document_title: List of last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars

question_text: when did the last world war i veteran die

question_tokens: when did the last world war i veteran die

text: List of last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars

text: Classical antiquity[edit]

text:
Ramesses II (1303–1213 BC) – Egyptian Pharaoh who, as a young man, fought many battles with the Hittites and Shardana pirates and died aged 90.
Aristodemus of Sparta (c. 530–479 BC) – The "Coward of Thermopylae", who was the only Spartan to survive the Battle of Thermopylae.[1]
Marcus Valerius Corvus (370 BC?–270 BC) – Led the Roman army in the First Samnite War and reputedly lived to the age of 100.[2]
King Masinissa (c. 238 BC–c. 148 BC) – Led the Numidians during the Second Punic War and died at the age of 90.

text: Middle Ages[edit]

text: Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester (1040–1118) – Last of the Norman noblemen proven to have fought alongside William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings.[3]

text: Early modern period[edit]

text: These cases, particularly with respect to the ages claimed by the veterans, cannot be verified as it was common in pre-industrialised societies for elders to exaggerate their age.

text:
Anton Grolekofsky (1671/1672?–1785) – Polish soldier who lived in Sweden. Claimed to have fought in the Nine Years' War, Russo-Swedish War (1741–43) and Polish-Swedish War.[4][5]
Andreas Nielsen (1660?–1782) – Norwegian soldier. Claimed to be the last Scanian War veteran, to have had a long military career and seen many battles.[4][6]
Christian Jacobsen Drakenberg (1626?–1772) – Norwegian sailor. Claimed to have fought for Frederick III of Denmark in the Dano-Swedish War (1657–58) and again from 1675 to 1681 in the Scanian War.[7]

text: 17th century[edit]

text: English Civil War (1642–51)[edit]

text: William Hiseland (1620?–1732) – Wiltshire native. Fought for royalists in this war, Williamite War in Ireland and War of the Spanish Succession.[8] Last survivor of Battle of Edgehill. Retired with rank of sergeant.[9] For 80-year service to the king, he became one of the earliest admitted to Royal Hospital Chelsea.[10]

text: First Anglo-Dutch War (1652–54)[edit]

text: Richard Haddock (1629–1714) – Royal Navy.[11]

text: 18th century[edit]

text: Great Northern War (1700–21)[edit]

text: Petro Kalnyshevsky (1691?–1803) – Last of the Zaporozhian Host. Also fought in 1735–39 and 1768–74 Russo-Turkish Wars (by which time he was an Ataman).

text: War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14)[edit]

text: Ambrose Bennett (or Tennant) (1693/1694?-1800) - served at the Battle of Malplaquet and reputedly died at the age of 106.[12][13]

text: Jacobite risings (1719–45)[edit]

text:
Peter Grant (1714?–1824) – Scottish Jacobite Rebel. Fought at Culloden, Falkirk Muir and Prestonpans.[14]
George Browne (1698–1792) – Irish nobleman. Supported Old Pretender. Later became mercenary in Russian army.[15]

text: War of the Polish Succession (1733–38)[edit]

text: Jean Thurel (1698?–1807) – Died in France. Also served in the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War. Known as "oldest soldier of Europe."[16]

text: Russo-Turkish wars (1735–74)[edit]

text: Petro Kalnyshevsky (1691?–1803) – Last of the Zaporozhian Host and last known living veteran of the Great Northern War. Fought in the 1735–39 and 1768–74 Russo-Turkish Wars (by which time he was an Ataman).[17]

text: War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48)[edit]

text: Jean Thurel (1698?–1807) – Died in France. Also served in the War of the Polish Succession, the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War. Known as "oldest soldier of Europe."[16]

text: French and Indian War (1754–63)[edit]

text:
Jonathan Benjamin (1738–1841) – Also fought in American Revolutionary War. Settled in Granville, Ohio in 1802.[18]
James Thompson (1733–1830) – Engineer in Frasers Highlanders. Settled in Quebec City.[19][20]
Robert Abercromby of Airthrey (1740–1827) – Died in Great Britain.[21]
Michel-Eustache-Gaspard-Alain Chartier de Lotbinière (1748–1822) – Died in Montreal, Quebec, British Empire.[22]

text: Seven Years' War (1754–63)[edit]

text:
Johann Heinrich Behrens (1735?–1844) – Died in Germany.[23]
Ezekiel Blackmarr (1742–1841) – Britain. Born in the American colonies. Enlisted in British forces and was their last survivor of the Battle of Havana (1762)[24]
Paul François de Quelen de la Vauguyon (1746–1828) – Died in France.[25]
Henry Luttrell, 2nd Earl of Carhampton (1743–1821) – Died in Britain.[26]

text: American Revolutionary War (1775–83)[edit]

text:
Daniel Bakeman (1759–1869) – Alleged veteran. Awarded pension via Congress, though no support of service has been located.[27]
John Gray (1764–1868) – Last verifiable veteran although period of service was too short for him for pension qualification.[28]
Samuel Downing (1764–1867)[29]
Lemuel Cook (1759–1866) – Last official veteran; honorable discharge signed by George Washington.[30]
Barnabas Cochran (1758–1864) – Pennsylvania State Militia. Longest lived verified veteran.[31]

