document_title: USS Blueback (SS-581)

question_text: what was the last diesel submarine in the us navy

text: USS Blueback (SS-581)

text: Origin of the name[edit]

text: Sources differ on the origin of Blueback's name. The Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships entry for Blueback states that she is named after a

text: form of the rainbow or steelhead trout found only in Lake Crescent on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington state. The fish lives in deep water and is bluish black along its upper sides and whitish underneath.[3]

text: Other sources state that she is named after the

text: most numerous of west coast salmon species. The blueback salmon[4] ... is colored a bright blue with silver sides.[5]

text: Service[edit]

text: After fitting out, Blueback got underway in January 1960 for a series of acceptance trials in the Gulf of Mexico. She completed that mission and departed Pascagoula on 11 June, bound for the Pacific. She transited the Panama Canal on 7 July and continued on to her home port, Naval Station San Diego. There she was assigned to Submarine Squadron 3 (SUBRON 3), Submarine Force, Pacific Fleet. Blueback then carried out torpedo tube acceptance trials at Keyport, Washington, and underwent a post-shakedown availability at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard. On 23 November 1960, the submarine was accepted for service.

text: Type training in the San Diego area kept her busy into February 1961. On 11 February, she commenced a two-week availability at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard. Blueback got underway on 28 March for a deployment to the western Pacific during which she participated in 7th Fleet operations and exercises. The submarine left Yokosuka, Japan, on 3 September and sailed submerged to San Diego, arriving there on 25 September.

text: After leave and upkeep, Blueback began type training exercises out of San Diego on 14 October. Four days later, she participated in a fleet exercise off the southern California coast conducted under the auspices of the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO). During the next eight months, the submarine took part in several fleet exercises and visited San Francisco, California, and Seattle, Washington. In July 1962, Blueback entered the Mare Island Naval Shipyard for her first major overhaul.

text: Upon completion of the overhaul in January 1963, the submarine made port calls at Seattle and at Vancouver, British Columbia. She then left the west coast and proceeded to her new home port, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. There, the submarine was assigned to Submarine Division 13 (SUBDIV 13). Blueback was involved in local operations from February to early April. On 11 April, the submarine got underway for operations in WestPac. Blueback sailed to Australia to participate in the annual celebration of the anniversary of the Battle of the Coral Sea and visited Brisbane, Melbourne, and Perth. She then continued on to Subic Bay in the Philippines for operations with the 7th Fleet. While on her deployment, Blueback also called at Naha, Okinawa; and at Sasebo, Kobe, and Yokosuka, Japan, before returning to Pearl Harbor on 26 October.

text: Blueback resumed her former routine in Hawaiian waters and continued local operations into 1964. In March, she suffered damage when a crane toppled over onto her while changing her propeller, necessitating a drydocking for repairs. In the fall and early winter, the submarine made two trips to the vicinity of Wake Island to take part in the evaluations of the SUBROC missile system and Permit-class submarines. In each test, Blueback served as a target ship.

text: On 17 February 1965, Blueback began her second deployment to the Far East. During the cruise, she made port calls at Naha, Hong Kong, Subic Bay, and Yokosuka, and also was involved in supporting American operations in Vietnam. She returned to Pearl Harbor in June, where she carried out local operations until 7 September. She got underway for Bremerton, Washington, on that day and entered the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard 18 days later for overhaul.

text: The yard work ended on 26 September 1966, and the submarine commenced sound trials and weapons tests in Puget Sound. She also provided services for a research and development project conducted near Nanoose, Canada. After a four-day visit to Vancouver, she set sail for Pearl Harbor, where she arrived early in November and began refresher training.

text: Following three months of preparations and training, Blueback embarked on another tour of duty in the western Pacific on 17 February 1967. During the seven-month assignment, she punctuated periods at sea training and supporting the American efforts in the Vietnam War with port calls at Hong Kong and in Japan at Yokosuka and Sasebo. The submarine returned to Oahu early that fall, arriving in Pearl Harbor on 20 September. After a month of leave and upkeep, she resumed operations in Hawaiian waters. On 19 December, she entered the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard for a restricted availability.

text: In mid-January 1968, the submarine helped prospective commanding officers to prepare for their new assignments at the Pacific Fleet Submarine Force's school. She then acted as a target for several surface ships and aircraft to practice ASW techniques, and engaged in type training and weapons exercises. On 8 July, she began a five-month deployment to the Far East which, in addition to two special operations, also included much time spent in upkeep at Yokosuka. Blueback returned to Pearl Harbor on 3 December.

text: Very early in 1969, she voyaged to Bremerton, and entered the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard on 17 January for an overhaul. During her subsequent sea trials and training, the submarine visited Nanaimo, British Columbia, and Port Angeles, Washington, before returning to Hawaii early in December. After intensive training during the first three months of 1970, Blueback set sail on her fifth deployment to the western Pacific on 10 April. She carried out lengthy special operations; made brief visits to Yokosuka, Hong Kong, and Guam; and spent time in the Vietnam war zone. The warship ended the cruise at Pearl Harbor on 1 October and began a period of local operations and upkeep. On 12 February 1971, she entered the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard for a restricted availability which concluded in late March with trials at sea. Early in April, she took part in SUBASWEX 1-71 in the Pearl Harbor area. After conducting torpedo firing exercises, Blueback entered upkeep at Pearl Harbor.

text: She began another Far eastern assignment on 25 June and arrived at Yokosuka on 12 July for a week of upkeep before beginning a month of operational training at sea. The submarine next visited Sasebo for 10 days and then continued on to Hong Kong for a liberty period. Blueback traveled south to the Vietnam war zone to render training services to destroyer units of the 7th Fleet and then returned to Japan for upkeep at Yokosuka. On 11 October, the submarine got underway for more training at sea. She paused once again at Yokosuka before sailing for Hawaii on 29 November. She arrived back in her home port on 14 December.

text: Local operations occupied her during the first 10 weeks of 1972; then, the submarine began a lengthy overhaul at the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard on 29 March. Nearly a year later early in March 1973, she finished the yard work, commenced local operations and trained in preparation for deployment. She sailed for the Orient on 8 August and, while there, participated in several operations with other American warships as well as with naval forces from Korea and Taiwan. Among the ports she visited were Yokosuka and Sasebo, Japan; Chinhae and Pusan, Korea; Buckner Bay, Okinawa; Hong Kong; and Subic Bay in the Philippines. On 5 January 1974, Blueback left Subic Bay and visited Keelung, Taiwan, for two days before heading back to Hawaii.

text: The submarine arrived in Pearl Harbor on 31 January 1974 and commenced a leave and upkeep period. During the remainder of the year, Blueback took part in numerous training operations and exercises. She provided services to surface ships and aircraft, conducted torpedo firing drills, and did another tour preparing prospective commanding officers for the new jobs.

text: During the first two months of 1975, the submarine continued local operations. In March, she participated in Exercise "RIMPAC 75", which included ships from the navies of the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Upon completion of this operation, Blueback commenced a restricted availability. Early in June, she resumed local operations including a series of torpedo firing tests, type training, and services to surface and air units. The warship closed out the year in upkeep at Pearl Harbor.

text: She held sea trials and weapons exercises in January 1976 and began another long overhaul at the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard in February. She did not complete those repairs until 1 December. Blueback commenced refresher training 12 days later. In February 1977, she took part in Exercise "RIMPAC 77", then conducted torpedo trials. After a brief period of upkeep, the submarine departed Pearl Harbor on 28 March and proceeded to her new home port, San Diego, arriving there on 8 April. After an inspection and services to aircraft, she set out for San Francisco on 27 May, made a brief visit, and returned to San Diego on 1 June to prepare for duty overseas. On 21 June, the submarine got underway for Santa Marta, Colombia. Upon arriving there on 7 August, she joined Task Force 138 to participate in UNITAS XVIII. The task force also included USS Mahan, USS Capodanno, and USS Vreeland. During the deployment, Blueback visited ports in Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile. She departed Talcahuano, Chile, on 27 September and headed back to San Diego. She stopped at Rodman in the Panama Canal Zone, and made a four-day liberty call at Acapulco, Mexico, before reaching San Diego on 11 November.

text: The submarine began 1978 in upkeep. She got underway on 13 February for a short visit to San Francisco, returned to San Diego on the 21st, and provided services to ships and aircraft in the San Diego area. From 23 April to 23 May, she underwent a battery replacement in preparation for an upcoming deployment. The ship sailed on 30 May for Portland, Oregon, where she represented the Submarine Force at that city's Rose Festival. She then continued north along the coast to conduct an exercise with Canadian forces off Esquimalt, British Columbia. Following this operation, Blueback arrived at Seattle on 23 June for a two-day liberty call before returning to San Diego.

