document_title: She's All That

question_text: who plays taylor vaughan in she's all that

question_tokens: who plays taylor vaughan in she 's all that

text: She's All That

text: Plot[edit]

text: Zack Siler (Freddie Prinze Jr.) is the big man on campus at his Southern California high school. His popular and narcissistic girlfriend, Taylor Vaughan (Jodi Lyn O'Keefe), ditches him for a faded reality TV star from The Real World, Brock Hudson (Matthew Lillard), whom she met on Spring Break in Florida. Although bitter over the break-up, Zack consoles himself by claiming that Taylor is replaceable by any girl in the school. Zack's friend, Dean Sampson, Jr. (Paul Walker), disagrees and challenges him to a bet on whether Zack can turn any random girl into the Prom Queen within six weeks, a coveted position held by the most popular girl in school. Dean picks out Laney Boggs (Rachael Leigh Cook), a dorky, solitary, unpopular art student, as his choice for Zack.

text: Zack approaches and attempts to befriend Laney in the hope of subsequently transforming her into prom queen material. His first encounter with her is a complete failure, when she pointedly ignores his advance and walks away from him. With help from Laney's friend, Jesse Jackson (Elden Henson), Zack eventually is successful in getting Laney to take him to a theater lounge frequented by artists and performers. Intending to deter him, Laney arranges for Zack to be called onto the stage and perform to his surprise. Zack manages to improvise a show with the Hacky Sack he happens to carry in his pocket. Laney is impressed by the performance, but rejects him again after he attempts to charm her.

text: Zack befriends her brother, Simon (Kieran Culkin), and in an attempt to stop this, Laney agrees to go to the beach with him once. She starts to make friends in the popular crowd as they get a chance to know her. Zack then successfully persuades her to attend a party at Preston's (Dulé Hill) house the same night, and he employs his sister Mac (Anna Paquin) to give her a makeover, transforming her into a stunning beauty. Laney's attendance at Preston's party sparks jealousy in Taylor, who then humiliates Laney, but Laney is consoled by Zack, who has by now developed a true affection for her.

text: As a result of her new appearance and Zack's interest, Laney is nominated for Prom Queen and begins an uneasy battle with Taylor for the crown. Taylor faces humiliation of her own when Brock informs her their relationship is over, and that he only used her to increase his own popularity (which proves successful with the producers of MTV offering him his own show). In the meantime, Dean begins to show an interest in Laney as her popularity begins to soar and Zack's victory becomes more imminent. Dean tries to invite Laney as his prom partner in an attempt to ruin Zack's attempt to boost Laney's winning chance with his own popularity, but Laney refuses. After falling out with Zack, Dean deliberately tells Laney about the bet and she forces a confession from Zack in public. Feeling objectified and betrayed, Laney refuses to see Zack again.

text: Unable to reconcile with Laney, Zack ends up attending the prom with his sister, while Taylor arrives alone, thinking that Zack is still interested in her despite his refusal of her advances. A disheartened Laney reluctantly dresses up after some persuasion from her father Wayne (Kevin Pollak) and goes to the dance with Dean when he shows up at her house in a tuxedo to invite her again to be his prom date.

text: At the prom, after a dance scene presided over by the school's resident DJ (Usher Raymond), Mac meets Jesse and they become friends. Dean boasts to Preston and others in the bathroom that he is succeeding in seducing Laney and has rented a hotel room with intention of having sex with her. Jesse overhears this, in a stall, and warns Mac and Zack. Taylor is then crowned Prom Queen with just over half the votes; she begins a long berating speech which is interrupted by the microphone being turned off by a teacher. By now, the students have seen Taylor for who she is, thanks to Mac revealing her actions against Laney and her involvement with Dean to sabotage Zack. As a result, Taylor is further humiliated when she loses her popularity and her friends. Laney leaves the prom with Dean, while Zack attempts to intervene but loses track of them.

text: When Laney returns to her home, Zack is there waiting for her, along with her father and Simon who are waiting up for her. Laney explains how she fought off Dean's advances by deafening him with an air horn. Zack confesses his true feelings to Laney, and asks for forgiveness as well as the chance to further their relationship, which she grants. Laney tells Zack that she is considering art school after graduation, and Zack jokingly tells her that she has inspired him to pursue a career in performance art. After their first dance and kiss, Laney asks Zack about his bet with Dean (which is now lost), and Zack responds that he will gracefully honor the terms.

text: At the graduation ceremony, the terms of the bet are revealed, Zack must appear nude on stage because he lost. After his name is called, Zack heads to the stage wearing only a graduation cap and strategically carrying a soccer ball. In the final shot he is not visible, but we see Laney with the soccer ball being thrown to her and the rest of the students reacting to Zack no longer having it for cover.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Freddie Prinze, Jr. as Zachary "Zack" Siler
Rachael Leigh Cook as Laney Boggs
Paul Walker as Dean Sampson, Jr.
Matthew Lillard as Brock Hudson
Jodi Lyn O'Keefe as Taylor Vaughan
Kevin Pollak as Wayne Boggs
Usher Raymond as Campus DJ
Kimberly "Lil' Kim" Jones as Alex Chason Sawyer
Anna Paquin as Mackenzie "Mac" Siler
Kieran Culkin as Simon Boggs
Elden Henson as Jesse Jackson
Sarah Michelle Gellar as Girl in Cafeteria (uncredited)
Gabrielle Union as Katarina "Katie" Darlingson
Dulé Hill as Preston
Tamara Mello as Chandler
Clea DuVall as Misty
Tim Matheson as Harlan Siler
Alexis Arquette as Mitch
Chris Owen as Derek Funkhouser Rutley
Vanessa Lee Chester as Melissa's Friend
Milo Ventimiglia as Soccer Player
Takbir Bashir as Rapper
Brandon Mychal Smith as JV Cleaning Boy
Flex Alexander as Kadeem
Debbi Morgan as Laney's Art Teacher
Carlos Jacott as Prom Photographer
Michael Milhoan as Principal Stickley
Patricia Charbonneau as Lois Siler
Katharine Towne as Savannah

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Track no.
Title
Writer and music composer
Performed by
Published by
Publishing by
Courtesy (TM/C)

01.
Prophecy
Cinjun Tate (as August Cinjun Tate), Shelby Tate, Cedric Lemoyne, Jeffrey Cain Thompson, Gregory Slay
Remy Zero
Warner-Tamerlane Publishing Corp. (BMI)
Chloroform Music
Geffen Records, Inc., License from Universal Music Special Markets

02.
Baby Got Going
Liz Phair & Scott Litt
Liz Phair
Sony/ATV Tunes LLC and Civil War Days Music/Resonant Frequency Music (ASCAP)

Matador/Capitol Records

03.
Be Free
Apl.de.Ap (as Pineda), Will.i.am (as Adams), Stahl, Goldberg
The Black Eyed Peas (as Black Eyed Peas)
Jeepney Music Publishing (BMI), will.i.am.music (BMI), PolyGram International Publishing, Inc. (ASCAP)

Interscope Records, License from Universal Music Special Markets

04.
Blacktop Beat
Lucas MacFadden (as Lucas Macfadden)
Jurassic 5
Upper Cut Music (ASCAP)

RBI Records

05.
Up To Us
Allrighse
Allrighse
Allrighse Music, I Like 'Em Thicke Music (ASCAP)

RBI Records

06.
Wanderer
J. Ralph (as Joshua "Spy" Ralph)
Spy
EMI April Music Inc., Sugar Bear Deluxe Music (ASCAP)
Warner Special Products
Lava/Atlantic Recordings Corp.

07.
Sugar
Jo Lloyd (as Lloyd), James Wright (as Wright), David Magee (as Magee)
Stretch Princess
Renfield Music (ASCAP)

Wind-up Records

08.
Kiss Me
Matt Slocum
Sixpence None The Richer
My So-Called Music / Squint Songs (ASCAP)

Squint Entertainment / Columbia Records

09.
Test The Theory
Robin File, Sean McCann, Martin Merchant & Robert Maxfield
Audioweb
Chrysalis Music (ASCAP)
Universal Film & TV Music
Mother Records

10.
Gorgeous
Kat Green
Girl Next Door[disambiguation needed]
Ripley's Monster, Hambone Suitcase (BMI)

Ripley Recordings

11.
Ooh La La
Theo Keating
The Wiseguys
PRS
PRS
Wall Of Sound

12.
Give It To Me Baby
Rick James
Rick James
Jobete Music Co., Inc.
EMI April Music Inc. (ASCAP) & Universal Film & TV Music
Motown Record Company L.P.

