document_title: Grimm (season 4)

question_text: when does nick get his powers back in season 4

text: Grimm (season 4)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
David Giuntoli as Nick Burkhardt
Russell Hornsby as Hank Griffin
Bitsie Tulloch as Juliette Silverton
Silas Weir Mitchell as Monroe
Reggie Lee as Sergeant Drew Wu
Sasha Roiz as Captain Sean Renard
Bree Turner as Rosalee Calvert
Claire Coffee as Adalind Schade

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Alexis Denisof as Viktor Chlodwig zu Schellendorf von Konigsburg
Philip Anthony-Rodriguez as Marcus Rispoli
Jacqueline Toboni as Theresa "Trubel" Rubel
Danny Bruno as Rupert "Bud" Ferdinand Wurstner
Louise Lombard as Elizabeth Lascelles
Nico Evers-Swindell as Prince Kenneth Alun Goderich Bowes-Lyon
Garcelle Beauvais as Henrietta
David Ury as Hofmann
Elizabeth Rodriguez as Special Agent Chavez
Will Rothhaar as Officer Jesse Acker
Lucas Near-Verbrugghe as Josh Porter

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Toni Trucks as Deputy Janelle Farris
Arnold Vosloo as Jonathon Wilde (Wesen Bounty Hunter)
Daniel Roebuck as Lieutenant Peter Orson
Hank Harris as Andrew "Andy" Harrison
Gideon Emery as Damien Barso
Brigid Brannagh as Sara Fisher
Erick Avari as JP Turner
Rebecca Wisocky as Lily Hinkley
Richard Brake as Nigel Edmund[2]
Mark Famiglietti as Linus Balouzian
Jeff Fahey as Albert Bowden
Eric Lee Huffman as Max McClay
Matt Kesslar as Sven Gunderson
Hillary Tuck as Margaret "Maggie" Bowden
Ricki Bhullar as Dix Turner
Khushi Dayao as Suleka Turner
Amitesh Prasad as Sharat
Tarun Shetty as Adesh
Daniel Brockley as Mann
Joseph Gibson aw Man #1
John Srednicki as Paramedic
Tyler Irwin as Unruly Suspect

text: Production[edit]

text: NBC CEO Robert Greenblatt confirmed in early 2014 that the chances of renewing the series for a fourth season were very high thanks to the success programming show on Friday nights in the United States: "I think that the genre audience proves to be a very loyal one. We like what we're building on Friday night with 'Grimm'."[3]

text: On March 19, 2014, NBC announced that the series had been renewed for a fourth season with a 22-episode order.[4][5] In mid May, NBC announced its official TV show's premiered dates, among which is included the fourth season of Grimm that will air on October 24, 2014.[6]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Jacqueline Toboni continues her recurring role as Theresa "Trubel" Rubel, for season four.[7] In mid-July Elizabeth Rodriguez was cast as Special Agent Chavez, a Steinadler and one of four FBI agents assigned to investigate the recent homicide of Weston Steward.[8] Will Rothhaar appeared as Officer Acker, a cop with a dark side, in 3 episodes beginning with episode 8.[9] Toni Trucks will appear as Deputy Janelle Farris in "Highway of Tears"; a sheriff who will help Nick & Hank with an investigation.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Like the previous three seasons, the majority of filming takes place in the Portland, Oregon area. Filming for the season began on July 16, 2014.[10]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The season aired simultaneously on CTV in Canada.[11] It is currently airing on Universal Channel in Southeast Asia.[12] In Australia, it began airing on Fox8 on January 7, 2015.[13] It premiered on Watch in the United Kingdom and Ireland on January 28, 2015.[14]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

67
1
"Thanks for the Memories"
Norberto Barba
David Greenwalt & Jim Kouf
October 24, 2014 (2014-10-24)
401
5.28[15]

Nick and Juliette struggle with the loss of his powers, while Monroe and Rosalee postpone their honeymoon to help out. Nick, Hank, and Trubel investigate a Gedächtnis-Esser (octopus-like wesen), as Capt. Renard lies in critical condition. Meanwhile, the Grimm Diaries that Trubel owns in the guest room of Nick's house attract unwanted attention from Wu and Special Agent Chavez.

Opening quote: "Knowledge is power."

68
2
"Octopus Head"
Terrence O'Hara
David Greenwalt & Jim Kouf
October 31, 2014 (2014-10-31)
402
4.54[16]

Capt. Renard dies while in the hospital, but only for a moment as his mother, Elizabeth, revives him with her powers and abilities. Meanwhile in Austria, Viktor locks Adalind in a Hexenbiest-proof dungeon. Nick and Hank send Trubel by herself to keep an eye on the Gedächtnis Esser.

Opening quote: "A man's real possession is his memory. In nothing else is he rich, In nothing else he is poor."

69
3
"The Last Fight"
Paul Kaufman
Thomas Ian Griffith
November 7, 2014 (2014-11-07)
403
4.93[17]

Nick and Hank investigate a Wesen boxing gym while Elizabeth helps Monroe and Rosalee search for a way to restore Nick's powers. Trubel keeps her eyes on a young wesen boxer in his teens named Clay who is a Heftigauroch (bull-like wesen), and his wesen boxing trainer named Stan who is a Schinderdiv (warthog-like wesen).
Opening quote: "Stars, hide your fires; let not light see my black and deep desires."

70
4
"Dyin' on a Prayer"
Tawnia McKiernan
Sean Calder
November 14, 2014 (2014-11-14)
404
5.01[18]

Nick and Hank investigate a possible homicide where the victim was Keith Harrow, Sara Fisher's abusive ex-husband & a wesen called siegbarste (ogre-like wesen). It appears that he has died from asphyxiation by clay. It turns out he was killed by a Golem who was called upon by the Rabbi brother of the victim's ex-wife, Ben Fisher. Trubel's presence still doesn't sit well with Wu. Elizabeth finds a way to restore Nick's Grimm powers, but requires a special something to make it happen.

