document_title: Dell OptiPlex

question_text: when did the dell optiplex 960 come out

question_tokens: when did the dell optiplex 960 come out

text: Dell OptiPlex

text: Capacitor issues[edit]

text: Older OptiPlex models (mostly produced in 2003 and 2004), notably the GX270, suffered from frequent failures due to faulty capacitors supplied by Nichicon. These capacitors would bulge and leak, resulting in product failure after only a few years of use. Leaked internal documents allege that Dell knew that the computers were likely to fail, and continued to ship them.[1]

text: Name[edit]

text: OptiPlex is a portmanteau of "opti" (meaning optimal) and "plex" (meaning parts or units.)[2]

text: Chassis[edit]

text: The newest OptiPlex models break from Dell's proprietary form factors and follow, for the most part, the ATX standard, usually to the Mini-ITX form factor for SFF computers, and MicroATX form factor for DT and MT computers.

text: The OptiPlex series comes in various sizes which have evolved as the style of chassis has changed.

text: Series 1 - Classic beige[citation needed][edit]

text: In the classic beige chassis:

text:
Chassis
Height
Width
Depth
5.25" external bays
3.5" external bays
internal bays

NX1 Specific
9.27 cm (3.65 inches)
33.71 cm (13.27 inches)
34.93 cm (13.75 inches)
none
none
(1) 3.5" HDD

Small form Factor
9.14 cm (3.6 inches)
31.75 cm (12.5 inches)
37.8 cm (14.9 inches)
1 slim optical
1.44 floppy
(1) 3.5" HDD

Low-profile desktop
10.9 cm (4.3 inches)
40.9 cm (16.1 inches)
43.7 cm (17.2 inches)
1
1.44 floppy
1

Midsize desktop
16.5 cm (6.5 inches)
41.9 cm (16.5 inches)
44.5 cm (17.5 inches)
2
1.44 floppy
2 HDD

Mini-tower
44.5 cm (17.5 inches)
20.6 cm (8.1 inches)
43.7 cm (17.2 inches)
3
1.44 floppy
2 HDD

text: Series 2 - Midnight-gray[citation needed][edit]

text: In the recent[update] midnight-gray chassis (with the flip-up door) (Transformer cases):

text:
Chassis
Height
Width
Depth
5.25" external bays
3.5" external bays
internal bays

Ultra Small Form
24.7 cm (9.9 inches)
24.2 cm (9.7 inches)
8.5 cm (3.4 inches)
1 media bay (modules common with Latitude series)
none
(1) 3.5" HDD

Small form Factor
9.0 cm (3.57 inches)
31.9 cm (12.54 inches)
35.4 cm (13.93 inches)
1 slim optical
1 slim floppy
(1) 3.5" HDD

Small Desktop
10.6 cm (4.2 inches)
38.9 cm (15.3 inches)
43.2 cm (17 inches)
1
1.44 floppy
(2) 3.5" HDD

Mini-tower
42.5 cm (16.7 inches)
18.1 cm (7.13 inches)
44.7 cm (17.6 inches)
2
(1) + 1.44 floppy
2 HDD

text: Series 3 - BTX[3][4][edit]

text: Dell Optiplex from 2005 to 2009 used the BTX series of cases. The first Dell Optiplex to use the BTX cases was the Dell Optiplex GX520 & GX620 in 2005 and the last Dell Optiplex to use the BTX cases was the Dell Optiplex 780 in late 2009 (excluding Dell Optiplex 780 Ultra Small Form Factor, which used the Series 4 USFF case)[citation needed].

text:
Chassis
Image
Height
Width
Depth
5.25" external bays
3.5" external bays
internal bays

Ultra Small Form Factor (USFF)

23.7 cm (9.3 inches)
6.5 cm (2.6 inches)
24.0 cm (9.4 inches)
1 slim optical
none
(1) 2.5" HDD

Small Form Factor (SFF)

9.26 cm (3.65 inches)
31.37 cm (12.35 inches)
34.03 cm (13.40 inches)
1 slim optical
1 slim floppy
(1) 3.5" HDD

Desktop (DT)

11.4 cm (4.5 inches)
39.9 cm (15.7 inches)
35.3 cm (13.9 inches)
1
1
(2) 3.5" HDD

Mini Tower (MT)

41.4 cm (16.3 inches)
18.5 cm (7.3 inches)
43.9 cm (17.3 inches)
2
1
2 HDD

text: Series 4[5][6][edit]

text: The OptiPlex 960 introduces a new style of cases, made to be eco-friendly with recyclable plastics. They are named after various rock bands (Bon Jovi, Mötley Crüe, Mr. Big)

text:
Chassis
Image
Height
Width
Depth
Expansion Card Slots
5.25" external bays
3.5" external bays
Hard Drives Supported 3.5"/2.5" (maximum)

Ultra Small Form Factor (USFF)

23.67 cm
(9.32 inches)

6.5 cm (2.56 inches)
24 cm
(9.44 inches)

0
1 (slim-line)
0
2/2

Small Form Factor (SFF)

29 cm (11.42 inches)
9.26 cm (3.65 inches)
9.26 cm (3.65 inches)
2 (low-profile)
1 (slim-line)
0
1/2

Desktop (DT)

36 cm
(14.17 inches)

10.2 cm (4.02 inches)
10.2 cm (4.02 inches)
4 (low-profile)
1
0
1/2

Mini Tower (MT)

36 cm
(14.17 inches)

17.5 cm (6.89 inches)
17.5 cm
(6.89 inches)

4
2
0
0/

text: Series 5[7][8][9][edit]

text:
Chassis
Image
Height
Width
Depth
Expansion Card Slots
5.25" external bays
3.5" external bays
Hard Drives Supported 3.5"/2.5" (maximum)

Micro

182.88 mm (7.20 inches)
35.56 mm (1.40 inches)
177.80 mm (7.00 inches)
0
0
0
0/1

Small Form Factor (SFF)

290.06 mm (11.42 inches)
92.71 mm (3.65 inches)
292.10 mm (11.50 inches)
2 (low-profile)
1 (slim-line)
0
1/2

Tower

350.52 mm (13.8 inches)
154. mm (6.1 inches)
274.32 mm (10.8 inches)
4
1 (slim-line)
0
1/1

text: Models, in relative chronological order[edit]

text:
Model
Released
Chipset
CPU
FSB
RAM type
RAM speed
RAM Max
Chassis
Comments
PCI / PCIe
USB

450 LN (450N/Le)
1995
unknown
unknown
60/50 MHz
unknown
unknown

unknown
unknown

XL 5xxx
1996
Intel 82434NX PCI
Pentium 75, 90, 100, 120, 133
50/60/66 MHz
SIMM, 4
70 ns

ex, XL 575, XL 5133
From 8 to 64 MB (64 MiB) of RAM. 1995/1996

XM 5xxx
1996
Intel 82430NX PCIset
Pentium 75, 90/120, 100/133
50/60/66 MHz
SIMM, 4
70 ns

6 x 16 x 16
S3 Vision 864, 1 MB standard, upgradable to 2 MB.