13.
Shuck & Jive
John Davis
Superdrag
Warner-Tamerlane Publishing Corp. & Flame On Music (BMI)
Warner Special Products
Elektra Entertainment Group

14.
Hanging On
Emily Gerber and Carlos Calvo
Emily & Carlos
Time Jump Music (ASCAP)

OK Management Company

15.
66
Greg Dulli
The Afghan Whigs
Warner-Tamerlane Publishing Corp. & Kali Nichta Music (BMI)
Sony Music Licensing
Columbia Records

16.
Nonstop Operation
MC Tunes (as N. Lockett), S. Hickling, S. Jones, M. Lawrence, G. Gasper, P. Billington
The Dust Junkys (as Dust Junkys)
PolyGram International Publishing, Inc. (ASCAP)
Universal Film & TV Music
Polydor Limited

17.
Believe
Goldie
Goldie
Warner, Chappell Music LTD. (PRS)
WB Music Corp. (ASCAP) & Universal Film & TV Music
London Records 90 Limited

18.
The Rockafeller Skank
Fatboy Slim (as Norman Cook), Terry Winford, John Barry
Fatboy Slim
PolyGram Music Publishing, Ltd., MCA, Glenwood Music Corp. & EMI Robbins (ASCAP)

Astralwerks

text: Production[edit]

text: Writing[edit]

text: R. Lee Fleming, Jr. is officially credited as the sole screenwriter for the film, and in a 2002 interview, M. Night Shyamalan confirmed that he polished the screenplay while adapting Stuart Little and writing a spec script for The Sixth Sense. This was also confirmed in the film's audio commentary by director Robert Iscove.[3]

text: In 2013, Shyamalan claimed that instead of polishing Fleming, Jr.'s original script, he actually ghost-wrote the film.[4] This was disputed by someone who claimed to be Fleming, Jr.[5] in a message on Twitter that has since been deleted.[6]

text: On June 17, 2013, Jack Lechner (who served as Miramax's head of development in the late 1990s) confirmed that technically both Shyamalan and Fleming, Jr. contributed to the script: Fleming, Jr. wrote the initial script that Miramax bought while Shyamalan did an uncredited rewrite (doing more than "a polish") that got the film green-lit. Lechner reiterated that content from both writers was included in the final cut of the film.[7][8]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film has received mixed reviews from different critics. Although Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 38% based on reviews from 58 critics, with the sites consensus: "Despite its charming young leads, She's All That can't overcome its predictable, inconsistently funny script."

text: The film won eight awards, and was nominated for five others. The individual critics were also mixed. The film was the last to be reviewed by Gene Siskel before his death in 1999, who gave a favorable review and wrote that "Rachael Leigh Cook, as Laney, the plain Jane object of the makeover, is forced to demonstrate the biggest emotional range as a character, and she is equal to the assignment."[9]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Generally regarded as a "feel-good movie", the film was a sleeper hit and reached No. 1 at the box office in the first week of its release in theaters, grossing $16,065,430 over the Super Bowl opening weekend.[1] It earned $63,366,989 in the United States and $39,800,000 at international box offices, totaling $103,166,989 worldwide against a production budget of $10,000,000.[1]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film won and was nominated for several awards.

text:
Year
Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result

1999
YoungStar Awards
Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy Film
Rachael Leigh Cook
Won

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie Actor
Freddie Prinze, Jr.
Won

Choice Movie: Love Scene
Freddie Prinze, Jr. & Rachael Leigh Cook
Won

Choice Movie: Comedy
Nominated

MTV Movie Awards
Best Breakthrough Female Performance
Rachael Leigh Cook
Nominated

Best On-Screen Duo
Freddie Prinze, Jr. & Rachael Leigh Cook
Nominated

2000
Young Hollywood Awards
Best Bad Girl
Jodi Lyn O'Keefe
Won

Best Song
Sixpence None the Richer ("Kiss Me")
Won

Kids' Choice Awards, USA
Favorite Movie Couple
Freddie Prinze, Jr. & Rachael Leigh Cook
Won

Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
Favorite Actress – Newcomer (Internet Only)
Rachael Leigh Cook
Won

Favorite Actor – Comedy/Romance
Freddie Prinze, Jr.
Nominated

ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
Most Performed Songs from Motion Pictures
Matt Slocum ("Kiss Me")
Won

ALMA Awards
Outstanding Actor in a Feature Film
Freddie Prinze, Jr.
Nominated


document_title: Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire

question_text: where did the revolution begin in the austrian empire (1848)

question_tokens: where did the revolution begin in the austrian empire ( 1848 )

root

text: The early rumblings[edit]

text: The events of 1848 were the product of mounting social and political tensions after the Congress of Vienna of 1815. During the "pre-March" period, the already conservative Austrian Empire moved further away from ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, restricted freedom of the press, limited many university activities, and banned fraternities.

tag: p

text: Social and political conflict[edit]

text: Conflicts between debtors and creditors in agricultural production as well as over land use rights in parts of Hungary (as in France) led to conflicts that occasionally erupted into violence. Conflict over organized religion was pervasive in pre-1848 Europe.[citation needed] Tension came both from within Catholicism and between members of different confessions. These conflicts were often mixed with conflict with the state. Important for the revolutionaries were state conflicts including the armed forces and collection of taxes. As 1848 approached, the revolutions the Empire crushed to maintain longstanding conservative minister Klemens Wenzel von Metternich's Concert of Europe left the empire nearly bankrupt and in continual need of soldiers.[citation needed] Draft commissions led to brawls between soldiers and civilians. All of this further agitated the peasantry, who resented their remaining feudal obligations.

text: Despite lack of freedom of the press and association, there was a flourishing liberal German culture among students and those educated either in Josephine schools[citation needed] or German universities. They published pamphlets and newspapers discussing education and language; a need for basic liberal reforms was assumed. These middle class liberals largely understood and accepted that forced labor is not efficient, and that the Empire should adopt a wage labor system. The question was of how to institute such reforms.

text: Notable liberal clubs of the time in Vienna included the Legal-Political Reading Club (established 1842) and Concordia Society (1840). They, like the Lower Austrian Manufacturers' Association (1840) were part of a culture that criticized Metternich's government from the city's coffeehouses, salons, and even stages, but prior to 1848 their demands had not even extended to constitutionalism or freedom of assembly, let alone republicanism. They had merely advocated relaxed censorship, freedom of religion, economic freedoms, and, above all, a more competent administration. They were outright opposed to popular sovereignty and the universal franchise.[1]

text: To their left was a radicalized, impoverished intelligentsia. Educational opportunities in 1840s Austria had far outstripped employment opportunities for the educated.[2]

text: Direct cause of the outbreak of violence[edit]

text: In 1846 there had been an uprising of Polish nobility in Austrian Galicia, which was only countered when peasants, in turn, rose up against the nobles.[3] The economic crisis of 1845-47 was marked by recession and food shortages throughout the continent. At the end of February 1848, demonstrations broke out in Paris. Louis-Philippe of France abdicated the throne, prompting similar revolts throughout the continent.

text: Revolution in the Austrian lands[edit]

text: An early victory leads to tension[edit]

text: After news broke of the February victories in Paris, uprisings occurred throughout Europe, including in Vienna, where the Diet (parliament) of Lower Austria in March demanded the resignation of Prince Metternich, the conservative State Chancellor and Foreign Minister. With no forces rallying to Metternich's defense, nor word from Ferdinand I of Austria to the contrary, he resigned on 13 March.[4] Metternich fled to London,[5] and Ferdinand appointed new, nominally liberal, ministers. By November, the Austrian Empire saw several short-lived liberal governments under five successive Ministers-President of Austria: Count Kolowrat (17 March–4 April), Count Ficquelmont (4 April–3 May), Baron Pillersdorf (3 May–8 July), Baron Doblhoff-Dier (8 July–18 July) and Baron Wessenberg (19 July–20 November).[6]

text: The established order collapsed rapidly because of the weakness of the Austrian armies. Field Marshal Joseph Radetzky was unable to keep his soldiers fighting Venetian and Milanese insurgents in Lombardy-Venetia, and had to, instead, order the remaining troops to evacuate.

text: Social and political conflict as well as inter and intra confessional hostility momentarily subsided as much of the continent rejoiced in the liberal victories. Mass political organizations and public participation in government became widespread.

text: However, liberal ministers were unable to establish central authority. Provisional governments in Venice and Milan quickly expressed desire to be part of an Italian confederacy of states; but for Venetian government this lasted five days only, after the 1848 armistice between Austria and Piedmont. A new Hungarian government in Pest announced its intentions to break away from the Empire and elect Ferdinand its King, and a Polish National Committee announced the same for the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.

text: Social and political tensions after the "Springtime of Peoples"[edit]

text: The victory of the party of movement was looked at as an opportunity for lower classes to renew old conflicts with greater anger and energy. Several tax boycotts and attempted murders of tax collectors occurred in Vienna. Assaults against soldiers were common, including against Radetzky's troops retreating from Milan. The archbishop of Vienna was forced to flee, and in Graz, the convent of the Jesuits was destroyed.

