document_title: Gospel of Mark

question_text: who is the gospel of mark written for

question_tokens: who is the gospel of mark written for

text: Gospel of Mark

text: Composition and setting[edit]

text: Composition[edit]

text: The Gospel of Mark was written anonymously.[7] Early Christian tradition ascribes it to John Mark, a companion and interpreter of the apostle Peter.[8] Hence its author is often called Mark, even though most modern scholars are doubtful of the Markan tradition and instead regard the author as unknown.[9] It was probably written c. AD 66–70, during Nero's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt, as suggested by internal references to war in Judea and to persecution.[3] The author used a variety of pre-existing sources, such as conflict stories (Mark 2:1–3:6), apocalyptic discourse (4:1–35), and collections of sayings (although not the Gospel of Thomas and probably not the Q source).[10]

text: Mark was written in Greek, for a gentile audience (that they were gentiles is shown by the author's need to explain Jewish traditions and translate Aramaic terms) of Greek-speaking Christians: Rome (Mark uses a number of Latin terms), Galilee, Antioch (third-largest city in the Roman Empire, located in northern Syria), and southern Syria have all been offered as alternative places of authorship.[11] The author may have been influenced by Greco-Roman biographies and rhetorical forms, popular novels and romances, and the Homeric epics; nevertheless, he mentions almost no public figures, makes no allusions to Greek or Roman literature, and takes all his references from the Jewish scriptures, mostly in their Greek versions from the Septuagint.[12] His book is not history in the modern sense, or even in the sense of classical Greek and Roman historians, but "history in an eschatological or apocalyptic sense," depicting Jesus caught up in events at the end of time.[13]

text: Synoptic problem and historicity[edit]

text: The gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke bear a striking resemblance to each other, so much so that their contents can easily be set side by side in parallel columns. The fact that they share so much material verbatim and yet also exhibit important differences has led to a number of hypotheses explaining their interdependence, a phenomenon termed the Synoptic Problem. Traditionally, Mark was thought to be an epitome (summary) of Matthew: for example, Augustine of Hippo believed they were written in order, "first Matthew, then Mark, thirdly Luke, lastly John" and that Mark followed Matthew as "his attendant and epitomizer".[14] Today, the most widely accepted hypothesis is that Mark was the first gospel (Marcan Priority) and was used as a source by both Matthew and Luke, together with considerable additional material. The strongest argument for this is the fact that Matthew and Luke agree with each other in their sequence of stories and events only when they also agree with Mark.[15]

text: The 19th century recognition of Mark as the earliest gospel led to the belief that it must therefore be the most reliable.[16] This conclusion was refuted by two works published in the early decades of the 20th century: in 1901 William Wrede argued that Mark's sequence of episodes is in fact an artificial construct with theological motivation; and in 1919 Karl Ludwig Schmidt showed how the links between the episodes are the invention of the writer, thus undermining the gospel's claim to be a reliable guide to the chronology of Jesus' mission.[17] The modern consensus is that Mark's purpose was to present a theological message rather than to write history,[16] but this gospel is nevertheless still seen as the most reliable of the four in terms of its overall description of Jesus's life and ministry.[18]

text: Setting[edit]

text: Christianity began within Judaism, with a Christian "church" (or ἐκκλησία, ekklesia, meaning "assembly") that arose shortly after his death, when some of his followers claimed to have witnessed him risen from the dead.[19] From the outset, Christians depended heavily on Jewish literature, supporting their convictions through the Jewish scriptures.[20] Those convictions involved a nucleus of key concepts: the messiah, the son of God and the son of man, the Day of the Lord, the kingdom of God. Uniting these ideas was the common thread of apocalyptic expectation: Both Jews and Christians believed that the end of history was at hand, that God would very soon come to punish their enemies and establish his own rule, and that they were at the centre of his plans. Christians read the Jewish scripture as a figure or type of Jesus Christ, so that the goal of Christian literature became an experience of the living Christ.[21] The new movement spread around the eastern Mediterranean and to Rome and further west, and assumed a distinct identity, although the groups within it remained extremely diverse.[19]

text: The gospels were written for an audience already Christian – their purpose was to strengthen the faith of those who already believed, not to convert unbelievers.[22] Christian "churches" were small communities of believers, often based on households (an autocratic patriarch plus extended family, slaves, freedmen, and other clients), and the evangelists often wrote on two levels, one the "historical" presentation of the story of Jesus, the other dealing with the concerns of the author's own day.[23] Thus the proclamation of Jesus in Mark 1:14 and the following verses, for example, mixes the terms Jesus would have used as a 1st-century Jew ("kingdom of God") and those of the early church ("believe", "gospel").[23] More fundamentally, some scholars believe Mark's reason for writing was to counter believers who saw Jesus in a Greek way, as wonder-worker (the Greek term is "divine man"); Mark saw the suffering of the messiah as essential, so that the "Son of God" title (the Hellenistic "divine man") had to be corrected and amplified with the "Son of Man" title, which conveyed Christ's suffering.[24] Other scholars think Mark might have been writing as a Galilean Christian against those Jewish Christians in Jerusalem who saw the Jewish revolt against Rome (66–73 CE) as the beginning of the "end times": for Mark, the Second Coming would be in Galilee, not Jerusalem, and not until the generation following the revolt.[24]

text: Place in the Christian Church[edit]

text: Mark was traditionally placed second, and sometimes fourth, in the Christian canon, as a somewhat inferior abridgement of what was regarded as the most important gospel, Matthew. The Church has consequently derived its view of Jesus primarily from Matthew, secondarily from John, and only distantly from Mark. It was only in the 19th century that Mark came to be seen as the earliest of the four gospels, and as a source used by both Matthew and Luke. The hypothesis of Markan priority (that Mark was written first) continues to be held by the majority of scholars today, and there is a new recognition of the author as an artist and theologian using a range of literary devices to convey his conception of Jesus as the authoritative yet suffering Son of God.[25]

text: Structure, style and content[edit]

text:
Detailed content of Mark

1. Galilean ministry

John the Baptist (1:1–8)

Baptism of Jesus (1:9–11)

Temptation of Jesus (1:12–13)

Good News (1:15)

First disciples (1:16–20)

Capernaum's synagogue (1:21–28)

Peter's mother-in-law (1:29–31)

Exorcising at sunset (1:32–34)

A leper (1:35–45)

A paralytic (2:1–2:12)

Calling of Matthew (2:13–17)

Fasting and wineskins (2:18–22)

Lord of the Sabbath (2:23–28)

Man with withered hand (3:1–6)

Withdrawing to the sea (3:7–3:12)

Commissioning the Twelve (3:13–19)

Blind mute (3:20–26)

Strong man (3:27)

Eternal sin (3:28–30)

Jesus' true relatives (3:31–35)

Parable of the Sower (4:1–9,13-20)

Purpose of parables (4:10–12,33-34)

Lamp under a bushel (4:21–23)

Mote and Beam (4:24–25)

Growing seed and Mustard seed (4:26–32)

Calming the storm (4:35–41)

Demon named Legion (5:1–20)

Daughter of Jairus (5:21–43)

Hometown rejection (6:1–6)

Instructions for the Twelve (6:7–13)

Beheading of John (6:14–29)

Feeding the 5000 (6:30–44)

Walking on water (6:45–52)

Fringe of his cloak heals (6:53–56)

Discourse on Defilement (7:1–23)

Canaanite woman's daughter (7:24–30)

Deaf mute (7:31–37)

Feeding the 4000 (8:1–9)

No sign will be given (8:10–21)

Healing with spit (8:22–26)

Peter's confession (8:27–30)

Jesus predicts his death (8:31–33, 9:30–32, 10:32–34)

Instructions for followers (8:34–9:1)

Transfiguration (9:2–13)

Possessed boy (9:14–29)

Teaching in Capernaum (9:33–50)

2. Journey to Jerusalem

Entering Judea and Transjordan (10:1)

On divorce (10:2–12)

Little children (10:13–16)

Rich young man (10:17–31)

Son of man came to serve (10:35–45)

Blind Bartimaeus (10:46–52)

3. Events in Jerusalem

Entering Jerusalem (11:1–11)

Cursing the fig tree (11:12–14,20-24)

Temple incident (11:15–19)

Prayer for forgiveness (11:25–26)

Authority questioned (11:27–33)

Wicked husbandman (12:1–12)

Render unto Caesar... (12:13–17)

Resurrection of the Dead (12:18–27)

Great Commandment (12:28–34)

Is the Messiah the son of David? (12:35–40)

Widow's mite (12:41–44)

Olivet discourse (13)

Plot to kill Jesus (14:1–2)

Anointing (14:3–9)

Bargain of Judas (14:10–11)

Last Supper (14:12–26)

Denial of Peter (14:27–31,66-72)

Agony in the Garden (14:32–42)

Kiss of Judas (14:43–45)

Arrest (14:46–52)

Before the High Priest (14:53–65)

Pilate's court (15:1–15)

Soldiers mock Jesus (15:16–20)

Simon of Cyrene (15:21)

Crucifixion (15:22–41)

Entombment (15:42–47)

Empty tomb (16:1–8)

The Longer Ending (16:9–20)

Resurrection appearances (16:9–13)

Great Commission (16:14–18)

Ascension (16:19)

Dispersion of the Apostles (16:20)

