document_title: Gelatin silver process

question_text: where did the dry plate (gelatin-silver) system originate

question_tokens: where did the dry plate ( gelatin-silver ) system originate

text: Gelatin silver process

text: History[edit]

text: The gelatin silver process was introduced by Richard Leach Maddox in 1871 with subsequent considerable improvements in sensitivity obtained by Charles Harper Bennett in 1878.

text: Gelatin silver print paper was made as early as 1874 on a commercial basis, but it was poor quality because the dry-plate emulsion was coated onto the paper only as an afterthought. Coating machines for the production of continuous rolls of sensitized paper were in use by the mid-1880s, though widespread adoption of gelatin silver print materials did not occur until the 1890s. The earliest papers had no baryta layer, and it was not until the 1890s that baryta coating became a commercial operation, first in Germany, in 1894, and then taken up by Kodak by 1900.

text: Although the baryta layer plays an important part in the manufacture of smooth and glossy prints, the baryta paper of the 1890s did not produce the lustrous or glossy print surface that became the standard for fine art photography in the twentieth century. Matting agents, textured papers, and thin baryta layers that were not heavily calendering produced a low-gloss and textured appearance. The higher gloss papers first became popular in the 1920s and 30s as photography transitioned from pictorialism into modernism, photojournalism, and “straight” photography.

text: Research over the last 125 years has led to current materials that exhibit low grain and high sensitivity to light.

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
1874 – First commercial production of gelatin developing out paper (DOP)
1885 – Coating machines first used in gelatin DOP manufacture for manufacture of continuous rolls
1894 – Baryta layer added to commercial gelatin DOP manufacture
1920s – Increasing popularity of glossy and semi-gloss papers
1960s – Color photography eclipses black and white for the first time

text: Technology[edit]

text: Overview[edit]

text: The gelatin silver print or gelatin developing out paper (DOP) is a monochrome imaging process based on the light sensitivity of silver halides. They have been made for both contact printing and enlarging purposes by modifying the paper’s light sensitivity. A brief exposure to a negative produces a latent image, which is then made visible by a developing agent. The image is then made permanent by treatment in a photographic fixer, which removes the remaining light sensitive silver halides. And finally, a water bath clears the fixer from the print. The final image consists of small particles of silver bound in a layer of gelatin. This gelatin image layer is only one of the four layers found in a typical gelatin silver print, which typically include the overcoat, image layer, baryta, and paper support.

text: Layer structure[edit]

text: A gelatin silver print is composed of four layers: paper base, baryta, gelatin binder, and a protective gelatin layer or overcoat. The multi-layer structure of the gelatin silver print and the sensitivity of the silver imaging salts require specialized coating equipment and fastidious manufacturing technique to produce a consistent product that is free of impurities harmful to the image.

text: The paper base or support serves as the substrate onto which the subsequent layers are attached. Paper is in many ways an ideal support: it is lightweight, flexible, and strong enough to withstand both wet processing and regular handling. The photographic paper base must be free of photoactive impurities such as iron and lignins. In order to obtain this purity, the paper was originally made from cotton rags, though after World War I there was a transition to purified wood pulp, which has been used ever since.

text: The second layer is the baryta, a white opaque coating made primarily from gelatin and barium sulfate. Its purpose is to cover the paper fibers and form a smooth surface upon which to coat the gelatin. Surface textures are created by a variety of textured felts used in the drying of the paper, calendaring, and embossing before or after application of the baryta layer depending on the desired effect.

text: The third layer is the gelatin binder that holds the silver grains of the photographic image. Gelatin has many qualities that make it an ideal photographic binder. Among these are toughness and abrasion resistance when dry and its ability to swell and allow the penetration of processing solutions. The fourth layer, called the overcoat, supercoat, or topcoat, is a very thin layer of hardened gelatin that is applied on top of the gelatin binder. It acts as a protective layer, providing superior abrasion resistance to the print surface.

text: Image and processing[edit]

text: Before a paper is exposed, the image layer is a clear gelatin matrix holding the light-sensitive silver halides. For gelatin silver prints, these silver halides are typically combinations of silver bromide and silver chloride. Exposure to a negative is typically done with an enlarger, although contact printing was also popular, particularly among amateurs in the early twentieth century and among users of large format cameras. Wherever the light strikes the paper the silver halides form small specks of silver metal on their surface. Light causes a reduction of the silver salt to silver metal. This exposure is the greatest in areas of the print corresponding to clear parts of the negatives, which become the shadows or high density areas of the print.

text: This process is the formation of the latent image, as it forms an invisible image in the paper that is subsequently made visible by development. So the paper is now placed in the developer, which transforms the silver halide particles that have a latent image speck on them into metallic silver. Now the image is visible, but the remaining unexposed silver halide must still be removed to make the image permanent. But first the print is placed into the stop bath, which stops development and prevents the developer from contaminating the next bath: the fixer.

text: The fixer, typically sodium thiosulfate, is able to remove the unexposed silver halide by forming a water-soluble complex with it. And finally, a water wash sometimes preceded by a washing aid removes the fixer from the print, leaving an image composed of silver particles held in the clear gelatin image layer. Toning is sometimes used for permanence or aesthetic purposes and follows the fixing step. Selenium, gold, and sulfur toners are the most common and act by either partially converting the silver to another compound (such as silver selenide or silver sulfide) or partially replacing the silver with another metal (such as gold).[1]

text: When small crystals (called grains) of silver salts such as silver bromide and silver chloride are exposed to light, a few atoms of free metallic silver are liberated. These free silver atoms form the latent image. This latent image is relatively stable and will persist for some months without degradation provided the film is kept dark and cool. Films are developed using solutions that reduce silver halides in the presence of free silver atoms. An 'amplification' of the latent image occurs as the silver halides near the free silver atom are reduced to metallic silver. The strength, temperature and time for which the developer is allowed to act allow the photographer to control the contrast of the final image. The development is then stopped by neutralizing the developer in a second bath.

text: Once development is complete, the undeveloped silver salts must be removed by fixing in sodium thiosulphate or ammonium thiosulphate, and then the negative or print must be washed in clean water. The final image consists of metallic silver embedded in the gelatin coating.

text: All gelatin silver photographic materials are subject to deterioration. The silver particles that comprise the image are susceptible to oxidation, leading to yellowing and fading of the image. Poor processing can also result in various forms of image degradation, due to residual silver-thiosulfate complexes. Toning increases the stability of the silver image by coating the silver image with a less easily oxidized metal such as gold, or by converting portions of the silver image particles into more stable compounds, such as silver selenide or silver sulfide.[1]

text: Digital silver gelatin printing[edit]

text: Also known as digital bromides, black and white silver gelatin prints imaged via digital output devices such as the Durst Lambda and the Océ LightJet, have been developed for the art market by Ilford Imaging – now Harman Technology in collaboration with Steve McLeod.

text: By adapting a large format paper processor in conjunction with the manufacturers, McLeod's innovation led the way for the possibility of producing large resin coated (RC) and fibre based (FB) black and white prints.

text: Ilford, in collaboration with Metro Imaging, London adapted their FB Galerie emulsion paper and its light sensitivity so that it would be receptive to full spectrum RGB laser channels.

text: In molecular biology[edit]

text: An essentially identical procedure called "silver staining" is utilized in molecular biology to visualize DNA or proteins after gel electrophoresis, usually SDS-PAGE. The latent image is formed by the DNA or protein molecules (i.e. the reduced silver selectively precipitates onto those molecules). It is known for being nearly as sensitive as autoradiography, the "gold standard" technique, but one not widely used due to the use of radioactive materials.[2]


document_title: List of busiest railway stations in Great Britain

question_text: which is the busiest train station in the uk

root

text: List[edit]

text:
Rank
Railway Station
Annual entries/exits
(millions)
2015–16
Annual interchanges
(millions)
2015–16
Location
Main Services
Number of platforms
Interchange systems
Image

