document_title: Priesthood in the Catholic Church

question_text: how many years does it take to become a roman catholic priest

text: Priesthood in the Catholic Church

text: History[edit]

text: The Old Testament describes how God made his people "a kingdom of priests and a holy nation,"[9] and within the twelve tribes of Israel, the tribe of Levi was chosen to be set apart for the liturgical service of offering sacrifice as priests.[10] The priest was understood as a mediator between God and human beings who offers sacrifices and intercedes for the people.

text: The New Testament depicts Jesus as the "great high priest" of the New Covenant who, instead of offering the ritual animal sacrifices prescribed by the Jewish Law, offers himself on the cross as the true and perfect sacrifice.[11] The Catholic priesthood is a participation in this priesthood of Christ, and therefore traces its origins to Jesus Christ himself. Thus, the New Testament says that as high priest, Jesus has made the Church "a kingdom of priests for his God and Father."[12] All who are baptized are given a share in the priesthood of Christ; that is, they are conformed to Christ and made capable of offering true worship and praise to God as Christians. "The whole community of believers is, as such, priestly."[13]

text: The ministerial priesthood of Catholic priests and bishops—what most people think of as "the Catholic priesthood"—has a distinct history. This ministerial priesthood is at the service of the priesthood of all believers and involves the direct consecration of a man to Christ through the sacrament of orders, so that he can act in the person of Christ for the sake of the Christian faithful, above all in dispensing the sacraments. It is understood to have begun at the Last Supper, when Jesus Christ instituted the Eucharist in the presence of the Twelve Apostles, commanding them to "do this in memory of me."

text: The Catholic priesthood, therefore, is a share in the priesthood of Christ and traces its historical origins to the Twelve Apostles appointed by Christ. Those apostles in turn selected other men to succeed them as the bishops (episkopoi, Greek for "overseers") of the Christian communities, with whom were associated presbyters (presbyteroi, Greek for "elders") and deacons (diakonoi, Greek for "servants"). As communities multiplied and grew in size, the bishops appointed more and more presbyters to preside at the Eucharist in place of the bishop in the multiple communities in each region. The diaconate evolved as the liturgical assistants of the bishop and his delegate for the administration of Church funds and programmes for the poor. Today, the rank of "presbyter" is typically what one thinks of as a priest, although technically both a bishop and a presbyter are "priests" in the sense that they share in Christ's ministerial priesthood and offer sacrifice to God in the person of Christ.[14]

text: In the decade of the 2010s, catholic priests as a group garnered public attention due to the numerous cases of sexual abuse of children by catholic clergy being revealed.

text: Theology of the priesthood[edit]

text: Passover and Christ[edit]

text: The theology of the Catholic priesthood is rooted in the priesthood of Christ and to some degree shares elements of the ancient Hebraic priesthood as well.[15] A priest is one who presides over a sacrifice and offers that sacrifice and prayers to God on behalf of believers. Jewish priesthood which functioned at the temple in Jerusalem offered animal sacrifices at various times throughout the year for a variety of reasons.

text: In Christian theology, Jesus is the Lamb provided by God himself as a sacrifice for the sins of the world. Before his death on the cross, Jesus celebrated the Passover with his disciples (the Last Supper) and offered blessings over the bread and wine respectively, saying: "Take and eat. This is my body" and "Drink from this all of you, for this is my blood, the blood of the covenant, poured out for the forgiveness of sins." (Matthew 26:26–28 Jerusalem Bible). The next day Christ's body and blood were visibly sacrificed on the cross.

text: Catholics believe that it is this same body, sacrificed on the cross and risen on the third day and united with Christ's divinity, soul and blood which is made present in the offering of each Eucharistic sacrifice which is called the Eucharist. However, Catholicism does not believe that transubstantiation and the doctrine of the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist involves a material change in the 'accidental' features: i.e. under normal circumstances, scientific analysis of the Eucharistic elements would indicate the physical-material properties of wine and bread.

text: Thus Catholic priests, in presiding at the Eucharist, join each offering of the Eucharistic elements in union with the sacrifice of Christ.[16] Through their celebration of the Holy Eucharist, they make present the one eternal sacrifice of Christ on the cross.

text: Catholicism does not teach that Christ is sacrificed again and again, but that "The sacrifice of Christ and the sacrifice of the Eucharist are one single sacrifice.".[17] Instead, the Catholic Church holds the Jewish concept of memorial in which "..the memorial is not merely a recollection of past events....these events become in a certain way present and real." and thus "...the sacrifice Christ offered once and for all on the cross remains ever present."[18] Properly speaking, in Catholic theology, expressed by Saint Thomas Aquinas, "Only Christ is the true priest, the others being only his ministers."[19] Thus, Catholic clergy share in the one, unique, Priesthood of Christ.[20]

text: Education[edit]

text: The Canon law of the Catholic Church holds that the priesthood is a sacred and perpetual vocational state, not just a profession (which is a reason for, and symbolized by, the state of celibacy). There are programs of formation and studies which aim to enable the future priest to effectively serve his ministry. These programs are demanded by canon law (in the Latin rite, canons 232–264) which also refers to the Bishops' Conferences for local more detailed regulation. As a general rule, education is extensive and lasts at least five or six years, depending on the national Programme of Priestly Formation.[21]

text:
In the United States, priests must have a four-year university degree in philosophy plus an additional four to five years of graduate-level seminary formation in theology with a focus on Biblical research. A Master of Divinity is the most common degree.
In Scotland, there is a mandatory year of preparation before entering seminary for a year dedicated to spiritual formation, followed by several years of study.
In Europe, Australasia and North America, seminarians usually graduate with a Master of Divinity or a Master of Theology degree, which is a four-year professional degree (as opposed to a Master of Arts which is an academic degree). At least four years are to be in theological studies at the major seminary.[22]
In Germany and Austria, priest candidates graduate with an academic degree (Magister theologiae, Diplom-Theologe, Master of Arts in Theology). The degree takes five years' and is preceded by a year of spiritual formation (plus learning of the ancient languages) and followed by two years of pastoral practice (during which the candidate is ordained to the deaconate). Usually, priests spend all of that time in a seminary except one "free year".
In Africa, Asia and South America, programmes are more flexible, being developed according to the age and academic abilities of those preparing for ordination.

text: Regardless of where a person prepares for ordination, it includes not only academic but also human, social, spiritual and pastoral formation. The purpose of seminary education is ultimately to prepare men to be pastors of souls.[23] In the end, however, each individual Ordinary (such as a bishop or Superior General) is responsible for the official call to priesthood, and only a bishop may ordain. Any ordinations done before the normally scheduled time (before study completion) must have the explicit approval of the bishop; any such ordinations done more than a year in Holy See.

text: Rite of ordination[edit]

text: The Rite of Ordination is what "makes" one a priest, having already been a deacon and with the minister of Holy Orders being a validly ordained bishop.[24]

text: The Rite of Ordination occurs within the context of Holy Mass. After being called forward and presented to the assembly, the candidates are interrogated. Each promises to diligently perform the duties of the Priesthood and to respect and obey his ordinary (bishop or religious superior). Then the candidates lie prostrate before the altar, while the assembled faithful kneel and pray for the help of all the saints in the singing of the Litany of the Saints.

text: The essential part of the rite is when the bishop silently lays his hands upon each candidate (followed by all priests present), before offering the consecratory prayer, addressed to God the Father, invoking the power of the Holy Spirit upon those being ordained.

text: After the consecratory prayer, the newly ordained is vested with the stole and chasuble of those belonging to the Ministerial Priesthood and then the bishop anoints his hands with chrism before presenting him with the chalice and paten which he will use when presiding at the Eucharist. Following this, the gifts of bread and wine are brought forward by the people and given to the new priest; then all the priests present, concelebrate the Eucharist with the newly ordained taking the place of honour at the right of the bishop. If there are several newly ordained, it is they who gather closest to the bishop during the Eucharistic Prayer.

text: The laying of hands of the priesthood is found in 1 Timothy 4:14:

text: Do not neglect the gift you have, which was conferred on you through the prophetic word with the imposition of hands of the presbyterate."

text: The following is the full text of the Rite during the Mass (after the Prelude, the Introit, the Procession, the Opening Hymn, the Kyrie, the Gloria, the Opening Prayer, and the First and Second Readings and the Gospel have all taken place), taken from a program for an ordination of priests for the Diocese of Peoria in 2015:

text: The Calling of the Candidates: Those to be ordained are called by name, they stand in their place and answer: "Present".

text: The Presentation of the Priest Candidates:

text: Vocation Director: Most Reverend Father, Holy Mother Church asks you to ordain these, our brothers, to the responsibility of the Priesthood.

text: Bishop: Do you know them to be worthy?

text: Vocation Director: After inquiry among the Christian people and upon the recommendation of those responsible, I testify that they have been found worthy.

text: Bishop: Relying on the help of the Lord God and our Savior Jesus Christ, we choose these men, our brothers, for the Order of the Priesthood.

