document_title: List of all-time NASCAR Cup Series winners

question_text: who has won the most nascar races of all time

text: Win table[edit]

text: All figures correct as of the 2017 ISM Connect 300 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway (September 24, 2017).

text:
Key

Driver is competing full-time in the 2017 season

Driver is competing part-time in the 2017 season

Driver has been inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame

text:
Driver
Strictly Stock
(1949)
Grand National
(1950–1970)
Winston
Cup
(1971–2003)
Playoffs era
(2004–present)
Modern era
total
(1972–present)
[1]
Combined
total
[2]

Petty, RichardRichard Petty
119
81
0
60
200

Pearson, DavidDavid Pearson
58
47
0
45
105

Gordon, JeffJeff Gordon
0
64
29
93
93

Allison, BobbyBobby Allison
19
65
0
55
84

Waltrip, DarrellDarrell Waltrip
0
84
0
84
84

Johnson, JimmieJimmie Johnson
0
6
77
83
83

Yarborough, CaleCale Yarborough
14
69
0
69
83

Earnhardt, DaleDale Earnhardt
0
76
0
76
76

Wallace, RustyRusty Wallace
0
54
1
55
55

Petty, LeeLee Petty
54
0
0
0
54

Jarrett, NedNed Jarrett
50
0
0
0
50

Johnson, JuniorJunior Johnson
50
0
0
0
50

Stewart, TonyTony Stewart
0
17
32
49
49

Thomas, HerbHerb Thomas
48
0
0
0
48

Baker, BuckBuck Baker
46
0
0
0
46

Elliott, BillBill Elliott
0
44
0
44
44

Busch, KyleKyle Busch
0
0
41
41
41

Martin, MarkMark Martin
0
33
7
40
40

Flock, TimTim Flock
39
0
0
0
39

Kenseth, MattMatt Kenseth
0
7
31
38
38

Isaac, BobbyBobby Isaac
32
5
0
1
37

Harvick, KevinKevin Harvick
0
4
32
36
36

Roberts, FireballFireball Roberts
33
0
0
0
33

Jarrett, DaleDale Jarrett
0
31
1
32
32

Hamlin, DennyDenny Hamlin
0
0
31
31
31

Busch, KurtKurt Busch
0
8
21
29
29

Edwards, CarlCarl Edwards
0
0
28
28
28

White, RexRex White
28
0
0
0
28

Earnhardt Jr., DaleDale Earnhardt Jr.
0
9
17
26
26

Lorenzen, FredFred Lorenzen
26
0
0
0
26

Paschal, JimJim Paschal
25
0
0
0
25

Weatherly, JoeJoe Weatherly
25
0
0
0
25

Keselowski, BradBrad Keselowski
0
0
23
23
23

Rudd, RickyRicky Rudd
0
23
0
23
23

Labonte, TerryTerry Labonte
0
22
0
22
22

Burton, JeffJeff Burton
0
17
4
21
21

Labonte, BobbyBobby Labonte
0
21
0
21
21

Parsons, BennyBenny Parsons
0
21
0
21
21

Smith, JackJack Smith
21
0
0
0
21

Thompson, SpeedySpeedy Thompson
20
0
0
0
20

Allison, DaveyDavey Allison
0
19
0
19
19

Baker, BuddyBuddy Baker
3
16
0
15
19

Biffle, GregGreg Biffle
0
1
18
19
19

Flock, FontyFonty Flock
19
0
0
0
19

Bodine, GeoffreyGeoffrey Bodine
0
18
0
18
18

Bonnett, NeilNeil Bonnett
0
18
0
18
18

Gant, HarryHarry Gant
0
18
0
18
18

Kahne, KaseyKasey Kahne
0
0
18
18
18

Logano, JoeyJoey Logano
0
0
18
18
18

Newman, RyanRyan Newman
0
9
9
18
18

Panch, MarvinMarvin Panch
17
0
0
0
17

Turner, CurtisCurtis Turner
17
0
0
0
17

Irvan, ErnieErnie Irvan
0
15
0
15
15

Hutcherson, DickDick Hutcherson
14
0
0
0
14

Yarbrough, LeeRoyLeeRoy Yarbrough
14
0
0
0
14

Rathmann, DickDick Rathmann
13
0
0
0
13

Richmond, TimTim Richmond
0
13
0
13
13

Truex Jr., MartinMartin Truex Jr.
0
0
12
12
12

Allison, DonnieDonnie Allison
5
5
0
4
10

Marlin, SterlingSterling Marlin
0
10
0
10
10

Goldsmith, PaulPaul Goldsmith
9
0
0
0
9

Owens, CottonCotton Owens
9
0
0
0
9

Welborn, BobBob Welborn
9
0
0
0
9

Bowyer, ClintClint Bowyer
0
0
8
8
8

Petty, KyleKyle Petty
0
8
0
8
8

Dieringer, DarelDarel Dieringer
7
0
0
0
7

Foyt, A. J.A. J. Foyt
3
4
0
2
7

McMurray, JamieJamie McMurray
0
1
6
7
7

Reed, JimJim Reed
7
0
0
0
7

Teague, MarshallMarshall Teague
7
0
0
0
7

Burton, WardWard Burton
0
5
0
5
5

Gurney, DanDan Gurney
5
0
0
0
5

Kulwicki, AlanAlan Kulwicki
0
5
0
5
5

Larson, KyleKyle Larson
0
0
5
5
5

Lund, TinyTiny Lund
5
0
0
0
5

Marcis, DaveDave Marcis
0
5
0
5
5

Mayfield, JeremyJeremy Mayfield
0
3
2
5
5

Moody, RalphRalph Moody
5
0
0
0
5

Dane, LloydLloyd Dane
4
0
0
0
4

Flock, BobBob Flock
4
0
0
0
4

Glotzbach, CharlieCharlie Glotzbach
3
1
0
0
4

Gray, EddieEddie Gray
4
0
0
0
4

Hamilton, BobbyBobby Hamilton
0
4
0
4
4

Hamilton, PetePete Hamilton
3
1
0
0
4

Jones, ParnelliParnelli Jones
4
0
0
0
4

McGriff, HershelHershel McGriff
4
0
0
0
4

Nemechek, JoeJoe Nemechek
0
3
1
4
4

Pagan, EddieEddie Pagan
4
0
0
0
4

Schrader, KenKen Schrader
0
4
0
4
4

Shepherd, MorganMorgan Shepherd
0
4
0
4
4

Stacy, NelsonNelson Stacy
4
0
0
0
4

Wade, BillyBilly Wade
4
0
0
0
4

Waltrip, MichaelMichael Waltrip
0
4
0
4
4

Wood, GlenGlen Wood
4
0
0
0
4

Blair, BillBill Blair
3
0
0
0
3

Gordon, RobbyRobby Gordon
0
3
0
3
3

Linder, DickDick Linder
3
0
0
0
3

Mundy, FrankFrank Mundy
3
0
0
0
3

Sadler, ElliottElliott Sadler
0
1
2
3
3

Staley, GwynGwyn Staley
3
0
0
0
3

Vickers, BrianBrian Vickers
0
0
3
3
3

Ambrose, MarcosMarcos Ambrose
0
0
2
2
2

Andretti, JohnJohn Andretti
0
2
0
2
2

Beauchamp, JohnnyJohnny Beauchamp
2
0
0
0
2

Byron, RedRed Byron
2
0
0
0
2

Cope, DerrikeDerrike Cope
0
2
0
2
2

Craven, RickyRicky Craven
0
2
0
2
2

Elder, RayRay Elder
0
2
0
1
2

Hylton, JamesJames Hylton
1
1
0
1
2

Johns, BobbyBobby Johns
2
0
0
0
2

Johnson, Joe LeeJoe Lee Johnson
2
0
0
0
2

Keller, AlAl Keller
2
0
0
0
2

Langley, ElmoElmo Langley
2
0
0
0
2

Letner, DannyDanny Letner
2
0
0
0
2

Montoya, Juan PabloJuan Pablo Montoya
0
0
2
2
2

Myers, BillyBilly Myers
2
0
0
0
2

Pardue, JimmyJimmy Pardue
2
0
0
0
2

Park, SteveSteve Park
0
2
0
2
2

Pistone, TomTom Pistone
2
0
0
0
2

Porter, MarvinMarvin Porter
2
0
0
0
2

Ragan, DavidDavid Ragan
0
0
2
2
2

Reutimann, DavidDavid Reutimann
0
0
2
2
2

Sosebee, GoberGober Sosebee
2
0
0
0
2

Spencer, JimmyJimmy Spencer
0
2
0
2
2

Stenhouse Jr., RickyRicky Stenhouse Jr.
0
0
2
2
2

Zervakis, EmanuelEmanuel Zervakis
2
0
0
0
2

Allen, JohnnyJohnny Allen
1
0
0
0
1

Allmendinger, A. J.A. J. Allmendinger
0
0
1
1
1

Almirola, AricAric Almirola
0
0
1
1
1

Amick, BillBill Amick
1
0
0
0
1

Andretti, MarioMario Andretti
1
0
0
0
1

Balmer, EarlEarl Balmer
1
0
0
0
1

Bayne, TrevorTrevor Bayne
0
0
1
1
1

Benson, JohnnyJohnny Benson
0
1
0
1
1

Blaney, RyanRyan Blaney
0
0
1
1
1

Bodine, BrettBrett Bodine
0
1
0
1
1

