northeast corner of White Hart Lane was removed to facilitate the construction of the new stadium. As this reduced the stadium capacity below that required for European games, Tottenham Hotspur played every European home game in 2016–17 at Wembley Stadium.[51] Domestic fixtures of the 2016–17 season continued to be played at the Lane, but demolition of the rest of the stadium started the day after the last game of the season,[52] and White Hart Lane was completely demolished by the end of July 2017.[53]

text: Northumberland Development Project

text: In October 2008, the club announced a plan to build a new stadium immediately to the north of the existing White Hart Lane stadium, with the southern half of the new stadium's pitch overlapping the northern part of the Lane.[54] The club submitted a planning application in October 2009 but, following critical reactions to the plan, it was withdrawn in favour of a substantially revised planning application for the stadium and other associated developments. The new plan was resubmitted and approved by Haringey Council in September 2010,[55] and an agreement for the Northumberland Development Project was signed 20 September 2011.[56]

text: After a long delay over the compulsory purchase order of local businesses located on land to the north of the stadium and a legal challenge against the order,[57][58] resolved in early 2015,[59] planning application for another new design was approved by Haringey Council on 17 December 2015.[60] Construction started in 2016,[61] and the new stadium is scheduled to open for the start of the 2018–19 season.[62] While it is under construction, all Tottenham home games in the 2017–18 season would be played at Wembley Stadium.[63] The new stadium is as yet unnamed.[64]

text: Crest

text: Since the 1921 FA Cup final the Tottenham Hotspur crest has featured a cockerel. Harry Hotspur, after whom the club is named, was said to have been given the nickname Hotspur as he dug in his spurs to make his horse go faster as he charged in battles,[65] and he was also said to be fond of fighting cocks fitted with spurs.[40] The club used spurs as a symbol in 1900, which then evolved into a fighting cock.[65] A former player named William James Scott made a bronze cast of a cockerel standing on a football at a cost of £35, and this 9-foot 6-inch figure was then placed on top of the West Stand the end of the 1909–10 season.[65] Since then the cockerel and ball emblem has become a part of the club's identity.[66]

text: Between 1956 and 2006 Spurs used a faux heraldic shield featuring a number of local landmarks and associations. The lions flanking the shield came from the Northumberland family (of which Harry Hotspur was a member). The castle is Bruce Castle, 400 yards from the ground and the trees are the Seven Sisters. The arms featured the Latin motto Audere Est Facere (to dare is to do).

text: In 1983, to overcome unauthorised "pirate" merchandising, the club's badge was altered by adding the two red heraldic lions and the motto scroll. This device appeared on most Spurs' playing kits for the next 23 years.

text: In 2006 to rebrand and modernise the club's image, the club badge and coat of arms were dumped for a professionally designed logo/emblem.[67] This revamp showed a leaner, fitter cockerel on an old-time football. The club claims that the rebranding kept much of the original meaning of the name, but emphasised its originality.[68]

text: In November 2013, Tottenham forced non-league club Fleet Spurs to change their badge because its new design was "too similar" to the Tottenham crest.[69]

text:
Crest 1956–1983

Crest 1983–2005

Crest 2006 – present

text: Kit

text: The first Tottenham kit included a navy blue shirt with a letter H on a scarlet shield on the left breast. In 1884 the club changed to a "quartered" kit similar in style to that of Blackburn Rovers after watching them win in the 1884 FA Cup Final.[40] Shortly after moving to Northumberland Road, the kit changed again to red shirt and blue shorts. Five years later, after becoming a professional club, they switched to a chocolate and gold striped kit.