This box:

view
talk
edit

tag: table

text: Structure[edit]

text: There is no agreement on the structure of Mark.[26] There is, however, a widely recognised break at Mark 8:26–31: before 8:26 there are numerous miracle stories, the action is in Galilee, and Jesus preaches to the crowds, while after 8:31 there are hardly any miracles, the action shifts from Galilee to gentile areas or hostile Judea, and Jesus teaches the disciples.[27] Peter's confession at Mark 8:27–30 that Jesus is the messiah thus forms the watershed to the whole gospel.[28] A further generally recognised turning point comes at the end of chapter 10, when Jesus and his followers arrive in Jerusalem and the foreseen confrontation with the Temple authorities begins, leading R.T. France to characterise Mark as a three-act drama.[29] James Edwards in his 2002 commentary points out that the gospel can be seen as a series of questions asking first who Jesus is (the answer being that he is the messiah), then what form his mission takes (a mission of suffering culminating in the crucifixion and resurrection, events only to be understood when the questions are answered), while another scholar, C. Myers, has made what Edwards calls a "compelling case" for recognising the incidents of Jesus' baptism, transfiguration and crucifixion, at the beginning, middle and end of the gospel, as three key moments, each with common elements, and each portrayed in an apocalyptic light.[30] Stephen H. Smith has made the point that the structure of Mark is similar to the structure of a Greek tragedy[31]

text: Style[edit]

text: Examples of Mark's literary style include the use of summaries, in which several stories about Jesus are all wrapped up into one description (Mark 6:55, 56).[32]

text: Content[edit]

text:
Jesus is first announced as the messiah and then later as the Son of God; he is baptised by John and a heavenly voice announces him as the Son of God; he is tested in the wilderness by Satan; John is arrested, and Jesus begins to preach the good news of the kingdom of God.
Jesus gathers his disciples; he begins teaching, driving out demons, healing the sick, cleansing lepers, raising the dead, feeding the hungry, and giving sight to the blind; he delivers a long discourse in parables to the crowd, intended for the disciples, but they fail to understand; he performs mighty works, calming the storm and walking on water, but while God and demons recognise him, neither the crowds nor the disciples grasp his identity. He also has several run-ins with Jewish law keepers especially in chapters 2-3.
Jesus asks the disciples who people say he is, and then, "but you, who do you say I am?" Peter answers that he is the Christ, and Jesus commands him to silence; Jesus explains that the Son of Man must go to Jerusalem and be killed, but will rise again; Moses and Elijah appear with Jesus and God tells the disciples, "This is my son," but they remain uncomprehending.
Jesus goes to Jerusalem, where he is hailed as one who "comes in the name of the Lord" and will inaugurate the "kingdom of David"; he drives those who buy and sell animals from the Temple and debates with the Jewish authorities; on the Mount of Olives he announces the coming destruction of the Temple, the persecution of his followers, and the coming of the Son of Man in power and glory.
A woman perfumes Jesus' head with oil, and Jesus explains that this is a sign of his coming death; Jesus celebrates Passover with the disciples, declares the bread and wine to be his body and blood, and goes with them to Gethsemane to pray; there Judas betrays him to the Jews; interrogated by the high priest, he says that he is the Christ, the Son of God, and will return as Son of Man at God's right hand; the Jewish leaders turn him over to Pilate, who has him crucified as one who claims to be "king of the Jews"; Jesus, abandoned by the disciples, is buried in a rock tomb by a friendly member of the Jewish council.
The women who have followed Jesus come to the tomb on Sunday morning; they find it empty, and are told by a young man in a white robe to go and tell the others that Jesus has risen and has gone before them to Galilee; "but they said nothing to anyone, for they were afraid ...."[2]

text: Ending[edit]

text: The earliest and most reliable manuscripts of Mark end at Mark 16:8, with the women fleeing in fear from the empty tomb: the majority of recent scholars believe this to be the original ending,[33] and this is supported by statements from the early Church Fathers Eusebius and Jerome.[34] Two attempts were made to provide a more satisfactory conclusion.[35] A minority of later manuscripts have what is called the "shorter ending", an addition to Mark 16:8 telling how the women told "those around Peter" all that the angel had commanded and how the message of eternal life (or "proclamation of eternal salvation") was then sent out by Jesus himself.[35] This addition differs from the rest of Mark both in style and in its understanding of Jesus.[35] The overwhelming majority of manuscripts have the "longer ending", Mark 16:9–20, with accounts of the resurrected Jesus, the commissioning of the disciples to proclaim the gospel, and Christ's ascension.[34] This ending was possibly written in the early 2nd century and added later in the same century.[35]

text: Modern scholars have proposed many explanations for the abrupt original ending, though none with universal acceptance. It could indicate a connection to the theme of the "Messianic Secret". Whatever the case, it is clear that Mark's Jesus looks forward to a post-death meeting in Galilee, and it is likely that at that meeting, like the final meeting in Galilee that Matthew depicts, Mark's Jesus would command the disciples to take his message to the nations.[36]

text: Theology[edit]

text: Mark's gospel theology[edit]

text: The author introduces his work as "gospel", meaning "good news", a literal translation of the Greek "evangelion"[37] – he uses the word more often than any other writer in the New Testament besides Paul.[38] Paul uses it to mean "the good news (of the saving significance of the death and resurrection) of Christ"; Mark extends it to the career of Christ as well as his death and resurrection.[37] Like the other gospels, Mark was written to confirm the identity of Jesus as eschatological deliverer – the purpose of terms such as "messiah" and "son of God".[39] As in all the gospels, the messianic identity of Jesus is supported by a number of themes, including: (1) the depiction of his disciples as obtuse, fearful and uncomprehending; (2) the refutation of the charge made by Jesus' enemies that he was a magician; (3) secrecy surrounding his true identity (this last is missing from John).[39]

text: The failure of the disciples[edit]

text: In Mark, the disciples, and especially the Twelve, move from lack of perception of Jesus to rejection of the "way of suffering" to flight and denial – even the women who received the first proclamation of his resurrection can be seen as failures for not reporting the good news. There is much discussion of this theme among scholars. Some argue that the author of Mark was using the disciples to correct "erroneous" views in his own community concerning the reality of the suffering messiah, others that it is an attack on the Jerusalem branch of the church for resisting the extension of the gospel to the gentiles, or a mirror of the convert's usual experience of the initial enthusiasm followed by growing awareness of the necessity for suffering. It certainly reflects the strong theme in Mark of Jesus as the "suffering just one" portrayed in so many of the books of the Jewish scriptures, from Jeremiah to Job and the Psalms, but especially in the "Suffering Servant" passages in Isaiah. It also reflects the Jewish scripture theme of God's love being met by infidelity and failure, only to be renewed by God. And in the real-world context in which the gospel was written, the persecutions of the Christians of Rome under Nero, the failure of the disciples and Jesus' denial by Peter himself would have been powerful symbols of faith, hope and reconciliation.[40]

text: The charge of magic[edit]

text: Mark contains twenty accounts of miracles and healings, accounting for almost a third of the gospel and half the first ten chapters, more, proportionally, than in any other gospel.[41] In the gospels as a whole, Jesus' miracles, prophecies, etc., are presented as evidence of God's rule, but Mark's descriptions of Jesus' healings are a partial exception to this, as his methods, using spittle to heal blindness (Mark 8:22–26) and magic formulae ("Talitha cumi," 5:41, "Ephphatha," 7:34), were those of a magician.[42][43] This is the charge the Jewish religious leaders bring against Jesus: they say he is performing exorcisms with the aid of an evil spirit (Mark 3:22) and calling up the spirit of John the Baptist (Mark 6:14).[42] "There was ... no period in the history of the [Roman] empire in which the magician was not considered an enemy of society," subject to penalties ranging from exile to death, says Classical scholar Ramsay MacMullen.[44] All the gospels defend Jesus against the charge, which, if true, would contradict their ultimate claims for him.[45] The point of the Beelzebub incident in Mark (Mark 3:20–30) is to set forth Jesus' claims to be an instrument of God, not Satan.[45]

text: The messianic secret[edit]

text: In 1901, William Wrede identified the "Messianic secret" – Jesus' secrecy about his identity as the messiah – as one of Mark's central themes. Wrede argued that the elements of the secret – Jesus' silencing of the demons, the obtuseness of the disciples regarding his identity, and the concealment of the truth inside parables, were fictions, and arose from the tension between the Church's post-resurrection messianic belief and the historical reality of Jesus. There remains continuing debate over how far the "secret" originated with Mark and how far he got it from tradition, and how far, if at all, it represents the self-understanding and practices of the historical Jesus.[46]

text: Christology: Mark's understanding of Jesus[edit]

text: Christology means a doctrine or understanding concerning the person or nature of Christ.[47] In the New Testament writings it is frequently conveyed through the titles applied to Jesus. Most scholars agree that "Son of God" is the most important of these titles in Mark.[48] It appears on the lips of God himself at the baptism and the transfiguration, and is Jesus' own self-designation (Mark 13:32).[49] These and other instances provide reliable evidence of how the evangelist perceived Jesus, but it is not clear just what the title meant to Mark and his 1st century audience.[49] Where it appears in the Hebrew scriptures it meant Israel as God's people, or the king at his coronation, or angels, as well as the suffering righteous man.[50] In Hellenistic culture the same phrase meant a "divine man", a supernatural being.[49] There is little evidence that "son of God" was a title for the messiah in 1st century Judaism, and the attributes which Mark describes in Jesus are much more those of the Hellenistic miracle-working "divine man" than of the Jewish Davidic messiah.[49]