text: The demands of nationalism and its contradictions became apparent as new national governments began declaring power and unity. Charles Albert of Sardinia, King of Piedmont-Savoy, initiated a nationalist war on March 23 in the Austrian held northern Italian provinces that would consume the attention of the entire peninsula. The German nationalist movement faced the question of whether or not Austria should be included in the united German state, a quandary that divided the Frankfurt National Assembly. The liberal ministers in Vienna were willing to allow elections for the German National Assembly in some of the Habsburg lands, but it was undetermined which Habsburg territories would participate. Hungary and Galicia were clearly not German; German nationalists (who dominated the Bohemian Diet[7]) felt the old crown lands rightfully belonged to a united German state, despite the fact that the majority of the people of Bohemia and Moravia spoke Czech — a Slavic language. Czech nationalists viewed the language as far more significant, calling for a boycott of the Frankfurt Parliament elections in Bohemia, Moravia, and neighboring Austrian Silesia (also partly Czech-speaking). Tensions in Prague between German and Czech nationalists grew quickly between April and May. After the abolition of serfdom on April 17, Supreme Ruthenian Council was established in Galicia to promote the unification of ethnic Ukrainian lands of Eastern Galicia, Transcarpathia and Bukovyna in one province. Ukrainian language department was opened in Lviv University, and the first Ukrainian newspaper Zoria Halytska started publishing in Lviv on May 15, 1848. On July 1, serfdom was also abolished in Bukovyna.

text: By early summer, conservative regimes had been overthrown, new freedoms (including freedom of the press and freedom of association) had been introduced, and multiple nationalist claims had been exerted. New parliaments quickly held elections with broad franchise to create constituent assemblies, which would write new constitutions. The elections that were held produced unexpected results. The new voters, naïve and confused by their new political power, typically elected conservative or moderately liberal representatives. The radicals, the ones who supported the broadest franchise, lost under the system they advocated because they were not the locally influential and affluent men. The mixed results led to confrontations similar to the "June Days" uprising in Paris. Additionally, these constituent assemblies were charged with the impossible task of managing both the needs of the people of the state and determining what that state physically is at the same time. The Austrian Constituent Assembly was divided into a Czech faction, a German faction, and a Polish faction, and within each faction was the political left-right spectrum. Outside the Assembly, petitions, newspapers, mass demonstrations, and political clubs put pressure on their new governments and often expressed violently many of the debates that were occurring within the assembly itself.

text: The Czechs held a Pan-Slavic congress in Prague between June 2 and June 12, 1848. It was primarily composed of Austroslavs who wanted greater freedom within the Empire, but their status as peasants and proletarians surrounded by a German middle class doomed their autonomy[citation needed]. They also disliked the prospect of annexation of Bohemia to a German Empire.

text: Counterrevolution[edit]

text: Insurgents quickly lost in street fighting to King Ferdinand's troops led by General Radetzky, prompting several liberal government ministers to resign in protest. Ferdinand, now restored to power in Vienna, appointed conservatives in their places. These actions were a considerable blow to the revolutionaries, and by August most of northern Italy was under Radetzky's control.

text: In Bohemia, the leaders of both the German and Czech nationalist movements were both constitutional monarchists, loyal to the Habsburg Emperor. Only a few days after the Emperor reconquered northern Italy, Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz took provocative measures in Prague to prompt street fighting. Once the barricades went up, he led Habsburg troops to crush the insurgents. After having taken back the city, he imposed martial law, ordered the Prague National Committee dissolved, and sent delegates to the "Pan-Slavic" Congress home. These events were applauded by German nationalists, who failed to understand that the Habsburg military would crush their own national movement as well.

text: Attention then turned to Hungary. War in Hungary again threatened imperial rule and prompted Emperor Ferdinand and his court to once more flee Vienna. Viennese radicals welcomed the arrival of Hungarian troops as the only force able to stand up against the court and ministry. The radicals took control of the city for only a short period of time. Windisch-Grätz led soldiers from Prussia to quickly defeat the insurgents. Windisch-Grätz restored imperial authority to the city. The reconquering of Vienna was seen as a defeat over German nationalism. At this point, Ferdinand I named the noble Prince Felix zu Schwarzenberg head of government. Schwarzenberg, a consummate statesman, persuaded the feeble-minded Ferdinand to abdicate the throne to his 18-year-old nephew, Franz Joseph. Parliamentarians continued to debate, but had no authority on state policy.

text: Both the Czech and Italian revolutions were defeated by the Habsburgs. Prague was the first victory of counter-revolution in the Austrian Empire.

text: Lombardy-Venetia was quickly brought back under Austrian rule in the mainland, even because popular support for the revolution vanished: revolutionary ideals were often limited to part of middle and upper classes, which failed both to gain "hearts and minds" of lower classes and to convince the population about Italian nationalism. Most part of lower classes indeed were quite indifferent, and actually most part of Lombard and Venetian troops remained loyal.[8] The only widespread support to the revolution was in the cities of Milan and Venice, with the Republic of San Marco lasting under siege until 28th of August, 1849.

text: Revolution in the Kingdom of Hungary[edit]

text: The Hungarian Diet was reconvened in 1825 to handle financial needs. A liberal party emerged in the Diet. The party focused on providing for the peasantry in mostly symbolic ways because of their inability to understand the needs of the laborers. Lajos Kossuth emerged as the leader of the lower gentry in the Diet.

text: In 1848, news of the outbreak of revolution in Paris arrived as a new national cabinet took power under Kossuth, and the Diet approved a sweeping reform package, referred to as the "April laws" (also "March laws"), that changed almost every aspect of Hungary's economic, social, and political life:

text:
they gave the Magyar nobility and lower gentry in the parliament control over its own military, its budget, and foreign policy
essentially created an autonomous national kingdom of Hungary with the Habsburg Emperor as its king
demanded that the Hungarian government receive and expend all taxes raised in Hungary and have authority over Hungarian regiments in the Habsburg army
ended the special status of Transylvania and Croatia-Slavonia.

tag: ul

text: These demands were not easy for the imperial court to accept, however, its weak position provided little choice. One of the first tasks of the Diet was abolishing serfdom, which was announced on March 18, 1848.

text: The Hungarian government set limits on the political activity of both the Croatian and Romanian national movements. Croats and Romanians had their own desires for self-rule and saw no benefit in replacing one central government for another. Armed clashes between the Hungarians and the Croats, Romanians, Serbs, along one border and Slovaks on the other ensued. In some cases, this was a continuation and an escalation of previous tensions, such as the 1845 July victims in Croatia.

text: The Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia and the Kingdom of Slavonia severed relations with the new Hungarian government in Pest and devoted itself to the imperial cause. Conservative Josip Jelačić, who was appointed the new ban of Croatia-Slavonia in March by the imperial court, was removed from his position by the constitutional monarchist Hungarian government. He refused to give up his authority in the name of the monarch. Thus, there were two governments in Hungary issuing contradictory orders in the name of Ferdinand von Habsburg.[9]

text: Aware that they were on the path to civil war in mid-1848, the Hungarian government ministers attempted to gain Habsburg support against Jelačić by offering to send troops to northern Italy. Additionally, they attempted to come to terms with Jelačić himself, but he insisted on the recentralization of Habsburg authority as a pre-condition to any talks. By the end of August, the imperial government in Vienna officially ordered the Hungarian government in Pest to end plans for a Hungarian army. Jelačić then took military action against the Hungarian government without any official order.

text: The national assembly of the Serbs in Austrian Empire was held between 1 and 3 May 1848 in Sremski Karlovci, during which the Serbs proclaimed autonomous Habsburg crownland of Serbian Vojvodina. The war started, leading to clashes as such in Srbobran, where on July 14, 1848, the first siege of the town by Hungarian forces began under Baron Fülöp Berchtold. The army was forced to retreat due to a strong Serbian defense. With war raging on three fronts (against Romanians and Serbs in Banat and Bačka, and Romanians in Transylvania), Hungarian radicals in Pest saw this as an opportunity. Parliament made concessions to the radicals in September rather than let the events erupt into violent confrontations. Shortly thereafter, the final break between Vienna and Pest occurred when Field Marshal Count Franz Philipp von Lamberg was given control of all armies in Hungary (including Jelačić's). In response to Lamberg being attacked on arrival in Hungary a few days later, the imperial court ordered the Hungarian parliament and government dissolved. Jelačić was appointed to take Lamberg's place. War between Austria and Hungary had officially begun.

text: The war led to the October Crisis in Vienna, when insurgents attacked a garrison on its way to Hungary to support Croatian forces under Jelačić.

