document_title: The Edge of Seventeen

question_text: who plays erwin in the edge of seventeen

text: The Edge of Seventeen

text: Plot[edit]

text: Nadine Franklin (Hailee Steinfeld) confides to her history teacher Mr. Bruner (Woody Harrelson) that she plans to kill herself. Her threats and his responses illustrate their uniquely wry relationship. Nadine narrates: By age seven, differences between Nadine and her older brother Darian (Blake Jenner) are already obvious. Nadine has a tempestuous relationship with her overly dramatic mother Mona (Kyra Sedgwick), while Nadine's father, Tom (Eric Keenleyside) is the only immediate member she feels close to. At age 13, Nadine is buoyed by her relationships with her best friend Krista (Haley Lu Richardson) and her father. As a result of her father's death, Nadine's life turns upside down. Up to the time Nadine is 17, Krista was the only "good part" of her life.

text: One night, Nadine and Krista get drunk, while Darian throws a pool party. Nadine falls asleep, and wakes up to find Krista in bed with a naked Darian. Krista tries to fix things, but Nadine is tormented about her best friend being with her brother. Krista and Darian think to break it off, but he ends up asking her to be his girlfriend. Nadine feels desperately alone and resorts to her classmate Erwin Kim (Hayden Szeto), who has a crush on her. She discovers that although he is awkward, he has a great sense of humor and is kind. Nadine, however, is attracted to older student Nick Mossman (Alexander Calvert), whom she has only met once.

text: Later, Darian invites Krista to a house party, who insists Nadine join them. When they arrive, Krista is introduced to other students, who invite Krista and Darian to play beer pong, leaving Nadine to her own devices. After several failed attempts at talking to others at the party, Nadine goes outside and sits on the porch bench with another partygoer, who remarks how inferior Nadine seems compared to her popular, athletic brother. This conversation drives Nadine to leave the party without Krista or Darian.

text: Krista confronts Nadine for ignoring her the night before, so Nadine makes her choose between herself and Darian. Krista does not want to choose, and Nadine angrily tells Krista their friendship is over.

text: At school, Mr. Bruner has become Nadine's go-to person for support. He lets her vent her anger at him, but afterwards, as a way to guilt her, reveals that she is his favorite student. Erwin and Nadine spend the evening in his heated swimming pool. Although Erwin is wealthy, he is lonely. Nadine learns that he is an animation filmmaker and accepts his invitation to their school's short-film festival. Nadine and her mother end up in an argument about her father, and Nadine drives away. In the heat of the moment, she writes a sexually explicit text to Nick, but decides against sending it. Nonetheless, she accidentally hits "send" and is mortified.

text: The film returns to the present, and Mr. Bruner tries to keep Nadine calm about the text she sent. She receives a text from Nick, asking her to hang out that evening, exciting Nadine. Mona calls Darian, confessing that Nadine is missing, and that she has depended on her son as the father figure since Tom died. Darian leaves to find Nadine. During their date, Nick repeatedly attempts to have sex with Nadine in his car, having interpreted the text as a proposition, while she had been wanting a traditional romantic date. Embarrassed and heartbroken, Nadine runs away and calls Mr. Bruner, who drives her to his house, where they wait with his wife and baby boy until Darian arrives. Darian confesses to Nadine that although his life seems perfect, he has been secretly suffering from the pressures of having to take care of the family ever since their father died. Darian even confesses that he feels trapped and did not apply to colleges far away, and the only person who helps him smile is Krista, but even that is a problem, too, since Nadine is upset that Krista is with him. Nadine confesses to her brother that she has been dealing with self-hatred, intensified by her jealousy of him. For the first time, the two hug and their feud ends.

text: Nadine readies herself for the school's film festival. Nadine walks downstairs on her way out and is welcomed by Darian and Krista, and the two girls happily agree to catch up later. Mona fears that Nadine has run away. Realizing that her mother is worried, Nadine sends her a text saying that she is safe. Mona decides to trust her word. Erwin's animated film is a story about a green alien boy who falls in love with a girl at high school, but is rejected by her. Realizing the metaphor, Nadine apologizes to Erwin for taking so long to accept his love. Erwin is congratulated by his colleagues. When he introduces Nadine to them, she greets them with a smile, finally opening up to others.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Hailee Steinfeld as Nadine Franklin[5], Darian’s younger sister and Mona and Tom’s daughter
Haley Lu Richardson as Krista, Nadine’s best friend[6]
Blake Jenner as Darian Franklin, Nadine's older brother and Mona and Tom’s son[7]
Woody Harrelson as Mr. Bruner, a high school teacher and Greer’s husband[8]
Hayden Szeto as Erwin Kim, Nadine's awkward admirer[7]
Kyra Sedgwick as Mona Franklin, Tom’s wife and Darian and Nadine's mother[8]
Eric Keenleyside as Tom Franklin, Mona’s husband and Darian and Nadine's father
Alexander Calvert as Nick Mossman, boy who Nadine likes