text: Mark does not explicitly state what he means by "Son of God", nor when the sonship was conferred.[51] The New Testament as a whole presents four different understandings:

text:
Jesus became God's son at his resurrection, God "begetting" Jesus to a new life by raising him from the dead – this was the earliest understanding, preserved in Paul's Epistle to the Romans, 1:3–4, and in Acts 13:33;
Jesus became God's son at his baptism, the coming of the Holy Spirit marking him as messiah, while "Son of God" refers to the relationship then established for him by God – this is the understanding implied in Mark 1:9–11;
Matthew and Luke present Jesus as "Son of God" from the moment of conception and birth, with God taking the place of a human father;
John, the last of the gospels, presents the idea that the Christ was pre-existent and became flesh as Jesus – an idea also found in Paul.[52]

text: Mark also calls Jesus "christos" (Christ), translating the Hebrew "messiah," (anointed person).[53] In the Old Testament the term messiah ("anointed one") described prophets, priests and kings; by the time of Jesus, with the kingdom long vanished, it had come to mean an eschatological king (a king who would come at the end of time), one who would be entirely human though far greater than all God's previous messengers to Israel, endowed with miraculous powers, free from sin, ruling in justice and glory (as described in, for example, the Psalms of Solomon, a Jewish work from this period).[54] The most important occurrences are in the context of Jesus' death and suffering, suggesting that, for Mark, Jesus can only be fully understood in that context.[53]

text: A third important title, "Son of Man", has its roots in Ezekiel, the Book of Enoch, (a popular Jewish apocalyptic work of the period), and especially in Daniel 7:13–14, where the Son of Man is assigned royal roles of dominion, kingship and glory.[55][56] Mark 14:62 combines more scriptural allusions: before he comes on clouds (Daniel 7:13) the Son of Man will be seated on the right hand of God (Psalm 110:1), pointing to the equivalence of the three titles, Christ, Son of God, Son of Man, the common element being the reference to kingly power.[57]

text: Eschatology and salvation: The meaning of Christ's death, resurrection and return[edit]

text: Eschatology means the study of the end-times, and the Jews expected the messiah to be an eschatological figure, a deliverer who would appear at the end of the age to usher in an earthly kingdom.[58] The earliest Jewish Christian community saw Jesus as a messiah in this Jewish sense, a human figure appointed by God as his earthly regent; but they also believed in Jesus' resurrection and exultation to heaven, and for this reason they also viewed him as God's agent (the "son of God") who would return in glory ushering in the Kingdom of God.[59]

text: The term "Son of God" likewise had a specific Jewish meaning, or range of meanings,[60] one of the most significant being the earthly king adopted by God as his son at his enthronement, legitimising his rule over Israel.[61] In Hellenistic culture, in contrast, the phrase meant a "divine man", covering legendary heroes like Hercules, god-kings like the Egyptian pharaohs, or famous philosophers like Plato.[62] When the gospels call Jesus "Son of God" the intention is to place him in the class of Hellenistic and Greek divine men, the 'sons of God" who were endowed with supernatural power to perform healings, exorcisms and other wonderful deeds.[61] Mark's "Son of David" is Hellenistic, his Jesus predicting that his mission involves suffering, death and resurrection, and, by implication, not military glory and conquest.[63] This reflects a move away from the Jewish-Christian apocalyptic tradition and towards the Hellenistic message preached by Paul, for whom Christ's death and resurrection, rather than the establishment of the apocalyptic Jewish kingdom, is the meaning of salvation, the "gospel".[59]

text: Comparison with other writings[edit]

text: Mark and the New Testament[edit]

text: All four gospels tell a story in which Jesus' death and resurrection are the crucial redemptive events.[64] There are, however, important differences between the four: Unlike John, Mark never calls Jesus "God", or claims that Jesus existed prior to his earthly life;[65] unlike Matthew and Luke, the author does not mention a virgin birth, and apparently believes that Jesus had a normal human parentage and birth;[65] unlike Matthew and Luke, he makes no attempt to trace Jesus' ancestry back to King David or Adam with a genealogy.[65]

text: Christians of Mark's time expected Jesus to return as Messiah in their own lifetime – Mark, like the other gospels, attributes the promise to Jesus himself (Mark 9:1 and 13:30), and it is reflected in the letters of Paul, in the epistle of James, in Hebrews, and in Revelation. When return failed, the early Christians revised their understanding. Some acknowledged that the Second Coming had been delayed, but still expected it; others redefined the focus of the promise, the Gospel of John, for example, speaking of "eternal life" as something available in the present; while still others concluded that Jesus would not return at all (2 Peter argues against those who held this view).[66]

text: Mark's despairing death of Jesus was changed to a more victorious one in subsequent gospels.[67] Mark's Christ dies with the cry, "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"; Matthew, the next gospel to be written, repeats this word for word but manages to make clear that Jesus's death is the beginning of the resurrection of Israel; Luke has a still more positive picture, replacing Mark's (and Matthew's) cry of despair with one of submission to God's will ("Father, into your hands I commend my spirit"); while John, the last gospel, has Jesus dying without apparent suffering in fulfillment of the divine plan.[67]

text: Sayings unique to Mark[edit]

text:
The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath (Mark 2:27).[n 1] Not present in either Matthew 12:1–8 or Luke 6:1–5. This is also a so-called "Western non-interpolation". The passage is not found in the Western text of Mark.
People were saying, "[Jesus] has gone out of his mind", see also Rejection of Jesus (Mark 3:21).
Mark is the only gospel with the combination Mark 4:24–25, the other gospels split them up: Mark 4:24 being found in Luke 6:38 and Matthew 7:2; Mark 4:25 being found in Matthew 13:12 and 25:29, Luke 8:18 and 19:26.
Parable of the Growing Seed (4:26–29).
Only Mark counts the possessed swine; there are about two thousand (Mark 5:13).
Two consecutive healing stories of women; both make use of the number twelve (Mark 5:25 and Mark 5:42).
Only Mark gives healing commands of Jesus in the (presumably original) Aramaic: Talitha koum (Mark 5:41), Ephphatha (Mark 7:34). See Aramaic of Jesus.
Only place in the New Testament Jesus is referred to as "the son of Mary" (Mark 6:3).
Mark is the only gospel where Jesus himself is called a carpenter (Mark 6:3); in Matthew he is called a carpenter's son (Matthew 13:55).
Only place that both names his brothers and mentions his sisters (Mark 6:3); Matthew has a slightly different name for one brother (Matthew 13:55).
The taking of a staff and sandals is permitted in Mark 6:8–9 but prohibited in Matthew 10:9–10 and Luke 9:3.
Only Mark refers to Herod as a king (Mk 6:14, 24); Matthew and Luke refer to him (more properly) as a tetrarch (Mt 14:1; Lk 3:19; 9:7).
The longest version of the story of Herodias' daughter's dance and the beheading of John the Baptist (Mark 6:14–29).
Mark's literary cycles:

text:
6:30–44 – Feeding of the five thousand;
6:45–56 – Crossing of the lake;
7:1–13 – Dispute with the Pharisees;
7:14–23 – Discourse on Defilement[68]

text:
8:1–9 – Feeding of the four thousand;
8:10 – Crossing of the lake;
8:11–13 – Dispute with the Pharisees;
8:14–21 – Incident of no bread and discourse about the leaven of the Pharisees.

text:
Customs that at that time were unique to Jews are explained (hand, produce, and utensil washing): 7:3–4.
"Thus he declared all foods clean".[n 2] 7:19 NRSV, not found in the Matthean parallel Matthew 15:15–20.
There is no mention of Samaritans
Jesus heals using his fingers and spit at the same time: 7:33; cf. Mark 8:23, Luke 11:20, John 9:6, Matthew 8:16; see also Exorcism.
Jesus lays his hands on a blind man twice in curing him: 8:23–25; cf. 5:23, 16:18, Acts 6:6, 9:17, 28:8, laying on of hands.
Jesus cites the Shema Yisrael: "Hear O Israel ..." (12:29–30); in the parallels of Matt 22:37–38 and Luke 10:27 the first part of the Shema (Deut 6:4) is absent.
Mark points out that the Mount of Olives is across from the temple (13:3).
When Jesus is arrested, a young naked man flees: 14:51–52. A young man in a robe also appears in 16:5–7, see also Secret Gospel of Mark.
Mark does not name the High Priest, cf. Matt 26:57, Luke 3:2, Acts 4:6, John 18:13.
Witness testimony against Jesus does not agree (14:56, 14:59).
The cock crows "twice" as predicted (Mark 14:72). See also Fayyum Fragment. The other Gospels simply record, "the cock crew". Early codices 01, W, and most Western texts have the simpler version.[n 3]
Pilate's position (Governor) is not specified, 15:1, cf. Matt 27:2, Luke 3:1, John 18:28–29.
Simon of Cyrene's sons are named (Mark 15:21).
A summoned centurion is questioned (Mark 15:44–45).
The women ask each other who will roll away the stone (Mark 16:3), cf. Matt 28:2–7.
A young man sits on the "right side" (Mark 16:5), cf. Luke 24:4, John 20:12.
Mark is the only canonical gospel with significant various alternative endings (see Mark 16, Possible Scenarios); however, most of the contents of the traditional "Longer Ending" (Mark 16:9–20) are found in other New Testament texts and are not unique to Mark, see Mark 16#The Longer Ending. The one significant exception is 16:18b "and if they drink any deadly thing", it will not harm those who believe, which is unique to Mark.