text: After Vienna was recaptured by imperial forces, General Windischgrätz and 70,000 troops were sent to Hungary to crush the Hungarian revolution and as they advanced the Hungarian government evacuated Pest. However the Austrian army had to retreat after heavy defeats in the Spring Campaign of the Hungarian Army from March to May 1849. Instead of pursuing the Austrian army, the Hungarians stopped to retake the Fort of Buda and prepared defenses. In June 1849 Russian and Austrian troops entered Hungary heavily outnumbering the Hungarian army. Kossuth abdicated on August 11, 1849 in favour of Artúr Görgey, who he thought was the only general who was capable of saving the nation. However, in May 1849, Czar Nicholas I pledged to redouble his efforts against the Hungarian Government. He and Emperor Franz Joseph started to regather and rearm an army to be commanded by Anton Vogl, the Austrian lieutenant-field-marshal.[10] The Czar was also preparing to send 30,000 Russian soldiers back over the Eastern Carpathian Mountains from Poland.

text: On August 13, after several bitter defeats in a hopeless situation Görgey, signed a surrender at Világos (now Şiria, Romania) to the Russians, who handed the army over to the Austrians.[11]

text: Western Slovak Uprising[edit]

text: Slovak Uprising was an uprising of Slovaks against Magyar (i.e. ethnic Hungarian) domination in the Western parts[12] of Upper Hungary (present-day Western Slovakia), within the 1848/49 revolution in the Habsburg Monarchy. It lasted from September 1848 to November 1849. During this period Slovak patriots established the Slovak National Council as their political representation and military units known as the Slovak Volunteer Corps. The political, social and national requirements of the Slovak movement were declared in the document entitled “Demands of the Slovak Nation” from April 1848.

text: The Second Wave of Revolutions[edit]

text: Revolutionary movements of 1849 faced an additional challenge: to work together to defeat a common enemy. Previously, national identity allowed Habsburg forces to conquer revolutionary governments by playing them off one another. New democratic initiatives in Italy in the spring of 1848[when?] led to a renewed conflict with Austrian forces in the provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. At the very first anniversary of the first barricades in Vienna, German and Czech democrats in Bohemia agreed to put mutual hostilities aside and work together on revolutionary planning. Hungarians faced the greatest challenge of overcoming the divisions of the previous year, as the fighting there had been the most bitter. Despite this, the Hungarian government hired a new commander and attempted to unite with Romanian democrat Avram Iancu, who was known as Crăişorul Munţilor ("The Prince of the Mountains"). However, division and mistrust were too severe.

text: Three days after the start of hostilities in Italy, Carlo Alberto abdicated the throne, essentially ending the Piedmontese return to war. Renewed military conflicts cost the Empire the little that remained of its finances. Another challenge to Habsburg authority came from Germany and the question of either "big Germany" (united Germany led by Austria) or "little Germany" (united Germany led by Prussia). The Frankfurt National Assembly proposed a constitution with Friedrich Wilhelm of Prussia as monarch of a united federal Germany composed of only 'German' lands. This would have led to the relationship between Austria and Hungary (as a 'non-German' area) being reduced to a personal union under the Habsburgs, rather than a united state, an unacceptable arrangement for both the Habsburgs and Austro-German liberals in Austria. In the end, Friedrich Wilhelm refused to accept the constitution written by the Assembly. Schwarzenberg dissolved the Hungarian Parliament in 1849, imposing his own constitution that conceded nothing to the liberal movement. Appointing Alexander Bach head of internal affairs, he oversaw the creation of the Bach system, which rooted out political dissent and contained liberals within Austria and quickly returned the status quo. After the deportation of Lajos Kossuth, a nationalist Hungarian leader, Schwarzenberg faced uprisings by Hungarians. Playing on the long-standing Russian tradition of conservativism, he convinced tsar Nicholas I to send Russian forces in. The Russian army quickly destroyed the rebellion, forcing the Hungarians back under Austrian control. In less than three years, Schwarzenberg had returned stability and control to Austria. However, Schwarzenberg had a stroke in 1852, and his successors failed to uphold the control Schwarzenberg had so successfully maintained.


document_title: Chucky (Child's Play)

question_text: when did child's play 1 come out

question_tokens: when did child 's play 1 come out

text: Chucky (Child's Play)

text: Appearances[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2017)

tag: table

text: Film[edit]

text: Chucky made his first appearance in the 1988 film Child's Play. In the film, serial killer Charles Lee Ray (Brad Dourif) uses voodoo rituals to transfer his soul into a Good Guy Doll in an effort to escape capture. Now living in the form of the animated doll, Chucky (Voiced by Dourif) is given to young Andy Barclay (Alex Vincent) and begins terrorizing the family.[2] Chucky made his second appearance in the 1990 sequel, Child's Play 2. In the film, a resurrected Chucky (Dourif) continues his pursuit of Andy (Vincent), who has been placed in foster care after the events of the first film.[3] In Child's Play 3 (1991), Chucky (Dourif) again returns from the grave eight years after events of the previous film to terrorized a now teenage Andy (Justin Whalin).[4]

text: Bride of Chucky (1998) continues the story, with Chucky (Dourif) being resurrected by former accomplice and girlfriend Tiffany Valentine (Jennifer Tilly). After transferring Tiffany's soul into a bride doll, the two terrorize a young couple in an attempt to transfer Chucky's soul into a new body.[5] Seed of Chucky (2004) follows six years later when Glen/Glenda (Voiced by Billy Boyd), the child of Chucky (Dourif) and Tiffany (Tilly), brings his parents back to life. The trio then set their sights on actress Jennifer Tilly (Tilly in a fictionalized version of herself), whom they have sinister designs for.[6]

text: The 2013 film Curse of Chucky saw the series return to the straightforward horror elements found in the first three films.[7] The film takes place twenty-five years after the events of the first film, as Chucky (Dourif) torments wheelchair-bound Nica Pierce (Fiona Dourif) who is implied to be his daughter.[8] In Cult of Chucky (2017) Chucky (Brad Dourif) returns to torment a now institutionalized Nica (Fiona Dourif), with a now adult Andy (Vincent) attempts to stop Chucky once and for all.[9] Chucky also appears in the film adaptation of Ready Player One.[citation needed]

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: Design[edit]

text: Child's Play Writer Don Mancini explained that Chucky draws heavily from the My Buddy dolls: "In my original script, he was originally called Buddy, and we couldn’t use it because of the ‘My Buddy’ doll. The director went out and got a ‘My Buddy’ doll, a Raggedy Ann, a Raggedy Andy and one of those life-size baby infants. What I told [designer] Kevin Yagher was, I wanted something similar to a My Buddy doll. I described "Buddy" in my original script, now "Chucky", as wearing red-buttoned overalls, red sneakers, striped sweater, with red hair, blue eyes, and freckles. Kevin went off and sketched many designs of Chucky, until the final was picked. Yagher then built the first doll from those sketches and my details".[10]

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (October 2017)

text:
Chucky appeared as a presenter (in a white tuxedo) at the first annual Horror Hall of Fame in October 1990.
Since October 1992, Chucky has been a regular at Universal Studios Halloween Horror Nights, starring in his own shows entitled, Chucky's In-Your-Face Insults and Chucky's Insult Emporium. Further attractions were created, based on Child's Play 3 and Curse of Chucky in 2009 and 2013.
Chucky made an appearance in the October 12, 1998, episode of WCW Monday Nitro interrupting Rick Steiner and Gene Okerlund's interview promoting his film, Bride of Chucky.[11]
On October 17, 1998, Chucky made an appearance in Episode 449 on Saturday Night Live (which was hosted by Lucy Lawless). Chucky appeared on Weekend Update to promote Bride of Chucky before unsuccessfully attempting several times to kill newscaster Colin Quinn. He even tried to kill Colin by posing as Dominican Lou only to be taken off the stage. Chucky was also seen in the closing taking a bow
In October 2004, Chucky and Jennifer Tilly hosted a Child's Play event on the Syfy Channel to promote Seed of Chucky. Chucky also appeared on the Halloween day edition of The NFL Today.
In 2007, Chucky made an appearance in the Hack/Slash comic book series.[12]
In 2013, it was announced that Chucky would be the main character in the video game Chucky: Slash & Dash, an endless runner game developed by Slimstown Studios.[13]
Starting October 1–4, 2013, several daily promotional videos for Curse of Chucky was released, entitled Chucky Invades Your Favorite Horror Movies. The first video featured Psycho and others featured Mama, Drag Me to Hell and The Purge.
Chucky briefly appeared in the RadioShack Super Bowl XLVIII commercial "The '80s Called", along with other 1980's icons such as Hulk Hogan and Dee Snider.[14]
He is the current host for Terror Tram for Universal Studios Hollywood Halloween Horror Nights
Rapper Bushwick Bill, formerly of the Geto Boys, has borrowed the persona of Chucky in recording various songs. Among these are "Chucky" (from the 1991 Geto Boys album We Can't Be Stopped) and "Chuckwick" (from Bushwick Bill's 1992 solo album Little Big Man). These songs also include sound samples from the original films. Bushwick Bill is also known for carrying the doll on stage when performing.
Rapper DMX mentioned Chucky in the Song "Damien" from the Album It's Dark and Hell Is Hot.
In March 2014, Nicolas Maduro, president of Venezuela, referred to opposition protesters as Chuckys and killers after weeks of violent protests resulted in numerous deaths.[15]
Chucky was spoofed in the 1998 comedy film Mafia!.
In the film Monster Mash, Chucky was parodied as a female wind-up toy named Chicky.[16]
Chucky has been featured in the Robot Chicken episode "Plastic Buffet" voiced by Mark Hamill. Chucky had stumbled into a cabbage patch to escape and search for a new body. After stabbing a cabbage, Chucky is eaten by the Cabbage Patch Kids in search for souls.
Chucky was also spoofed in Stan Helsing along with other horror icons such as Leatherface, Jason Voorhees, Michael Myers, Freddy Krueger and Pinhead.
Chucky has been referenced in The Simpsons:

In "The Falcon and the D'ohman", Chucky briefly fights with Kiefer Sutherland's character Wayne.
In "Gone Abie Gone", Jennifer Tilly appears as herself with Chucky making a reference to filming Seed of Chucky.