text: French Revolution (1789–99)[edit]

text:
Nicolas Savin (1768?–1894) – Enlisted in 2nd Regiment of Hussars in 1798. 1768 figure proclaims he was approximately 126 at time of death. Later served under Napoleon and was awarded the Legion d'Honneur.[32]
Giovanni Battista Campanella (1776?–1884) – France. Served in Italy during the French Revolutionary Wars and later in the 1812 Russian campaign.[33][34]
Yves Couédic (1774?–1883) – France. Fought in the Vendée in 1793[35][36]
Pierre Petit (1779–1882) – France. Served in the French invasion of Egypt[37]
Arthur Dardenne (1776–1872) – France. Last surviving person to have taken part in the Storming of the Bastille.[38]

text: Irish Rebellion of 1798[edit]

text: William Kinsella (1775–1870) — Irish rebel, fought at Castlecomer.[39]

text: 19th century[edit]

text: Napoleonic Wars (1803–15)[edit]

text:
Vincent Markiewicz (1795?–1903) – Last Polish veteran. Fought for Napoleon.[40][41] In 1912 there were three Polish men who claimed to have fought at Borodino, but it is unlikely they were real veterans due to lack of documentation and age ranges relatively high from 120 to 133.
Jean Adrin (1797–1902) – Last French veteran.[42]
Geert Adriaans Boomgaard (1788–1899) – Last Dutch veteran and Europe's oldest man at the time of his death. He fought for France in the 33ème Régiment Léger.[32]
Louis Victor Baillot (1793–1898) – French veteran. Last Battle of Waterloo veteran. Saw action at siege of Hamburg.[43]
Pedro Martínez (1789?–1898) – Last Battle of Trafalgar veteran. Served in Spanish navy on San Juan Nepomuceno.[32]
Leonard Meesters (1796–1896) – Last Belgian veteran. Fought for Napoleon.[32]
Josephine Mazurkewicz (1794–1896) – Last female veteran. Assistant surgeon in Napoleon's army. Later partook in Crimean War.[32]
Sir Provo Wallis (1791–1892) – Canadian born, served at sea in Napoleonic Wars and War of 1812.[44]
Morris Shea (1795–1892) – 73rd Foot – Last Scottish veteran.[45]
Vasilij Nikolaevich Kochetkov (1785?–1892) Russian Imperial Army. Enlisted 7 March 1811. Served in Grenadier Lifeguard Regiment at Borodino. Served 66 1/2 years until 12 October 1877 when wounded out of service in the Russian-Ottoman War.[46][47][48]
Joseph Sutherland (1789–1890) – Last English veteran. Royal Navy. Last British survivor of Trafalgar.[49]

text: War of 1812 (1812–15)[edit]

text:
Hiram Cronk (1800–1905) – United States Army.[50]
Sir Provo Wallis (1791–1892) – Royal Navy. Napoleonic veteran.[44]

text: Greek War of Independence (1821–32)[edit]

text: John W Stainer (1808–1907) – Royal Navy. Last survivor of the Battle of Navarino.[51]

text: July Revolution (1830)[edit]

text: Auguste Lebailly (1815–1911)[52][53]

text: Belgian Revolution (1830–31)[edit]

text: Philippe Demoulin (1809–1912) – Belgium[54]

text: Texas War of Independence (1835–36)[edit]

text:
Alfonso Steele (1817–1911) – Last veteran of Battle of San Jacinto.[55]
James L. Allen (1815–1901) – Texan courier at Alamo.[56]

text: Black Hawk War (1832)[edit]

text: Henry L. Riggs (1812–1911)[57]

text: Rebellions of 1837[edit]

text:
Nelson Truax (1818–1915) – Hunters' Lodges. Last survivor of the Battle of the Windmill[58]
François X. Matthieu (1818–1914) – Parti Patriote.[59]
Douglas Labalmondière (1815–1893) – Upper Canada Rebels.[60]

text: Mexican-American War (1846–48)[edit]

text:
Owen Thomas Edgar (1831–1929) – United States Navy.[61]
Antonio Rincón Gallardo (c. 1833–1928) – Mexican Army.[62] Enlisted at 13 years old and served at Churubusco in 1847.

text: Hungarian Revolution of 1848–49 (1848–49)[edit]

text:
József Fischl (1827–1929) — Last Hungarian veteran.[63]
István Lebo (1826–1928) — Believed the last Hungarian veteran. Last resident of the Hungarian Veterans Home.
Artúr Görgey (1818–1916) — Last Hungarian General.

