document_title: Indiana Jones (franchise)

question_text: when does the second indiana jones movie take place

text: Indiana Jones (franchise)

text: Films[edit]

text: Overview[edit]

text:
Indiana Jones

Directed by
Steven Spielberg

Produced by
Raiders of the Lost Ark
Kingdom of the Crystal Skull:
Frank Marshall
Temple of Doom
Last Crusade:
Robert Watts

Screenplay by
Raiders of the Lost Ark:
Lawrence Kasdan
Temple of Doom:
Willard Huyck
Gloria Katz
Last Crusade:
Jeffrey Boam
Kingdom of the Crystal Skull:
David Koepp

Story by
Raiders of the Lost Ark:
George Lucas
Philip Kaufman
Temple of Doom:
George Lucas
Last Crusade:
George Lucas
Menno Meyjes
Kingdom of the Crystal Skull:
George Lucas
Jeff Nathanson

Starring
Harrison Ford
Denholm Elliott (1, 3)
John Rhys-Davies (1, 3)
Karen Allen (1, 4)
Paul Freeman (1)
Ronald Lacey (1)
Kate Capshaw (2)
Jonathan Ke Quan (2)
Amrish Puri (2)
Roshan Seth (2)
Philip Stone (2)
Sean Connery (3)
Alison Doody (3)
Julian Glover (3)
Cate Blanchett (4)
Shia LaBeouf (4)
Ray Winstone (4)
John Hurt (4)
Jim Broadbent (4)

Music by
John Williams

Cinematography
Raiders of the Lost Ark
Temple of Doom
Last Crusade:
Douglas Slocombe
Kingdom of the Crystal Skull:
Janusz Kamiński

Edited by
Michael Kahn

Production
company

Lucasfilm

Distributed by
Paramount Pictures1
(1981–2013)
Walt Disney Studios
Motion Pictures
(2013–present)

Country
United States

Language
English

Budget
$279 million

Box office
$1.978 billion

tag: table

text: The first film, Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) is set in 1936. Indiana Jones (Harrison Ford) is hired by government agents to locate the Ark of the Covenant before the Nazis. The Nazis have teams searching for religious artifacts, including the Ark, which is rumored to make an army that carries the Ark before it invincible.[3] The Nazis are being helped by Indiana's nemesis René Belloq (Paul Freeman). With the help of his old flame Marion Ravenwood (Karen Allen) and Sallah (John Rhys-Davies), Indiana manages to recover the Ark in Egypt. The Nazis steal the Ark and capture Indiana and Marion. Belloq and the Nazis perform a ceremony to open the Ark, but when they do so, they are all killed gruesomely by the Ark's wrath. Indiana and Marion, who survived by closing their eyes, manage to get the Ark to the United States, where it is stored in a secret government warehouse.

text: The second film, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) is set in 1935, a year before Raiders of the Lost Ark. Indiana escapes Chinese gangsters with the help of singer/actress Willie Scott (Kate Capshaw) and his twelve-year-old sidekick Short Round (Jonathan Ke Quan). The trio crash-land in India, where they come across a village whose children have been kidnapped. A destructive cult led by Mola Ram (Amrish Puri) has also taken the holy Sankara Stones, which they will use to take over the world. Indiana manages to overcome Mola Ram's evil power, rescues the children and returns the stones to their rightful place, overcoming his own mercenary nature.

text: The third film, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) opens in 1912 with a thirteen-year-old Indiana (River Phoenix) attempting to recover an ornamental cross belonging to Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, a task which he finally completes in 1938. Indiana and his friend Marcus Brody (Denholm Elliott) are assigned by American businessman Walter Donovan (Julian Glover) to find the Holy Grail. They are teamed up with Dr. Elsa Schneider (Alison Doody), following on from where Indiana's estranged father Henry (Sean Connery) left off before he disappeared. It transpires that Donovan and Elsa are in league with the Nazis, who captured Henry Jones in order to get Indiana to help them find the Grail. However, Indiana recovers his father's diary filled with his research, and manages to rescue him before finding the location of the Grail. Both Donovan and Elsa fall to the temptation of the Grail, while Indiana and Henry realize that their relationship with each other is more important than finding the relic.

text: The fourth film, Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008) is set in 1957: nineteen years after The Last Crusade, thus acknowledging the real-life passing of years between films. Indiana is having a quiet life teaching before being thrust into a new adventure. He races against agents of the Soviet Union, led by Irina Spalko (Cate Blanchett) for a crystal skull. His journey takes him across Nevada, Connecticut, Peru, and the Amazon rainforest in Brazil. Indiana is faced with betrayal by one of his best friends, Mac (Ray Winstone), is introduced to a greaser named Mutt Williams (Shia LaBeouf), who turns out to be his son (his real name revealed to be Henry Jones III), and is reunited with Marion Ravenwood, an old flame introduced in the first movie.

text: Development[edit]

text: In 1973, George Lucas wrote The Adventures of Indiana Smith.[4] Like Star Wars, it was an opportunity to create a modern version of the movie serials of the 1930s and 1940s.[5] Lucas discussed the concept with Philip Kaufman, who worked with him for several weeks and decided upon the Ark of the Covenant as the MacGuffin. The project was stalled when Clint Eastwood hired Kaufman to write The Outlaw Josey Wales.[6] In May 1977, Lucas was in Maui, trying to escape the enormous success of Star Wars. His friend and colleague Steven Spielberg was also there, on vacation from work on Close Encounters of the Third Kind. Spielberg told Lucas he was interested in making a James Bond film, but Lucas told him of an idea "better than James Bond", outlining the plot of Raiders of the Lost Ark. Spielberg loved it, calling it "a James Bond film without the hardware",[7] though he had the character's surname changed to Jones.[5] Spielberg and Lucas made a deal with Paramount Pictures for five Indiana Jones films.[7]

text: Spielberg and Lucas aimed to make Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom much darker, because of their personal moods following their respective break-ups and divorces. Lucas made the film a prequel as he did not want the Nazis to be the villains again. He had ideas regarding the Monkey King and a haunted castle, but eventually created the Sankara Stones.[8] He hired Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz to write the script as he knew of their interest in Indian culture.[9] The major scenes that were dropped from Raiders of the Lost Ark were included in this film: an escape using a giant rolling gong as a shield, a fall out of a plane in a raft, and a mine cart chase.[5] For the third film, Spielberg revisited the Monkey King and haunted castle concepts, before Lucas suggested the Holy Grail. Spielberg had previously rejected this as too ethereal, but then devised a father-son story and decided that "The Grail that everybody seeks could be a metaphor for a son seeking reconciliation with a father and a father seeking reconciliation with a son."[10]

text: Following the 1989 release of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Lucas let the series end as he felt he could not think of a good plot device to drive the next installment, and chose instead to produce The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, which explored the character in his early years. Ford played Indiana in one episode, narrating his adventures in 1920 Chicago. When Lucas shot Ford's role in December 1992, he realized that the scene opened up the possibility of a film with an older Indiana set in the 1950s. The film could reflect a science fiction 1950s B-movie, with aliens as the plot device.[11] Ford disliked the new angle, telling Lucas: "No way am I being in a Steve Spielberg movie like that."[12] Spielberg himself, who depicted aliens in Close Encounters of the Third Kind and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, resisted it. Lucas devised a story, which Jeb Stuart turned into a script from October 1993 to May 1994.[11] Lucas wanted Indiana to get married, which would allow Henry Jones Sr. to return, expressing concern over whether his son is happy with what he has accomplished. After learning that Joseph Stalin was interested in psychic warfare, Lucas decided to have Russians as the villains and the aliens to have psychic powers.[13] Following Stuart's next draft, Lucas hired Last Crusade writer Jeffrey Boam to write the next three versions, the last of which was completed in March 1996. Three months later, Independence Day was released, and Spielberg told Lucas he would not make another alien invasion film (or at least not until War of the Worlds in 2005). Lucas decided to focus on the Star Wars prequels instead.[11]

text: In 2000, Spielberg's son asked when the next Indiana Jones film would be released, which made him interested in reviving the project.[14] The same year, Ford, Lucas, Spielberg, Frank Marshall, and Kathleen Kennedy met during the American Film Institute's tribute to Ford, and decided they wanted to enjoy the experience of making an Indiana Jones film again. Spielberg also found returning to the series a respite from his many dark films during this period.[15] Spielberg and Lucas discussed the central idea of a B-movie involving aliens, and Lucas suggested using crystal skulls to ground the idea. Lucas found these artifacts as fascinating as the Ark,[16] and had intended to feature them for a Young Indiana Jones episode before the show's cancellation.[11] M. Night Shyamalan was hired to write for an intended 2002 shoot,[14] but he was overwhelmed by the task, and claimed it was difficult to get Ford, Spielberg, and Lucas to focus.[17] Stephen Gaghan and Tom Stoppard were also approached.[14]

text: Frank Darabont, who wrote various Young Indiana Jones episodes, was hired to write in May 2002.[18] His script, titled Indiana Jones and the City of Gods,[11] was set in the 1950s, with ex-Nazis pursuing Jones.[19] Spielberg conceived the idea because of real-life figures such as Juan Perón in Argentina, who allegedly protected Nazi war criminals.[11] Darabont claimed Spielberg loved the script, but Lucas had issues with it, and decided to take over writing himself.[11] Lucas and Spielberg acknowledged that the 1950s setting could not ignore the Cold War, and the Russians were more plausible villains. Spielberg decided he could not satirize the Nazis after directing Schindler's List,[20] while Ford felt "We plum[b] wore the Nazis out."[12] Darabont's main contribution was reintroducing Marion Ravenwood as Indiana's love interest, but he gave them a 13-year-old daughter, which Spielberg decided was too similar to The Lost World: Jurassic Park.[11]

text: Jeff Nathanson met with Spielberg and Lucas in August 2004, and turned in the next drafts in October and November 2005, titled The Atomic Ants. David Koepp continued on from there, giving his script the subtitle Destroyer of Worlds,[11] based on the Robert Oppenheimer quote. It was changed to Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, as Spielberg found this a more inviting title which actually named the plot device.[21] Koepp wanted to depict the character of Mutt as a nerd, but Lucas refused, explaining he had to resemble Marlon Brando in The Wild One; "he needs to be what Indiana Jones' father thought of [him] – the curse returns in the form of his own son – he's everything a father can't stand".[11] Koepp collaborated with Lawrence Kasdan on the film's "love dialogue".[22]