text: All: Thanks be to God. (Applause).

text: Homily of the Bishop

text: Promise of the Elect:

text: Bishop: My dear sons, before you enter the Order of the Priesthood, you must declare before the people of God your intention to undertake this office. Do you resolve, with the help of the Holy Spirit, to discharge without fail the office of Priesthood in the presbyteral rank, as worthy fellow workers with the Order of Bishops in caring for the Lord's flock?

text: Elect: I do.

text: Bishop: Do you resolve to exercise the ministry of the word worthily and wisely, preaching the Gospel and teaching the Catholic faith?

text: Elect: I do.

text: Bishop: Do you resolve to celebrate faithfully and reverently, in accord with the Church's tradition, the mysteries of Christ, especially the Sacrifice of the Eucharist and the Sacrament of Reconciliation, for the glory of God and the sanctification of the Christian people?

text: Elect: I do.

text: Bishop: Do you resolve to implore with us God's mercy upon the people entrusted to your care by observing the command to pray without ceasing?

text: Elect: I do.

text: Bishop: Do you resolve to be united more closely every day to Christ the High Priest, who offered himself for us to the Father as a pure Sacrifice, and with him to consecrate yourselves to God for the salvation of all?

text: Elect: I do, with the help of God.

text: Promise of Obedience of the Priest Candidates:

text: Each of the candidates goes to the Bishop and, kneeling before him, places his joined hands between those of the Bishop.

text: Bishop: Do you promise respect and obedience to me and my successors?

text: Elect: I do.

text: Bishop: May God, who has begun this good work in you bring it to fulfillment.

text: Invitation to Prayer

text: Litany of the Saints

text: Laying on of Hands: The Bishop first lays hands on the head of each candidate, followed by the concelebrating priests and all the priests present.

text: Prayer of Consecration

text: Investiture with the Stole and Chasuble

text: Anointing of Hands: The Bishop receives the linen gremial and anoints with Sacred Chrism the palms of each new priest as he kneels before him.

text: Procession of the Gifts of Bread and Wine by the relatives of the ordained and Offertory Hymn

text: Presentation of the Gifts

text: The Bishop stands and gives the kiss of peace to the new priests, followed by the concelebrants and all the priests present. The Liturgy of the Eucharist (the Preparation of the Altar, the Sanctus, the Memorial Acclamation, the Great Amen, the Lamb of God (Agnus Dei), the Communion Antiphon and Hymn, and the Prayer after Communion and Solemn Blessing and Dismissal) then proceeds as normal, with the newly ordained to the immediate right of the Bishop and the other celebrants.

text: Clerical celibacy[edit]

text: Early Christianity[edit]

text: The earliest Christians were Jews and Jewish tradition has always deemed the married state as more spiritual than the celibate state.[25] However Christian tradition places a high valuation on chastity as a special gift of God. The life of a priest involves being conformed to Christ. It is known that the Apostle Peter had a spouse from Gospel stories of Peter's mother-in-law sick with fever (Matt 8:14, Mark 1:29, Luke 4:38)[26] and from Paul's mention that Peter took along a believing wife in his ministry (1 Cor 9:5).

text: From its beginnings, the idea of clerical celibacy has been contested in canon courts, in theology, and in religious practices. Celibacy for Roman Catholic priests was not mandated under canon law for the universal church until the Second Lateran Council in 1139.[27]

text: The Council of Elvira in Spain (c. 305–306) was the first council to call for clerical celibacy. In February 385, Pope Siricius wrote the Directa decretal, which was a long letter to Spanish bishop Himerius of Tarragona, replying to the bishop’s requests on various subjects, which had been sent several months earlier to Pope Damasus I.[28] It was the first of a series of documents published by the Church's magisterium that claimed apostolic origin for clerical celibacy and reminded ministers of the altar of the perpetual continence required.

text: After the Great Schism[edit]

text: Within a century of the Great Schism of 1054, the Churches of the East and West arrived at different disciplines as to abstaining from sexual contact during marriage. In the East, candidates for the Priesthood could be married with permission to have regular sexual relations with their wives, but were required to abstain before celebrating the Eucharist. An unmarried person, once ordained, could not marry. Additionally, the Christian East required that, before becoming a bishop, a priest separate from his wife (she was permitted to object), with her typically becoming a nun. In the East, more normally, bishops are chosen from those priests who are monks and are thus unmarried.

text: In the West, the law of celibacy became mandatory by Pope Gregory VII at the Roman Synod of 1074.[29][30] This law mandated that, in order to become a candidate for ordination, a man could not be married. The law remains in effect in the Latin Church, although not for those who are priests of the Eastern Catholic Churches, who remain under their own discipline. The issue of mandatory celibacy in the Latin Church continues to be debated.[citation needed]

text: Duties of a Catholic priest[edit]

text: Three main aspects to the priesthood: offering the Eucharist, hearing confessions, and counseling.[31] Whilst continuing to hold the importance of these three aspects of priesthood, the church now has a significantly broader understanding. Priests are also responsible for daily recitation of the principal and minor offices of the Liturgy of the Hours.[32] Priests are the only ministers of the Sacrament of Penance[33] and Anointing of the Sick.[34][35] They are the ordinary ministers of Baptism and witnesses to Holy Matrimony.[36]

text: Numbers[edit]

text: Worldwide[edit]

text: Worldwide, the number of priests has remained fairly steady since 1970, decreasing by about 5,000. This stagnation is due to a balance of large growth in Africa and Asia and a significant decrease in North America and Europe.

text:
Historical number of priests worldwide

Year
Priests
±%

1970
419,728
—

1975
404,783
−3.6%

1980
413,600
+2.2%

1985
403,480
−2.4%

Year
Priests
±%

1990
403,173
−0.1%

1995
404,750
+0.4%

2000
405,178
+0.1%

2005
406,411
+0.3%

Year
Priests
±%

2010
412,236
+1.4%

2014
414,313
+0.5%

Includes both diocesan and religious priests.

text: By country[edit]

text: Belgium[edit]

text:
Historical number of priests in Belgium

Year
Priests
±%

1950
14,690
—

1970
12,100
−17.6%

1980
12,741
+5.3%

Year
Priests
±%

1990
9,912
−22.2%

2000
6,989
−29.5%

2004
6,366
−8.9%

Year
Priests
±%

2013
5,595
−12.1%

Includes both diocesan and religious priests.

text: France[edit]

text:
Historical number of priests in France

Year
Priests
±%

1955
40,000
—

1978
32,475
−18.8%

Year
Priests
±%

2003
17,473
−46.2%

2006
15,440
−11.6%

Year
Priests
±%

2013
14,000
−9.3%

Includes both diocesan and religious priests.

text: Luxembourg[edit]

text:
Historical number of priests in Luxembourg

Year
Priests
±%

1950
601
—

1969
524
−12.8%

Year
Priests
±%

1980
457
−12.8%

1990
352
−23.0%

Year
Priests
±%

2004
248
−29.5%

2013
205
−17.3%

Includes both diocesan and religious priests.

text: Mexico[edit]

text:
Historical number of priests in Mexico

Year
Priests
±%

1980
10,192
—

1990
11,641
+14.2%

Year
Priests
±%

2000
14,176
+21.8%

2010
16,856
+18.9%

Year
Priests
±%

Includes both diocesan and religious priests.

text: Poland[edit]

text:
Historical number of priests in Poland

Year
Priests
±%

1848
2,218
—

Year
Priests
±%

1912
6,500
+193.1%

Year
Priests
±%

Includes both diocesan and religious priests.

text: Singapore[edit]

text:
Historical number of priests in Singapore

Year
Priests
±%

1950
43
—

1969
105
+144.2%

1980
90
−14.3%

Year
Priests
±%

1990
119
+32.2%

2000
140
+17.6%

2004
137
−2.1%

Year
Priests
±%

2010
131
−4.4%

2014
145
+10.7%

Includes both diocesan and religious priests.

text: Sweden[edit]

text:
Historical number of priests in Sweden

Year
Priests
±%

1949
45
—

1969
80
+77.8%

1980
99
+23.8%

Year
Priests
±%

1990
110
+11.1%

2000
134
+21.8%

2004
151
+12.7%

Year
Priests
±%

2010
156
+3.3%

2014
159
+1.9%

Includes both diocesan and religious priests.

text: Switzerland[edit]

text:
Historical number of priests in Switzerland

Year
Priests
±%

1970
2,877
—

Year
Priests
±%

1989
2,100
−27.0%

Year
Priests
±%

2009
1,441
−31.4%

Includes both diocesan and religious priests.

text: United States[edit]

text:
Historical number of priests in the US

Year
Priests
±%

1930
27,000
—

1950
50,500
+87.0%

1965
58,632
+16.1%

1970
59,192
+1.0%

1975
58,909
−0.5%

Year
Priests
±%

1980
58,398
−0.9%

1985
57,317
−1.9%

1990
52,124
−9.1%

1995
49,054
−5.9%

2000
45,699
−6.8%

Year
Priests
±%

2005
41,399
−9.4%

2010
39,993
−3.4%

2015
37,192
−7.0%

Includes both diocesan and religious priests.