document_title: School bus traffic stop laws

question_text: when do you need to stop for a school bus

root

text: School bus traffic stop laws

text: School bus stop laws in the United States and Canada[edit]

text: Jurisdictions in the United States (including overseas territories) and Canada have adopted various school bus stop laws that require drivers to stop and wait for a stopped school bus loading or unloading, so as to protect school children boarding or alighting.

tag: p

text: Generally, if a stopped school bus is displaying a flashing, alternating red lamp, a driver of a vehicle meeting or overtaking the stopped bus from either direction (front or back) must stop and wait until the bus moves again or the red light is off.[1] Police officers, school crossing guards, and even school bus drivers themselves may have the power to wave traffic on, even when a red light is flashing.

text: On divided highways, most American and Canadian jurisdictions do not require vehicular drivers to stop when on the opposite side of the road from a stopped school bus. Those that do require vehicles to stop are:

text:
West Virginia upon a non-controlled-access highway{§17C-12-7}
Arkansas in case a divider has less than 20 feet (6 m) in width (narrow divider).[2]
New York State[3]
American Samoa[citation needed]
Guam[citation needed]
British Columbia[4]
Nova Scotia[citation needed]
Prince Edward Island[citation needed]
Northwest Territories[citation needed]
Nunavut[citation needed]

tag: ul

text: American and Canadian jurisdictions have sought to deter illegal passing stopped school buses by increased enforcement and heavy penalties, including fines, application of demerit points against a driver's license or even license suspension. Nevertheless, violations are common. An officer must witness the violation, and even when citations issued, getting convictions is often difficult;[5] sometimes traffic courts consider the evidence insufficient, or reduce the charge because the penalty for a first offense seems excessive. There are, however, exceptions. Missouri has Jessica's Law, which grants the right of a school bus driver to report the offense, in which case the driver is automatically cited. Cobb County, an urban county in Metro Atlanta, has added bus cameras, as a deterrent, which can detect and automatically report vehicles passing a bus. [6] [7]

text: Exceptions[edit]

text: Drivers in Washington state are not required to stop for a school bus on any highway (Under Washington law, any public road is defined as a highway) with three or more lanes when traveling in the opposite direction.[8] This has been interpreted to mean that when approaching a bus from the opposite direction on a normal road with a turn lane, or a road with two lanes in each direction, etc., a driver is not required to stop their vehicle. This is an unusual law, but arguably leads to a higher safety level for children, as they are then required to be dropped on the same side of the road as the bus exit on anything greater than a two-lane road as provided by RCW 46.61.370.[9] Ohio has a similar exception for roads with four or more lanes.[10]

text: Drivers in Idaho state are not required to stop for a school bus on any highway with four or more lanes when traveling in the opposite direction.[11]

text: Drivers in California do not have to stop on any highway that is divided or is multi-lane (2 or more lanes of travel in each direction) when traveling in the opposite direction.[12]

text: In Pennsylvania, the only vehicle that may pass a stopped school bus with the red lights flashing is an emergency vehicle with its flashing lights and siren activated, but only after the emergency vehicle has come to a complete stop and proceeds with due caution for any students embarking or disembarking. [13]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The effectiveness of current school bus stop laws has been questioned.[citation needed] School bus stop laws in some other countries allow a driver to pass a stopped school bus at low speed.

text: In New York State, an official estimate is that 50,000 vehicles pass stopped school buses illegally every day.[14] However, as New York State requires traffic to stop for a school bus stopped on the opposing roadway of a divided highway, the estimate may include "New York violations" that would be legal in other states. The New York State Department of Transportation once recommended that the State Legislature exempt traffic from stopping for a school bus stopped on the opposing roadway of a divided highway, but this has not been done.

text: In California, a vehicle driver approaching an intersection at which a school bus is stopped shall stop his/her vehicle at that intersection until the flashing red signal lights are no longer actuated.[15] Supporters of this law may argue that children may dart out into an intersection, so traffic from the left and right must stop. Opponents may blame this law for being too vague (with regard to what exactly at an intersection means), non-standard and visitor-unfriendly (as compared with laws in most other places) and question how vehicular drivers can know and see if a school bus on a side road is loading or unloading, especially if buildings obstruct their vision.

text: Effects of laws[edit]

text: On a national basis, school bus drivers in the United States have reported a decrease in passing violators in recent years with improved warning devices. Despite an increase in traffic and school bus ridership, annual fatalities and injuries to children struck by other vehicles has decreased as well. However, it is unclear whether having reported a decrease in passing violators is due to difficulty to report or better compliance by motorists.

text: When and where enforcement against violators becomes too hard, some residential streets may prohibit entry of vehicles other than school buses at certain times to effectively eliminate passing stopped school buses illegally[citation needed].

text: Bus drivers are prohibited to turn around at an intersection with students on the bus. This is in order to protect student from injury if the driver fails to obey laws. If laws are broken, the bus driver may be charged with including but not limited to: child endangerment and disobeying laws. This section may not include all laws or bylaws.[citation needed][16]


document_title: Dr. Dolittle 2

question_text: who plays the raccoon in dr dolittle 2

question_tokens: who plays the raccoon in dr dolittle 2

text: Dr. Dolittle 2

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Lucky the dog (Norm Macdonald) explains Dr. John Dolittle's (Eddie Murphy) gift of talking to animals. John comes home from France and gives his wife a present from Paris. He also gives his daughter, Maya (Kyla Pratt), a chameleon, named Pepito.

text: Also, Charisse's (Raven-Symoné) sixteenth birthday is coming today. She is also not doing well in her classes. As a punishment, John takes her phone away. Later on, Charisse's boyfriend, Eric (Lil Zane), comes over and decides to join the family at the birthday party. A possum (voice of Isaac Hayes) and a raccoon, Joey (voice of Michael Rapaport), tell the doctor that their boss, the Godbeaver, wants to see him.

text: He meets the God beaver (voice of Richard C. Sarafian) who shows him that the forest is being cut down. John plans to save the forest to get an endangered female Pacific western bear together with a male to save their species.

text: At a circus, John attempts to get Archie, the surviving male member in his species, to go out into the forest to teach him to become a real bear. Reluctantly, he agrees but John knows that Archie doesn't know what kind of bear he is and never acts as a real animal. Then, after taking his family on a vacation to the forest for the rest of the month, John makes a deal with a female bear named Ava to not make any decisions for the month and promised to turn Archie into someone she will love.

text: While he unsuccessfully trains Archie, John hires the local forest creatures to make an attempt to stop Charisse and Eric from making out. But during the training, he ignores Lisa for the next few days. Then, John tells Archie that he will find a way to win Ava's heart.

text: Every animal in the forest watches as John dances with Lisa, and as the two attempt to embrace, Lucky accidentally blows it. Archie attempts to get Ava's attention by singing her a song while imitating John in a smooth voice and on a tree branch, but blows his attempt when he is too heavy for the branch to hold and he falls down.

text: Archie refuses to come out of his new-found cave because of humiliating himself in front of Ava. Archie proclaims that it was hard but John knows how hard it is when his wife grows mad at him. Frustrated with John's insults, Archie hits John, making him fall on a muddy hole, and he begins to listen to his "inner bear". Later on, he spends the rest of the day with Ava, whose relationship with another male bear named Sonny isn't very well.

text: Lucky attempts to win the affection of an attractive female wolf (though throughout the film, Lucky attempts to get her attention two times but both are unsuccessful). This attempt was successful as Lucky urinates around her territory and she is about to go out with him but one of her packmates came and finds Lucky urinating part of the pack's territory and they leave, much to Lucky's dismay. On the other hand, Ava is forced to leave Archie by Sonny (voice of Mike Epps).

text: Afterwards, Mr. Potter, the owner of two logging companies, attempts to make a deal with John, and when Archie arrives, he tells John he has his "big finish", knowing that he will win Ava about John telling him to listen to his "inner bear". Back at the cabin, Charisse is beginning to hate living in the forest and is annoyed with her family talking to the animals, though John doesn't know what is bothering her. Meanwhile, Archie goes after a bee hive on a fallen tree at the edge of a tall hill, and despite commands from John and attacking bees, he manages to get the hive.

text: In a game of hide and seek with Ava (who dumps Sonny), Archie is shot by a tranquilizer dart fired by Mr. Potter's apprentice. John later learns that Archie had somewhat destroyed the back of a restaurant in the woods. After getting information from a weasel (voice of Andy Dick) of what happened, John visits Archie in a jail and tells the bear that he may be too dangerous to be set free and is going to be sold to a Mexican circus. Then, John realizes that Charisse has developed her father's gift of talking to animals, though it has been in her for two weeks now. Later, John held a meeting for every animal in the forest to not give up without a fight no matter what kind of animal expression they have. Everyone agrees to do it in order to free Archie. The animals, led by Charisse, Eric, and Maya, rebel against the loggers and every animal around the world goes on strikes as an effort to free Archie.

text: Mr. Potter and his apprentice are then attacked by some of the animals at the company, such as a swarm of rats, a fleet of pigeons, a pack of wolves, and Mr. Potter's apprentice is then attacked by the swarm of bees outside the building, while Mr. Potter is cornered by Ava and Joey. Then, when the animals refuse to have twelve acres in their home, the strike keeps growing (even animal pros, such as racing horses and jumping whales are getting on the act). As a deal is made, the Dolittles and the animals have saved the entire forest outside of San Francisco.

text: At the end, John and Charisse become closer while Archie and Ava mate and have two cubs (a boy and a girl).