Bouchard, RonRon Bouchard
0
1
0
1
1

Brickhouse, RichardRichard Brickhouse
1
0
0
0
1

Brooks, DickDick Brooks
0
1
0
1
1

Buescher, ChrisChris Buescher
0
0
1
1
1

Burdick, BobBob Burdick
1
0
0
0
1

Burke, MarvinMarvin Burke
1
0
0
0
1

Cole, NeilNeil Cole
1
0
0
0
1

Cook, JimJim Cook
1
0
0
0
1

Dillon, AustinAustin Dillon
0
0
1
1
1

Donohue, MarkMark Donohue
0
1
0
1
1

Eubanks, JoeJoe Eubanks
1
0
0
0
1

Figaro, LouLou Figaro
1
0
0
0
1

Florian, JimmyJimmy Florian
1
0
0
0
1

Frank, LarryLarry Frank
1
0
0
0
1

Graves, DannyDanny Graves
1
0
0
0
1

Haggerty, RoyceRoyce Haggerty
1
0
0
0
1

Hillin Jr., BobbyBobby Hillin Jr.
0
1
0
1
1

Hurtubise, JimJim Hurtubise
1
0
0
0
1

Kieper, JohnJohn Kieper
1
0
0
0
1

Kite, HaroldHarold Kite
1
0
0
0
1

Lewis, PaulPaul Lewis
1
0
0
0
1

Mantz, JohnnyJohnny Mantz
1
0
0
0
1

McQuagg, SamSam McQuagg
1
0
0
0
1

Mears, CaseyCasey Mears
0
0
1
1
1

Menard, PaulPaul Menard
0
0
1
1
1

Moore, LloydLloyd Moore
1
0
0
0
1

Nadeau, JerryJerry Nadeau
0
1
0
1
1

Nelson, NormNorm Nelson
1
0
0
0
1

Norton, BillBill Norton
1
0
0
0
1

Parsons, PhilPhil Parsons
0
1
0
1
1

Passwater, DickDick Passwater
1
0
0
0
1

Pond, LennieLennie Pond
0
1
0
1
1

Rexford, BillBill Rexford
1
0
0
0
1

Ridley, JodyJody Ridley
0
1
0
1
1

Rollins, ShortyShorty Rollins
1
0
0
0
1

Roper, JimJim Roper
1
0
0
0
1

Ross, EarlEarl Ross
0
1
0
1
1

Rostek, JohnJohn Rostek
1
0
0
0
1

Rutherford, JohnnyJohnny Rutherford
1
0
0
0
1

Sacks, GregGreg Sacks
0
1
0
1
1

Sales, LeonLeon Sales
1
0
0
0
1

Schneider, FrankieFrankie Schneider
1
0
0
0
1

Scott, WendellWendell Scott
1
0
0
0
1

Shuman, BuddyBuddy Shuman
1
0
0
0
1

Smith, ReganRegan Smith
0
0
1
1
1

Soares, JohnJohn Soares
1
0
0
0
1

Speed, LakeLake Speed
0
1
0
1
1

Stevenson, ChuckChuck Stevenson
1
0
0
0
1

Thomas, DonaldDonald Thomas
1
0
0
0
1

Thompson, TommyTommy Thompson
1
0
0
0
1

Watts, ArtArt Watts
1
0
0
0
1

Weinberg, DannyDanny Weinberg
1
0
0
0
1

White, JackJack White
1
0
0
0
1

text: Most wins at different tracks[edit]

text: Modern era[edit]

text:
Key

Driver and Track is part of 2017 season

Track was part of the NASCAR Cup between 1972 and 2016

text:
Driver
Total
AMS
ACS
BMS
CMS
CHI
DAR
DAY
DOV
HMS
IMS
KAN
KEN
LVS
MAR
MIS
NAS
NHS
NCS
NWS
OMS
PHO
POC
RIC
RIV
SON
TAL
TMS
TWS
TRE
WGL

Jeff Gordon
24 of 25
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X

Kyle Busch
23 of 23
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X

Tony Stewart
21 of 24
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X

X
-

X
X
X

X
X
X

X

Mark Martin
21 of 27
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
-
-
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X

X
-
X
-
X
X
X

X

Jimmie Johnson
20 of 24
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X

X
-

X
X
X

X
X
X

-

Kevin Harvick
20 of 24
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X

X
-

X
-
X

X
X
-

X

Matt Kenseth
19 of 24
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X

X
X

X
X
X

-
X
X

-

Denny Hamlin
17 of 23
X
-
X
x
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
-
-
X
X

X

X
X
X

-
X
X

X

Rusty Wallace
17 of 25
X
X
X
X
-
-
x
X
-
-
-

-
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
-
-

X

Dale Earnhardt
17 of 26
X
-
X
X

X
X
X
-
X

-
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
-

-

Cale Yarborough
16 of 17
X

X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
-

X
X
X

X

X

Bobby Allison
16 of 19
X

X
X

X
X
X

-
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X

-
X
-

Dale Jarrett
16 of 25
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
X
-

-
X
X

X
X
-

X
X
X
-
-
X
X

-

Darrell Waltrip
16 of 26
X
-
X
X

X
X
X
-
-

-
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
-
X
X
-
X
X
-
X

-

Richard Petty
15 of 21
X

X
X

-
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
-
-
X
X
X
-
X

X
-
-

Brad Keselowski
15 of 23
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
-

X

-
X
X

-
X
-

-

Kurt Busch
15 of 24
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
X
X

X
-

X
X
X

X
-
X

-

Bill Elliott
15 of 26
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-

-
-
X
-
-
X
-

X
X
X
X
-
X
-

-

text: Note:

text:
X - at least one win in a points race
x - at least one win in a non-points race
- - participation, but no win
no entry = no participation

text: Most wins at each track[edit]

text: Current NASCAR tracks[edit]

text:
Track
Driver
Wins
Active drivers
Wins

Atlanta Motor Speedway
Dale Earnhardt
9
Jimmie Johnson
5

Auto Club Speedway
Jimmie Johnson
6
Jimmie Johnson
6

Bristol Motor Speedway
Darrell Waltrip
12
Kyle Busch
6

Charlotte Motor Speedway
Jimmie Johnson
8
Jimmie Johnson
8

Chicagoland Speedway
Tony Stewart
3
Brad Keselowski & Kevin Harvick
2

Darlington Raceway
David Pearson
10
Jimmie Johnson
3

Daytona International Speedway
Richard Petty
10
Dale Earnhardt, Jr.
4

Dover International Speedway
Jimmie Johnson
11
Jimmie Johnson
11

Homestead-Miami Speedway
Greg Biffle & Tony Stewart
3
Denny Hamlin
2

Indianapolis Motor Speedway
Jeff Gordon
5
Jimmie Johnson
4

Kansas Speedway
Jeff Gordon & Jimmie Johnson
3
Jimmie Johnson
3

Kentucky Speedway
Brad Keselowski
3
Brad Keselowski
3

Las Vegas Motor Speedway
Jimmie Johnson
4
Jimmie Johnson
4

Martinsville Speedway
Richard Petty
15
Jimmie Johnson
9

Michigan International Speedway
David Pearson
9
Kurt Busch, Matt Kenseth & Kyle Larson
3

New Hampshire Motor Speedway
Jeff Burton
4
Jimmie Johnson, Ryan Newman, Kurt Busch, Matt Kenseth, Denny Hamlin, & Kyle Busch
3

Phoenix International Raceway
Kevin Harvick
8
Kevin Harvick
8

Pocono Raceway
Jeff Gordon
6
Denny Hamlin
4

Richmond International Raceway
Richard Petty
13
Kyle Busch
4

Sonoma Raceway
Jeff Gordon
5
Kyle Busch
2

Talladega Superspeedway
Dale Earnhardt
10
Dale Earnhardt, Jr.
6

Texas Motor Speedway
Jimmie Johnson
7
Jimmie Johnson
7

Watkins Glen International
Tony Stewart
5
Kyle Busch
2

text: Former NASCAR tracks[edit]