document_title: List of Michigan State Spartans bowl games

question_text: when did msu go to the rose bowl

question_tokens: when did msu go to the rose bowl

root

text: Key[edit]

text:
General

Bowl game record attendance

Former bowl game record attendance

Results

W
Win

L
Loss

tag: table

text: Bowl games[edit]

text:
List of bowl games showing bowl played in, score, date, season, opponent, stadium, location, attendance and head coach[A 1]

#
Bowl
Score[A 2]
Date
Season[A 3]
Opponent[A 4]
Stadium
Location
Attendance[3]
Head coach

1
Orange Bowl
L 06 !L 6–0
000000001938-01-01-0000January 1, 1938
1937
Auburn
Miami Orange Bowl
Miami
18,972 !18,972
Bachman, CharlieCharlie Bachman

2
Rose Bowl
W 08 !W 28–20
000000001954-01-01-0000January 1, 1954
1953
UCLA
Rose Bowl
Pasadena
100,500 !100,500
Munn, ClarenceClarence Munn

3
Rose Bowl
W 03 !W 17–14
000000001956-01-01-0000January 1, 1956
1955
UCLA
Rose Bowl
Pasadena
100,809 !100,809
Daugherty, DuffyDuffy Daugherty

4
Rose Bowl
L 02 !L 14–12
000000001966-01-01-0000January 1, 1966
1965
UCLA
Rose Bowl
Pasadena
100,087 !100,087
Daugherty, DuffyDuffy Daugherty

5
Cherry Bowl
L 04 !L 10–6
000000001984-12-22-0000December 22, 1984
1984
Army
Pontiac Silverdome
Pontiac
70,332 !70,332
Perles, GeorgeGeorge Perles

6
All-American Bowl
L 03 !L 17–14
000000001985-12-31-0000December 31, 1985
1985
Georgia Tech
Legion Field
Birmingham
45,000 !45,000
Perles, GeorgeGeorge Perles

7
Rose Bowl
W 03 !W 20–17
000000001988-01-01-0000January 1, 1988
1987
USC
Rose Bowl
Pasadena
103,847 !103,847
Perles, GeorgeGeorge Perles

8
Gator Bowl
L 07 !L 34–27
000000001989-01-01-0000January 1, 1989
1988
Georgia
Gator Bowl
Jacksonville
76,236 !76,236
Perles, GeorgeGeorge Perles

9
Aloha Bowl
W 20 !W 33–13
000000001989-12-25-0000December 25, 1989
1989
Hawaii
Aloha Stadium
Honolulu
50,000 !50,000
Perles, GeorgeGeorge Perles

10
John Hancock Bowl
W 01 !W 17–16
000000001990-12-31-0000December 31, 1990
1990
USC
Sun Bowl Stadium
El Paso
50,562 !50,562
Perles, GeorgeGeorge Perles

11
Liberty Bowl
L 11 !L 18–7
000000001993-12-28-0000December 28, 1993
1993
Louisville
Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium
Memphis
34,216 !34,216
Perles, GeorgeGeorge Perles

12
Independence Bowl
L 19 !L 45–26
000000001995-12-29-0000December 29, 1995
1995
LSU
Independence Stadium
Shreveport
48,835 !48,835
Saban, NickNick Saban

13
Sun Bowl
L 38 !L 38–0
000000001996-12-31-0000December 31, 1996
1996
Stanford
Sun Bowl Stadium
El Paso
42,271 !42,271
Saban, NickNick Saban

14
Aloha Bowl
L 28 !L 51–23
000000001997-12-25-0000December 25, 1997
1997
Washington
Aloha Stadium
Honolulu
34,419 !34,419
Saban, NickNick Saban

15
Florida Citrus Bowl
W 03 !W 37–34
000000002000-01-01-0000January 1, 2000
1999
Florida
Citrus Bowl
Orlando
54,866 !62,011
Williams, BobbyBobby Williams

16
Silicon Valley Classic
W 09 !W 44–35
000000002001-12-31-0000December 31, 2001
2001
Fresno State
Spartan Stadium
San Jose
30,456 !30,456
Williams, BobbyBobby Williams

17
Alamo Bowl
L 14 !L 17–3
000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003
2003
Nebraska
Alamodome
San Antonio
56,226 !56,226
Smith, John L.John L. Smith

18
Champs Sports Bowl
L 03 !L 24–21
000000002007-12-28-0000December 28, 2007
2007
Boston College
Citrus Bowl
Orlando
46,554 !46,554
Dantonio, MarkMark Dantonio

19
Capital One Bowl
L 12 !L 24–12
000000002009-01-01-0000January 1, 2009
2008
Georgia
Citrus Bowl
Orlando
59,681 !59,681
Dantonio, MarkMark Dantonio

20
Alamo Bowl
L 10 !L 41–31
000000002010-01-02-0000January 2, 2010
2009
Texas Tech
Alamodome
San Antonio
64,757 !64,757
Dantonio, MarkMark Dantonio

21
Capital One Bowl
L 42 !L 49–7
000000002011-01-01-0000January 1, 2011
2010
Alabama
Citrus Bowl
Orlando
61,519 !61,519
Dantonio, MarkMark Dantonio

22
Outback Bowl
W 03 !W 33–30
000000002012-01-02-0000January 2, 2012
2011
Georgia
Raymond James Stadium
Tampa
49,429 !49,429
Dantonio, MarkMark Dantonio

23
Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl
W 01 !W 17–16
000000002012-12-29-0000December 29, 2012
2012
TCU
Sun Devil Stadium
Tempe
44,617 !44,617
Dantonio, MarkMark Dantonio

24
Rose Bowl
W 04 !W 24–20
000000002014-01-01-0000January 1, 2014
2013
Stanford
Rose Bowl
Pasadena
95,173 !95,173
Dantonio, MarkMark Dantonio

25
Cotton Bowl Classic
W 01 !W 42–41
000000002015-01-01-0000January 1, 2015
2014
Baylor
AT&T Stadium
Arlington
71,464 !71,464
Dantonio, MarkMark Dantonio

26
Cotton Bowl Classic
L 38 !L 38–0
000000002015-12-31-0000December 31, 2015
2015
Alabama
AT&T Stadium
Arlington
82,812 !82,812
Dantonio, MarkMark Dantonio

27
Holiday Bowl
W 01 !W 42-17
000000002017-12-28-0000December 28, 2017
2017
Washington State
SDCCU Stadium
San Diego

Dantonio, MarkMark Dantonio

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Statistics correct as of 2012–13 NCAA football bowl games.
Jump up ^ Results are sortable first by whether the result was a Michigan State win, loss or tie and then second by the margin of victory.
Jump up ^ Links to the season article for the Michigan State team that competed in the bowl for that year.
Jump up ^ Links to the season article for the opponent that Michigan State competed against in the bowl for that year when available or to their general page when unavailable.

tag: ol


document_title: History of Manchester City F.C.

question_text: when was the last time man city were relegated

text: History of Manchester City F.C.

text: History synopsis[edit]

text: Members of St. Mark's Church of England, West Gorton, Manchester, founded the football club that would become known as Manchester City, for largely humanitarian purposes. Two church wardens sought to curb local gang violence and alcoholism by instituting new activities for local men, whilst high unemployment plagued East Manchester, specifically Gorton. All men were welcome to join, regardless of religion.

tag: p

text: A church cricket club had been formed in 1875, but no equivalent for the winter months existed. To rectify this, and as part of Rector Arthur Connell's general push to intervene in social ills, church wardens William Beastow and Thomas Goodbehere started a church football team called St Mark's (West Gorton) (sometimes written as West Gorton (St Mark's)) in the winter of 1880.

text: The team's first recorded match occurred on 13 November 1880, against a church team from Macclesfield. St. Marks lost the match 2–1, and only won one match during their inaugural 1880–81 season, with a victory over Stalybridge Clarence in March 1881.