text: Production[edit]

text: Writer/director Kelly Fremon Craig sent a copy of the screenplay to producer James L. Brooks, hoping that Brooks would produce the film. Craig recalled, "I had written a spec version of this film, and had been just an insane fan of Jim’s for years and years. He was the crazy longshot I took in the beginning! And one I never thought would actually work. But I sent him the script and he ended up taking on the project."[9] The Edge of Seventeen is Craig's directorial debut. She also produced the film.[7]

text: On August 4, 2015, Hailee Steinfeld was cast in the film to play the lead role, while Richard Sakai was also attached as a producer of the film.[5] On September 24, 2015, Woody Harrelson and Kyra Sedgwick joined the film's cast, with Harrelson playing the role of a high school teacher and Sedgwick as the main character's mother.[8] On October 6, 2015, Blake Jenner was cast in the film as Nadine's older brother, a popular and handsome soccer player who begins dating Nadine's best friend Krista.[7] Hayden Szeto was cast in the film as Erwin Kim, Nadine's earnest classmate, who fumbles several attempts to win her affection through much of the story. Haley Lu Richardson joined the film to play the role of best friend Krista.[6]

text: Principal photography on the film began on October 21, 2015, in Hollywood North, then in Anaheim, California.[10][11] Filming also took place in the Metro Vancouver area, then at Guildford Park Secondary School and near Guildford Town Centre in Surrey, British Columbia. Port Moody was also shown, with the film festival taking place in City Hall.[12] Filming wrapped on December 3, 2015.[13]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Edge of Seventeen, distributed by STX Entertainment, was originally scheduled to be released on September 30, 2016,[6] before being moved to November 18.[14] Stage 6 Films and Sony Pictures Releasing International handle some distribution rights to the film outside the United States.[15]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Edge of Seventeen grossed $14.4 million in the United States and Canada and $4.4 million in other territories for a total of $18.8 million, against a production budget of $9 million.[1]

text: In North America, the film was released alongside the openings of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Bleed for This, as well as the wide expansions of Moonlight and Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk, and was initially expected to gross around $8 million from 1,900 theaters.[16] However, after grossing $1.8 million on its first day, weekend projections were lowered to $4–5 million; it ended up opening with $4.8 million, finishing number seven at the box office.[17]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The movie has received widespread critical acclaim, with Steinfeld's performance receiving unanimous praise. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 95% based on 140 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Edge of Seventeen's sharp script – and Hailee Steinfeld's outstanding lead performance – make this more than just another coming-of-age dramedy."[18] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 77 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[19] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[20]

text: IGN reviewer Alex Welch gave the film an 8/10, saying "Kelly Fremon Craig’s The Edge of Seventeen is a pitch-perfect portrait of youth, and the struggles of learning to accept yourself for who you are. It’ll have you laughing and crying, sometimes in the same scene, and never feels anything other than sincere and authentic."[21]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Austin Film Critics Association
December 28, 2016
Best First Film
The Edge of Seventeen
Nominated
[22][23]

Chicago Film Critics Association
December 15, 2016
Most Promising Filmmaker
Kelly Fremon Craig
Nominated
[24]

Critics' Choice Awards
December 11, 2016
Best Young Performer
Hailee Steinfeld
Nominated
[25]

Best Actress in a Comedy
Nominated

Best Comedy
Kelly Fremon Craig
Nominated

Detroit Film Critics Society
December 19, 2016
Best Film
The Edge of Seventeen
Nominated
[26]

Best Breakthrough
Kelly Fremon Craig (director and screenwriter)
Won

Directors Guild of America Awards
February 4, 2017
Outstanding Directing – First-Time Feature Film
Kelly Fremon Craig
Nominated
[27]

Golden Globe Awards
January 8, 2017
Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical
Hailee Steinfeld
Nominated
[28]

Golden Tomato Awards
January 12, 2017
Best Comedy Movie 2016
The Edge of Seventeen
5th Place
[29]

MTV Movie & TV Awards
May 7, 2017
Movie of the Year
Nominated
[30]