text:
Track
Driver
Wins

Albany-Saratoga Speedway
Richard Petty
2

Asheville-Weaverville Speedway
Rex White
5

Augusta Speedway
Joe Weatherly, Richard Petty, Bobby Isaac & David Pearson
2

Beltsville Speedway
Bobby Isaac
3

Birmingham International Raceway
Ned Jarrett
3

Bowman Gray Stadium
Rex White
6

California State Fairgrounds
Eddie Gray
2

Central City Speedway
Herb Thomas
2

Champion Speedway
Bob Welborn
2

Charlotte Speedway
Buck Baker
3

Cleveland County Fairgrounds
Buck Baker & Ned Jarrett
2

Columbia Speedway
Richard Petty
7

Concord Speedway
Jack Smith
3

Dayton Speedway
Dick Rathman
2

Daytona Beach and Road Course
Marshall Teague & Tim Flock
2

Dog Track Speedway
Ned Jarrett
4

Fonda Speedway
Richard Petty
2

Fort Miami Speedway
Tim Flock
2

Greenville-Pickens Speedway
Richard Petty
6

Heidelberg Raceway
Lee Petty
2

Hickory Motor Speedway
Junior Johnson
7

Islip Speedway
Richard Petty & Bobby Allison
2

Jacksonville Speedway Park
Herb Thomas & Lee Petty
2

Kingsport Speedway
Richard Petty
2

Lakewood Speedway
Herb Thomas & Buck Baker
2

Langhorne Speedway
Dick Rathmann & Herb Thomas
3

Langley Speedway
David Pearson
3

Lincoln Speedway
Buck Baker
2

Middle Georgia Raceway
Richard Petty
4

Monroe County Fairgrounds
Tim Flock & Lee Petty
2

Montgomery Speedway
Tim Flock
2

Morristown Speedway
Tim Flock
2

Myrtle Beach Speedway
Ned Jarrett
3

Nashville Speedway
Richard Petty
9

New Asheville Speedway
Ned Jarrett & Richard Petty
2

Newport Speedway
Fireball Roberts
2

North Wilkesboro Speedway
Richard Petty
15

Occoneechee Speedway
Buck Baker, Lee Petty & Richard Petty
3

Old Dominion Speedway
Ned Jarrett & Richard Petty
2

Ontario Motor Speedway
A.J. Foyt, Bobby Allison & Benny Parsons
2

Oxford Plains Speedway
Bobby Allison
2

Palm Beach Speedway
Herb Thomas
4

Piedmont Interstate Fairgrounds
Ned Jarrett
6

Portland Speedway
Eddie Pagan
2

Raleigh Speedway
Fonty Flock, Herb Thomas & Fireball Roberts
2

Reading Fairgrounds
Junior Johnson
2

Riverside International Raceway
Bobby Allison
6

Rockingham Speedway
Richard Petty
11

Savannah Speedway
Richard Petty
3

Smoky Mountain Raceway
Richard Petty
6

South Boston Speedway
Richard Petty
5

Southern States Fairgrounds
Lee Petty
3

Starkey Speedway
Junior Johnson
2

Tar Heel Speedway
Jim Paschal
2

Texas World Speedway
Richard Petty
3

Trenton Speedway
Richard Petty
3

West Virginia International Speedway
Richard Petty
3

Wilson Speedway
Herb Thomas
3


document_title: Nasal cavity

question_text: the function of mucus in the nasal cavities is to

root

text: Nasal cavity

text: Structure[edit]

text: The term "nasal cavity" can refer to each of the two sides of the nose or to the two sides combined.

tag: p

text: The lateral wall of each nasal cavity mainly consists of the maxilla. However, there is a deficiency that is compensated by the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone, the medial pterygoid plate, the labyrinth of ethmoid and the inferior concha. The paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity through small orifices called ostia. Most of these ostia communicate with the nose through the lateral nasal wall, via a semi-lunar depression in it known as the infundibulum. The infundibulum is bound laterally by a projection known as the uncinate process.

text: The roof of each nasal cavity is formed in its upper third to one half by the nasal bone and more inferiorly by the junctions of the upper lateral cartilage and nasal septum. Connective tissue and skin cover the bony and cartilaginous components of the dorsum of the nose.

text: The floor of the nasal cavities, which also form the roof of the mouth, is made up by the bones of the hard palate: the horizontal plate of the palatine bone posteriorly and the palatine process of the maxilla anteriorly. To the front of the nasal cavity is the nasal vestibule and external opening, while the back blends, via the choanae, into the nasopharynx.

text: The nasal cavity is divided in two by a vertical fin called the nasal septum. On the sides of the nasal cavity are three horizontal outgrowths called nasal conchae (singular "concha") or turbinates. These turbinates disrupt the airflow, directing air toward the olfactory epithelium on the surface of the turbinates and the septum. The vomeronasal organ is located at the back of the septum and has a role in pheromone detection.

text: Segments[edit]

text: The nasal cavity is divided into two segments: the respiratory segment and the olfactory segment.

text:
The respiratory segment comprises most of each nasal fossa and is lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (also called respiratory epithelium). The conchae, or turbinates, are located in this region. The turbinates have a very vascularized lamina propria (erectile tissue) allowing the venous plexuses of their mucosa to engorge with blood, restricting airflow and causing air to be directed to the other side of the nose, which acts in concert by shunting blood out of its turbinates. This cycle occurs approximately every two and a half hours.
The olfactory segment is lined with a specialized type of pseudostratified columnar epithelium, known as olfactory epithelium, which contains receptors for the sense of the smell. This segment is located in and beneath the mucosa of the roof of each nasal cavity and the medial side of each middle turbinate. Histological sections appear yellowish-brown due to the presence of lipofuscin pigments. Olfactory mucosal cell types include bipolar neurons, supporting (sustentacular) cells, basal cells, and Bowman's glands. The axons of the bipolar neurons form the olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I) which enters the brain through the cribiform plate. Bowman's glands are serous glands in the lamina propria, whose secretions trap and dissolve odoriferous substances.

tag: ul

text: Blood supply[edit]

text: There is a rich blood supply to the nasal cavity. In some animals, such as dogs, the capillary beds flowing through the nasal cavity help cool the blood flow to the brain.

text: Blood supply comes from branches of both the internal and external carotid artery, including branches of the facial artery and maxillary artery. The named arteries of the nose are:[1]

text:
Sphenopalatine and Greater palatine arteries, branches of the maxillary artery.
Anterior ethmoidal artery and posterior ethmoidal artery, branches of the ophthalmic artery
Septal Branches of the superior labial artery, a branch of the facial artery, which supplies the vestibule of the nasal cavity.

text: Nerve supply[edit]

text: Innervation of the nasal cavity responsible for the sense of smell is via the olfactory nerve, which sends microscopic fibers from the olfactory bulb through the cribriform plate to reach the top of the nasal cavity.

text: General sensory innervation is by branches of the trigeminal nerve (V1 & V2):

text:
Nasociliary nerve (V1)
Nasopalatine nerve (V2)
Posterior nasal branches of Maxillary nerve (V2)

text: There are two passages in the nasal cavity, not to be confused with nostrils.The entire nasal cavity is innervated by autonomic fibers. Sympathetic innervation to the blood vessels of the mucosa causes them to constrict, while the control of secretion by the mucous glands is carried on postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers originating from the facial nerve.

text: Function[edit]

text: The two nasal cavities condition the air to be received by the other areas of the respiratory tract. Owing to the large surface area provided by the nasal conchae (also known as turbinates), the air passing through the nasal cavity is warmed or cooled to within 1 degree of body temperature. In addition, the air is humidified, and dust and other particulate matter is removed by vibrissae, short, thick hairs, present in the vestibule. The entire mucosa of the nasal fossae is covered by a blanket of mucus, which lies superficial to the microscopic cilia and also filters inspired air. The cilia of the respiratory epithelium move the secreted mucus and particulate matter posteriorly towards the pharynx where it passes into the esophagus and is digested in the stomach. The nasal cavity also houses the sense of smell and contributes greatly to taste sensation through its posterior communication with the mouth via the choanae.

text: Cilia and mucus along the inside wall of the nasal cavity traps and removes dust and pathogens from the air as it flows through the nasal cavity. The cilia move the mucus down the nasal cavity to the pharynx, where it can be swallowed.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2011)

tag: table

text: Diseases of the nasal cavity include viral, bacterial and fungal infections, nasal cavity tumors, both benign and much more often malignant, as well as inflammations of the nasal mucosa. Many problems can affect the nose, including:

text:
Deviated septum - a shifting of the wall that divides the nasal cavity into halves
Nasal polyps - soft growths that develop on the lining of the nose or sinuses
Nosebleeds
Rhinitis - inflammation of the nose and sinuses sometimes caused by allergies. The main symptom is a runny nose.
Nasal fractures, also known as a broken nose
Common cold

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Nasal cavity

Nasal cavity

Nose and nasal cavities

Normal Nose CT Front cross section

Coronal section of nasal cavities.

Anatomy of the nasal cavity

The skull from the front.

Left orbicularis oculi, seen from behind.

Lateral wall of nasal cavity.

Lateral wall of nasal cavity. (Conchae removed to reveal openings in wall.)

Medial wall (septum) of nasal cavity.