Opening quote: "Oh, remember that you fashioned me out of clay! Will you then bring me down to dust?"

71
5
"Cry Luison"
Eric Laneuville
Michael Golamco
November 21, 2014 (2014-11-21)
405
5.43[19]

Nick and Hank investigate a vehicular manslaughter case where the driver turns out to be a rich heir being driven to madness by her Luison (Wolf-like wesen) quadruplet husband named Gabriel and his 3 brothers named Matheus, Javier and Julio. Bud enlists Trubel to deal with a possible threat to Nick's life. Nick and Juliette deeply consider whether or not to regain his Grimm abilities, since the process itself comes with a significant catch. But when Monroe and Rosalee are threatened by the Wolfsangel, Juliette tells Nick that he must become a Grimm again.

Opening quote: "A liar will not be believed, even when he speaks the truth."

72
6
"Highway of Tears"
John Behring
Alan DiFiore
November 28, 2014 (2014-11-28)
406
5.17[20]

Juliette tells Nick that he needs to be a Grimm again after the most recent attack on Monroe and Rosalee regarding their marriage. Later, Nick and Hank investigate a weird and unusual sacrificing wesen ritual by a Phansigar (Komodo dragon-like wesen). Nick finally gets his Grimm power abilities back. Trubel deals with being watched by another agent who works for Chavez, as well as Josh Porter arriving on the scene.

Opening quote: "There is no mercy in you. You cut off the heads of men and women and these you wear as a garland around your neck."

73
7
"The Grimm Who Stole Christmas"
John Gray
Dan E. Fesman
December 5, 2014 (2014-12-05)
407
4.96[21]

Monroe has a unique Christmas surprise for Rosalee. Trubel and Josh work together to track down the Wesenrein with gleichheit (equality) masks who keep threatening against Monroe and Rosalee's mischehen (mixed marriage). Meanwhile, Nick and Hank investigate a series of strange home invasions and uncover a bizarre Wesen phenomenon called kallikantzaroi (malevolent goblins-like wesen), with a rare genetic disease disorder during adolescence that wreaks havoc on Christmas unless they eat fruitcake until sunrise. Then the children of Indole Gentile (deer-like wesen) are back to normal.

Opening quote: "I have but to swallow this, and be for the rest of my days persecuted by a legion of goblins, all of my own creation. Humbug, I'll tell you; humbug!"

74
8
"Chupacabra"
Aaron Lipstadt
Brenna Kouf
December 12, 2014 (2014-12-12)
408
5.07[22]

An unsuspecting traveler brings a blood-sucking cryptid – the legendary "El Chupacabra" – to Portland, and Nick and Hank investigate. Wu confronts Nick about what he has seen about the Grimm Books and Nick's odd behavior. Monroe and Rosalee prepare to embark on their honeymoon, but are threatened once again by the Wesenrein.

Opening quote: "Cuide su rebaño, nunca deje su lado. Cuide su sangre, el Chupacabra tiene hambre."
("Take care of your flock, never leave their side. Watch your blood, for the chupacabra is hungry.")

75
9
"Wesenrein"
Hanelle Culpepper
Thomas Ian Griffith
January 16, 2015 (2015-01-16)
409
4.62[23]

Nick and Hank recruit Wu to help after revealing him to the world of Wesen. After Monroe gets kidnapped by the Wesenrein, the team must find out where he is before he is sacrificed and killed. Juliette's attempt to cope with transforming into a Hexenbiest is put on hold while she tries to tend to an anxious Rosalee.
Opening quote: "He had them brought before the court, and a judgment was handed down."

76
10
"Tribunal"
Peter Werner
David Greenwalt & Jim Kouf
January 23, 2015 (2015-01-23)
410
5.02[24]

Monroe is on the trial by the Wesenrein for a ritual that is performed called the "Tribunal". Nick and Hank train Wu to deal with woged wesen, which allows him to confront Officer Jesse Acker, who is secretly a part of the Wesenrein, but without leverage, he cannot force him to turn on the group. Juliette and Rosalee scour the wedding guest list, provided by Trubel, with help from Bud, to find anyone who would have exposed them to the Wesenrein.

Opening quote: "May the God of Vengeance now yield me His place to punish the wicked."

77
11
"Death Do Us Part"
Constantine Makris
Jeff Miller
January 30, 2015 (2015-01-30)
411
4.85[25]

Monroe and Rosalee finally leave Portland to head and embark on their honeymoon, but this doesn't mean trouble somewhat isn't stirring in Portland. Nick, Hank, and Wu investigate a shocking homicide of a ghost hunter at a supposedly abandoned residence. Portland residents think it is haunted by a ghost; but Nick, Hank and Wu discover that an electric eel-like wesen called a Matanca Zumbido is responsible. Juliette's startling revelation to Captain Renard leads her to a longtime family friend from his past, a mystical woman named Henrietta (Garcelle Beauvais).

Opening quote: "He felt now that he was not simply close to her, but that he did not know where he ended and she began."

78
12
"Maréchaussée"
Eric Laneuville
David Greenwalt & Jim Kouf
February 6, 2015 (2015-02-06)
412
4.67[26]

Nick and Hank investigate the murders of Fortune Tellers named Laszlo & Mabel Kurlon. Laszlo is a ferret-like wesen called a Fado. The murders involve the Wesen Council which leads Nick and Hank to a mysterious "manticore" bounty hunter named Jonathon Wilde (Arnold Vosloo) from Archer City, Texas. Juliette meets up with Henrietta (Garcelle Beauvais) and is given bad news. Viktor and Adalind head back to Portland from Austria to find baby Diana's whereabouts.

Opening quote: "Everyone sees what you appear to be, few experience what you really are."