XMT 5xxx
1996
Intel 82430NX PCIset
Pentium 75, 90/120, 100/133
50/60/66 MHz
SIMM, 4
70 ns

16.40 x 7.75 x 17.40
S3 Vision 864, 1 MB standard, upgradable to 2 MB.

GXL 5xxx
1996
Intel 82430FX PCIset
Pentium 90, 120, 150, 100, 133, 166, 200
60/66 MHz
SIMM, 4
60-ns EDO or 70-ns fast-page mode

midsize

GXM 5xxx
1996
Intel 82430FX
Pentium 90, 120, 150, 100, 133, 166, 200
60/66 MHz
SIMM, 4
60-ns EDO

4 x 17 x 17
S3 (Trio64V+) PCI, 2 MB.

GXMT 5xxx
1996
Intel 82430FX PCIset
Pentium 90, 120, 150, 100, 133, 166, 200
60/66 MHz
SIMM, 4
60-ns EDO
128MB
16.4 x 7.75 x 17.4
S3 (Trio64V+) PCI, 2 MB.

GL and GL+
1996
Intel 82430FX PCI
Pentium 75, 90/120, 100/133/166
50/60/66 MHz
SIMM, 4
60 ns EDO or 70 ns fast-page mode

4 x 17 x 17
S3 764-P (Trio64), 1 MB standard, upgradable to 2 MB.

GM and GM+
1996
Intel 82430FX PCIset
Pentium 75, 90/120, 100/133/166
50/60/66 MHz
SIMM, 4
60 ns EDO

6.0 x 17 x 17
S3 764-P (Trio64), 1 MB standard, upgradable to 2 MB.

GMT and GMT+
1996
Intel 82430FX PCIset
Pentium 75, 90/120, 100/133/166
50/60/66 MHz
SIMM, 4
60 ns EDO

16.4 x 7.75 x 17.4
S3 764-P (Trio64), 1 MB standard, upgradable to 2 MB.

Gs, Gs+
1996
Intel 430FX PCI
Pentium 133, 166, 200
66 MHz
SIMM, 4
60-ns EDO

low-profile, midsize chassis
S3 (Trio64V+) PCI, 2 MB, Gs+ contains onboard Ethernet.

GXpro
1997
Intel 82440FX PCIset
Pentium Pro 180, 200
60 or 66 MHz
SDRAM, 4
PC66

midsize, minitower

GXpro
1997
Intel 82440FX PCIset
Pentium Pro 180, 200
60 or 66 MHz
DRAM, 4
60 ns EDO

midsize, minitower
60ns EDO DRAM DIMM

USB

GXi
1996
Intel 430HX PCIset
Pentium 133-200, Pentium MMX 166-233
66 MHz
3.3v EDO DIMM, 4
60-ns EDO

Low-profile, Midsize, and Mini tower
S3 86C765 (Trio64V+)

USB

Gn/Gn+
1996
Intel 430TX PCIset
Pentium MMX 166-233
66 MHz
SDRAM, 2
PC66

low-profile, midsize, minitower

N
1996
Intel 430TX PCIset
Pentium MMX 166-233
66 MHz
SDRAM, 2
PC66

3.65 x 13.27 x 13.75
S3 Trio64V2 86C785, 2 MB.

GXa
1997
Intel 82440LX PCI/AGP
Pentium II Klamath 233, 266, 300, 333
66 MHz
SDRAM, 3
PC66

Low-profile, Midsize, and Mini tower
GXa accepts slot 1 Pentiums up to 333 MHz

USB 1.1 x2

NX
1997
Intel 82440LX PCI/AGP
Pentium II 266-333
66 MHz
SDRAM, 3
PC66

3.65 x 13.27 x 13.75
ATI 3D Rage Pro AGP controller, Video memory 2-MB standard (upgradable to 4 MB) SGRAM

G1
1997
Intel 440BX AGP set
Pentium II 266-333, 350-450 or Celeron 266-400
66 MHz OR 100 MHz
SDRAM, 2
PC100

Low-profile, Midsize, and Mini tower
Introduced in June 1998.[10] Along with the IBM 300PL, one of the most widely used business desktops of the 1999–2005 era. GX1 machines used Slot 1 Pentium II and Pentium III CPUs.

E1
1997
Intel 440EX AGPset
Celeron 266-400 slot1
66 MHz
SDRAM, 2
PC100

low-profile and minitower

NX1
1999
Intel 440BX PIIX4e
Pentium II 266, 333, 350-450 MHz OR Pentium III 450
66/100 MHz
SDRAM, 3
PC100

3.65 x 13.27 x 13.75
on-board ATI Rage Pro (AGP 2X) graphics, 4 MB standard (upgradable to 8 MB) SGRAM. FIRST PIII MODEL.

GX1
1999
Intel 440BX PIIX4e
Pentium II 266, 333, 350-450 or Pentium III 450-600
66 or 100 MHz
SDRAM, 3
PC100

SFF, low-profile, midsize, mini tower
GX1 machines used Slot 1 Pentium II and Pentium III CPUs.

USB 1.1 x2

GX1p
1999
Intel 440BX AGPSet
Pentium II 400, 450 or Pentium III 450-600
100 MHz
SDRAM, 3
PC100

midsize and minitower

GC
1999
Intel 810e
PIII or Celeron
66/100 MHz
SDRAM, 2
PC100

SFF

GX100
2000
Intel 810
Celeron Mendocino and Coppermine
66/100 MHz
SDRAM, 2
PC100

SFF, low-profile, minitower
Socket 370. No AGP slot. Some motherboards do not accept the Coppermine Celeron.

USB 1.1 x2

GX110
2000
Intel 810e
Pentium III Coppermine
66/100 MHz
SDRAM, 2
PC100

SFF, low-profile, midsize (370 only), minitower
Slot1 or Socket 370 CPU.

USB 1.1 x2

GX115
2001
Intel 815E
Pentium III or Celeron
100/133 MHz
SDRAM
(PC100)/PC133

SFF, low-profile, minitower

GX200
2000
Intel 82820 PCCI/AGP
Pentium III
100/133 MHz
RAMBUS, 2
PC800

SFF, low-profile, midsize, minitower

GX300
2000
Intel 820 PCI/AGP
Pentium III
100/133 MHz
RAMBUS, 2
PC600/PC800

minitower
1 or 2 CPUS, typically Slot1.

GX400
2001
Intel 850
Pentium 4
400 MHz
RAMBUS, 4
PC800

Mini tower
Black classic style chassis. Socket 423

GX150
2001
Intel 815E
Pentium III or Celeron
100/133 MHz
SDRAM, 2
PC133

SFF, desktop, mini tower
First to have new midnight-gray chassis. One of the last Dells to support two floppy drives.