text: At the end of the 19th century the club switched colours yet again, to the white shirts and blue shorts which they are now well known for wearing, hence the nickname "Lilywhites". This colour choice is thought to be in homage to Preston North End who had recently done The Double. White and navy blue have remained as the club's basic colours ever since. Soon after the First World War, the cockerel badge was added to the shirt. In 1939 numbers first appeared on shirt backs and in 1983 Holsten became the first commercial sponsor logo to appear on the shirt. The club was the first to wear long-cut shorts, an innovation at a time when football kits all featured shorts cut well above the knee.[70]

text: When Thomson was chosen as kit sponsor in 2002 some Tottenham fans were unhappy as the shirt-front logo was red, the colour of their closest rivals, Arsenal.[71] In 2006, Tottenham then succeeded in securing a record £34 million sponsorship deal with internet casino group Mansion.com.[72]

text: In July 2010 Spurs announced a two-year shirt sponsorship contract with software infrastructure company Autonomy. It was said to be worth £20 million.[73] A month later they unveiled a deal with leading specialist bank and asset management firm Investec as shirt sponsor for the Champions League and domestic cup competitions for the next two years. The deal was worth £5 million.[74][75]

text: In March 2011, Under Armour announced a five-year deal to supply Spurs with shirts and other apparel from the start of 2012–13, but other deal terms were undisclosed. The kit was revealed on 12 July 2011 in London[76] and two weeks later the third kit was revealed via the promotion of Electronic Arts' FIFA 13 video game.

text: In June 2017, it was announced that Nike would be supplying Spurs' kits in a "multi-year agreement" after Under Armour's contract expired. The 2017-18 kit was released on 30 June, featuring the Spurs' crest encased in a shield, paying homage to Spurs' 1960-61 season, where they became the first post-war-club to win both the Football League First Division and the FA Cup.[77]

text: Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors

text:
Period
Kit manufacturer
Kit sponsor

1957–77
Umbro
No sponsor

1977–80
Admiral

1980–83
Le Coq Sportif

1983–85
Holsten

1985–91
Hummel

1991–95
Umbro

1995–99
Pony
Hewlett-Packard

1999–2002
Adidas
Holsten

2002–06
Kappa
Thomson Holidays

2006–10
Puma
Mansion.com Casino & Poker

2010–11
Autonomy Corporation1[78]

2011–12
Aurasma12[40]

2012–13
Under Armour

2013–14
Hewlett-Packard3[79]

2014–17
AIA[80]

2017–Present
Nike[81]

tag: table

text: 1 Only appeared in the Premier League. Investec Bank appeared in the Champions League, FA Cup, League Cup and Europa League.[75][82]

text: 2 Aurasma is a subsidiary of the Autonomy Corporation.

text: 3 Hewlett-Packard is the parent company of the Autonomy Corporation and only appeared in the Premier League. AIA appeared in the FA Cup, League Cup and Europa League.[83]

text: Ownership

text: Tottenham Hotspur F.C. became a limited company, The Tottenham Hotspur Football and Athletic Company Ltd, on 2 March 1898 so as to raise funds for the club and limit the personal liability of its members. 8,000 shares were issued at £1 each, although only 1,558 shares were taken up in the first year.[84] Members of the Wale family, who had association with the club since the 1930s and were chairmen of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. in the 1960s and 1970s, were once the largest shareholder of the club.[85] In the early 1980s, cost overruns in the construction of a new West Stand together with the cost of rebuilding the team in previous years led to financial difficulties for the club. In November 1982, Irving Scholar bought 25% of the club for £600,000, and together with Paul Bobroff gained control of the club.[31] Scholar floated Tottenham Hotspur plc, which wholly owns the football club, on the London Stock Exchange in 1983, the first European sports club to be listed in a stock market.[27] The share issue was successful with 3.8 million shares quickly sold.[86] Ill-judged financial decisions led to accumulating debts,[84] and in June 1991 Terry Venables teamed up with businessman Alan Sugar to buy the club, initially as equal partner with each investing £3.25 million. Sugar increased his stake to £8 million by December 1991 and became the dominant partner with effective control of the club. In May 1993, Venables was sacked from the board after a dispute.[87] By 2000, Sugar began to consider selling the club,[88] and in February 2001, he sold the major part of his shareholding to ENIC International Ltd.[89]