1
London Waterloo
99.148
6.098
London
South Western Main Line
West of England Main Line
7001240000000000000♠24 (has Platforms 25 and 26)
London Underground

2
London Victoria
81.151
5.621
London
Brighton Main Line
Chatham Main Line
7001190000000000000♠19
London Underground

3
London Liverpool Street
66.557
2.481
London
Great Eastern Main Line
West Anglia Main Line
7001180000000000000♠18
London Underground, London Overground, TfL Rail

4
London Bridge
53.851
2.025
London
South Eastern Main Line
Brighton Main Line
Thameslink
7001150000000000000♠15
London Underground

5
London Euston
41.678
3.854
London
West Coast Main Line
7001180000000000000♠18
London Underground, London Overground

6
Stratford
41.113
3.335
London
Great Eastern Main Line
Lea Valley Lines
7001210000000000000♠21 (4 and 7 disused, 3A, 4A, 4B, and 10A exist)
London Underground, Docklands Light Railway, London Overground, TfL Rail

7
Birmingham New Street
39.077
5.825
Birmingham
West Coast Main Line
Cross Country Route
7001130000000000000♠13
Midland Metro

8
London Paddington
36.537
2.991
London
Great Western Main Line
South Wales Main Line
Reading to Plymouth Line
7001140000000000000♠14 (Platforms 15 and 16 exist)
London Underground

9
London King's Cross
33.362
3.684
London
East Coast Main Line
7001120000000000000♠12 (starts at 0)
London Underground

10
Clapham Junction
32.282
30.449
London
South Western Main Line
West of England Main Line
Brighton Main Line
7001170000000000000♠17
London Overground

11
London St Pancras
31.724
4.474
London
Midland Main Line
Thameslink
Eurostar
7001150000000000000♠15
London Underground

12
Glasgow Central
30.001
3.486
Glasgow
West Coast Main Line
7001170000000000000♠17
Glasgow Subway (close by)

13
Leeds
29.724
3.052
Leeds
East Coast Main Line
Midland Main Line
Cross Country Route
7001170000000000000♠17

14
London Charing Cross
28.998
0.827
London
South Eastern Main Line
7000600000000000000♠6
London Underground

15
Highbury and Islington
28.166
2.834
London
North London Line
East London Line
7000800000000000000♠8
London Underground, London Overground

16
Manchester Piccadilly
25.793
2.886
Manchester
West Coast Main Line
7001140000000000000♠14
Manchester Metrolink

17
East Croydon
24.262
7.055
London
Brighton Main Line
7000600000000000000♠6
Croydon Tramlink

18
Canada Water
23.644
0
London
East London Line
7000400000000000000♠4
London Underground

19
Edinburgh Waverley
21.724
1.327
Edinburgh
East Coast Main Line
West Coast Main Line
7001180000000000000♠18
Edinburgh Trams

20
London Cannon Street
21.242
0.767
London
South Eastern Main Line
7000700000000000000♠7
London Underground

21
Vauxhall
20.932
0.000
London
South Western Main Line
7000800000000000000♠8
London Underground

22
Wimbledon
20.439
1.336
London
South Western Main Line
7001100000000000000♠10
London Underground, Croydon Tramlink

23
London Fenchurch Street
18.045
0.613
London
London, Tilbury & Southend Line
7000400000000000000♠4

24
Gatwick Airport
18.029
1.282
Gatwick Airport
Brighton Main Line
Gatwick Express
7000700000000000000♠7

25
Brighton
17.333
1.867
Brighton
Brighton Main Line
West Coastway Line
East Coastway Line

7000800000000000000♠8

26
Reading
16.756
3.970
Reading
Great Western Main Line
7001150000000000000♠15

27
Glasgow Queen Street
16.425
1.734
Glasgow
Glasgow to Edinburgh
7000900000000000000♠9
Glasgow Subway (close by)

28
London Marylebone
15.933
0.534
London
Chiltern Main Line
7000600000000000000♠6
London Underground

29
Liverpool Central
15.639
0.435
Liverpool
Merseyrail services (Wirral and Northern lines)
7000300000000000000♠3

30
Liverpool Lime Street
15.227
1.336
Liverpool
West Coast Main Line
Liverpool to Manchester Lines
7001100000000000000♠10

tag: table

text: Below this, station usage was as follows:

tag: p

text:
Cardiff Central, Putney, Cambridge, Canada Water and Bristol Temple Meads had reported over 10 million passengers. Canada Water is the busiest station with 2 National Rail platforms.
A further 50 stations had reported 5 to 10 million passengers
464 had reported passengers of 1–5 million
325 had reported passengers of 500,001–1 million
488 had reported passengers of 200,001–500,000
337 had reported passengers of 100,001–200,000
250 had reported passengers of 50,001–100,000
350 had reported passengers of 10,001–50,000
188 had reported passengers of 1,001–10,000
41 had reported passengers of 101–1,000
In 2014-15, eleven stations- Kildonan (96), Breich (92), Buckenham (88), Elton and Orston (88), Golf Street (86), Pilning (68), Barry Links (60), Reddish South (54), Teesside Airport (32), Coombe (26) and Shippea Hill (22) and reported fewer than 100 passengers.

tag: ul

text: London termini[edit]

text: This is a list of the busiest stations in the "London terminals" station group.

text:
Rank
Station
Annual entries/exits
(millions)
2014–15
Annual interchanges
(millions)
2014–15

1
Waterloo
99.202
10.189

2
Victoria
85.338
9.638

3
Liverpool Street
63.631
3.144

4
London Bridge
49.519
8.454

5
Charing Cross
42.979
1.068

6
Euston
42.952
3.535

7
Paddington
35.725
2.843

8
King's Cross
31.347
3.736

9
St Pancras
26.466
3.888

10
Cannon Street
22.130
2.351

11
Vauxhall
21.111
0.000

12
Fenchurch Street
17.598
0.616

13
Marylebone
15.978
0.496

14
Blackfriars
15.149
1.199

15
Moorgate
9.398
0.580

16
Waterloo East
7.872
1.377

17
Kensington (Olympia)
7.249
0.003

18
Farringdon
7.007
0.113

19
City Thameslink
6.354
0.003

20
Elephant & Castle
3.257
0.118

text: Other London stations[edit]

text: This is a list of the busiest stations in Greater London, excluding those listed above under the London termini.

text:
Rank
Station
Annual entries/exits
(millions)
2014–15
Annual interchanges
(millions)
2014–15

1
Stratford
30.974
3.053

2
Clapham Junction
26.466
28.426

3
East Croydon
22.767
7.516

4
Highbury and Islington
19.976
2.893

5
Wimbledon
19.527
1.405

6
Putney
11.158
0.000

7
Canada Water
10.331
0.000

8
Richmond
9.768
1.877

9
Barking
9.675
0.649

10
Surbiton
9.604
0.937

11
Lewisham
9.218
2.003

12
Romford
8.947
0.546

13
Ilford
8.022
0.023

14
Balham
7.644
0.372

15
Bromley South
7.381
0.867

16
Whitechapel
7.163
0.000

17
Sutton
6.779
0.644

18
Earlsfield
6.553
0.000

19
Dalston Kingsland
6.389
0.000

20
Finsbury Park
6.264
1.045

text: Other stations in Great Britain[edit]

text: This is a list of the busiest stations in Great Britain outside of London.

text:
Rank
Railway Station
Annual entries/exits
(millions)
2014–15
Annual interchanges
(millions)
2014–15