In "Brown Magic", an episode of The Cleveland Show, Cleveland Brown and his six-year-old stepson Rallo Tubbs both perform a magic show, with Rallo acting like a toy dummy. During the comedic act, Rallo explains that his puppet costume makes him look like a "black Chucky".
Spoofed in the 2000 horror film parody Shriek If You Know What I Did Last Friday The Thirteenth.
Referenced in the 2006 Wayans Brothers film, Little Man.
Referenced in the 4th season of the TV series Charmed: "You're gonna hit the Book of Shadows and you're gonna figure out how to control Chucky there."
A Chucky doll was featured in Ski Mask the Slump God's music video for "Catch Me Outside".
In the series The Parkers, Nikki mentions about her mentor being a doll and Kim responds "yeah Chucky".
NFL commentator and former head coach Jon Gruden is nicknamed Chucky due to the similarities between his and Chucky's facial expression when he's angry.[17]
In Dead Rising 2, there is an outfit that looks similar to Chucky's overalls.
In Criminal Case, during the trial of a notorious serial killer known as "The Puppeteer", the judge sarcastically remarks that he thought the Puppeteer was "some toy that came alive at night and killed people, but turned back into a doll by day."[18]
In Madea Goes to Jail, Madea is asked who a young girl character is by Ella and she responds: "The Seed of Chucky".
In Zombies Ate My Neighbors, one of the enemies is Fun Baby, a killer doll that chases down the player with an axe. Killing one can occasionally set it aflame, a reference to the first film.
Chucky appears alongside Freddy Krueger and many other pop culture icons from various decades in the 2018 film Ready Player One.


document_title: FM broadcasting in the UK

question_text: when is fm radio being turned off uk

question_tokens: when is fm radio being turned off uk

text: FM broadcasting in the UK

text: BBC[edit]

text: The BBC began using FM sound broadcasting in 1955, but at that time AM sound broadcasting predominated. The BBC's 'popular music' station known as Radio 1 opened on AM in 1967 and left medium wave in 1994, but had been using FM full-time for six years previously, part-time before 1988. Currently, all but one of the BBC's analogue services, including Radios 1, 2, 3, and 4 and BBC Local Radio are provided on FM, although Radio 4 uses medium wave in some areas, long wave for national broadcasting; Local Radio broadcasts opt-outs on medium wave. The only analogue service not to use FM is Radio 5 Live. BBC policy was to refer to FM as VHF on air until 30 September 1984 when FM became its official term.

text: Commercial broadcasting[edit]

text: Legal commercial broadcasting began in the United Kingdom in 1973, with the launch of LBC, though offshore pirate radio stations operated in the 1960s to 1990s, usually from ships anchored off the coast of Britain.

text: Early licenses were granted to wide-area stations, such as Capital Radio which served London and the home counties. Later more local stations were introduced. There is also one national commercial radio station, Classic FM.

text: Commercial radio stations simulcasted on both FM and medium wave from the beginning until 1989–1990, when the IBA asked radio stations to end the practice. Typically another service, often a Gold format, was introduced on AM and the original service continued on FM.

text: Frequency utilisation[edit]

text: From 1955 the band 88.0 – 94.6 MHz was used (allotted and assigned) for three BBC national networks. Over the next 40 years, the band grew piecemeal to 87.5 – 108.0 MHz, allowing for five national networks and many local stations.

text: Until 1995, parts of the band had been used in the United Kingdom for mobile service by police, fire brigades and the fuel and power industries. These parts were reassigned to broadcasting service gradually over many years as the communications services were transferred to new equipment in other parts of the spectrum.

text: The current frequency allotment plan is based on an ITU agreement made in Geneva in 1984.[2] The table below shows which kind of broadcasting transmitter stations are the main users of each part of the band. There are many exceptions. In some areas there is some commercial usage of the 'BBC local' sub bands while in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland the 'Radio 4' and 'BBC Local' ranges are used interchangeably. Community radio stations and RSLs tend to be fitted into any locally-available position.

text:
Sub-band (MHz)
Main usage

87.5 – 88.0
Restricted Service Licences

88.0 – 90.2
BBC Radio 2

90.2 – 92.4
BBC Radio 3

92.4 – 94.6
BBC Radio 4

94.6 – 96.1
BBC Local Radio

96.1 – 97.6
Independent Local Radio

97.6 – 99.8
BBC Radio 1

99.8 – 102.0
Independent National Radio (currently Classic FM)

102.0 – 103.5
Independent Local Radio

103.5 – 104.9
BBC Local Radio

104.9 – 108.0
Independent Local Radio

text: Subcarriers[edit]

text: The United Kingdom permits Radio Data System (RDS) subcarriers.

text: Future switch off[edit]

text: The UK government is planning for a switchover from FM to digital radio once take-up and coverage meets certain criteria. Successive Governments have admitted that FM VHF Band II analogue radio would not cease until the majority use digital, so no actual date has ever been agreed. Digital listening figures however consistently include Satellite, DTT and online streaming, not just DAB. In any case there is a commitment to maintain community FM Radio. This means that as long as there are significant numbers of listeners on FM in the United Kingdom no government is likely to take the politically unpopular decision to turn off analogue. Support for the FM Switch Off in the UK is limited.[citation needed]


document_title: Russian Standard (vodka)

question_text: how many times is russian standard vodka distilled

text: Russian Standard (vodka)

text: History[edit]

text: The brand was introduced as the "Russian Standard" vodka in 1998 by the Russian Standard company of Roustam Tariko. The Russian Standard, later called Original, vodka established the brand as one of the top premium vodka brands in the Russian market. Its new Russian, Soviet-free identity, turned (unusually for a premium beverage) an advantage in the rapidly developing market of the 1990s Russia.

text: Two years after a successful Russian market launch, international expansion was started. This was accompanied by the launch of Russian Standard Platinum product in 2001 and the luxury brand Imperia in 2004.[1] The original product was re-christened Original.

text: In 2006, a new distillery with 4 million cases/yr capacity was opened in Saint Petersburg.[2]

text: Market position[edit]

text: According to the manufacturer, in 2001 the brand was active worldwide in 80+ markets with sales over 2 million cases/yr. Marketing emphasizes the 100% Russian mantra – being produced by a Russian recipe, from only Russian raw materials, distilled and bottled in Russia.

text: Russian Standard aroused controversy when it questioned the Russianness of its chief international rival Stolichnaya. At that time, Stolichnaya was distilled in Russia but bottled in Latvia. Stolichnaya distributor, Pernod Ricard, responded by insisting that Stolichnaya is an authentic Russian vodka, as nothing is added or removed during the bottling.

text: In a 2006 overview of Russian premium vodkas for Vanity Fair, the "Imperia" product stood alone with a top A+ grade.[3]

text: Production[edit]

text: Production of the Russian Standard Original is based on a four-tier protocol:[4]

text:
mashing and fermenting
distillation and rectification
filtration and relaxation
bottling and packaging.

tag: ol

text: Higher-end products add more purification steps.

text: Winter grain from Russian steppes are milled and fermented. The raw spirit is distilled four times for the Original and Platinum variants while the Imperia spirit is distilled eight times.

text: The spirits are blended with water from Lake Ladoga. The proximity of Lake Ladoga was one of the main reasons for the company's decision to establish its distillery in Saint Petersburg. The lake's underground sources provide one of the softest waters naturally available.[citation needed]

text: The product is then filtered four times through charcoal. Platinum receives two more filtrations through silver and Imperia two more filtrations through quartz from the Ural Mountains.