Best Actor in a Movie
Hailee Steinfeld
Nominated

New York Film Critics Circle
December 1, 2016
Best First Film
Kelly Fremon Craig
Won[a]
[31]

Teen Choice Awards
August 13, 2017
Choice Movie: Drama
The Edge Of Seventeen
Nominated
[32]

Choice Movie Actress: Drama
Hailee Steinfeld
Nominated
[32]

Toronto Film Critics Association
December 11, 2016
Best First Feature
The Edge of Seventeen
Runner-up
[33]

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
December 5, 2016
Best Youth Performance
Hailee Steinfeld
Nominated
[34]

Women Film Critics Circle
December 19, 2016
Best Young Actress
Won
[35]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Tied with Trey Edward Shults for Krisha.

tag: ol


document_title: 1st & Ten (graphics system)

question_text: who invented the first down line on tv

question_tokens: who invented the first down line on tv

root

text: 1st & Ten (graphics system)

text: Conception[edit]

text: The idea of creating an on-field marker to help TV viewers identify 1st down distances was conceived and patented in 1978 by David W. Crain,[8] who presented the concept to Roone Arledge[9] and Roger Goodman[10] of ABC News and Sports and to the CBS Technology Center.[11] At the time, both decided the broadcast industry was not ready to use Crain's invention.

tag: p

text: In 1998, ESPN programmer Gary Morgenstern and others revived the idea. ESPN's NFL coordinating producer, Fred Gaudelli, was tasked with overseeing an implementation for his network. The 1st & Ten line was first broadcast by Sportvision, a private company, during ESPN's coverage of a Cincinnati Bengals-Baltimore Ravens game on September 27, 1998.[12] A few weeks later, on Thanksgiving Day in 1998, Princeton Video Image (PVI) aired its version of the virtual yellow down line on a CBS broadcast of a Pittsburgh Steelers–Detroit Lions game.[13] Four years later, SportsMEDIA introduced a third version during NBC coverage of a Notre Dame game.

text: The rivalry between PVI and Sportvision began with a collaboration. In July 1995, PVI had successfully used its L-VIS (Live Video Insertion System) match moving technology to broadcast virtual advertising behind the home plate on a local broadcast of a Trenton Thunder baseball game. In January 1996, Roy Rosser, director of special projects at PVI, saw Sportvision's FoxTrax puck on the broadcast of the 1996 NHL All-Star Game and realized that a combination of L-VIS and FoxTrax would allow virtual insertions in a wider range of situations than either could do on its own, given the power of affordable computers. He contacted Stan Honey, CTO at Sportvision, and the two companies undertook a joint demonstration of their combined technologies during the 1996 World Series between the Atlanta Braves and the New York Yankees at the Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium. The test was not a success and the two companies parted ways, each developing complementary systems that were eventually used to broadcast Sportvision's "First and Ten" line and PVI's "Yellow Down Line".[14] In October 1999, SportVision sued PVI alleging that PVI's virtual signage, first down line and other products infringed Fox/Sportvision patents. In August 2001, PVI counterclaimed against Sportvision in the federal court action, alleging that Sportvision's virtual strike zone and virtual signage products infringed a PVI patent. In 2002, the companies settled the lawsuits out of court through a cross-licensing deal.[15]

text: Before the game[edit]

text: Each football field has a unique crown and contour and is not perfectly flat in order to facilitate drainage, so a 3D model is made of the field prior to the game.[16] Due to the low amount of change throughout a football season, this 3D model is usually only generated once a season at most. It also has a unique color palette, typically various shades of green, depending on the type of surface (i.e. real or artificial grass) and the weather (e.g. bright, shady or even snowing).[16] In addition, after cameras are set up, the position of the camera relative to the field is established to be used in conjunction with the previously created 3D model of the field.

text: Cameras[edit]

text: There are usually a number of cameras shooting the field, but typically only three main cameras are used for an American football broadcast (one on the fifty-yard line, and one on each twenty-yard line). The cameras with video that will be used with the graphics system have electronic encoders within parts of the camera assembly (in the lens and the moving platform the camera sits on, sometimes called a "panhead") that monitor how the camera is used during the game (pan, tilt, zoom, focus and extender).[16] The encoders transmit that info live 30 or more times per second to the broadcaster's production truck, where it is processed by Sportvision computers (typically one for each camera). A camera with this type of extra hardware is usually called an "instrumented" camera. This information helps keep the yellow 1st & ten line in the proper place without being distorted whenever the camera follows the players or the ball.