text: The submarine began a restricted availability on 17 July and, on 8 August, began final preparations for deployment. On 11 September, she got underway for her eighth western Pacific cruise. She touched at Pearl Harbor on the 22nd, but soon pressed on for Japan, and arrived at Yokosuka on 7 October. She next made a run to Chinhae, Korea, for two weeks of joint special warfare and ASW exercises with units of the South Korean Navy. On 5 November, Blueback arrived in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, to participate in ASW exercises with the Taiwanese Navy. From 14 to 24 November, she took part in a 7th Fleet exercise and then proceeded to Sasebo for a leave and upkeep period. Blueback then spent five days at Hong Kong from 6 to 11 December before heading on to Subic Bay where she arrived on 13 December to close out the year in upkeep.

text: Blueback got underway on 5 January 1979 to provide target services for ships of the 7th Fleet undergoing ASW training. She then took part in special warfare exercises with Army Special Forces troops. On 22 January, the submarine arrived at Subic Bay for upkeep. Nine days later, she set out on a submerged voyage back to the United States and reached San Diego on 1 March.

text: After a few weeks of leave and upkeep, the submarine took up local operations again and continued so engaged until beginning a tender availability on 14 May. She resumed local operations again on 12 June. Blueback sailed north on 18 August to visit Astoria, Oregon, and Seattle, Wash., returning to her home port early in September. Following a minelaying exercise off the southern California coast between 17 and 20 September, the submarine entered drydock on 1 October. She began sea trials on 27 November and then provided ASW services before closing the year in a holiday leave and upkeep status.

text: Blueback spent the first three and a half months of 1980 in local operations and exercises in preparation for overseas movement. Blueback departed San Diego on 15 April and completed her submerged transit of the Pacific at Okinawa on 11 May. The submarine then took part in ASW exercises in the Philippine Sea. She began upkeep at Yokosuka on 18 May and then got underway for special operations. Blueback began the month of June in upkeep at Sasebo but soon returned to sea to participate in joint exercises with South Korean forces. After another period of upkeep and liberty at Sasebo, she got underway on the 22nd for ASW operations in cooperation with the Japanese submarine Isoshio. At the conclusion of the exercise, Blueback visited Beppu, Japan, before heading for Subic Bay, where she arrived on 8 July. After upkeep, the submarine participated in an ASW exercise in the South China Sea with several ships of the 7th Fleet.

text: On 22 July, Blueback began a six-day journey to Chinhae to take part in extensive exercises with the South Korean Navy. Early in August, the submarine visited Sasebo and Subic Bay. She conducted special warfare operations from 18 to 21 August and then entered port at San Fernando on northern Luzon. She got underway on 25 August for ASW operations with ships of the Royal Navy. After a final call at Subic Bay, the submarine began her voyage back to home port on 15 September. She entered San Diego on 15 October and began post-deployment leave and upkeep. Then came several days of type training in nearby waters followed by holiday leave and upkeep to close out the year.

text: Decommissioning and disposal[edit]

text: Blueback was decommissioned on 1 October 1990 and laid up in the Pacific Reserve Fleet in Bremerton, Washington. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 30 October 1990. With her removal from service, the last warship that was a diesel-electric submarine of the United States Navy had left the fleet, leaving the research submarine USS Dolphin (AGSS-555) as the last diesel submarine of the US fleet.

text: In February 1994 the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry (OMSI) towed Blueback to Portland, Oregon, where she now rests as an interactive part of the museum and a memorial. Her propeller was removed and installed outside the museum as a National Submarine Memorial. OMSI offers guided tours of the submarine several times a day. The vessel was added to the National Register of Historic Places in September 2008.[2][6]

text: The radio room has been restored by the USS Blueback Radio Club with both historic military radios and operational modern amateur radio gear which use the original military HF and VHF antennas. The submarine's radio call sign is now W7SUB.[7][8]

text: Honors and awards[edit]

text: Blueback (SS-581) earned two battle stars for her Vietnam War service.

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: Blueback appeared in the episode "Samurai" of the 1970s television series Hawaii Five-O.[9][10]

text: Blueback appeared in the 1990 movie The Hunt for Red October, although she did not perform the famous stunt of an emergency main ballast tank blow during an emergency surfacing procedure seen in the film. A film crew was allowed on board to film a torpedo room scene and some of her crew were paid $50 (USD) each to have their hair cut and to put on Soviet Navy uniforms for the scene, but the scene was not included in the film.

text: Blueback also is referred to in Season 2, episodes 10 and 11, of the TV show Portlandia. The Mayor of Portland, played by Kyle MacLachlan, is lost while kayaking on the Willamette River, and upon seeing Blueback says "Oh look, there's the submarine, I know where I am." Blueback is visible in the far distance in the episode for approximately one-third of one second.

text: Blueback was featured prominently in an episode of The Librarians, "And The Rise of Chaos", first aired on 20 November 2016.


document_title: Everybody Loves Raymond (season 5)

question_text: everybody loves raymond robert dates 22 year old

root

text: Everybody Loves Raymond (season 5)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Ray Romano as Raymond "Ray" Barone
Patricia Heaton as Debra (née Whelan) Barone
Brad Garrett as Robert Barone
Doris Roberts as Marie Barone
Peter Boyle as Francis "Frank" Barone
Madylin Sweeten as Alexandra "Ally" Barone
Sawyer Sweeten and Sullivan Sweeten as Geoffrey Barone and Michael Barone

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text: Monica Horan as Amy McDougall