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Eddie Murphy as Dr. John Dolittle
Raven-Symoné as Charisse Dolittle
Jeffrey Jones as Joe Potter
James Avery as Eldon
Michelle Vieth as Laura Lawrence
Cesar Evora as Gabriel Lawrence
Francisco Gattorno as Juan de Dios Montero
Susana Gonzalez as Rebecca Montero
Kevin Pollak as Riley
Kristen Wilson as Lisa Dolittle
Kyla Pratt as Maya Dolittle
Lil Zane as Eric (Charisse's Boyfriend)
Mark Griffin as Logger/Nature Show Narrator
Lawrence Pressman as Governor of California (uncredited)[citation needed]
Steve Irwin as Cameo Appearance Himself
Anne Stedman as Woman

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Role
Animal

Steve Zahn
Archie
Pacific western bear (fictional)

Norm Macdonald[2]
Lucky Dolittle
Dog

Lisa Kudrow
Ava
Pacific western bear

Mike Epps
Sonny
(as Michael J. Epps)
Kodiak bear

Jacob Vargas
Pepito
Chameleon

Michael Rapaport
Joey
Raccoon

Phil Proctor
Drunk Monkey
Monkey

Isaac Hayes
Possum
Opossum

Andy Dick
Mr. "Lennie" Weasel
Weasel

John Witherspoon
Old Prison Bear
Bear

Cedric the Entertainer
Young Prison Bear
Bear

Jamie Kennedy
Dog #1
Dog

David Cross
Dog #2
Dog

Bob Odenkirk
Dog #3
Dog

David DeLuise
Fish #1
Fish

Hal Sparks
Fish #2
Fish

Reni Santoni
Rat #1
Rat

John Leguizamo
Rat #2
(uncredited)
Rat

Arnold Schwarzenegger
White Wolf
(uncredited)
Wolf

Kevin Pollak
Alligator
Alligator

Georgia Engel
Giraffe
Giraffe

Joey Lauren Adams
Squirrel
Squirrel

Mandy Moore
Girl Bear Cub
Bear

Frankie Muniz
Boy Bear Cub
Bear

Michael McKean
Bird #1
Bird

David L. Lander
Bird #2
Bird

Tom Kenny
Male Tortoise
Tortoise

Renée Taylor
Female Tortoise
Tortoise

Richard C. Sarafian
God Beaver
Beaver

Keone Young
Flying Bee
Bee

Clyde Kusatsu
Bee
Bee

Tara Mercurio
Deer
Deer

text: Animal cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Role

Tank the Bear
Archie

Little Bart the Bear
Boy Bear Cub

Honey-Bump Bear
Girl Bear Cub

Crystal the Monkey
Drunk Monkey

text: Reception[edit]

text: Like the original film, Dr Dolittle 2 received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a critic score of 43%.[3]

text: Box office[edit]

text: On its opening weekend, the film grossed $25,037,039 from 3,049 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking #2 at the box office, behind The Fast and the Furious. Like the first film, it was the best debut for a Fox film that week. By the end of its run, Dr. Dolittle 2 had grossed $112,952,899 domestically and $63,151,445 internationally, totaling $176,104,344 worldwide.[1]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Dr. Dolittle 2

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
June 5, 2001

Recorded
2001

Genre
Hip hop, R&B

Label
J Records

Dr. Dolittle soundtracks chronology

Dr. Dolittle
(1998)Dr. Dolittle1998
Dr. Dolittle 2
(2001)

Singles from Dr. Dolittle 2

"Do U Wanna Roll (Dolittle Theme)"
Released: 2001
"Cluck Cluck"
Released: 2001
"Absolutely Not"
Released: 2001
"We Fit Together"
Released: 2001
"Life Is Good"
Released: 2001

text: A soundtrack containing hip hop and R&B music was released on June 5, 2001 by J Records. It peaked at 76 on the Billboard 200, 26 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, and 10 on the Top Soundtracks. Five singles were spawned from the album, "Do U Wanna Roll (Dolittle Theme)", "Cluck Cluck", "Absolutely Not", "We Fit Together" and "Life Is Good". Allmusic rated this soundtrack four stars out of five.[4]

text: Information taken from Dr. Dolittle 2: Original Soundtrack liner notes:[5]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length

1.
"Cluck Cluck" (Product G&B with Wyclef Jean)
Wyclef Jean, Jerry "Wonder" Duplessis, David McRae, Marvin L. Moore-Hough
Wyclef Jean and Jerry "Wonder" Duplessis
3:59

2.
"Do U Wanna Roll (Dolittle Theme)" (R.L., Snoop Dogg and Lil' Kim)
Kevin Gilliam, R.L. Huggar, Calvin Broadus, Kimberly Jones, R. Troutman, L. Troutman
Battlecat for B.C. Pow-Da, Inc./Future Sound Entertainment
4:33

3.
"Tameeka" (Fabolous with Mario)
Steve Estiverne, Jarret Washington, Carlos McKinney
Steve Estiverne
3:42

4.
"Absolutely Not" (Deborah Cox)
Eric Johnson, D. Christopher Jennings, Deborah Cox, Ahmad Russel, Tiffany Palmer, Eric Jones, James Glasco
Eric "Donovan East" Johnson and D. Christopher "Dip Q" Jennings for Eristopher Entertainment/Furnace Music
3:35

5.
"We Fit Together" (O-Town)
Remee, Mich Hansen, Joe Belmaati
Cutfather and Joe
3:58

6.
"Two Steps" (Jimmy Cozier)
Carsten Shack, Kenneth Karlin, N. Butler, Harold Lilly, Jimmy Cozier
Soulshock and Karlin for Soulpower Productions
4:17

7.
"What It Is (Part II)" (Flipmode Squad featuring Busta Rhymes with Kelis)
T. Smith, P. Williams, C. Hugo, R. Fisher, R. McNair, W. Lewis, L. Jones, R. Meyers, R. Walters
The Neptunes
4:20

8.
"Rear View Mirror" (Alicia Keys)
Alicia Keys, LeSean Daniels, Kerry Brothers, Fred Jerkins, Rodney Jerkins, Paul L. Green
Alicia Keys and K. Brothers for MBK Entertainment/KrucialKey Productions
4:05

9.
"If I Was the One" (Luther Vandross)
Diane Warren
The Underdogs - Damon Thomas and Harvey Mason, Jr.
4:21

10.
"Makin' Me Feel" (Angie Stone)
Raphael Saadiq, Angie Stone, Kelvon Wooten, Gleen Standridge, Robert C. Ozuna
Raphael Saadiq
4:07

11.
"Life Is Good" (LFO with M.O.P.)
Rich Cronin, Sheppard, Kenny Gioia
Sheppard and Kenny Gioia for Sheppard Music, Inc.
4:05

12.
"Lookin' for Love" (Next with Lil' Zane)
R.L. Huggar, Walter Millsap, Zane Copeland, Jr.
Walter "Little Walt" Millsap III for Conjunction Productions Inc., and R.L. for Uh Oh Productions, Inc.
3:35

13.
"If I Knew" (Glenn Medeiros)
Gen Rubin, Giuliano Franco
Gen Rubin and Giuliano Franco
4:27

text:
"Do U Wanna Roll (Dolittle Theme)" contains an interpolation of "Doo Wa Ditty (Blow That Thing)" (R. Troutman, L. Troutman), performed by Zapp
"What It Is (Part II)" contains replayed elements from "Children's Story" (R. Walters), performed by Slick Rick

text: The song "Life Is Good" did not appear in the film.


document_title: Columbus Day Storm of 1962

question_text: how high were the winds in the columbus day storm

text: Columbus Day Storm of 1962

text: Synoptic history[edit]

text: A tropical storm named Freda formed 500 miles (800 km) from Wake Island in the central Pacific Ocean.[3] The system became an extratropical cyclone as it moved into colder waters and interacted with the jet stream. The low redeveloped intensely off Northern California due to favorable upper level conditions, producing record rainfalls in the San Francisco Bay Area that delayed some games in the 1962 World Series between the San Francisco Giants and the New York Yankees. The low moved northeastward, and then hooked straight north as it neared southwest Oregon. The storm then raced nearly northward at an average speed of 40 miles per hour (64 km/h), with the center just 50 miles (80 km) off the Pacific Coast. There was little central pressure change until the cyclone passed the latitude of Astoria, Oregon, at which time the low began to degrade. The center passed over Tatoosh Island, Washington, before landing on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, where it weakened rapidly. As the cyclone moved through Canada, another cyclone formed on its southern periphery, which merged with this cyclone by October 17.[4]

text: The extratropical wave cyclone deepened to a minimum central pressure of at least 960 hPa (28 inHg), and perhaps as low as 958 hPa (28.3 inHg), a pressure which would be equivalent to a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale. Since it was an extratropical cyclone, its wind field was neither as compact nor as strong as a tropical cyclone. All-time record-low land-based pressures (up to 1962) included 969.2 hPa (28.62 inHg) at Astoria, 970.5 hPa (28.66 inHg) at Hoquiam, Washington, and 971.9 hPa (28.70 inHg) at North Bend, Oregon. The Astoria and Hoquiam records were broken by a major storm on December 12, 1995 (which measured 966.1 hPa (28.53 inHg) at Astoria); this event, however, did not generate winds as intense as the Columbus Day Storm of 1962.