USB 1.1

GX50
2001
Intel 810 OR Intel 810E
Pentium III or Celeron
66/100 MHz
SDRAM, 2
PC100

SFF, desktop, mini tower
No AGP slot. Models up to 800 MHz have the 810, 850 MHz and up have 810E

GX240
2001
Intel 845
Pentium 4 1.5-2.0 Willamette OR 2.2-2.8 Northwood
400 MHz
SDRAM
PC133 (ECC or non-ECC)

SFF, desktop, minitower
First socket 478 model OptiPlex. Also contains no onboard video, must have AGP card.

USB 1.1

GX260
2002
Intel 845G
Pentium 4 or Celeron
400/533 MHz
DDR
200/266
PC2700
2 GB
SFF, SD, SMT
PATA only
no SATA Socket 478

USB 2.0 x6 (4 rear, 2 front)

GX60
2002
Intel 845GL OR Intel 845GV
Celeron
400 MHz
DDR
PC2100 OR PC2700

SFF, desktop, mini tower
No AGP or PCI Express slots. 845GV supports PC2700 and 533 MHz FSB CPUs.

USB 2.0

SX260
2002
Intel 845G
Pentium 4 1.5-2.0 Willamette OR 2.0-2.6 Northwood OR Celeron
400/533 MHz
DDR, 2
PC1600/PC2100

Ultra Small Form

L60
2002
Intel 845GL
Pentium 4 or Celeron
400 MHz
DDR, 2
PC2100

GX270
2003
Intel 865G
Pentium 4 and P4 w/HT or Celeron
400/533/800 MHz Socket 478
DDR, 2 SFF board and 4 other boards
333/400
PC2100/PC2700

SFF, SD, SMT
SATA+PATA
Intel graphics or dedicated 8x AGP card. The GX270 made from Apr 2003 to Mar 2004 came under fire in 2005 for having faulty Nichicon electrolytic capacitors. When they fail, these capacitors are easily recognised by an X mark across the top and a bloated or split appearance.[11]

USB 2.0 x8

SX270
2003
Intel 865G
Pentium 4 and P4 w/HT or Celeron
400/533/800 MHz
2xDDR
PC2700/PC3200

Ultra Small Form
Optional stand and cable cover. 2.5" PATA HDD.

160L
2002
Intel 845GV
Pentium 4 or Celeron
400 MHz
DDR
PC2100/PC2700

minitower
Basically the business-oriented version of the Dell Dimension 2400, with a different face plate.

170L
2004
Intel 865-GV
Pentium 4 or Celeron
400/533/800 MHz
2xDDR
PC2700/PC3200

desktop or minitower
Basically the business-oriented version of the Dell Dimension 4600, except that 2 of the RAM slots, the AGP slot, one of the SATA ports have been removed, and the case has a different face plate.

GX280
2004
Intel 915
Pentium 4 and P4 w/HT
400/533/800 MHz Socket 775
DDR2, 2 SFF board and 4 other boards
DDR2 400/DDR2 533

SFF, SD, desktop, SMT, minitower
PS/2 connectors available only via optional accessory card that includes 9-pin serial connector. Intel or PCIe x16 Graphics. Offered in both ATX and BTX chassis. (SFF is ATX only).

USB 2.0 x8

SX280
2004
915G
Pentium 4 or Celeron
533/800 MHz
DDR2
DDR2 400

Ultra Small Form 8.9 cm (3.5 inches), 36.1 cm (14.2 inches), 26.4 cm (10.375 inches)
DVI-I port. No PS/2.

210L
2004
Intel 915GV
Pentium 4 or Celeron
533/800 MHz
DDR2, 2
DDR2 400/DDR2 533

desktop or minitower
integrated Intel Graphic Media Accelerator 900.

GX520
2005
Intel 945 Express
Pentium 4, or Celeron
533/800 MHz Socket 775
DDR2, 2
DDR2 400/DDR2 533
4 GB (3.5 GB Usable)
SFF, desktop, minitower BTX.
integrated Intel Graphic Media Accelerator 950.

GX620
2005
Intel 945 Express
Pentium 4, Pentium D, or Celeron
533/800 MHz Socket 775
DDR2, 4
DDR2 533/DDR2 667
4 GB (3.5 GB Usable)
USFF, SFF, desktop, minitower BTX.
The latest models contain a trusted platform module. Note that USFF cable cover increases the dimensions of the machine (available in standard and extended sizes). Motherboard is same as GX520, but includes 4 DIMM slots and 1 PCI Express slot. PS/2 connectors available only via optional accessory card that includes 9-pin serial connector.

USB 2.0

320
2006
ATI Radeon Xpress 1100 Professional
Intel Pentium D, Pentium 4, Pentium 4 HT, Celeron D, Core 2 Duo (800/1066 FSB), Core 2 Quad Q6600 & Q6700 Only*
800/1066* MHz
DDR2, 2
DDR2 533
3 GB
desktop, minitower
* BIOS Must be upgraded to the latest version to Support Quad CPU's And 1066FSB CPU's with 65nm Lithography ONLY, BIOS glitch only allows for up to 3 GB or RAM, versus the typical 4 GB

USB 2.0 x6 (4 rear, 2 front)

745
2006
Intel 965 Express
Intel Core 2 Duo/Quad, Intel Pentium D, Pentium 4, Pentium 4 HT, Celeron D, Celeron 4xx - bios update may be required
533/800/1066 MHz
DDR2, 4
DDR2 533/DDR2 667/DDR2 800
4 GB, 8GB
USFF, SFF, desktop, minitower
Latest BIOS Supports C2Q and 8GB DDR2. USFF Does not support 2GB/800 memory units. A 2GB/800 memory unit will slow down to 667. USFF only has 2 DIMM slots and maximum 4GB memory. Does not support 45 nm processors Bios in MT correctly identifies and runs Xeon X3220

USB 2.0 x8

745c
2006
Intel Q965 Express
Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2 Quad, Pentium 4, Intel Pentium 4 HT, Celeron D, Celeron 4xxx Intel VPro
533/800/1066 MHz
DDR2, 4
DDR2
533/DDR2
667/DDR2 800

4GB
8GB

USFF, SFF, desktop,
minitower

Dell is committed to offering the latest in powerful, energy efficient PC’s. The OptiPlex 745c based on vPro technology is powered by the Intel Core™ 2 Duo processor, giving IT the dualcore, 64-bit capable performance needed to run some of the latest compute-intensive applications and provide outstanding user responsiveness in multitasking environments-all in a power efficient design. IT can now spend less time on routine tasks, and can focus resources where they are most needed for better manageability and security of desktop PC’s.

330 (Late 2007)
2007
Intel G31 Express Chipset
Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2 Quad*, Intel Pentium Dual Core, Celeron D
533/800/1066/1333* MHz
DDR2, 2
DDR2 533/DDR2 667/DDR2 800
8GB*
DT, MT
*BIOS must be updated to the latest version to Support Quad Core CPU's/1333FSB CPU's both 45nm/65nm and 8GB Memory.