text: Future[edit]

text: The introduction of Mutt Williams (Shia LaBeouf) in Kingdom of the Crystal Skull led to speculation that LaBeouf will take over the franchise from Ford.[23] In an interview with IGN, "Spielberg indicated that LaBeouf has to make multiple Transformers movies before he can move over and take on the fedora and bullwhip of Indiana Jones."[24] The actor himself said, "Am I into it? Who wouldn't be? I don't think that's reality. It's a fun rumor."[25] Ford said he would return for a fifth film if it does not take another twenty years to develop,[26] while Spielberg responded it would happen "only if you [the audience] want more".[27] In an interview with Time, when asked about passing the fedora to LaBeouf in the next film, Ford said, "What are you talking about? It's mine. I would love to do another Indiana Jones movie. George Lucas is working on an idea now. Shia can get his own hat. I earned that hat."[28]

text: At the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, Lucas made a further suggestion that there would be a fifth film, revealing an idea "to make Shia LaBeouf the lead character next time and have Harrison Ford come back like Sean Connery did in the last movie." At the time Last Crusade was filmed, Connery was still only 58. Lucas also said that age need not be a factor, as Ford was "65 and did everything in this movie. The old chemistry is there, and it's not like he's an old man. He's incredibly agile; he looks even better than he did 20 years ago, if you ask me."[29] In August 2008, Lucas was researching potential plot devices, and stated Spielberg was open to the idea of the fifth film.[30] He also changed his mind about continuing the series with a spin-off, joking "Indiana Jones is Indiana Jones. Harrison Ford is Indiana Jones. If it was Mutt Williams it would be Mutt Williams and the Search for Elvis or something."[31] Two months later, Ford stated that he would not return if the fifth film was an animated film like The Clone Wars, because "I'd hate to see it reduced in any way from the movies that we have done and the way we have done them." He also called Lucas' concept for the fifth film "crazy but great".[32]

text: When asked how being married to Marion Ravenwood and having a son would affect the character in a fifth film, Ford only replied: "He's seen something. Remember those are the only witnesses to what he's seen. That's kind of interesting."[33] In January 2010, Ford said, "I think it would be interesting to advance the understanding of the character, as we always have had that ambition throughout the series. I think it would be interesting to deepen the relationship between he and his son and play on that relationship... It's full of opportunity. The series is full of opportunity."[34]

text: The possibility of Indiana Jones 5 continued to be discussed through 2009 and 2010. Reports speculated in June 2009 that the next installment would start filming in 2011 with a plot involving the Bermuda Triangle,[35] although these rumors were later described as "completely false" by Frank Marshall on his Twitter page.[36] Speaking to BBC journalist Lizo Mzimba in June 2009, LaBeouf confirmed that "Steven [Spielberg] just said that he cracked the story on it [the fifth film], I think they're gearing that up."[37] Lucas stated he was working on the film as of December 2009.[38] In November 2010, Ford said that he and Spielberg were waiting for Lucas to present an idea to them.[39] In March 2011, the Deadbolt website interviewed Karen Allen and asked her about the fifth film's status. "What I know is that there's a story that they like", said Allen, "which is a huge step forward. I heard this about six months ago, that they have a story that they like and they're working on it."[40] In July 2012, Frank Marshall indicated that the film was unlikely to be announced in the near future, saying: "I don't know if it's definitely not happening, but it's not up and running... It's not on until there is a writer on the project. There is no writer on Indy."[41]

text: In October 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm, thereby granting Disney ownership rights to the Indiana Jones intellectual property.[42][43] However, Paramount Pictures continued to own distribution rights for the film series.[44][45] On December 6, 2013, Walt Disney Studios purchased the remaining distribution and marketing rights to future Indiana Jones films, while Paramount will retain the distribution rights to the first four films, and will receive "financial participation" from any additional films.[46][47][48] Although a new film installment was not announced with the deal, Disney CEO Bob Iger has expressed an interest in monetizing the franchise across Disney's various company divisions.[49] Studio chairman Alan Horn has said that a fifth Indiana Jones film would not be ready for at least two to three years.[50]

text: In a May 2015 interview with Vanity Fair, Kathleen Kennedy confirmed plans for a fifth film, stating another film "will one day be made inside this company. When it will happen, I'm not quite sure. We haven't started working on a script yet, but we are talking about it."[51] In October 2015, Spielberg told Yahoo! Movies Ford will likely reprise his role in the fifth Indiana Jones film.[52]

text: On March 15, 2016, Walt Disney Studios announced that the fifth film would be released on July 19, 2019, with Ford reprising his role, Spielberg directing, Koepp writing and Kennedy and Marshall acting as producers. George Lucas was initially not going to be involved with the film.[53][54] However, during a press event for Disney's The BFG, Spielberg confirmed that Lucas will be returning as executive producer, stating "I would never make an Indiana Jones film without George Lucas. That'd be insane."[55] Marshall has stated that the film would be a continuation of the events following Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[56] On June 9, 2016, Spielberg confirmed that John Williams will be returning to compose the score.[57] On April 25, 2017, the official Star Wars website updated the film's release date to July 10, 2020.[2] On September 4, 2017, Koepp revealed that Mutt Williams character played by Shia LaBeouf will not return on the movie.[58]

text: Both Spielberg and Disney's Bob Iger discussed the fifth, film with Spielberg stating that Indiana Jones would not be killed off like Han Solo. However, Iger said the future of the franchise with Ford is unknown, but that the fifth film "won’t be just a one-off.”[59]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office performance[edit]

text:
Film
Release date
Box office gross
Box office ranking
Budget
Ref(s)

North America
Other
territories
Worldwide
All time
North America
All time
worldwide

Raiders of the Lost Ark
June 12, 1981
(July 16, 1982)(R)
(March 25, 1983)(R)
(September 7, 2012 IMAX)(R)

$248,159,971 (R)
$141,766,000
$389,925,971
#85
#20 (A)
#237
$18 million
[60]

Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
May 23, 1984
$179,870,271
$153,237,000
$333,107,271
#187
#86 (A)
#321
$28 million
[61]

Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
May 24, 1989
$197,171,806
$277,000,000
$474,171,806
#153
#99 (A)
#174
$48 million
[62]

Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
May 22, 2008
$317,101,119
$469,534,914
$786,636,033
#36
#131 (A)
#61
$185 million
[63]

Total
$942,303,167
$1,041,537,914
$1,983,841,081

$279 million
[64]

List indicator(s)

(A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo).
(R) totals for the domestic release and the following 3 re-releases of Raiders of the Lost Ark.

text: Critical and public response[edit]

text:
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
CinemaScore

Raiders of the Lost Ark
94% (71 reviews)[65]
85 (16 reviews)[66]

Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
85% (65 reviews)[67]
57 (14 reviews)[68]

Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
88% (68 reviews)[69]
65 (14 reviews)[70]
A[71]

Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
77% (260 reviews)[72]
65 (40 reviews)[73]
B[71]

List indicator(s)

A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film.

text: Academy Awards[edit]

text:
Award category

Raiders of the Lost Ark
Temple of Doom
Last Crusade
Kingdom of the Crystal Skull

Best Art Direction
Won

Best Sound
Won

Nominated

Best Cinematography
Nominated

Best Director
Nominated

Best Film Editing
Won

Best Original Score
Nominated

Best Picture
Nominated

Best Sound Effects Editing

Won

Best Visual Effects
Won

Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing
Won
(Ben Burtt and
Richard L. Anderson)

text: Television[edit]

text: A television series titled The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–1996) featured three incarnations of the character: Sean Patrick Flanery played Indiana aged 16–20; Corey Carrier played an 8- to 10-year-old version in several episodes; and George Hall narrated the show as the 93-year-old Jones, who bookended each episode. Lucas began developing the series in 1990 as "edutainment" that would be more cerebral than the films. The show was his first collaboration with producer Rick McCallum, and he wrote the stories for each episode. Writers and directors on the show included Carrie Fisher, Frank Darabont, Vic Armstrong, Ben Burtt, Terry Jones, Nicolas Roeg, Mike Newell and Joe Johnston. In the Chronicles, Jones crosses paths with many historical figures, played by stars such as Daniel Craig, Christopher Lee, Bob Peck, Jeffrey Wright, Marc Warren, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Elizabeth Hurley, Anne Heche, Vanessa Redgrave, Julian Fellowes, Timothy Spall and even Harrison Ford as a 50-year-old Indiana in one episode (taking the usual place of Hall).[74][75][76]

text: The show was filmed in over 25 countries for over 150 weeks. Season one was shot from March 1991 to March 1992; the second season began two months later and wrapped in April 1993.[77] The ABC network was unsure of Lucas's cerebral approach, and attempted to advertise the series as an action-adventure like the films. Ratings were good if unspectacular, and ABC was nervous enough to put the show on hiatus after six episodes until September 1992.[74] With only four episodes left of the second season to air, ABC eventually sold the show to the Family Channel, who changed the format from 50-minute episodes to 90-minute TV movies. Filming for the final four episodes took place from January 1994 to May 1996.[77] The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles received a mixed reception from fans, although it won 10 Emmy Awards out of 23 nominations, as well as a 1994 Golden Globe nomination for Best Drama series. It was also an experimentation ground in digital effects for Lucasfilm.[74]

text: The series was released on home video in VHS and DVD formats. Lucas had been working for some time on drastically reediting and restructuring the show for a home video release; major structural changes were made, including the complete removal of the 93-year-old Jones 'bookend' sections. The DVD boxset was released to tie in with the theatrical debut of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. Among other extras, the discs include approximately 100 new historical featurettes.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: This is a list of characters who have appeared in the Indiana Jones film franchise.

text:
Character
Films
Television series

Raiders of the Lost Ark
(1981)
Indiana Jones and the
Temple of Doom
(1984)
Indiana Jones and the
Last Crusade
(1989)
Indiana Jones and the
Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
(2008)
Untitled fifth
Indiana Jones film
(2020)
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles
(1992–1993)

Dr. Henry "Indiana" Jones, Jr.
Harrison Ford
Harrison Ford

River Phoenix (young)
Harrison Ford
Corey Carrier

Sean Patrick Flanery (teenager)

Harrison Ford (adult)

George Hall
(elder)

Marcus Brody
Denholm Elliott

Denholm Elliott
Photograph

Sallah
John Rhys-Davies

John Rhys-Davies
Photograph

Major Arnold Toht
Ronald Lacey

Marion Ravenwood
Karen Allen

Karen Allen

René Belloq
Paul Freeman

Colonel Dietrich
Wolf Kahler

Willie Scott

Kate Capshaw

Photograph

Short Round

Jonathan Ke Quan

Mola Ram

Amrish Puri

Henry Jones, Sr.