Nerves of the wall of the nasal cavity

Nasal cavity


document_title: Articles of Confederation

question_text: as established by the articles of confederation the national government could

question_tokens: as established by the articles of confederation the national government could

text: Articles of Confederation

text: Background and context

text: The political push to increase cooperation among the then-loyal colonies began with the Albany Congress in 1754 and Benjamin Franklin's proposed Albany Plan, an inter-colonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems. The Articles of Confederation would bear some resemblance to it. Over the next two decades, some of the basic concepts it addressed would strengthen and others would weaken, particularly the degree of deserved loyalty to the crown. With civil disobedience resulting in coercive, and what the colonials perceived as intolerable acts of Parliament, and armed conflict resulting in dissidents being proclaimed rebels and outside the King's protection, any loyalty remaining shifted toward independence and how to achieve it. In 1775, with events outpacing communications, the Second Continental Congress began acting as the provisional government that would run the American Revolutionary War and gain the colonies their collective independence.

text: It was an era of constitution writing—most states were busy at the task—and leaders felt the new nation must have a written constitution, even though other nations did not. During the war, Congress exercised an unprecedented level of political, diplomatic, military and economic authority. It adopted trade restrictions, established and maintained an army, issued fiat money, created a military code and negotiated with foreign governments.[5]

text: To transform themselves from outlaws into a legitimate nation,  the colonists needed international recognition for their cause and foreign allies to support it. In early 1776, Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the "custom of nations" demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain. The monarchies of France and Spain in particular could not be expected to aid those they considered rebels against another legitimate monarch. Foreign courts needed to have American grievances laid before them persuasively in a "manifesto" which could also reassure them that the Americans would be reliable trading partners. Without such a declaration, Paine concluded, "[t]he custom of all courts is against us, and will be so, until, by an independence, we take rank with other nations."[6]

text: Beyond improving their existing association, the records of the Second Continental Congress show that the need for a declaration of independence was intimately linked with the demands of international relations. On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution before the Continental Congress declaring the colonies independent; at the same time he also urged Congress to resolve "to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances" and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states. Congress then created three overlapping committees to draft the Declaration, a Model Treaty, and the Articles of Confederation. The Declaration announced the states' entry into the international system; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states; and the Articles of Confederation, which established "a firm league" among the thirteen free and independent states, constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for the conduct of vital domestic and foreign affairs.[7]

text: Drafting

text: On June 12, 1776, a day after appointing a committee to prepare a draft of the Declaration of Independence, the Second Continental Congress resolved to appoint a committee of 13 to prepare a draft of a constitution for a union of the states.  The committee met repeatedly, and chairman John Dickinson presented their results to the Congress on July 12, 1776.  There were long debates on such issues as sovereignty, the exact powers to be given the confederate government, whether to have a judiciary, and voting procedures.[8]  The final draft of the Articles was prepared in the summer of 1777 and the Second Continental Congress approved them for ratification by the individual states on November 15, 1777, after a year of debate.[9] Consensus was achieved by dividing sovereignty between the states and the central government, with a unicameral legislature that protected the liberty of the individual states.

text: Ratification

text: The Articles of Confederation was submitted to the states for ratification in November 1777. The first state to ratify was Virginia on December 16, 1777; 12 states had ratified the Articles by February 1779, 14 months into the process.[10] The lone holdout, Maryland, refused to go along until the landed states, especially Virginia, had indicated they were prepared to cede their claims west of the Ohio River to the Union.[11] It would be two years before the Maryland General Assembly became satisfied that the various states would follow through, and voted to ratify. During this time, Congress observed the Articles as its de facto frame of government. Maryland finally ratified the Articles on February 2, 1781. Congress was informed of Maryland's assent on March 1, and officially proclaimed the Articles of Confederation to be the law of the land.[10][12][13]

text: The several states ratified the Articles of Confederation on the following dates:[14]

text:
State

Date

1

 Virginia

December 16, 1777

2

 South Carolina

February 5, 1778

3

 New York

February 6, 1778

4

 Rhode Island

February 9, 1778

5

 Connecticut

February 12, 1778

6

 Georgia

February 26, 1778

7

 New Hampshire

March 4, 1778

8

 Pennsylvania

March 5, 1778

9

 Massachusetts

March 10, 1778

10

 North Carolina

April 5, 1778

11

 New Jersey

November 19, 1778

12

 Delaware

February 1, 1779

13

 Maryland

February 2, 1781

text: Article summaries

text: The Articles of Confederation contain a preamble, thirteen articles, a conclusion, and a signatory section. The individual articles set the rules for current and future operations of the confederation's central  government. Under the Articles, the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national Congress, which was empowered to make war and peace, negotiate diplomatic and commercial agreements with foreign countries, and to resolve disputes between the states. The document also stipulates that its provisions "shall be inviolably observed by every state" and that "the Union shall be perpetual".

text: Summary of the purpose and content of each of the 13 articles:

text:
Establishes the name of the confederation with these words: "The stile of this confederacy shall be 'The United States of America.'"
Asserts the sovereignty of each state, except for the specific powers delegated to the confederation government: "Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated."
Declares the purpose of the confederation: "The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretense whatever."
Elaborates upon the intent "to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this union," and to establish equal treatment and freedom of movement for the free inhabitants of each state to pass unhindered between the states, excluding "paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice." All these people are entitled to equal rights established by the state into which they travel. If a crime is committed in one state and the perpetrator flees to another state, he will be extradited to and tried in the state in which the crime was committed.
Allocates one vote in the Congress of the Confederation (the "United States in Congress Assembled") to each state, which is entitled to a delegation of between two and seven members. Members of Congress are to be appointed by state legislatures. No congressman may serve more than three out of any six years.
Only the central government may declare war, or conduct foreign political or commercial relations. No state or official may accept foreign gifts or titles, and granting any title of nobility is forbidden to all. No states may form any sub-national groups. No state may tax or interfere with treaty stipulations already proposed. No state may wage war without permission of Congress, unless invaded or under imminent attack on the frontier; no state may maintain a peacetime standing army or navy, unless infested by pirates, but every State is required to keep ready, a well-trained, disciplined, and equipped militia.
Whenever an army is raised for common defense, the state legislatures shall assign military ranks of colonel and below.
Expenditures by the United States of America will be paid with funds raised by state legislatures, and apportioned to the states in proportion to the real property values of each.
Powers and functions of the United States in Congress Assembled.
Grants to the United States in Congress assembled the sole and exclusive right and power to determine peace and war; to exchange ambassadors; to enter into treaties and alliances, with some provisos; to establish rules for deciding all cases of captures or prizes on land or water; to grant letters of marque and reprisal (documents authorizing privateers) in times of peace; to appoint courts for the trial of pirates and crimes committed on the high seas; to establish courts for appeals in all cases of captures, but no member of Congress may be appointed a judge; to set weights and measures (including coins), and for Congress to serve as a final court for disputes between states.
The court will be composed of jointly appointed commissioners or Congress shall appoint them. Each commissioner is bound by oath to be impartial. The court's decision is final.
Congress shall regulate the post offices; appoint officers in the military; and regulate the armed forces.
The United States in Congress assembled may appoint a president who shall not serve longer than one year per three-year term of the Congress.
Congress may request requisitions (demands for payments or supplies) from the states in proportion with their population, or take credit.
Congress may not declare war, enter into treaties and alliances, appropriate money, or appoint a commander in chief without nine states assented. Congress shall keep a journal of proceedings and adjourn for periods not to exceed six months.
When Congress is in recess, any of the powers of Congress may be executed by "The committee of the states, or any nine of them", except for those powers of Congress which require nine states in Congress to execute.
If "Canada" (as the British-held Province of Quebec was also known) accedes to this confederation, it will be admitted.[15] No other colony could be admitted without the consent of nine states.
Reaffirms that the Confederation accepts war debt incurred by Congress before the existence of the Articles.
Declares that the Articles shall be perpetual, and may be altered only with the approval of Congress and the ratification of all the state legislatures.

tag: ol

text: Congress under the Articles

text: The Army

text: Under the Articles, Congress had the authority to regulate and fund the Continental Army, but it lacked the power to compel the States to comply with requests for either troops or funding. This left the military vulnerable to inadequate funding, supplies, and even food.[16] Further, although the Articles enabled the states to present a unified front when dealing with the European powers, as a tool to build a centralized war-making government, they were largely a failure; Historian Bruce Chadwick wrote:

text: George Washington had been one of the very first proponents of a strong federal government. The army had nearly disbanded on several occasions during the winters of the war because of the weaknesses of the Continental Congress. ... The delegates could not draft soldiers and had to send requests for regular troops and militia to the states. Congress had the right to order the production and purchase of provisions for the soldiers, but could not force anyone to supply them, and the army nearly starved in several winters of war.[17]

text: The Continental Congress, before the Articles were approved, had promised soldiers a pension of half pay for life. However Congress had no power to compel the states to fund this obligation, and as the war wound down after the victory at Yorktown the sense of urgency to support the military was no longer a factor. No progress was made in Congress during the winter of 1783–84. General Henry Knox, who would later become the first Secretary of War under the Constitution, blamed the weaknesses of the Articles for the inability of the government to fund the army. The army had long been supportive of a strong union.[18] Knox wrote:

text: The army generally have always reprobated the idea of being thirteen armies. Their ardent desires have been to be one continental body looking up to one sovereign. ... It is a favorite toast in the army, "A hoop to the barrel" or "Cement to the Union".[19]

text: As Congress failed to act on the petitions, Knox wrote to Gouverneur Morris, four years before the Philadelphia Convention was convened, "As the present Constitution is so defective, why do not you great men call the people together and tell them so; that is, to have a convention of the States to form a better Constitution."[19]

text: Once the war had been won, the Continental Army was largely disbanded. A very small national force was maintained to man the frontier forts and to protect against Native American attacks. Meanwhile, each of the states had an army (or militia), and 11 of them had navies. The wartime promises of bounties and land grants to be paid for service were not being met. In 1783, George Washington defused the Newburgh conspiracy, but riots by unpaid Pennsylvania veterans forced Congress to leave Philadelphia temporarily.[20]