79
13
"Trial by Fire"
Norberto Barba
Sean Calder
February 13, 2015 (2015-02-13)
413
4.86[27]

During an investigation of an arson case that involves an Excandesco (phoenix-like wesen), Nick is forced to turn to a Bauerschwein arson investigator Lt. Peter Orson (Daniel Roebuck) whom he had put behind bars. Viktor teaches Adalind about well-played diplomacy.

Opening quote: "And glory like the phoenix midst her fires, Exhales her odours, blazes, and expires."

80
14
"Bad Luck"
Terrence O'Hara
Thomas Ian Griffith
March 20, 2015 (2015-03-20)
414
4.78[28]

After Nick finds out that Juliette has become a Hexenbiest, he visits Henrietta, who says there is no cure and that Nick must either kill Juliette or accept her new status. He cannot cope with the change though, leading Juliette to leave. Meanwhile, Nick, Hank, and Wu investigate the murder of a teenager named Peter whose foot was cut off by Leporem Ventor as Vulpesmyrca (Black Fox like Wesen). They discover the victim was a Willahara (rabbit like wesen), whose foot was cut off as he woged so it could be used by a couple to improve their fertility. Monroe and Rosalee go undercover to a Wesen fertility clinic to find the killer. Adalind meets Renard, who says he knows of Juliette's change and that he sent her to Henrietta to learn more. Adalind pays Henrietta a visit to understand the extent of Juliette's powers, but instead learns that she is pregnant with Nick's child.

Opening quote: "No one is so thoroughly superstitious as the godless man."

81
15
"Double Date"
Karen Gaviola
Brenna Kouf
March 27, 2015 (2015-03-27)
415
4.93[29]

Nick and Hank investigate a crime scene in the middle of a bizarre love triangle involved a flatworm like wesen called huntha lami muuaji. Captain Renard seeks Monroe and Rosalee's help to stop phantom bleeding when he was shot by Weston Steward. Adalind asks for a favor that could change the course of Juliette's relationship with Nick. Juliette faces a tough decision about her future with Nick.

Opening quote: "One could have called that shape a woman or a boy: for it seemed neither and seemed both."

82
16
"Heartbreaker"
Rob Bailey
Dan E. Fesman
April 3, 2015 (2015-04-03)
416
4.51[30]

Nick and Hank investigate the homicide of a cyclist named Zack and they meet a foterseele (golden/poison dart frog like wesen) named Bella Turner with a tragic poisonous touch of The Tale of the Frog Prince. When a new member of the Royal family shows up in Portland, Captain Renard and Adalind realize the Royal family have stepped up their efforts to find Diana. Juliette ponders whether to embrace her new self or get rid of it.

Opening quote: "How the silly frog does talk! He...can be no companion to any human being!"

83
17
"Hibernaculum"
John Behring
Michael Golamco
April 10, 2015 (2015-04-10)
417
4.76[31]

Nick, Hank, and Wu are called to investigate a rare Wesen that leaves its victims frozen solid, a hibernacula called Varme Tyv (blue racer snake like wesen); Coluber constrictor foxii. Meanwhile, Juliette starts to feel that she is losing her humanity as she seeks to get revenge against Adalind. Elsewhere, Captain Renard continues to suffer from mysterious bleeding and visions, while Monroe works toward coming to grips with the Wesenrein incident.

Opening quote: "Ah! It was colder than ice; it penetrated to his very heart."

84
18
"Mishipeshu"
Omar Madha
Alan DiFiore
April 17, 2015 (2015-04-17)
418
4.54[32]

Nick and Hank newest investigation is on a homicide in the dark and mysterious path of a local Native American "vision quest" involved mishipeshu (underwater Panther). Juliette's errant behavior lands her in trouble with the wrong side of the law. Monroe and Rosalee are on mission with Captain Renard's assistance. Hank falls prey to a Native American's spirit with yellow eyes.

Opening quote: "The Spirit you seek in the water is only a reflection of yourself."

85
19
"Iron Hans"
Sebastián Silva
David Greenwalt & Jim Kouf
April 24, 2015 (2015-04-24)
419
4.66[33]

Nick and Hank investigate a homicide and they learn it's connected to an age-old Wesen rite of passage. Meanwhile, Juliette meets a surprising ally. Captain Sean Renard battles the darkness within and Nick finds hope for Juliette in the last person he expected: Adalind.

Opening quote: "He had killed man, the noblest game of all, and he had killed in the face of the law of club and fang."

86
20
"You Don't Know Jack"
Terrence O'Hara
Sean Calder & Michael Golamco
May 1, 2015 (2015-05-01)
420
4.22[34]

A string of homicides have the press asking Captain Renard if a Jack the Ripper copycat has arrived in Portland. Monroe traces the mode of operation of the homicides to the Luxembourg Peasants' Revolt. While dealing with the investigation, Nick, Hank, Monroe and Wu deal with a situation they never expected. Meanwhile, Adalind and Rosalee must work together on a last ditch attempt to fix Juliette's condition. Elsewhere, Juliette decides to help her new ally even if it means hurting those around her.

Opening quote: "Catch me when you can..."

87
21
"Headache"
Jim Kouf
David Greenwalt & Jim Kouf
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)
421
4.21[35]

Nick and Hank investigate a grisly murder get closer to uncover the identity of the vicious serial killer while Wu's life is in grave danger. Monroe & Rosalee try to help Captain Renard to heal him from his visions and bleeding. Juliette solidifies a new alliance as she works to get revenge which gets Nick's mother killed. Elsewhere, Trubel is back in Portland from Philadelphia to surprise them.

Opening quote: "Stronger than lover's love is lover's hate. Incurable, in each the wounds they make."

88
22
"Cry Havoc"
Noberto Barba
Thomas Ian Griffith
May 15, 2015 (2015-05-15)
422
4.74[36]

After the shocking discovery of his mother's death, Nick is determined to get revenge and take the fight to the royals with Trubel's help. Meanwhile, Juliette's alliance continues to lead her down the dark path.