text: City gained their first honours by winning the Second Division in 1899; with it came promotion to the highest level in English football, the First Division. They went on to claim their first major honour on 23 April 1904, beating Bolton Wanderers 1–0 at Crystal Palace to win the FA Cup; City narrowly missed out on a League and Cup double that season after finishing runners-up in the League but City became the first club in Manchester to win a major honour.[1] In the seasons following the FA Cup triumph, the club was dogged by allegations of financial irregularities, culminating in the suspension of seventeen players in 1906, including captain Billy Meredith, who subsequently moved across town to Manchester United.[2] A fire at Hyde Road destroyed the main stand in 1920, and in 1923 the club moved to their new purpose-built stadium at Maine Road in Moss Side.[3]

text: In the 1930s, Manchester City reached two consecutive FA Cup finals, losing to Everton in 1933, before claiming the Cup by beating Portsmouth in 1934.[4] During the 1934 cup run, Manchester City broke the record for the highest home attendance of any club in English football history, as 84,569 fans packed Maine Road for a sixth round FA Cup tie against Stoke City in 1934 – a record which still stands to this day.[5] The club won the First Division title for the first time in 1937, but were relegated the following season, despite scoring more goals than any other team in the division.[6] Twenty years later, a City team inspired by a tactical system known as the Revie Plan reached consecutive FA Cup finals again, in 1955 and 1956; just as in the 1930s, they lost the first one, to Newcastle United, and won the second. The 1956 final, in which Manchester City beat Birmingham City 3–1, is one of the most famous finals of all-time, and is remembered for City goalkeeper Bert Trautmann continuing to play on after unknowingly breaking his neck.[7]

text: After relegation to the Second Division in 1963, the future looked bleak with a record low home attendance of 8,015 against Swindon Town in January 1965.[8] In the summer of 1965, the management team of Joe Mercer and Malcolm Allison was appointed. In the first season under Mercer, City won the Second Division title and made important signings in Mike Summerbee and Colin Bell.[9] Two seasons later, in 1967–68, Manchester City claimed the League Championship for the second time, clinching the title on the final day of the season with a 4–3 win at Newcastle United and beating their close neighbours Manchester United into second place.[10] Further trophies followed: City won the FA Cup in 1969, before achieving European success by winning the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1970, beating Górnik Zabrze 2–1 in Vienna.[11] City also won the League Cup that season, becoming the second English team to win a European trophy and a domestic trophy in the same season.

text: The club continued to challenge for honours throughout the 1970s, finishing one point behind the league champions on two occasions and reaching the final of the 1974 League Cup.[12] One of the matches from this period that is most fondly remembered by supporters of Manchester City is the final match of the 1973–74 season against arch-rivals Manchester United, who needed to win to have any hope of avoiding relegation. Former United player Denis Law scored with a backheel to give City a 1–0 win at Old Trafford and confirm the relegation of their rivals.[13][14] The final trophy of the club's most successful period was won in 1976, when Newcastle United were beaten 2–1 in the League Cup final.

text: A long period of decline followed the success of the 1960s and 1970s. Malcolm Allison rejoined the club to become manager for the second time in 1979, but squandered large sums of money on unsuccessful signings, such as Steve Daley.[15] A succession of managers then followed – seven in the 1980s alone. Under John Bond, City reached the 1981 FA Cup final but lost in a replay to Tottenham Hotspur. The club were twice relegated from the top flight in the 1980s (in 1983 and 1987), but returned to the top flight again in 1989 and finished fifth in 1991 and 1992 under the management of Peter Reid.[16] However, this was only a temporary respite, and following Reid's departure Manchester City's fortunes continued to fade. City were co-founders of the Premier League upon its creation in 1992, but after finishing ninth in its first season they endured three seasons of struggle before being relegated in 1996. After two seasons in Division One, City fell to the lowest point in their history, becoming the second ever European trophy winners to be relegated to their country's third league tier, after 1. FC Magdeburg of Germany.

text: After relegation, the club underwent off-the-field upheaval, with new chairman David Bernstein introducing greater fiscal discipline.[17] City were promoted at the first attempt, achieved in dramatic fashion in a play-off against Gillingham. A second successive promotion saw City return to the top division, but this proved to have been a step too far for the recovering club, and in 2001 City were relegated once more. Kevin Keegan arrived as the new manager in the close season, bringing an immediate return to the top division as the club won the 2001–02 Division One championship, breaking club records for the number of points gained and goals scored in a season in the process.[18] The 2002–03 season was the last at Maine Road, and included a 3–1 derby victory over rivals Manchester United, ending a run of 13 years without a derby win.[19] City also qualified for European competition for the first time in 25 years. In the 2003 close season the club moved to the new City of Manchester Stadium. The first four seasons at the stadium all resulted in mid-table finishes. Former England manager Sven-Göran Eriksson became the club's first manager from overseas when appointed in 2007.[20] After a bright start performances faded in the second half of the season, and Eriksson was sacked in June 2008.[21] Eriksson was replaced by Mark Hughes two days later on 4 June 2008.[22]

text: By 2008, the club was in a financially precarious position. Thaksin Shinawatra had taken control of the club a year before, but his political travails saw his assets frozen.[23] Then, in August 2008, the club was purchased by the Abu Dhabi United Group. The takeover was immediately followed by a flurry of bids for high-profile players; the club broke the British transfer record by signing Brazilian international Robinho from Real Madrid for £32.5 million.[24] Performances were not a huge improvement on the previous season despite the influx of money however, with the team finishing tenth, although they did well to reach the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup. During the summer of 2009, the club took transfer spending to an unprecedented level, with an outlay of over £100 million on players Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez and Joleon Lescott.[25] In December 2009, Mark Hughes - who had been hired shortly before the change in ownership but was originally retained by the new board - was replaced as manager by Roberto Mancini.[26] City finished the season in fifth position in the Premier League, narrowly missing out on a place in the Champions League, and competed in the UEFA Europa League in season 2010–11.

text: Continued investment in players followed in successive seasons, and results began to match the upturn in player quality. City reached the 2011 FA Cup Final, their first major final in over thirty years, after defeating derby rivals Manchester United in the semi-final,[27] the first time they had knocked their rival out of a cup competition since 1975. They defeated Stoke City 1–0 in the final, securing their fifth FA Cup, the club's first major trophy since winning the 1976 League Cup. In the same week, the club qualified for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 1968 with a 1–0 Premier League win over Tottenham Hotspur.[28] On the last day of the 2010–11 season, City passed Arsenal for third place in the Premier League, thereby securing qualification directly into the Champions League group stage. Strong performances continued to follow in the 2011–12 season, with the club beginning the following season in commanding form, including beating Tottenham 5–1 at White Hart Lane and humbling Manchester United by a 6–1 scoreline in United's own stadium. Although the strong form waned half-way through the season, and City at one point fell eight points behind their bitter rivals with only six games left to play, an unprecedented slump by the previous champions allowed the blue side of Manchester to draw back level with two games to go, setting up a thrilling finale to the season with both teams going into the last day equal on points. Despite City only needing a home win against a team in the relegation zone, they still managed to fall a goal behind by the end of normal time, leading some of United's players to finish their game celebrating in the belief that they had won the league. Two goals in injury time - including one scored almost five minutes after normal time had elapsed - resulted in an almost-literal last-minute title victory, City's first in 44 years, and became only the fifth team to win the Premier League since its creation in 1992. In the aftermath that followed, the event was described by media sources from the UK and around the world as the greatest moment in Premier League history.[29][30] The game was only made all the more notable for former player Joey Barton's sending off, where he committed three separate red card-able incidents on three different players in the space of only a few seconds, resulting in a 12-game ban which effectively forced him to leave English football.[31]

text: After an end to the season which many believed would only spur City on, however, the following season failed to capitalise on any of the gains made in the first two full seasons of Mancini's reign. The transfer window saw virtually no players join the club until the last day of the season, when a last-minute burst of activity saw four different players all join in the space of around 10 hours. The free-flowing football of the previous season was suddenly rare to behold, and while City rarely seemed likely to drop below second in the table, they posed little title challenge all season. In the UEFA Champions League, the club was eliminated at the group stage for a second successive season, in a result which seemed to confirm Mancini's reputation as far better at managing in domestic games than European, while a second FA Cup final in three seasons ended in a 1–0 defeat to relegated Wigan Athletic.[32] The loss resulted in Mancini's dismissal, ostensibly as he had failed to reach his targets for the season[33] but with many in the press suggesting a break-down of relations between Mancini and his players[34] but also between the Italian and his board-level superiors,[35] while a refusal to promote young players was also cited.[36] In his place was appointed the Chilean Manuel Pellegrini,[37] who boasted a far more impressive Champions League record but less of a reputation for trophy-winning.


document_title: Renaming of cities in India

question_text: when did name change from bombay to mumbai

text: Renaming of cities in India

text: Renaming in local languages[edit]

text: In the post-colonial era, several Indian states' names were changed. Some of these changes coincided with the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, a major reform of the boundaries of India's states and territories that organised them along linguistic lines. At this time, for example, Travancore-Cochin was renamed Kerala. Later state name changes include the reorganisation of Madhya Bharat into Madhya Pradesh in 1959;[2] and the renamings of the Madras State to Tamil Nadu in 1969, of the Mysore State to Karnataka in 1973, and of Uttaranchal to Uttarakhand in 2007.

text: Name changes have varied with respect to the levels of language at which they have been applied, and also accepted. Some of these local name changes were changes made in all languages: the immediate local name, and also all India's other languages. An example of this is the renaming of predominantly Hindi-speaking Uttaranchal (Hindi: उत्तराञ्चल) to a new local Hindi name (Hindi: उत्तराखण्ड Uttarakhand). Other changes were only changes in some of the indigenous languages. For example, the renaming of the Madras Presidency to Madras State in 1947 and then Tamil Nadu in 1969 required non-Tamil speakers to change from an approximation of the British name (Tamil: மதராஸ் மாகாணம் Madras Presidency, then Madras State Tamil: மதராஸ் மாநிலம்) to a native Tamil name (Tamil: தமிழ்நாடு Tamil Nadu, "Tamil land").