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. inseries

No. inseason

Title

Directed by

Written by

Original air date

Productioncode

U.S. Viewers(millions)[1]
989912"Italy"Gary HalvorsonPhilip RosenthalOctober 2, 2000 (2000-10-02)0001000222.0
Marie has saved up some money and takes the whole family on a trip to Italy, where they stay with Marie's relatives.  Marie, Debra, Frank and Ray follow the holiday plan made by Marie. Raymond is not enjoying himself because he has caught a cold from the airplane's air conditioning, and as a result he's always complaining and pessimistic, while Debra is constantly nagging him to get with the program and have a good time. Robert meets Stefania at an Italian Ice stand and is instantly smitten, experiencing what Frank calls "The Thunderbolt". He courts her during the entire trip, although Stefania's father does not approve. Finally Ray's cold clears up, and he manages to get some time away from Debra.  As a result he starts to enjoy the trip. During the Barone's trip to Italy, Robert has developed feelings for a beautiful girl named Stefania.  Stefania's father dislikes Robert, and orders him to stay away from her.  Ray has finally gotten in the swing of the holiday, and gets romantic with Debra, giving her flowers, taking her for a bicycle ride around the island and, unfortunately, injuring her several times in his clumsy excitement about Italian life.  When it comes time for Robert to say goodbye to Stefania, he tells her she can visit him in America sometime.
1003"Wallpaper"Gary HalvorsonLew SchneiderOctober 9, 2000 (2000-10-09)000319.9
Marie drives Frank's car backwards through Ray's front door, crushing the house. Debra is mad and insists that Frank pay to repair everything that was damaged, but Ray is not very supportive. When the new wallpaper doesn't exactly match the old paper, he seems to overreact. All the vent-up frustrations with his parents come out in the open by Ray, finally mad with his parents.
1014"Meant to Be"Michael ZinbergJennifer Crittenden & Kathy Ann StumpeOctober 16, 2000 (2000-10-16)000421.3
Robert has been seeing his ex-wife Joanne, so now with her, Amy and Stefania, three women are interested in Robert. Ray and Frank tell him he has to choose. He decides that he and Amy are "meant to be" and tells her the same at dinner. To start an honest relationship, he confesses about Joanne. Amy gets mad and leaves. Back at home, she complains to Debra and Debra accidentally blurts out about Robert's relationship with Stefania. Amy breaks up with Robert and leaves. Robert then tries to patch-up with Joanne, but she is not interested in a serious relationship. They break-up too. He tries calling Amy to make up, but she repeatedly hangs up on him. In desperation he calls Stefania in Italy, but her father tells him to drop dead.
1025"Pet Cemetery"Ken LevineSteve SkrovanOctober 23, 2000 (2000-10-23)000519.6
Ally's hamster, Pumpernickel, passes away due to Ray's carelessness (he accidentally placed the hamster io the ice-cream box, freezing him to death). Ray tries to fool Ally and replace him with a new hamster, but Ally quickly finds out the truth, and she is not interested in a new hamster. On Debra's suggestion, the family holds a funeral for Pumpernickel to cheer Ally up.
1036"The Author"Andy AckermanMike RoyceOctober 30, 2000 (2000-10-30)000620.2
Ray's dreams of writing a sports book get squashed when the publishing company takes a pass on it, just when Robert is promoted to lieutenant, which places the family into the dilemma about cheering Robert or comforting Ray. The brothers discuss their need for winning the never-ending competition between them, and getting in a fight.
1047"The Walk to the Door"Asaad KeladaTucker CawleyNovember 6, 2000 (2000-11-06)000720.6
When Ray learns that he will be seeing an old girlfriend, Elizabeth, at a wedding, he confesses to the family that he regrets that after their first date 25 years ago he did not walk her to her door. During the wedding reception he meets her and apologizes to her. She replies that she doesn't even remember the incident and laughs at the thought that he might have been waiting 25 years to tell her. In an effort to irritate Ray, Debra orders him to describe one regret he has in his relationship with her. At a loss, he steals one from Robert, but gets caught. Debra tells Ray that sometimes she regrets marrying him, but not all the time. Marie confesses that she set up the date Ray had with Elizabeth, and Ray realizes that it was a pity date, and that he was a pathetic loser back then.
1058"Young Girl"Michael ZinbergTom Caltabiano & Aaron ShureNovember 13, 2000 (2000-11-13)000921.4
Robert dates a 22-year-old girl named Erica. Ray and Frank are excited to meet her, but Debra and Marie are annoyed. After a disastrous birthday party (Frank's), Ray, Debra, Robert and Erica go out for dinner. While Ray and Robert are away, Debra discovers that the girl is just 19. When Robert learns this he is shocked. Ray and Debra then find out that Robert had told her that he is 35, not 43, and that Ray is 37. They break up and the remaining three finish their meals.
1069"Fighting In-Laws"Michael ZinbergKathy Ann StumpeNovember 20, 2000 (2000-11-20)000820.5
Debra's parents drop in for Thanksgiving dinner, on their way to a spa hotel in Baden-Baden, Germany. On Thanksgiving eve, late in the night, Ray goes downstairs into the kitchen and accidentally overhears that they are having marital troubles and they are on the way to counseling in New Jersey, even having to hide and sleep in the garage to avoid being seen. During dinner next day, the truth comes out into the open.
10710"The Sneeze"Ken LevineAaron Shure & Steve SkrovanNovember 27, 2000 (2000-11-27)001019.3
Ray is sneezed on in the airport rest room. He becomes obsessed with it and thinks he is getting sick. Marie pampers him and puts him to bed. Debra is annoyed by all the mothering and asks Ray to get up. Later the doctor calls to inform that Ray is actually sick.
10811"Christmas Present"Gary HalvorsonKathy Ann StumpeDecember 11, 2000 (2000-12-11)001121.2
Ray buys Debra an elaborate Christmas gift in the hope that she will be so impressed she will let him go on a weekend golf trip. It backfires when Debra gets him a better gift and willingly allows him to go to the golf trip. Ray then thinks that she has some ulterior motive and confronts her. He goes overboard and ends up losing the golfing trip and also gets stuck with all the household work.
10912"What Good Are You?"Ken LevineJennifer CrittendenJanuary 8, 2001 (2001-01-08)001220.3
Debra starts to choke on a piece of orange, but Ray does nothing. When she accuses him of being useless during emergencies, he talks to his mother. Marie agrees with Debra. Andy, Gianni and Robert make fun of him, so Ray tries to be too manly with Debra that evening, which turns out to be a bad evening.
11013"Super Bowl"Gary HalvorsonStory by : Joe Bolster and Ray Romano & Mike Royce Teleplay by : Ray Romano & Mike RoyceJanuary 29, 2001 (2001-01-29)001421.5
Ray gets two tickets to the Super Bowl and he chooses Gianni to go with him. Frank, Robert and Debra get very upset, each wanting to be his companion. In the hotel, Ray realizes that his colleagues have brought their wives and he arranges to have Debra flown in. When Debra realizes that he has no plans to spend time with her, she decides to leave. To please her, he cancels the entire plan and also throws away the Super Bowl tickets. Of course, this makes Debra even angrier, having bluffed to get the tickets.
11114"Ray's Journal"Kenneth ShapiroJennifer CrittendenFebruary 5, 2001 (2001-02-05)001321.1
Ray discovers Marie read his diary during middle and high school, and Marie makes him feel guilty for writing the things he did in it for her own interests. Ray discovers that Robert kept two journals, placing a fake one in the place where she would easily find it to fool her. Ray apologizes to Marie and edits out the entre saying: "I e-hat my mom".
11215"Silent Partners"Gary HalvorsonTucker CawleyFebruary 12, 2001 (2001-02-12)001618.4
After an uncomfortable meal at the restaurant, Ray and Debra discover they have nothing to say to each other anymore. They decide to take interest in each other's life. Debra starts watching sports with Ray and asks Ray to read a book with her. When Debra realizes that Ray did not read the book and is not interested in watching a game with her, she gets mad.
11316"Fairies"Gary HalvorsonAaron KorshFebruary 19, 2001 (2001-02-19)001518.6
The twins play fairies in the school play and Frank tells Ray that this will make them gay. Ray is initially fine with the twins playing the parts, believing that the school assigned the roles, but objects when he realizes Debra specifically signed them up as fairies. He tries to change their part to boulders, but when he discovers that the twins actually want to be fairies, he gets their parts back and trains them.
11417"Stefania Arrives"Gary HalvorsonTucker Cawley & Lew SchneiderFebruary 26, 2001 (2001-02-26)001718.1
Stefania (Alex Meneses), Robert's Italian girlfriend visits from Italy with her father. Robert initially likes it, but then realizes that she is annoying and breaks up with her. Stefania's father loves America and buys Nemo's to settle down in Long Island. After the break-up, to avoid Stefania's father's wrath, he lies to him that he is gay.
11518"Humm Vac"Gary HalvorsonLew SchneiderMarch 19, 2001 (2001-03-19)001819.1
Ray buys a new vacuum cleaner, which cleans well and makes Debra happy. When she realizes that Marie had sent over the salesgirl, Debra tries to find dirt in Marie's house. Debra then claims that Marie's obsessive cleaning and plastic covers on the furniture makes their house cold and the guests uncomfortable. Marie tries to loosen up, but after Frank makes a mess, she returns to her normal behavior.
11619"The Canister"Gary HalvorsonDavid RegalApril 9, 2001 (2001-04-09)002118.7
Marie asks Debra to return a canister she borrowed, but Debra says she already returned it.  They argue and Debra eventually convinces Marie that she is wrong.  Marie apologizes to Debra, which astonishes Ray. Debra feels good that she finally got through to Marie but soon learns that the canister was in fact never returned; the kids had it. She tries to sneak it into Marie's house, but gets caught. Frank takes the canister, lying that he hid it to save her. When Debra confronts him about this, he admits to her that she is like a daughter to him, and doesn't like Marie's behavior to her. He also recalls that she is always mad with him, proven right when Marie yells at him, finding the ham in the fridge eaten.
11720"Net Worth"David LeeJason Gelles & Mike HaukomApril 23, 2001 (2001-04-23)001917.2
Debra becomes angry when, without her knowledge, Ray contributes $1,000 to his friends' scheme to open a go-cart business. When he says that it's his money to invest, Debra gets upset and makes a bill for the services she does at home. When Marie, Frank and Robert walk in, they have a huge debate over the worth of their contribution towards the house. While Frank and Marie are at Ray's side, Robert is, of course, at Debra's side.
11821"Let's Fix Robert"Gary HalvorsonJennifer Crittenden & Mike RoyceApril 30, 2001 (2001-04-30)002417.1
When Robert hears that Stefania and Amy have met, he is shocked. Marie hears about it and calls a meeting of Stefania, Amy and Judy to find out what's wrong with Robert and then fix him. Robert is forced to attend. Robert, shocked with it, apologizes to them. Marie then points out that he is not usable anymore and he leaves to Ray's house. He points out the fight and Debra fights with him, telling him that he pictured a perfect woman in his mind and that he dumps every girl that is not pictured like that. Robert admits that Debra is perfect in front of her and Ray, creating an uncomfortable situation.
11922"Say Uncle"Kenneth ShapiroAaron ShureMay 7, 2001 (2001-05-07)002218.3
When Ray realizes that his kids would rather spend time with their Uncle Robert than with him, he decides to do take the kids to the zoo instead of letting Robert take them. When Robert objects, Ray tells him he should get his own life. Robert takes it badly and goes away. After Marie talks to Ray, he patches things up with Robert.
12023"Separation"Asaad KeladaPhilip RosenthalMay 14, 2001 (2001-05-14)002317.2
Lois arrives at Debra's house and announces that she and Warren are separated. Debra blames her mother for the separation. Ray is unable to understand why Debra is getting upset over something that was long coming, even smiling a bit in front of her, offending her deeply. Warren arrives at Debra's house on Ally's birthday to tell her that Lois is not at fault and it was all mutual, making her cry.
12124"Frank Paints the House"David LeeScott BuckMay 21, 2001 (2001-05-21)002020.1
Frank paints Ray's house against his wishes, and enlists Robert and Ray to help. When Franks bosses them around and chooses a color Ray does not approve of, Ray fires him. Marie then explains that Frank was fired from his last job.  Ray confronts Frank, and Frank loudly explains his reasons for making the decisions he had made about painting the house, stating that he shouldn't need to explain. Ray apologizes and brings him back, agreeing that Frank will be in charge. In the end, Ray wants to use the power-brush Robert is using to paint. Ray sabotages Robert to get the power-brush but they end up spraying lemon-meringue paint on Marie, which then makes Frank happy.
12225"Ally's Birth"Jerry ZaksTucker CawleyMay 21, 2001 (2001-05-21)002520.1
At a father/daughter dance, Ray remembers the day of Ally's birth. In the flashback, Debra realizes that she is pregnant and wants to be the first to tell Ray. Marie has her own plans, but Debra finally manages to win. After 9 months, when Debra is ready to give birth, she is fed up with Marie's constant intrusion. When her water breaks, she lies to Marie and just goes to the hospital with Ray and Robert. When they are stuck in traffic, Robert tries to deliver the baby, but it turns out to be a false alarm. Finally Ally is born in a hospital.