360 (Late 2008)
2008
Intel G31 Express Chipset
Intel Core 2 Duo, Intel Core 2 Quad*, Intel Pentium Dual Core, Celeron D
533/800/1066/1333* MHz
DDR2, 2
DDR2 533/DDR2 667/DDR2 800
8GB*
DT, MT
*BIOS must be updated to the latest version to Support Quad Core CPU's/1333FSB CPU's both 45nm/65nm and 8GB Memory

740
2008
nVIDIA Quadro NVS 210S Chipset with NVIDIA nForce 430 MCP
AMD Athlon 64 X2, AMD Athlon 64, AMD Phenom
1066 MHz
DDR2, 4
DDR2 533/DDR2 667/DDR2 800

MT, DT, SFF
Proprietary front panel connector and BTX formfactor
MT: PCI x2, PCIe x16 x1, PCIe x1 x1
DT: PCI x2, PCIe x16 x1
SFF: PCI x1, PCIe x16 x1<

755 (Mid 2007)
2007
Intel Q35 Express
Intel Core 2 Duo, Quad, Celeron
800/1066/1333 MHz
DDR2, 4
DDR2-667 and DDR2-800
4 GB, 8 GB
MT, DT, SFF, USFF
USFF only has 2 DIMM slots and maximum 4GB memory.
MT: PCI x2, PCIe x16 x1, PCIe x1 x1
DT: PCI x2, PCIe x16 x1
SFF: PCI x1, PCIe x16 x1
USFF: -
USB 2.0 x7 (5 rear, 2 front)

760 (Late 2008)
2008
Intel Q43 Express w/ICH10D
Intel Core 2 Duo, Quad, Celeron
800/1066/1333 MHz
DDR2, 4
DDR2 667/800
8 GB
MT, DT, SFF, USFF
USFF only has 2 DIMM slots and maximum 4GB memory.
MT: PCI x2, PCIe x16 x1, PCIe x1 x1
DT: PCI x2, PCIe x16 x1
SFF: PCI x1, PCIe x16 x1
USFF: -

780 (Late 2009)
2009
Intel Q45 Express
Intel Core 2 Duo, Quad, Pentium Dual Core, Celeron
(doesn't support Quad Extreme)

800/1066/1333 MHz
DDR3, 2(USFF)/4(others)
DDR3 1066/1333
16 GB
MT, DT, SFF, USFF
USFF chassis was released separately and resembles the OptiPlex 9xx case and maximum of 8 GB RAM due to 2 DIMM slots.
MT: PCI x2, PCIe x16 x1, PCIe x1 x1
DT: PCI x2, PCIe x16 x1
SFF: PCI x1, PCIe x16 x1
USFF: -
USB 2.0 x8 (6 rear, 2 front)

960 (Late 2008)
2008
Intel Q45 Express
Intel Core 2 Duo, Quad
800/1066/1333 MHz
DDR2, 4
DDR2-800
8 GB
MT, DT, SFF

980 (Early 2010)
2010
Intel Q57 Express
Intel Core i3, i5, i7
1066/1333 MHz
DDR3, 4
DDR3-1333
16 GB
MT, DT, SFF

USB 2.0 x10

160
2008
SiSM671
Intel Atom 230 or 330
533 MHz
DDR2, 2
DDR2-667
4 GB
Tiny Desktop

380 (Late 2009)
2009
Intel G41 Express
Intel Core 2 Duo, Quad, Pentium Dual Core, Celeron
800/1066/1333 MHz
DDR3, 2
DDR3-1066
8 GB
MT, DT, SFF

XE (Early 2010)
2010
Intel Q45 Express
Intel Core 2 Duo, Pentium Dual Core, Celeron
800/1066/1333 MHz
DDR3, 4
DDR3-1066
8 GB
DT, SFF
Intel AMT features disabled, has option for dust cover and external power button, designed for retail POS market

390 (Mid 2011)
2011
Intel H61 Express
Intel Core i3, i5 (2nd gen/Sandy Bridge)
1066/1333 MHz
DDR3, 2
DDR3-1066
8 GB
MT, DT, SFF, USFF
Chassis similar to 9xx OptiPlex

790 (Early 2011)
2011
Intel Q65 Express
Intel Core i3, i5, i7
1066/1333 MHz
DDR3, 4
DDR3-1066/DDR3-1333
16 GB
MT, DT, SFF, USFF
Chassis similar to 9xx OptiPlex

USB 2.0, optional USB 3.0 PCIe card

990 (Early 2011)
2011
Intel Q67 Express
Intel Core i3, i5, i7
1066/1333 MHz
DDR3, 4
DDR3-1333
16 GB
MT, DT, SFF, USFF
Chassis similar to 9xx OptiPlex

580 (Early 2010)
2010
AMD 785G
AMD Sempron, Athlon II X2, AMD Athlon II, AMD Phenom
1066/1333 MHz
DDR3, 4
DDR3-1333
16 GB
MT, DT, SFF
Chassis similar to 7xx OptiPlex

USB 2.0

3010 (Mid 2012)
2012
Intel H61 Express
2nd gen/Sandy Bridge Intel Core i3, Pentium and Celeron; 3rd gen/Ivy Bridge Intel Core i3, i5, and Pentium[12]
1066/1333 MHz
DDR3, 4
DDR3-1600
16 GB
MT, DT, SFF, USFF, All-in-one
Chassis similar to 9xxx OptiPlex

USB 2.0

3011 (Mid 2013)
2013
Intel B75 Express
Intel Core i3, i5, Pentium, Celeron (3rd gen/Ivy Bridge)
1066/1333 MHz
DDR3, 2
DDR3-1600
8 GB
All-in-one

USB 2.0, 3.0

7010 (Mid 2012)
2012
Intel Q77 Express
2nd gen/Sandy Bridge Intel Core i3, Pentium and Celeron; 3rd gen/Ivy Bridge Intel Core i3, i5, i7 and Pentium[13]
1066/1333 MHz
DDR3, 4
DDR3-1600
16 GB
MT, DT, SFF, USFF
Chassis similar to 9xxx OptiPlex
MT & DT (DT half height): PCI, PCIe x16, PCIe x16 (wired as x4), PCIe x1
SFF (half height): PCIe x16, PCIe x16 (wired as x4)
USFF: miniPCIe
MT, DT, & SFF: USB 2.0 x6, 3.0 x4
USFF: USB 2.0 x4, 3.0 x4

9010 (Mid 2012)
2012
Intel Q77 Express
Intel Core i3, i5, i7, Pentium (3rd gen/Ivy Bridge)
1066/1333 MHz
DDR3, 4
DDR3-1600
32 GB
MT, DT, SFF, USFF, All-in-one
Chassis similar to 9xx OptiPlex
MT & DT (DT half height): PCI, PCIe x16, PCIe x16 (wired as x4), PCIe x1
SFF (half height): PCIe x16, PCIe x16 (wired as x4)
USFF: miniPCIe
MT, DT, & SFF: USB 2.0 x6, 3.0 x4
USFF: USB 2.0 x4, 3.0 x4