1
Birmingham New Street
35.313
5.379

2
Glasgow Central
28.965
3.499

3
Leeds
28.848
2.890

4
Manchester Piccadilly
24.615
2.722

5
Edinburgh Waverley
21.107
1.257

6
Gatwick Airport
17.494
1.046

7
Brighton
17.171
1.849

8
Glasgow Queen Street
16.959
1.715

9
Reading
16.340
3.925

10
Liverpool Central
15.273
0.399

11
Liverpool Lime Street
14.871
1.237

12
Cardiff Central
11.939
1.755

13
Cambridge
10.420
0.558

14
Bristol Temple Meads
10.100
1.475

15
Sheffield
9.113
1.007

16
York
8.586
1.386

17
Chelmsford
8.381
0.053

18
Guildford
8.091
1.097

19
Newcastle
8.053
0.422

20
Woking
7.963
1.674


document_title: Monopoly Junior

question_text: how much money do you start with monopoly junior

text: Monopoly Junior

text: History[edit]

text: Parker Brothers began producing Monopoly Junior in 1990, explicitly marketed for players aged five to eight, with a simplified board and game play as compared to the standard Monopoly game. The Monopoly Junior board was based on a fair's midway, and featured 16 "amusements" rather than 28 properties. Players chose a car token in one of four colors (red roller coaster car, blue bumper car, green flume and yellow carousel horse), and used corresponding colored "ticket booths" (hotel pieces from the standard Monopoly game) to denote ownership of the amusements in lieu of title deeds. The game play mechanics are the same as the standard game: players roll a die (a single die, rather than two dice) and move their token clockwise around the board the number of spaces corresponding to the rolled die.

text: When players land on a vacant amusement they must purchase the amusement for the price shown on the board; the player cannot decline to buy the amusement, and there is no auction. Amusements cannot be improved with houses or hotels as in the standard Monopoly game. However, like the standard game, if the player doesn't have the exact amount to pay the stated price, the banker is allowed to make change. When a player lands on an amusement owned by an opponent they must pay their opponent the value of the amusement marked on the board. If a player lands on one of a pair of amusements of the same color owned by the same player they must pay their opponent double the value of the amusement they landed on. Play continues until one of the players is bankrupted; the player with the most cash on hand wins.

text: In 2013, the game was revised with the board now based on a simplified version of a city rather than a midway. The player tokens were replaced with a green car, blue ship, orange cat and black dog. The ticket booths were replaced with "sold signs", cardboard pieces featuring cartoon caricatures of the player tokens. The $1, $2, $3, $4 and $5 notes were replaced with single-denomination "Monopoly money" notes, and the prices on the board were denoted with a Monopoly money currency glyph (an uppercase 'M' with two horizontal crossbars) instead of dollars or pounds. The board became more reminiscent of the standard Monopoly board, replacing the "Rest Rooms" (or "Café", depending on the version of the board) with "Jail" and "Uncle Pennybag's Loose Change" with "Free Parking". The four Railroad spaces, the Fireworks space, the Water Show and two Chance spaces were also eliminated, reducing the board size from 32 spaces to 24.

text: Board[edit]

text:
Free Parking

Video Game Arcade
¤3
Cinema
¤3
Chance
Toy Store
¤3
Pet Store
¤3
Go to Jail

Swimming Pool
¤2

MONOPOLY Junior

Bowling Alley
¤4

Skate Park
¤2
Zoo
¤4

Chance
Chance

Library
¤2
Park Place
¤5

Museum
¤2
Boardwalk
¤5

Jail/Just Visiting
Ice Cream Parlor
¤2
Candy Store
¤2
Chance
Pizza House
¤1
Burger Joint
¤1
Collect $2 salary as you pass
GO

text: Note: the monetary amounts on the board are actually denoted with a "Monopoly money" glyph, an uppercase M with double crossbars. The "¤" glyph is used here in lieu for typographical reasons.

text: Some space names on the British version of the board have different names, similar to the UK version of the original Monopoly board: "Park Lane" instead of "Park Place", and "Mayfair" instead of "Boardwalk", etc.

text:
Uncle Pennybag's Loose Change

Chance
Video Arcade
$3
Haunted House
$3
Chance
Blue Line Railroad (Roll Again)
Helicopter Ride
$4
Pony Ride
$4
Pay $2 to see the water show
Chance
Pay $3 To Take The Tramway To The Rest Rooms

Miniature Golf
$3

MONOPOLY Junior

Bumper Cars
$4

Water Slide
$3
Ferris Wheel
$4

Green Line Railroad (Roll Again)
Red Line Railroad (Roll Again)

Paddle Boats
$2
Loop The Loop
$5

Merry-Go-Round
$2
Roller Coaster
$5

Rest Rooms
Chance
Pay $2 to see the fireworks
Magic Show
$2
Puppet Show
$2
Yellow Line Railroad (Roll Again)
Chance
Cotton Candy
$1
Balloon Stand
$1
Chance
Collect $2 allowance as you pass
GO

text: Several of the space names are changed to British English terms on the British version of the board: "Candy Floss" instead of "Cotton Candy", "Water Chute" instead of "Water Slide", "Dodgems" instead of "Bumper Cars", "Big Wheel" instead of "Ferris Wheel" and "railways" instead of "railroads". Depending on the version of the board the Rest Rooms may be alternatively called the Café, and Uncle Pennybags may be alternatively called Mr. Monopoly.

text: Rules[edit]

text: Players take turns in order, with the initial player determined by age before the game: the youngest player goes first. Players are dealt an initial amount Monopoly money depending on the total number of players playing: 20 in a two-player game, 18 in a three-player game or 16 in a four-player game. A typical turn begins with the rolling of the die and the player advancing their token clockwise around the board the corresponding number of spaces. When the player lands on an unowned space they must purchase the space from the bank for the amount indicated on the board, and places a sold sign on the coloured band at the top of the space to denote ownership. If a player lands on a space owned by an opponent the player pays the opponent rent in the amount written on the board. If the opponent owns both properties of the same colour the rent is doubled.

text: You may sell properties for extra money or if you don't have enough money to pay the other players.

text: A player who lands on or passes the GO space collects 2 Monopoly money from the bank. Players who land on a Chance space must take the top Chance card from the draw pile and follow the instructions. No reward or penalty is given for landing on Free Parking or Just Visiting. Players who land on Go To Jail must move their token to Jail (without passing GO nor collecting 2 Monopoly money). To get out of Jail the player may use a Get Out of Jail Free card or pay 1 Monopoly money to the bank at the start of their next turn.

text: The game is over when a player is bankrupted by not having enough money to pay rent, buy a property or pay a fee on a Chance card. The remaining player with the most money wins. In the event of a tie the player with the most properties wins.

text: 1990 rules[edit]

text: The rules of the original Monopoly Junior game are very similar to the modern rules. Players are dealt $31 at the beginning of the game: five $1 notes, four $2, three $3, one $4 and one $5. Players take turns in order, with the initial player determined by chance before the game: players roll the die, and the highest roller goes first. A typical turn begins with the rolling of the die and the player advancing their token clockwise around the board the corresponding number of spaces. When the player lands on a vacant amusement they must purchase the amusement from the bank for the amount indicated on the board, and places a ticket booth token on the colored band at the top of the space to denote ownership. If a player lands on an amusement owned by an opponent the player pays the opponent rent in the amount written on the board. If the opponent owns both amusements of the same color the rent is doubled.