Sean Connery

Alex Hyde-White (young)
Photograph

Lloyd Owen

Walter Donovan

Julian Glover

Elsa Schneider

Alison Doody

Colonel Vogel

Michael Byrne

George "Mac" MacHale

Ray Winstone

Irina Spalko

Cate Blanchett

Henry "Mutt" Jones III

Shia LaBeouf

Harold Oxley

John Hurt

Colonel Dovchenko

Igor Jijikine

Charles Stanforth

Jim Broadbent

Anna Jones

Ruth De Sosa

Helen Seymour

Margaret Tyzack

Remy Baudouin

Ronny Coutteure

text: Crew[edit]

text:
Film
Director
Producer
Writers
Composer
Editor
Cinematographer
Distributor

Raiders of the Lost Ark
Steven Spielberg
Frank Marshall
screenplay:
Lawrence Kasdan
story:
George Lucas and Philip Kaufman
John Williams
Michael Kahn
Douglas Slocombe
Paramount Pictures

Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom
Robert Watts
screenplay:
Willard Huyck & Gloria Katz
story:
George Lucas

Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade
screenplay:
Jeffrey Boam
story:
George Lucas and Menno Meyjes

Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
Frank Marshall
screenplay:
David Koepp
story:
George Lucas
Jeff Nathanson
Janusz Kamiński

Untitled fifth film
Frank Marshall & Kathleen Kennedy
David Koepp
N/A
N/A
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures

text: Literature[edit]

text: Adult novels[edit]

text: A novelization of Raiders of the Lost Ark was written by Campbell Black and published by Ballantine Books in April 1981.[78] It was followed by Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, written by James Kahn and published by Ballantine in May 1984.[79] Finally, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was published in May 1989, and was the first Indiana Jones book by Rob MacGregor.[80] A fan of the first two films, MacGregor admitted that writing the novelization made him "somewhat disappointed" with the third film, as he had expanded the script whereas Steven Spielberg had cut scenes to tighten the story.[81]

text: George Lucas asked MacGregor to continue writing original novels for Bantam Books. These were geared toward an adult or young adult audience, and were prequels set in the 1920s or early 1930s after Jones graduates from college. Of the film characters, Lucas only permitted Marcus Brody to appear.[81] He asked MacGregor to base the books on real myths, but except for the deletion of a sex scene, writer was given total creative freedom. Barring Stonehenge, MacGregor chose locations he had visited in the past.[82] His six books – Indiana Jones and the Peril at Delphi, Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants, Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils, Indiana Jones and the Genesis Deluge, Indiana Jones and the Unicorn's Legacy, and Indiana Jones and the Interior World – were published from February 1991 to November 1992. The Genesis Deluge, published in February 1992 and featuring Noah's Ark, was the best-selling novel; MacGregor felt this was because it "had a strong following among religious-oriented people [...] because they tend to take the Noah's Ark story to heart and think of it as history and archaeological fact, rather than myth." MacGregor's favorite book was The Seven Veils,[81] which featured real-life explorer Percy Fawcett and the death of Indiana's wife, Deirdre Campbell.[83][84][85][86][87][88]

text: Martin Caidin wrote the next two novels in Bantam's series, Indiana Jones and the Sky Pirates and Indiana Jones and the White Witch. These feature Gale Parker as Indiana's sidekick; they introduced afterwords to the series, regarding each novel's historical context.[89][90]

text: Caidin became ill,[91] so Max McCoy took over in 1995 and wrote the final four novels: Indiana Jones and the Philosopher's Stone, Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs, Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth, and Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Sphinx. McCoy set his books closer in time to the events of Raiders of the Lost Ark, which led to his characterising Indiana as "a bit darker". The prologue of his first book featured a crystal skull,[92] and this became a recurring story, concluding when Jones gives it up in the final novel. Lucas's involvement with McCoy's novels was limited, although LucasFilm censored sexual or outlandish elements in order to make the books appeal to younger readers;[91] they also rejected the theme of time travel in the final book.[92] Sallah, Lao Che, Rene Belloq and the Nazis made appearances, and McCoy also pitted Jones against Benito Mussolini's fascists and the Japanese. Jones also has a doomed romance with Alecia Dunstin, a librarian at the British Museum.[93][94][95][96] A novel involving the Spear of Destiny was dropped, because Dark Horse Comics was developing the idea.[92]

text: The books were only published in paperback, as the series editor felt readers would not be prepared to pay the hardback price for an adventure novel.[97] In February 2008, the novelizations of the first three films were published in one edition;[98] James Rollins' Kingdom of the Crystal Skull novelization arrived the following May.[99] Children's novelizations of all four films were published by Scholastic in 2008.[100]

text: MacGregor was said to be writing new books for Ballantine for early 2009, but none have been published.[101] In May 2009, a new "middle grade" series titled Untold Adventures began with books titled Pyramid of the Sorcerer and Mystery of Mount Sinai.[102] A new adult adventure, Indiana Jones and the Army of the Dead by Steve Perry, was released in September 2009.[103] A novel based on the video game Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings, written by MacGregor to coincide with the release of the game, was canceled due to problems around the game's production.[104]

text: Additionally, German author Wolfgang Hohlbein wrote eight Indiana Jones novels in the early 1990s, which were never translated to English.

text: List of novels[edit]

text: All of the following were published by Bantam Books, with the exception of Army of the Dead, which was published by Del Rey.

text:
Indiana Jones and the Peril at Delphi (Feb 1991) – by Rob Macgregor
Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants (June 1991) – by Rob Macgregor
Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils (Dec 1991) – by Rob Macgregor
Indiana Jones and the Genesis Deluge (Feb 1992) – by Rob Macgregor
Indiana Jones and the Unicorn's Legacy (Sept 1992) – by Rob Macgregor
Indiana Jones and the Interior World (1992) – by Rob Macgregor
Indiana Jones and the Sky Pirates (Dec 1993) – by Martin Caidin
Indiana Jones and the White Witch (1994) – by Martin Caidin
Indiana Jones and the Philosopher's Stone (1995) – by Max McCoy
Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs (1996) – by Max McCoy
Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth (1997) – by Max McCoy
Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Sphinx (1999) – by Max McCoy
Indiana Jones and the Army of the Dead (2009) – by Steve Perry

text: Indiana Jones novels by Wolfgang Hohlbein:

text:
Indiana Jones und das Schiff der Götter (1990) – (Indiana Jones and the Longship of the Gods)
Indiana Jones und die Gefiederte Schlange (1990) – (Indiana Jones and the Feathered Snake)
Indiana Jones und das Gold von El Dorado (1991) – (Indiana Jones and the Gold of El Dorado)
Indiana Jones und das verschwundene Volk (1991) – (Indiana Jones and the Lost People)
Indiana Jones und das Schwert des Dschingis Khan (1991) – (Indiana Jones and the Sword of Genghis Khan)
Indiana Jones und das Geheimnis der Osterinseln (1992) – (Indiana Jones and the Secret of Easter Island)
Indiana Jones und das Labyrinth des Horus (1993) – (Indiana Jones and the Labyrinth of Horus)
Indiana Jones und das Erbe von Avalon (1994) – (Indiana Jones and the Avalon Inheritance)

text: The novelizations and children's novelizations of the four films were published in 2008.

text: Find Your Fate[edit]

text: Ballantine Books published a number of Indiana Jones books in the Find Your Fate line, written by various authors. These books were similar to the Choose Your Own Adventure series, allowing the reader to select from options that change the outcome of the story. Indiana Jones books comprised 11 of the 17 releases in the line, which was initially titled Find Your Fate Adventure.[105]

text:
Indiana Jones and the Curse of Horror Island (June 1984) – R. L. Stine
Indiana Jones and the Lost Treasure of Sheba (June 1984) – Rose Estes
Indiana Jones and the Giants of the Silver Tower (Aug 1984) – R. L. Stine
Indiana Jones and the Eye of the Fates (Aug 1984) – Richard Wenk
Indiana Jones and the Cup of the Vampire (Oct 1984) – Andy Helfer
Indiana Jones and the Legion of Death (Dec 1984) – Richard Wenk
Indiana Jones and the Cult of the Mummy's Crypt (Feb 1985) – R. L. Stine
Indiana Jones and the Dragon of Vengeance (Apr 1985) – Megan Stine and H. William Stine
Indiana Jones and the Gold of Genghis Khan (May 1985) – Ellen Weiss
Indiana Jones and the Ape Slaves of Howling Island (1986) – R. L. Stine
Indiana Jones and the Mask of the Elephant (Feb 1987) – Megan Stine and H. William Stine

text: Young Indiana Jones[edit]

text:
Young Indiana Jones and the Plantation Treasure (1990) – by William McCay
Young Indiana Jones and the Tomb of Terror (1990) – by Les Martin
Young Indiana Jones and the Circle of Death (1990) – by William McCay
Young Indiana Jones and the Secret City (1990) – by Les Martin
Young Indiana Jones and the Princess of Peril (1991) – by Les Martin
Young Indiana Jones and the Gypsy Revenge (1991) – by Les Martin
Young Indiana Jones and the Ghostly Riders (1991) – by William McCay
Young Indiana Jones and the Curse of Ruby Cross – by William McCay
Young Indiana Jones and the Titanic Adventure (1993) – by Les Martin
Young Indiana Jones and the Lost Gold of Durango (1993) – by Megan Stine and H. William Stine
Young Indiana Jones and the Face of the Dragon – by William McCay
Young Indiana Jones and the Journey to the Underworld (1994) – by Megan Stine and H. William Stine
Young Indiana Jones and the Mountain of Fire (1994) – by William McCay
Young Indiana Jones and the Pirates' Loot (1994) – by J.N. Fox
Young Indiana Jones and the Eye of the Tiger (1995) – by William McCay
Young Indiana Jones and the Mask of the Madman (unpublished) – by Megan Stine and H. William Stine
Young Indiana Jones and the Ring of Power (unpublished) – Megan Stine
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: The Mummy's Curse – by Megan Stine and H. William Stine
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Field of Death – by Les Martin
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Safari Sleuth – by A.L. Singer
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: The Secret Peace – by William McCay
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: The Trek of Doom – by Les Martin
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Revolution! – by Gavin Scott
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Race to Danger – by Stephanie Calmenson
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: Prisoner of War – by Sam Mclean