text: The Congress from time to time during the Revolutionary War requisitioned troops from the states. Any contributions were voluntary, and in the debates of 1788 the Federalists (who supported the proposed new Constitution) claimed that state politicians acted unilaterally, and contributed when the Continental army protected their state's interests. The Anti-Federalists claimed that state politicians understood their duty to the Union and contributed to advance its needs. Dougherty (2009) concludes that generally the States' behavior validated the Federalist analysis. This helps explain why the Articles of Confederation needed reforms.[21]

text: Foreign policy

text: The 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended hostilities with Great Britain, languished in Congress for several months because too few delegates were present at any one time to constitute a quorum so that it could be ratified. Afterward, the problem only got worse as Congress had no power to enforce attendance. Rarely did more than half of the roughly sixty delegates attend a session of Congress at the time, causing difficulties in raising a quorum. The resulting paralysis embarrassed and frustrated many American nationalists, including George Washington. Many of the most prominent national leaders, such as Washington, John Adams, John Hancock, and Benjamin Franklin, retired from public life, served as foreign delegates, or held office in state governments; and for the general public, local government and self-rule seemed quite satisfactory. This served to exacerbate Congress's impotence.[22]

text: Inherent weaknesses in the confederation's frame of government also frustrated the ability of the government to conduct foreign policy. In 1786, Thomas Jefferson, concerned over the failure of Congress to fund an American naval force to confront the Barbary pirates, wrote in a diplomatic correspondence to James Monroe that, "It will be said there is no money in the treasury. There never will be money in the treasury till the Confederacy shows its teeth."[23]

text: Furthermore, the 1786 Jay–Gardoqui Treaty with Spain also showed weakness in foreign policy. In this treaty, which was never ratified, the United States was to give up rights to use the Mississippi River for 25 years, which would have economically strangled the settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains. Finally, due to the Confederation's military weakness, it could not compel the British army to leave frontier forts which were on American soil — forts which, in 1783, the British promised to leave, but which they delayed leaving pending U.S. implementation of other provisions such as ending action against Loyalists and allowing them to seek compensation. This incomplete British implementation of the Treaty of Paris would later be resolved by the implementation of Jay's Treaty in 1795, after the federal Constitution came into force.

text: Taxation and commerce

text: Under the Articles of Confederation, the central government's power was kept quite limited. The Confederation Congress could make decisions, but lacked enforcement powers. Implementation of most decisions, including modifications to the Articles, required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures.[24]

text: Congress was denied any powers of taxation: it could only request money from the states. The states often failed to meet these requests in full, leaving both Congress and the Continental Army chronically short of money. As more money was printed by Congress, the continental dollars depreciated. In 1779, George Washington wrote to John Jay, who was serving as the president of the Continental Congress, "that a wagon load of money will scarcely purchase a wagon load of provisions."[25] Mr. Jay and the Congress responded in May by requesting $45 million from the States. In an appeal to the States to comply, Jay wrote that the taxes were "the price of liberty, the peace, and the safety of yourselves and posterity."[26] He argued that Americans should avoid having it said "that America had no sooner become independent than she became insolvent" or that "her infant glories and growing fame were obscured and tarnished by broken contracts and violated faith."[27] The States did not respond with any of the money requested from them.

text: Congress had also been denied the power to regulate either foreign trade or interstate commerce and, as a result, all of the States maintained control over their own trade policies. The states and the Confederation Congress both incurred large debts during the Revolutionary War, and how to repay those debts became a major issue of debate following the War. Some States paid off their war debts and others did not. Federal assumption of the states' war debts became a major issue in the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention.

text: Accomplishments

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Nevertheless, the Confederation Congress did take two actions with long-lasting impact. The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance created territorial government, set up protocols for the admission of new states and the division of land into useful units, and set aside land in each township for public use. This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization, as in Europe, and it established the precedent by which the national (later, federal) government would be sovereign and expand westward—as opposed to the existing states doing so under their sovereignty.[28]

text: The Land Ordinance of 1785 established both the general practices of land surveying in the west and northwest and the land ownership provisions used throughout the later westward expansion beyond the Mississippi River.  Frontier lands were surveyed into the now-familiar squares of land called the township (36 square miles), the section (one square mile), and the quarter section (160 acres). This system was carried forward to most of the States west of the Mississippi (excluding areas of Texas and California that had already been surveyed and divided up by the Spanish Empire). Then, when the Homestead Act was enacted in 1867, the quarter section became the basic unit of land that was granted to new settler-farmers.

text: The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 noted the agreement of the original states to give up northwestern land claims, organized the Northwest Territory and laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of new states. While it didn't happen under the articles, the land north of the Ohio River and west of the (present) western border of Pennsylvania ceded by Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, eventually became the states of: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and the part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi River. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also made great advances in the abolition of slavery. New states admitted to the union in this territory would never be slave states.

text: No new states were admitted to the Union under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles provided for a blanket acceptance of the Province of Quebec (referred to as "Canada" in the Articles) into the United States if it chose to do so. It did not, and the subsequent Constitution carried no such special provision of admission. Additionally, ordinances to admit Frankland (later modified to Franklin),  Kentucky, and Vermont to the Union were considered, but none were approved.

text: Presidents of Congress

text: Under the Articles of Confederation, the presiding officer of Congress—referred to in many official records as President of the United States in Congress Assembled—chaired the Committee of the States when Congress was in recess, and performed other administrative functions. He was not, however, an executive in the way the later President of the United States is a chief executive, since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress.[29]

text: There were 10 presidents of Congress under the Articles. The first, Samuel Huntington, had been serving as president of the Continental Congress since September 28, 1779.

text:
President
Term

Samuel Huntington
March 1, 1781 – July 10, 1781

Thomas McKean
July 10, 1781 – November 5, 1781

John Hanson
November 5, 1781 – November 4, 1782

Elias Boudinot
November 4, 1782 – November 3, 1783

Thomas Mifflin
November 3, 1783 – June 3, 1784

Richard Henry Lee
November 30, 1784 – November 4, 1785

John Hancock
November 23, 1785 – June 5, 1786

Nathaniel Gorham
June 6, 1786 – November 3, 1786

Arthur St. Clair
February 2, 1787 – November 4, 1787

Cyrus Griffin
January 22, 1788 – November 15, 1788

text: The U.S. under the Articles

text: The peace treaty left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure. The Articles envisioned a permanent confederation, but granted to the Congress—the only federal institution—little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced. There was no president, no executive agencies, no judiciary and no tax base. The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states, which seldom arrived.[30][31] Although historians generally agree that the Articles were too weak to hold the fast-growing nation together, they do give credit to the settlement of the western issue, as the states voluntarily turned over their lands to national control.[32]

text: By 1783, with the end of the British blockade, the new nation was regaining its prosperity. However, trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilism of the British and French empires. The ports of the British West Indies were closed to all staple products which were not carried in British ships. France and Spain established similar policies. Simultaneously, new manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which were suddenly available again. Political unrest in several states and efforts by debtors to use popular government to erase their debts increased the anxiety of the political and economic elites which had led the Revolution. The apparent inability of the Congress to redeem the public obligations (debts) incurred during the war, or to become a forum for productive cooperation among the states to encourage commerce and economic development, only aggravated a gloomy situation. In 1786–87, Shays' Rebellion, an uprising of dissidents in western Massachusetts against the state court system, threatened the stability of state government.[33]

text: The Continental Congress printed paper money which was so depreciated that it ceased to pass as currency, spawning the expression "not worth a continental". Congress could not levy taxes and could only make requisitions upon the States. Less than a million and a half dollars came into the treasury between 1781 and 1784, although the governors had been asked for two million in 1783 alone.[34]

text: When John Adams went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States, he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce. Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty. Adams stated it was necessary for the States to confer the power of passing navigation laws to Congress, or that the States themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain. Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws. Meanwhile, each State acted individually against Great Britain to little effect. When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping, Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports.[35]

text: By 1787 Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping. State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit. Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population.[36]

text: The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor. Alexander Hamilton realized while serving as Washington's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress. Hamilton led a group of like-minded nationalists, won Washington's endorsement, and convened the Annapolis Convention in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long-term crisis.[37]

text: Signatures

text: The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles for distribution to the states on November 15, 1777. A copy was made for each state and one was kept by the Congress. On November 28, the copies sent to the states for ratification were unsigned, and the cover letter, dated November 17, had only the signatures of Henry Laurens and Charles Thomson, who were the President and Secretary to the Congress.

text: The Articles, however, were unsigned, and the date was blank. Congress began the signing process by examining their copy of the Articles on June 27, 1778. They ordered a final copy prepared (the one in the National Archives), and that delegates should inform the secretary of their authority for ratification.

text: On July 9, 1778, the prepared copy was ready. They dated it, and began to sign. They also requested each of the remaining states to notify its delegation when ratification was completed. On that date, delegates present from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and South Carolina signed the Articles to indicate that their states had ratified. New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland could not, since their states had not ratified. North Carolina and Georgia also were unable to sign that day, since their delegations were absent.

text: After the first signing, some delegates signed at the next meeting they attended. For example, John Wentworth of New Hampshire added his name on August 8. John Penn was the first of North Carolina's delegates to arrive (on July 10), and the delegation signed the Articles on July 21, 1778.