text: After final filtration, the spirits spend 48 hours in relaxation tanks, are bottled and packaged. As vodka contains only water and ethanol, it generally does not mature or age and its shelf life is limited only by packaging.

text: Mendeleev myth[edit]

text: The marketing claims that, "In 1894, Dmitri Mendeleev, the greatest scientist in all Russia, received the decree to set the Imperial quality standard for Russian vodka and the 'Russian Standard' was born",[5] or that the vodka is "compliant with the highest quality of Russian vodka approved by the royal government commission headed by Mendeleev in 1894."[6]

text: This, however, is based on a popular myth that Mendeleev's 1865 doctoral dissertation "A Discourse on the combination of alcohol and water" contained a statement that 38% is the ideal strength of vodka, and that this number was later rounded to 40% to simplify the calculation of alcohol tax. However, Mendeleev's dissertation was about alcohol concentrations over 70% and he never wrote anything about vodka. Furthermore, the 40% standard strength was introduced by the Russian government already in 1843, when Mendeleev was nine years old.[6][7]

text: Variants[edit]

text:
Russian Standard Vodka

Original product launched in 1998
Raw ingredients: winter grains from Russian Steppes, glacial water from Lake Ladoga
Distilled four times and filtered four times through charcoal

Russian Standard Gold

Notes of vanilla, caramel, and spearmint
Added ingredient Siberian ginseng extract

Russian Standard Platinum

Higher-end product, launched 2001
Filtered additional two times through silver.

Imperia

The luxury brand, launched 2004
Distilled additional four times.
Filtered additional two times through quartz.
Luxury brand


document_title: Cabo San Lucas International Airport

question_text: what is the airport in cabo san lucas mexico

text: Cabo San Lucas International Airport

text:
Cabo San Lucas International Airport
Aeródromo Internacional de Cabo San Lucas

IATA: CSL
ICAO: MMSL

Summary

Airport type
Public

Operator
Aeropuerto Cabo San Lucas Internacional SA de CV

Location
Cabo San Lucas

Hub for
Calafia Airlines

Elevation AMSL
690 ft / 210 m

Coordinates
22°56′51″N 109°56′13.49″W / 22.94750°N 109.9370806°W / 22.94750; -109.9370806

Map

MMSL

Location of airport in Baja California Sur

Runways

Direction
Length
Surface

m
ft

11/29
2,133
7,000
Asphalt

Statistics (2017)

Total Passengers
1,198

Ranking in Mexico
64th

Source:Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil[1][2]

text: Cabo San Lucas International Airport (Spanish: Aeródromo Internacional de Cabo San Lucas) (ICAO: MMSL) is a small international airfield (officially it's an "aerodrome") located 4.5 miles (7.2 km) northwest of Cabo San Lucas in Baja California Sur, Mexico.

text: The airport has air taxi service. Recently, the runway was enlarged and lengthened to 7,000 ft. Also, new navigation aids were installed, along with new air traffic control equipment, control tower, lighting, PAPI visual aids, and a new FBO with all the ground support equipment.

text: It handled 1,198 passengers in 2017.

text: Airlines and destinations[edit]

text:
Airlines
Destinations

Calafia Airlines
Ciudad Obregón, Culiacán, Guasave, Hermosillo, La Paz, Los Mochis, Mazatlán, Puerto Vallarta


document_title: Gilmore Girls (season 7)

question_text: when do lorelai and luke get back together season 7

text: Gilmore Girls (season 7)

text: Overview[edit]

text: The season picks up with Lorelai having slept with Christopher immediately after ending her engagement to Luke, while Rory is attempting a long-distance relationship with Logan. Lorelai and Christopher attempt a relationship and, after going to Paris together, come back married. The marriage lasts until midway through the season but Christopher struggles to fit into Lorelai's life in Stars Hollow. Luke learns Anna is moving to New Mexico with April and applies for joint custody, winning after Lorelai gives him a glowing character reference. Christopher finds out and he and Lorelai argue, with Christopher feeling like second choice. Richard, who has just started working at Yale as a lecturer, has a heart attack during a class and Christopher stays away from the hospital while everyone worries about him. He and Lorelai eventually admit their marriage isn't right and split. Emily struggles with the finances while Richard is convalescing and Lorelai helps her out.

text: Lane comes back from her honeymoon pregnant with twins. Her mother moves in with her and Zach, sending Brian to live with her relatives, but is eventually convinced to back off, with Lane giving birth to sons Steve and Kwan. Sookie also becomes pregnant for the third time, since Jackson never had the vasectomy she arranged for him. Michel's dog Chin Chin dies and Lorelai organises a memorial at the inn. Luke sells the boat he inherited from his father to Kirk and buys a larger one so he can take a trip with April over the summer, but she has to cancel when she is accepted to science camp.

text: Rory and Logan try to spend time together while he works in London and New York. Rory feels awkward living in his old apartment rent-free so moves back in with Paris and Doyle. She also befriends Lucy and Olivia, two girls she met at an art exhibition. Lucy's boyfriend turns out to be Marty, who pretends not to know Rory. Rory goes along with it, upsetting Lucy when Logan tells her the truth, but Lucy breaks up with Marty and reconciles with Rory. Logan pursues a software deal against Mitchum's wishes, losing his trust fund and costing the company a multimillion-dollar lawsuit for patent infringement. Logan resigns and takes a job in San Francisco. Paris is accepted into every grad school she applies to but Rory is rejected for an internship. In the penultimate episode, Paris and Doyle depart for Harvard Medical. Logan proposes to Rory at a graduation party thrown by Richard and Emily but she turns him down, not willing to put him ahead of her career, and he breaks up with her.

text: In the series finale, Rory gets a job covering Barack Obama's election campaign for an online newspaper but has to leave in three days, throwing off plans for a graduation re-enactment. Luke organises the town in throwing a farewell party for her. Emily tries to find a way to get involved in the running of the inn to stay close to Lorelai but Lorelai assures her she will keep attending Friday night dinners. Lorelai and Luke share a kiss at the party and the show's run ends with Lorelai and Rory sharing a last breakfast at Luke's diner.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Lauren Graham as Lorelai Gilmore
Alexis Bledel as Rory Gilmore
Scott Patterson as Luke Danes
Melissa McCarthy as Sookie St. James
Keiko Agena as Lane Kim
Yanic Truesdale as Michel Gerard
Liza Weil as Paris Geller
Sean Gunn as Kirk Gleason
Matt Czuchry as Logan Huntzberger
Kelly Bishop as Emily Gilmore
Edward Herrmann as Richard Gilmore

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
David Sutcliffe as Christopher Hayden
Liz Torres as Miss Patty
Sally Struthers as Babette Dell
Jackson Douglas as Jackson Belleville
Emily Kuroda as Mrs. Kim
Michael Winters as Taylor Doose
Kathleen Wilhoite as Liz Danes
Michael DeLuise as TJ
Ted Rooney as Morey Dell
Todd Lowe as Zach Van Gerbig
John Cabrera as Brian Fuller
Sebastian Bach as Gil
Danny Strong as Doyle McMaster
Gregg Henry as Mitchum Huntzberger
Sherilyn Fenn as Anna Nardini
Vanessa Marano as April Nardini
Krysten Ritter as Lucy
Michelle Ongkingco as Olivia Marquont

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions) [4]

132
1
"The Long Morrow"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
David S. Rosenthal
September 26, 2006 (2006-09-26)
2T7751
4.48

Picking up on the day after last season's finale, Lorelai wakes up in bed with Christopher. Confused and mortified, she makes a hasty exit, ignoring Christopher's pleas that she stay. Once at home, Lorelai tries to get rid of everything that reminds her of Luke and ends up practically emptying her house. Rory receives a toy rocket ship as a parting gift from Logan and is baffled as to its meaning. She decides she should join him in London for the summer, only to learn he has bought her a ticket for a visit at Christmas. Lorelai reveals to Luke that she slept with Christopher after he pleas for her to marry him.[5]

133
2
"That's What You Get, Folks, for Makin' Whoopee"
Bethany Rooney
Rebecca Rand Kirshner
October 3, 2006 (2006-10-03)
2T7752
4.62

Luke drives to Boston for one purpose: to punch out Christopher. Rory is upset over Logan's absence and the fact that they had to cancel their long-planned trip to Asia. Wanting to cheer Rory up and take her mind off her own sad love life, Lorelai turns her house into an Asian-themed wonderland. Meanwhile, Lane returns from her disastrous honeymoon and finds out she's pregnant. While repairing the damage to the diner, Luke tells TJ about his break-up with Lorelai. Finally, Rory is furious when she learns that Lorelai slept with Christopher.