text: Between 2001 and 2011 shares in Tottenham Hotspur F.C. were listed on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM index). The majority shareholder, ENIC International Ltd, is an investment company established by the British billionaire Joe Lewis. Daniel Levy, Lewis's partner at ENIC, is Executive Chairman of the club. They had acquired 29.9% after buying 27% share of the club for £22 million from Sugar in 1991.[89] Shareholding by ENIC increased over the decade through the purchase of the remaining 12% holding of Alan Sugar in 2007 for £25m,[90][91] and the 9.9% stake belonging to Stelios Haji-Ioannou through Hodram Inc in 2009. On 21 August 2009 the club reported that they had issued a further 30 million shares to fund the initial development costs of the new stadium project, and that 27.8 million of these new shares had been purchased by ENIC.[92] The Annual Report for 2010 indicated that ENIC had acquired 76% of all Ordinary Shares and also held 97% of all convertible redeemable preference shares, equivalent to a holding of 85% of share capital.[93] Following an announcement at the 2011 AGM, in January 2012 the club confirmed that they had been transferred into the private ownership of ENIC.[94]

text: Support

text: Tottenham has a large fanbase in the United Kingdom, drawn largely from north London and the Home counties. The attendance figures for its home matches, however, have fluctuated over the years. Five times between 1946 and 1969, Tottenham had the highest average attendance in England.[95][96] Tottenham was 9th in average attendances for the 2008–09 Premier League season, and 11th for all Premier League seasons.[97] In the 2017–18 season when Tottenham used Wembley as its home ground, it had the second highest attendance in the Premier League.[98] Historical supporters of the club have included such figures as philosopher A.J. Ayer.[99][100] There are many Official Supporters Club located all over the world,[101] while an independent supporters club, the Tottenham Hotspur Supporters' Trust, is officially recognised by the club as the representative for Spurs supporters.[102][103]

text: Historically, the club has a significant Jewish following from the Jewish communities in east and northeast London, with around a third of its supporters estimated to be Jewish in the 1930s.[104] Nowadays it no longer has a greater Jewish contingent among its fans than other major London clubs (Jewish supporters are estimated to form at most 5% of its fanbase), it is nevertheless identified as a Jewish club by rival fans.[105] This has led to much antisemitic provocation with chants of "Yids" or "Yiddos" against Tottenham supporters.[106][107] In response to the abusive chants, Tottenham supporters, Jewish and non-Jewish alike, began to chant back the insults and adopt the "Yids" or "Yid Army" identity starting from around the late 1970s or early 1980s.[108] Some fans view adopting "Yid" as a badge of pride, helping defuse its power as an insult.[109] The use of "Yid" as a self-identification, however, has been controversial; some argued that the word is offensive and its use by Spurs fans "legitimis[es] references to Jews in football",[110] and that such racist abuse should be stamped out in football.[111] Others such as the Prime Minister David Cameron argued that there is "a difference between Spurs fans self-describing themselves as Yids and someone calling someone a Yid as an insult" as its use by the Spurs fans is not motivated by hate and therefore cannot be considered hate speech.[112]

text: Fan culture

text: There are a number of songs associated with the club and frequently sung by Spurs fans, such as "Glory Glory Tottenham Hotspur". The song has its origin in 1961 after Spurs completed the Double in 1960–61, and the club entered the European Cup for the first time. Their first opponents were Górnik Zabrze, the Polish champions, and after a hard-fought match Spurs suffered a 4–2 reverse. Tottenham's tough tackling prompted the Polish press to describe them as "they were no angels". These comments incensed a group of three fans and for the return match at White Hart Lane they dressed as angels wearing white sheets fashioned into togas, sandals, false beards and carrying placards bearing biblical-type slogans. The angels were allowed on the perimeter of the pitch and their fervour whipped up the home fans who responded with a rendition of "Glory Glory Hallelujah", which is still sung on terraces at White Hart Lane and other football grounds.[113] The Lilywhites also responded to the atmosphere to win the tie 8–1. Then manager of Spurs, Bill Nicholson, wrote in his autobiography:

text: A new sound was heard in English football in the 1961–2 season. It was the hymn Glory, Glory Hallelujah being sung by 60,000 fans at White Hart Lane in our European Cup matches. I don't know how it started or who started it, but it took over the ground like a religious feeling.