text: A player who lands on or passes the GO space collects $2 from the bank. Players who land on a Chance space must take the top Chance card from the draw pile and follow the instructions. Chance cards indicating a Free Ticket Booth allow the player to claim a vacant amusement of the color indicated on the card for free, or to remove the ticket booth from an amusement (of the indicated color) owned by another player, unless both amusements of that color are owned by one player; in which case, the player who drew the Chance card must discard it and draw another. No reward or penalty is given for landing on the Rest Rooms, as they are "Just Waiting". Players who land on "Pay $3 Take the Tramway to the Rest Rooms" must pay $3 and place it on Uncle Pennybag's Loose Change and move their token to the Rest Rooms (without passing GO or collecting $2). On their next turn they may roll the die and move their token as usual. Players who land on the Fireworks or Water Show must place $2 on Uncle Pennybag's Loose Change. A player who lands on Uncle Pennybag's Loose Change is rewarded with any money on the space. Players who land on any of the Railroads must roll the die again and move their token.

text: The game is over when a player is bankrupted by not having enough money to pay rent, buy an amusement or pay a fee. All remaining players count their money, and the player with the most money wins.

text: 2006 rules changes[edit]

text: There are no Uncle Pennybag's Loose Change or Restroom spots

text: Players who land on 'Go To Lunch' pay $3 to the bank, then move the pawn directly to Lunch without passing 'GO'.

text: Differences between Monopoly and Monopoly Junior[edit]

text:
Monopoly
Monopoly Junior

Players start with $1,500 ($1×5, $5×5, $10×5, $20×6, $50×2, $100×2 and $500×2)
Players start with $16-20 ($31 in the original game)

The board is made up of 40 spaces.
The board is made up of 24 spaces. (32 on the original board.)

Players roll 2 six-sided dice for each turn. Players may roll again when rolling doubles, but must go to Jail if doubles are rolled three times in a row.
Players roll 1 six-sided die for each turn. (Players must roll again when landing on a Railroad space on the original board.)

Players collect $200 when passing or landing on GO.
Players collect $2 when passing or landing on GO.

Buying properties is optional. If a player declines to buy a property for its asking price the property is auctioned.
Buying properties (or amusements) is compulsory. There is no auction.

Properties can be improved with houses and hotels.
Properties (or amusements) cannot be improved.

Color groups have two or three properties.
Color groups have two properties (or amusements).

Denominations of money are $1 (white), $5 (pink), $10 (yellow), $20 (green), $50 (blue), $100 (beige), and $500 (orange) notes.
The only denomination is 1 Monopoly money (white). (The original game featured denominations of $1 (white), $2 (yellow), $3 (blue), $4 (green) and $5 (pink) notes.)

Ownership of properties is marked by Title Deed.
Ownership of properties is marked by a sold sign placed on the board. (In the original game ownership of amusements is marked by a ticket booth.)

When the player lands on Go To Jail they must go straight to Jail.
In the original game when the player must take the tramway to the Rest Rooms they must go straight to the Rest Rooms and pay $3.

To get out of Jail the player must throw doubles on one of their next three turns, use a Get Out of Jail Free card, or pay a fine of $50 (which must be paid if doubles are not thrown by the third turn).
To get out of Jail the player must use a Get Out of Jail Free card or pay a fine of $1 on their next turn. (In the original game the player is free to leave the Rest Rooms on their next turn.)

There are Chance and Community Chest cards.
All cards are Chance cards.

The game ends when one player forces all other players to go bankrupt.
The game ends when one player is bankrupted. The winner is the remaining player with the most cash on hand.

Extra money can be borrowed by mortgaging properties.
It is not possible to borrow money in any way.

Free Parking jackpot is a common house rule, but not official.
In the original game Uncle Pennybag's Loose Change is an official rule.

text: Versions[edit]

text: In addition to the standard Monopoly Junior, several variations have been released.[1] Among them:

text:
Travel Edition (1994)
Deep Sea Adventure (2000)
Dig 'N Dinos (2001)
Toy Story (2001)
Disney Princess (2004)
Shrek 2 (2004)
Lemonade (2005)
Disney Channel (2007)
Trek Alaska
Despicable Me 2 (2013) - this version omits the Railway spaces and uses a spinner similar to the "pod" in the Despicable Me 2 Battle Pods game in place of a die, as well as figures shared between the two games and the Despicable Me 2 edition of Operation.
Finding Dory (2016)


document_title: The Originals (season 5)

question_text: when does season 5 episode 6 of the originals come out

text: The Originals (season 5)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Joseph Morgan as Niklaus "Klaus" Mikaelson
Daniel Gillies as Elijah Mikaelson
Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley Marshall[a]
Charles Michael Davis as Marcellus "Marcel" Gerard
Yusuf Gatewood as Vincent Griffith
Riley Voelkel as Freya Mikaelson
Danielle Rose Russell as Hope Mikaelson[5]
Steven Krueger as Joshua "Josh" Rosza[6][b]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Nathaniel Buzolic as Kol Mikaelson[7]
Torrance Coombs as Declan O'Connell
Jedidiah Goodacre as Roman Sienna
Christina Moses as Keelin
Alexis Louder as Lisina
Nadine Lewington as Greta Sienna
Nicholas Alexander as Henry Benoit
Shiva Kalaiselvan as Ivy
Jaime Murray as Antoinette Sienna
Robert Baker as Emmett

text: Special guest[edit]

text:
Claire Holt as Rebekah Mikaelson
Candice King as Caroline Forbes[8]
Danielle Campbell as Davina Claire[7]
Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman[9]
Leah Pipes as Camille "Cami" O'Connell[10]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Demetrius Bridges as Dorian Williams
Katie Jane Cook as Poppy
Summer Fontana as young Hope Mikaelson
Rick Espaillat as Pierre
Malone Thomas as Colette
Jason Burkey as David
Jamie Thomas King as August Muller
Colin Woodell as Aiden
Ian Pala as Max
Jimmy Ray Pickens as Bill
Allison Gobuzzi as Elizabeth "Lizzie" Saltzman
Bella Samman as Josette "Josie" Saltzman
Aria Shahghasemi as Landon Kirby[11]
Nathan Parsons as Jackson Kenner
Sam Ashby as Connor
Sebastian Roché as Mikael

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Tonkin is credited as a series regular in episodes 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, and 13. In all other episodes, she is not credited and does not appear.

Jump up ^ Krueger is credited as a series regular from episode 1 to 10. From episode 11 to 13, he is not credited and does not appear.