text: In the larger productions, several other cameras can be "instrumented" to work with the graphics system, but these are usually restricted to following additional types: a camera usually placed in a high position to see all the field, typically called the "all 22" camera, and a camera shooting from above one end zone, called an "end zone camera", or in the industry often just "camera 4". The Skycam (or moving camera attached to cables above the field) can also be used to draw a yellow line over its video, but the mechanism has some major differences from the typical "instrumented" camera.

text: Crew[edit]

text: For the initial implementation, there were seven computers in total and a crew of four. Recent implementations require around four computers, one computer per camera plus a shared computer for chroma-keying and other tasks, that can be run by a single operator (although two is optimal). The primary operator usually uses a KVM to switch between camera computers and has an extra monitor, keyboard, and mouse setup for the chroma-keying computer.

text: Of the original four-member crew, two members, one inside the stadium and one in front of a computer, communicated the position of the real first down line to make sure everything was working. The third crew member was a troubleshooter. The last crew member monitored the various colors that make up the color palette onto which the line is drawn.

text: In recent setups only a single operator is required for all cameras. The operator clicks on the ball in the video to set the line of scrimmage and right-clicks where the first down line should be (or presses a button to automatically position it 10 yards in the direction of play). If lighting conditions don't change that much, the primary operator can also monitor chroma-key settings, but often a secondary operator is used when conditions get too variable.

text: Data[edit]

text: Each set of camera encoders on a camera transmits position data to an aggregator box that translates the digital information into modulated audio where it is sent down to the corresponding camera computer in the truck. This data is synchronized with the video from that camera. At the camera computer the camera position data is demodulated back to digital data for use by the program that draws the "yellow line" over the video.

text: Separately, the chroma-keying computer is told what colors of the field are okay to draw over (basically grass) and that information is sent to the camera computers.

text: The old way[edit]

text: The first computer in the truck gathers all the separate readings from the cameras and transmits a single, consolidated data stream to the central computer.

text: The central computer takes these readings, the 3D field model and color palette, the knowledge of which camera is on the air, and together using a geometrical calculation determines which pixels in the video frame would make up the first down line. All pixels that are obstructed by a player, a referee, the ball or any other object are identified and not included in the calculation. This will ensure that the 1st & Ten line will be projected only onto the field.

text: The PVI Virtual Media system relies on a single spotter to relay the down and distance, and a single operator at the studio as their vision system does not need camera data to perform the insertion. The primary operator of the Sportvision system does the spotting by merely clicking on the video to place the line.

text: Technology errors[edit]

text: The only pixels that should change are the ones that are the same color as the field, typically several shades of green. As a result, there are a few situations that are difficult. One is when the player's uniform color nearly matches that of the field (for example, the Green Bay Packers' jersey on a bright, sunny day, or for Boise, Idaho's Bronco Stadium, where the field and the home team uniform share the same blue shade). The other is when the field itself changes, like during a rain/snow storm or if the grass field becomes very muddy. In those cases, the field's color palette would need to include brown and/or white shades. The most difficult situations are when the shade of the field is constantly changing as in situations where moving clouds are shadowing the field on some spots, but not others, but continue to move across the field.

text: The data collection and computation also requires time. The audio feed goes to an audio delay to be synchronized with the delayed video. The total delay for the viewer from the live feed ends up being about 2/3 of a second.

text: Final result[edit]

text: After the camera computer has determined which pixels represent the 1st & Ten line, it takes that pixel information and draws the yellow line in video format at around 60 times per second (depends on video refresh frequency). A 2011 study conducted by SportVision determined the yellow line has an average margin of error of 1.38 inches compared to the official first down marker.

text: In recent years the system has been upgraded to add more features. During Fox broadcasts, the Sportvision system also generates an arrow-like graphic on the field with down and distance text information inside of an arrow pointing in the direction of play. Competitors have also added this feature in recent years.

text: Additionally, the Sportvision system can also place virtual graphics that have another embedded video feed inside them like a video picture frame. This is sometimes called "video-in-perspective".

text: This technology is also the basis for showing ads where they may not appear (i.e. behind home plate in baseball during national broadcasts), and Race F/X in which images can be displayed on the race track, and info can follow a specific car, no matter what the camera does. This technology is used by CBS, ESPN, Fox, NBC, NFL Network, RDS, TSN, and TNT.