text: Wind speed highlights[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The peak winds were felt as the storm passed close by on October 12. At Oregon's Cape Blanco, an anemometer that lost one of its cups registered wind gusts in excess of 145 miles per hour (233 km/h); some reports put the peak velocity at 179 miles per hour (288 km/h). The north Oregon coast Mt. Hebo radar station reported winds of 170 mph.[6]

text: At the Naselle Radar Station in the Willapa Hills of southwest Washington, a wind gust of 160 miles per hour (260 km/h) was observed.[5]

text: In Salem, Oregon, a wind gust of 90 miles per hour (140 km/h) was observed.[5]

text: At Corvallis, Oregon, an inland location in the Willamette Valley, one-minute average winds reached 69 miles per hour (111 km/h), with a gust to 127 miles per hour (204 km/h), before the station was abandoned due to "power failure and instruments demolished". Observations at the weather station resumed the next day.[5]

text: About 56 miles (90 km) to the north, at Portland, Oregon's major metropolitan area, measured wind gusts reached 116 miles per hour (187 km/h) at the Morrison Street Bridge.

text: Many anemometers, official and unofficial, within the heavily stricken area of northwestern Oregon and southwest Washington were destroyed before winds attained maximum velocity. For example, the wind gauge atop the downtown Portland studios of KGW radio and TV recorded two gusts of 93 miles per hour (150 km/h), just before flying debris knocked the gauge off-line[7] at about 5 p.m.

text: For the Willamette Valley, the lowest peak gust officially measured was 86 miles per hour (138 km/h) at Eugene. This value, however, is higher than the maximum peak gust generated by any other Willamette Valley windstorm in the 1948–2010 period.

text: In the interior of western Washington, officially measured wind gusts included 78 miles per hour (126 km/h) at Olympia, 88 miles per hour (142 km/h) at McChord Air Force Base, 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) at Renton at 64 feet (20 m) and 98 miles per hour (158 km/h) at Bellingham. In the city of Seattle, a peak wind speed of 65 miles per hour (105 km/h) was recorded; this suggests gusts of at least 80 miles per hour (130 km/h). Damaging winds reached as far inland as Spokane.

text: Wind gusts of 58 miles per hour (93 km/h), the National Weather Service minimum for "High Wind Criteria," or higher were reported from San Francisco, to Vancouver, British Columbia.

text: Impact[edit]

text: The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: At least 46 fatalities were attributed to this storm, more than for any other Pacific Northwest weather event.[8] Injuries went into the hundreds. In terms of natural disaster-related fatalities for the 20th century, only Oregon's Heppner Flood of 1903 (247 deaths), Washington's Wellington avalanche of 1910 (96 deaths), the Great Fire of 1910 (87 deaths), and Eruption of Mount St. Helens of 1980 (57 deaths) caused more. For Pacific Northwest windstorms in the 20th century, the runner up was the infamous October 21, 1934, gale, which caused 22 fatalities, mostly in Washington.

text: In less than 12 hours, more than 11 billion board feet (26,000,000 m3) of timber was blown down in northern California, Oregon and Washington combined; some estimates put it at 15 billion board feet (35,000,000 m3). This exceeded the annual timber harvest for Oregon and Washington at the time. This value is above any blowdown measured for East Coast storms, including hurricanes; even the often-cited 1938 New England hurricane, which toppled 2.65 billion board feet (6,300,000 m3), falls short by nearly an order of magnitude.

text: Estimates put the dollar damage at approximately $230 million to $280 million for California, Oregon and Washington combined. Those figures in 1962 dollars translate to $1.8 Billion to $2.2 Billion in 2014 Dollars. Oregon's share exceeded $200 million in 1962 dollars. This is comparable to land-falling hurricanes that occurred within the same time frame (for example, Audrey, Donna, and Carla from 1957 to 1961).[9]

text: The Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. (now MetLife) named the Columbus Day Storm the nation's worst natural disaster of 1962.[10]

text: California[edit]

text: In Central and Northern California, all-time record rains associated with the atmospheric river along the cold front caused major flooding and mudslides, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area. Oakland set an all time calendar day record with 4.52 inches (115 mm) of rain on the 13th, as did Sacramento with 3.77 inches (96 mm). More than 7 inches (180 mm) of rainfall were recorded in the Bay area.[11]

text: Oregon[edit]

text: In the Willamette Valley, it is said the undamaged home was the exception. Livestock suffered greatly due to the barn failures: the animals were crushed under the weight of the collapsed structures, a story that was repeated many times throughout the afflicted region. At the north end of the Valley, two 500-foot (150 m) high voltage transmission towers were toppled.

text: Radio and TV broadcasting were affected in the Portland area. KGW-TV lost its tower at Skyline and replaced the temporary tower with a new one on January 28, 1963. KOIN radio lost one of two AM towers at Sylvan. KPOJ-AM/-FM lost much of its transmitting equipment, plus one of two towers was left partially standing at Mount Scott. KPOJ-FM was so badly damaged it wouldn't return to the air until February 9, 1963. KWJJ-AM lost one of its towers and a portion of its transmitter building at Smith Lake. KISN-AM also lost a tower at Smith Lake. Seven-month-old TV station KATU did not receive any damage at its Livingston Mountain site, 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Camas, Washington. However, KATU didn't have a generator and power was cut off. The heavy-duty design of the radio towers on Portland's West Hills today, with extensive and robust guy cables, is a direct result of the lessons learned from the 1962 catastrophe.

text: For northwest Oregon, the entire power distribution system had to be rebuilt from the ground up. Some locations did not have power restored for several weeks.[8] This storm became a lasting memory for local power distributors. Indeed, a number of high wind related studies appeared in the years after the storm in an attempt to assess the return frequency of such potentially damaging winds.

text: The state Capitol grounds at Salem, and the state's college campuses, resembled battlefields with heavy losses of trees.

text: The Campbell Hall tower at Oregon College of Education (now Western Oregon University) in Monmouth crashed to the ground,[12] an event recorded by student photographer Wes Luchau in the most prominent picture-symbol of the storm.

text: East of Salem, the wind destroyed a historic barn that served as a clandestine meeting place by pro-slavery Democratic members of the state Legislature in 1860.[citation needed]

text: The Oregon State Beavers–Washington Huskies college football game went on as scheduled Saturday, October 13 in Portland, in a heavily damaged Multnomah Stadium. Much of the roof was damaged and seats damaged by falling debris were replaced by portable chairs.[13] Crews cleared debris from the grandstand and playing field right up to kickoff.[13] Most of the electricity, including the scoreboard and clock, was still out and players dressed by candlelight in the locker rooms.[14] The Huskies came from behind to beat the Beavers 14–13, despite a strong performance by quarterback Terry Baker, who would win the Heisman Trophy later that year.[14][15]


question_text: who has the most clean sheets in the premier league

text: In association football a goalkeeper may be said to "keep a clean sheet" if they prevent their opponents scoring any goals during an entire match.

text: Since the Premier League's formation at the start of the 1992–93 season, 14 goalkeepers have managed to keep 100 or more clean sheets in the Premier League.

text: During the 1997–98 season, Peter Schmeichel became the first player to keep 100 Premier League clean sheets.

text: Petr Čech holds the record for most clean sheets kept in a single season, with 24.[1] The record for consecutive clean sheets was also set by Čech, who became the first goalkeeper to keep ten consecutive clean sheets; Edwin van der Sar later eclipsed this when he went 14 games without conceding in 2008–09 for Manchester United.[2]

text: The first goalkeepers to keep a clean sheet in the Premier League were Tim Flowers and Erik Thorstvedt on the opening day of the inaugural season in a 0–0 draw between Southampton and Tottenham Hotspur; all other goalkeepers conceded that day.

text: Each year the goalkeeper who has kept the most clean sheets during the Premier League campaign is awarded the Premier League Golden Glove award. First presented in 2004–05, six goalkeepers have won the award, with Joe Hart and Petr Čech holding the joint record for most wins at four.

text: Players[edit]

text:
List of Premier League goalkeepers with 100 or more clean sheets

Rank

Player

Apps

Clean  sheets

Average

Club(s)

Ref.