9020 (Mid 2013)
2013
Intel Q87 Express
Intel Core i3, i5, i7, Pentium (4th gen/Haswell)
1066/1333 MHz
DDR3, 4
DDR3-1600
32 GB
MT, SFF, USFF, Micro
Chassis similar to 9xx OptiPlex
MT: PCI, PCIe x16, PCIe x16 (wired as x4), PCIe x1
SFF (half height): PCIe x16, PCIe x16 (wired as x4)
USFF: miniPCIe
MT & SFF: USB 2.0 x6, 3.0 x4
USFF: USB 2.0 x4, 3.0 x4

XE2 (Mid 2013)
2013
Intel 8 Series Express
Intel Core i3, i5, i7, Pentium (4th gen/Haswell)
1066/1333 MHz
DDR3, 4
DDR3-1600
32 GB
MT, SFF
Chassis similar to 9xx OptiPlex

USB 2.0, 3.0

3020 (Late 2013)
2013
Intel H81
Intel Core i3, i5, Pentium, Celeron (4th gen/Haswell)
1066/1333 MHz
DDR3, 4
DDR3-1600
16 GB
MT, SFF, Micro
Chassis similar to 9xxx OptiPlex
MT: PCIe x16, 3 PCIe x1
SFF (half-height): PCIe x16, PCIe x1
Micro: M.2
MT & SFF: USB 2.0 x6, 3.0 x2
Micro: USB 2.0 x4, 3.0 x2

7020 (Mid 2014)
2014
Intel Q87 Express
Intel Core i3, i5, i7, Pentium (4th gen/Haswell)
1066/1333 MHz
DDR3, 4
DDR3-1600
16 GB
MT, SFF
Series 4
MT: PCI, PCIe x16, PCIe x16 (wired as x4), PCIe x1
SFF: PCIe x16, PCIe x16 (wired as x4)
USB 2.0 x6, 3.0 x4

3030 (Early 2014)
2014
Intel H81
Intel Core i3, i5, Pentium, Celeron (4th gen/Haswell)
1066/1333 MHz
DDR3, 2
DDR3-1600
16 GB
All-in-one

USB 2.0, 3.0

9030 (Mid 2014)
2014
Intel Q87 Express
Intel Core i3, i5, i7 (4th gen/Haswell)
1066/1333 MHz
DDR3, 2
DDR3-1600
16 GB
All-in-one

USB 2.0, 3.0

3040
(Late 2015)

2015
Intel H110
Intel Core i3, i5, Pentium, Celeron (6th gen/Skylake)

DDR3L
DDR3L-1600
16 GB
MT, SFF, Micro

USB 2.0 x4, 3.0 x4

5040
(Late 2015)

2015
Intel Q170
Intel Core i3, i5, i7 (6th gen/Skylake)

DDR3L
DDR3L-1600
16 GB
MT, SFF

USB 2.0 x4, 3.0 x6

7040
(Late 2015)

2015
Intel Q170
Intel Core i3, i5, i7 (6th gen/Skylake)

DDR4
DDR4-2133
32 GB
MT, SFF, Micro

USB 2.0 x4, 3.0 x6

3050 (Early 2017)
2017
Intel B250
Intel Core i3, i5, Pentium, Celeron (6th gen/Skylake)/(7th gen/Kaby Lake)
2133 MHz
DDR4, 2
DDR4-2400
32 GB
MT, SFF, Micro
Gigabit Ethernet, HDMI 1.4, DisplayPort 1.2 x2; Micro: DP 1.2 x1
MT & SFF (half height): PCIe x16, 3x PCIe x1, M.2 80mm (Micro: M.2 30mm (WiFi only)), M.2 80mm
MT & SFF: 4x 3.1, 4x 2.0 (Micro: 4x 3.1, 2x 2.0)

5050 (Early 2017)
2017
Intel Q270
Intel Core i3, i5, i7 (6th gen/Skylake)/(7th gen/Kaby Lake)
2133/2400 MHz
DDR4, 4 (Micro: 2)
DDR4-2400
64 GB (Micro: 32 GB)
MT, SFF, Micro
Gigabit Ethernet, HDMI 1.4, DisplayPort 1.2 x2 (Micro: DP 1.2 x1)
MT & SFF (half height): PCIe x16, 3x PCIe x1, M.2 80mm (Micro: M.2 30mm (WiFi only)), M.2 80mm
MT & SFF: 6x 3.1 A, 4x 2.0 (Micro: 6x 3.1 A)

7050 (Early 2017)
2017
Intel Q270
Intel Core i3, i5, i7 (6th gen/Skylake)/(7th gen/Kaby Lake)
2133/2400 MHz
DDR4, 4 (Micro: 2)
DDR4-2400
64 GB (Micro: 32 GB)
MT, SFF, Micro
Gigabit Ethernet, HDMI 1.4, DisplayPort 1.2 x2 (Micro: DP 1.2 x1)
MT & SFF (half height): PCIe x16, 3x PCIe x1, M.2 80mm (Micro: M.2 30mm (WiFi only)), M.2 80mm
MT & SFF: 6x 3.1 (1 C, 5 A), 4x 2.0 (Micro: 6x 3.1 (1 C, 5 A))

3050 (Early 2017)
2017
Intel B250
Intel Core i3, i5, Pentium, Celeron (6th gen/Skylake)/(7th gen/Kaby Lake)
2133/2400 MHz
DDR4, 2
DDR4-2400
32 GB
All-in-one
19.5" Display 1600x900, Gigabit Ethernet, DisplayPort 1.2, VGA/Serial, Internal 2.5" bay, Two M.2 connectors, 1.0MP 720P Webcam

USB 2.0 x2, 3.1 Gen 1 x4

5250 (Early 2017)
2017
Intel Q270
Intel Core i3, i5, i7 (6th gen/Skylake)/(7th gen/Kaby Lake)
2133/2400 MHz
DDR4, 2
DDR4-2400
32 GB
All-in-one
21.5" Display 1920x1080, Gigabit Ethernet, HDMI 1.4, DisplayPort 1.2, Internal 2.5" bay, Two M.2 connectors, 2.0MP 1080P Webcam

USB 2.0 x2, 3.1 Gen 1 x4

7440
2017
Intel Q170
Intel Core i3, i5, i7 (6th gen/Skylake)/(7th gen/Kaby Lake)
2133/2400 MHz
DDR4, 2
DDR4-2400
32GB
All-One
24" Display 1920x1080, Gigabit Ethernet, HDMI 1.4, DisplayPort 1.2, Internal 2.5" bay, Two M.2 connectors, 2.0MP 1080P Webcam