Opening quote: "O, from this time forth, my thoughts be bloody or be nothing worth."

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
episode
Title
Air Date
Timeslot (ET)
Rating/Share
18-49
Viewers
(million)
DVR
18-49
DVR Viewers
(millions)
Total
18-49
Total Viewers
(millions)

67
1
Thanks for the Memories
October 24, 2014 (2014-10-24)
Friday
9:00 P.M.
1.4/5[15]
5.28[15]
1.0
2.78
2.4
8.06[37]

68
2
Octopus Head
October 31, 2014 (2014-10-31)
1.1/4[16]
4.54[16]
1.0
2.67
2.1
7.21[38]

69
3
The Last Fight
November 7, 2014 (2014-11-07)
1.3/4[17]
4.93[17]
1.1
2.72
2.4
7.65[39]

70
4
Dyin' on a Prayer
November 14, 2014 (2014-11-14)
1.2/4[18]
5.01[18]
0.9
N/A
2.1[40]
N/A

71
5
Cry Luison
November 21, 2014 (2014-11-21)
1.3/5[19]
5.43[19]
1.1
2.82
2.4
8.25[41]

72
6
Highway of Tears
November 28, 2014 (2014-11-28)
1.2/4[20]
5.17[20]
1.2
2.90
2.4
8.07[42]

73
7
The Grimm Who Stole Christmas
December 5, 2014 (2014-12-05)
1.2/4[21]
4.96[21]
1.2
2.60
2.2
7.56[43]

74
8
Chupacabra
December 12, 2014 (2014-12-12)
1.3/4[22]
5.07[22]
1.0
2.79
2.3
7.86[44]

75
9
Wesenrein
January 16, 2015 (2015-01-16)
1.2/4[23]
4.62[23]
1.1
2.85
2.3
7.47[45]

76
10
Tribunal
January 23, 2015 (2015-01-23)
1.3/4[24]
5.02[24]
1.0
2.60
2.3
7.62[46]

77
11
Death Do Us Part
January 30, 2015 (2015-01-30)
1.3/4[25]
4.85[25]
1.0
2.86
2.3
7.71[47]

78
12
Maréchaussée
February 6, 2015 (2015-02-06)
1.2/4[26]
4.67[26]
1.1
3.04
2.3
7.71[48]

79
13
Trial by Fire
February 13, 2015 (2015-02-13)
1.1/4[27]
4.86[27]
1.1
2.93
2.2
7.79[49]

80
14
Bad Luck
February 20, 2015 (2015-02-20)
Friday
8:00 P.M.
1.1/4[28]
4.78[28]
1.0
2.60
2.1
7.38[50]

81
15
Double Date
March 27, 2015 (2015-03-27)
1.0/4[29]
4.93[29]
0.9
2.40
1.9
7.33[51]

82
16
Heartbreaker
April 3, 2015 (2015-04-03)
1.0/4[30]
4.51[30]
0.9
2.49
1.9
6.99[52]

83
17
Hibernaculum
April 10, 2015 (2015-04-10)
1.1/4[31]
4.76[31]
0.7
2.11
1.8
6.87[53]

84
18
Mishipeshu
April 17, 2015 (2015-04-17)
1.0/4[32]
4.54[32]
0.8
2.27
1.8
6.81[54]

85
19
Iron Hans
April 24, 2015 (2015-04-24)
1.0/4[33]
4.66[33]
0.7
2.15
1.7
6.71[55]

86
20
You Don't Know Jack
May 1, 2015 (2015-05-01)
0.9/4[34]
4.22[34]
0.7
N/A
1.6[56]
N/A

87
21
Headache
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)
1.0/4[35]
4.21[35]
0.7
N/A
1.7[57]
N/A

88
22
Cry Havoc
May 15, 2015 (2015-05-15)
1.1/4[36]
4.74[36]
0.8
N/A
1.9[58]
N/A


document_title: Federal government of the United States

question_text: who's the head of the executive branch of the government

question_tokens: who 's the head of the executive branch of the government

root

text: Federal government of the United States

text: Naming

text: The full name of the republic is "United States of America". No other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party (Charles T. Schenck v. United States). The terms "Government of the United States of America" or "United States Government" are often used in official documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term "Federal Government" is often used, and the term "National Government" is sometimes used. The terms "Federal" and "National" in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government (Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Park Service). Because the seat of government is in Washington, D.C., "Washington" is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government.

tag: p

text: History

text: The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution. The government was formed in 1789, when the Constitution went into effect, making the United States one of the world's first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics.[1]

text: The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, in which power is shared between the federal government and state governments. The interpretation and execution of these principles, including what powers the federal government should have and how those powers can be exercised, have been debated ever since the adoption of the Constitution. Some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states, or other recognized entities.

text: Since the American Civil War, the powers of the federal government have generally expanded greatly, although there have been periods since that time of legislative branch dominance (e.g., the decades immediately following the Civil War) or when states' rights proponents have succeeded in limiting federal power through legislative action, executive prerogative or by constitutional interpretation by the courts.[2][3]

text: One of the theoretical pillars of the U.S. Constitution is the idea of "checks and balances" among the powers and responsibilities of the three branches of American government: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. For example, while the legislative branch (Congress) has the power to create law, the executive branch under the president can veto any legislation—an act which, in turn, can be overridden by Congress.[4] The president nominates judges to the nation's highest judiciary authority, the Supreme Court, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in turn, can invalidate unconstitutional laws passed by the Congress. These and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below.

text: Legislative branch

text: The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate.

text: Makeup of Congress

text: House of Representatives

text: The House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of representatives each state has in the House is based on each state's population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term. Each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. In order to be elected as a representative, an individual must be at least 25 years of age, must have been a U.S. citizen for at least seven years, and must live in the state that he or she represents. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve. In addition to the 435 voting members, there are 6 non-voting members, consisting of 5 delegates and one resident commissioner. There is one delegate each from the District of Columbia, Guam, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the resident commissioner from Puerto Rico.[5]

text: Senate

text: In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population. There are currently 100 senators (2 from each of the 50 states), who each serve six-year terms. Approximately one-third of the Senate stands for election every two years.