text: Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49)[edit]

text: John Stratford (1829–1932) – British East India Company. Fought in the battles of Ramnagar, Challianwala, and Gujrat. Later served in the Anglo-Persian War as well as the Indian Mutiny.[64]

text: First Schleswig War (1848–51)[edit]

text:
Jørgen Jørgensen Birkholm (1829–1931) – Last Danish veteran[65]
Detlef Marxen (c.1825 - 1930) – Last German veteran[66]

text: Crimean War (1853–56)[edit]

text:
Charles Longden (1833–1938) – British. Served in the Royal Engineers[67][68]
Yves Prigent (1833–1938) – French sailor.[32]
Edwin Bezar (1838–1936) – British soldier. Also last British soldier in New Zealand Wars.
Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 10th Baronet (1835–1936) – possible last British Army officer (he died 9 months after Bezar).[69][70]
Charles Nathan (1834–1934) – Last French soldier. Saw action in Italy, Syria, Mexico and Franco-Prussian War.[citation needed]
Luigi Parachini (c. 1832–1930) – Last Sardinian soldier. Served under general La Màrmora.[71]
Edwin Hughes (1830–1927) – Last survivor of Charge of the Light Brigade.[72]
Rookes Evelyn Bell Crompton (1845–1940). Claimed to have been a naval cadet on HMS Dragon during the siege of Sevastopol, earning two campaign medals before his twelfth birthday. There is no record of his having enrolled in the Royal Navy and at time of his visits to the Crimea (mid-May to mid-July 1856), nobody was entitled to the award of the British Crimea Medal.[73] Later Colonel in British Army in Second Boer War.
Timothy (c.1839–2004) – Ship's tortoise mascot of HMS Queen during the first bombardment of Sevastopol in the Crimean War (she was the last survivor of this war).[74]

text: Seminole Wars (1816–58)[edit]

text: Jacob C. Marsh (c. 1818–1917) – U.S Volunteers. Last participant of the Second Seminole War[75]

text: Indian Mutiny (1857–59)[edit]

text:
Charles Palmer (1847–1940) – Nine-year-old boy who participated in the Siege of Lucknow
Robert Collinson d'Esterre Spottiswoode (1841–1936) – Last British Army veteran.[76][77]

text: Third Italian War of Independence (1866)[edit]

text: Giovanni Battista Egisto Sivelli (1843–1934) – Italy.[78][79]

text: New Zealand Wars (1845–72)[edit]

text: Edwin Bezar (1838–1936), last British soldier. Settled in New Zealand.

text: Second Italian War of Independence (1859)[edit]

text:
Anton Neubauer (1836–1941) – Austria. Last survivor of the Battle of Solferino.[80][81]
Amedeo Galle (1837–1936) – Italy.[82]
François Ribet (1835–1936) – France.[83]
William John Newby (1832–1934) – England. Last member of British Legion.[84]

text: American Civil War (1861–65)[edit]

text: Union[edit]

text: Albert Woolson (1850–1956)[85]

text: Confederacy[edit]

text: Last surviving Confederate veterans

text:
Name
Claimed birth date
Believed birth date
Death date
Status

Pleasant Crump
23 December 1847

31 December 1951
Verified

Felix M. Witkoski
5 January 1850
October 1854
3 February 1952
Dubious

Thomas Edwin Ross
19 July 1850

27 March 1952
Possible

Richard William Cumpston
23 May 1841

5 September 1952
Unknown

William Murphy Loudermilk[86]
23 October 1847[87]
April 1851[88]
18 September 1952
Possible

William Joshua Uncle Josh Bush[89][90]
10 July 1845
July 1846
11 November 1952
Verified[91]

Arnold Murray[92]
10 June 1846
1842/1855[93]
26 November 1952
Possible[94]

William Daniel Uncle Eli Townsend[89][95]
12 April 1846

22 February 1953
Verified[96]

William Albert Kinney
10 February 1843/1846[97]
10 February 1861[98]
23 June 1953
Probable[99]

Thomas Evans Riddle
16 April 1846[100]
1862[101]
2 April 1954
Possible[102]

text: Most cases are questionable, though it should be remembered that many Confederate records were destroyed or lost to history. Unlike the U.S. military archives, the Confederate records had no official archive system after the war. However, for most of the cases investigated, the ages of the claimants alone were enough to prove their claim was false. Walter Williams was generally acknowledged as the "last Confederate veteran" in 1950s newspapers. However, in September 1959 an exposé by The New York Times revealed that he was in fact born in 1854 in Itawamba County, Mississippi, and not 1842 as claimed. Still, since Salling and all the other claimants were dead, Williams was celebrated as the last Confederate veteran after his death on 20 December 1959.[103]

text: Salling's own status is disputed. In 1991, William Marvel examined the claims of Salling and several other "last Civil War veterans" for a piece in the Civil War history magazine Blue & Gray. Marvel found census data that indicated Salling was born in 1858, not 1846. Although in 1900 Salling supplied a birthdate of March 1858, he appears to have been born around 1856, still too late to have served in the Confederate Army. The 1860 census lists him as 4 years old, and the 1870 census as 14.[104] William Lundy is listed as 1 year old on the 1860 census, and from 1870 until 1930 he gave census marshals ages that reflected birthdates as early as 1853 and as late as 1860. He did not push his birthdate back to the 1840s until he applied for a Confederate pension from the state of Florida. In the same piece, Marvel confirmed Woolson's claim to be the last surviving Union veteran and asserted that Woolson was the last genuine Civil War veteran on either side. However, Marvel did not present research establishing who, among the several other Confederate claims from the 1950s, some of which appear to be genuine, was the real last Confederate veteran.