text: In general, changes to the local names of cities in the indigenous languages are less common. However, a change in English may sometimes also be a reflection of changes in other Indian languages other than the specific local one. For example, the change of Madras (Tamil: மதராஸ் Madras) to Chennai (Tamil: சென்னை Chennai) was reflected in many of India's languages, and incidentally in English, while the Tamil endonym had always been Chennai and remained unaffected by the change.

text: Renaming in English[edit]

text: Change in official English spelling[edit]

text: The renaming of cities is often specifically from English to Indian English in connection with that dialect's internal reforms. In other words, the city itself is not actually renamed in the local language, and the local name (or endonym) in the indigenous languages of India does not change, but the official spelling in Indian English is amended. An example is the change from English "Calcutta" to English "Kolkata" – the local Bengali name (কলকাতা Kôlkata) did not change. Such changes in English spelling may be in order to better reflect a more accurate phonetic transliteration of the local name, or may be for other reasons. In the early years after Indian independence, many name changes were effected in northern India for English spellings of Hindi place names that had simply been romanised inconsistently by the British administration – such as the British spelling "Jubbulpore," renamed "Jabalpur" (जबलपुर) among the first changes in 1947. These changes did not generate significant controversy. More recent and high-profile changes – including renaming such major cities as Calcutta to Kolkata – have generated greater controversy.[3] Since independence, such changes have typically been enacted officially by legislation at local or national Indian government level, and may or may not then be adopted by the Indian media, particularly the influential Indian press. In the case of smaller towns and districts which were less notable outside and inside India, and where a well known English name (or exonym) could not be said to exist, older spellings used under British India may not have had any specific legislation other than changes in practice on the romanisation of indigenous Indian language names.

text: Realignment of the official Indian English name to an alternative local name[edit]

text: Aside from changes to the official English spellings of local names there have also been renaming proposals to realign the official name, hence the English name with an alternative local name. Ethnically sensitive examples include the proposals by the Bharatiya Janata Party (1990, 2001) to rename Ahmedabad to Karnavati[4] and Allahabad to Prayag. These two proposals are changes from the Muslim (or Mughal) name to a Hindu native name. These can be represented as a change from Urdu language to Hindi language, but since the two languages are variants of Hindustani the proposal is effectively a cultural and ethno-religious proposal rather than a linguistic one.[5]

text: Adoption of name changes in India and overseas[edit]

text: Official name changes take place quickly if not immediately in official government sources.[6] Adoption may be slower among the media in India and abroad, and among Indian authors.[7][8][9]

text: Important examples[edit]

text: States[edit]

text:
Travancore-Cochin → Kerala (1 November 1956).
Madhya Bharat → Madhya Pradesh (1 November 1959)
Madras State → Tamil Nadu (14 January 1969)
Mysore State → Karnataka (1 November 1973)
Uttaranchal → Uttarakhand (1 January 2007)
Orissa → Odisha (4 November 2011)

tag: ul

text: Cities[edit]

text: Notable city names that were officially changed by legislation after independence include:

text:
Jabalpur (Hindi: जबलपुर), from Jubbulpore, respelled in 1947
Jajmau (Hindi: जाजमऊ), from Jajesmow, respelled in 1948 [10]
Kanpur (Hindi: कानपुर), from Cawnpore, respelled in 1948
Vadodara (Gujarati: વડોદરા), from Baroda, respelled in 1974
Thiruvananthapuram (Malayalam: തിരുവനന്തപുരം), from Trivandrum, respelled in 1991
Mumbai (Marathi: मुंबई), from Bombay, renamed in 1995 [11]
Kochi (Malayalam: കൊച്ചി), from Cochin, respelled in 1996
Chennai (Tamil: சென்னை), from Madras, renamed in 1996
Kolkata (Bengali: কলকাতা), from Calcutta, respelled in 2001
Kadapa (Telugu: కడప), from Cuddapah, respelled in 2005
Puducherry (Tamil: புதுச்சேரி), from Pondicherry, renamed in 2006
Bengaluru (Kannada: ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು), from Bangalore, respelled in 2007 [12]
Belagavi from Belgaum in 2014 [13][14]
Tumakuru from Tumkur in 2014
Hubballi from Hubli in 2014
Shivamogga from Shimoga in 2014
Hosapete from Hospet in 2014
Mysuru from Mysore in 2014
Kalaburagi from Gulbarga in 2014
Chikkamagaluru from Chikmagalur
Vijapura from Bijapur in 2014
Ballari from Bellary in 2014
Mangaluru from Mangalore in 2014
Rajahmahendravaram from Rajahmundry in 2015
Gurugram from Gurgaon in 2016

text: For others, by state order, see list of renamed Indian cities and states.

text:
Alappuzha, from Alleppey
Guwahati (Assamese: গুৱাহাটী), from Gauhati
Indore, from Indhur
Kanchipuram from Kāñci-pura And Conjevaram
Kannur, from Cannanore
Kollam, from Quilon
Koyilandy, from Quilandi
Kozhikode, from Calicut
Kumbakonam from ancient name Kudanthai
Mayiladuthurai from Mayavaram ancient name Mayuram
Narmada, from Nerbudda
Nagaon (Assamese: নগাওঁ), from Nowgong
Palakkad, from Palghat
Panaji, from Panjim
Pune, from Poona
Ramanathapuram, from Ramnad
Sagar, from Saugor
Shimla, from Simla
Thalassery, from Tellicherry
Thanjavur, from ancient name Tanjore
Thoothukudi, from Tuticorin
Thrissur, from Trichur
Tindivanam, from Tinthirivanam
Tiruchirapalli, from Trichinopoly and its short form Trichy
Tirunelveli, from Tinnevelly
Tiruvallikeni, from Triplicane
Udhagamandalam, from Ootacamund and its short form Ooty
Viluppuram, from Vizhupparaiyar And Vizhimaa Nagaram
Varanasi, from Benares
Vatakara, from Badagara
Virudhachalam, from Vriddhachalam ancient name Thirumudhukundram
Vijayawada, from Bejawada
Visakhapatnam, from Waltair, and before that Vizagapatnam and its short form Vizag

text: Town names that derive from ancient names:

text:
Mandi, derived from Mandav Nagar [15]
Nellore, in ancient times Simhapuri [16]

text: Proposed changes[edit]

text: Several other changes have been proposed for states and towns.

text: States and Union territories[edit]

text:
Goa to Govapuri [17]
Kerala to Keralam
Nagaland to Naganchi [18]
West Bengal to Bengal

text: Towns[edit]

text:
Ahmedabad to Karnavati
Allahabad to Prayagraj[19]
Aurangabad to Sambhajinagar
Bhopal to Bhojpal [20]
Hyderabad to Bhagyanagar
Mahabubabad to Manukota
Mahbubnagar to Palamuru

text: Need for unification of spelling[edit]

text: India has various local languages. Even (Romanised) English spellings in long and wide use often vary depending upon which government department or agency uses them. To the point, a few examples are Quilandy vs. Koyilandy, Canannore vs. Kannur, and Rangiya vs. Rangia. Different departments of the government may have used official spellings in use at the time, while locations associated with Indian railways mostly maintained British-era spellings. The confusion inherent in such variations has often resulted in serious consequences like people having two "different" addresses (theoretically designating the same place) in their official records leading to legal disputes, or one house having residents of different house addresses due to differing place names. Many people argue that such confusion can lead to indeterminate and/or unintended consequences [21]


document_title: Home Equity Theft Prevention Act

question_text: if a purchaser violates hetpa with the intent to defraud the purchaser could be subject to

text: Home Equity Theft Prevention Act

text: Covered contract[edit]

text: A contract is covered if it is either (i) currently in foreclosure or on a tax lien sale list; or (ii) the owner is in default (behind on mortgage payments by 2+ months) and the sale involves a reconveyance agreement.

text: A reconveyance arrangement has two elements: (i) A sale, mortgage, lien, encumbrance or any other method which allows an "equity purchaser" to obtain legal or equitable title to all or part of the property; and (ii) Some agreement or promise to the "equity seller" that he/she can regain ownership of the property (e.g., the purchase agreement, option to purchase, lease, etc.)

text: There are some key requirements for a valid reconveyance agreement. The equity purchaser needs the equity seller's permission to resell the property to anyone else for so long as the equity seller has a right to buy the property back.

text: Either (i) title to the property must eventually be reconveyed to the equity seller; or (ii) the equity purchaser must have paid seller at least 82% of the fair market value of the property within 120 days of the eviction or voluntary relinquishment by the equity seller.