text: The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles:

text:
The Valley of the Kings – by Richard Brightfield
South of the Border – by Richard Brightfield
Revolution in Russia – by Richard Brightfield
Masters of the Louvre – by Richard Brightfield
African Safari – by Richard Brightfield
Behind the Great Wall – by Richard Brightfield
The Roaring Twenties – by Richard Brightfield
The Irish Rebellion – by Richard Brightfield

text: Young Indiana Jones:

text:
The Mata Hari Affair – by James Luceno
The Mummy's Curse – by Parker Smith

text:
The Curse of the Jackal – by Dan Barry
The Search for the Oryx – by Dan Barry
The Peril of the Fort – by Dan Barry

text:
Lost Diaries of Young Indiana Jones – by Eric D. Weiner
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles: On the Set and Behind the Scenes – by Dan Madsen
Indiana Jones Explores Ancient Egypt – by John Malam
Indiana Jones Explores Ancient Rome – by John Malam
Indiana Jones Explores Ancient Greece – by John Malam
Indiana Jones Explores The Vikings – by John Malam
Indiana Jones Explores The Incas – by John Malam
Indiana Jones Explores The Aztecs – by John Malam

text: Comic books[edit]

text: Video games[edit]

text: Since the release of the original film, there have been a number of video games based on the Indiana Jones series. These include both games based on (or derived from) the films, as well as those featuring the characters in new storylines.

text: Games adapted or derived from the films[edit]

text:
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1982, Atari Inc) – The first Indiana Jones video game. Released on the Atari 2600.
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1985, Atari Games) – Arcade game, later converted to many home computer and console formats, including an NES version in 1988.
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Action Game (1989, LucasArts) – One of two Last Crusade-based games released by LucasArts in 1989.
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure (1989, LucasArts)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1991 video game) (1991, Taito) – Released for the NES console.
Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures (1994, JVC/LucasArts) – The final film adaptation until 2008, based upon all three original films. Released on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.
Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures (2008, LucasArts) – Based on the original three movies and the Lego toy franchise.
Lego Indiana Jones 2: The Adventure Continues (2009, LucasArts) – A sequel to the original Lego Indiana Jones game.

text: Original games[edit]

text:
Indiana Jones in the Lost Kingdom (1985, Mindscape)
Indiana Jones in Revenge of the Ancients (1987, Mindscape) – Released for the Apple II and PC DOS computer platforms.
Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis (1992, LucasArts) – Released for DOS (IBM PC) compatibles in 1992.

Indiana Jones and the Iron Phoenix – An intended sequel to The Fate of Atlantis, intended for a 1995 release, but was cancelled.

The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1993, Jaleco) – Released for the NES console.
Instruments of Chaos starring Young Indiana Jones (1994, LucasArts) – Released for the Sega Genesis
Indiana Jones and His Desktop Adventures (1996, LucasArts)
Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine (1999, LucasArts) – Released in 1999 on the PC, as well as for the Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color by 2001.
Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb (2003, LucasArts) – a prequel to Temple of Doom. Released on the PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows in 2003.
Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings (2009, LucasArts) – Released in June 2009 for the Nintendo DS, Wii, PSP and PS2.[106]
Indiana Jones Adventure World (2011, Zynga) – The social gaming company Zynga partnered with Lucasfilm to produce this game late 2011.[107]

text: Theme park attractions[edit]

text: Prior to Disney's acquisition, George Lucas collaborated with Walt Disney Imagineering on several occasions to create Indiana Jones attractions for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts worldwide. Indiana Jones-themed attractions at Disney theme parks include:

text:
The Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular! show opened at Disney's Hollywood Studios in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, in 1989.
The Indiana Jones et le Temple du Péril roller-coaster opened at Disneyland Paris in Marne-la-Vallée, France, in 1993.
The Indiana Jones Adventure, which opened at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, in 1995 and at Tokyo DisneySea in Chiba, Japan, in 2001.
An Indiana Jones-themed bar lounge, "Jock Lindsey's Hangar Bar", opened in 2015 at Disney Springs at the Walt Disney World Resort.[108][109]
The Great Movie Ride at Disney's Hollywood Studios featured a scene based on Raiders of the Lost Ark.

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Toy lines[edit]

text: For the holiday season following the June 1981 debut of Raiders of the Lost Ark, Kenner produced a 12-inch-tall "Authentically styled Action Figure" of Indiana Jones. The next spring they delivered nine smaller-scale (3 3⁄4") action figures, three playsets, replicas of the German desert convoy truck and Jones' horse, all derived from the Raiders movie.[110] They also offered a Raiders board game.[111]

text: In conjunction with the theatrical release of Temple of Doom in 1984, TSR, Inc. released miniature metal versions of twelve characters from both films for a role playing game. LJN Toys Ltd. also released action figures of Jones, Mola Ram, and the Giant Thugee; there were plans for the addition of Willie Scott and Short Round, and also a mine car racing set, but these were never made available.[112]

text: No toys were produced to tie in with The Last Crusade in 1989, but in 1993 Horizon released highly detailed vinyl model kits of Indiana and Henry Jones,[113] while in 1995 Micro Machines produced a set of ten die-cast toy vehicles from all three films.[111] Micro Machines also considered a mini. playset, but this was never made available.[114] In 1999, Toys McCoy released a Japanese-market-only limited edition 12-inch figure of Indiana and his horse from Raiders.[115] In 2001, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts sold new, exclusive action figures and model vehicles,[116] and a second wave followed in August 2003. This included G.I. Joe versions of Jones, including an African-American styled toy, to honor the black performers at their stunt shows.[117]

text: Hasbro released toys based on Raiders of the Lost Ark and Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in 2008. Further figures, including characters from The Last Crusade and Temple of Doom, followed later in the year,[118] but were distributed on a very limited basis. This line of toys included 3 3⁄4-inch and 12-inch figures, vehicles, a playset, and a series of "Adventure Heroes" aimed at young children.[119] Hasbro announced the cancellation of the line in the fall of 2008, due to decreasing sales, although some figures continued to be released up until the 2011 San Diego Comic Convention.

text: Sideshow Collectibles, Gentle Giant, Diamond Select Toys and Kotobukiya[120] also earned Indiana Jones licensing rights in 2008.[121][122][123][124] Lego released eight play sets to coincide with the fourth film, based on Raiders and The Last Crusade as well as on Kingdom of the Crystal Skull[125][126]

text: Merchandise featuring franchise cross-overs include a Mr. Potato Head "Taters Of The Lost Ark" set by Hasbro,[127] Mickey Mouse as Indiana Jones,[128] and a Muppets-branded Adventure Kermit action figure, produced by Palisades Toys and based on the frog's appearance in the Disney World stunt show as seen in The Muppets at Walt Disney World.[129]

text: Disney Vinylmation introduced a series based on Indiana Jones characters in 2014.[130]

text: Role-playing games[edit]

text: There have been two publications of role-playing games based on the Indiana Jones franchise. The Adventures of Indiana Jones Role-Playing Game was designed and published by TSR, Inc. under license in 1984.[131] Ten years later, West End Games acquired the rights to publish their own version, The World of Indiana Jones.

text: Pinball[edit]

text: A pinball machine based on the first three films was released in 1993. Stern Pinball released a new edition in 2008, which featured all four movies.[132]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ In December 2013, the distribution rights for future films were transferred from Paramount Pictures to Walt Disney Studios, however, Paramount continues to retain the distribution rights to Raiders of the Lost Ark, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[46][47][48]

tag: ol


document_title: Wikipedia:Academic use

question_text: why you shouldn't use wikipedia for research

question_tokens: why you should n 't use wikipedia for research

root

text: Wikipedia:Academic use

text: This page is an essay. It contains the advice or opinions of one or more Wikipedia contributors. This page is not one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines, as it has not been thoroughly vetted by the community. Some essays represent widespread norms; others only represent minority viewpoints.

text: Wikipedia is not a reliable source for academic writing or research. Wikipedia is increasingly used by people in the academic community, from freshman students to professors, as an easily accessible tertiary source for information about anything and everything, and as a quick "ready reference", to get a sense of a concept or idea.

tag: p

text: However, citation of Wikipedia in research papers may be considered unacceptable, because Wikipedia is not a reliable source.[1][2][3]

text: Most colleges and universities (Especially in some high schools and private schools) have a policy that prohibits students from using Wikipedia as their source for doing research papers, essays, or anything equivalent. This is because Wikipedia can be edited by anyone at any moment. Although when an error is recognized, it is usually fixed. However, because Wikipedia cannot monitor thousands of edits made everyday, some of those edits could contain vandalism or could be simply wrong and left unnoticed for days, weeks, months, or even years.[4]

text: However, it can be noted that Wikipedia's Good Articles and Featured Articles are some degree more advanced, professional, and generally more credible than an article not labeled Good or Featured. It is because these articles are reviewed heavily and edited many, many times, passing various "tests" before being confirmed Good or Featured, that they can be used for some deeper research than usual. It is Wikipedia's Featured Articles that are especially trustworthy in contrast to normal or even good articles, as they have to pass even more rigorous "tests" to become featured, as they are to be "the best of Wikipedia", "a model for other articles", and thus, a more reliable source than average articles. Even with Featured Articles, though, an uninformed editor may introduce incorrect information.

text: Follow two simple rules:

text: Do your research properly and wisely. Remember that any encyclopedia is a starting point for research, not an ending point.