text: French invasion of Mexico (1861–67)[edit]

text:
Jules Pujos (1846–1942) – France.[32]
Francisco Arellano Zenteno (1842–1935) – Mexico. Fought at the battles of Puebla, La Carbonera and Tuxtepec. Had previously served in the Reform War.[105]

text: January Uprising (1863–65)[edit]

text: Feliks Bartczuk (1846–1946) – Last veteran.[106]

text: Second Schleswig War (1864)[edit]

text: Ove Henning Jacobsen (1841–1941) – Last Danish veteran.[107]

text: Expedition to Abyssinia (1867–68)[edit]

text: Adrian Jones (1845–1938) – served as veterinary officer, believed to be last British survivor.[108] Also served in First Boer War and Nile Expedition.

text: Indian Wars (1622–1924)[edit]

text:
Otto D. Van Norman (1876–1981) – Served in the local posse during the Battle of Kelley Creek[109]
Frederick Fraske (1872–1973) – Last U.S Army veteran[110]
Hubert V. Eva (1869–1971) – Last participant of the Battle of Sugar Point, last battle fought between Native Americans and the U.S. Army[111]
John Daw (1870–1965) – Last surviving U.S. Indian Scout [112][113]
Dewey Beard (1857–1955) – Native American from Lakota tribe. Last survivor of Battle of the Little Big Horn.[114] Also fought at Wounded Knee.[115]
William James Howard (1826–1924) – fought in the Mariposa War in Yosemite Valley.[116]
David McCoy (1790–1895) – Fought in Tecumseh's War. Saw Chief Tecumseh die while fighting in the Battle of the Thames. Served in the War of 1812[117]
Josiah Allen (1800–1891) – Enlisted at 14 to serve in the Creek War. Later served in the War of 1812.[118]

text: Franco-Prussian War (1870–71)[edit]

text:
Seraphin Pruvost (1849–1955) – Last French veteran.[32]
Karl Glöckner (1845–1953) – Last German veteran.[32]

text: Paris Commune (1871)[edit]

text:
Adrien Lejeune (1847–1942) – Last Communard.[32][119]
Emile Chausse (1850–1941) – Left army and joined the communards in 1870.[32]
Antonin Desfarges (1851–1941) – Last Communard député.[32]

text: Third Anglo-Ashanti War (1873–74)[edit]

text: Harry Figg (1855–1953) – possible last British service veteran, died in Australia. Also served in First Boer War and Second Boer War.[7] [8]

text: Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)[edit]

text:
Konstantin Vikent'evich Hrutskij (1855–1967) – Preobrazhenskij Lifeguard Regiment.[120] Claim is not fully verified, and Hrutskij's own accounts of his experience contradict historical records.[121]
Nene Hatun (1857–1955) – Turkey. Fought at the Battle of Erzurum.

text: Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–80)[edit]

text: Alfred Hawker (1858–1962) – last British Army survivor[122]

text: Zulu War (1879)[edit]

text:
Charles Wallace Warden (died 1953) – Transferred to First Foot in 1874.[123]
Frank Bourne (1854–1945) – Last survivor of Rorke's Drift.[124]

text: War of the Pacific (1879–84)[edit]

text: Ricardo Orellana Olate (1860–1967) – Chilean Army[125][126]

text: First Boer War (1880–81)[edit]

text: Harry Figg (1855–1953) – possibly last British Army survivor of this war, fought at Majuba Hill and Laing's Nek. (Previously served 1873 Anglo-Ashanti War.)

text: Anglo-Egyptian War (1882)[edit]

text: Sir Dudley de Chair (1864–1958) – British Army.[127]

text: Mahdist War (1882–99)[edit]

text:
James Richard Miles (1879–1977) – Britain. Last survivor of the Battle of Omdurman.[128]
William Francis Saville (1878–1968) – Lancashire Fusiliers. Fought at Battle of Omdurman, in Boer War and on Western Front 1915-18.

text: Nile Expedition (1884–85)[edit]

text: Sir Reginald Wingate (1861–1953) – last British officer survivor (later General in World War I).

text: Northwest Rebellion (1885)[edit]

text:
William Dickie Mills (1866–1971) — Canada[129][130]
Honoré Jackson (1861–1952) — Provisional Government of Saskatchewan[131]

text: Cuban War of Independence (1895–98)[edit]

text: Juan Fajardo Vega (1881–1990) – Cuban Liberation Army. Later served in the 1912 Negro Rebellion and the Cuban Revolution.[132][133]

text: Spanish–American War (1898)[edit]

text:
Jones Morgan (1882–1993)[134]
Aurelio Diaz Campillo (1878–1989)[135] – Spain