text: The other states had to wait until they ratified the Articles and notified their Congressional delegation. Georgia signed on July 24, New Jersey on November 26, and Delaware on February 12, 1779. Maryland refused to ratify the Articles until every state had ceded its western land claims. Chevalier de La Luzerne, French Minister to the United States, felt that the Articles would help strengthen the American government. In 1780 when Maryland requested France provide naval forces in the Chesapeake Bay for protection from the British (who were conducting raids in the lower part of the bay), he indicated that French Admiral Destouches would do what he could but La Luzerne also “sharply pressed” Maryland to ratify the Articles, thus suggesting the two issues were related.[38]

text: On February 2, 1781, the much-awaited decision was taken by the Maryland General Assembly in Annapolis.[39] As the last piece of business during the afternoon Session, "among engrossed Bills" was "signed and sealed by Governor Thomas Sim Lee in the Senate Chamber, in the presence of the members of both Houses... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation" and perpetual union among the states. The Senate then adjourned "to the first Monday in August next." The decision of Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12. The confirmation signing of the Articles by the two Maryland delegates took place in Philadelphia at noon time on March 1, 1781, and was celebrated in the afternoon. With these events, the Articles were entered into force and the United States of America came into being as a sovereign federal state.

text: Congress had debated the Articles for over a year and a half, and the ratification process had taken nearly three and a half years. Many participants in the original debates were no longer delegates, and some of the signers had only recently arrived. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were signed by a group of men who were never present in the Congress at the same time.

text: Signers

text: The signers and the states they represented were:

text:
Connecticut

Roger Sherman
Samuel Huntington
Oliver Wolcott
Titus Hosmer
Andrew Adams
Delaware

Thomas McKean
John Dickinson
Nicholas Van Dyke
Georgia

John Walton
Edward Telfair
Edward Langworthy

Maryland

John Hanson
Daniel Carroll
Massachusetts Bay

John Hancock
Samuel Adams
Elbridge Gerry
Francis Dana
James Lovell
Samuel Holten
New Hampshire

Josiah Bartlett
John Wentworth Jr.

New Jersey

John Witherspoon
Nathaniel Scudder
New York

James Duane
Francis Lewis
William Duer
Gouverneur Morris
North Carolina

John Penn
Cornelius Harnett
John Williams

Pennsylvania

Robert Morris
Daniel Roberdeau
Jonathan Bayard Smith
William Clingan
Joseph Reed
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

William Ellery
Henry Marchant
John Collins

South Carolina

Henry Laurens
William Henry Drayton
John Mathews
Richard Hutson
Thomas Heyward Jr.
Virginia

Richard Henry Lee
John Banister
Thomas Adams
John Harvie
Francis Lightfoot Lee

text: Roger Sherman (Connecticut) was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States: the Continental Association, the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution.

text: Robert Morris (Pennsylvania) signed three of the great state papers of the United States: the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution.

text: John Dickinson (Delaware), Daniel Carroll (Maryland) and Gouverneur Morris (New York), along with Sherman and Robert Morris, were the only five people to sign both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution (Gouverneur Morris represented Pennsylvania when signing the Constitution).

text: Gallery

text: Images of an original draft[clarification needed] of the Articles of Confederation stored at the United States National Archive.

text:
Preamble through Article V, ¶1

Article V, ¶2 through Article VI

Article VII through Article IX, ¶2

Article IX, ¶2 through ¶5

Article IX, ¶5 through Article XIII, ¶2

Article XIII, ¶2 through signatures

text: Revision and replacement

text: On January 21, 1786, the Virginia Legislature, following James Madison's recommendation, invited all the states to send delegates to Annapolis, Maryland to discuss ways to reduce interstate conflict. At what came to be known as the Annapolis Convention, the few state delegates in attendance endorsed a motion that called for all states to meet in Philadelphia in May 1787 to discuss ways to improve the Articles of Confederation in a "Grand Convention." Although the states' representatives to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia were only authorized to amend the Articles, the representatives held secret, closed-door sessions and wrote a new constitution. The new Constitution gave much more power to the central government, but characterization of the result is disputed. The general goal of the authors was to get close to a republic as defined by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment, while trying to address the many difficulties of the interstate relationships. Historian Forrest McDonald, using the ideas of James Madison from Federalist 39, describes the change this way:

text: The constitutional reallocation of powers created a new form of government, unprecedented under the sun. Every previous national authority either had been centralized or else had been a confederation of sovereign states. The new American system was neither one nor the other; it was a mixture of both.[40]

text: In May 1786, Charles Pinckney of South Carolina proposed that Congress revise the Articles of Confederation. Recommended changes included granting Congress power over foreign and domestic commerce, and providing means for Congress to collect money from state treasuries. Unanimous approval was necessary to make the alterations, however, and Congress failed to reach a consensus. The weakness of the Articles in establishing an effective unifying government was underscored by the threat of internal conflict both within and between the states, especially after Shays' Rebellion threatened to topple the state government of Massachusetts.

text: Historian Ralph Ketcham comments on the opinions of Patrick Henry, George Mason, and other Anti-Federalists who were not so eager to give up the local autonomy won by the revolution:

text: Antifederalists feared what Patrick Henry termed the "consolidated government" proposed by the new Constitution. They saw in Federalist hopes for commercial growth and international prestige only the lust of ambitious men for a "splendid empire" that, in the time-honored way of empires, would oppress the people with taxes, conscription, and military campaigns. Uncertain that any government over so vast a domain as the United States could be controlled by the people, Antifederalists saw in the enlarged powers of the general government only the familiar threats to the rights and liberties of the people.[41]

text: Historians have given many reasons for the perceived need to replace the articles in 1787. Jillson and Wilson (1994) point to the financial weakness as well as the norms, rules and institutional structures of the Congress, and the propensity to divide along sectional lines.

text: Rakove (1988) identifies several factors that explain the collapse of the Confederation. The lack of compulsory direct taxation power was objectionable to those wanting a strong centralized state or expecting to benefit from such power. It could not collect customs after the war because tariffs were vetoed by Rhode Island. Rakove concludes that their failure to implement national measures "stemmed not from a heady sense of independence but rather from the enormous difficulties that all the states encountered in collecting taxes, mustering men, and gathering supplies from a war-weary populace."[42] The second group of factors Rakove identified derived from the substantive nature of the problems the Continental Congress confronted after 1783, especially the inability to create a strong foreign policy. Finally, the Confederation's lack of coercive power reduced the likelihood for profit to be made by political means, thus potential rulers were uninspired to seek power.

text: When the war ended in 1783, certain special interests had incentives to create a new "merchant state," much like the British state people had rebelled against. In particular, holders of war scrip and land speculators wanted a central government to pay off scrip at face value and to legalize western land holdings with disputed claims. Also, manufacturers wanted a high tariff as a barrier to foreign goods, but competition among states made this impossible without a central government.[43]

text: Legitimacy of closing down

text: Political scientist David C. Hendrickson writes that two prominent political leaders in the Confederation, John Jay of New York and Thomas Burke of North Carolina believed that "the authority of the congress rested on the prior acts of the several states, to which the states gave their voluntary consent, and until those obligations were fulfilled, neither nullification of the authority of congress, exercising its due powers, nor secession from the compact itself was consistent with the terms of their original pledges."[44]

text: According to Article XIII of the Confederation, any alteration had to be approved unanimously:

text: [T]he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State.

text: On the other hand, Article VII of the proposed Constitution stated that it would become effective after ratification by a mere nine states, without unanimity:

text: The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.

text: The apparent tension between these two provisions was addressed at the time, and remains a topic of scholarly discussion.  In 1788, James Madison remarked (in Federalist No. 40) that the issue had become moot: "As this objection...has been in a manner waived by those who have criticised the powers of the convention, I dismiss it without further observation."  Nevertheless, it is an interesting historical and legal question whether opponents of the Constitution could have plausibly attacked the Constitution on that ground.  At the time, there were state legislators who argued that the Constitution was not an alteration of the Articles of Confederation, but rather would be a complete replacement so the unanimity rule did not apply.[45]  Moreover, the Confederation had proven woefully inadequate and therefore was supposedly no longer binding.[45]

text: Modern scholars such as Francisco Forrest Martin agree that the Articles of Confederation had lost its binding force because many states had violated it, and thus "other states-parties did not have to comply with the Articles' unanimous consent rule".[46]  In contrast, law professor Akhil Amar suggests that there may not have really been any conflict between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution on this point; Article VI of the Confederation specifically allowed side deals among states, and the Constitution could be viewed as a side deal until all states ratified it.[47]

text: Final months

text: On July 3, 1788, the Congress received New Hampshire's all-important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution, thus, according to its terms, establishing it as the new framework of governance for the ratifying states. The following day delegates considered a bill to admit Kentucky into the Union as a sovereign state. The discussion ended with Congress making the determination that, in light of this development, it would be "unadvisable" to admit Kentucky into the Union, as it could do so "under the Articles of Confederation" only, but not "under the Constitution".[48]

text:
By the end of July 1788, 11 of the 13 states had ratified the new Constitution. Congress continued to convene under the Articles with a quorum until October.[49][50] On Saturday, September 13, 1788, the Confederation Congress voted the resolve to implement the new Constitution, and on Monday, September 15 published an announcement that the new Constitution had been ratified by the necessary nine states, set the first Wednesday in February 1789 for the presidential electors to meet and select a new president, and set the first Wednesday of March 1789 as the day the new government would take over and the government under the Articles of Confederation would come to an end.[51][52]
On that same September 13, it determined that New York would remain the national capital.[51]


document_title: Waitin' on a Woman

question_text: who is the old man in waiting on a woman

text: Waitin' on a Woman

text: Content[edit]

text: The song is a mid-tempo composed of three verses. Its central character is a recently married male sitting on a bench at a shopping mall, waiting for his wife to finish shopping. He meets an older man (Andy Griffith) who, like him, is "waitin' on a woman". The older man explains over the next two verses that, although he has often had to wait for his wife, he does not mind doing so ("I don't guess we've been anywhere / She hasn't made us late, I swear / Sometimes she does it just 'cause she can do it").[2] He tells the younger man that he will often find himself "waitin' on a woman" as well. In the third verse, the older male observes that he will most likely die before his wife does ("I've read somewhere statistics show / The man's always the first to go"). After making this realization, he finally states that he will wait for his wife in Heaven (should he die first), because he, too, "[doesn't] mind waitin' on a woman". In the end, the old man is seen sitting on a white bench, wearing a white suit, on a lone beach, waiting for his wife to join him.