USB 2.0 x2, 3.1 Gen 1 x4

7450 (Early 2017)
2017
Intel Q270
Intel Core i3, i5, i7 (6th gen/Skylake)/(7th gen/Kaby Lake)
2133/2400 MHz
DDR4, 2
DDR4-2400
32 GB
All-in-one
23.8" Display 1920x1080, Gigabit Ethernet, HDMI 1.4, DisplayPort 1.2, Internal 2.5" bay x2, Two M.2 connectors, 2.0MP 1080P Webcam

USB 2.0 x2, 3.1 Gen 1 x4

Model
Released
Chipset
CPU
FSB
RAM type
RAM speed
RAM Max
Chassis
Comments
PCI / PCIe
USB


document_title: Water cycle

question_text: where is one place freshwater is stored in the water cycle

root

text: Water cycle

text: Description

text:
The sun, which drives the water cycle, heats water in oceans and seas. Water evaporates as water vapor into the air. Some ice and snow sublimates directly into water vapor. Evapotranspiration is water transpired from plants and evaporated from the soil. The water molecule H
2O has smaller molecular mass than the major components of the atmosphere, nitrogen and oxygen, N
2 and O
2, hence is less dense. Due to the significant difference in density, buoyancy drives humid air higher. As altitude increases, air pressure decreases and the temperature drops (see Gas laws). The lower temperature causes water vapor to condense into tiny liquid water droplets which are heavier than the air, and fall unless supported by an updraft. A huge concentration of these droplets over a large space up in the atmosphere become visible as cloud. Some condensation is near ground level, and called fog.

tag: p

text: Atmospheric circulation moves water vapor around the globe, cloud particles collide, grow, and fall out of the upper atmospheric layers as precipitation. Some precipitation falls as snow or hail, sleet, and can accumulate as ice caps and glaciers, which can store frozen water for thousands of years. Most water falls back into the oceans or onto land as rain, where the water flows over the ground as surface runoff. A portion of runoff enters rivers in valleys in the landscape, with streamflow moving water towards the oceans. Runoff and water emerging from the ground (groundwater) may be stored as freshwater in lakes. Not all runoff flows into rivers, much of it soaks into the ground as infiltration. Some water infiltrates deep into the ground and replenishes aquifers, which can store freshwater for long periods of time. Some infiltration stays close to the land surface and can seep back into surface-water bodies (and the ocean) as groundwater discharge. Some groundwater finds openings in the land surface and comes out as freshwater springs. In river valleys and floodplains, there is often continuous water exchange between surface water and ground water in the hyporheic zone. Over time, the water returns to the ocean, to continue the water cycle.

text: Processes

text: The water cycle involves many of these processes.

text: Residence times

text:
Average reservoir residence times[11]

Reservoir
Average residence time

Antarctica
20,000 years

Oceans
3,200 years

Glaciers
20 to 100 years

Seasonal snow cover
2 to 6 months

Soil moisture
1 to 2 months

Groundwater: shallow
100 to 200 years

Groundwater: deep
10,000 years

Lakes (see lake retention time)
50 to 100 years

Rivers
2 to 6 months

Atmosphere
9 days

tag: table

text: The residence time of a reservoir within the hydrologic cycle is the average time a water molecule will spend in that reservoir (see adjacent table). It is a measure of the average age of the water in that reservoir.

text: Groundwater can spend over 10,000 years beneath Earth's surface before leaving. Particularly old groundwater is called fossil water. Water stored in the soil remains there very briefly, because it is spread thinly across the Earth, and is readily lost by evaporation, transpiration, stream flow, or groundwater recharge. After evaporating, the residence time in the atmosphere is about 9 days before condensing and falling to the Earth as precipitation.

text: The major ice sheets – Antarctica and Greenland – store ice for very long periods. Ice from Antarctica has been reliably dated to 800,000 years before present, though the average residence time is shorter.[12]

text: In hydrology, residence times can be estimated in two ways. The more common method relies on the principle of conservation of mass and assumes the amount of water in a given reservoir is roughly constant. With this method, residence times are estimated by dividing the volume of the reservoir by the rate by which water either enters or exits the reservoir. Conceptually, this is equivalent to timing how long it would take the reservoir to become filled from empty if no water were to leave (or how long it would take the reservoir to empty from full if no water were to enter).

text: An alternative method to estimate residence times, which is gaining in popularity for dating groundwater, is the use of isotopic techniques. This is done in the subfield of isotope hydrology.

text: Changes over time

text: The water cycle describes the processes that drive the movement of water throughout the hydrosphere. However, much more water is "in storage" for long periods of time than is actually moving through the cycle. The storehouses for the vast majority of all water on Earth are the oceans. It is estimated that of the 332,500,000 mi3 (1,386,000,000 km3) of the world's water supply, about 321,000,000 mi3 (1,338,000,000 km3) is stored in oceans, or about 97%. It is also estimated that the oceans supply about 90% of the evaporated water that goes into the water cycle.[13]

text: During colder climatic periods, more ice caps and glaciers form, and enough of the global water supply accumulates as ice to lessen the amounts in other parts of the water cycle. The reverse is true during warm periods. During the last ice age, glaciers covered almost one-third of Earth's land mass with the result being that the oceans were about 122 m (400 ft) lower than today. During the last global "warm spell," about 125,000 years ago, the seas were about 5.5 m (18 ft) higher than they are now. About three million years ago the oceans could have been up to 50 m (165 ft) higher.[13]

text: The scientific consensus expressed in the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Summary for Policymakers is for the water cycle to continue to intensify throughout the 21st century, though this does not mean that precipitation will increase in all regions.[14] In subtropical land areas — places that are already relatively dry — precipitation is projected to decrease during the 21st century, increasing the probability of drought. The drying is projected to be strongest near the poleward margins of the subtropics (for example, the Mediterranean Basin, South Africa, southern Australia, and the Southwestern United States). Annual precipitation amounts are expected to increase in near-equatorial regions that tend to be wet in the present climate, and also at high latitudes. These large-scale patterns are present in nearly all of the climate model simulations conducted at several international research centers as part of the 4th Assessment of the IPCC. There is now ample evidence that increased hydrologic variability and change in climate has and will continue to have a profound impact on the water sector through the hydrologic cycle, water availability, water demand, and water allocation at the global, regional, basin, and local levels.[15] Research published in 2012 in Science based on surface ocean salinity over the period 1950 to 2000 confirm this projection of an intensified global water cycle with salty areas becoming more saline and fresher areas becoming more fresh over the period:[16]

text: Fundamental thermodynamics and climate models suggest that dry regions will become drier and wet regions will become wetter in response to warming. Efforts to detect this long-term response in sparse surface observations of rainfall and evaporation remain ambiguous. We show that ocean salinity patterns express an identifiable fingerprint of an intensifying water cycle. Our 50-year observed global surface salinity changes, combined with changes from global climate models, present robust evidence of an intensified global water cycle at a rate of 8 ± 5% per degree of surface warming. This rate is double the response projected by current-generation climate models and suggests that a substantial (16 to 24%) intensification of the global water cycle will occur in a future 2° to 3° warmer world.[17]