text: There had been a number of incidences of hooliganism involving Spurs fans, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s. Significant events include the rioting by Spurs fans in Rotterdam at the 1974 UEFA Cup Final against Feyenoord, and again during the 1983–84 UEFA Cup matches against Feyenoord in Rotterdam and Anderlecht in Brussels.[115] Although fan violence has since abated, the occasional incidences of hooliganism continued to be reported.[116][117]

text: Rivalries

text: Tottenham supporters have rivalries with several clubs, mainly within the London area. The fiercest of these is with north London rivals Arsenal. The rivalry began in 1913 when Arsenal moved from the Manor Ground, Plumstead to Arsenal Stadium, Highbury, and this rivalry intensified in 1919 when Arsenal were unexpectedly promoted to the First Division, taking a place that Tottenham believed should have been theirs.[118] They also share notable rivalries with fellow London clubs Chelsea and West Ham United.[119]

text: Social responsibility

text: The club through its Community Programme has, since 2006, been working with Haringey Council and the Metropolitan Housing Trust and the local community on developing sports facilities and social programmes which have also been financially supported by Barclays Spaces for Sport and the Football Foundation.[120][121] The Tottenham Hotspur Foundation received high-level political support from the prime minister when it was launched at 10 Downing Street in February 2007.[122]

text: In March 2007 the Club announced a partnership with the charity SOS Children's Villages UK.[123] Player fines will go towards this charity's children's village in Rustenburg, South Africa with the funds being used to cover the running costs as well as in support of a variety of community development projects in and around Rustenburg. In the financial year 2006–07, Tottenham topped a league of Premier League charitable donations when viewed both in overall terms[124] and as a percentage of turnover by giving £4,545,889, including a one-off contribution of £4.5 million over four years, to set up the Tottenham Hotspur Foundation.[125] This compared to donations of £9,763 in 2005–06.[126]

text: The football club is one of the highest profile participants in the 10:10 project which encourages individuals, businesses and organisations to take action on environmental issues. They joined in 2009 in a commitment to reducing their carbon footprint. To do this they upgraded their lights to more efficient models, they turned down their heating dials and took less short-haul flights among a host of other things.[127] After working with 10:10 for one year, they reported that they had reduced their carbon emissions by an 14%.[127]

text: In contrast, they have successfully sought the reduction of section 106 planning obligations connected to the redevelopment of the stadium. Initially the development would incorporate 50% affordable housing (100 out of 200), but this was reduced to 0 out of 285[128] when Spurs suggested that the development was not financially viable with this obligation. In addition, a payment of £16m for community infrastructure was reduced to £0.5m. This is controversial in an area which has suffered high levels of deprivation as well as long-term planning blight as Spurs bought up property for the development, leaving it empty.

text: Tottenham Hotspur Ladies

text: Tottenham's women's team was founded in 1985 as Broxbourne Ladies. They started using the Tottenham Hotspur name for the 1991–92 season and played in the London and South East Women's Regional Football League (then fourth tier of the game). They won promotion after topping the league in 2007–08. In the 2016–17 season they won the FA Women's Premier League Southern Division and a subsequent playoff, gaining promotion to the FA Women's Super League 2.[129]

text: Honours

text: Major honours

text: Domestic

text: League competitions

text:
First Division/Premier League:[130][131][132]

Winners (2): 1950–51, 1960–61(D)

Second Division/Championship:[131]

Winners (2): 1919–20, 1949–50

text: Cup competitions

text:
FA Cup:[133][134]

Winners (8): 1900–01, 1920–21, 1960–61(D), 1961–62, 1966–67, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1990–91

League Cup:[135]

Winners (4): 1970–71, 1972–73, 1998–99, 2007–08

FA Charity Shield/FA Community Shield:[136]

Winners (7): 1921, 1951, 1961, 1962, 1967*, 1981*, 1991* (*shared)

text: European

text:
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup:[137]

Winners (1): 1962–63

UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League:[138]

Winners (2): 1971–72, 1983–84

text: Other honours/friendlies

text: Historical competitions (All Levels)

text:
Southern League:[130]

Winners (1): 1899–1900

Western League:[130]

Winners (1): 1903–04

London League Premier Division Champions:

Winners (1): 1902–03

Football League South 'C' Division Champions:

Winners (1): 1939–40

Southern District Charity Cup:

Winners (3): 1901–02, 1904–05, 1906–07

Sheriff of London Charity Shield:

Winners (2): 1901–02, 1933–34

London Challenge Cup:

Winners (8): 1910–11, 1928–29, 1936–37, 1947–48, 1958–59, 1963–64, 1970–71, 1973–74

text: Friendly tournaments

text:
Anglo-Italian League Cup:[139]

Winners (1): 1971

Costa Del Sol Tournament:

Winners (2): 1965, 1966

Nolia Cup:

Winners (1): 1977

Kirin Cup:

Winners (1): 1979

Sun International Challenge Trophy:

Winners (1): 1983

Peace Cup:

Winners (1): 2005

Vodacom Challenge:

Winners (2): 2007, 2011

Feyenoord Jubileum Tournament:

Winners (1): 2008

Barclays Asia Trophy:

Winners (1): 2009

AIA Cup:

Winners (1): 2015

text: Statistics and records

text: Steve Perryman holds the appearance record for Spurs, having played 854 games for the club between 1969 and 1986, of which 655 were league matches.[140][141] Jimmy Greaves holds the club goal scoring record with 266 goals in 380 league, cup and European appearances.[142]

text: Tottenham's record league win is 9–0 against Bristol Rovers in the Second Division on 22 October 1977.[143][144] The club's record cup victory came on 3 February 1960 with a 13–2 win over Crewe Alexandra in the FA Cup.[145] Spurs' biggest top-flight victory came against Wigan Athletic on 22 November 2009, when they won 9–1 with Jermain Defoe scoring five goals.[144][146] The club's record defeat is an 8–0 loss to 1. FC Köln in the Intertoto Cup on 22 July 1995.[147]

text: The record home attendance at White Hart Lane was 75,038 on 5 March 1938 in a cup tie against Sunderland.[148] The highest recorded home attendances were at their temporary home, Wembley Stadium, due to its higher capacity – 85,512 spectators turned up on 2 November 2016 for the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League game against Bayer Leverkusen,[149] while 83,222 attended the North London Derby against Arsenal on 10 February 2018 which is the highest attendance recorded for any Premier League game.[150]

text: Players

text: First-team squad

text: Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

text:
No.

Position
Player

1

GK
Hugo Lloris (captain)

2

DF
Kieran Trippier

3

DF
Danny Rose

4

DF
Toby Alderweireld

5

DF
Jan Vertonghen (third captain)

6

DF
Davinson Sánchez

7

FW
Son Heung-min

10

FW
Harry Kane (vice-captain)

11

MF
Érik Lamela

12

MF
Victor Wanyama

13

GK
Michel Vorm

15

MF
Eric Dier

No.

Position
Player

17

MF
Moussa Sissoko

18

FW
Fernando Llorente

19

MF
Mousa Dembélé

20

MF
Dele Alli

21

DF
Juan Foyth

22

GK
Paulo Gazzaniga

23

MF
Christian Eriksen

24

DF
Serge Aurier

27

MF
Lucas Moura

29

MF
Harry Winks

33

DF
Ben Davies

37

DF
Kyle Walker-Peters

text: Out on loan

text:
No.

Position
Player

9

FW
Vincent Janssen (at Fenerbahçe for the 2017–18 season)[152]

14

MF
Georges-Kévin N'Koudou (at Burnley for the 2017–18 season)[153]

No.