134
3
"Lorelai's First Cotillion"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Rina Mimoun
October 10, 2006 (2006-10-10)
2T7753
4.71

When Richard and Emily have no real reaction to the news of her break up, Lorelai suddenly realizes that most of her emotional life has been based on doing and feeling the opposite of whatever her parents want. Later, when Michel forces Lorelai to attend Emily's cotillion dance, Lorelai discovers that some things her parents wanted for her weren't really that terrible. Meanwhile, Rory has a tough time making her long-distance relationship work.

135
4
"'S Wonderful, 'S Marvelous"
Victor Nelli, Jr.
Gayle Abrams
October 17, 2006 (2006-10-17)
2T7754
4.77

Lorelai and Christopher have begun to date, and although Lorelai is finding it difficult to fully commit to the relationship, Christopher keeps coming up with romantic dates to win her over. Back at Yale, Rory meets some eccentric new girlfriends at an art exhibit, and Richard becomes a guest lecturer. April comes to stay with Luke for a few weeks while Anna is out of town. Finally, Emily gets arrested and Lorelai has to bail her out of jail. First appearance of Olivia (Michelle Ongkingco) and Lucy (Krysten Ritter).

136
5
"The Great Stink"
Michael Schultz
Gina Fattore
October 24, 2006 (2006-10-24)
2T7755
4.73

Emily and Richard are delighted when Lorelai and Christopher attend Friday night dinner together as a couple. Christopher reveals that Sherry has written him a letter saying she regrets leaving their daughter, Gigi, and asking him to send Gigi to visit her in Paris. Lorelai can't believe that Chris would consider this and they get into an argument over dinner. Logan returns to town on business to acquire an internet company and pays Rory a surprise visit. Rory is thrilled, but during a dinner with Logan's colleagues, she realizes that she has no connection to his new life.

137
6
"Go, Bulldogs!"
Wil Shriner
David S. Rosenthal, Rebecca Rand Kirshner
November 7, 2006 (2006-11-07)
2T7757
4.34

Christopher talks Lorelai into visiting Rory at Yale during Parents' Weekend, and Lorelai is surprised to find that Richard and Emily are also there. Trying to prove how cool he is, Christopher invites all of Rory's co-workers on the "Yale Daily News" to an expensive lunch where they all drink too much. The meal ends abruptly when Rory insists they leave to cover a breaking story. Meanwhile, Luke meets April's swimming coach, who convinces him to take her adult swimming class. When the coach flirts with him, Luke asks her out on a date.

138
7
"French Twist"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
David Babcock
November 14, 2006 (2006-11-14)
2T7756
4.51

Christopher and Lorelai take his daughter Gigi to visit her mother in Paris. Despite severe jet lag, they manage to have a wonderful, romantic time enjoying the city and each other. Rory comes to the end of her tenure as Editor-in-Chief of the "Yale Daily News" and suddenly finds herself unsure of her future. Her new friends Olivia and Lucy suggest a trip to Stars Hollow for a girls' night. When they return, Rory is surprised to find that Lucy's new boyfriend (whom she always calls "Boyfriend" instead of his name) is her old friend Marty, who pretends not to know Rory. Miss Kim wants Lane and Zack to move in, then wants to move in with them when they aren't interested. Christopher and Lorelai return home with a surprise: that they are now Mr. and Mrs. Hayden.

139
8
"Introducing Lorelai Planetarium"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Jennie Snyder
November 21, 2006 (2006-11-21)
2T7758
4.20

Rory goes home to Stars Hollow to have dinner with her parents, where it is revealed that they eloped while in Paris. Rory pretends to be happy, but later reveals her anger to Lorelai. Logan comes back to town for a launch party, which Rory attends and about which she later writes a judgmental article. Due to accusations by Logan, Rory plans to find a new apartment. Meanwhile, Luke turns to Lorelai in a time of medical emergency with April.

140
9
"Knit, People, Knit!"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
David Grae
November 28, 2006 (2006-11-28)
2T7759
4.89

Here comes the birth of Liz's baby delivered by a midwife. Luke is informed of the news. A "knitathon festival" takes place in Stars Hollow, where Christopher donates substantially. Chris and Lorelai tell Emily and Richard about their marriage.

141
10
"Merry Fisticuffs"
Jackson Douglas
David S. Rosenthal
December 5, 2006 (2006-12-05)
2T7760
4.81

Emily throws an extravagant party. Meanwhile, Luke talks to a lawyer about partial custody over April. Luke and Christopher get in a long, exhaustive fistfight.

142
11
"Santa's Secret Stuff"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Rebecca Rand Kirshner
January 23, 2007 (2007-01-23)
2T7761
3.72

Lorelai and Christopher decide to put their Christmas holidays on hold while Rory is in London over the holidays, Once Rory returns to Stars Hollow, they decorate several Christmas trees, do their shopping and even bake Christmas cookies for the first time as a family. Turning up unexpectedly at the inn, Luke asks Lorelai to write a character recommendation letter for his custody battle over April. Lorelai struggles to write the letter until she and Rory run into Luke and April at the mall and Lorelai suddenly remembers how important Luke has always been in Rory's life. Inspired, Lorelai writes the letter and mails it to Luke's attorney. Rory decides she will write an apology letter to her friend Lucy, explaining why she and Marty kept their past friendship a secret.

143
12
"To Whom It May Concern"
Jamie Babbit
David Babcock
January 30, 2007 (2007-01-30)
2T7762
4.27

Noticing Sookie's recent odd behavior, Lorelai forces Jackson to tell her the reason. Luke and Anna attend a hearing to decide their custody battle over April. With help from Paris, Rory finally makes amends with Lucy, who tells her that she and Marty have broken up. While attending Richard's economics class at Yale, Rory witnesses a frightening scene. Finally, Christopher finds the letter Lorelai wrote for Luke's character reference and confronts Lorelai about whether he was her second choice.

144
13
"I'd Rather Be in Philadelphia"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Rebecca Rand Kirshner
February 6, 2007 (2007-02-06)
2T7763
4.70

Lorelai and Rory receive unexpected comfort and some grief while at the hospital and at Richard's side: Christopher won't return Lorelai's calls, but Luke is there for her and the family. Emily is so distraught that she tries to distract herself by maintaining her rigorous social calendar with Luke offering to help her out in keeping up her appearances. Rory is met by Logan, who flies to the hospital in a helicopter. When Christopher finally does arrive, he speaks words of sympathy to Lorelai, but his emotions betray him: he's still mad at her from their fight

145
14
"Farewell, My Pet"
Jamie Babbit
Jennie Snyder
February 13, 2007 (2007-02-13)
2T7764
4.37

Rory quickly develops a crush on Richard's replacement teaching assistant and feels compelled to confess the attraction to Logan. But she feels really bad about it and he completely understands and the two of them reassure each other that in the end they are crazy about each other. Meanwhile, Lorelai distracts herself from thinking about Christopher by arranging a memorial service for Michel's dog. Christopher seeks her out, however, and the two are forced to face their problems. Christopher feels like he's been trying to get Lorelai to fall in love with him, and Lorelai realizes she still has feelings for Luke. Lorelai and Christopher end their marriage.

146
15
"I Am Kayak, Hear Me Roar"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Rebecca Rand Kirshner
February 20, 2007 (2007-02-20)
2T7765
4.04

Lorelai puts off telling her parents about her separation from Christopher by helping Emily to arrange Richard's recovery. Rory celebrates Logan's birthday, but bad news from Logan's business partner spoils their evening.

147
16
"Will You Be My Lorelai Gilmore?"
David Paymer
Gina Fattore, Gayle Abrams
February 27, 2007 (2007-02-27)
2T7766
4.17

Rory goes to meet with an editor from the New York Times just as she starts to put together Lane's baby shower. Lorelai takes over the production and has to arbitrate a disagreement between Lane and Mrs. Kim about how to raise the unborn children. Meanwhile, Luke decides to change his situation in life and buy a new boat. Logan comes home drunk and reveals to Rory his failed business venture, and then runs off to Las Vegas with his buddies.

148
17
"Gilmore Girls Only"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
David Babcock
March 6, 2007 (2007-03-06)
2T7767
4.47

Lorelai, Rory, and Emily take a road trip to North Carolina to attend Mia's wedding. Lane goes into labor. Finally, Lane and Zack ask Luke to be the godfather to their twins Steve and Kwan.

149
18
"Hay Bale Maze"
Stephen Clancy
Rebecca Rand Kirshner
April 17, 2007 (2007-04-17)
2T7768
3.83

During Stars Hollow's annual Spring Fling festival, a huge hay bale maze leads to a chance encounter for Luke and Lorelai, where they apologize to one another and talk about the problems that led to their engagement being called off. As Rory shows Logan around town, Lorelai begins to feel that Logan might be too irresponsible for her daughter. Meanwhile, Rory has a job interview with the Providence Journal Bulletin.