text: Different powers

text: The House and Senate each have particular exclusive powers. For example, the Senate must approve (give "advice and consent" to) many important presidential appointments, including cabinet officers, federal judges (including nominees to the Supreme Court), department secretaries (heads of federal executive branch departments), U.S. military and naval officers, and ambassadors to foreign countries. All legislative bills for raising revenue must originate in the House of Representatives. The approval of both chambers is required to pass all legislation, which then may only become law by being signed by the president (or, if the president vetoes the bill, both houses of Congress then re-pass the bill, but by a two-thirds majority of each chamber, in which case the bill becomes law without the president's signature). The powers of Congress are limited to those enumerated in the Constitution; all other powers are reserved to the states and the people. The Constitution also includes the "Necessary and Proper Clause", which grants Congress the power to "make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers". Members of the House and Senate are elected by first-past-the-post voting in every state except Louisiana and Georgia, which have runoffs.

text: Impeachment of federal officers

text: Congress has the power to remove the president, federal judges, and other federal officers from office. The House of Representatives and Senate have separate roles in this process. The House must first vote to "impeach" the official. Then, a trial is held in the Senate to decide whether the official should be removed from office. Although two presidents have been impeached by the House of Representatives (Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton), neither of them was removed following trial in the Senate.

text: Congressional procedures

text: Article I, Section 2, paragraph 2 of the U.S. Constitution gives each chamber the power to "determine the rules of its proceedings". From this provision were created congressional committees, which do the work of drafting legislation and conducting congressional investigations into national matters. The 108th Congress (2003–2005) had 19 standing committees in the House and 17 in the Senate, plus 4 joint permanent committees with members from both houses overseeing the Library of Congress, printing, taxation, and the economy. In addition, each house may name special, or select, committees to study specific problems. Today, much of the congressional workload is borne by the subcommittees, of which there are around 150.

text: Powers of Congress

text: The Constitution grants numerous powers to Congress. Enumerated in Article I, Section 8, these include the powers to levy and collect taxes; to coin money and regulate its value; provide for punishment for counterfeiting; establish post offices and roads, issue patents, create federal courts inferior to the Supreme Court, combat piracies and felonies, declare war, raise and support armies, provide and maintain a navy, make rules for the regulation of land and naval forces, provide for, arm and discipline the militia, exercise exclusive legislation in the District of Columbia, and to make laws necessary to properly execute powers. Over the two centuries since the United States was formed, many disputes have arisen over the limits on the powers of the federal government. These disputes have often been the subject of lawsuits that have ultimately been decided by the United States Supreme Court.

text: Congressional oversight

text: Congressional oversight is intended to prevent waste and fraud, protect civil liberties and individual rights, ensure executive compliance with the law, gather information for making laws and educating the public, and evaluate executive performance.[6]

text: It applies to cabinet departments, executive agencies, regulatory commissions, and the presidency.

text: Congress's oversight function takes many forms:

text:
Committee inquiries and hearings
Formal consultations with and reports from the president
Senate advice and consent for presidential nominations and for treaties
House impeachment proceedings and subsequent Senate trials
House and Senate proceedings under the 25th Amendment in the event that the president becomes disabled or the office of the vice president falls vacant
Informal meetings between legislators and executive officials
Congressional membership: each state is allocated a number of seats based on its representation (or ostensible representation, in the case of D.C.) in the House of Representatives. Each state is allocated two senators regardless of its population. As of January 2010, the District of Columbia elects a non-voting representative to the House of Representatives along with American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Northern Mariana Islands.

tag: ul

text: Executive branch

text: The executive power in the federal government is vested in the President of the United States,[7] although power is often delegated to the Cabinet members and other officials.[8][9] The president and vice president are elected as running mates by the Electoral College, for which each state, as well as the District of Columbia, is allocated a number of seats based on its representation (or ostensible representation, in the case of D.C.) in both houses of Congress.[7][10] The president is limited to a maximum of two four-year terms.[11] If the president has already served two years or more of a term to which some other person was elected, he or she may only serve one more additional four-year term.[7]

text: President

text: The executive branch consists of the president and those to whom the president's powers are delegated. The president is both the head of state and government, as well as the military commander-in-chief and chief diplomat. The president, according to the Constitution, must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed", and "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution". The president presides over the executive branch of the federal government, an organization numbering about 5 million people, including 1 million active-duty military personnel and 600,000 postal service employees.

text: The president may sign legislation passed by Congress into law or may veto it, preventing it from becoming law unless two-thirds of both houses of Congress vote to override the veto. The president may unilaterally sign treaties with foreign nations. However, ratification of international treaties requires a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate. The president may be impeached by a majority in the House and removed from office by a two-thirds majority in the Senate for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors". The president may not dissolve Congress or call special elections but does have the power to pardon or release criminals convicted of offenses against the federal government (except in cases of impeachment), enact executive orders, and (with the consent of the Senate) appoint Supreme Court justices and federal judges.