tag: table


document_title: Tularemia

question_text: the most common clinical presentation of natural tularemia infection is

text: Tularemia

text: Signs and symptoms[edit]

text: Depending on the site of infection, tularemia has six characteristic clinical variants: ulceroglandular (the most common type representing 75% of all forms), glandular, oropharyngeal, pneumonic, oculoglandular, and typhoidal.[11]

tag: p

text: The incubation period for tularemia is one to 14 days; most human infections become apparent after three to five days.[12] In most susceptible mammals, the clinical signs include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, signs of sepsis, and possibly death. Nonhuman mammals rarely develop the skin lesions seen in people. Subclinical infections are common, and animals often develop specific antibodies to the organism. Fever is moderate or very high, and tularemia bacilli can be isolated from blood cultures at this stage. The face and eyes redden and become inflamed. Inflammation spreads to the lymph nodes, which enlarge and may suppurate (mimicking bubonic plague). Lymph node involvement is accompanied by a high fever.

text: Cause[edit]

text: Tularemia is caused by the bacteria Francisella tularensis which is typically spread by ticks, deer flies, contact with infected animals.[4]

text: Bacteria[edit]

text: The bacteria can penetrate into the body through damaged skin, mucous membranes, and inhalation. Humans are most often infected by tick/deer fly bite or through handling an infected animal. Ingesting infected water, soil, or food can also cause infection. Hunters are at a higher risk for this disease because of the potential of inhaling the bacteria during the skinning process. It has been contracted from inhaling particles from an infected rabbit ground up in a lawnmower (see below). Tularemia is not spread directly from person to person.[13] Humans can also be infected through bioterrorism attempts.[14]

text: Francisella tularensis can live both within and outside the cells of the animal it infects, meaning it is a facultative intracellular bacterium.[15] It primarily infects macrophages, a type of white blood cell, and thus is able to evade the immune system. The course of disease involves the spread of the organism to multiple organ systems, including the lungs, liver, spleen, and lymphatic system. The course of disease is different depending on the route of exposure. Mortality in untreated (before the antibiotic era) patients has been as high as 50% in the pneumoniac and typhoidal forms of the disease, which however account for less than 10% of cases.[16]

text: Spread[edit]

text: The most common way the disease is spread is via arthropod vectors. Ticks involved include Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, and Ixodes.[17] Rodents, rabbits, and hares often serve as reservoir hosts,[18] but waterborne infection accounts for 5 to 10% of all tularemia in the US.[19] Tularemia can also be transmitted by biting flies, particularly the deer fly Chrysops discalis. Individual flies can remain infectious for 14 days and ticks for over two years.[citation needed]Tularemia may also be spread by direct contact with contaminated animals or material, by ingestion of poorly cooked flesh of infected animals or contaminated water, or by inhalation of contaminated dust.[20]

text: Diagnosis[edit]

text: Pathology[edit]

text: In lymph node biopsies, the typical histopathologic pattern is characterized by geographic areas of necrosis with neutrophils and necrotizing granulomas. The pattern is non specific and similar to other infectious lymphadenopathies.[21]

text: The laboratorial isolation of F. tularensis requires special media such as buffered charcoal yeast extract agar. It cannot be isolated in the routine culture media because of the need for sulfhydryl group donors (such as cysteine). The microbiologist must be informed when tularemia is suspected not only to include the special media for appropriate isolation, but also to ensure that safety precautions are taken to avoid contamination of laboratory personnel.

text: Serological tests (detection of antibodies in the serum of the patients) are available and widely used. Cross reactivity with Brucella can confuse interpretation of the results, so diagnosis should not rely only on serology. Molecular methods such as PCR are available in reference laboratories.

text: Prevention[edit]

text: There are no safe, available, approved vaccines against tularemia. However, vaccination research and development continues, with live attenuated vaccines being the most thoroughly researched and most likely candidate for approval.[22] Sub-unit vaccine candidates, such as killed-whole cell vaccines, are also under investigation, however research has not reached a state of public use.[22]

text: Optimal preventative practices include limiting direct exposure when handling potentially infected animals, such as wearing gloves and face masks while handling potentially infected animals (importantly when skinning deceased animals).[23]

text: Treatment[edit]

text: If infection occurs or is suspected, treatment is generally with the antibiotics streptomycin or gentamicin.[23] Doxycycline was previously used.[24] Gentamicin may be easier to obtain than streptomycin.[24] There is also tentative evidence to support the use of quinolone antibiotics.[24]

text: Prognosis[edit]

text: Since the invention of antibiotics, the rate of death associated with tularemia has decreased from 60% to less than 4%.[23]

text: Epidemiology[edit]

text: Tularemia is most common in the Northern Hemisphere, including North America and parts of Europe and Asia.[23] It occurs between 30º and 71º north latitude.[23]

text: In the United States, although records show that tularemia was never particularly common, incidence rates continued to drop over the course of the 20th century, so between 1990 and 2000, the rate was less than 1 per 1,000,000, meaning the disease is extremely rare in the US today.[25]

text: In Europe, tularemia is generally rare, though outbreaks with hundreds of cases occur every few years in neighboring Finland and Sweden.[26] In Sweden over a period from 1984–2012 a total of 4,830 cases of tularemia occurred (most of the infections were acquired within the country). About 1.86 cases per 100,000 persons occur each year with higher rates in those between 55 and 70.[27]

text: Outbreaks[edit]

text: From May to October 2000, an outbreak of tularemia in Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, resulted in one fatality, and brought the interest of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a potential investigative ground for aerosolised Francisella tularensis. For a time, Martha's Vineyard was identified as the only place in the world where documented cases of tularemia resulted from lawn mowing.[28] However, in May 2015[29] a resident of Lafayette, Colorado, died from aerosolised F. tularensis, which was also connected to lawn mowing, highlighting this new vector of risk.

text: An outbreak of tularemia occurred in Kosovo in 1999-2000.[30]

text: In 2004, three researchers at Boston Medical Center, in Massachusetts, were accidentally infected with F. tularensis, after apparently failing to follow safety procedures.[31]

text: In 2005, small amounts of F. tularensis were detected in the National Mall area of Washington, D.C., the morning after an antiwar demonstration on September 24, 2005. Biohazard sensors were triggered at six locations surrounding the Mall. While thousands of people were potentially exposed, no infections were reported. The detected bacteria likely originated from a natural source, not from a bioterror attempt.[32]

text: In 2005, an outbreak occurred in Germany amongst participants in a hare hunt. About 27 people came into contact with contaminated blood and meat after the hunt. Ten of the exposed, aged 11 – 73, developed tularemia. One of these died due to complications caused by chronic heart disease.[33]

text: Tularemia is endemic in the Gori region of the Eurasian country of Georgia. The last outbreak was in 2006.[34] The disease is also endemic on the uninhabited Pakri Islands off the northern coast of Estonia. Used for bombing practice by Soviet forces, chemical and bacteriological weapons may have been dropped on these islands.[35]

text: In July 2007, an outbreak was reported in the Spanish autonomous region of Castile and León and traced to the plague of voles infesting the region. Another outbreak had taken place ten years before in the same area.[36]

text: In January 2011, researchers searching for brucellosis among feral pig populations in Texas, United States, discovered widespread tularemia infection or evidence of past infection in feral hog populations of at least two Texas counties, even though tularemia is not normally associated with pigs at all. Precautions were recommended for those who hunt, dress, or prepare feral hogs. Since feral hogs roam over large distances, concern exists that tularemia may spread or already be present in feral hogs over a wide geographic area.[37]

text: In November 2011, it was found in Tasmania, Australia. Reports claimed it to be the first in the Southern Hemisphere.[38] However, the causative organism was documented to have been isolated from a foot wound in the Northern Territory, Australia, in 2003.[39]

text: In 2014, at least five cases of tularemia were reported in Colorado, United States, and at least three more cases in early 2015, including one death as a result of lawn mowing, as noted above.[29] In the summer of 2015, a popular hiking area just north of Boulder was identified as a site of animal infection and signs were posted to warn hikers.[citation needed]

text: History[edit]

text: Ancient[edit]

text: It has been suggested that F. tularensis was the cause of human outbreaks in ancient Canaan in about 1715 BC and in 1075 BC.[40] The same author has proposed the following scenario: a long-lasting epidemic that plagued the eastern Mediterranean in the 14th century BC can also traced back to a focus in Canaan along the Arwad-Euphrates trading route. This epidemic contaminated an area stretching from Cyprus to Iraq, and from Palestine to Syria, sparing Egypt (due to a quarantine) and Anatolia (owing to effective political boundaries). Subsequently, wars spread the same disease into central Anatolia, from whence it was deliberately introduced into western Anatolia. If this scenario is true, it would constitute the first known record of biological warfare.[41] Finally, Aegean soldiers fighting in western Anatolia returned home to their Greek islands, further spreading the same epidemic.