tag: ol

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)801"Where You Left Your Heart"Lance AndersonMarguerite MacIntyreApril 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)T46.100010.97[12]
Desperate to see by her father Klaus after seven years, Hope resorts to drastic measures to bring her father back to New Orleans. Hayley attempts to minimize the fallout from Hope's actions, but not before news of what she has done ripples through the city. Meanwhile, Freya's guilt over not being able to reunite her family gets in the way of her happiness with Keelin, while Rebekah struggles with her inability to fully commit to Marcel. Finally, struggling without Elijah by his side, Klaus's murderous rampage throughout Europe leads to an unexpected encounter with Caroline Forbes.
812"One Wrong Turn on Bourbon"Carol BankerCarina Adly MacKenzieApril 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)T46.100021.03[13]
When a mysterious disappearance brings Klaus back to New Orleans, Hope looks forward to the prospect of seeing her father again. However, when the dark magic that had been keeping them apart begins to manifest in dangerous ways across the city, Vincent turns to Ivy for guidance about what it may mean. Elsewhere, Marcel returns to New Orleans amidst increased tensions between the supernatural factions, while Freya makes a decision about her future with Keelin. Finally, Roman's surprise visit to the Mikaelson compound forces Hope to reveal some dark truths about her family. Josh also appears.
823"Ne Me Quitte Pas"Joseph MorganK.C. Perry & Michelle ParadiseMay 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)T46.100030.90[14]
With no memories, Elijah moves to New York and meets Antoinette, a female vampire who does not own a daylight ring. In New York, Elijah runs into Marcel who warns him to stay away from New York, due to Rebekah also living there. However, Elijah's obsession with his past leads to Antoinette breaking things off with him. Elijah decides to move to France to look for her. Flash forward seven years, Elijah has found happiness with his simple life in France and proposes to Antoinette. Just as they are about to celebrate, Klaus arrives and announces his plans to take his brother back.
834"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea"Michael GrossmanBeau DeMayo & Kyle ArringtonMay 9, 2018 (2018-05-09)T46.100040.76[15]
Klaus ends up threatening the werewolves, witches, and vampires following Hayley's disappearence. When his attempts to find her fail, he decides to take hostages, including Josh. Although Marcel attempts to calm him down, Klaus's hostage situation takes a turn for the worse. Meanwhile, Freya visits Hope at the Salvatore School to give her advice about life as a firstborn Mikaelson witch.
845"Don't It Just Break Your Heart"Jeffrey W. ByrdStory by : Bianca Sams & Jeffrey Lieber Teleplay by : Jeffrey LieberMay 16, 2018 (2018-05-16)T46.100050.80[16]
Marcel and Klaus stampede the vampire's household, killing everyone, except Greta, who admits to being the one who kidnapped Hayley. As they bleed her of vervain, she confesses that her husband was killed by Klaus and that Hayley will be delivered to them safely if Hope undergoes the same spell Klaus did to suppress his werewolf side. Marcel contacts Freya, who attempts the spell reluctantly, but Klaus stops it. In France, Antoinette tells Elijah that she had met him before their encounter in New York. Their relationship is strained as Antoinette talks about her father, Auguste, a vampire zealot who slaughtered werewolves, an artist who Elijah and Klaus had threatened in the 1930s. During that time, Klaus ultimately murdered Auguste along with his villagers, claiming that anyone who could pick up a coin laying next to his body would be shown mercy. Auguste's wife scrambles out of their house and picks up the coin, begging Klaus to show mercy on her, her daughter, and her son – respectively Greta, Antoinette, and Roman. In the present, Roman and Hope sneak out of the Salvatore School.
856"What, Will, I, Have, Left"Charles Michael DavisMarguerite MacIntyreMay 30, 2018 (2018-05-30)T46.100060.82[17]
With the two of them being cloaked, Roman eventually leads Hope to Hayley where he chains up Hope and defends his mother's action. Caroline and Klaus also team up to search for her, and on the way reflect on their past. Meanwhile, Freya and Vincent argue about whether they should tell Declan about Hayley's life, with Vincent being afraid of Declan suffering the same fate as Cami. Vincent keeps quiet after seeing that Declan is related to Cami. Greta visits Antoinette where she convinces Elijah to try to stop Klaus from killing Roman. Hayley eventually agrees to having her werewolf side suppressed, which will cause a beacon so Freya and Vincent can track her. Greta, Elijah, Klaus, and Caroline arrive. Caroline is quickly subdued, Hope ends up passing out from Greta, and Roman stands by and watches as Greta and Hayley duel. Elijah and Klaus manage to take their fight inside the house right as Hayley sacrifices herself to kill Greta.
867"God's Gonna Trouble the Water"Carl SeatonBianca Sams & Julie PlecJune 6, 2018 (2018-06-06)T46.100070.77[18]
Elijah and Antoinette visit the army Greta has created. There, Klaus shows up, bites Antoinette and imprisons them both. When Elijah spots her wound, he decides to make an offer to Klaus: Elijah will restore his memory if Klaus gives Antoinette his blood. When Klaus refuses, Elijah asks Marcel and Vincent, who agree. They conduct the spell which ends up failing. Meanwhile, Hope struggles with her mother's death, blaming herself. Klaus tries to comfort her, via astral projection done by Ivy, but Hope ends up pushing him away. Ivy manages to convince him to stay away from Hope, noting predictions of natural disasters made by a seer in the 1700s, which have all come true. The prediction states that if all of the disasters occur, all of the firstborns in New Orleans will die. Eventually, Hayley's funeral occurs, with another prediction happening. Klaus briefly stays with Hope before running off to prevent her from harm. On his path, he ends up trapped in a spell that transports him back to the Mikaelson residence where Elijah is also trapped.
878"The Kindness of Strangers"Kellie CyrusBeau DeMayo & Carina Adly MacKenzieJune 13, 2018 (2018-06-13)T46.100080.86[19]
All of the Mikaelson siblings end up trapped in the Chambre de Chasse as well as Marcel. It is there that they find out they are trapped in a spell with representational magic, each one of them having to find a key to unlock a door. Marcel tells them that Hope is planning to draw The Hollow out of all of their bodies. Kol and Marcel then discover a room that had been gone for over a century, meaning Hope could not have known about its existence. They deduce that it was Freya who cast the spell. She ends up vanishing after advising Klaus to let Hope do the spell. Everyone ends up unlocking the door only to enter Elijah's consciousness. There, everyone escapes and Elijah retains his memories. This results in him leaving Antoinette to mourn Hayley.
889"We Have Not Long to Love"Bethany RooneyK.C. Perry & Michelle ParadiseJune 20, 2018 (2018-06-20)T46.100090.77[20]
Hope blames Elijah for Hayley's death, disregarding the fact that Elijah had lost his memories then. When the whispers in Hope's head grow stronger, Hope visits Declan. Elijah is also there. Hope proceeds to release her anger onto Elijah. Hope confesses to Klaus that by hurting Elijah, the whispers in her voice stopped. Meanwhile, the vampires post flyers around the city, warning the werewolves that if they do not evacuate New Orleans, they will be forced out. This threat results in a faceoff between the werewolves and the vampires. When Vincent attempts to burn them, he finally realizes that they have a witch on their side. He realizes that Ivy is in danger and rushes to protect her; however, it is too late and she dies.
8910"There in the Disappearing Light"Daniel GilliesEva McKenna & Jeffrey LieberJuly 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)T46.100100.77[21]
After many failed attempts to rid Hope of the voices in her head, Klaus tracks down Roman and takes him. Antionette finds out about his abduction and asks Elijah to try to reason with Klaus. Hope ends up torturing Roman but is unwilling to kill him. Elijah comes up with a plan that will help Hope in ridding of the voices. Meanwhile, Marcel manages to track down the extremists but ends up getting captured and drained of his venom. Josh arrives to rescue him and in the process ends up dying. Antoinette gathers up the extremists in a church and Marcel, Hope, Klaus, and Elijah show up. There, Hope releases her anger, quieting the voices. Unbeknownst to them, Declan and Bill, who was finding documents for Declan, were up in the attic, with both of them getting affected by Hope's magic. Bill has died, causing Hope to trigger her curse.
9011"'Til the Day I Die"Geoff ShotzKyle Arrington & Marguerite MacIntyreJuly 18, 2018 (2018-07-18)T46.100110.68[22]
After Bill's death, Klaus notices a strange symptom present on Hope. He asks Davina for assistance, who conducts a spell but ends up finding out that Hope's condition will only worsen and will eventually kill her. Freya takes advantage of the Mikaelson reuniting and decides to have her wedding. Freya ends up asking Rebekah to be the maid of honor, Vincent to be the best man, Kol to officiate, and Elijah to walk her down the aisle. Elijah and Vincent turn down the offer. Elijah reminisces about Andrea, a woman he met in France, who was actually Hayley. After reading a letter from her, Elijah and Klaus decide to ask Freya down the aisle together. Meanwhile, Declan finds out about Marcel and threatens him, saying that he will gather the humans in retaliation. Marcel and Declan eventually come to a truce.
9112"The Tale of Two Wolves"Rudy PersicoCarina Adly MacKenzie & Julie PlecJuly 25, 2018 (2018-07-25)T46.100120.85[23]
To save Hope's life, Klaus takes her to Mystic Falls with Elijah. There he asks Caroline to help him with the power of her daughters. His plan is to carry out the magic from Hope and to put it in his body. Caroline is not happy about Klaus' decision but she accepts to help him, but Alaric disagrees,and he only accepts too when Klaus tells them he wants to kill himself after the spell. Hope faints and meets her mother, who shows her she has found peace. Hope wakes up in her father's arms. At midnight, while Hope is in transition for her first transformation in werewolf, Caroline's daughters complete the spell.
9213"When the Saints Go Marching In"Lance AndersonStory by : Julie Plec Teleplay by : Jeffrey LieberAugust 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)T46.100130.86[24]
Klaus' attempt to kill himself is interrupted by Hope and he is chained up. He hallucinates Mikael which causes him to break free, and Cami who stops him from killing Hope in time for Elijah to snap his neck. Freya asks Vincent to be a surrogate to start a family, but he declines and intends to leave the city. Kol leaves town, to Rebekah's displeasure. Klaus awakes to find that Elijah has absorbed some of the magic so he can say goodbyes, though he does not want to. Caroline holds Klaus to his promise to tour New Orleans then share a parting kiss. Marcel, Rebekah, Elijah, Freya, Keelin reminisce on memories of Klaus as they are join by Kol, then Klaus himself. They have dinner and have a wish burning ceremony where Klaus says his goodbyes to everyone, then to Hope separately. Rebekah is promised the cure to vampirism to live her life, then says goodbye to Klaus and Elijah at park bench where Klaus intends to stake himself. Vincent changes his mind to accepting a family with Freya and Keelin, and Marcel tells the vampires to leave the city. Rebekah finally accepts Marcel's marriage proposal. Elijah reveals his plan to die by Klaus' side, having already said his goodbyes, as his life's purpose to redeem Klaus is fulfilled, and he also tells Klaus that whatever lay ahead, they would face it together. They stake each other and begin to turn to ash.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating/share(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Where You Left Your Heart"