text: Vice president

text: The vice president is the second-highest official in rank of the federal government. The office of the vice president's duties and powers are established in the legislative branch of the federal government under Article 1, Section 3, Clauses 4 and 5 as the President of the Senate; this means that he or she is the head of the Senate. In that capacity, the vice president is allowed to vote in the Senate, but only when necessary to break a tie vote. Pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the vice president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. As first in the U.S. presidential line of succession, the vice president's duties and powers move to the executive branch when becoming president upon the death, resignation, or removal of the president, which has happened nine times in U.S. history. Lastly, in the case of a Twenty-fifth Amendment succession event, the vice president would become acting president, assuming all of the powers and duties of president, except being designated as president. Accordingly, by circumstances, the Constitution designates the vice president as routinely in the legislative branch, or succeeding to the executive branch as president, or possibly being in both as acting president pursuant to the Twenty-fifth Amendment. Because of circumstances, the overlapping nature of the duties and powers attributed to the office, the title of the office and other matters, such has generated a spirited scholarly dispute regarding attaching an exclusive branch designation to the office of vice president.[12][13]

text: Cabinet, executive departments, and agencies

text: The day-to-day enforcement and administration of federal laws is in the hands of the various federal executive departments, created by Congress to deal with specific areas of national and international affairs. The heads of the 15 departments, chosen by the president and approved with the "advice and consent" of the U.S. Senate, form a council of advisers generally known as the president's "Cabinet". Once confirmed, these "cabinet officers" serve at the pleasure of the president. In addition to departments, a number of staff organizations are grouped into the Executive Office of the President. These include the White House staff, the National Security Council, the Office of Management and Budget, the Council of Economic Advisers, the Council on Environmental Quality, the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, the Office of National Drug Control Policy, and the Office of Science and Technology Policy. The employees in these United States government agencies are called federal civil servants.

text: There are also independent agencies such as the United States Postal Service (USPS), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). In addition, there are government-owned corporations such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the National Railroad Passenger Corporation.

text: Judicial branch

text: The Judiciary explains and applies the laws. This branch does this by hearing and eventually making decisions on various legal cases.

text: Overview of the federal judiciary

text: Article III section I of the Constitution establishes the Supreme Court of the United States and authorizes the United States Congress to establish inferior courts as their need shall arise. Section I also establishes a lifetime tenure for all federal judges and states that their compensation may not be diminished during their time in office. Article II section II establishes that all federal judges are to be appointed by the president and confirmed by the United States Senate.

text: The Judiciary Act of 1789 subdivided the nation jurisdictionally into judicial districts and created federal courts for each district. The three tiered structure of this act established the basic structure of the national judiciary: the Supreme Court, 13 courts of appeals, 94 district courts, and two courts of special jurisdiction. Congress retains the power to re-organize or even abolish federal courts lower than the Supreme Court.

text: The U.S. Supreme Court adjudicates "cases and controversies"—matters pertaining to the federal government, disputes between states, and interpretation of the United States Constitution, and, in general, can declare legislation or executive action made at any level of the government as unconstitutional, nullifying the law and creating precedent for future law and decisions. The United States Constitution does not specifically mention the power of judicial review (the power to declare a law unconstitutional). The power of judicial review was asserted by Chief Justice Marshall in the landmark Supreme Court Case Marbury v. Madison (1803). There have been instances in the past where such declarations have been ignored by the other two branches. Below the U.S. Supreme Court are the United States Courts of Appeals, and below them in turn are the United States District Courts, which are the general trial courts for federal law, and for certain controversies between litigants who are not deemed citizens of the same state ("diversity jurisdiction").

text: There are three levels of federal courts with general jurisdiction, meaning that these courts handle criminal cases and civil lawsuits between individuals. Other courts, such as the bankruptcy courts and the Tax Court, are specialized courts handling only certain kinds of cases ("subject matter jurisdiction"). The Bankruptcy Courts are "under" the supervision of the district courts, and, as such, are not considered part of the "Article III" judiciary and also as such their judges do not have lifetime tenure, nor are they Constitutionally exempt from diminution of their remuneration.[14] Also the Tax Court is not an Article III court (but is, instead an "Article I Court").[15]

text: The district courts are the trial courts wherein cases that are considered under the Judicial Code (Title 28, United States Code) consistent with the jurisdictional precepts of "federal question jurisdiction" and "diversity jurisdiction" and "pendent jurisdiction" can be filed and decided. The district courts can also hear cases under "removal jurisdiction", wherein a case brought in State court meets the requirements for diversity jurisdiction, and one party litigant chooses to "remove" the case from state court to federal court.

text: The United States Courts of Appeals are appellate courts that hear appeals of cases decided by the district courts, and some direct appeals from administrative agencies, and some interlocutory appeals. The U.S. Supreme Court hears appeals from the decisions of the courts of appeals or state supreme courts, and in addition has original jurisdiction over a few cases.

text: The judicial power extends to cases arising under the Constitution, an Act of Congress; a U.S. treaty; cases affecting ambassadors, ministers and consuls of foreign countries in the U.S.; cases and controversies to which the federal government is a party; controversies between states (or their citizens) and foreign nations (or their citizens or subjects); and bankruptcy cases (collectively "federal-question jurisdiction"). The Eleventh Amendment removed from federal jurisdiction cases in which citizens of one state were the plaintiffs and the government of another state was the defendant. It did not disturb federal jurisdiction in cases in which a state government is a plaintiff and a citizen of another state the defendant.

text: The power of the federal courts extends both to civil actions for damages and other redress, and to criminal cases arising under federal law. The interplay of the Supremacy Clause and Article III has resulted in a complex set of relationships between state and federal courts. Federal courts can sometimes hear cases arising under state law pursuant to diversity jurisdiction, state courts can decide certain matters involving federal law, and a handful of federal claims are primarily reserved by federal statute to the state courts (for example, those arising from the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991). Both court systems thus can be said to have exclusive jurisdiction in some areas and concurrent jurisdiction in others.

text: The U.S. Constitution safeguards judicial independence by providing that federal judges shall hold office "during good behavior"; in practice, this usually means they serve until they die, retire, or resign. A judge who commits an offense while in office may be impeached in the same way as the president or other officials of the federal government. U.S. judges are appointed by the president, subject to confirmation by the Senate. Another Constitutional provision prohibits Congress from reducing the pay of any Article III judge (Congress is able to set a lower salary for all future judges that take office after the reduction, but may not decrease the rate of pay for judges already in office).