text: Modern[edit]

text: The tularemia bacterium was first isolated by G.W. McCoy of the United States Public Health Service plague lab and reported in 1912.[42][43] Scientists determined tularemia could be dangerous to humans; a human being may catch the infection after contacting an infected animal. The ailment soon became associated with hunters, cooks and agricultural workers.[44]

text: Biological weapon[edit]

text: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) regard F. tularensis as a viable biological warfare agent, and it has been included in the biological warfare programs of the United States, Soviet Union and Japan at various times.[45] A former Soviet biological weapons scientist, Ken Alibek, has alleged that an outbreak of tularemia among German soldiers shortly before the Battle of Stalingrad was due to the release of F. tularensis by Soviet forces. Others who have studied the pathogen "propose that an outbreak resulting from natural causes is more likely".[46][47] In the US, practical research into using rabbit fever as a biological warfare agent took place in 1954 at Pine Bluff Arsenal, Arkansas, an extension of the Fort Detrick program.[48] It was viewed as an attractive agent because:

text:
it is easy to aerosolize
it is highly infective; between 10 and 50 bacteria are sufficient to infect victims
it is nonpersistent and easy to decontaminate (unlike anthrax)
it is highly incapacitating to infected persons
it has comparatively low lethality, which is useful where enemy soldiers are in proximity to noncombatants, e.g. civilians

text: The Schu S4 strain was standardized as "Agent UL" for use in the United States M143 bursting spherical bomblet. It was a lethal biological warfare agent with an anticipated fatality rate of 40 – 60%. The rate-of-action was around three days, with a duration-of-action of one to three weeks (treated) and two to three months (untreated), with frequent relapses. UL was streptomycin resistant. The aerobiological stability of UL was a major concern, being sensitive to sunlight, and losing virulence over time after release. When the 425 strain was standardized as "agent JT" (an incapacitant rather than lethal agent), the Schu S4 strain's symbol was changed again to SR.[citation needed]

text: Both wet and dry types of F. tularensis (identified by the codes TT and ZZ) were examined during the "Red Cloud" tests, which took place from November 1966 to February 1967 in the Tanana Valley, Alaska.[49]

text: Other animals[edit]

text: Cats and dogs can acquire the disease from the bite of a tick or flea that has fed on an infected host, such as a rabbit or rodent. For treatment of infected cats, antibiotics are the preferred treatment, including tetracycline, chloramphenicol or streptomycin. Long treatment courses may be necessary as relapses are common.[50]


document_title: Barrage balloon

question_text: what were the blimps used for in ww2 in london

text: Barrage balloon

text: First World War[edit]

text: France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom used barrage balloons in the First World War. Sometimes, especially around London, several balloons were used to lift a length of "barrage net", in which a steel cable was strung between the balloons and many more cables hung from it. These nets could be raised to an altitude comparable to the operational ceiling (15,000 ft / 4,500 m) of the bombers of that time period. By 1918 the barrage defences around London stretched for 50 miles (80 km), and captured German pilots expressed great fear of them.[1]

text: Second World War[edit]

text: In 1938 the British Balloon Command was established to protect cities and key targets such as industrial areas, ports and harbours. Balloons were intended to defend against dive bombers flying at heights up to 5,000 feet (1,500 m), forcing them to fly higher and into the range of concentrated anti-aircraft fire—anti-aircraft guns could not traverse fast enough to attack aircraft flying at low altitude and high speed. By the middle of 1940 there were 1,400 balloons, a third of them over the London area.

text: While dive-bombing was a devastatingly effective tactic against undefended targets, such as Guernica and Rotterdam, dive-bombers were very vulnerable to attack by fighter aircraft while performing a dive, and their use in this role by Germany against the UK with its effective Royal Air Force was rapidly discontinued. Balloons proved to be of little use against the German high-level bombers with which the dive-bombers were replaced, but continued to be manufactured nonetheless, until there were almost 3,000 in 1944. They proved to be mildly effective against the V-1 flying bomb, which usually flew at 2,000 feet (600 m) or lower but had wire-cutters on its wings to counter balloons. 231 V-1s are officially claimed to have been destroyed by balloons.[2]

text: The British added two refinements to their balloons, "Double Parachute Link" (DPL) and "Double Parachute/Ripping" (DP/R). The former was triggered by the shock of an enemy bomber snagging the cable, causing that section of cable to be explosively released complete with parachutes at either end; the combined weight and drag bringing down the aircraft. The latter was intended to render the balloon safe if it broke free accidentally. The heavy mooring cable would separate at the balloon and fall to the ground under a parachute; at the same time a panel would be ripped away from the balloon causing it to deflate and fall independently to the ground.[3]

text: In January 1945, during Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm raids on the Palembang oil refineries, the British aircrews were surprised by massive use of barrage balloons in the Japanese defences. These were spherical and smaller than the British type. One Grumman Avenger was destroyed, and crew killed, from striking a balloon cable.[4]

text: Power line disruption[edit]

text: In 1942 Canadian and American forces began joint operations to protect the sensitive locks and shipping channel at Sault Ste. Marie along their common border among the Great Lakes against possible air attack.[5]  During severe storms in August and October 1942 some barrage balloons broke loose, and the trailing cables short-circuited power lines, causing serious disruption to mining and manufacturing.[citation needed] In particular, the metals production vital to the war effort were disrupted. Canadian military historical records indicate that one of the more serious incidents recorded, known as “The October Incident”, caused an estimated loss of 400 tons of steel and 10 tons of ferro-alloys produced for the war effort. This was determined to be caused, in part, by winter weather. This incident resulted in a large loss of vital materials intended to help the war effort."[citation needed]

text: Following these incidents, new procedures were put in place, which included stowing the balloons during the winter months, with regular deployment exercises and a standby team on alert to deploy the balloons in case of attack.[citation needed]

text: Lessons learned from breakaway balloons led to Operation Outward, the intentional release of balloons trailing conductive cables to disrupt power supplies on the occupied European mainland.

text: Post-war nuclear weapon tests[edit]

text: After the war, some surplus barrage balloons were used as tethered shot balloons for nuclear weapon tests throughout most of the period when nuclear weapons were tested in the atmosphere. The weapon or shot was carried to the required altitude slung underneath the barrage balloon, allowing test shots in controlled conditions at much higher altitudes than test towers. Several of the tests in the Operation Plumbbob series were lifted to altitude using barrage balloons.[citation needed]


document_title: Legal drinking age

question_text: what's the legal age to drink in the bahamas

question_tokens: what 's the legal age to drink in the bahamas

text: Legal drinking age

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking Age
Purchase age

 Algeria
18[2]

 Angola
18[citation needed]

 Botswana
18[2]

 Burundi
16[2]
No limit if accompanied by parents[citation needed]

 Cameroon
18
21
18 on the premises, 21 off the premises[citation needed]

 Cape Verde
18[citation needed]

 Central African Republic
18[citation needed]

 Comoros
None[citation needed]

 Egypt
21[2]

 Equatorial Guinea
18[citation needed]

 Eritrea
18[2]

 Ethiopia
18[2]

 Gabon
18[2]

 Gambia
18[2]

 Ghana
18[3]

 Guinea-Bissau
None[2]

 Kenya
18[2]

 Lesotho
18[2]

 Libya
Illegal[2]

 Malawi
18[2]

 Mauritius
18[2]

 Morocco
18[citation needed]
Forbidden for Muslims[2]

 Mozambique
18[2]

 Namibia
18[2]

 Niger
18[2]

 Nigeria
18[citation needed]

 Republic of the Congo
18[citation needed]

 Rwanda
18[2]

 Senegal
18[citation needed]

 Seychelles
18[2]

 Somalia
Illegal[4]

 South Africa
18
The parent, adult guardian of a minor or a person responsible for administering a religious sacrament, may on occasion supply to that minor a moderate quantity of liquor to be consumed by the minor in the presence and under the supervision of that parent, guardian or other person.[5]

 South Sudan
18[6]

 Sudan
Illegal[7]

 Swaziland
18[2]

 Tanzania
18[8]

 Togo
None[2]

 Tunisia
18[citation needed]

 Uganda
18[2]

 Western Sahara
16[citation needed]

 Zambia
18[2]

 Zimbabwe
18[2]

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Anguilla
16[citation needed]

 Antigua and Barbuda
16[9]
The sale and distribution of alcohol to a person under 16 years of age is illegal.