1

 Petr Čech

443

202

0.46

Chelsea (162), Arsenal (40)

[3]

2

 David James

572

169

0.30

Liverpool (72), Aston Villa (21), West Ham United (18), Manchester City (19), Portsmouth (39)

[4]

3

 Mark Schwarzer

514

151

0.29

Middlesbrough (92), Fulham (56), Chelsea (2), Leicester City (1)

[5]

4

 David Seaman

344

140

0.41

Arsenal (137), Manchester City (3)

[6]

5

 Nigel Martyn

372

137

0.37

Crystal Palace (25), Leeds United (82), Everton (30)

[7]

6

 Pepe Reina

285

134

0.47

Liverpool (134)

[8]

7

 Edwin van der Sar

313

132

0.42

Fulham (42), Manchester United (90)

[9]

 Tim Howard

399

132

0.33

Manchester United (16), Everton (116)

[10]

 Brad Friedel

450

132

0.29

Liverpool (6), Blackburn Rovers (77), Aston Villa (35), Tottenham Hotspur (14)

[11]

10

 Peter Schmeichel

310

128

0.41

Manchester United (112), Aston Villa (7), Manchester City (9)

[12]

11

 Joe Hart

331

125

0.38

Manchester City (109), Birmingham City (10), West Ham United (4), Burnley (2)

[13]

12

 Shay Given

451

113

0.25

Blackburn Rovers (1), Newcastle United (89), Manchester City (14), Aston Villa (9)

[14]

13

 Jussi Jääskeläinen

436

108

0.25

Bolton Wanderers (89), West Ham United (19)

[15]

14

 Thomas Sørensen

364

107

0.29

Sunderland (35), Aston Villa (46), Stoke City (26)

[16]

(Bold denotes goalkeeper currently playing in the Premier League)Statistics correct as of 28 October 2018.

text: Consecutives[edit]

text:
Games
Player
Club
Dates
Season(s)

14
 Edwin van der Sar
Manchester United
22 November 2008 – 18 February 2009
2008–09

10
 Petr Čech
Chelsea
18 December 2004 – 15 March 2005
2004–05

8
 Pepe Reina
Liverpool
29 October 2005 – 28 December 2005
2005–06

8
 Petr Čech
Chelsea
31 January 2007 – 7 April 2007
2006–07

7
 Neville Southall
Everton
1 November 1994 – 17 December 1994
1994–95

7
 Peter Schmeichel
Manchester United
8 May 1997 – 30 August 1998
1996–97 and 1997–98

7
 Paul Jones
Southampton
13 January 2001 – 17 March 2001
2000–01

6
 Alex Manninger
Arsenal
31 January 1998 – 14 March 1998
1997–98

6
 Petr Čech
Chelsea
30 April 2005 – 17 September 2005
2004–05 and 2005–06

6
 David de Gea
Manchester United
2 February 2013 – 30 March 2013
2012–13

6
 Joe Hart
Manchester City
24 May 2015 – 19 September 2015
2014–15 and 2015–16

6
 Fraser Forster
Southampton
13 January 2016 – 13 February 2016
2015–16

6
 Thibaut Courtois
Chelsea
1 October 2016 – 26 November 2016
2016–17


document_title: Yellowstone (U.S. TV series)

question_text: where is the new tv show yellowstone filmed

text: Yellowstone (U.S. TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Yellowstone follows "the Dutton family, led by John Dutton, who controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States, under constant attack by those it borders — land developers, an Indian reservation, and America’s first National Park. It is an intense study of a violent world far from media scrutiny — where land grabs make developers billions, and politicians are bought and sold by the world’s largest oil and lumber corporations. Where drinking water poisoned by fracking wells and unsolved murders are not news: they are a consequence of living in the new frontier. It is the best and worst of America seen through the eyes of a family that represents both."[1]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Kevin Costner as John Dutton, the 6th generation patriarch of the Dutton family which controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States. He is confronted with challenge of defending his land from those who would seek to take it from him while also overcoming the recent death of his son and a recent diagnosis of colon cancer. Josh Lucas portrays a young John Dutton in a recurring role.
Luke Grimes as Kayce Dutton, a former US Navy SEAL and one of John and Evelyn's sons. He lives on the local Indian reservation with his wife and son. Rhys Alterman portrays a young Kayce in a recurring role.
Kelly Reilly as Beth Dutton, a financier and the daughter of John and Evelyn. She is educated, highly intelligent, and a master manipulator. She is also, however, very unstable and suffers from a substance abuse problem. Kylie Rogers portrays a young Beth in a recurring role.
Wes Bentley as Jamie Dutton, an attorney, aspiring politician, and one of John and Evelyn's sons. Although completely loyal to his father and family, he is constantly frustrated at the current state of his family. He also has an intense love/hate relationship with his sister Beth.
Cole Hauser as Rip Wheeler, the ranch foreman at Yellowstone and John's right-hand man and enforcer. Rip has worked on the ranch for many years and is fiercely loyal to John. He has an on-again, off-again relationship with Beth.
Kelsey Asbille as Monica Dutton, Kayce's Native American wife with whom he lives on the local reservation. She is a teacher at the school on the local Indian reservation.
Brecken Merrill as Tate Dutton, the son of Kayce and Monica and John's only grandchild.
Jefferson White as Jimmy Hurdstrom, a ranch hand at Yellowstone.
Danny Huston as Dan Jenkins, a land developer with aspirations of building on parts of Yellowstone.
Gil Birmingham as Chief Thomas Rainwater, the chief of the nearby Indian reservation.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Wendy Moniz as Governor Lynelle Perry, the Governor of Montana.
Ian Bohen as Ryan, a cowboy wrangler
Denim Richards as Colby, a cowboy wrangler
Forrie J. Smith as Lloyd
Atticus Todd as Ben Waters
Timothy Carhart as A.G. Stewart
Luke Peckinpah as Fred Meyers
Tokala Black Elk as Sam Stands Alone
Walter C. Taylor III as Emmett Walsh
Fredric Lehne as Carl Reynolds
Rudy Ramos as Felix Long
Savonna Spracklin as Alice Wahl
Robert Mirabal as Principle Littlefield
Heather Hemmens as Melody Prescott
John Aylward as Father Bob
Morningstar Angeline as Samantha Long
Bill Tangradi as Alan Keene
Michael Nouri as Bob Schwartz
Gretchen Mol as Evelyn Dutton, the late wife of John Dutton and mother to Kayce, Beth, Jamie, and Lee.
Ryan Bingham as Walker
Michaela Conlin as Sarah Nguyen
Barret Swatek as Victoria Jenkins, the wife of Dan Jenkins.
Golden Brooks  as Geraldine Rainwater, wife of Thomas Rainwater.

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Dave Annable as Lee Dutton ("Daybreak")
Jill Hennessy as Senator Huntington ("Daybreak"), an ally of Chief Rainwater.
Jeremiah Bitsui as Robert Long ("Daybreak")
Geno Segers as Danny Trudeau ("No Good Horses")
Taylor Sheridan as Travis Wheatley ("Coming Home")
Ryan Bingham as Walker ("Coming Home")
Tinsel Korey as Emily Sessions ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Mike Faiola as Dr. Fielding ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Brian Unger as Dr. Stafford ("A Monster Is Among Us")

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.Title [2]Directed byWritten byOriginal air date [2]U.S. viewers(millions)1"Daybreak"Taylor SheridanStory by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor SheridanJune 20, 2018 (2018-06-20)2.83[3]
2"Kill the Messenger"Taylor SheridanStory by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor SheridanJune 27, 2018 (2018-06-27)2.07[4]
3"No Good Horses"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanJuly 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)2.17[5]
4"The Long Black Train"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanJuly 18, 2018 (2018-07-18)1.89[6]
5"Coming Home"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanJuly 25, 2018 (2018-07-25)1.95[7]
6"The Remembering"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanAugust 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)2.10[8]
7"A Monster Is Among Us"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanAugust 8, 2018 (2018-08-08)2.08[9]
8"The Unravelling: Pt. 1"TBATBAAugust 15, 2018 (2018-08-15)TBD
9"The Unravelling: Pt. 2"TBATBAAugust 22, 2018 (2018-08-22)TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 2013, Taylor Sheridan began work on the series, having recently grown tired of acting and begun writing screenplays. Having lived in the rural parts of states such as Texas and Wyoming, Sheridan purposely set the series in Montana and went about writing the first scripts in Livingston.[10]

text: On May 3, 2017, it was announced that the Paramount Network had greenlit its first scripted series, Yellowstone. Paramount issued a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes. The series was set to be written, directed, and executive-produced by Sheridan. Other executive producers were to include John Linson, Art Linson, Harvey Weinstein, and David Glasser. Production companies involved with the series were set to consist of Linson Entertainment and The Weinstein Company.[1]

text: On October 12, 2017, it was announced that following reports of sexual abuse allegations against producer Harvey Weinstein, his name would be removed from the series' credits as would The Weinstein Company as well.[11] On January 15, 2018, Kevin Kay, president of Paramount Network, clarified during the annual Television Critics Association's winter press tour that Yellowstone will not have The Weinstein Company's credits or logo on them, even though that company was involved in production. Furthermore, he stated that their intent is to replace Weinstein Television with the company’s new name in the show's credits when available.[12] That same day, it was also announced that the series would premiere on June 20, 2018.[13]

text: On July 24, 2018, it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season.[14]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On May 15, 2017, it was announced that Kevin Costner had been cast in the series lead role of John Dutton.[15] In June 2017, it was reported that Luke Grimes, Cole Hauser, Wes Bentley, and Kelly Reilly had joined the cast as series regulars.[16][17] On July 13, 2017, it was announced that Kelsey Asbille had been cast in a main role.[18] In August 2017, it was reported that Dave Annable, Gil Birmingham, and Jefferson White had been added to the main cast while Wendy Moniz, Gretchen Mol, Jill Hennessy, Patrick St. Esprit, Ian Bohen, Denim Richards, and Golden Brooks were joining the cast in a recurring capacity.[19][20][21][22] In November 2017, it was announced that Michaela Conlin and Josh Lucas had been added to the cast in recurring roles.[23][24] On December 19, 2017, it was reported that Heather Hemmens was joining the cast in a recurring capacity.[25] On June 13, 2018, it was announced that Barret Swatek had been cast in a recurring role.[26]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for the series began in August 2017 at the Chief Joseph Ranch in Darby, Montana, which stands in as the home of John Dutton. Filming also took place that month near Park City, Utah. The production used all three soundstages at the Utah Film Studio in Park City, which is a total of 45,000 square feet. The building also houses offices, editing, a huge wardrobe department and construction shops. By November 2017, the series had filmed in more than twenty locations in Utah, including the Salt Flats and Spanish Fork. Additionally, filming also took place at various locations in Montana. Production was reportedly set to last until December 2017.[27][28]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On February 28, 2018, a teaser trailer for the series was released.[29] On April 26, 2018, the first full trailer was released.[30]