text:
An encyclopedia, whether a paper one like Britannica or an online one, is great for getting a general understanding of a subject before you dive into it, but then you do have to dive into your subject; using books and articles and other higher-quality sources to do better research. Research from these sources will be more detailed, more precise, more carefully reasoned, and more broadly peer reviewed than the summary you found in an encyclopedia. These will be the sources you cite in your paper. There is no need to cite Wikipedia in this case.
An encyclopedia is great for checking general knowledge that you have forgotten, like the starting date of the First World War or the boiling point of mercury. The capital city of Canada. Citation is not needed for fact-checking general knowledge.
Some details, such as the population of Canada, can be found on Wikipedia, but it is best to verify the information using an authoritative source, such as the CIA World Factbook.
A very obscure detail, such as the names of the founders of the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party, might be very hard to find without the aid of an encyclopedia like Wikipedia.  Wikipedia is ideal in these situations because it will allow you to find the information, as well as sources which you can research to confirm that information.  In any case, you should not cite Wikipedia itself, but the source provided; you should certainly look up the source yourself before citing it. If there is no source cited, consider a different method of obtaining this information.
All encyclopedias, whether traditional paper ones or online ones, have errors. When you have this many articles, typos and other errors will sneak in.

tag: ul

text: Use your judgment. Remember that all sources have to be evaluated.

text:
Wikipedia is not a replacement for doing a reading assignment by your professor. Yes, Wikipedia may have a summary of an article or book on your reading list. However, the editor (or editors) who did that summary might have made errors or they might mis-characterize the contents. An editor who is biased against or for the work may add unsourced personal opinion. It is even possible that a person might introduce completely made-up, false information as a hoax.
If a book is in your university library or published by a reputable university press, or if an article is in a standard academic journal, that means that several professors at some point have considered the information and considered it worthy to publish.
Sourcing using a website is a game of chance.  Unless you know that the website is run by a respected institution (a university or government science department), or if you have verified the information from other (reliable) sources, it is probably a bad idea to cite it. Even a university or government-run website could have information that is not reliable, if there are no gatekeepers who scrutinize the information before it is posted online.
While reading Wikipedia articles for research, remember to consider the information carefully, and never treat what is on Wikipedia as a fact-checker.

text: It is the goal of Wikipedia to become a research aid that all students can trust. If you, in the course of your research, find that there is misinformation on Wikipedia, look over the basic guidelines of Wikipedia and especially what the community considers a reliable source and please consider editing the article (and even creating an account) with what you have learned.  This is a part of how Wikipedia wishes to attain its goals.


document_title: Sarah McLeod

question_text: who played rosie cotton in the lord of the rings

text: Sarah McLeod

text:
Sarah McLeodBorn
 (1971-07-18) 18 July 1971 (age 47)Putaruru, New ZealandYears active
1994–2012

text: Sarah McLeod (born 18 July 1971) is a New Zealand film and television actress. Her most notable role was in the Peter Jackson films The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King as Rosie Cotton, a female hobbit who marries Samwise Gamgee. Her daughter Maisy played Rosie and Sam's baby. McLeod also co-starred in the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street as Cindy Watson from 2008 to 2009.

text: Career[edit]

text: McLeod knew Liz Mulane, the casting director of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings from an earlier film of his that she had appeared in called Forgotten Silver. McLeod was six-months pregnant when she auditioned for the role of Rosie Cotton, a female hobbit. Four months later, she was told that she had won the role. She explained, "This was after I had the baby, so my first day on the set, the baby was 12 weeks old. So from the first time I auditioned for the role, until the whole thing comes out, the third film, my baby will be four years old, it just goes to show you how big and long this production is."[1] Her daughter, Maisy, played the infant son of Rosie and Samwise Gamgee, seen in the final scene of The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. The New Zealand Herald observed in 2004 that McLeod was "notable for having the most significant role of the few New Zealand actresses in the trilogy."[2]

text: In 2007, McLeod and fourteen other Lord of the Rings actors from New Zealand sued New Line, as they felt they were legally entitled to five percent of the trilogy's net merchandising revenue.[3] From 2008 to 2009, McLeod co-starred in the New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street as Cindy Watson. McLeod conducted legal and personal research on surrogacy for the role, as her character's storyline involved asking her friend to be a surrogate mother for Cindy and her husband.[4] In a 2010 episode of America's Next Top Model, McLeod appeared as herself on the set of Hobbiton, where the contestants participated in a Lord of the Rings-themed photo shoot.[5][6]


document_title: Sara Tancredi

question_text: what episode does michael and sara get together

text: Sara Tancredi

text: Background[edit]

text: Raised in Chicago, Sara Tancredi's ambitions to be a doctor began when she was very young. While at Northwestern University, where she was a Phi Beta Kappa, she was introduced to the works of Mahatma Gandhi and decided to become a humanitarian, which later influenced her decision to work at Fox River State Penitentiary.[1] Another factor which contributed to her occupational choice was her past morphine addiction, culminating in being unable to help a boy after he was run over, because she was high, which was revealed in a flashback episode of the first season, "Brother's Keeper". At 29 years old, Dr. Sara Tancredi was one of the few doctors working at Fox River. Her chosen occupation became a constant source of stress for her father. Sara is the only child of the Governor of Illinois, Frank Tancredi (portrayed by John Heard). Due to her father's hectic political career and vastly differing beliefs, she did not have a close relationship with him. In episode "Buried", it was revealed that her mother has already died.

text: Appearances[edit]

text: In the first season, Sara is mostly featured in scenes with Michael Scofield, while in the second season, Sara has mainly appeared in scenes with Frank Tancredi, Paul Kellerman or by herself. She has appeared in every episode of seasons 1, 2 and 4 except for second season episodes, "Otis" and "John Doe".Her death was faked early in the third season, apparently beheaded by Gretchen Morgan, and her "head" was delivered in a box to Lincoln Burrows. In season 4 it is discovered that the head was a ploy and that Sara is alive.

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Sara is introduced to the series when Michael Scofield first visits the infirmary in the pilot episode. In the first and second episode, their interactions are cordial but formal. However, Sara's curiosity is awakened when he attempts to charm her, and after she checks his academic record, she is surprised that he had graduated with a master's degree. In "Allen", she notices his nervousness as she tests for his glucose count to confirm his diabetes. However, she dismisses it after his test apparently passed (but only because Michael had taken insulin blockers to raise his blood sugar). Michael's regular visits to the infirmary becomes an important plot point, as it represents a major step in his plan. Sara treats Michael after two of his toes are cut off in the episode "Cell Test", and the subsequent bonding between them turns their relationship into a more personal one. Most episodes feature Sara interacting with Michael during these visits, initially careful to deflect all his attempts to charm her. However, after Michael rescues Sara from inmates' intent to rape and kill her in "Riots, Drills, and the Devil", she begins to grow more comfortable around him. This is not without duality, though, as another plot point includes Sara discovering that Michael lied about a PI assignment. However, she is strengthened in her belief that Michael is different from the other prisoners, and several episodes has her trying to obtain information about him, such as when she is required to conduct a medical check-up on Michael's brother Lincoln Burrows (Dominic Purcell), and questions him on Michael's background. She also visits Michael's former psychiatrist in "Tweener". As Sara’s character searches for clues about Michael, and though she knows that something is very suspicious, she can't stop herself from being attracted to him.

text: In later episodes, though, Sara attempts to distance herself from Michael. After she discovers that he is married and had a conjugal visit in the episode "And Then There Were 7", she announces that they will now be doctor-patient only. In the following episodes, her tone with Michael is more distant, though she continues to help him in subsequent episodes despite their relationship. After meeting with Lincoln Burrows' lawyers on his execution day in episode "The Rat", Sara becomes convinced that Lincoln is innocent and attempts to persuade her father to ask him to review Lincoln's case after Michael pleads with her. Her father denies the appeal, but additional information emerges to postpone the execution. Sara's character plays a critical role in the episode "The Key", where Michael must take possession of a key to the infirmary door. He ultimately kisses her as a distraction to steal her keys, but is caught up in the moment and unable to go through with it. Instead, he has his wife meet Sara and steal the keys. His plan backfires when she discovers that Michael’s wife has stolen the keys from her, and becomes very cold towards him. At the end of the episode, she has the locks to the infirmary door changed, thwarting his efforts. Michael is then forced to come clean in "Tonight" and reveals to her his intent to break Lincoln out of prison. Sara is confronted with the decision whether she should help Michael or not. Eventually, Sara returns to Fox River and unlocks the infirmary door. Horribly distressed at what she has done, Sara injects herself with morphine from the infirmary. Suspected for being an accessory to the escape, police officers charge into her apartment with an emergency warrant in the Season Finale to find her nearly dead from a morphine overdose. The character's fate is left unresolved at the end of the first season.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: After recovering from her drug overdose in "Manhunt", Sara loses her medical license and becomes a target of The Company - the mysterious organization behind Lincoln's murder setup. Posing as Lance, a homosexual addict at a Narcotics Anonymous meeting, Agent Kellerman (Paul Adelstein) attempts to befriend Sara to find out the whereabouts of Michael Scofield. Learning that six other convicts joined Michael's escape, Sara feels betrayed by him, and the two characters initially have a strained relationship. After her father alerts her of Kellerman's suspicious identity and her father's subsequent death in episode "Buried", Sara becomes part of the show's conspiracy plot as she holds the key (left by her father) to information that may exonerate Lincoln. Following this, several attempts on Sara's life are made by The Company, which force her to find Michael via his coded messages. She meets with Michael in the episode "Rendezvous" at Gila, New Mexico but their reunion is short-lived when Kellerman and Agent Mahone (William Fichtner) find out about their rendezvous point. At first, Sara is reluctant to leave with Michael to Panama but is captured by Kellerman shortly after. Kellerman proceeds to torture Sara in episode "Bolshoi Booze", in an effort to obtain information about a USB drive he thinks her father gave her. Sara escapes from Kellerman and decides to change her appearance and throws her wallet and ID away.