 Argentina
18[10]

 Bahamas
18[2]

 Barbados
18[11]
Those aged 10–17 are allowed to consume alcohol provided they are with a parent or guardian.

 Belize
18[12]
Drinking age is rarely enforced. IDs are almost never requested.

 Bermuda
18[13]

 Bolivia
18[2]

 Brazil
18[2]

 British Virgin Islands
16[12]
It is illegal to sell or to supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 16.

 Canada
18[14][15][16]
In Alberta, Manitoba and Quebec, the legal drinking age is 18.

19[14][15][16]
In Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut, the legal drinking age is 19.

 Cayman Islands
18[17]

 Chile
18[2]
The minimum age is 18 to enter an enclosure that sells alcoholic beverages. Selling alcohol to a minor may incur a fine. One must provide identification upon request. Residents of Chile over the age of 18 must carry their Chilean identification card issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service at all times.[18]

 Colombia
18[2]

 Costa Rica
18[2]

 Cuba
16[2]

 Dominican Republic
18[19]

 Ecuador
18[2]

 El Salvador
18[2]

 Falkland Islands
18[citation needed]

 Grenada
16[citation needed]

 Guatemala
18[2]

 Guyana
18[2]
Except 16 for wine or malt liquor to be consumed with a meal

 Haiti
None[2]

 Honduras
18[2]

 Jamaica
None[citation needed]
18[citation needed]
Minors can drink if accompanied by parent or legal guardian as well as someone with permission from their parent or legal guardian.[citation needed]

 Mexico
18[2]
A person must be eighteen years or over to legally purchase and consume alcoholic beverages in Mexico. The drinking age however isn't strictly enforced, and IDs are barely requested.[citation needed]

 Nicaragua
18[2]

 Panama
18[2]

 Paraguay
20[20]

According to Art. 1° of the law to "ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors", it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol or to allow the consumption by minors under 20 years of age.
Furthermore, under Art 2° all public establishments selling alcohol must display a clearly legible notice in the sales area with the following text: "ESTA PROHIBIDA LA VENTA DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS A MENORES DE VEINTE AÑOS DE EDAD" (It is illegal (prohibited) to sell alcoholic beverages to minors under 20 years of age)

 Peru
18[2]

 Puerto Rico
18
The minimum age for the selling of any alcohol beverage is 18. Although a valid Puerto Rico license ID or passport is required as proof of age to buyers who look under the age of 18, it is generally not a common practice to ask for ID to enter a venue that sells alcohol or to sell you alcohol at other establishments. This law can be more enforced in some tourist areas and on foreigners visiting the island by some more exclusive hotels, bars, and upscale clubs. A few of the more exclusive venues in the tourist areas may have their own entrance rules regarding age including not allowing anyone under the age of 25 or 23 to enter and consume alcohol or change this depending on specific nights/events and restricted by gender/sex (i.e. women over 18 allowed to enter but only men over 21 on that same night).[citation needed]

 Trinidad and Tobago
18[2]

 Turks and Caicos Islands
18[citation needed]

 United States
(50 states and integral territories)
Varies by jurisdiction[2]
21[2]
The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of twenty-one. Prior to the effective date of that Act, the drinking age varied from state to state. Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars (usually, the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter). Contrary to popular belief, since the act went into law, only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings. As of January 1, 2010, fifteen states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, seventeen states do not ban underage consumption, and the remaining eighteen states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws.
Federal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions. As of 2005, thirty-one states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws. However, non-alcoholic beer in many (but not all) states, such as Idaho, Texas, and Maryland, is considered legal for those under the age of twenty-one.[21]
By a judge's ruling, South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults eighteen to twenty years of age, but a circuit court judge has said otherwise.[22]
The states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents.
Some U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty-one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to year in jail.[23]
See also: Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States

 United States Virgin Islands
18[24]

 Uruguay
18[2]

 Venezuela
18[2]

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Afghanistan
Illegal[25]

 Bangladesh
Illegal for Muslims [26]
Alcohol will be sold to foreigners in certain locations, albeit clandestinely.

 Bhutan
18[27]

 Brunei
17 with restrictions, unless Muslim[2]
Non-Muslims over 17 years of age are allowed to import alcohol not to exceed maximum total volume 2 liters of liquor and 12 cans of beer at 330 ml for personal use, once in 48 hours. This alcohol must be “stored and consumed at the place of residence of the importer” and is “not to be given, transferred or sold to another person.”.[2]

 Cambodia
None[28]

 China
18[2]
Introduced in January 2006.[29] Weakly enforced to not enforced.

 Hong Kong
18[30]
The regulation is only applicable to restaurants, bars and clubs, where a liquor license is required. Private drinking is also not regulated.

 India
18–25 (varies between states)[2]

Main article: Alcohol laws of India
Consumption of alcohol is prohibited in the states of Bihar, Gujarat and Nagaland.[31]

 Indonesia
21[32]

 Iran
Illegal [2]
There is a ban on alcohol, but religious minorities may purchase small amounts from shops owned by the same religious minority.[33]

 Iraq
18[34]

 Israel
None
18[2]
Israel law prohibits selling or serving alcohol to minors, but it does not prohibit minors to drink.

 Japan
20[2]

 Jordan
18[35]

 Kazakhstan
21[36]

 Kuwait
Illegal[37]

 Kyrgyzstan
18[2]

 Lebanon
18[2]
Often unenforced and according to a global school health study, 40% of minors over 13 drink alcohol and up to 25% buy it from stores.[38]

 Macau
None[citation needed]

 Malaysia
18
Will be increased to 21 on 1 December 2017[39]

 Maldives
Illegal except for tourists, 18[citation needed]
Sale of alcohol is limited to tourist resorts. It is illegal to sell alcohol to local Maldivians[40]

 Mongolia
18[41]

 Myanmar
None
18[42]

   Nepal
18
The legal age for consumption of alcohol in Nepal is 18. However, there are exceptions to underage consumption for purposes of religious ceremonies.[citation needed]

 North Korea
18[43]

 Oman
21
Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residences.[44]

 Pakistan
Illegal [2]
Non-Muslim citizens may possess alcohol to be used in accordance with religious ceremonies[2]

 Palestinian Authority
16[citation needed]
Legal in most cities

 Philippines
18[45]

 Qatar
19[citation needed]
Muslims are allowed to purchase alcohol, but generally not allowed to consume. Non Muslims are allowed to purchase, and consume alcohol. The only legal distributor of alcohol in the country is the Qatar Distribution Company located in Doha.[citation needed]

 Saudi Arabia
Illegal
Drinking or possessing alcohol is illegal in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Persons who drink or possess alcohol are subject to arrest and trial. Punishments range from heavy fines, lengthy prison terms and whippings.[citation needed]

 Singapore
None (Private places, sometimes with permission from parents/guardian)
18 (Public places e.g. bars and restaurants)
18[2]

Main Legislation

Drinking alcohol is strictly forbidden in public places in reaction to 2013 Little India riot, after the Committee of Inquiry accepts the recommendations on 7 July 2014.
For convenience stores, those who pretend to be 18 years and above in a "Challenge 18" scheme will be downgraded to "Challenge 21" scheme, and after which the licences will be revoked once they pretend to be 18 years and above if it is on "Challenge 21".
It is illegal to purchase alcohol in Singapore or consume in a nightclub/allow entry to the nightclub under 18. Home and private drinking of alcohol is allowed, although the safest age could be 6. Parents can try a sip of alcohol at any age.[citation needed]

 South Korea
None
19[citation needed]
The age limit for alcohol is after January 1 of the year one's age turns to 19.[citation needed]

 Sri Lanka
21[2]

 Syria
18[citation needed]

 Taiwan
18[46]

It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to consume alcohol.[47]
Parents, guardians, and others taking care of people under 18 shall prohibit underage drinking,[48] or risk administrative fines of 10000 to 50000 new Taiwan dollars when the situations are serious.[49]
One shall not supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 18.[50] A violator shall be administratively fined 3000 to 15000 New Taiwan Dollars.[51]

 Tajikistan
18[2]

 Thailand
20[52]
The Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 2008 increased the drinking age in Thailand from 18 to 20, private drinking is not regulated in private locations.[52][53]

 Turkmenistan
18[2]

 United Arab Emirates
18–21 (varies between states).[54]
Expatriate non-Muslim residents may request a liquor permit to purchase alcoholic beverages, but it is illegal for such holders to provide drinks to others.[55]
The legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 in Abu Dhabi (although a Ministry of Tourism by-law allows hotels to serve alcohol only to those over 21), and 21 in Dubai and the Northern Emirates (except Sharjah, where drinking alcohol is illegal).[54]
It is a punishable offence to drink, or to be under the influence of alcohol, in public.[54]

 Uzbekistan
None
20[2]

 Vietnam
None[citation needed]

 Yemen
Illegal[citation needed]
Exception is in Aden Region where it's legal for 21 and up[citation needed]

text: Europe[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 Albania
18[2]

 Armenia
None
18
There are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers. ID checks are very rarely, if ever, carried out.[citation needed]

 Austria
16
 Burgenland,  Lower Austria and  Vienna[56]

16 for beer and wine
18 for distilled beverages
 Carinthia,  Upper Austria,  Salzburg,  Styria,  Tyrol and  Vorarlberg[56]
Carinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05%.