Position
Player

25

MF
Josh Onomah (at Aston Villa for the 2017–18 season)[154]

38

DF
Cameron Carter-Vickers (at Ipswich Town for the 2017–18 season)[155]

text: Reserves and academy

text: Club management and support staff

text:
Role
Name

Manager
 Mauricio Pochettino

Assistant head coach
 Jesús Pérez

First team coach
 Miguel D'Agostino

First team goalkeeping coach
 Toni Jiménez

Head of sports science, fitness and conditioning
 Nathan Gardiner

International technical coordinator
 Steffen Freund

Head of recruitment and analysis
 Steve Hitchen

Head of player identification
 Rob Mackenzie

text: Club directors

text:
Role
Name[156][157]

Executive chairman
Daniel Levy

Finance director
Matthew Collecott

Director
Donna-Maria Cullen

Director
Darren Eales

non-executive director
Sir Keith Mills

non-executive director
Kevan Watts

non-executive director
Ron Robson

text: Managers and players

text: Managers and head coaches in club's history

text: Listed according to when they became managers for Tottenham Hotspur:

text:
(C) – Caretaker
(FTC) – First team coach

text:
1898  Frank Brettell
1899  John Cameron
1907  Fred Kirkham
1912  Peter McWilliam
1927  Billy Minter
1930  Percy Smith
1935  Wally Hardinge (C)
1935  Jack Tresadern
1938  Peter McWilliam
1942  Arthur Turner
1946  Joe Hulme
1949  Arthur Rowe
1955  Jimmy Anderson
1958  Bill Nicholson
1974  Terry Neill
1976  Keith Burkinshaw
1984  Peter Shreeves
1986  David Pleat
1987  Doug Livermore and  Trevor Hartley (C)
1987  Terry Venables
1991  Peter Shreeves
1992  Doug Livermore and  Ray Clemence (FTC)

1993  Osvaldo Ardiles
1994  Steve Perryman (C)
1994  Gerry Francis
1997  Chris Hughton (C)
1997  Christian Gross
1998  David Pleat (C)
1998  George Graham
2001  David Pleat (C)
2001  Glenn Hoddle
2003  David Pleat (C)
2004  Jacques Santini
2004  Martin Jol
2007  Clive Allen (C)
2007  Juande Ramos
2008  Harry Redknapp
2012  André Villas-Boas
2013  Tim Sherwood
2014  Mauricio Pochettino

text: Club hall of fame

text: The following players are noted as "greats" for their contributions to the club or have been inducted into the club's Hall of Fame:[158][159][160] The most recent additions to the club's Hall of Fame are Steve Perryman and Jimmy Greaves on 20 April 2016.[161]

text:
Osvaldo Ardiles
 Ricardo Villa
 Clive Allen
 Les Allen
 Paul Allen
 Darren Anderton
 Peter Baker
 Phil Beal
 Bobby Buckle
 Keith Burkinshaw
 Martin Chivers
 Tommy Clay
 Ray Clemence
 Ralph Coates
 Garth Crooks
 Jimmy Dimmock

 Ted Ditchburn
 Terry Dyson
 Paul Gascoigne
 Arthur Grimsdell
 Jimmy Greaves
 Willie Hall
 Ron Henry
 Glenn Hoddle
 Jack Jull
 Cyril Knowles
 Gary Lineker
 Gary Mabbutt
 Paul Miller
 Billy Minter
 Tom Morris
 Alan Mullery

 Bill Nicholson
 Maurice Norman
 Steve Perryman
 Martin Peters
 John Pratt
 Graham Roberts
 Teddy Sheringham
 Bobby Smith
 Vivian Woodward
 Chris Waddle
 Fanny Walden
 David Ginola
 Steffen Freund
 Jürgen Klinsmann
 Chris Hughton
 Danny Blanchflower

 Pat Jennings
 Steve Archibald
 Bill Brown
 John Cameron
 Alan Gilzean
 Dave Mackay
 John White
 Ronnie Burgess
 Mike England
 Cliff Jones
 Terry Medwin
 Taffy O'Callaghan

text: Player of the Year

text:
1987  Gary Mabbutt
1988  Chris Waddle
1989  Erik Thorstvedt
1990  Paul Gascoigne
1991  Paul Allen
1992  Gary Lineker
1993  Darren Anderton
1994  Jürgen Klinsmann

1995  Teddy Sheringham
1996  Sol Campbell
1997  Sol Campbell
1998  David Ginola
1999  Stephen Carr
2000  Stephen Carr
2001  Neil Sullivan
2002  Simon Davies