text: Two episodes later, Sara returns in "The Message". She reunites with Michael in Evansville, Indiana in "Chicago". Together with the brothers, Sara travels to Chicago where her father has hidden the audio file that can help prove Lincoln's innocence. On the train to Chicago, Sara admits to Michael that she has fallen in love with him, and they kiss. Later in the episode, Michael admits he has fallen in love with her. Michael, Sara and Lincoln eventually retrieve the audio file but discover that it’s not legally valid as evidence. They decide to use it to blackmail President Reynolds for a presidential pardon instead. When this fails, Michael and Lincoln are forced to leave the country. When Sara realizes she is being tailed by the FBI, she surrenders herself in order to let the brothers escape. Sara is then faced with a 12-year prison sentence but as she is about to plead guilty, Kellerman comes forward to testify on her behalf. His testimony exonerates Sara and Lincoln in "Sona", and Sara reunites with the brothers in Panama and tells them of the news. However, when Agent Kim suddenly appears and tries to kill Lincoln and capture Michael, Sara shoots Kim in the chest. With nowhere to run, Michael and Sara surrender themselves to the Panamanian police but to Sara's surprise, Michael confesses to Kim's killing instead of her. She is last seen in a crowd by Lincoln.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: In this season, standbys are used to portray the character, including Katie A. Keane in the photographs for the episode "Call Waiting". She is revealed to have been kidnapped by The Company, and is said in "Good Fences" to have been murdered in response to a failed rescue attempt. She was decapitated and her head was sent to Lincoln Burrows in a box. Michael swears to avenge her death.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In Season 4, Sara’s death is retconned and she returns as a main cast member for all 24 episodes. After Gretchen reveals to Michael in the season premiere that Sara's death was faked, Michael contacts Bruce Bennett, the former aide of Governor Tancredi (Sara's father) and asks him for help tracking down Sara. The two are reunited later in the episode. Much of Sara's plotline in the fourth season focuses on the character processing what happened to her in Panama and making a new life with Michael. After they are tracked down by the Company hitman Wyatt, Sara escapes with Michael and Lincoln and accompanies them as they strike a deal with, they must get their hands on Scylla, The Company’s little black book. Sara joins the rest of team as they work to copy the cards, such as in "Breaking and Entering" where she slips, most notably in "Eagles and Angels" where Sara is informed that Bruce Bennett was found dead and goes out to a bar. She manages not to drink, and instead tells the bartender stories from her childhood and the importance Bruce had for her. In the next episode, she realizes that Wyatt is following her back from the bar and manages to lose him. In "Five the Hard Way" Sara's character takes part in holding the general's daughter, Lisa, hostage. The team is then betrayed by Self, who takes Scylla for himself to sell it to a buyer. Other homeland security agents chase after them to arrest them for the murder of Trishanne and Self (Self murdered Trishanne, faked his own death and framed the Scylla team for all of it). Michael offers Sara and Sucre to take a bus back to Chicago, although they decided to stay and help. In the next episode, Sara finds it increasingly difficult to watch as Michael neglects his health to continue chasing after Scylla. Sara urges him to get medical attention, but he resists despite her insistence, and refuses to have the necessary operation until Scylla has been acquired. She is forced to provide temporary relief from his condition through a series of injections. However she warns him that he is developing a tolerance, and that they are no substitute for proper medical attention. Nevertheless, Sara helps the team to track down Gretchen and Self. Despite their best efforts, they are unsuccessful and lose both the missing piece of Scylla, and Michael, who is captured by The Company at the end of "Just Business".

text: In the last third of the season, Sara becomes Michael's only remaining ally, as Lincoln makes a deal with The Company to get Scylla back in exchange for Michael's surgery. Michael refuses to accept this deal, and escapes from The Company's clutches after the surgery with Sara's help. The plot of the next few episodes see Michael and Lincoln's teams working against each other to acquire Scylla. Sara's character gives critical help to Michael, such as distracting a guard at the airport where they capture Vincent Sandinsky, a scientist that appears to have ties to The Company. Sara also attempts to comfort Michael after he learns that his mother, Christina Rose Scofield, is still alive and a Company operative and the buyer of Scylla. In the same episode it is revealed that Sara is pregnant with Michael's child. In "Cowboys and Indians", Michael and Lincoln put their differences aside and work together to steal Scylla from Christina. Meanwhile, Sara is kidnapped by The Company to hold Michael at ransom. In this and the next episode "Rate of Exchange", Sara shares screen-time with T-Bag for the first time. She is almost raped by him, but is rescued by Michael at the last minute. In the series finale, they hand Scylla over to the UN and are all exonerated. Their happiness is short-lived when it is revealed that Michael’s tumor is back. In the epilogue of the series set four years later, Sara is shown living in Panama with her son, Michael Scofield Jr. (presumably she is forced to relocate there after her escape from prison as documented in the Final Break). She then appears at Michael's grave with her son at the reunion of many of the series' principal characters - Lincoln, Mahone and Sucre. She lays flowers on Michael's grave and the series ends with all the characters walking towards the seaside in the sun.

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Sara is shown in the series as a compassionate yet introverted doctor who treated each one of them with the same cordiality and respect. Given this fact, she has little sense of humour and is incorruptible. In the episode "The Rat", Sara's father questions her motive for helping Lincoln Burrows, to which she replies, "It's my job to advocate for [my patients]."[2] Sarah Wayne Callies, who portrays Sara Tancredi, remarks that the character "feels a certain level of responsibility to these guys. Partly because who her father is... she's the kind of person who would rather take a stand and sleep well at night than have a peaceful family."[3]

text: In the second season, Sara becomes part of the conspiracy plot of the show after her involvement in Michael and Lincoln's escape, and her father's later pursuit of information concerning Lincoln's case. She is continuously chased by covert agents after the death of her father in "Buried". Sara later confides in Michael in episode "Chicago" that the two things keeping her going are her feelings for him and that she wants to seek justice for her father's death. The character is described by Jay Bobbin from Zap2it.com as "gutsy",[4] while TV Guide's Maya Schechter remarks that Sara is "one tough cookie".[5] Regarding her character's change in the second season, Callies says, "She's just someone who has really rushed at life and absorbed experience with real enthusiasm. She's getting a lot more than she bargained for right now, and I certainly don't think she'll be the same person after this."[4]

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: Character development[edit]

text: Sara Tancredi was introduced to the series as the daughter of the Illinois governor and the prison doctor who the protagonist frequently visits to obtain his insulin shot. The background story of the character, revealed in the sixteenth episode of the first season, was not actually conceived along with the original conception of the series. Callies commented in an interview that it was the "very first inkling" that she had about the character's past. Also in the same interview, the actress mentioned that during the production of the series pilot, she had suggested to Prison Break creator Paul Scheuring that "it would be interesting to play her as a recovering alcoholic".[6]

text: The character's continuation as a major role in the second season was a "surprise" to Callies since the second season revolves around the lives of the eight fugitives outside the prison. The actress states that it is "some of the most creative storytelling for women on TV right now" and that she was given "lot of latitude in establishing a sense of who [the character] is".[4] As the characterization of Sara continues to develop, Scheuring describes the character as "one of [the series'] strongest components".

text: Towards the end of the production of the second season of Prison Break, Callies' pregnancy was announced.[7] With the pregnancy not incorporated into the show, the story was written in such a way to account for Sara's disappearance during Callies' maternity leave. At the time Paul Scheuring commented, "It actually fits into what we were already planning." He also claimed that the original treatment would have included "explanations for why she wasn't in the first [batch] of episodes" of the third season,[7] later revealing that it would set up a planned 13-episode story arc that would ultimately culminate with her character's death.[8]

text: However, due to Callies and the show's producers being unable to agree on a new contract, the character was suddenly "killed off" in the fourth episode, much earlier than planned. Her sparse appearances during the season (including the use of stand-ins with their faces obscured) and her gruesome, off screen death was the result of working around the inability to film additional scenes with the actress, as well as for dramatic and emotional impact.[8]

text: However, Sara's fate was retconned due to "fan backlash" and she returned to the series with an active role in Season 4.[7]

text: Portrayal[edit]

text: The character Sara Tancredi was portrayed by Sarah Wayne Callies who was the first actress the producers saw at the audition for the role.[9] Incidentally, Callies was also the first to become a principal cast member.[10] In season 3, other actresses were used to portray the role, though their faces were never shown on screen.

text: Production details[edit]

text: A newspaper article about Sara Tancredi is visible and readable in the Pilot episode of the series (as one of the many that Michael tears off the walls of his apartment). The article gives Sara's middle name as "Wayne" (the same as that of the actress portraying her). It also says that she is the "second-eldest daughter of Frank Tancredi" (later retconned in the episode "Buried").


document_title: Serve (tennis)

question_text: when do you get a second serve in tennis

text: Serve (tennis)

text: Legal[edit]

text: An attempt at a serve may result in one of the following outcomes:

text:
a good serve
a let
a fault
(very rarely) immediate award of the point to the server.

text: Good[edit]

text: A good serve occurs when a legally delivered ball lands in the cross-court service box or on any line bounding it without touching anything in flight.

text: Let[edit]

text: A let occurs when a legally delivered ball lands in the cross-court service box having touched the net cord (but not the net post or any other object).[citation needed] Play stops immediately, and the server is allowed another attempt.  The umpire (or opposing player when there is no umpire) will usually say "let" or "net" to signal to the server a let has occurred. Lets occur more often on first serves, as the server is more cautious on the success of a second serve.

text: Fault[edit]

text: There are multiple reasons why a service attempt may result in a fault.

text:
A foot fault takes place when the server assumes an illegal position while serving.  The server's feet may touch only the ground behind the baseline, between the extensions of the center line and the sideline.  The server's feet must not touch the baseline or the extension of the center line or sideline at any time before the ball is struck. The server is also required to stay roughly on the same position to prevent the opponent from being misled as to where the serve will originate. Running or walking while serving is not allowed, however jumping is permitted.
Illegal release of the ball.  The server must release the ball from one hand (exceptions are made for one-handed players, who may use the racket to release the ball).
A miss.  If the server swings but misses the ball, it is a fault.  However, if a server releases the ball but does not attempt to hit it, there is no fault and the server may repeat the service attempt.[2]
If the ball, before bouncing, hits any object other than the net cord, the opponent's racket or body, it is a fault. For example, if the ball hits the net post and then bounces into the correct court, the service is still a fault.
If the ball fails to clear the net, or bounces anywhere other than the cross-court service box, it is a fault.

text: After a fault, play stops immediately.  If there has been only one fault on this point, the server is then allowed another attempt.  If there have been two faults on this point, the point is awarded to the receiver:  this is known as a double fault.

text: Award of point to the server[edit]

text: On a service, the receiver is required to allow the ball to bounce before attempting to hit it.   In the extremely rare event of the receiver's racket or body touching a legally delivered ball before it bounces, the point is immediately awarded to the server.[3]

text: First and second[edit]

text: A first serve is made when there has been no fault on the point;  a second serve occurs when there has already been one fault on the point.  On a second serve, the server is in danger of losing the point if there is another fault.