 Azerbaijan
18[2]

 Belarus
18[2]

 Belgium
None
16 for beer and wine
18 for spirits[57]
Since 10 January 2010, it is illegal to "sell, serve, or offer" any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16. So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16.[57] Previously, it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under-16s, but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
None
18[58]

 Bulgaria
18[2]

 Croatia
18[2]

 Cyprus
17[59]

 Czech Republic
None
18[60]
It is illegal to provide alcohol to minors[61] (punishable by fine or up to 1[62] or 2[63] year(s) imprisonment). Consumption itself is not prohibited by law.[64]

 Denmark
None
16 to buy alcohol <16.5% ABV
18 to buy alcohol ≥16.5% ABV
18 to be served in restaurants, bars, discos etc.[2]
While there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark, there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol:

In order to buy alcohol above 1.2% and below 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 16 years of age.
In order to buy alcohol above 16.5% ABV in stores, one must be 18 years of age.[65]
To be served alcoholic drinks in bars, discos, clubs, restaurants and any establishment serving alcoholic beverages one must be 18 years of age.

By tradition, youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation.[66] If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage, it is subject to fine. A national ID card, obtained in the local town hall, can serve as age verification.[67] This card is rarely used though since a passport or drivers license is more commonly used.[68]
Both the legal drinking and purchasing age in the Faroe Islands is 18.[citation needed]

 Estonia
18[69]

 Finland
18 for possession and purchase of 1.2–22% ABV
20 for possession and purchase of 23–80% ABV
18 for all in bars, clubs and restaurants[70]
All major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30.[71] Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor, or if proxy purchasing is suspected. Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence.[70][72]
Police may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession. Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities, who may intervene with child welfare procedures. In addition, those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine.[73]
In private, offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole, considering the minor's age, degree of maturity and other circumstances.[70]

 France
None
18
France has no explicitly stated consumption age,[74] but selling alcohol to a minor (under 18) is illegal[75] and can be fined 7500 euros.[74] This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009.[76][77]

 Georgia
None
16[citation needed]

 Germany
None (on private residence)
16 (in public) (14 when accompanied by a custodial person) for beer and wine
18 for spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amount[78]

16 for beer and wine
18 for spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts[78]

See also: Alcohol laws in Germany

 Gibraltar
None[79]
16/18
It is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18.
The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if:[79]

The alcoholic beverage is beer, wine or cider below 15% ABV, or
The alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle, or a pre-packaged container below 5.5% ABV.

 Greece
None
18[citation needed]
In 2008, the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public. However, the law does not apply to private events or private premises.

 Hungary
18[2]

 Iceland
None
20[80]
Possession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence, but supplying them with alcohol is. However, law allows alcohol possessed by a minor to be confiscated.

 Ireland
None (on private residence with permission from parents or guardians) [81]
18[81]
It is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors. It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians.[82]

 Italy
None
18[83]
In 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18.[84] Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between €250 and €1000. Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year, if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between €250 and €1000 (Legge n. 189/2013).

 Kosovo
None

 Latvia
None
18[85]

 Liechtenstein
16 for wine, beer and cider
18 for spirits and spirit-based beverages. e.g. alcopops
Wine, beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16. Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18.[86]

 Lithuania
18[87]
Minors under the age of 18 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from having them. After 2018, January 1st, a new law will be put into place, changing the legal drinking age from 18 to 20.[88]

 Luxembourg
None
16[89]

 Macedonia
18[90][unreliable source?]
Must show an ID card upon request. In certain smaller places, such as family-owned convenience stores and street kiosks, there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol. There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately, but drinking in bars may require an ID.

 Malta
17[91]
Must provide identification upon request.

 Moldova
None
16[92]
It is illegal to sell alcohol to anyone under the age of 16. There is no consumption age.

 Montenegro
None
18[citation needed]

 Netherlands
18
The legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 on 1 January 2014. Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission. Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal, although giving it away in private is not.[citation needed]

 Norway
None[93]
18 (<22%)
20 (≥22% ABV)[2]
Selling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal. Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine, under 20 for drinks that contain 22% ABV or more. Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible; instead, the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them.
Alcohol with more than 60% ABV is generally not sold in Norway, although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products.[94]
Alcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence. Drinking in public is prohibited, though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas.[95]

 Poland
None
18[96]
Article 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism[97] clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age. There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland. Drinking on streets, town squares, and in parks is illegal regardless of age.

 Portugal
None[citation needed]
18[98]

 Romania
None
18[99]
According to law 61/1991 updated in 2008, paragraphs 21-25, it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors.

 Russia
None
18[100]
There is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol, but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws.

 Serbia
18[101]

 Slovakia
18[102]

 Slovenia
None
18[103]
There is no law regulating the possession and consumption, but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors.

 Spain
18
Asturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 (previously 16) on 1 May 2015.[104]

 Sweden

None

None (less than 2.25% ABV)
18 (bars and restaurants),
18 (2.25%–3.5% ABV in food shops),
20 (Systembolaget shops[105]),

See also: Alcohol in Sweden
Many clubs choose to have higher age limits than 18, commonly 20 or 23. It is legal to drink below 18, but it is illegal to sell, lend or give alcohol to someone under that age and the police can seize alcohol from them, apart from being served alcohol supervised in private "in moderation". It is legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place.[106] The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets.

  Switzerland
None
(See notes)
16 for fermented alcoholic drinks (with less than 15% ABV and natural wines with less than 18% ABV);[107]
18 for spirits [108]
Whoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine.[109] Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF.[110]

18
The canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18. Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18.[111]

 Turkey
18[2]

See also: Alcohol laws of Turkey

 Ukraine
18[2]

 United Kingdom
18 (on licensed premises)[112]
16 (beer, wine or cider with a meal on licensed premises)[112]
5 (not on licensed premises)[113]
None (under medical supervision, or in an emergency)[113]
18[112]
None (liqueur confectionery)[114]
Legislation in  England and  Wales:

It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18, other than the following two exceptions.[112]
Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal, and accompanied by an adult.[112]
It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.[114]
It is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency.[113]
Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [115]

18 (in public without a meal or adult supervision)
16 (beer, wine or cider on licensed premises with meal)
5 (on private premises)[116]
18
16 (beer, wine, cider or perry with a meal on licensed premises)
None (liqueur confectionery)[114]
Legislation in  Scotland:

It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18.[117]
Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine, beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal.[117]
It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age.[114]
Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance, which includes alcohol. [115]

18
Legislation in Northern Ireland:
It is illegal to sell, serve, offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18.[citation needed]

Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 (applies to all of the  United Kingdom)
Under the BBPA's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes, customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer's opinion they look under 21[118] (or optionally 25) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18. Many supermarket and off-licence chains display Challenge 21 (or Challenge 25) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 (or 25) without ID.

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Country/region
De jure
Notes

Drinking age
Purchase age

 American Samoa
21[119]

 Australia
18[2][120]

Main article: Alcohol laws of Australia
Varies by state. Some states restrict possession and consumption to over 18, all states restrict purchasing to over 18. In some states, minors may consume alcohol in a private residence with parental permission.[121]

 Fiji
18[122]
The drinking age was 21 from 2006 to 2009 but was lowered to 18 in 2009.[122]

 Guam
21[123]

 Micronesia, Federated States of
21

 New Zealand
None
18[124]
Minimum age applies for beverages with 1.15% ABV or over; no restrictions on beverages less than 1.15% ABV.[125]
Persons under 18 may drink outside private residences or private functions if accompanied by their parent or legal guardian. Alcohol may be supplied to minors only by, or with express consent from, their parent or legal guardian.[126]

 Northern Mariana Islands
21[citation needed]

 Palau
21[2]

 Papua New Guinea
18[2]

 Samoa
21[2]

 Solomon Islands
21[2]

 Tokelau
18[127]

 Tonga
21[2]

 Vanuatu
18[2]


document_title: Foramen ovale (heart)

question_text: where is the foramen ovale of the heart located

text: Foramen ovale (heart)

text: Development[edit]

text: The foramen ovale (from Latin, meaning "oval hole") forms in the late fourth week of gestation, as a small passageway between the septum secundum the ostium secundum. Initially the atria are separated from one another by the septum primum except for a small opening below the septum, the ostium primum. As the septum primum grows, the ostium primum narrows and eventually closes. Before it does so, bloodflow from the inferior vena cava wears down a portion of the septum primum, forming the ostium secundum. Some embryologists postulate that the ostium secundum may be formed through programmed cell death.[4]

text: The ostium secundum provides communication between the atria after the ostium primum closes completely. Subsequently, a second wall of tissue, the septum secundum, grows over the ostium secundum in the right atrium. Blood then only passes from the right to left atrium by way of a small passageway in the septum secundum and then through the ostium secundum. This passageway is called the foramen ovale.