text: History[edit]

text: According to Country Weekly magazine, songwriter Wynn Varble received a call from his friend telling him that their former co-worker was in the hospital.[3] Varble wrote the song after calling his co-worker at the hospital, wondering where his wife was. He told "the story and the idea [he] had for [the song]" to co-writer Don Sampson.[3] After a few days, Varble and Sampson played "Waitin' on a Woman" for Paisley, and he decided to record it.[3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The song received a "thumbs up" review from the country music review site Engine 145. Reviewer Matt C. stated that the central character (i.e., Paisley's character in the song) "offer[s] abundant examples of a woman's imperfections while portraying himself as the guy who tolerates it all out of the goodness of his heart…look[ing] like a good guy without degrading his female companion".[2] He considered it a superior counterpart to Paisley's late 2003-early 2004 single "Little Moments" (in which the lead character lists off various mistakes his wife has made before admitting that he "live[s] for little moments like that"), but, unlike with "Little Moments", the reviewer thought that the gender observations in "Waitin' on a Woman" were "delicately appropriate rather than insensitively obtuse".[2] Leeann Ward, reviewing the song for Country Universe, gave it a B rating. Ward said that while the song with its "sluggish melody, is built on the stereotype that a woman is always late, there is a sweetness about the sentiment’s presentation that rescues it." [4]

text: Music video[edit]

text: Paisley has referred to "Waitin' on a Woman" as "one of the most important songs" that he's ever recorded. Because of the importance that he places on the song, Paisley asked Andy Griffith to star in the music video, as he felt that Griffith's personality matched the personality of the older man in the song.[1] Griffith speaks the old man's lines in the video as well.[5] Jim Shea and Peter Tilden directed the video.

text: In August 2008, the song's video mix, complete with Griffith's vocals, was sent to radio as well. This mix is also included on Paisley's 2008 album Play.

text: The video was shot in Nags Head, North Carolina at milepost 16's Tanger Outlets.

text: Parody[edit]

text: In January 2009, parodist Cledus T. Judd released a parody entitled "Waitin' on Obama", referencing Barack Obama's election as President of the United States.[6]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: "Waitin' on a Woman" debuted at number 51 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated for the week of June 28, 2008.[7] For the chart week of September 20, 2008, it has become Paisley's twelfth Number One single overall.

text:
Chart (2008)
Peak
position

Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[8]
59

US Billboard Hot 100[9]
44

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[10]
1

text: Year-end charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2008)
Position

US Country Songs (Billboard)[11]
19

text:
Preceded by
"Do You Believe Me Now"
by Jimmy Wayne
Billboard Hot Country Songs
number-one single
September 20, 2008
Succeeded by
"Do You Believe Me Now"
by Jimmy Wayne


document_title: List of National Football League career rushing yards leaders

question_text: who is the leading rusher in the nfl

question_tokens: who is the leading rusher in the nfl

text: Players with at least 10,000 rushing yards[edit]

text:
Key

^
Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame

*
Denotes player who is still active in the NFL

text: Through end of 2017 season.

text:
Rank
Player
Team(s) by season
Carries
Yards
Average

1
Emmitt Smith^
Dallas Cowboys (1990–2002)
Arizona Cardinals (2003–2004)
4,409
18,355
4.2

2
Walter Payton^
Chicago Bears (1975–1987)
3,838
16,726
4.4

3
Barry Sanders^
Detroit Lions (1989–1998)
3,062
15,269
5.0

4
Curtis Martin^
New England Patriots (1995–1997)
New York Jets (1998–2005)
3,518
14,101
4.0

5
Frank Gore*
San Francisco 49ers (2005–2014)
Indianapolis Colts (2015–2017)
Miami Dolphins (2018–present)
3,226
14,026
4.3

6
LaDanian Tomlinson^
San Diego Chargers (2001–2009)
New York Jets (2010–2011)
3,174
13,684
4.3

7
Jerome Bettis^
St. Louis/L.A. Rams (1993–1995[a])
Pittsburgh Steelers (1996–2005)
3,479
13,662
3.9

8
Eric Dickerson^
Los Angeles Rams (1983–1987[b])
Indianapolis Colts (1987–1991)
Los Angeles Raiders (1992)
Atlanta Falcons (1993)
2,996
13,259
4.4

9
Tony Dorsett^
Dallas Cowboys (1977–1987)
Denver Broncos (1988)
2,936
12,739
4.3

10
Jim Brown^
Cleveland Browns (1957–1965)
2,359
12,312
5.2

11
Marshall Faulk^
Indianapolis Colts (1994–1998)
St. Louis Rams (1999–2005)
2,836
12,279
4.3

12
Adrian Peterson*
Minnesota Vikings (2007–2016)
New Orleans Saints (2017)
Arizona Cardinals (2017)
2,574
12,276
4.8

13
Edgerrin James
Indianapolis Colts (1999–2005)
Arizona Cardinals (2006– 2008)
Seattle Seahawks (2009)
3,028
12,246
4.0

13
Marcus Allen^
Los Angeles Raiders (1982–1992)
Kansas City Chiefs (1993–1997)
3,022
12,243
4.1

15
Franco Harris^
Pittsburgh Steelers (1972–1983)
Seattle Seahawks (1984)
2,949
12,120
4.1

16
Thurman Thomas^
Buffalo Bills (1988–1999)
Miami Dolphins (2000)
2,877
12,074
4.2

17
Fred Taylor
Jacksonville Jaguars (1998–2008)
New England Patriots (2009–2010)
2,534
11,695
4.6

18
Steven Jackson
St. Louis Rams (2004–2012)
Atlanta Falcons (2013–2014)
New England Patriots (2015)
2,764
11,438
4.1

19
John Riggins^
New York Jets (1971–1975)
Washington Redskins (1976–1985)
2,916
11,352
3.9

20
Corey Dillon
Cincinnati Bengals (1997–2003)
New England Patriots (2004–2006)
2,618
11,241
4.3

21
O. J. Simpson^
Buffalo Bills (1969–1977)
San Francisco 49ers (1978–1979)
2,404
11,236
4.7

22
Warrick Dunn
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (1997–2001)
Atlanta Falcons (2002–2007)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2008)
2,669
10,967
4.1

23
Ricky Watters
San Francisco 49ers (1992–1994)
Philadelphia Eagles (1995–1997)
Seattle Seahawks (1998–2001)
2,622
10,643
4.1

24
Jamal Lewis
Baltimore Ravens (2000–2006)
Cleveland Browns (2007–2009)
2,542
10,607
4.2

25
Thomas Jones
Arizona Cardinals (2000–2002)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2003)
Chicago Bears (2004–2006)
New York Jets (2007–2009)
Kansas City Chiefs (2010–2011)
2,678
10,591
4.0

26
Tiki Barber
New York Giants (1997–2006)
2,217
10,449
4.7

27
Eddie George
Houston Oilers/Tennessee Titans (1996[c]–2003)
Dallas Cowboys (2004)
2,865
10,441
3.6

28
Ottis Anderson
St. Louis Cardinals (1979–1986[d])
New York Giants (1986–1992)
2,562
10,273
4.0

29
LeSean McCoy*
Philadelphia Eagles (2009–2014)
Buffalo Bills (2015–present)
2,185
10,092
4.6

30
Ricky Williams
New Orleans Saints (1999–2001)
Miami Dolphins (2002–2003), (2005–2010)
Baltimore Ravens (2011)
2,431
10,009
4.1

31
Marshawn Lynch*
Buffalo Bills (2007–2010)
Seattle Seahawks (2010–2015)
Oakland Raiders (2017–present)
2,251
10,003
4.3

text: Active players with 9,000–9,999 yards[edit]

text: Through end of 2017 season.