text: The rules make no distinction between the first and second serve. However, the tactics used are different. The first serve is typically struck with the maximum power, skill, and deception the player is capable of with the aim of winning the point either outright or on the next stroke, by forcing the receiver into a disadvantageous position. The second serve is usually more conservative to avoid getting a double fault, and is typically hit with less power or a higher curve. Second serves often have more topspin and kick on the ball.

text: Stances[edit]

text: There are two popular stances in the tennis serve: the platform stance and the pinpoint stance.

text: In the platform stance the feet are kept about shoulder-width apart throughout the serve, providing stable support and easy weight transfer from the back to the front foot. The hips rotate, and sometimes the back foot swings forward to complete the hip rotation.

text: In the pinpoint stance, the feet start apart, but as the serve unfolds, the back foot slides or steps forward until it is adjacent to or slightly behind the front foot. As a result, the feet provide a very small base of support and balance may be a problem.

text: Advantages of platform stance and the pinpoint stance[edit]

text: The pinpoint serve provides better velocity, since the feet come together as a single unit, allowing them to push harder against the ground and gain more leg power.  However, the center of gravity moves more than in the platform stance, so the player must have good body control in order to contact the ball consistently.

text: Players will sacrifice some power with the platform serve, but their balance will be better so they should be more consistent. It's still possible to produce good power with the platform serve—some big servers, such as Milos Raonic and Roger Federer, use a variation of a platform stance.

text:
The serve each player uses will depend on their individual abilities and what they need the most—power or consistency.
If they already have good body control but would like to produce extra power, they could try the pinpoint stance. If consistency is their problem, they can use the platform stance.

text: Alternative Stances[edit]

text: Platform stance and the pinpoint stance are closed stances. Fore a very long time, players who used an open stance to serve has been regarded as a sign of tennis beginner. Things have changed in recent years. At elite level, Venus Williams had used semi-open stance to serve in the past (she went back to use traditional closed stance and stayed to the old way currently). Beside Venus, Nikola Mektic [4] and Viktor Troicki [5] both have abandoned closed stance to use open stance to serve.

text: Types[edit]

text: In the game of tennis, there are four commonly used serves: the "flat serve", the "slice serve", the "kick serve", and the "underhand serve".[citation needed] All of these serves are legal in professional and amateur play.

text: The term kick serve is ambiguous. It may be used as a synonym for the twist serve or the American twist. However, kick serve is commonly used to refer to any serve with heavy topspin or kick on it.

text: Servers can gain a tactical advantage by varying the type of serve and the ball's placement. The flat serve and slice serve are used primarily as first serves because they are more likely to yield an ace or force an error, although they require high accuracy. Second serves usually have topspin or kick on them, which makes them less likely to land in the net or out of bounds. Kick serves also make a good change-up[clarification needed] as a first serve.

text: Flat[edit]

text: A flat serve is hit with a Continental grip (holding the racket as if it were an axe) and a swing path directly through the ball, which causes the ball to cut quickly through the air without spinning. Some professional players can hit flat serves at speeds near 150 miles per hour (240 km/h).[6]

text: A flat serve must come close to the net therefore having a small margin for error. Therefore, flat serves are usually hit straight across the center, where the net is lowest. They are usually delivered as first serves, when the server does not risk a double fault. The ball is thrown straight above and slightly forward for the optimal serving point.

text: Slice/reverse slice[edit]

text: A slice serve is hit with sidespin, which requires the server to brush the back of the ball toward their dominant side with the racket. It is commonly hit with the Continental grip or the Eastern backhand grip (using the forehand face of the racket). The ball is thrown slightly to the dominant side of the server then is struck laterally on the server's dominant side.

text: For a right-handed player, a sliced serve's sidespin causes the ball to curve leftward. When the ball bounces, it skids and curves farther leftward. The curve of a good slice serve can draw the receiver 10 feet (3.0 m) wide of the singles sideline to play the ball.[citation needed] Since a slice serve has little or no topspin on it, it cannot be aimed high over the net and has little margin for error. Therefore, it is generally used as a first serve. It can be used to ace the receiver, to draw the receiver out of position, or to "jam" the receiver with a serve curving sharply towards his or her body.

text: The reverse slice serve (or inside-out serve) is analogous to the screwball pitch in baseball.  It is hit with the opposite spin of the slice serve.  The server must pronate his or her racket arm and sweep the racket across his or her body while striking the ball when hitting a reverse slice serve.  Because the direction of spin applied is reversed relative to the standard slice serve, a reverse slice serve from a right-handed player will have the same motion as a slice serve from a left-handed player, and vice versa.

text: In professional and amateur tennis, the reverse slice serve is rarely used except as a novelty. As the word reverse is defined, one must hit opposite to the side and opposite to the path of the slice struck serve.[clarification needed]

text: Kick/topspin/American twist/Reverse kick[edit]

text: Holcombe Ward and Dwight Davis introduced the kick/American twist serve in the late 1800s. The kick (or topspin) serve is generated by tossing the ball over the head, then hitting it laterally on the server's non-dominant side brushing upward toward the dominant side. When hit correctly, the ball clears the net in a high arc with heavy topspin, causing the ball to dive into the service box. Upon hitting the surface of the court, the ball may bounce high directly toward the receiver for a kick serve, or to the left for the receiver for an American twist serve. The physics of the spinning ball in flight involves the Magnus effect because the spinning ball creates a whirlpool of air around itself. The twist serve is a more extreme version of the kick serve, which involves more brushing of the ball from the 7–8 o'clock position to the 1–2 o'clock position, and faster swing speeds. If performed exceptionally, it can completely change the direction of the ball movement away from the other player, although this requires a very strong and flexible back.

text: Kick/topspin serves are often used as both first and second serves.  As a first serve, a player will put more pace on the ball, while it is a consistent second serve since the spin brings it into the service box with high net clearance.

text: The reverse kick/American twist serve is rarely used except as a novelty. As the word "reverse" is defined, one must hit opposite to the side and opposite to the path of the kick struck serve.[clarification needed]

text: Underhand[edit]

text: The underhand serve is struck below shoulder level. In children's tennis, young children may be encouraged to use the underhand serve on 36 feet (11 m) courts. Although this serve is legal, it may be seen as unsportsmanlike in adult tennis. Some notable examples include Michael Chang's in the Round of 16 at the 1989 French Open against Ivan Lendl, and Martina Hingis was booed by the crowd for hitting one at the 1999 French Open.[7]

text: Pat-a-cake[edit]

text: A pat-a-cake serve is a serve in which the racket is not swung behind the head (as in a proper serve). The player will simply toss the ball up and "pat" or tap it over the net to get it in play. It is often used by beginning players, or players who never had proper instruction. The term is usually employed belittlingly.

text: Terminology[edit]

text:
Ace – a serve that lands in the service box and is then untouched by the opponent.
Break – server losing his or her game.
Break point – one point away from a break.
Challenge – when either player disputes whether the ball landed in or out. A line judge may overturn a call made, or in professional settings, a review of the play may be made. Players are allowed a certain number of challenges per match.
Double fault – hitting a fault on the second service. The server loses the point.
Fault – an unsuccessful serve that does not start the point because the ball does not land in the opponent's designated service box.
Foot fault – a fault caused by the server stepping on or across his base line or the center line before striking the ball with his racquet.
Hold – server winning the game.
Let – a serve is called a let when the ball hits the net cord but still lands in the service court. Such a serve is not considered a fault and the server may repeat the service attempt. A ball that hits the net cord but lands outside the service box is still a fault.
On serve – both players have held each of their service games in the set or had an equal number of service breaks in the set, putting them "back on serve".
Service winner – a serve that is touched by the opponent, but not returned.

text: Players with great serves[edit]

text: Serve-record holders[edit]

text:
Pete Sampras (considered by many to have the greatest serve of all time. First player to record 1000 aces in a season in 1993.)[8]
Goran Ivanišević (holds the record for most aces in a season) [9]
John Isner (most seasons leading the tour in aces)
Ivo Karlovic (holds the record for most aces overall in a player's career) [10]
John Isner (holds the record for most aces in a tennis match)[11]
Sabine Lisicki (hold the record for fastest serve on the women's tour)[12]
Serena Williams (Most aces served by a female at a Grand Slam)
Kristýna Plíšková (Most aces served by a female at a match)
Serena Williams (Most aces served by a female in a season; she is widely considered to have the greatest serve in the history of the women's game[13])
Roger Federer (holds the record for most aces in a Grand-Slam final)[14]
Andy Roddick (holds the record for fastest serve at a Grand Slam)[15]
Sam Groth (holds the record for fastest serve of all time)[16]

text: Returning[edit]

text:
Since the server has the advantage of being the initial aggressor, for his opponent to return the ball and to keep it in play often involves the defensive endeavor of minimizing the opponent's advantage.
This may involve simply lunging to get the racket on the ball before it passes. If a controlled return of service is possible, a hard groundstroke to one side or the other of the opponents's baseline may be performed. If the server rushes the net immediately upon hitting the serve, the returner has several options: return the ball at the feet of the server not far past the net, forcing him to hit a half volley (which is hard to do aggressively); lob the ball over the rushing server's head; or hit a passing shot hard and low over the net too far to the left or right for the server to hit it.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Roger Federer serving at the 2009 Wimbledon Championships.

Rafael Nadal serving at the 2011 French Open.

Novak Djokovic serving at the 2011 Australian Open.

Serena Williams serving at the 2008 Wimbledon Championships.

Victoria Azarenka prepares to serve at the 2009 French Open.

Sara Errani prepares to serve at the 2010 US Open.