text: The equity purchaser must confirm that the equity seller has the "reasonable ability" to buy back the property and the deed must recite that the property is subject to reconveyance and the terms of the reconveyance arrangement.

text: Contractual requirements[edit]

text: Once a contract is determined to be covered by the Act, there are some strict contractual requirements that must be met:

text:
The contract must contain the entire agreement between the parties and must meet the following format requirements:
Contract must be fully completed (i.e., no blank spaces); Font size equal to at least 12-point bold type; In English or in both English or Spanish if Spanish is the primary language of the equity seller; Name, address and phone number of the buyer; Address of the subject property; Consideration to be paid; List of all services that buyer has promised; Terms for payment of the consideration; Time at which possession of the property must be surrendered; Terms of any rental or lease agreement; Terms of any reconveyance agreement; Notice of right to cancellation in the immediate proximity of signature line and font in at least 14-point bold type (form in HEPTA); and Notice of cancellation form to be attached to the contract (form in HEPTA)

text: Any provision which purports to limit the liability of the equity purchaser shall be null and void. Inclusion of such a provision shall, at the option of the equity seller, render the covered contract void. Any provision which purports to require arbitration shall be void at the option of the equity seller. Any waiver of any or all HEPTA shall be void and unenforceable as contrary to the public policy.

text: Five-day right of recission[edit]

text: The Act also gives the equity seller a five-day right to cancel the contract; a "cooling off" period. Once an equity seller cancels the contract by sending the cancellation form or otherwise indicating such an intention, the equity purchaser must return all original contracts and other documents signed by the equity seller within 10 days, as well as any fee or other consideration received by the equity purchaser from the equity seller. Cancellation of the contract releases the equity seller of all obligations to pay fees to the equity purchaser.

text: Prohibited behavior[edit]

text: Before midnight on the 5th business day after the contract is executed, the equity purchaser cannot: Accept a deed; Record any document with the county clerk; Transfer any interest in the residence; Pay the equity seller any consideration; Suggest that the equity seller waive his/her right to cancel or rescind.

text: The equity purchaser is prohibited from representing (directly or indirectly) that: Equity purchaser is an advisor or acting on behalf of the equity seller; Equity purchaser has certification that buyer actually does not have or that buyer is not a member of a licensed profession when he actually is a member of that profession; Equity purchaser is helping the equity seller "save" the residence, unless equity purchaser has a good faith basis for such representation; or Equity purchaser is helping the equity seller in preventing a foreclosure unless the equity purchaser has a good faith basis for such representation

text:
An equity purchaser shall make no false or misleading statement regarding: The value of the property; The amount of proceeds the equity seller will receive after a foreclosure sale; The timing of the judicial foreclosure process; Any contract term
The equity seller's rights and obligations; The nature of any document which the equity purchaser induces the equity seller to sign; Any other false or misleading statement concerning the sale of the property or concerning a reconveyance arrangement

text: The equity purchaser is prohibited from making any contract that takes unconscionable advantage of the equitable seller.

text: Remedies[edit]

text: 2-Year Right of Rescission - Generally, a violation of the contractual requirements or any of the prohibited acts in Subdivision 7 makes the conveyance voidable and may be rescinded within 2 years of the date the deed was recorded. The statute then gives the equity purchaser (or its successor) twenty days to reconvey the property on the condition of repayment of any consideration paid to the equity seller. HEPTA does not affect the rights of a bona-fide purchaser or encumbrancer for value if their conveyance occurred before the recording of the notice of rescission.

text: 6-Year Statute of Limitations - Within 6 years, an equity seller may bring an action for the recovery of damages or equitable relief against an equity purchaser for a violation of HEPTA. A court may award actual damages plus reasonable attorneys' fees and costs. The court is also authorized to award equitable relief of up to 3 times the actual damages.

text: There are also criminal penalties for violation of prohibited behavior listed in Subdivision 7:

text: Violation "with intent to defraud" = class E felony, subject to imprisonment and a fine of not more than $25,000. "Knowingly violates" = Class A misdemeanor, subject to a fine of not more than $25,000 and imprisonment in accordance with the penal law, or both.

text: A mortgage broker or bank making a loan with knowledge that the equity purchaser is not complying with HEPTA is subject to penalties under Banking Law §595-a. These criminal penalties are in addition to the risk that the equity seller will rescind and thereby jeopardize the encumbrancer's interest in the property.

text: Exclusions[edit]

text: Those who acquire title as follows are excluded from HETPA:

text: (i) To use, and then actually uses, the property as his/her primary residence;

text: (ii) By a deed from a referee in a foreclosure sale;

text: (iii) At any sale of property authorized by statute;

text: (iv) By order or judgment of any court;

text: (v) From a spouse, or from a parent, grandparent, child, grandchild or sibling of such person or such person's spouse;

text: (vi) As a not-for-profit housing organization or as a public housing agency; or

text: (vii) As a bona fide purchaser or encumbrancer for value (e.g. a lienholder)

text: What is a Bona Fide Purchaser? One who (i) acts in good faith; (ii) purchases for valuable consideration or provide a mortgage; (iii) has no notice of the equity seller's continuing right to, or equity in, the property prior to the acquisition of title or encumbrance; (iv) has no notice of any violation of HETPA by the equity purchaser as related to the property. Generally, this is one who either purchases from or provides a loan to the equity purchaser.

text: An equity purchaser has a defense to a violation of Subdivision 7 if he/she (i) acted in good faith; (ii) proves that the violation was not intentional (iii) proves that the violation resulted from a bona fide error despite procedures adapted to avoid such errors; (iv) notifies the equity seller within ninety days of the contract date of the compliance failure; Makes appropriate restitution within ninety days of the contract date.

text: Examples of bona fide errors include clerical, calculation, computer malfunction and programming, and printing errors. An error of legal judgment is NOT a bona fide error, nor is a failure to provide notices or other material information.

text: Impact on deeds in lieu of foreclosure[edit]

text: There is some confusion as to whether HEPTA applies to deeds in lieu of foreclosure since there is no clear exclusion as there is for referee deeds, for example. The 2-year right of rescission is not a risk that banks or title insurers are comfortable with, especially given the complexities of compliance, so many banks and title insurers are not willing to work with deeds in lieu.


document_title: Dutch oven

question_text: where did the phrase dutch oven come from

text: Dutch oven

text: History[edit]

text: Early European history[edit]

text: During the 17th century, brass was the preferred metal for English cookware and domestic utensiles, and the Dutch produced it at the lowest cost, which, however, was still expensive.[1] In 1702, Abraham Darby was a partner in the Brass Works Company of Bristol, which made malt mills for breweries.[2] Apparently in 1704, Darby visited the Netherlands, where he studied the Dutch methods of working brass, including the casting of brass pots.[3] Darby learned that when making castings, the Dutch used molds made of sand rather than the traditional loam and clay, and this innovation produced a finer finish on their brassware.[4] In 1706 he started a new brass mill in the Baptist Mills section of Bristol.[5] There Darby realized that he could sell more kitchen wares if he could replace brass with a cheaper metal, namely, cast iron.[6] Initial experiments to cast iron in sand molds were unsuccessful, but with the aid of one of his workers, James Thomas, a Welshman, he succeeded in casting iron cookware.[7] In 1707 he obtained a patent for the process of casting iron in sand, which derived from the Dutch process.[8] Thus the term "Dutch oven" has endured for over 300 years, since at least 1710.[9][10]

text: American history[edit]

text: American Dutch ovens changed over time during the colonial era. These changes included a shallower pot, legs to hold the oven above the coals, and a lid flange to keep the coals on the lid and out of the food.[11] Paul Revere is credited with the design of the flat lid with a ridge for holding coals as well as the addition of legs to the pots.

text: Colonists and settlers valued cast-iron cookware because of its versatility and durability. Cooks used them to boil, bake, stew, fry, and roast. The ovens were so valuable that wills in the 18th and 19th centuries frequently spelled out the desired inheritor. For example, Mary Ball Washington (mother of President George Washington) specified in her will, dated 20 May 1788, that one-half of her "iron kitchen furniture" should go to her grandson, Fielding Lewis, and the other half to Betty Carter, a granddaughter. This bequest included several Dutch ovens.[12]

text: Westward bound settlers took Dutch ovens with them. A Dutch oven was among the gear Lewis and Clark carried when they explored the great American Northwest in 1804–1806. Mormon pioneers who settled the American West also took along their Dutch ovens. In fact, a statue raised to honor the Mormon handcart companies who entered Utah’s Salt Lake Valley in the 1850s proudly displays a Dutch oven hanging from the front of the handcart. The Dutch oven is also the official state cooking pot of Texas,[13] Utah and Arkansas.[14][15]

text: Mountain men exploring the great American frontier used Dutch ovens into the late 19th century. Chuck wagons accompanying western cattle drives also carried Dutch ovens from the mid-19th century into the early 20th century.[16]

text: Dutch history[edit]

text: In the Netherlands, a Dutch oven is called a braadpan, which literally translates to frying pan or roasting pan. The design most used today is a black (with blue inside) enameled steel pan, that is suitable for gas and induction heating. The model was introduced in 1891 by BK, a well known Dutch manufacturer of cookware. Cheaper and lighter in weight than cast iron, it proved to be a revolution in the kitchen.[17] A braadpan is mainly used for frying meat only, but it can also be used for making traditional stews such as hachée. Cast-iron models exist, but are used less frequently.