2003  Robbie Keane
2004  Jermain Defoe
2005–06  Robbie Keane
2006–07  Dimitar Berbatov
2007–08  Robbie Keane
2008–09  Aaron Lennon
2009–10  Michael Dawson
2010–11  Luka Modrić

2011–12  Scott Parker
2012–13  Gareth Bale
2013–14  Christian Eriksen
2014–15  Harry Kane
2015–16  Toby Alderweireld
2016–17  Christian Eriksen
2017–18  Jan Vertonghen

text: Affiliated clubs

text:
Internacional[162]
 San Jose Earthquakes[163]
 South China[164]
 Supersport United[165]


document_title: Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime

question_text: when did the samsung galaxy prime come out

text: Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime

text:
Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime

Codename
fortunagrandprimeveManufacturer
Samsung ElectronicsSeries
Samsung GalaxyModel
SM-G530H/DS (Dual SIM variant)SM-G530F (LTE variant)SM-G530BT (Brazilian variant)SM-G530FZSM-G530MSM-G531F (Value Edition LTE)SM-G531H/DL (Value Edition Dual SIM)SM-G531BT (Brazilian variant; SBTVD Dual SIM variant) SM-G531F/DD (Value Edition LTE Dual SIM)SM-G531Y (Value Edition)Compatible networks
(GSM/GPRS/EDGE): 850, 900, 1800, and 1900 MHz; 3G (HSPA 42.2/5.76 Mbit/s): HSDPA 850/‒900/‒1900/‒2100 MHz;4G LTE (Cat4 150/50 Mbit/s): 700, 800, 850, 900, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, and 2600 MHzFirst released
June 2015Predecessor
Samsung Galaxy Core PrimeSuccessor
Samsung Galaxy J2 Prime/Grand Prime+Related
Samsung Galaxy On5Samsung Galaxy On7Type
Touchscreen smartphoneForm factor
SlateDimensions
144.8 mm (5.70 in) H  72.1 mm (2.84 in) W  8.6 mm (0.34 in) DWeight
156 g (5.5 oz)Operating system
Original: Android 4.4.4 "KitKat"Android 5.0-5.1.1 "Lollipop" (Value Edition variants)Current: Android 5.1.1 "Lollipop"Unofficial: Android 7.1.1 "Nougat"System on chip
Qualcomm Snapdragon MSM8916 410Marvell PXA1908 (Value Edition)Spreadtrum SC7730 (SM-G531Y)CPU
ARMv8 1.2GHz Quad-core CPUARMv7 1.3GHz Quad-core CPU (SM-G531Y)GPU
Adreno 306Vivante GC7000UL (Value Edition)Mali-400 MP (SM-G531Y)Memory
1 GB RAMStorage
8 GBRemovable storage
microSD, microSDXC up to 256 GBBattery
2600 mAh Li-ionData inputs
AccelerometerProximity sensorGeomagnetic sensorCompassDisplay
5.0 in (130 mm) 540x960 px (220dpi)Rear camera
8 Megapixel with LED flashFront camera
5 MegapixelConnectivity
Wi-Fi 802.11a/b/g/n (2.4 GHz)  GPS  Bluetooth LE 4.0 with ANT+  Bluetooth 4.1 with A2DP(G531F)  NFC (G530F/FZ; G531F)Other
Digital TV (SBTVD (SM-G530BT; SM-G531BT)USB On-The-Go (SM-G531F)SAR
0.412 W/kg (Head SAR)0.382 W/kg (Body-worn SAR)Website
Official WebsiteReferences
[1]
[2]

[3]

text: The Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime is an entry level Android smartphone manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics. The Grand Prime line serves as a successor to the Core Prime.

text: It was originally introduced in 2014 as an exclusive for the Pakistani market, but was later released as a budget phone the following year for a number of markets in Asia. It is also made available in the USA through mobile providers such as MetroPCS, Cricket, Verizon, T-Mobile, and Sprint.

text: It is also available in Canadian providers, such as Freedom Mobile, Chatr Mobile, Koodo, SpeakOut and Public Mobile.

text: In 2016, Samsung announced that it will release the successor to the Grand Prime. It was launched as the Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime Plus, known as the J2 Prime in some territories.