Waiting to receive a serve in partial squatting position.


document_title: List of massacres in Australia

question_text: when is the last time australia had a mass shooting

text: List of massacres in Australia

text: Massacres[edit]

text:
Name
Date
Location
Deaths
Injuries
Notes

Shipwreck of the Batavia
1628
Houtman Abrolhos (Western Australia)
0110 !110
Many
Dutch shipwreck survivors are murdered by a break-away group of survivors

Cape Grim massacre
10 February 1828
Cape Grim, Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania)
0030 !30
Unknown
Massacre of Indigenous Australians by four shepherds

Convincing Ground massacre
1833–34
Portland, Victoria
0200 !60–200
Unknown
Massacre of Indigenous Australians after a heated dispute between whalers and Aboriginal tribes

Pinjarra massacre
28 October 1834
Pinjarra, Western Australia
0040 !14–40

Massacre by British colonists led by Governor Stirling against the Pinjarup people

Waterloo Creek massacre/Slaughterhouse Creek massacre
January 1838
Waterloo Creek, NSW
0041 !40–70
Unknown
Massacre of Indigenous Australians as part of a clash between mounted police and Indigenous Australians

Myall Creek massacre
10 June 1838
Myall Creek, NSW
0030 !27-30
Unknown
Massacre of Indigenous Australians. The attack was racially motivated, and subsequently the colonists who carried out the attack were hanged

Murdering Gully massacre
1839
Mount Emu Creek, near Camperdown, Victoria
0040 !35–40
Unknown
Massacre of Indigenous Australians undertaken by Frederick Taylor apparently in retaliation to Aborigines having killed the colonists' sheep

Campaspe Plains massacre
June 1839
Campaspe Creek, Central Victoria
0040 !up to 40
Unknown
Massacre of Indigenous Australians led by commander Charles Hutton as a reprisal raid against Aboriginal resistance to the invasion and occupation of their lands

Shipwreck survivors of the Maria massacred
1840
Coorong, SA
0025 !25
13 people survived
Ship travelling from Port Adelaide to Hobart was shipwrecked on the SE coast of South Australia, with all surviving the wreck. The survivors were being guided to safety by the local Narrindjeri people, but were massacred when they breached local law.

Gippsland massacres
1840-1850
Gippsland, VIC
0450 !300-1000
Unknown
Massacre of Indigenous Australians, combined with the introduction of diseases by the British Colonists which also contributed to the heavy losses of the Aborigines. The technical superiority of the Europeans' weapons gave the Europeans an absolute advantage over the Aborigines and, as a result, very few white settlers died during the course of the massacres.

Cullin-La-Ringo massacre
17 October 1861
Central Queensland
0019 !19
0000 !0
Massacre of white settlers by Indigenous Australians

Flying Foam massacre
February–May 1868
Flying Foam Passage, WA
0150 !20–150
Unknown
Massacre of Indigenous Australians after a series of confrontations between white settlers and Aboriginal people near the Flying Foam Passage

Palmer massacre
August 1878
Palmer River, Queensland
0150 !20–150
Unknown
Massacre by Cantonese and Pekinese against each other.[1]

Ching family murders
16 November 1911
Alligator Creek, Mackay, Queensland
0006 !6
0000 !0
George David Silva murdered six members of the Ching family by shooting and bashing. Silva was hanged at Boggo Road Gaol in Brisbane on 10 June 1912.

Battle of Broken Hill
1 January 1915
Broken Hill, New South Wales
0004 !4
0007 !7
Spree shooting by two Ghans gunmen - Terror attack - by modern definition[2]

Mowla Bluff massacre
1916
Kimberley, Western Australia
0400 !Up to 12[3]
0000 !0
Massacre of Indigenous Australians. Aboriginal Men, women and children were rounded up and subsequently shot and their bodies burned

Forrest River massacre
May–July 1926
Kimberley Region of Western Australia
0011 !11
Unknown
Massacre of Indigenous Australians by law enforcement.

Coniston massacre
14 August – 18 October 1928
Coniston, Northern Territory
0170 !60–170
Unknown
Probably the last known massacre of Indigenous Australians

Hope Forest massacre
6 September 1971
Hope Forest, SA
0010 !10
0000 !0
Rampage killing by Clifford Bartholomew, who shot dead ten members of his family[4]

Whiskey Au Go Go nightclub fire
8 March 1973
Fortitude Valley, Queensland
0015 !15
Unknown
Arson attack that killed 15 people and injured many more at a nightclub

Campsie murders
24 September 1981
Campsie, New South Wales
0005 !5
0000 !0
Rampage killing by Fouad Daoud, who shot dead five members of his family before killing himself[5]

Wahroonga murders
1 June 1984
Wahroonga, New South Wales
0005 !5
0000 !0
Rampage killing by John Brandon, who shot dead five members of his family before killing himself.[6]

Milperra massacre
2 September 1984
Milperra, New South Wales
0007 !7
0028 !28
Shootout between two rival motorcycle gangs. 1 bystander was among those killed in the incident

Top End Shootings
June 1987
Top End, Northern Territory
0005 !5

Spree killing by Joseph Schwab over a five-day period. Shot dead by police

Hoddle Street massacre
9 August 1987
Clifton Hill, Victoria
0007 !7

A Spree shooting by Julian Knight

Canley Vale Huynh family murders
10 October 1987
Canley Vale, New South Wales
0005 !5

Rampage killing by John Tran, who shot dead 5 members of a family

Queen Street massacre
8 December 1987
Melbourne, Victoria
0008 !8

A spree shooting/murder–suicide by Frank Vitkovic

Oenpelli shootings
25 September 1988
Oenpelli, Northern Territory
0006 !6
0000 !0
Rampage killing by Dennis Rostron, six members of his family at a remote Arnhem Land outstation in Oenpelli[7]

Surry Hills shootings
30 August 1990
Surry Hills, New South Wales
0005 !5
0007 !7
A spree shooting by Paul Anthony Evers who killed 5 people and injured 7 with a 12 gauge pump-action shotgun at a public housing precinct in Surry Hills before surrendering to police.[8]

Strathfield massacre
17 August 1991
Strathfield, New South Wales
0007 !7

A spree shooting/murder–suicide by Wade Frankum

Central Coast massacre
27 October 1992
Terrigal, New South Wales
0006 !6

A spree shooting by Malcolm George Baker

1993 Cangai siege
March 1993
Cangai, New South Wales
0005 !5
0000 !0
Leonard Leabeater, Robert Steele and Raymond Bassett went on a nine-day rampage resulting in their taking hostages in a siege in a farmhouse at Hanging Rock Station in Cangai

Hillcrest murders
25 January 1996
Hillcrest, Queensland
0006 !6
0000 !0
Rampage killing by Peter May, who shot dead six members of his family before killing himself[9]

Port Arthur massacre
28 April 1996
Port Arthur, Tasmania
0035 !35
0024 !24
A spree shooting by Martin Bryant

Murder Suicide
28 June 1997
Richmond, Tasmania
005 !5

Peter Shoobridge cut the throat of his 4 daughters whilst they slept then took his own life with a rifle after cutting off one of his hands with an axe.
[10]

Wright St Bikie Murders
8 October 1999
Adelaide, Australia
0003 !3
000 !0
Hell's Angels feud[11]

Childers Palace Backpackers Hostel fire
23 June 2000
Childers, Queensland
0015 !15
unknown
Arson attack by Robert Paul Long, which killed 15 international backpackers

Monash University shooting
21 October 2002
Melbourne, Victoria
002 !2
005 !5
Mass shooting attack by Huan Yun "Allen" Xiang

Churchill Fire
7 February 2009
Churchill, Victoria
0010 !10
unknown
Arson attack by Brendan Sokaluk that killed 10 people, during the Black Saturday bushfires period

Lin family murders
18 July 2009
North Epping, New South Wales
0005 !5
unknown
Blunt instrument attack that killed 5 members of the Lin family

Quakers Hill nursing home fire
18 November 2011
Sydney, NSW
0011 !11

Arson attack by Roger Kingsley Dean, a nurse, which killed 11 people

Rozelle fire murders
4 September 2014
Rozelle, New South Wales
0003 !3
0002 !2
Arson attack by Adeel Khan which killed 3 and injured another 2.[12]

Hunt family murders
9 September 2014
Lockhart, New South Wales
0005 !5
0000 !0
A Mass shooting and Familicide by Geoff Hunt who killed his wife and three children before turning the gun on himself

Sydney Siege
15 - 16 December 2014
Sydney, NSW
0008 !3
0001 !4
Siege. A lone gunman, Man Haron Monis, held hostage ten customers and eight employees of a Lindt chocolate café located at Martin Place in Sydney, Australia. The NSW Police Tactical Operations Unit shot Monis dead, after he executed a hostage. In the exchange five others were hit by Police bullet fragments, causing accidental death to one of them.

Cairns child killings
19 December 2014
Cairns, Queensland
0008 !8
0001 !1 (self-inflicted by perpetrator)
Stabbing attack. 8 children aged 18 months to 15 years killed. Thirty-seven-year-old woman also found injured. The woman, Raina Mersane Ina Thaiday, was later charged with the murder of the children, 7 of whom were hers, plus her niece.[13]

2017 Melbourne car attack
20 January 2017
Melbourne, Victoria
0006 !6
0030 !30
Vehicular attack. Dimitrious Gargasoulas drove a Holden Commodore into Bourke St Mall, resulting in the deaths of 6 people and injuring 30+ others.

text: Murders over an extended period of time[edit]

text:
Eric Edgar Cooke murdered 8 people between 1959 and 1963.
Backpacker murders – Ivan Milat killed seven international backpackers in the early 1990s, and is widely suspected of killing 30 more young adults.
Melbourne gangland killings – 36 underworld figures murdered so far in gang related violence between 1998 and 2010.
Snowtown murders – 12 murders committed from 1992 until 1999.
John Wayne Glover – murders of six elderly women on Sydney's North Shore over a fourteen-month period in 1989–90.
Truro murders – murders of seven women from 1976 until 1977.
William Fraser - murders of at least 100 men, women and children between 1857-1867

text: Miscellaneous[edit]

text:
Douglas Crabbe – Truck driver deliberately crashed his truck into a hotel, killing five and badly wounding 16.
Russell Street Bombing – 23 wounded when a car bomb ignites outside a Police Building. One of the wounded, a female police officer, died later of injuries from the explosion.
Sydney Hilton bombing – Two garbage men were killed and 12 passers-by were injured by a bomb planted in a garbage bin outside the Sydney Hilton Hotel in 1978. A police officer who was wounded died later.
2014 Sydney hostage crisis – Two hostages and hostage-taker Man Haron Monis were killed, during a 16-hour siege inside a Lindt cafe in Martin Place, Sydney, with six other people injured.