April 18, 2018
0.4/2
0.97[12]
0.3
0.67
0.7
1.64[25]

2

"One Wrong Turn on Bourbon"

April 25, 2018
0.4/2
1.03[13]
0.4
0.79
0.8
1.82[26]

3

"Ne Me Quitte Pas"

May 2, 2018
0.4/2
0.90[14]
0.4
0.91
0.8
1.80[27]

4

"Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea"

May 9, 2018
0.3/1
0.76[15]
0.4
0.85
0.7
1.61[28]

5

"Don't It Just Break Your Heart"

May 16, 2018
0.3/1
0.80[16]
0.4
0.81
0.7
1.61[29]

6

"What, Will, I, Have, Left"

May 30, 2018
0.3/1
0.82[17]
0.3
0.80
0.6
1.62[30]

7

"God's Gonna Trouble the Water"

June 6, 2018
0.2/1
0.77[18]
0.4
0.79
0.6
1.56[31]

8

"The Kindness of Strangers"

June 13, 2018
0.3/1
0.86[19]
0.4
0.93
0.7
1.79[32]

9

"We Have Not Long to Love"

June 20, 2018
0.3/1
0.77[20]
0.4
0.84
0.7
1.61[33]

10

"There in the Disappearing Light"

July 11, 2018
0.3/1
0.77[21]
0.3
0.81
0.6
1.57[34]

11

"'Til the Day I Die"

July 18, 2018
0.2/1
0.68[22]
0.3
0.72
0.5
1.40[35]

12

"The Tale of Two Wolves"

July 25, 2018
0.3/1
0.85[23]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

13

"When the Saints Go Marching In"

August 1, 2018
0.3/1
0.86[24]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Naruto: Shippuden (season 8)

question_text: when does the invasion of pain arc begin

text: Naruto: Shippuden (season 8)

text: Episode listing

text:
No.