document_title: White Hart Lane

question_text: who scored the first ever goal at white hart lane

text: White Hart Lane

text: History[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: When the club was first formed in 1882, the club played its matches on public land at the Park Lane end of Tottenham Marshes.[9][10] As the ground was on public land, the club could not charge admission fees for spectators, and while the number of spectators grew to a few thousands within a few years, it yielded no gate receipts. In 1888, the club rented a pitch at Asplins Farm next to the railway line at Northumberland Park at a cost of £17 per annum, with the spectators charged 3d a game.[11] The first stand with just over 100 seats and changing rooms underneath was built on the ground for the 1894–95 season.[12] Overcrowding at the ground however would become an issue; in 1898, during a match against Woolwich Arsenal attended by a record crowd of 15,000, the refreshment stand collapsed when fans climbed up onto its roof in the overcrowded ground, prompting the club to start looking for a new ground. In 1899, the club moved a short distance to a piece of land behind the White Hart pub, which would become the White Hart Lane ground.[13]

text: The White Hart Lane site, actually located behind Tottenham High Road, was a nursery owned by the brewery chain Charringtons. A groundsman at a local cricket club, John Over, was tasked with demolishing the greenhouses and preparing a playing surface for football.[9] The stands from the previous ground at Northumberland Park were moved to the new ground.[14] The new ground was never officially named, although names such as Gilpin Park and Percy Park were suggested.[15][16] In its early day it was normally referred to as the High Road ground or the White Hart after the pub, in time it became popularly known as White Hart Lane, which is in fact the name of the street that lies across to the west of the High Road away from the ground.

text: The first game at the Lane was a friendly against Notts County on 4 September 1899, with around 5,000 supporters attending, generating a gate receipt of £115.[17] The first goal at the Lane came from Tommy McCairns of Notts County, followed by an equaliser from Tom Pratt and a hat-trick from David Copeland, ending in a 4–1 home win.[18] The first competitive game on the ground was held five days later in front of a 11,000 crowd against Queens Park Rangers, which Spurs won 1–0 with the only goal scored by Tom Smith.[19][4]

text: In 1904, a large earth bank was built at the Park Lane end. The ground now had an overall capacity of 32,000, with a main stand that provided seating for 500, and covered accommodation for 12,000.[9][10] However, the club's ability to develop the site were restricted by the terms of the ground lease with Charringtons and, following a share issue, the club bought the freehold for £8,900 in 1905. An additional £2,600 was used to purchase the land at the northern (Paxton Road) end, where another large bank was built the same year, matching that at the Park Lane end, and bringing capacity up to 40,000.[10][14] Spurs was admitted to the Second Division of the Football League in 1908, and played their first league game on 1 September 1908 against Wolverhampton Wanderers at White Hart Lane. Spurs won 3–0, and the first Football League goal on the ground was scored by Vivian Woodward.[20]

text: Redevelopment[edit]

text: White Hart Lane underwent redevelopment in the early 20th century with stadium developer, Archibald Leitch, who designed the stands that were built over a period of two and a half decades. The first to be designed, the main West Stand, was a two-tiered structure, with seating for 5,300 in the upper tier and a paddock in front with standing room for over 6,000. The roof featured a mock-Tudor gable, emblazoned with the club's name, and covered the whole stand. At the time, it was the largest stand at a British football ground.[9] The new West Stand, built at a cost of £50,000, opened on September 11, 1909 for Spurs' first home game in Division One, a match against Manchester United that ended in a 2–2 draw.[21] The central section of the East Stand was also covered in 1909 and two years later its wooden terrace was replaced by an enlarged concrete terrace, with the roof extended to cover the whole stand.[9] With further expansion of the banking at the two ends, the stadium capacity increased to over 50,000 by the onset of the First World War. During the war, the stadium was taken over by the Ministry of War and the East Stand was turned into a factory for making gas masks, gunnery and protection equipment.[22]

text: The pitch was overlooked by a bronze fighting cock (the club symbol) that kept an eye on proceedings from the roof of the touchline stands. The cockerel was adopted as an emblem for the club as Harry Hotspur, after whom the club was named, was said to be fond of cock-fighting.[23] The original cockerel on a ball was erected at the end of the 1909–1910 season and was cast by William James Scott, who had played for the club when it was an amateur club. It was originally located atop the West Stand. but was removed in 1957 for upgrading of floodlighting and reappeared on top of the East Stand in December 1958.[22] In 1989, the original cockerel was removed to be replaced by fibreglass replicas that were placed on top of both the East Stand and West Stand. The original cockerel was moved to the executive suites where it stayed for many years, then to the West Stand reception. It was moved to the club offices at Lilywhite House in 2016 as the stadium was due to be demolished for redevelopment.[24]