text: Closure[edit]

text: The foramen ovale normally closes at birth. At birth, when the lungs become functional, the pulmonary vascular pressure decreases and the left atrial pressure exceeds that of the right. This forces the septum primum against the septum secundum, functionally closing the foramen ovale. In time the septa eventually fuse, leaving a remnant of the foramen ovale, the fossa ovalis.

text: Function[edit]

text: A fetus receives oxygen not from its lungs, but from the mother's oxygen-rich blood via the placenta. Oxygenated blood from the placenta travels through the umbilical cord to the right atrium of the fetal heart. As the fetal lungs are non-functional at this time, it is more efficient for the blood to bypass them. This is accomplished through 2 cardiac shunts. The first is the foramen ovale which shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium. The second is the ductus arteriosus which shunts blood from the pulmonary artery (which, after birth, carries blood from the right side of the heart (to the lungs) to the descending aorta.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: In about 25% of adults the foramen ovale does not close completely, but remains as a small patent foramen ovale ("PFO").[5] In most of these individuals, the PFO causes no problems and remains undetected throughout life.

text: PFO has long been studied because of its role in paradoxical embolism (an embolism that travels from the venous side to the arterial side). This may lead to a stroke or transient ischemic attack. Transesophageal echocardiography is considered the most accurate investigation to demonstrate a patent foramen ovale. A patent foramen ovale may also be an incidental finding.


document_title: Free Willy

question_text: where does the movie free willy take place

text: Free Willy

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film begins with a pod of orcas swimming near the coastline of the Pacific Northwest. The pod is tracked down by a group of whalers, and one of them, Willy, is trapped and sent to an amusement park.

text: Sometime later in Seattle, Washington, Jesse, a 12-year-old boy abandoned by his mother six years before, is caught by the police for stealing food and vandalizing the theme park. Jesse's social worker Dwight earns him a reprieve by finding him a foster home and having him clean up the graffiti at the theme park as part of his probation. His foster parents are the supportive and kind Annie and Glen Greenwood, but Jesse is initially unruly and hostile to them.

text: While working at the park, Jesse encounters Willy. Willy is regarded as surly and uncooperative by the park staff, including his trainer Rae Lindley, but he saves Jesse from drowning, starting a bond, and becomes friendly with his keeper, Haida native Randolph Johnson. Jesse teaches tricks to Willy, and is offered a permanent job at the theme park after probation. Jesse also warms into his new home.

text: The owner of the amusement park, Dial, sees the talent Jesse and Willy have together and makes plans to host "The Willy Show" in hopes of finally making money from Willy, who has thus far been a costly venture for him. On the day of the first performance, Willy is antagonized by the children banging constantly on his underwater observation area and refuses to perform. Willy smashes against the tank, damaging it. Jesse storms off in tears and plans to run away. Later, while at the tank, Jesse notices Willy's family calling to him and Dial's assistant Wade and other men sneaking into the underwater observation area. They damage the tank enough that the water will gradually leak out in an effort to kill Willy and claim his $1,000,000 insurance policy.

text: Jesse, Randolph, and Rae hatch a plan to release Willy back into the ocean. They use equipment at the park to load Willy onto a trailer, and Jesse and Randolph use Glen's truck to tow Willy to a marina. They try to stay on the back roads to avoid being spotted, but eventually get stuck in the mud. Wade meanwhile informs Dial that Willy is missing, and begins a search to find Willy.

text: Unable to move the trailer himself, Jesse calls Glen and Annie using a CB radio in Glen's truck. Annie and Glen show up and help free the truck, and continue on to the marina to release Willy. Dial knows where they are headed, and when they show up, he, Wade, and his henchmen are blocking the gate. Glen charges at them full speed in the truck, forcing the henchmen to scatter. Glen turns the truck around and backs Willy into the water, flooding the truck in the process.

text: Willy is finally released into the water, but Dial and his goons attempt to stop them. During the struggle, Jesse gets Willy to swim away while the whaling ships close in with their nets. Jesse runs towards the seawall, calling for Willy to follow him, steering him away from the boats. Jesse goes to the edge and tells Willy that if he makes the jump, it will be his highest, and he'll be free. Jesse says a tearful goodbye, but pulls himself together and goes back to the top. He recites a Haida prayer Randolph had taught him, before giving Willy a signal. Willy makes the jump and is finally free to return to his family. Jesse goes back to Glen and Annie, who hug him as they look out into the sea. Willy calls out to Jesse in the distance, and both say their farewell.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jason James Richter as Jesse
Keiko as Willy
Lori Petty as Rae Lindley
Jayne Atkinson as Annie Greenwood
August Schellenberg as Randolph Johnson
Michael Madsen as Glen Greenwood
Michael Ironside as Dial
Mykelti Williamson as Dwight Mercer
Danielle Harris as Gwenie
Richard Riehle as Wade
Michael Bacall as Perry

text: Production[edit]

text: Most close-up shots involving limited movement by Willy, such as when Willy is in the trailer and the sequences involving Willy swimming in the open water, make use of an animatronic stand-in. Walt Conti, who supervised the effects for the orcas, estimated that half of the shots of the orca used animatronic stand-ins. Conti stated that the smaller movements of a real Orca actually made things difficult in some ways for him and his crew; they had to concentrate on smaller nuances in order to make the character seem alive.[1] The most extensive use of CGI in the film is the climax, filmed in Astoria, Oregon, where Willy jumps over Jesse and into the wild. All stunts with the orca were performed by the young orca trainer Justin Sherbert (known additionally by his stage name, Justin Sherman).

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text: The film was released by Warner Bros. on July 16, 1993 and grossed $7,868,829 domestically in its opening weekend.[2] It went on to make $76 million in its foreign release for a total of $153,698,625 worldwide.[2] Upon its initial release, Free Willy ranked number 5 at the box office before moving to number 4 by the following weekend. Afterward, its rank in the box office began to gradually decline, with the exception of a three-day weekend (September 3 to September 6), in which gross revenue increased by 33.6%.[3]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film has received mixed to positive reviews from critics. Free Willy currently holds a 57% rating on the Rotten Tomatoes website, based on 22 reviews, indicating mixed reviews.[4] The film on Metacritic has a 79 out of 100 rating.

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[5]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Free Willy: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
1993 (1993)

Length
59:26

Label
Epic

Producer
Joel Sill
Gary LeMel
Jerry Greenberg

Singles from Free Willy: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

"Will You Be There"
Released: June 28, 1993
"Right Here (Human Nature Remix)"
Released: July 10, 1993

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
[6]

text: The soundtrack to Free Willy was released in 1993 by Epic Records. It features songs by Michael Jackson, New Kids on the Block, and SWV.[7]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Will You Be There"
Michael Jackson
5:53

2.
"Keep on Smilin'"
New Kids on the Block
4:36

3.
"Didn't Mean to Hurt You"
3T
5:47

4.
"Right Here" (Human Nature Remix)
SWV
3:50

5.
"How Can You Leave Me Now"
Funky Poets
5:43

6.
"Main Title" (Score)
Basil Poledouris
5:07

7.
"Connection" (Score)
Basil Poledouris
1:44

8.
"The Gifts" (Score)
Basil Poledouris
5:19

9.
"Friends Montage" (Score)
Basil Poledouris
3:40

10.
"Auditon" (Score)
Basil Poledouris
2:04

11.
"Farewell Suite: Jessie Says Goodbye/Let's Free Willy!/Return to Freedom" (Score)
Basil Poledouris
12:01

12.
"Will You Be There" (Reprise)
Michael Jackson
3:42

Total length:
59:26

text: Keiko[edit]

text: The aquatic star of the film was an orca named Keiko. The huge national and international success of this film inspired a letter writing campaign to get Keiko released from his captivity as an attraction in the amusement park Reino Aventura in Mexico City; this movement was called "Free Keiko". Keiko was moved to The Oregon Coast Aquarium in Oregon by flying in a UPS C-130 cargo plane. In Oregon, he was returned to health with the hopes of being able to return to the wild.[8] In 1998, Keiko was moved to Iceland via a US Air Force C-17 to learn to live in the wild. After working with handlers, he was released from a sea pen in the summer of 2002 and swam to Norway following a pod of wild orcas.[9]

text: His subsequent return to humans for food and for company, and his inability to integrate with a pod of orcas, however, confirms that the project had failed according to a scientific study published in the journal Marine Mammal Science (July 2009).[10][9] Keiko eventually died of pneumonia in a Norwegian bay on December 12, 2003.

text: A decade later in 2013, a New York Times video reviewed Keiko's release into the wild.[11] Reasons cited for Keiko's failure to adapt include his early age at capture, the long history of captivity, prolonged lack of contact with other orcas, and strong bonds with humans.[12]