Title

Original air date

English air date

152
"Somber News""Hihō" (悲報) March 25, 2010February 16, 2013
After extracting the Six Tails from Utakata, the Akatsuki note that only two Jinchuriki remain to be captured as Sasuke Uchiha hands the unconscious Killer Bee over to Tobi. Meanwhile, the Fourth Raikage learns of Taka's action as is livid that they stole his brother. At the Hidden Leaf Village, after recalling his encounter with Itachi prior to his battle with Sasuke, Naruto Uzumaki learns of Jiraiya's death from Tsunade and Fukasaku.
153
"Following the Master's Shadow""Shi no Kage o Otte" (師の影を追って) March 25, 2010February 23, 2013
Naruto, heart-broken of learning Jiraiya's death by the hands of Pain, walks off and recalls his time with his mentor. Fukasaku shows Jiraiya's chakra-encrypted code to Tsunade who has Shikamaru give to their village's best code breaker in translate. The next day, told that the cipher might be known by something Jiraiya knows, Shikamaru visits Naruto and gives him some peace of mind by revealing that Kurenai is pregnant with Asuma's child and that they should stop being children and become the best of what their mentors saw in them.
154
"Decryption""Angō Kaidoku" (暗号解読) April 8, 2010February 23, 2013
The scientists inspect the body of Pain's Animal Path, while Naruto and Shikamaru identify the message. Naruto, noticing the number nine emulated for the "Ta" katakana on the "Make-Out Tactics" Book, informs Tsunade and Fukasaku that the number code unveils the sentence saying, "The Real One Is Not There". Fukasaku memorizes Jiraiya's actions and takes Naruto to Mount Myoboku for training in Sage Mode. There, meeting Gamakichi who tries to help him understand Fukasaku's lecture, Naruto learns the basics of Sage Jutsu and the risk of death.
155
"The First Challenge""Daiichi no Kadai" (第一の課題) April 8, 2010February 23, 2013
Learning that Jiraiya did not perfect his Sage Jutsu, Naruto learns that taking in too much Natural Energy can cause him to turn into a toad and then into stone. Fukasaku has Naruto beginning his training by using "toad oil" to help him gather energy, whacking him and his clones with a special club to prevent them from becoming toads. Fukasaku later gives Naruto Jiraiya's first book, Tales of Gutsy Ninja to read. Meanwhile, as Tobi and the other Akatsuki members discover that the "Killer Bee" in their possession is actually a fragment of the Eight Tails, Pain and Konan head out to the Hidden Leaf to capture the Nine-Tails.
156
"Surpassing the Master""Shi o Koeru Toki" (師を超えるとき) April 15, 2010February 23, 2013
After intense training, Naruto successfully gathers energy to master Sage Mode for the first time and surpass Jiraiya. Fukasaku teaches to Naruto with Frog Kumite, a senjutsu-enhanced taijutsu increasing the range for physical attacks. Meanwhile, the Raikage A orders Samui, Karui and Omoi to find Bee and deliver the letter for Tsunade about capturing Sasuke.
157
"Assault on the Leaf Village!""Konoha Shūgeki!" (木ノ葉襲撃!) April 22, 2010March 2, 2013
While Naruto finishes training on Mount Myoboku, Pain invades the Hidden Leaf with his new Animal Path Pain. While Inoichi reads the Animal Path's mind and Shizune leads a biopsy team to find secrets behind the metal piercings for the Leaf's Intel Division, Pain interrogates with the villagers. Knowing that Pain is attacking the village, Tsunade orders them to get Naruto back.
158
"Power to Believe""Shinjiru Chikara" (信じる力) April 29, 2010March 2, 2013
Danzo, Homura and Koharu ask Tsunade to cancel Naruto's return, but she convinces them to let Naruto come for Pain and Konan. As Tsunade protecting them failed, Danzo kills the messenger frog from getting to Naruto. Kakashi Hatake meets to confront Pain, allowing Iruka's escape.
159
"Pain vs. Kakashi""Pein vs Kakashi" (ペインvsカカシ) May 6, 2010March 2, 2013
Kakashi is stopped by Pain's Asura Path from helping Choza as he and Choji are outmatched against Pain. While Pain annihilates Choza's squad as his Asura Path attacks Kakashi, Choji escapes and get to Tsunade.
160
"Mystery of Pain""Pein no Nazo" (ペインの謎) May 13, 2010March 2, 2013
Naruto attempts to merge with Fukasaku, so that he can move in Sage Mode while Fukasaku gathers Nature Energy for him. But the Nine-Tails forces them to find an alternate method for Naruto to enter Sage Mode in battle. As the Interrogation Corp fights off Pain's new Animal Path and barrages them with an assortments of animal summonings, Ibiki fails to stop them.
161
"Surname Is Sarutobi. Given Name, Konohamaru!""Sei wa Sarutobi, Na wa Konohamaru!" (姓は猿飛、名は木ノ葉丸!) May 20, 2010March 9, 2013
Pain's Naraka Path displays its mysterious power against two leaf shinobi while Konohamaru Sarutobi watches in horror. Pain senses Konohamaru's presence but is interrupted by Ebisu who takes on Pain in order to allow Konohamaru to escape. After seeing Ebisu about to be killed, Konohamaru intervenes and after learning of Naraka's ability, judging souls and then reaping the sinner of their life, with a Shadow Clone, he unleashes the Rasengan and is able to keep Naraka at bay.
162
"Pain to the World""Sekai ni Itami o" (世界に痛みを) May 27, 2010March 9, 2013
As the Inuzuka and Aburame clans battle with his Preta Path and Konan respectively, Pain meets with Tsunade, who recognizes him as Yahiko. As Naruto learns of the village's situation, Human Path discovers his location and then kills Shizune, transmitting the intel to Pain who uses his gravity-manipulating Deva Path ability to completely destroy the village in frustration with Tsunade. In the newly formed crater in the heart of Konoha, Naruto appears with a small armada of toads following Sakura Haruno's cries for his return.
163
"Explode! Sage Mode""Bakuhatsu! Sennin Mōdo" (爆発! 仙人モード) June 3, 2010March 9, 2013
Naruto confronts Pain as his other five Paths reappear. Asura Path attacks Tsunade and Naruto destroys it, telling Tsunade to leave. She does so and reverts to her old self with Sakura. Naruto charges forward as the toads deal with Animal Path's summons. Naruto fights Preta Path with Frog Kumite and defeats it before speaking to Pain. He reveals that they were both Jiraiya's apprentices and how he only wants peace. Angered with his hypocrisy, Naruto throws a finally completed Rasen-Shuriken at the remaining Paths of Pain.
164
"Danger! Sage Mode Limit Reached""Pinchi! Kieta Sennin Mōdo" (危機! 消えた仙人モード) June 10, 2010March 9, 2013
Naruto successfully begins taking out Pain's bodies one after another, but when his Sage Mode reaches its limit, Pain attempts to take control of the battle. Naruto throws another Rasen-Shuriken but it's absorbed by a revived Preta Path. But Fusaku reveals that Naruto created two clones that are harvesting Natural Energy for him, Naruto summoning one of the clones to disperse and obtained the energy to resume Sage Mode. Naruto manages to kill the Naraka Path, just to get repelled by a recovered Pain who uses another Shinra Tensei on the toads. Naruto realizes he can't use taijutsu or ninjutsu on the remaining paths, so he will have to fight them using a genjutsu suggested by Fukasaku.
165
"Nine-Tails, Captured!""Kyūbi Hokaku Kanryō" (九尾捕獲完了) June 17, 2010March 16, 2013
As Hinata worries about Naruto, Inoichi and the others try to find the real Pain. Naruto continues to fight back the remaining paths, but is captured by Preta Path. It absorbs his Sage Mode chakra and is petrified due to the uncontrollable Nature Energy. Fukasaku then attempts to trap Pain in a Genjutsu, but is killed. Pain then impales several Chakra receivers into Naruto's body, immobilizing him to be manipulated by Nagato. Pain explains that the world peace Jiraiya envisioned can not be achieved due to hatred among the people, revealing his intent to use the tailed beasts' power to have every living know suffering and fear it. As he has Pain ask Naruto if he could think of another path to path, Nagato states that his ideal peace is almost in fruition.
166
"Confessions""Kokuhaku" (告白) June 24, 2010March 16, 2013
Hinata decides to come to Naruto's aid as he was about to manipulated by Nagato's Chakra receivers, finally admitting her love for Naruto as she fights a losing battle against Pain. But despite knowing may likely die, Hinata remains adamant before she is quickly defeated and seemingly stabbed by Pain. As Pain explains that the hate from losing loved ones is why there can never be peace in the current world, Naruto goes berserk as the Nine-Tails chakra begins to surface. Meanwhile, Konoha ninja start the search for Nagato.
167
"Planetary Devastation""Chibaku Tensei" (地爆天星) July 1, 2010March 16, 2013
Naruto enters his Four-Tailed form and attacks Pain, who manages to repel his attacks. Angered even further when Pain mentions Sasuke, Naruto continues his transformation into a Six-Tailed form. Pain decides to fall back from the village toward where Nagato is to trap Naruto with Planetary Devastation, a powerful jutsu that the Sage of Six Paths used to create the moon, to trap the Jinchuriki within a miniature moon in midair. But Naruto starts breaks free to Pain's shock, now in a monstrous eight-tailed state. Within his mind, Naruto succumbs to the Nine Tails telling him to embrace his hate and destroy everything. Naruto was about to remove the seal to completely release the Nine-Tails when he is stopped by the Fourth Hokage Minato Namikaze.
168
"The Fourth Hokage""Yondaime Hokage" (四代目火影) July 15, 2010March 16, 2013
Minato appears within Naruto's psyche, revealing himself to a chakra imprint of the actual Fourth Hokage as he takes Naruto to another part of his mind to discuss things away from the furious Nine Tails. It was there that Minato revealed himself as Naruto's father, making Naruto further conflicted on why his own father made him a jinchuriki. But Minato reveals he only sealed half of the Nine Tails into Naruto, revealing that the Nine-Tails's attack on the Hidden Leaf Village 16 years ago was Tobi's doing, theorizing that Pain may be a pawn of the masked ninja to Naruto's shock. Placing his faith that Naruto will find the answer to Pain's question, Minato restores the Nine Tails seal before fading away. Back to normal, and no means to renew his Sage Mode, Naruto confronts Pain and demands to meet Nagato himself. Pain refuses, resulting in a fight with Naruto stabbing himself with a Chakra Receiver to pinpoint Nagato's location. After using up his last Rasen Shuriken followed by a mass clone attack to force his opponent to exhaust his gravity manipulation, Naruto uses the 5-second window to land a Rasengan on Pain.
169
"The Two Students""Futari no Deshi" (ふたりの弟子) July 22, 2010[5]March 23, 2013
Naruto defeats Pain with his final Rasengan, removing his Chakra Receivers before heading to Nagato's location, having Katsuya tell the others not to follow as Sakura finishes healing Hinata. Naruto encounters Inoichi and Shikaku on the way, the latter honoring Naruto's request to stand down to Inoichi's dismay. Naruto finds Nagato and Konan, the former impaling him with a Chakra Rod to control him. But Naruto breaks free, stating his murderous intent as Konan gets between him and Nagato before the youth stopped himself. Naruto states Jiraiya's belief for a peaceful world with Nagato asking if he can still believe in Jiraiya's "peace" after all that has happened. Noticing Nagato and Konan are not like the other Akatsuki members, Naruto requests to hear their story before giving him his answer.
170
"Big Adventure! The Quest for the Fourth Hokage's Legacy - Part 1""Daibōken! Yondaime no Isan o Sagase - Zenpen" (大冒険! 四代目の遺産を探せ・前編) July 29, 2010March 23, 2013
Three years before Pain's attack on the Hidden Leaf, Naruto trains in preparation for the Chūnin Exam's final rounds when he hears Jiraiya speak of “the Fourth Hokage’s legacy". Using information from Guy, Naruto, Sakura and Team 10 head to the Honegami Grounds, where they are instructed by a disguised Guy to enter and complete the obstacle course and obtain the Secret Technique. Meanwhile Hidden Rain Ninja begin their pursuit.
171
"Big Adventure! The Quest for the Fourth Hokage's Legacy - Part 2""Daibōken! Yondaime no Isan o Sagase - Kōhen" (大冒険! 四代目の遺産を探せ・後編) July 29, 2010March 23, 2013
Naruto and the others face the oncoming challenges in order to find the Secret Technique and break the Fourth Hokage's record, but Naruto’s impulsive action leads the group into various troubles. They are attacked by the Rain Ninja, but unknown to them, are saved by Sasuke. They eventually find the scroll which reads: "There is no shortcut in the ninja way". The phrase that becomes Naruto's motto. The story ends as the final rounds of the Chūnin Exam begin the next day.
172
"Meeting""Deai" (出逢い) August 5, 2010March 23, 2013
Learning that Naruto will answer his question after learning how he and Konan ended up as they are, Nagato recalls his two moments of pain, the first of which being the night his Rinnegan activated upon seeing his parents accidentally killed by Leaf Ninja. He then tells Naruto about how he met Konan and Yahiko, all three of them having to resort to thievery to stay alive. After seeing Hanzo the Salamander battle the Three Sannin, they set out to find the three ninja so that they can be taught ninjutsu.
173
"Origin of Pain""Pein Tanjō" (ペイン誕生) August 12, 2010March 30, 2013
Nagato continues talking to Naruto and describes his second pain, how he and Konan helped Yahiko used what they learned from Jiraiya to create the Akatsuki to bring peace to Hidden Rain Village. But Hanzo deemed Yahiko's group a threat to his regime and allied with Danzo to kidnap Konan. Hanzo orders Nagato to kill Yahiko if he wants her to live and Yahiko sacrfices himself for Konan's sake, horrifying Nagato and forcing him into the crippled state and state of mind he is in today.
174
"Tale of Naruto Uzumaki""Uzumaki Naruto Monogatari" (うずまきナルト物語) August 19, 2010March 30, 2013
With Nagato's story done, Naruto answers that he still cannot forgive him but will not abandon their sensei's legacy and will keep striving for peace no matter what pain he is put through. Nagato reflects on Naruto's words, thinking back to how inspired the lead character in Jiraiya's story who Naruto was named after. This causes Nagato to decide to put his faith in Naruto as he perform a technique that will revive all those that he killed in the Hidden Leaf with Konan considered on the consequences of its use.
175
"Hero of the Hidden Leaf""Konoha no Eiyū" (木ノ葉の英雄) August 26, 2010March 30, 2013
Nagato finishes reviving everyone he had killed and dies due to running out of chakra. He entrusts his dreams to Naruto and Konan likewise decides to believe in him. After retrieving Nagato and Yahiko's bodies, she gives Naruto a bouquet of flowers symbolizing the hope Naruto represents. After erecting a memorial for Jiraiya, Naruto returns to the village and is, after years of pain and isolation, finally heralded as a hero.