text: Types[edit]

text: Camping[edit]

text: A camping, cowboy, or chuckwagon Dutch oven has three legs, a wire bail handle, and a slightly concave, rimmed lid so that coals from the cooking fire can be placed on top as well as below. This provides more uniform internal heat and lets the inside act as an oven. These ovens are typically made of bare cast iron, although some are aluminum. Dutch ovens are often used in Scouting outdoor activities.

text: Bedourie oven[edit]

text: In Australia, a bedourie camp oven is a steel cookpot shaped and used like a Dutch oven. Named after Bedourie, Queensland, the Bedourie ovens were developed as a more robust (non-breakable) alternative to the more fragile cast-iron Dutch ovens.[18][19]

text: Potjie[edit]

text: In South Africa, a potjie /pˈɔɪkiː/, directly translated "pottle or little pot"[20] from Afrikaans or Dutch, is unlike most other Dutch ovens, in that it is round bottomed. Traditionally, it is a single cast, cast-iron pot, reinforced with external double or triple circumscribing ribs, a bail handle for suspending the pot, and three short legs for resting the pot. It is similar in appearance to a cauldron. It has a matching handled lid, which is recessed, and convex to allow for hot coals to rest on top, providing additional heat from above. When the vessel is to be stored long term, care must be taken to avoid rust forming by seasoning. "Potjie" can also refer to the technique of cooking potjiekos. Among the recipes which require a potjie, there is one for a type of bread called "potbrood", which literally means "pot bread".

text: Among the South African indigenous peoples (specifically Zulus) these pots also became known as phutu pots, after a popular food prepared in it. The larger pots are normally used for large gatherings e.g. Funerals or weddings to prepare large quanties of food. Wooden spoons referred to as Kombe in the Tsonga language are used for mixing and stirring.

text: This tradition originated in the Netherlands during the Siege of Leiden and was brought to South Africa by Dutch immigrants.[21] It persisted over the years with the Voortrekkers and survives today as a traditional Afrikaner method of cooking.[20] It is still in common use by South African campers, both domestic and international.

text: Chugun[edit]

text: In Eastern Europe and Central Asia, a chugun is a cast-iron pot used in a modern oven or in a traditional Russian oven, hearth, or a campfire. A chugun is used in a variety of cooking methods including high temperature cooking, low-temperature cooking, thermal cooking, slow cooking, smothering, roasting, baking, braising, and stewing.

text: The shape of a chugun is similar to a traditional crock with a narrow top and bottom and wider in the middle. When used inside a traditional oven, a long handled holding tool is used with a roller that serves as a lever to lift a heavy chugun in and out of the oven. Since there are no handles, it's inconvenient to use a chugun on a stovetop.

text: Often several chuguns of different sizes are used in the oven at the same time to prepare the entire meal. Dishes usually cooked in a chugun are roast meat with vegetables called "zharkoye," holubtsi, potato babka, stuffed peppers, and baked milk.

text: Use in cooking[edit]

text: Dutch ovens are well suited for long, slow cooking, such as in making roasts, stews, and casseroles. Virtually any recipe that can be cooked in a conventional oven can be cooked in a Dutch oven.

text: When cooking over a campfire, it is possible to use old-style lipped cast-iron Dutch ovens as true baking ovens, to prepare biscuits, cakes, breads, pizzas, and even pies. A smaller baking pan can be placed inside the ovens, used and replaced with another as the first batch is completed. It is also possible to stack Dutch ovens on top of each other, conserving the heat that would normally rise from the hot coals on the top. These stacks can be as high as 5 or 6 pots.

text: Seasoning and care[edit]

text: Bare cast iron[edit]

text: Americans traditionally season their iron Dutch ovens like other cast-iron cookware.

text: After use Dutch ovens are typically cleaned like other cast-iron cookware: with boiling water and a brush, and no soap. After the oven has been dried, it should be given a thin coating of cooking oil to prevent rusting. Whether that should be a vegetable fat or an animal fat (such as lard) is hotly contested[citation needed]. Saturated fats are more stable than polyunsaturated fats, which tend to go rancid more quickly. If the oven is used regularly, this poses no issue. Mustard oil provides the highest temperature resistance, which would be conducive to cooking.

text: Where possible, a cleaned and freshly oiled Dutch oven should be stored in a clean, dry location with the lid ajar or off to promote air circulation and to avoid the smell and taste of rancid oil. If the Dutch oven must be stored with the lid on, a paper towel or piece of newspaper should be placed inside the oven to absorb any moisture.

text: With care, after much use the surfaces of the Dutch oven will become dark black, very smooth, shiny and non-stick. With proper care, a Dutch oven will provide long service.[22]

text: Enameled ovens[edit]

text: Enameled ovens do not need to be seasoned before use. However, they lose some of the other advantages of bare cast iron. For example, deep frying is usually not recommended in enameled ovens; the enamel coating is not able to withstand high heat, and is best suited for water-based cooking.

text: Enameled ovens can usually be cleaned like ordinary cookware, and some brands can be put in the dishwasher.

text: However, enamel is not as resistant to scratches as iron.


document_title: Lucifer (TV series)

question_text: when does season 2 of lucifer come out on netflix

text: Lucifer (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series focuses on Lucifer Morningstar, the Devil, who is bored and unhappy as the Lord of Hell, and resigns his throne and abandons his kingdom for Los Angeles to become a consultant with the LAPD whilst running his nightclub "Lux".

text: Episodes[edit]

text: In April 2016, Fox renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on September 19, 2016.[3] On October 31, 2016, the series received a 22-episode full second season pickup by Fox.[4] On February 13, 2017, Fox renewed the series for a third season initially of 22 episodes, which premiered on October 2, 2017.[5][6] However, in March 2017, it was revealed that the final four episodes of the second season would be removed and put in the third season to air, meaning that the second season would consist of 18 episodes and the third season would consist of 26.[7][8] Then on January 22, 2018, writer Chris Rafferty indicated that the third season would instead contain 24 episodes.[9]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
January 25, 2016 (2016-01-25)
April 25, 2016 (2016-04-25)

2
18
September 19, 2016 (2016-09-19)
May 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)