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Second Boer War (1899–1902)[edit]

text:
George Frederick Ives (1881–1993) – British army. Later emigrated to Canada.[136]
Pieter Arnoldus Krueler (1885–1986) – Boer army. Later served in both world wars and the Spanish Civil War and was a mercenary in the Congo Crisis.[137]

text: Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901) and Philippine–American War (1899–1902)[edit]

text: Nathan E. Cook (1885–1992)[138]

text: Potemkin Mutiny (1905)[edit]

text: Ivan Beshoff (1885–1987) – Sailor on Russian battleship Potemkin. Fled to Ireland and opened a fish and chips shop.[139]

text: Russo-Japanese War (1904–05)[edit]

text:
Mamoru Eto (1883–1992) – Japanese Army[140]
Alex Gory (1881–1989) – Russian Army[141]

text: Macedonian Struggle (1904–08)[edit]

text: Christos Papantoniou (1890–1995) – Greece[142]

text: Mexican Revolution (1910–20)[edit]

text:
Juan Carlos Caballero Vega (1900–2010) – Pancho Villa's driver.[143]
Feliciano Mejia (1899–2008) – Last living member of Emiliano Zapata's Ejército Libertador del Sur.[144][145]
Antonio Gómez Delgado (1900–2007) – Last living member of Pancho Villa's División del Norte[146][147]
Teodoro García (1889–1999) – Last Federal soldier.[148][149]

text: Italo-Turkish War (1911–12)[edit]

text: Luigi Gilardi (1892–1993) – Italian Colonial Forces. Also served in WWI and WWII.[150]

text: Balkan Wars (1912–13)[edit]

text:
Lăcătușu Dumitrașcu (1891–1999) – Romanian Army. Also served in WWI and WWII[151]
Christos Papantoniou (1890–1995) – Greek Army. Also served in WWI and WWII.[142]
Hristo Getov-Obbov (1893–1994) – Bulgarian Army.[152]
Hüseyin Kaçmaz (1884–1994) – Ottoman Army. Also served in WWI.[153]
Danilo Dajković (1895–1993) – Montenegrin Army. Also served in WWI.[154]

text: World War I (1914–18)[edit]

text:
Florence Green (1901–2012) – Britain. Last veteran of World War I from any country. Served as an officer's mess steward in the Women's Royal Air Force.
Claude Choules (1901–2011) – Britain. Last combat veteran. Served in the Royal Navy. Also last veteran to serve in both World Wars.
Harry Patch (1898–2009) – Britain. Last soldier to fight in the trenches.
Franz Künstler (1900–2008) – Austria-Hungary. Last veteran from the Central Powers.

text: Easter Rising (1916)[edit]

text:
John Rogers (1894–2000) – British Army. Also served in WWI.[155]
Lily Kempson (1897–1996) – Irish Citizen Army.[156]
William Connor Hogan (1898–1995) – Irish Volunteers.[157] Also served in the War of Independence and the Civil War.[158]

text: October Revolution (1917)[edit]

text: Boris Gudz (1902–2006) – Red Army. Also fought in Russian Civil War.[159]

text: Russian Civil War (1917–22)[edit]

text: Russian participants:

text:
Boris Gudz (1902–2006) – Red Army. Also fought in October Revolution.[159]
Nikolai Fyodorov (1901–2003) – White Army.[160]

text: Veterans of Allied military intervention forces:

text:
Warren V. Hileman (1901–2005) – last US Army veteran of Polar Bear Expedition.[161][162]
Harold Edwin Radford (1897–2003) – last known Canadian veteran, was stationed at Vladivostok.[163]
Jean Piry (1896–2003) – last known French Army veteran[164]
Frank William Ivers (1902–2003) – last known British veteran, served in Royal Navy off north Russia.
Harold Gunnes (1899–2003) – last US Navy veteran of the Polar Bear Expedition. Saw action against the Bolsheviks on USS Olympia (C-6) in 1918.

text: Finnish Civil War (1918)[edit]

text:
Lauri Nurminen (1906–2009) – White Guards.[165]
Aarne Arvonen (1897–2009) – Red Guards.[166]

text: Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19)[edit]

text: Jan Rzepa (1899–2005) – Last Polish fighter.[167]

text: German Revolution of 1918–19[edit]

text:
Helmut Fink (1901–2009) – Freikorps.[168][169]
William Seegers (Also second last German World War One Veteran) (1900–2007) – German Army.[170]

text: Polish–Ukrainian War (1918–19)[edit]

text: Major Aleksander Sałacki (1904–2008) – Poland. Last surviving Lwów Eaglet.[171][172]

text: Estonian War of Independence (1918–20)[edit]

text:
Ants Ilus (1901–2006) – Died in Estonia.[173]
Karl Jaanus (1899–2000) – Last surviving Cross of Liberty recipient awarded during war.[174]

text: Latvian War of Independence (1918–20)[edit]

text:
Arnolds Hofmanis (1900–2006) – Died in Tukums, Latvia.[175]
Arvīds Lauris (1901–2003) – Last surviving Order of Lāčplēsis recipient awarded during war.[176]

text: Lithuanian Wars of Independence (1918–20)[edit]

text:
Kazys Varkala (1900–2005) – Lithuania. Fought against the Soviets and the Bermontians[177]
Česlovas Januškevičius (1900–2001) – Lithuania. Fought the Polish in 1920.[178]

text: Irish War of Independence (1919–21)[edit]

text:
Dan Keating (1902–2007) – Irish Republican Army.[179]
Bert Clark (1899–2005) – British Army.[180]
Hugh McIvor (1901–2002) – Last survivor of the Royal Irish Constabulary[181]

text: Polish–Soviet War (1919–21)[edit]

text: Alexander Imich (1903–2014) - Poland.[182]

text: Silesian Uprisings (1919–21)[edit]

text: Wilhelm Meisel (1904–2009) – Last survivor.[183][184]

text: Polish–Lithuanian War (1919–20)[edit]

text:
Stefan Jan Ostrowski (1902–2003) – Poland. Also fought against the Soviets.[185]
Česlovas Januškevičius (1900–2001) – Lithuania.[178]

text: Turkish War of Independence (1919–23)[edit]

text: Mustafa Şekip Birgöl (1903–2008) – Died in Turkey.[186]

text: Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)[edit]

text:
Veysel Turan (1901–2007) – Turkey
Napoleon Patricios (1899–2006)[187] – Greece. Served on board the destroyer Ierax.