text: Home releases

text: Japanese

text:
Volume

Date

Discs

Episodes

Reference

1

October 6, 2010

1

152–155

[6]

2

November 3, 2010

1

156–159

[6]

3

December 1, 2010

1

160–163

[6]

4

January 12, 2011

1

164–167

[6]

5

February 2, 2011

1

168–171

[6]

6

March 2, 2011

1

172–175

[6]

text: English

text:
Viz Media (North America, Region 1)

Box set

Date

Discs

Episodes

Reference

12

October 9, 2012

3

141–153

[7]

13

January 29, 2013

3

154–166

[8]

14

April 23, 2013

3

167–179

[9]

text:
Madman Entertainment (United Kingdom, Region 2)

Volume

Date

Discs

Episodes

Reference

12

March 18, 2013
2
141–153
[10]

13

June 24, 2013
2
154–166
[11]

14

September 23, 2013
2
167–179
[12]

text:
Madman Entertainment (Australia/New Zealand, Region 4)

Collection

Date

Discs

Episodes

Reference

12

January 9, 2013
2
141–153
[13]

13

March 20, 2013
2
154–166
[14]

14

June 19, 2013
2
167–179
[15]


document_title: Impressionism in music

question_text: who was the leading composer of impressionist music

text: Impressionism in music

text: History[edit]

text: Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel are two leading figures in impressionism, though Debussy rejected this label (he mentioned in his letter that "imbeciles call 'impressionism', a term employed with the utmost inaccuracy") and Ravel displayed discomfort with it, at one point claiming that it could not be adequately applied to music at all.[4][5] Debussy's impressionist works typically "evoke a mood, feeling, atmosphere, or scene" by creating musical images through characteristic motifs, harmony, exotic scales (e.g., whole-tone and pentatonic scales), instrumental timbre, large unresolved chords (e.g., 9ths, 11ths, 13ths), parallel motion, ambiguous tonality, extreme chromaticism, heavy use of the piano pedals, and other elements.[2] Some impressionist composers, Debussy and Ravel in particular, are also labeled as symbolist composers. One trait shared with both aesthetic trends is "a sense of detached observation: rather than expressing deeply felt emotion or telling a story," as in symbolist poetry, the normal syntax is usually disrupted and individual images that carry the work's meaning are evoked.[2]

text: Some of the key forerunners of and influences on the impressionist style include Modest Mussorgsky, Emmanuel Chabrier, Edvard Grieg, Gabriel Fauré, Henri Duparc, and Ernest Chausson. Elements of impressionism can also be traced back to works by Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt, and Richard Wagner.[6][not in citation given]

text: Ernest Fanelli was claimed to have innovated the style in the early 1880s, though his works were unperformed before 1912. The performance of his works in that year led to claims that he was the father of musical Impressionism. Ravel wrote, "this impressionism is certainly very different from that of present-day composers...Mr. Fanelli's impressionism derives more directly from Berlioz." He added that Fanelli's alleged priority does not in any way diminish the achievements of later composers: "the investigations of the young Fanelli could not have diminished those of his colleagues...It is peculiar that these investigations suddenly assume importance because their embryo is discovered in a work written 30 years ago."[7]

text: Other composers linked to impressionism include Leoš Janáček, Isaac Albéniz, Frederick Delius, Paul Dukas, Erik Satie, Enrique Granados, Alexander Scriabin, Manuel de Falla, John Alden Carpenter, Joaquín Turina, Ottorino Respighi, Charles Tomlinson Griffes, and Federico Mompou.[8] The Finnish composer Jean Sibelius is also associated with impressionism, and his The Swan of Tuonela (1893) predates Debussy's Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune (regarded as a seminal work of musical impressionism) by a year. The American composer Howard Hanson also borrowed from both Sibelius and impressionism generally in works such as his Second Symphony.[9]

text: In addition to its enduring influence on the work of later composers in the classical tradition, such as Alan Hovhaness, György Ligeti, and Toru Takemitsu, impressionism has also exerted a notable influence on certain jazz musicians, especially Bix Beiderbecke, Duke Ellington, Claude Thornhill, Dave Brubeck, Gil Evans, Bill Evans, Herbie Hancock, Frank Kimbrough, and others.[citation needed]