3
24[10]
October 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)
May 7, 2018 (2018-05-07)[10]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Tom Ellis as Lucifer Morningstar:[11]
The Lord of Hell, who is bored with his life, abdicates his throne and becomes a civilian consultant for the Los Angeles Police Department while running his own high-end nightclub called "Lux". Lucifer frequently tells people that he is the Devil and is very open about this, but very few take this seriously. He is a fallen angel, immortal, and besides powers such as superhuman strength and invulnerability, he has a supernatural ability to make people tell him their hidden desires. When he arrived in Los Angeles, he had his wings severed. Lucifer is highly sexual, and can make himself irresistible to most people. Neil Gaiman's Lucifer was partly inspired by David Bowie, but the show's creators decided against trying to mimic Bowie.[12] Tom Ellis saw the character as a sort of Oscar Wilde or Noël Coward character "with added rock and roll spirit", approaching his portrayal as if he were the "lovechild of Noël Coward and Mick Jagger, with a dash of British actor Terry-Thomas".[13]
Lauren German as Detective Chloe Decker:[14]
Like her father before her, she is an LAPD homicide detective. She solves crimes with Lucifer after he takes an interest in her because she appears immune to his abilities. Due to an earlier incident concerning a cop shooting, she was ostracized by her fellow officers, resulting in her being partnered with Lucifer as her civilian consultant. When she is around Lucifer, he becomes vulnerable to physical harm. Her ex-husband, Dan, is also with the LAPD, and they have a daughter, Trixie. Chloe's mother Penelope (Rebecca De Mornay) is an actress, as was Chloe herself, briefly. The events of season 2 reveal that Penelope was barren and Chloe's conception was the result of a miracle, performed by God with assistance from Amenadiel.
Kevin Alejandro as Detective Daniel "Dan" Espinoza:[15]
An LAPD homicide detective and Chloe's ex-husband. He dislikes Lucifer because of his friendship with Chloe and Trixie, but as time passes Dan and Lucifer occasionally find common ground. Lucifer repeatedly calls him "Detective Douche". Originally Chloe's superior on the force, Dan was suspended due to the events of the Malcolm Graham case, then reinstated with a demotion to Detective.
D. B. Woodside as Amenadiel:[16]
An angel, Lucifer's older brother, and the eldest of all their siblings. His physical powers are similar to Lucifer's, and he can also stop time. He arrives in Los Angeles to encourage Lucifer to go back to Hell, and failing that, he attempts to force Lucifer back in different ways. Unlike Lucifer, Amenadiel has always followed God's orders, but comes to question his life-choices as events on earth begin to affect him.
Lesley-Ann Brandt as Mazikeen:[17][18]
Confidante and devoted ally of Lucifer Morningstar, "Maze" for short. She is a demon who, having served as his head torturer, followed him from Hell to Los Angeles, and acted as a bartender and bodyguard at Lucifer's club. In season 2, Maze looks for a new direction on Earth and becomes a bounty hunter, having found something that feels right to her.
Scarlett Estevez as Beatrice "Trixie" Espinoza:[19]
Chloe and Dan's seven-year-old (at the start of the series) daughter, who befriends Lucifer and Mazikeen.
Rachael Harris as Dr. Linda Martin:[16]
Lucifer's Stanford-educated psychotherapist, who initially accepts "payments" from him in the form of sex. Like almost everyone else, Dr. Martin does not take what Lucifer says at face value, and at first believes that Lucifer is using a religious metaphor to describe himself and his dysfunctional family relationships, until he reveals his true self in season 2, which leaves her visibly shaken. Prior to this her attempts to help Lucifer solve his emotional and personal problems have limited success, since she does not appreciate what he tells her is the truth, and because Lucifer himself has a tendency to misunderstand or misapply her advice. Eventually, Dr. Martin becomes part of Lucifer's circle of friends as well as his therapist.
Kevin Rankin as Detective Malcolm Graham (season 1):[20]
A police officer who was shot prior to the beginning of the series. Chloe Decker witnessed the shooting, which occurred while Malcolm was secretly meeting with a suspected criminal. After the shooting, he was left in a coma. He briefly died but was then brought back from hell by Amenadiel to kill Lucifer, and is killed at the end of season one.
Tricia Helfer as Charlotte Richards/"Mum" (season 2–present):[21]
Lucifer and Amenadiel's mother and exiled wife of God, who has escaped her prison in Hell. She is described as "the goddess of all creation", but her name and exact nature remain unrevealed. She is rumored to have caused plagues and floods before her imprisonment, and seeks revenge on her ex-husband. On Earth, her soul occupies the body of Charlotte Richards, a murdered lawyer. At the end of season 2, she leaves the universe, prompted by Lucifer to create her own world. As she leaves, she resurrects the human Charlotte who has no memory of her time as "Mum", but does remember spending time in hell.
Aimee Garcia as Ella Lopez (seasons 2–present):[22]
A forensic scientist for the LAPD who helps Chloe and Lucifer with their cases. Ella hails from Detroit, and grew up with four brothers. Ella wears a crucifix, leading both Lucifer and Chloe to ask questions about her Christian faith; according to Ella, she had an aunt who was a nun, but who taught her that to doubt things was all right, and so Ella believes questioning things makes her a better scientist.
Tom Welling as Lieutenant Marcus Pierce / Cain (season 3):
A highly respected police lieutenant who oversees the work of Chloe, Dan, and Ella at the precinct.[23] He is revealed to be the immortal Cain, the world's first murderer.[24]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and casting[edit]

text: In September 2014, it was reported that DC and Fox were developing a television series based on the Sandman character Lucifer, as originally written by Neil Gaiman.[1] In February 2015, it was announced that Tom Ellis had been cast as Lucifer Morningstar, and that Tom Kapinos would write the pilot, to be directed by Len Wiseman.[11] Lina Esco was originally cast as Maze (Mazikeen),[25] however, the role was later recast with Lesley-Ann Brandt.[17] Nicholas Gonzalez portrayed Dan in the pilot episode.[26] The series is a "loose adaption" of the original comic-book.[27]

text: In May 2015, the series was officially picked up for 13 episodes for the 2015–16 season.[28][29] Fox then hired Almost Human alum Joe Henderson as showrunner, with Kapinos remaining on the series in a lesser capacity.[30]

text: In June 2016, it was announced that Tricia Helfer had been cast as Lucifer and Amenadiel's mother, Charlotte, and that she was to appear in multiple episodes in season 2.[31] The character was promoted to series regular in July 2016.[32] Aimee Garcia had also been cast as a regular in season 2, playing L.A.P.D.'s forensic scientist Ella Lopez.[33]

text: In August 2016, executive producer Ildy Modrovich announced the casting of Michael Imperioli as the angel Uriel, Amenadiel and Lucifer's younger brother with "a chip on his shoulder".[34]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: Although the pilot was shot on location in Los Angeles, the rest of the first season and the entirety of the second were filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, with a relocation to California beginning with the third season,[35] taking advantage of tax incentives provided by the California Film Commission under its "Program 2.0" initiative.[36]

text: Music[edit]

text: The opening theme is a six-second clip from "Being Evil Has a Price", performed by the band Heavy Young Heathens.[37] In a lawsuit filed against Warner Bros., the song's composers, Robert and Aron Marderosian, claim the song has been used without giving them proper credit or a licensing agreement.[38]

text: Several episodes include musical performances by Tom Ellis, although he has stated in interviews that while it is his vocals, the piano accompaniment seen on screen is not actually him.[39] Neil Gaiman is a fan of David Bowie, and some of Bowie's music has been used on the show.[40]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Broadcast on the Fox network in the US, and on FX in Australia.[41] The series is also broadcast in New Zealand on the TVNZ1 channel [42]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The series is available on Amazon Prime in the United Kingdom,[43] and the first season on CraveTV in Canada.[44]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Monday 9:00 pm
13
January 25, 2016 (2016-01-25)
7.16[45]
April 25, 2016 (2016-04-25)
3.89[46]
2015–16
62
7.17[47]

2
18
September 19, 2016 (2016-09-19)
4.36[48]
May 29, 2017 (2017-05-29)
3.31[49]
2016–17
85
5.13[50]

3
Monday 8:00 pm
24[9]
October 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)
3.92[51]
TBA
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The pilot episode was screened in July at the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con. The pilot was met positively by the viewers, with Bleeding Cool's Dan Wickline praising the episode, saying "the show itself is enjoyable because of the great dialogue and flawless delivery from its lead" and "This version of Lucifer refuses to take almost anything seriously and the show is better for it."[52] Max Nicholson of IGN rated the pilot episode a 6.9/10, praising Tom Ellis's performance as Lucifer and the lighthearted tone of the show, but criticizing the show for essentially being another crime procedural show.[53]

text: The first season received mixed reviews. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave it a 50% approval rating based on 36 reviews, with an average rating of 5.24/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Lucifer's got sex appeal, but the show's hackneyed cop procedural format undermines a potentially entertaining premise."[54] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 49 out of 100, based 22 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[55]

text: Critics were much more appreciative of the second and third seasons. Both hold a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on five reviews, with an average score of 7.75 out of 10[56] and 9.33 out of 10,[57] respectively. Several critics praised the second season for its atmosphere and Tom Ellis' performance as Lucifer Morningstar. Ed Power of the Telegraph gave the season 2 premiere a 4/5 stating that "It is entirely beguiled by its own preposterousness."[58] Bernard Boo of We Got This Covered gave the premiere 3.5/5 stars saying "Lucifer's second season gets off to a nice start, building on the show's strengths while retaining some of the weaknesses. It remains an unapologetically sordid, demonically fun hour of TV."[59] LaToya Ferguson of the A.V. Club gave it a B, calling the episode funny with "genuinely funny moments to come from" and saying that the premiere "starts the season off on a good note." She praised Tom Ellis' performance calling it "pitch perfect."[60]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Awards show
Nominee(s)
Categories
Result(s)
Source(s)

2016
Teen Choice Awards
Tom Ellis
Choice TV: Breakout Star
Nominated
[61]

Lucifer
Choice TV: Breakout Show
Nominated

2017
People's Choice Awards
Favorite TV Crime Drama
Nominated
[62]

2017
Saturn Awards
Best Fantasy Television Series
Nominated
[63]

Dragon Awards
Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Series
Nominated
[64]

text: Censorship campaign[edit]

text: On May 28, 2015, the American Family Association (AFA) website One Million Moms launched a petition to prevent the show's airing.[65] The petition says the new series "will glorify Satan as a caring, likable person in human flesh."[66] It posted the petition on that date and 31,312 had signed the petition by the series' premiere date.[67] The petition on the main AFA website, posted the same date, garnered 134,331 signatures by the premiere date.[68][69] In response to the petition, character creator Neil Gaiman commented on his Tumblr page: "Ah. It seems like only yesterday (but it was 1991) that the "Concerned Mothers of America" announced that they were boycotting The Sandman because it contained lesbian, gay, bi-sexual and trans characters. It was Wanda that upset them most: the idea of a trans-woman in a comic book... They told us they were organizing a boycott of The Sandman, which they would only stop if we wrote to the American Family Association and promised to reform. I wonder if they noticed it didn't work last time, either..."[70] Regardless of the campaign, Fox renewed the series in April 2016 for a second season.[71]