text: Rif War (1920-1926)[edit]

text: Francisco Nunez Olivera (born 1904) – Spain.[188]

text: March on Rome (1922)[edit]

text: Vasco Bruttomesso (1903–2009)[189]

text: Irish Civil War (1922-23)[edit]

text:
Dan Keating (1902–2007) – Anti-treaty forces. Served in the Irish Republican Army.[179]
Seán Clancy (1901-2006) – Pro-treaty forces. Served in the National Army[190]

text: Northern Expedition (1926–28)[edit]

text: Tsien Tsuen-hsuin (1909–2015) – National Revolutionary Army.[191]

text: Cristero War (1926–29)[edit]

text: Juan Daniel Macías Villegas (1912–2016) – Last surviving Cristero.[192]

text: Nanchang Uprising (1927)[edit]

text: Xiao Ke (1907–2008) – Last Communist officer.[193]

text: Brazilian Revolution of 1930[edit]

text: Waldemar Levy Cardoso (1900–2009) – Brazilian army.[194]

text: Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)[edit]

text:
Delmer Berg (1915–2016) - United States. Last veteran of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade
Günther Scholz (1911–2014) - Germany. Last veteran of the Condor Legion.
At least six Republicans and three Nationalists still living as of 2017[update].


document_title: 8 Mile (film)

question_text: who played eminem's mom in the movie 8 mile

question_tokens: who played eminem 's mom in the movie 8 mile

root

text: 8 Mile (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In Fall 1995 in Detroit, Jimmy "B-Rabbit" Smith Jr. (Eminem), a blue-collar worker from a poor family, struggles with various aspects of his life. He has moved back north of 8 Mile Road to the run-down trailer home in Warren, Michigan of his alcoholic mother Stephanie (Kim Basinger), his little sister Lily (Chloe Greenfield), and Stephanie's abusive live-in boyfriend Greg (Michael Shannon). Although encouraged by his friends who hail him as a talented rapper, Jimmy worries about his potential as a musician, due to his lack of confidence. This causes him to panic during a rap battle one night at a local venue called "The Shelter" and he leaves the stage humiliated.

tag: p

text: Jimmy works at a car factory, but when he asks for extra shifts, his supervisor laughs, and dismisses his request on account of his habitual lateness. Jimmy befriends a woman named Alex (Brittany Murphy). Over time, Jimmy begins to take more responsibility for the direction of his life. When he exhibits an improved attitude and performance at work, his supervisor grants him the extra shifts he requested.

text: Later on, Stephanie receives a notice declaring that, because she cannot afford to pay the rent on her trailer, she and her family must vacate the premises immediately. Despite Stephanie's best attempts to keep the eviction notice a secret, Greg finds out about it anyway, with a brutal fight ensuing between him and Jimmy, and Greg leaves Stephanie for good. Jimmy's friendship with Wink (Eugene Byrd), a radio DJ with ties to a record label prompter, becomes strained after he discovers that Wink does promotional work for Jimmy's rivals, a rap group known as the "Leaders of the Free World". At one point, Jimmy and his friends get into a violent brawl with the Leaders, which is disrupted when Jimmy's friend "Cheddar Bob" pulls out a gun and accidentally shoots himself in the leg; he survives, but is confined to crutches.

text: At work one day when on lunch break, Jimmy witnesses a rap battle in which an employee named Mike (Xzibit) insults a gay co-worker named Paul with his lyrics. Jimmy joins the battle to defend Paul by berating Mike. Alex is impressed by his actions, and she and Jimmy have sex in the factory. Wink arranges for Jimmy to meet with producers at a recording studio, but Jimmy finds Wink and Alex having sex atop a mixing console. Enraged, he beats his meat. In retaliation, Wink and the Leaders of the Free World attack Jimmy outside his mother's trailer. The leader of the gang, Papa Doc (Anthony Mackie), holds Jimmy at gunpoint, threatening to kill him but Wink dissuades Papa Doc.

text: Jimmy's best friend Future (Mekhi Phifer) pushes him to get his revenge by competing against the Leaders of the Free World at the next rap battle. However Jimmy's late-night shift conflicts with the timing of the next battle tournament. But a goodbye visit from Alex, who is moving to New York, changes his mind about competing. Paul, the work colleague whom Jimmy had stood up for earlier, agrees to cover his shift at work as a thank you, and Jimmy goes to the battle.