text: An instrument carried by the SAC-D satellite Aquarius, launched in June, 2011, measured global sea surface salinity.[18][19]

text: Glacial retreat is also an example of a changing water cycle, where the supply of water to glaciers from precipitation cannot keep up with the loss of water from melting and sublimation. Glacial retreat since 1850 has been extensive.[20]

text: Human activities that alter the water cycle include:

text:
agriculture
industry
alteration of the chemical composition of the atmosphere
construction of dams
deforestation and afforestation
removal of groundwater from wells
water abstraction from rivers
urbanization

tag: ul

text: Effects on climate

text: The water cycle is powered from solar energy. 86% of the global evaporation occurs from the oceans, reducing their temperature by evaporative cooling.[21] Without the cooling, the effect of evaporation on the greenhouse effect would lead to a much higher surface temperature of 67 °C (153 °F), and a warmer planet.[citation needed]

text: Aquifer drawdown or overdrafting and the pumping of fossil water increases the total amount of water in the hydrosphere, and has been postulated to be a contributor to sea-level rise.[22]

text: Effects on biogeochemical cycling

text: While the water cycle is itself a biogeochemical cycle, flow of water over and beneath the Earth is a key component of the cycling of other biogeochemicals.[23] Runoff is responsible for almost all of the transport of eroded sediment and phosphorus from land to waterbodies.[24] The salinity of the oceans is derived from erosion and transport of dissolved salts from the land. Cultural eutrophication of lakes is primarily due to phosphorus, applied in excess to agricultural fields in fertilizers, and then transported overland and down rivers. Both runoff and groundwater flow play significant roles in transporting nitrogen from the land to waterbodies.[25] The dead zone at the outlet of the Mississippi River is a consequence of nitrates from fertilizer being carried off agricultural fields and funnelled down the river system to the Gulf of Mexico. Runoff also plays a part in the carbon cycle, again through the transport of eroded rock and soil.[26]

text: Slow loss over geologic time

text: The hydrodynamic wind within the upper portion of a planet's atmosphere allows light chemical elements such as Hydrogen to move up to the exobase, the lower limit of the exosphere, where the gases can then reach escape velocity, entering outer space without impacting other particles of gas. This type of gas loss from a planet into space is known as planetary wind.[27] Planets with hot lower atmospheres could result in humid upper atmospheres that accelerate the loss of hydrogen.[28]

text: History of hydrologic cycle theory

text: Floating land mass

text: In ancient times, it was widely thought that the land mass floated on a body of water, and that most of the water in rivers has its origin under the earth. Examples of this belief can be found in the works of Homer (circa 800 BCE).

text: Hebrew Bible

text: In the ancient near east, Hebrew scholars observed that even though the rivers ran into the sea, the sea never became full (). Some scholars conclude that the water cycle was described completely during this time in this passage: "The wind goeth toward the south, and turneth about unto the north; it whirleth about continually, and the wind returneth again according to its circuits. All the rivers run into the sea, yet the sea is not full; unto the place from whence the rivers come, thither they return again" (, KJV).[29] Scholars are not in agreement as to the date of Ecclesiastes, though most scholars point to a date during the time of King Solomon, son of David and Bathsheba, "three thousand years ago,[29] there is some agreement that the time period is 962-922 BCE.[30] Furthermore, it was also observed that when the clouds were full, they emptied rain on the earth (). In addition, during 793-740 BC a Hebrew prophet, Amos, stated that water comes from the sea and is poured out on the earth (, ).[31]

text: In the Biblical Book of Job, dated between 7th and 2nd centuries BCE,[32] there is a description of precipitation in the hydrologic cycle,[33] "For he maketh small the drops of water: they pour down rain according to the vapour thereof; Which the clouds do drop and distil upon man abundantly" (, KJV).

text: Precipitation and percolation

text: In the Adityahridayam (a devotional hymn to the Sun God) of Ramayana, a Hindu epic dated to the 4th century BC, it is mentioned in the 22nd verse that the Sun heats up water and sends it down as rain. By roughly 500 BCE, Greek scholars were speculating that much of the water in rivers can be attributed to rain. The origin of rain was also known by then. These scholars maintained the belief, however, that water rising up through the earth contributed a great deal to rivers. Examples of this thinking included Anaximander (570 BCE) (who also speculated about the evolution of land animals from fish[34]) and Xenophanes of Colophon (530 BCE).[35] Chinese scholars such as Chi Ni Tzu (320 BC) and Lu Shih Ch'un Ch'iu (239 BCE) had similar thoughts.[36] The idea that the water cycle is a closed cycle can be found in the works of Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (460 BCE) and Diogenes of Apollonia (460 BCE). Both Plato (390 BCE) and Aristotle (350 BCE) speculated about percolation as part of the water cycle.

text: Precipitation alone

text: Up to the time of the Renaissance, it was thought that precipitation alone was insufficient to feed rivers, for a complete water cycle, and that underground water pushing upwards from the oceans were the main contributors to river water. Bartholomew of England held this view (1240 CE), as did Leonardo da Vinci (1500 CE) and Athanasius Kircher (1644 CE).

text: The first published thinker to assert that rainfall alone was sufficient for the maintenance of rivers was Bernard Palissy (1580 CE), who is often credited as the "discoverer" of the modern theory of the water cycle. Palissy's theories were not tested scientifically until 1674, in a study commonly attributed to Pierre Perrault. Even then, these beliefs were not accepted in mainstream science until the early nineteenth century.[37]


document_title: Boroughs of New York City

question_text: which is the largest borough in new york city

text: Boroughs of New York City

text: Terminology[edit]

text: The term borough was adopted to describe a form of governmental administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city in 1898. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, a "borough" is a municipal corporation that is created when a county is merged with populated areas within it.[1] The limited powers of the borough governments are inferior to the authority of the Government of New York City, contrasting significantly with other borough administrations of government used in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, where a borough is an independent level of government, as well as borough forms used in other states and in Greater London.[2]

text: Background[edit]

text:
New York City's five boroughs

v
t
e

Jurisdiction
Population
Land area
Density

Borough
County
Estimate
(2016)[3]
square
miles
square
km
persons /
sq. mi
persons /
sq. km

Manhattan

New York

1,643,734
22.83
59.1
72,033
27,826

The Bronx

Bronx

1,455,720
42
110
34,653
13,231

Brooklyn

Kings

2,629,150
71
180
37,137
14,649

Queens

Queens

2,333,054
109
280
21,460
8,354

Staten Island

Richmond

476,015
58.5
152
8,112
3,132

City of New York

8,537,673
303.33
781.1
28,188
10,947

State of New York

19,745,289
47,214
122,284
416.4
159

Sources: see individual borough articles

text: New York City is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs; the term is used to refer to New York City as a whole unambiguously, avoiding confusion with any particular borough or with the Greater New York metropolitan area. The term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing. In the same vein, the term outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan, even though the geographic center of the city is along the Brooklyn–Queens border. All five boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation, when the city's current boundaries were established.