text: Relationships between state and federal courts

text: Separate from, but not entirely independent of, this federal court system are the court systems of each state, each dealing with, in addition to federal law when not deemed preempted, a state's own laws, and having its own court rules and procedures. Although state governments and the federal government are legally dual sovereigns, the Supreme Court of the United States is in many cases the appellate court from the State Supreme Courts (e.g., absent the Court countenancing the applicability of the doctrine of adequate and independent State grounds). The Supreme Courts of each state are by this doctrine the final authority on the interpretation of the applicable state's laws and Constitution. Many state constitution provisions are equal in breadth to those of the U.S. Constitution, but are considered "parallel" (thus, where, for example, the right to privacy pursuant to a state constitution is broader than the federal right to privacy, and the asserted ground is explicitly held to be "independent", the question can be finally decided in a State Supreme Court—the U.S. Supreme Court will decline to take jurisdiction).

text: A State Supreme Court, other than of its own accord, is bound only by the U.S. Supreme Court's interpretation of federal law, but is not bound by interpretation of federal law by the federal court of appeals for the federal circuit in which the state is included, or even the federal district courts located in the state, a result of the dual sovereigns concept. Conversely, a federal district court hearing a matter involving only a question of state law (usually through diversity jurisdiction) must apply the substantive law of the state in which the court sits, a result of the application of the Erie Doctrine; however, at the same time, the case is heard under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and the Federal Rules of Evidence instead of state procedural rules (that is, the application of the Erie Doctrine only extends to a requirement that a federal court asserting diversity jurisdiction apply substantive state law, but not procedural state law, which may be different). Together, the laws of the federal and state governments form U.S. law.

text: Elections and voting

text: Suffrage, commonly known as the ability to vote, has changed significantly over time. In the early years of the United States, voting was considered a matter for state governments, and was commonly restricted to white men who owned land. Direct elections were mostly held only for the U.S. House of Representatives and state legislatures, although what specific bodies were elected by the electorate varied from state to state. Under this original system, both senators representing each state in the U.S. Senate were chosen by a majority vote of the state legislature. Since the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, members of both houses of Congress have been directly elected. Today, U.S. citizens have almost universal suffrage under equal protection of the laws[16] from the age of 18,[17] regardless of race,[18] gender,[19] or wealth.[20] The only significant exception to this is the disenfranchisement of convicted felons, and in some states former felons as well.

text: Under the U.S. Constitution, the national representation of U.S. territories and the federal district of Washington, D.C. in Congress is limited: while residents of the District of Columbia are subject to federal laws and federal taxes, their only congressional representative is a non-voting delegate; however, they have been allowed to participate in presidential elections since March 29, 1961.[21] Residents of U.S. territories have varying rights; for example, only some residents of Puerto Rico pay federal income taxes (though all residents must pay all other federal taxes, including import/export taxes, federal commodity taxes and federal payroll taxes, including Social Security and Medicare). All federal laws that are "not locally inapplicable" are automatically the law of the land in Puerto Rico but their current representation in the U.S. Congress is in the form of a Resident Commissioner, a nonvoting delegate.[22]

text: State, tribal, and local governments

text: The state governments tend to have the greatest influence over most Americans' daily lives. The Tenth Amendment prohibits the federal government from exercising any power not delegated to it by the States in the Constitution; as a result, states handle the majority of issues most relevant to individuals within their jurisdiction. Because state governments are not authorized to print currency, they generally have to raise revenue through either taxes or bonds. As a result, state governments tend to impose severe budget cuts or raise taxes any time the economy is faltering.[23]

text: Each state has its own written constitution, government and code of laws. The Constitution stipulates only that each state must have, "a Republican Government". Therefore, there are often great differences in law and procedure between individual states, concerning issues such as property, crime, health and education, amongst others. The highest elected official of each state is the Governor. Each state also has an elected state legislature (bicameralism is a feature of every state except Nebraska), whose members represent the voters of the state. Each state maintains its own state court system. In some states, supreme and lower court justices are elected by the people; in others, they are appointed, as they are in the federal system.

text: As a result of the Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia, American Indian tribes are considered "domestic dependent nations" that operate as sovereign governments subject to federal authority but, in some cases, outside of the jurisdiction of state governments. Hundreds of laws, executive orders and court cases have modified the governmental status of tribes vis-à-vis individual states, but the two have continued to be recognized as separate bodies. Tribal governments vary in robustness, from a simple council used to manage all aspects of tribal affairs, to large and complex bureaucracies with several branches of government. Tribes are currently encouraged to form their own governments, with power resting in elected tribal councils, elected tribal chairpersons, or religiously appointed leaders (as is the case with pueblos). Tribal citizenship and voting rights are typically restricted to individuals of native descent, but tribes are free to set whatever citizenship requirements they wish.

text: The institutions that are responsible for local government within states are typically town, city, or county boards, water management districts, fire management districts, library districts and other similar governmental units which make laws that affect their particular area. These laws concern issues such as traffic, the sale of alcohol and the keeping of animals. The highest elected official of a town or city is usually the mayor. In New England, towns operate in a direct democratic fashion, and in some states, such as Rhode Island, Connecticut, and some parts of Massachusetts, counties have little or no power, existing only as geographic distinctions. In other areas, county governments have more power, such as to collect taxes and maintain law enforcement agencies.


document_title: Enthalpy of vaporization

question_text: latent heat of vaporization for water in j/kg

question_tokens: latent heat of vaporization for water in j / kg

text: Enthalpy of vaporization

text: Units[edit]

text: Values are usually quoted in J/mol or kJ/mol (molar enthalpy of vaporization), although kJ/kg or J/g (specific heat of vaporization), and older units like kcal/mol, cal/g and Btu/lb are sometimes still used, among others.

text: Enthalpy of condensation[edit]

text: The enthalpy of condensation (or heat of condensation) is by definition equal to the enthalpy of vaporization with the opposite sign: enthalpy changes of vaporization are always positive (heat is absorbed by the substance), whereas enthalpy changes of condensation are always negative (heat is released by the substance).