text: In each of the three rounds of the battle, Jimmy is pitted against a different member of the Leaders and wins the first two rounds. In the final round he is paired against Papa Doc. Jimmy is aware that Doc knows all his flaws, so he uses his difficult life as a springboard to reveal the truth about Papa Doc: his real name is Clarence and despite passing himself off as a thug he comes from an affluent background, having attended Cranbrook Schools, a private high school in upper-class suburb Bloomfield Hills, and grown up in a stable, married two-parent household.

text: With nothing to say in rebuttal, Clarence hands the microphone back to Future, feeling embarrassed that someone he thought was below him defeated him in a battle. After being congratulated by Alex and his friends, he is offered a position by Future, hosting battles at The Shelter. Jimmy declines, saying he has to get back to work and to find success his own way. He walks back to work, with a renewed sense of confidence about his future. "Lose Yourself" plays as Jimmy walks away.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Eminem as Jimmy "B-Rabbit" Smith, Jr.
Mekhi Phifer as Future, Jimmy's closest friend and the rap battle host
Brittany Murphy as Alex Latourno, Jimmy's love interest
Kim Basinger as Stephanie, Jimmy and Lily's mother
Anthony Mackie as "Papa Doc" (Clarence)
Michael Shannon as Greg Buehl, Stephanie's boyfriend
Eugene Byrd as "Wink"
Evan Jones as "Cheddar Bob", Jimmy's friend
Omar Benson Miller as "Sol George", Jimmy's friend and Iz's brother
De'Angelo Wilson as "DJ Iz", Jimmy's friend and Sol's brother
Taryn Manning as Janeane, Jimmy's ex-girlfriend
Proof as "Lil' Tic"
Xzibit as Mike (Male Lunch Truck Rapper)
Craig Chandler as Paul
Obie Trice as Male parking lot rapper
Chloe Greenfield as Lily, Jimmy's sister
John Singleton as Bouncer
Miz Korona as Vanessa (Female Lunch Truck Rapper)
Brandon T. Jackson (uncredited) as a Chin Tiki club-foe

tag: ul

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: 8 Mile received positive reviews, with critics praising the music and Eminem's performance. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports the film is "Certified Fresh", with 76% of 206 professional critics giving the film a positive review and a rating average of 7.0 out of 10. The site's consensus is that "Even though the story is overly familiar, there's enough here for an engaging ride."[3] On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics, the film has rating score of 77 based on 38 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".[4] CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave 8 Mile was B+ on an A+ to F scale, with the core under-21 demographics giving it an A.[5]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars. He said that we "are hardly started in '8 Mile,' and already we see that this movie stands aside from routine debut films by pop stars" and that it is "a faithful reflection of his myth". He said that Eminem, as an actor, is "convincing without being too electric" and "survives the X-ray truth-telling of the movie camera". He praised Eminem's approach to his role, saying that "The genius of Rabbit is to admit his own weaknesses." He complimented Basinger, saying that "Her performance finds the right note somewhere between love and exasperation; it cannot be easy to live with this sullen malcontent, whose face lights up only when he sees his baby sister, Lily." He said that criticism of Basinger for being "too attractive and glamorous to play Rabbit's mother" were unfair: "Given the numbers of ugly people who live in big houses, why can't there be beautiful people living in trailers?" He called the film "a grungy version of a familiar formula, in which the would-be performer first fails at his art, then succeeds, is unhappy in romance but lucky in his friends, and comes from an unfortunate background. He even finds love, sort of, with Alex," but "What the movie is missing, however, is the third act in which the hero becomes a star," as it "avoids the rags-to-riches route and shows Rabbit moving from rags to slightly better rags." He said that he "would love to see a sequel in which Rabbit makes millions and becomes world famous, and we learn at last if it is possible for him to be happy."[6]

text: In the At the Movies with Ebert and Roeper review, both Ebert and Richard Roeper gave the film a thumbs up; Roeper said that Eminem has a "winning screen presence" and "raw magic" to him. He was happy with Rabbit's "tender side" presented through his relationship with the "adorable" Greenfield as his sister, but felt that Basinger was "really miscast". But as in his own review, Ebert felt that the dark, depressing atmosphere of 8 Mile would turn off some Eminem fans, while Roeper thought they would like it. Roeper said: "8 Mile probably won't win converts to rap, but it should thrill Eminem fans."[7]

text: Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars. He said that 8 Mile "is a real movie, not a fast-buck package to exploit the fan base of a rap nonentity" that "qualifies as a cinematic event by tapping into the roots of Eminem and the fury and feeling that inform his rap. Hanson spares us the rags-to-riches cliches by leaving Rabbit on the edge of success. The film ends not with a blast but with the peace that comes to a rapper who finds his voice at last. That kind of class is a big risk for a novice stepping into the movie ring. Eminem wins by a knockout." He praised Hanson's directing, stating that he "succeeds brilliantly at creating a world around Eminem that teems with hip-hop energy and truth" and "excels with actors." He hailed Eminem's performance, saying that in 8 Mile, "Eminem is on fire" with an "electric" screen presence, "hold[ing] the camera by natural right" and "read[ing] lines with an offbeat freshness that makes his talk and his rap sound interchangeable," and sulk of "intensity to rival James Dean's." He said that Murphy was "dynamite, "play[ing] Alex with hot desperation and calloused vulnerability," while saying that "Basinger shines" in her role as well. "Hanson builds to a spectacular climax" with Rabbit's last three battles, and compared his final battle with Papa Doc to fight between Rocky Balboa and Apollo Creed in Rocky.[8]

text: Box office[edit]

text: 8 Mile opened at #1 with $51,240,555 in its opening weekend, the then second highest opening for an R-rated movie in the U.S.[9] The film would go on to gross $116,750,901 domestically, and $126,124,177 overseas for a total of $242,875,078 worldwide.[2] The film's final domestic gross would hold the film at #3 in Box Office Mojo's "Pop Star Debuts" list, behind Austin Powers in Goldmember (Beyoncé) and The Bodyguard (Whitney Houston).