text: Premiere[edit]

text: On June 25, 2018, the series held a screening at Seriesfest, an annual international television festival, at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Denver, Colorado.[31][32]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The series has been met with a mixed response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a 50% approval rating with an average rating of 5.86 out of 10 based on 34 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Yellowstone proves too melodramatic to be taken seriously, diminishing the effects of the talented cast and beautiful backdrops."[33] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 53 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[34]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The two-hour series premiere of Yellowstone averaged 2.8 million viewers in live + same day and became the most-watched original scripted series telecast ever on Paramount Network (or its predecessor Spike). The premiere audience grows to nearly 4 million when the two encore airings of the premiere are factored in. The premiere audience more than doubled that of Paramount Network’s first scripted drama series, Waco and more than tripled the debut viewership of Paramount Network's new comedy series, American Woman.[35] It was later reported that the premiere's Live+3 Nielsen ratings revealed that 4.8 million viewers ultimately watched the premiere after delayed viewing was factored in.[36] By the series' third episode, it was reported that the show had become the second most watched television series on ad-supported cable to air in 2018, only behind AMC's The Walking Dead.[37]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Daybreak"

June 20, 2018
0.4
2.83[3]
0.5
2.48
0.9
5.31[38]

2

"Kill the Messenger"

June 27, 2018
0.3
2.07[4]
0.4
2.22
0.7
4.29[39][a]

3

"No Good Horses"

July 11, 2018
0.4
2.17[5]
0.5
3.05
0.9
5.22[40]

4

"The Long Black Train"

July 18, 2018
0.3
1.89[6]
0.5
2.75
0.8
4.64[41]

5

"Coming Home"

July 25, 2018
0.3
1.95[7]
0.6
3.03
0.9
4.98[42]

6

"The Remembering"

August 1, 2018
0.4
2.10[8]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

7

"A Monster Is Among Us"

August 8, 2018
0.4
2.08[9]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.

tag: ol


document_title: List of Presidents of the United States by time in office

question_text: who had the longest tenure as president of the usa

text: Presidents by time in office[edit]

text:
Rank
President
Lengthin days
Order of presidency
Number of terms

1
Franklin D. Roosevelt

7003442200000000000♠4,422[a]

32nd • March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945[b]
Three full terms; died 2 months and 23 days into fourth term

2tie
Thomas Jefferson

7003292200000000000♠2,922

3rd • March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809
Two full terms

James Madison

7003292200000000000♠2,922

4th • March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817
Two full terms

James Monroe

7003292200000000000♠2,922

5th • March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825
Two full terms

Andrew Jackson

7003292200000000000♠2,922

7th • March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837
Two full terms

Ulysses S. Grant

7003292200000000000♠2,922

18th • March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877
Two full terms[c]

Grover Cleveland

2,922[d]

22nd • March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889
Two full terms (non-consecutive)[e]

24th • March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897

Woodrow Wilson

7003292200000000000♠2,922

28th • March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921
Two full terms

Dwight D. Eisenhower

7003292200000000000♠2,922

34th • January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
Two full terms

Ronald Reagan

7003292200000000000♠2,922

40th • January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
Two full terms

Bill Clinton

7003292200000000000♠2,922[f]

42nd • January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
Two full terms

George W. Bush

7003292200000000000♠2,922

43rd • January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
Two full terms

Barack Obama

7003292200000000000♠2,922

44th • January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017
Two full terms

14
George Washington

7003286500000000000♠2,865[g]

1st • April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797
Two full terms

15
Harry S. Truman

7003284000000000000♠2,840

33rd • April 12, 1945[h] – January 20, 1953
One partial term (3 years, 9 months, and 8 days), followed by one full term

16
Theodore Roosevelt

7003272800000000000♠2,728

26th • September 14, 1901[h] – March 4, 1909
One partial term (3 years, 5 months, and 18 days), followed by one full term[i]

17
Calvin Coolidge

7003204100000000000♠2,041

30th • August 2, 1923[h] – March 4, 1929
One partial term (1 year, 7 months, and 2 days), followed by one full term

18
Richard Nixon

7003202700000000000♠2,027

37th • January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974[j]
One full term; resigned 1 year, 6 months, and 20 days into second term

19
Lyndon B. Johnson

7003188600000000000♠1,886

36th • November 22, 1963[h] –January 20, 1969
One partial term (1 year, 1 month, and 29 days), followed by one full term

20
William McKinley

7003165400000000000♠1,654[f]

25th • March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901[b]
One full term; assassinated 6 months and 2 days into second term, dying 8 days later, 6 months and 10 days into that term

21
Abraham Lincoln

7003150300000000000♠1,503

16th • March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865[b]
One full term; assassinated 1 month and 10 days into second term, dying 1 day later, 1 month and 11 days into that term

22tie
John Quincy Adams

7003146100000000000♠1,461

6th • March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829
One full term[e]

Martin Van Buren

7003146100000000000♠1,461

8th • March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841
One full term[e][k]

James K. Polk

7003146100000000000♠1,461

11th • March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849
One full term

Franklin Pierce

7003146100000000000♠1,461

14th • March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857
One full term

James Buchanan

7003146100000000000♠1,461

15th • March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861
One full term

Rutherford B. Hayes

7003146100000000000♠1,461

19th • March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881
One full term

Benjamin Harrison

7003146100000000000♠1,461

23rd • March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893
One full term[e]

William Howard Taft

7003146100000000000♠1,461

27th • March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913
One full term[e]

Herbert Hoover

7003146100000000000♠1,461

31st • March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933
One full term[e]

Jimmy Carter

7003146100000000000♠1,461

39th • January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
One full term[e]

George H. W. Bush

7003146100000000000♠1,461

41st • January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
One full term[e]

33
John Adams

7003146000000000000♠1,460[f]

2nd • March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801
One full term[e]

34
John Tyler

7003143000000000000♠1,430

10th • April 4, 1841[h] – March 4, 1845
One partial term (3 years and 11 months)

35
Andrew Johnson

7003141900000000000♠1,419

17th • April 15, 1865[h] – March 4, 1869
One partial term (3 years, 10 months, and 17 days)

36
Chester A. Arthur

7003126200000000000♠1,262

21st • September 19, 1881[h] – March 4, 1885
One partial term (3 years, 5 months, and 13 days)

37
John F. Kennedy

7003103600000000000♠1,036

35th • January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963[b]
Assassinated 2 years, 10 months, and 2 days into term

38
Millard Fillmore

7002969000000000000♠969

13th • July 9, 1850[h] – March 4, 1853
One partial term (2 years, 7 months, and 23 days)

39
Gerald Ford

7002895000000000000♠895

38th • August 9, 1974[h] – January 20, 1977
One partial term (2 years, 5 months, and 11 days)[l]

40
Warren G. Harding

7002881000000000000♠881

29th • March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923[b]
Died 2 years, 4 months, and 29 days into term

41
Donald Trump

7002585000000000000♠585[m]

45th • January 20, 2017 – Incumbent
Serving first term

42
Zachary Taylor

7002492000000000000♠492

12th • March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850[b]
Died 1 year, 4 months, and 5 days into term

43
James A. Garfield

7002199000000000000♠199

20th • March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881[b]
Assassinated 3 months and 28 days into term, dying 79 days later, 6 months and 15 days into term

44
William Henry Harrison

7001310000000000000♠31

9th • March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841[b]
Died 31 days into term

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The Twentieth Amendment (ratified in 1933) moved Inauguration Day from March 4 to January 20. The 1937 presidential inauguration was the first to take place on the new date. As a result, Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term in office (1933–1937) was only 7003141800000000000♠1,418 days long, 1 month and 12 days shorter than a normal term.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Died in office

Jump up ^ Did not seek re-election in 1876. He sought a non-consecutive third term in 1880, but was defeated for renomination at the Republican National Convention.

Jump up ^ Each of Grover Cleveland's two non-consecutive terms in office was 1,461 days long.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Incumbent president who sought a second term but was defeated in a quadrennial presidential election.

^ Jump up to: a b c Of years evenly divisible by 100, only those evenly divisible by 400 are leap years. The years 1800 and 1900 are divisible by 100, but not by 400. Thus, John Adams's term and McKinley's first term did not include a 366-day leap year, so those terms were one day shorter than a normal full term. The year 2000 is divisible by 400 and so did include one, thus Clinton's second term was not shorter than his first.

Jump up ^ Due to logistical delays, George Washington's first term began 1 month and 26 days after the scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution. As a result, the term was only 7003140400000000000♠1,404 days long, and was the shortest term for a U.S. president who neither died in office nor resigned.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Succeeded to presidency.

Jump up ^ Did not seek re-election in 1908. In 1912, he ran for a non-consecutive second full term, this time on the Progressive Party ticket, but was defeated.

Jump up ^ Resigned from office

Jump up ^ Subsequently sought a non-consecutive second term, first in 1844, but was defeated for renomination at the Democratic National Convention, and then again in 1848 (this time on the Free Soil Party ticket), but was defeated.

Jump up ^ The only incumbent president who had never been elected to national office, he sought election to a full term in 1976, but was defeated.

Jump up ^ As of August 28, 2018.