text: Changes after 1898[edit]

text: The Bronx originally included parts of New York County outside of Manhattan that had previously been ceded by neighboring Westchester County in two stages; in 1874 and then following a referendum in 1894. Ultimately in 1914, the present-day separate Bronx County became the last county to be created in the State of New York.

text: The borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then-larger Queens County. In 1899, the three eastern towns of Queens County that had not joined the city the year before—the towns of Hempstead, North Hempstead, and Oyster Bay—formally seceded from Queens County to form the new Nassau County.[4]

text: The borough of Staten Island, concurrent with Richmond County, was officially the borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation, while leaving the name of the county unchanged.[5]

text: Description of the boroughs[edit]

text: There are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own.

text:
Manhattan (New York County) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough; is the symbol of New York City, as home to most of the city's skyscrapers and prominent landmarks, including Times Square and Central Park; and may be locally known simply as The City.[8][9] Manhattan's (New York County's) population density of 72,033 people per square mile (27,812/km2) in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual U.S. city.[10] Manhattan is the cultural, administrative, and financial center of New York City and contains the headquarters of many major multinational corporations, the United Nations Headquarters, Wall Street, and a number of important universities. Manhattan is often described as the cultural, financial, media, and entertainment capital of the world.[11][12][13][14][15]

Most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River. Several small islands are also part of the borough of Manhattan, including Randall's Island, Wards Island, and Roosevelt Island in the East River, and Governors Island to the south in New York Harbor; Liberty Island, on which the Statue of Liberty stands, is a Manhattan exclave. Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions. Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem. The borough also includes a small neighborhood on the United States mainland, called Marble Hill. Marble Hill was originally part of Manhattan Island, but is now contiguous with the Bronx after having been severed from Manhattan Island by the construction of the Harlem River Ship Canal south of the neighborhood, and having been connected to the mainland by the subsequent filling in of the Harlem River's original path to the neighborhood's north. New York City's remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs.

text:
Brooklyn (Kings County), on the western tip of Long Island, is the city's most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods, and a distinctive architectural heritage. Downtown Brooklyn is the largest central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country.[16] Marine Park[17] and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms,[18][19] and of postmodern art[20] and design.[19]
Queens (Queens County), on Long Island north and east of Brooklyn, is geographically the largest borough, the most ethnically diverse county in the United States,[21] as well as the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.[6][7] Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch, the borough has since developed both commercial and residential prominence. Downtown Flushing has become one of the busiest central core neighborhoods in the outer boroughs. Queens is the site of Citi Field, the baseball stadium of the New York Mets, and hosts the annual U.S. Open tennis tournament at Flushing Meadows-Corona Park. Additionally, two of the three busiest airports serving the New York metropolitan area, John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, are located in Queens. (The third is Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark, New Jersey.)
Staten Island (Richmond County) is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and to Manhattan by way of the Staten Island Ferry, a free commuter ferry and popular tourist attraction which provides unobstructed views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and Lower Manhattan. In central Staten Island, the Staten Island Greenbelt spans approximately 2,500 acres (10 km2), including 28 miles (45 km) of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city.[22] Designated in 1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks.
The Bronx (Bronx County) is New York City's northernmost borough and the only New York City borough that is part of the United States mainland. It is the location of Yankee Stadium, the baseball stadium of the New York Yankees, and home to the largest cooperatively owned housing complex in the United States, Co-op City.[23] It is also home to the Bronx Zoo, the world's largest metropolitan zoo,[24] which covers 265 acres (107 ha) and houses over 6,000 animals.[25] Pelham Bay Park is the largest park in New York City, at 2,765 acres (1,119 ha).[17]

text: Governance[edit]

text: Since 1914, each of New York City's five boroughs has been coextensive with a county of New York State – unlike most U.S. cities, which lie within a single county or extend partially into another county, constitute a county in themselves, or are completely separate and independent of any county.

text: Each borough is represented by a borough president. Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island each have a Borough Hall with limited administrative functions. The Manhattan Borough President's office is situated in the Manhattan Municipal Building. The Bronx Borough President's office used to be in its own Bronx Borough Hall but has been in the Bronx County Courthouse for decades. Since the abolition of the Board of Estimate in 1990 (due to a 1989 ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court[26]), the borough presidents have minimal executive powers, and there is no legislative function within a borough. Executive functions in New York City are the responsibility of the Mayor of New York City, while legislative functions reside with the New York City Council. The borough presidents primarily act as spokesmen, advocates, and ceremonial leaders for their boroughs, have budgets from which they can allocate relatively modest sums of money to community organizations and projects, and appoint the members of the 59 largely advisory community boards in the city's various neighborhoods. The Brooklyn and Queens borough presidents also appoint trustees to the local public library systems in those boroughs.

text: Being coextensive with an individual county, each borough also elects a district attorney, as does every other county of New York State. While the district attorneys of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island are popularly referred to as such by the media (e.g., "Manhattan D.A. Cyrus Vance, Jr.", or "Brooklyn D.A. Kenneth P. Thompson"), they are technically and legally the district attorneys of New York County, Kings County and Richmond County, respectively. There is no such distinction made for the district attorneys of the other two counties, Queens and the Bronx, since these boroughs share the respective counties' names. Because the five district attorneys are, technically speaking, state officials (since the counties are considered to be arms of the state government), rather than officials of the city government, they are not subject to the term limitations that govern other New York City officials such as the mayor, the New York City Public Advocate, members of the city council, or the borough presidents. Some civil court judges also are elected on a borough-wide basis, although they generally are eligible to serve throughout the city.

text: Sixth borough[edit]

text: The term sixth borough is used to describe any of a number of places that have been metaphorically called a part of New York City because of their geographic location, demographics (they include large numbers of former New Yorkers), special affiliation, or cosmopolitan character. They have included adjacent cities and counties in the New York metropolitan area as well as in other states, U.S. territories, and foreign countries.[27][28][29] In 2011, New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg referred to the city's waterfront and waterways as a composite sixth borough during presentations of planned rehabilitation projects along the city's shoreline,[30][31][32][33][34][35] including Governor's Island in the Upper New York Bay.[36] The Hudson Waterfront in the U.S. state of New Jersey lies opposite Manhattan on the Hudson River, and during the Dutch colonial era, was under the jurisdiction of New Amsterdam and known as Bergen. Jersey City and Hoboken in Hudson County, New Jersey, are sometimes referred to as the sixth borough, given their proximity and connections by rapid transit PATH trains.[37][38][39][40] Fort Lee, New Jersey, in Bergen County, opposite Upper Manhattan and connected by the George Washington Bridge, has also been called the sixth borough.[41][42][43] Miami and nearby areas in Florida,[44][45] Philadelphia[46] and China[47] are locales entirely outside the city's metropolitan area which have been called New York City's sixth borough.