text: The 8 Mile DVD, which was released on March 18, 2003, generated $75 million in sales and rentals in its first week, making it the biggest DVD debut ever for an R-rated movie and putting it in the all-time Top 10 for first week home video sales for a movie. A VHS version was also released on the same date.[10][11]

text: Top lists[edit]

text: 8 Mile has been named to various year-end and all-time top lists:

text:
2nd – Billboard (Erika Ramirez): Top 10 Best Hip-Hop Movies Ever[12]
7th – The New York Observer (Andrew Sarris): The 10 Best English-Language Films of 2002[13]
9th – Time (Richard Schickel): Top 10 Movies of 2002[14]
10th – Rolling Stone (Peter Travers): The Best Movies of 2002[15]
N/A – The Daily Californian: Best Films of 2002[16]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: In 2003, Eminem won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 75th Academy Awards, for his single "Lose Yourself" from the soundtrack of 8 Mile.[17][18] Thus he became the first hip hop artist ever to win an Academy Award. He was not present at the ceremony, but musician Luis Resto accepted the award.[19] The film has been nominated for 32 awards, winning 11.[20]

text:
[show]List of awards and nominations

Year
Award
Category
Result
Recipient

2003
Academy Award
Best Original Song – Lose Yourself
Won
Eminem, Luis Resto and Jeff Bass

Black Reel Awards
Best Original Soundtrack
Nominated
8 Mile

BMI
Film Award for Music
Won
Eminem

Most Performed Song from a Film – Lose Yourself
Won
Eminem

Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
Critics Choice Award for Best Song – Lose Yourself
Won
Eminem

CNOMA Awards
Best Make-Up Artist for a Feature Film
Nominated
Donald Mowat

Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
Most Promising Performer
Nominated
Eminem

European Film Awards
Screen International Award
Nominated
Curtis Hanson

Golden Globe Award[21]
Best Original Song – Lose Yourself
Nominated
Eminem

Golden Trailer Awards[22]
Best Music
Nominated
8 Mile

Best of Show
Nominated
8 Mile

Most Original
Nominated
8 Mile

Golden Reel Award
Best Sound Editing in a Feature - Music - Musical
Nominated
Carlton Kaller

Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards
Best Contemporary Makeup - Feature
Nominated
Donald Mowat, Ronnie Specter, Matiki Anoff

MTV Movie Awards[23]
Best Movie
Nominated
8 Mile

Best Male Performance
Won
Eminem

Breakthrough Male Performance
Won
Eminem

Online Film Critics Society Awards
Best Breakthrough Performance
Nominated
Eminem

Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards
Best Original Song – Lose Yourself
Nominated
Eminem

Satellite Awards
Best Original Song – Lose Yourself
Nominated
Eminem

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Drama
Nominated
8 Mile

Choice Movie Actor: Drama
Won
Eminem

Choice Movie: Male Breakout Star
Won
Eminem

Choice Crossover Artist
Nominated
Eminem

Choice Movie: Liplock
Nominated
Eminem and Brittany Murphy

World Soundtrack Awards
Best Original Song Written for a Film – Lose Yourself
Nominated
Eminem

2004
ASCAP Awards
Most Performed Song from a Motion Picture – Lose Yourself
Won
Eminem

Grammy Award[24]
Grammy Award for Record of the Year – Lose Yourself
Nominated
Eminem

Grammy Award for Song of the Year – Lose Yourself
Nominated
Jeff Bass, Eminem & Luis Resto

Grammy Award for Best Rap Song – Lose Yourself
Won
Jeff Bass, Eminem & Luis Resto

Grammy Award for Best Male Rap Solo Performance – Lose Yourself
Won
Eminem

Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media – Lose Yourself
Nominated
Jeff Bass, Eminem & Luis Resto

tag: table

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Lose Yourself" – #93[25]

2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[26]

text: Music[edit]

text: Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture 8 Mile is the official music soundtrack to 8 Mile. Eminem features on five tracks from the album. It was released under the Shady/Interscope label and spawned Eminem's first number 1 US single[27] "Lose Yourself". The album debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 Albums Chart that year with over 702,000 copies sold and 507,000 sold in the second week also finishing the year as the fifth best-selling album of 2002 with US sales of 3.2 million, despite only two months of release. It also reached #1 on the UK Compilations Chart and the Australian ARIAnet Albums Chart. It also spawned a follow up soundtrack, More Music from 8 Mile, consisting of songs that appear in 8 Mile that were current singles during the film's time setting of 1995. The album was also made in a clean edition removing most of the strong profanity and violent content.