text: The ground continued to be renovated in the 1920s and early 1930s, with three more stands designed by Archibald Leitch.[9] The FA Cup win in 1921 provided money to build a covered two-tiered terrace at the Paxton Road end and, in 1923, a similar stand was added at the Park Lane end. The capacity had now reached 58,000, with about 40,000 under cover.[14] In 1934 the club spent £60,000 to rebuild the East Stand. The new stand was a double-decker structure, with the lower section in two tiers; the upper section had 4,983 seats, while the middle tier, which was to become known as "the shelf", and lower terrace provided standing room for over 18,700.[9] The total stadium capacity was now nearly 80,000. The East Stand was officially opened on 22 September 1934 for a match against Aston Villa.[14]

text: In the 1930s, football had a popular following, and despite Tottenham's relative lack of success at the time, 75,038 spectators squeezed into White Hart Lane in March 1938 to see Spurs' performance against Sunderland in the FA Cup. The redeveloped stadium was also used for international matches; in 1935 it hosted a game between Nazi Germany and England that England won 3–0.[25] The venue also hosted some of the football preliminaries for the 1948 Summer Olympics.[26] During the Second World War, Spurs shared the ground with rival Arsenal when Highbury was requisitioned by the government and used as an Air Raid Precautions centre.[27]

text: Tottenham became firmly established as one of England's biggest clubs that attracted some of the highest attendances in the country on a regular basis. Attendance at White Hart Lane averaged at over 53,000 in 1961, their double winning year.[28] Between the late 1920s and 1972, White Hart Lane was one of very few British football grounds that featured no advertising hoardings at all.

text: 1953 saw the introduction of floodlights with their first use being a friendly against Racing Club de Paris in September of that year.[29] They were upgraded in 1957, and in 1961, floodlight pylons were installed. These were renovated again in the 1970s, and in 1990, the floodlights on pylons were replaced with spotlights on the East and West stands.[14]

text: All-seater stadium[edit]

text: The stadium as designed by Archibald Leitch stayed in the same form for a few decades, seating sections however were progressively introduced. In 1962, 2,600 seats were fitted at the back of the South Stand (on Park Lane), followed the next year by 3,500 seats at the North (Paxton Road) Stand, which was further extended in 1968 to link up with the West Stand to give a further 1,400 seats.[14] The South and West stands were linked in 1973 that added further seats, but the capacity of the ground dropped overall as seats replaced standing terraces. In 1980, in a bid to improve facilities and upgrade what were then considered outdated stadium, a new phase of redevelopment began that would transformed the ground. The old West Stand was demolished in November 1980 to be replaced by a new stand that had 6,500 seats and featured 72 executive boxes.[16] The new West Stand opened 15 months later on 6 February 1982 for a match against Wolverhampton Wanderers.[14] However, cost overruns in the project resulted in financial difficulties for the club, leading to a change of directors who then floated the club on the London Stock Exchange in 1983, the first sports club to do so.[30]

text: In 1985, a plan to demolish and rebuild the East Stand was rejected by Haringey Council. In 1988, the club decided to proceed instead with a refurbishment of the East Stand despite objections by fans. The long stretch of raised standing terrace on the East Stand, known by fans as The Shelf,[31] was redesigned to include the installation of executive boxes replacing the upper section of the standing terrace. Work on the East Stand however caused the opening game of the 1988–89 season against Coventry to be postponed a few hours before kickoff.[16] The work continued in the summer of 1989 and the refurbished East Stand opened on 18 October 1989 for the North London Derby.[14]

text: There was perimeter fencing in the 1980s between the stands behind the goals and the pitch and in front of the East Stand; fencing was first erected to segregate away fans in the 1970s and to combat the threat of pitch invasions from hooligans. All the fences were removed on 18 April 1989 for safety reasons in reaction to the Hillsborough disaster three days earlier, in which 96 Liverpool fans were fatally injured, most of them crushed to death against the perimeter fencing in an overcrowded standing area (the fencing at the same place had also previously caused an incidence of crushing of Spurs fans in a cup tie in 1981).[32][33]

text: Also as a response to the Hillsborough disaster and the subsequent Taylor Report of 1990 that called for all-seater stadiums, standing areas were removed over the next few years, further reducing the capacity of the ground. Standing areas on the lower terraces of the East and South stands were replaced with seating in 1992, followed by the North Stand the next year. The South Stand was demolished in 1994, and its redevelopment completed in March 1995. The work was partly funded by the Football Trust. The first Jumbotron video screen for live coverage and screening of away matches was also installed above the South Stand,[14] and there would eventually be two screens, one above each penalty area. The renovation of the Members' (North) Stand, reached via Paxton Road, was completed in 1998, leaving the stadium with a capacity of around 36,000. The stadium would stay in this form bar some minor adjustments until 2016 when the north-east corner of the stadium was demolished to allow for the construction of a new stadium while the final 2016–17 season was being played at White Hart Lane.