text: Chris Johnson, 9,651

text: Historical rushing yards leaders[edit]

text: Seven players have been recognized as having held the career rushing yards record in the NFL. Since reliable yardage statistics were not recorded prior to 1932, the first NFL player recognized as the career leader in rushing yards was Cliff Battles, who played from 1932 to 1937 for the Boston Braves / Boston Redskins / Washington Redskins.[1] He led the NFL with 576 yards in 1932 and held on to the record throughout his career. Emmitt Smith has held the record since surpassing Walter Payton's long-standing total in 2002.[2]

text:
Reign
Player
Team(s) by season
Carries
Yards
Average

1932–1941
(9 years)
Cliff Battles^
Washington Redskins (1932–1937)
839
3,511
4.2

1941–1949
(8 years)
Clarke Hinkle^
Green Bay Packers (1932–1941)
1,171
3,860
3.3

1949–1958
(9 years)
Steve Van Buren^
Philadelphia Eagles (1944–1951)
1,320
5,860
4.4

1958–1963
(5 years)
Joe Perry^
San Francisco 49ers (1948–1960, 1963)
Baltimore Colts (1961–1962)
1,737
8,378
4.8

1963–1984
(21 years)
Jim Brown^
Cleveland Browns (1957–1965)
2,359
12,312
5.2

1984–2002
(18 years)
Walter Payton^
Chicago Bears (1975–1987)
3,838
16,726
4.4

2002–present
(15 years)
Smith, EmmittEmmitt Smith^
Dallas Cowboys (1990–2002)
Arizona Cardinals (2003–2004)
4,409
18,355
4.2


document_title: The Ridiculous 6

question_text: who plays mark twain in the movie ridiculous 6

text: The Ridiculous 6

text: Plot[edit]

text: This film's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the Old West era, a calm man named Tommy, known as "White Knife" by the Native American tribe who raised him after his mother was murdered, is to marry a member of the tribe named Smoking Fox. Following a run-in with a deranged, Native American-racist food proprietor named Clem and the Left-Eye Gang, bandits led by under Will Patch who claimed to have removed their right eyes as proof of membership, Tommy and his troop are visited by a bank robber named Frank Stockburn who claims to be Tommy's biological father. Tommy explains to Frank that his mother was shot by a man with a tattooed hand when she was escorting him to school during his childhood, something that has haunted his dreams since. Frank also tells Tommy that he is dying of consumption and had amassed $50,000 which he buried in a meadow next to a pine tree and is offering to Tommy and the Natives. The next day, a group of bandits with connections to Frank come to the village, led by the ruthless Cicero who wants Frank to give them his "big score" he gained a while back. Frank has the bandits kidnap him so he can lead them to the $50,000 at the so-called "Singing Windmill", in return for the bandits not attacking Tommy or the Indians. With no time to search the meadow and find the money, and to live to his tribe's standards, Tommy decides to resort to stealing from dishonorable persons (corrupt politicians, racist bankers, and thugs alike) to obtain the amount needed and save his father. During his quest, Tommy discovers that he has 5 half-brothers: Mexican burro rider Ramon whose innkeeper mother had a fling with Frank; mentally challenged yet happy-go-lucky Lil' Pete (Lautner) whose strong neck makes him immune to hanging; feral mountain-man Herm (Garcia) who speaks incomprehensibly while having helped his mother sell their moonshine.

text: Tommy meets his last two half-brothers, Abraham Lincoln's former bodyguard Danny who resorts to drinking from guilt of accidentally leading John Wilkes Booth to murder him; and African-American saloon pianist Chico who confesses to be half-White, when the brothers stole a large gold nugget from Chico's boss: the ever smiling sociopathic saloon owner Smiley Harris, who was part of Frank's gang until Frank stole his cut of their biggest score and left him to die at the windmill. When Smiley attempts to kill the brothers as revenge against Frank, he ended up being unintentionally decapitated by Ramon who was trying to knock him out. Meanwhile, having joined the Left-Eye Gang at the cost of his only functional eye, Clem helps the bandits abduct Smoking Fox while searching for Tommy before their captive ultimately eluded them while they learn of the brothers' exploits as they came to be known as the Ridiculous 6. The Left-Eye Gang soon catch up to the Ridiculous 6 while they were relaxing in a pond, overpowered but stealing their loot. But at Herm's notion, which Tommy translates through his mysticism, the brothers decide to rob from gambling game in Yuma hosted by Ezekiel Grant and attended by Mark Twain and General George Armstrong Custer. Through Wyatt Earp nearly jeopardized their plan, the brothers succeed and head out to ransom their father, saving the Eye Patch Gang after learning they were left to die by Cicero while forcing them to reform and getting back the original $50,000.

text: As dusk falls, Tommy realizes through a Danny's photograph of their father that Cicero is his mother's murderer, leaving his brothers in the cover of night to rescue his father and kill Cicero. The half-brothers, who followed Tommy along with the Left-Eye Gang, have a reunion with their long lost father, who reveals to have masterminded his abduction upon learning his sons exceed his expectations in amassing $100,000 and had taken Smoking Fox captive when she found him after eluding the Left-Eye Gang. But Tommy reveals his group had a Plan B: a hidden bomb inside the bag containing the ransom money. When the bomb explodes and commotion ensues, Frank runs off with Smoking Fox inside a mine. Tommy runs after them and successfully rescues his bride-to-be and captures his father. Also, in the process of the fighting, the Left-Eye Gang accidentally reveal that they lied about removing their right eyes, much to Clem's outrage. Back in the Native Village, Tommy weds Smoking Fox with his brothers in attendance. Since the revelation that their biological father Frank Stockburn was no more than a two-bit crook, the Native chief decides to adopt the half-brothers as he did with Tommy.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Adam Sandler as Tommy "White Knife" Stockburn[2]

text: Henry Steckman as young Tommy Stockburn

text:
Terry Crews as Chico Stockburn[2]
Jorge Garcia as Herm Stockburn[3]
Taylor Lautner as Lil' Pete Stockburn[2]
Rob Schneider as Ramon Stockburn[2]
Luke Wilson as Danny Stockburn[2]
Nick Nolte as Frank Stockburn[2]
Will Forte as Will Patch[2]
Nick Swardson[2] as Nelly Patch
Steve Zahn as Clem, former general store owner[2]
Julia Jones as Smoking Fox
Lavell Crawford as Gus Patch[2]
Jared Sandler as Babyface Patch
Paul Sado as Stumbles Patch
Danny Trejo as Cicero[2]
Harvey Keitel as Smiley Harris, owner of "The Golden Nugget"[4]
Steve Buscemi as Doc Griffin[2]
David Spade as General Custer[2]
Whitney Cummings as Susannah[2]
Jon Lovitz as Ezekiel Grant[2]
Saginaw Grant as Screaming Eagle
Norm Macdonald as Nugget Customer
Chris Parnell as William the Bank Manager[2]
Blake Shelton as Wyatt Earp[2]
John Turturro as Abner Doubleday[5]
Vanilla Ice as Mark Twain[2]
Dan Patrick as Abraham Lincoln
Chris Kattan as John Wilkes Booth
Lenda Murray[6] as Chico's mother
Jackie Sandler as Never Wears Bra

text: Production[edit]

text: Prior to Netflix picking up the film, it had been in the works and dropped by three studios, Columbia Pictures, Paramount Pictures and Warner Bros..[2][7] The latter dropped out soon after Adam Sandler and Happy Madison Productions signed a four-picture deal with Netflix, although an insider noted to The Hollywood Reporter that the deal had nothing to do with their decision.[7]

text: By January 2015, Netflix picked up the film with others joining the cast including Taylor Lautner, Nick Nolte, Blake Shelton, Steve Buscemi, Rob Schneider, Will Forte, Vanilla Ice, and Luke Wilson.[2] On February 16, 2015, Jorge Garcia joined the cast.[2] Principal photography began on February 20, 2015, and ended on May 2, 2015.[3][8]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: On April 23, 2015, Indian Country Today Media Network reported that approximately "a dozen Native actors and actresses, as well as the Native cultural advisor, left the set of Adam Sandler’s newest film production, The Ridiculous Six" in protest of its portrayal of the Apache culture.[9] The New York Daily News later reported that there were only four who left, out of over 100 Native American actors on the set.[10] Navajo Nation tribal members Loren Anthony and film student Allison Young said they left because they felt the film portrayed Native Americans in a negative light and took satire too far. They also complained that the portrayal of women was degrading.[11][12] A representative of Netflix responded saying, "The movie has ridiculous in the title for a reason: because it is ridiculous. It is a broad satire of Western movies and the stereotypes they popularized, featuring a diverse cast that is not only part of—but in on—the joke."[13]

text: On May 4, the New York Daily News reported that Ricky Lee, one of the Native American actors on the Ridiculous Six set, said previous news reports were exaggerated and indeed there were only "four actors who left, but there were 150 extras, including grandmas and grandpas and children, who kept working." Apparently, before the film's wrap party, he and several other actors were approached by Sandler to speak about the controversy. According to the actor, those who left raised legitimate issues but it was "the wrong battlefield."[10]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film premiered on Netflix on December 11, 2015.[14] On January 6, 2016, Netflix announced that the film had been viewed more times in 30 days than any other movie in Netflix history. It also made it to the #1 spot in every territory in which Netflix operates.[15]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film currently holds a rare 0% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 2.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Every bit as lazily offensive as its cast and concept would suggest, The Ridiculous Six is standard couch fare for Adam Sandler fanatics and must-avoid viewing for film enthusiasts of every other persuasion."[16] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 18 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".[17]