150
19
"It's Just Like Riding a Bike"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
Jennie Snyder
April 24, 2007 (2007-04-24)
2T7769
3.75

Lorelai heads to Luke's for her first breakfast there in a while -- overall, it's an awkward experience for them both. Later on, when Lorelai's Jeep breaks down, Luke helps her shop for a new car. They argue and fight, which Lorelai thinks is ultimately a good sign. Paris considers breaking up with Doyle so she can be free of influences when it comes to picking which law or medical school she will attend. Rory receives a letter that will certainly influence her future plans.

151
20
"Lorelai? Lorelai?"
Bethany Rooney
David S. Rosenthal
May 1, 2007 (2007-05-01)
2T7770
4.08

Rory stresses out as graduation approaches, which leads to a day of eating and shopping with Lorelai. Later, with Luke in tow, the Gilmores hit the bars, where Lorelai takes the stage for a karaoke number obviously intended for Luke. Logan returns from a business trip and looks to discuss his and Rory's future with Lorelai. After getting into a science camp, April tells Luke that she cannot go on the boating trip with him over the summer. Zach is asked to go on tour with another band.

152
21
"Unto the Breach"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
David Babcock, Jennie Snyder
May 8, 2007 (2007-05-08)
2T7771
3.96

Lorelai and Christopher are reunited at a party Emily and Richard throw in honor of Rory's graduation. Logan surprises everyone at the party by proposing to Rory, but she is too shocked to give him an answer. Then, on graduation day, Rory and Paris receive their diplomas, and Rory finally gives Logan her answer and says no. Meanwhile, Lorelai is embarrassed about her recent karaoke serenade to Luke, and Luke is hurt when he overhears her saying it didn't mean anything.

153
22
"Bon Voyage"
Lee Shallat-Chemel
David S. Rosenthal
May 15, 2007 (2007-05-15)
2T7772
4.90

Rory gets a job following the presidential campaign of one of the candidates running for president. While she prepares to leave in a mere three days, Lorelai adjusts to the idea that she may not see her daughter again for weeks, even months. Meanwhile, Luke is still trying to sort out how he really feels about Lorelai after they locked eyes at the karaoke jam. To see Rory off before she leaves for her new job, the entire town puts on a farewell party, despite the presence of rain.

text: DVD release[edit]

text:
The Complete Seventh Season[6]

Set details
Special features

22 episodes
6-disc set
1.33:1 aspect ratio
1.78:1 aspect ratio (international)
Subtitles: English
English (Dolby Digital 5 1 Surround)

Additional scene

"The Great Stink"

Gilmore Fashionistas
A Best Friend's Peek Inside the Gilmore Girls with Keiko Agena
Kirk's Town Tours
Who Wants to Talk Boys – Season Montage

Release dates

North America
United Kingdom
Continental Europe
Norway
Australia

November 13, 2007
August 30, 2010
November 25, 2007
November 14, 2007
April 9, 2008


document_title: Wet 'n Wild (Las Vegas)

question_text: when did wet n wild close las vegas

question_tokens: when did wet n wild close las vegas

text: Wet 'n Wild (Las Vegas)

text: History[edit]

text: Construction was underway as of October 1984, with plans to open the 27-acre park on May 1, 1985. The $12 million project was a joint venture between Howard Hughes Development Corporation – part of Summa Corporation – and San Diego-based Wet 'n' Wild. Howard Hughes Development Corporation conceived the project because of the potential to expand the local tourism market through family entertainment, and the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority believed that the water park would appeal to families visiting Las Vegas. Howard Hughes Development Corporation chose a water park theme as the company did not want to compete against southern California's Disneyland and Knott's Berry Farm theme parks, as many Las Vegas tourists were residents of southern California. The concept of a water park in Las Vegas was also considered ideal because of the city's dry and hot weather.[3]

text: The water park was located on the Las Vegas Strip, between the Sahara and El Rancho hotel-casinos. Wet 'n Wild opened on May 18, 1985, after $14 million was spent on construction. The park included three turbine engines capable of creating rolling four-foot waves in a 170-foot pool. The park also featured a 17,000-square-foot surf lagoon containing 500,000 gallons of water, ranging in depth from eight feet to two inches. The surf lagoon was a main attraction, as well as a 76-foot-high water slide known as the Der Stuka,[4] located along Las Vegas Boulevard on the property's west end, south of the Sahara.[5] Approximately 500,000 people were expected to visit the water park during its first year.[3][4] By June 1986, park attendance had increased 19.7 percent from the previous year.[6] A capsule known as the Bomb Bay was eventually added atop the Der Stuka. The Bomb Bay required people to push a button, which opened the floor beneath them, plummeting riders to the slide approximately 20 feet below.[5]

text: In 1993, the park was sued by Russell Beatty, a man who suffered temporary paralysis after his neck was broken in three areas. Beatty had been waiting for his son at the bottom of the Hydro Blaster water slide and was struck by a 275-pound man. Beatty alleged that lifeguards allowed the man to go down the slide too soon, resulting in the injury.[7]

text: The park was acquired by Universal Studios in October 1998, Ogden Corp in March 1999, Alfa SmartParks in March 2000, and Palace Entertainment on July 10, 2002.[8] The park closed in 2004.[9][10][8]

text: Redevelopment plans[edit]

text: In March 2007, Publishing and Broadcasting Limited and Christopher Milam announced plans to purchase the site for $1.2 billion. They intended to replace it with a mixed-use tower called the Crown Las Vegas.[11] The cost of the project was estimated to be $5 billion, and its original completion date was set for 2014.[12] In March 2008, the project's cancellation was announced and the site was put up for sale.[13]

text: The idea of turning the abandoned site into a stadium began in 2010, when Milam revealed plans for the Silver State Arena. Milam's company International Development Management would get the 27-acre land from Sue Lowden and her husband Paul, and atop build a 20,000-seat stadium at the cost of $750 million, using about $9 million a year in redevelopment district taxes.[14] The project stalled after Clark County rejected a proposal to fund 15% of the venue with public money and nearby residents opposed construction.[15]

text: In 2013, businessman Jackie Robinson, a former UNLV student and NBA player, announced that he was planning on using the same site of the proposed Silver State Arena to build the All Net Resort and Arena, a $1.4 billion privately funded complex encompassing an arena, hotel and shopping project that could attract an NBA franchise to Las Vegas.[16] The arena itself would cost $670 million.[17] The project is delayed until 2018 or 2019.[18]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Park Information". Wet 'n Wild. Archived from the original on August 3, 2004. Retrieved March 6, 2018.

Jump up ^ "Property history". Clark County Assessor's Office. Retrieved March 6, 2018.

^ Jump up to: a b Moreno, Richard (October 14, 1984). "Aquatic amusement park hopes to attract families". Reno Gazette-Journal. Retrieved March 20, 2018  – via Newspapers.com.

^ Jump up to: a b Anderson, Barbara (May 16, 1985). "Vegas water park opens Saturday". Reno Gazette-Journal. Retrieved March 20, 2018  – via Newspapers.com.

^ Jump up to: a b Velotta, Richard N. (October 4, 2012). "Wet 'n' Wild water park coming to Las Vegas". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved April 2, 2018.

Jump up ^ "Tourism boom expected". Reno Gazette-Journal. June 30, 1986. Retrieved March 20, 2018  – via Newspapers.com.

Jump up ^ "Man sues Vegas water park". Reno Gazette-Journal. September 3, 1993. Retrieved March 20, 2018  – via Newspapers.com.

^ Jump up to: a b Jennifer Robison (July 10, 2002). "Wet 'n Wild sold for fourth time in four years". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved April 13, 2013.

Jump up ^ Caroline Bleakley (October 12, 2012). "New Water Park to be Named Wet 'n' Wild Las Vegas". KLAS-TV. Retrieved April 13, 2013.

Jump up ^ Matt Guillermo (October 3, 2012). "Vegas water park resurrects 'Wet 'n' Wild' name". KVVU-TV. Retrieved April 13, 2013.

Jump up ^ ReviewJournal.com - Business - Australian magnate to invest in LV casino

Jump up ^ Haynes, Rhys (2007-07-23). "Packer's high Vegas punt". The Daily Telegraph.

Jump up ^ Michael West (26 March 2008). "Packer dealt a dead hand in Vegas" (PDF). The Sydney Morning Herald.

Jump up ^ "Developer touts 20,000-seat arena". Las Vegas Review-Journal.

Jump up ^ Case Keefer. "Las Vegas' history filled with failed stadium, arena projects". LasVegasSun.com.

Jump up ^ Richard N. Velotta. "Another arena proposed for the Las Vegas Strip". LasVegasSun.com.

Jump up ^ Alan Snel. "Ground breaking near for $1.4 billion Strip arena complex". Las Vegas Review-Journal.

Jump up ^ Karp, Hannah. "Las Vegas Betting New Venue Hits Jackpot". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2016-04-12.