text: New stadium[edit]

text: By the turn of the millennium, the capacity of White Hart Lane had fallen significantly behind compared to other major Premier League clubs who had plans to expand further (for example, proposed development of Old Trafford had a projected capacity of 79,000 while Arsenal planned to build a new stadium that would seat 60,000).[34] Talks began over the redevelopment and future of White Hart Lane, and many stadium designs and ideas were rumoured in the media, with the possibility of Tottenham Hotspur moving home also mooted. However, a move to Wembley Stadium was ruled out by the club, as was talk of moving to the Olympic Stadium in Stratford after completion of the 2012 Olympic Games. Ultimately the club's owners, ENIC Group, decided to focus solely on the ongoing redevelopment plan for White Hart Lane as part of the Northumberland Development Project.

text: Sections of the North and East stands at the north-east corner were removed in 2016 to allow construction of the new stadium next to the old stadium in the final season at the Lane.[35] As this reduced the stadium capacity below that required for European games, Tottenham Hotspur played every European home game in 2016–17 at Wembley Stadium.[36] On 14 May 2017, White Hart Lane hosted its final match in a Premier League encounter between Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester United. It ended in a 2–1 victory for the home side, securing the highest league ranking for Spurs since 1963, with goals from Victor Wanyama and Harry Kane. The last goal at the stadium was scored by Manchester United's striker Wayne Rooney.[37] Demolition work on the stadium began the following day,[38] by August 2017, the last visual part of White Hart Lane had been removed.[39]

text: Other uses[edit]

text: During the construction of the new Wembley Stadium, White Hart Lane hosted full England international matches, such as a 2–0 defeat to Holland.[40] Since the opening of the rebuilt Wembley, the Lane had been occasionally used to host England Under-21's international matches years, most notably a 1–1 draw against France Under-21's.[41]

text: The ground had been used for other sports and events since the early years such as baseball (there was once a Spurs baseball team).[42][43] A number of boxing matches were also held at the ground, for example, the match between Jack London and Bruce Woodcock in 1945,[44] the Frank Bruno vs Joe Bugner bout in 1987,[45] and the fight on 21 September 1991 where Michael Watson collapsed with a near fatal brain injury after a fight with Chris Eubank.[46]

text: In 1995 and 1996 White Hart Lane also hosted American football, as the home ground of the London Monarchs. Because the pitch could not accommodate a regulation-length American football field, the Monarchs received special permission from the World League to play on a 93-yard field.[47] The association with American football would continue with the construction of a new stadium that features a retractable pitch to reveal a pitch designed specifically for playing American football.[48]

text: Structure and facilities[edit]

text: The outer White Hart Lane frame was designed in a rectangular shape, with the inner seating tiers being rounded to maximise the amount of seats possible within the structure. The cockerel was placed upon the West Stand, with the West Stand located on Tottenham High Road, the East Stand being on Worcester Avenue, the North Stand on Paxton Road and the South Stand on Park Lane. The stands were officially named after compass points, but were more colloquially referred to by the road onto which they back.[49]

text: The capacity of the stands immediately before demolition started in summer 2016 was as follows:

text:
Stand
Capacity

North Stand – (Paxton Road)
10,086

South Stand – (Park Lane)
8,633

East Stand – (Worcester Avenue)
10,691

West Stand – (High Road)
6,890

Total capacity
36,300

tag: table

text: The pitch at White Hart Lane, at 100 x 67 metres (or 6,700 square meters), was one of the smallest in the Premier League.[50]

text: Records[edit]

text: Tottenham's biggest win at the stadium came in an FA Cup tie against Crewe in February 1960, with a 13–2 final score. This was also the highest score seen at the stadium.[51] The biggest win in the Football League at the stadium took place on 22 October 1977 against Bristol Rovers which finished 9–0.[4] On 22 November 2009, Tottenham defeated Wigan Athletic 9–1 in the Premier League.[52] The club's biggest defeats at the venue were 0–6 scores in Division One, firstly against Sunderland on 19 December 1914 and later against Arsenal on 6 March 1935.[51]

text: The player with the most appearances at White Hart Lane is Steve Perryman who played 436 games, while Jimmy Greaves scored the most goals with 176 goals at the Lane. The highest attendance recorded at the Lane is 75,038 for the sixth round FA Cup tie against in Sunderland, FA Cup sixth round, 5 March 1938.[4]

text: Transport[edit]

text: The area close to the stadium is regularly served by many different bus routes and services.[53] Bus routes 149, 259, 279, and 349 stop outside the ground. White Hart Lane and Northumberland Park National Rail stations are 0.2 miles (0.32 km) and 0.7 miles (1.1 km) away, respectively. Tottenham Hale, a rail and tube station, and Seven Sisters tube station are also nearby. There are controlled parking zones in operation in the area on all match days.

text: Future with new stadium[edit]

text: There have been a number of plans in the past for relocation. The first, reported in 2001, was to relocate to a proposed 43,000-seat stadium at Pickett's Lock intended for the 2005 World Athletics Championships to be held in London. However, the stadium was never built as the government deemed the project too expensive, and the venue of the games was eventually moved to Helsinki. Over the next few years various other schemes were suggested, including a relocation to the rebuilt Wembley Stadium (which finally opened in 2007).[54] On 1 October 2010, ostensibly as a back-up to the plans for a new stadium, Tottenham registered interest in making use of the Olympic Stadium being built for the 2012 London Olympics in conjunction with AEG, owners and operators of The O2 in London's Greenwich, formerly known as the Millennium Dome.[55] The club also proposed rebuilding on the site after the 2012 Olympics.[56] However Spurs bid for the stadium was rejected on 11 February 2011.[57] Spurs pursued legal action over the ruling to give the Stratford stadium to West Ham United,[58] but later withdrew.[59][60]

text: Even before Spurs' Olympic Park bid, and instead of relocating elsewhere, the club was pursuing another option via its Northumberland Development Project NDP. This involved a plan to build a new stadium, partly on the site of the existing White Hart Lane ground. The NDP was announced on 30 October 2008, including a scheme to develop on the current site and also to its north where land was purchased to construct a totally new 56,250-seat stadium. It was likely that the (unofficial) White Hart Lane name would be abandoned in favour of a naming rights sponsorship link.[61] The NDP area was projected to include leisure facilities, shops, housing, a club museum, public space which can be used as a temporary ice rink and also a new base for the Tottenham Hotspur Foundation.

text: On 26 October 2009, the club submitted their planning application, hoping to start work on the new ground in 2010 and to be playing in it come 2012.[62] But in May 2010, following adverse reaction, this was withdrawn in favour of a substantially revised planning application. Haringey Council were requested on 30 September 2010 to grant permission for the new stadium and other associated developments (subject to negotiation of 'Section 106' developer contributions). The new plans were referred to English Heritage, the Mayor of London and the Secretary of State for a final decision.[63] The Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, approved the plans on 25 November 2010.[64] On 20 September 2011, planning permission was granted (planning reference HGY/2010/1000).[65]

text: Since then, the development plans had been revised several times during a lengthy delay because of a compulsory purchase order. A compulsory purchase order was eventually issued in July 2014 giving approval for the new stadium scheme to proceed[66] but was subject to an unsuccessful legal challenge by a business located within the proposed site in February 2015.[67] On 8 July 2015, Tottenham announced brand new revised plans, including a larger 61,000 capacity, making it the biggest club stadium in London. The revised stadium design also includes a 17,000 seat single tier stand, the biggest of its kind in the UK.[68] The new plan also comprises a combination of 579 new homes (increased from the 285 in previous plan), a 180-room hotel, an extreme sports building, a community health centre, enhanced public spaces and 'The Tottenham Experience' - an interactive museum and club shop complex incorporating the listed Warmington House.[68] The anticipated stadium opening date is currently scheduled for the start of the 2018/19 season.[69]

text: Additionally, on 8 July 2015 it was announced by the club that the new stadium would host two NFL International Series games, every year, for ten years.[68]

text: On 16 December 2015, the revised plans were approved by Haringey Council (planning reference HGY/2015/3000) that would enable Phase 2 of the NDP to begin, as Phase 1 (Lilywhite House) had already been completed in February 2015.[70] This therefore allowed widening of the High Road pavement leading to the new stadium by demolishing three buildings (Edmonton Dispensary, The Red House, and the former White Hart Public House). Construction work on the stadium began in early 2016.[71]

text: On 28 April 2017, it was announced that Tottenham would play all its home matches in the 2017–18 season at Wembley Stadium, in order to complete the demolition of White Hart Lane and the construction of the new stadium.[72]