text: Thermodynamic background[edit]

text: The enthalpy of vaporization can be written as

text: It is equal to the increased internal energy of the vapor phase compared with the liquid phase, plus the work done against ambient pressure. The increase in the internal energy can be viewed as the energy required to overcome the intermolecular interactions in the liquid (or solid, in the case of sublimation). Hence helium has a particularly low enthalpy of vaporization, 0.0845 kJ/mol, as the van der Waals forces between helium atoms are particularly weak. On the other hand, the molecules in liquid water are held together by relatively strong hydrogen bonds, and its enthalpy of vaporization, 40.65 kJ/mol, is more than five times the energy required to heat the same quantity of water from 0 °C to 100 °C (cp = 75.3 J K−1 mol−1). Care must be taken, however, when using enthalpies of vaporization to measure the strength of intermolecular forces, as these forces may persist to an extent in the gas phase (as is the case with hydrogen fluoride), and so the calculated value of the bond strength will be too low. This is particularly true of metals, which often form covalently bonded molecules in the gas phase: in these cases, the enthalpy of atomization must be used to obtain a true value of the bond energy.

text: An alternative description is to view the enthalpy of condensation as the heat which must be released to the surroundings to compensate for the drop in entropy when a gas condenses to a liquid. As the liquid and gas are in equilibrium at the boiling point (Tb), ΔvG = 0, which leads to:

text: As neither entropy nor enthalpy vary greatly with temperature, it is normal to use the tabulated standard values without any correction for the difference in temperature from 298 K. A correction must be made if the pressure is different from 100 kPa, as the entropy of a gas is proportional to its pressure (or, more precisely, to its fugacity): the entropies of liquids vary little with pressure, as the compressibility of a liquid is small.

text:
These two definitions are equivalent: the boiling point is the temperature at which the increased entropy of the gas phase overcomes the intermolecular forces. As a given quantity of matter always has a higher entropy in the gas phase than in a condensed phase (

Δ

v

S

{\displaystyle \Delta \,_{v}S}

 is always positive), and from

text: the Gibbs free energy change falls with increasing temperature: gases are favored at higher temperatures, as is observed in practice.

text: Vaporization enthalpy of electrolyte solutions[edit]

text: Estimation of the enthalpy of vaporization of electrolyte solutions can be simply carried out using equations based on the chemical thermodynamic models, such as Pitzer model[1] or TCPC model.[2]

text: Selected values[edit]

text: Elements[edit]

text:
v
t
e

Enthalpies of vaporization of the elements

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

Group →

↓ Period

1
H0.44936

He0.0845

2
Li145.92
Be292.40

B489.7
C355.8
N2.7928
O3.4099
F3.2698
Ne1.7326

3
Na96.96
Mg127.4

Al293.4
Si300
P12.129
S1.7175
Cl10.2
Ar6.447

4
K79.87
Ca153.6
Sc314.2
Ti421
V452
Cr344.3
Mn226
Fe349.6
Co376.5
Ni370.4
Cu300.3
Zn115.3
Ga258.7
Ge330.9
As34.76
Se26.3
Br15.438
Kr9.029

5
Rb72.216
Sr144
Y363
Zr581.6
Nb696.6
Mo598
Tc660
Ru595
Rh493
Pd357
Ag250.58
Cd100
In231.5
Sn295.8
Sb77.14
Te52.55
I20.752
Xe12.636

6
Cs67.74
Ba142

Hf575
Ta743
W824
Re715
Os627.6
Ir604
Pt510
Au334.4
Hg59.229
Tl164.1
Pb177.7
Bi104.8
Po60.1
At27.2
Rn16.4

7
Frn/a
Ra37

Rfn/a
Dbn/a
Sgn/a
Bhn/a
Hsn/a
Mtn/a
Dsn/a
Rgn/a
Cnn/a
Nhn/a
Fln/a
Mcn/a
Lvn/a
Tsn/a
Ogn/a

La414
Ce414
Prn/a
Ndn/a
Pmn/a
Smn/a
Eun/a
Gdn/a
Tbn/a
Dyn/a
Hon/a
Ern/a
Tmn/a
Ybn/a
Lun/a

Acn/a
Th514.4
Pan/a
Un/a
Npn/a
Pun/a
Amn/a
Cmn/a
Bkn/a
Cfn/a
Esn/a
Fmn/a
Mdn/a
Non/a
Lrn/a

Enthalpy in kJ/mol, measured at their respective normal boiling points

0–10 kJ/mol
10–100 kJ/mol
100–300 kJ/mol
>300 kJ/mol

tag: table

text: The vaporization of metals is a key step in metal vapor synthesis, which exploits the increased reactivity of metal atoms or small particles relative to the bulk elements.

text: Other common substances[edit]

text: Enthalpies of vaporization of common substances, measured at their respective standard boiling points:

text:
Compound
Boiling Point at normal pressure
Heat of vaporization
(J mol−1)
Heat of vaporization
(J g−1)

Acetone
329 K, 56 °C, 133 °F
31300
538.9

Aluminium
2792 K, 2519 °C, 4566 °F
294000
10500

Ammonia
240 K, −33.34 °C, −28 °F
23350
1371

Butane
272–274 K, −1 °C, 30–34 °F
21000
320

Diethyl ether
307.8 K, 34.6 °C, 94.3 °F
26170
353.1

Ethanol
352 K, 78.37 °C, 173 °F
38600
841

Hydrogen
20.271 K, -252.879 °C, -423.182 °F
460[dubious – discuss]
451.9

Iron
3134 K, 2862 °C, 5182 °F
340000
6090

Isopropyl alcohol
356 K, 82.6 °C, 181 °F
44000
732.2

Methane
112 K, −161 °C, −259 °F
8170
480.6

Methanol
338 K, 64.7 °C, 148 °F
35200[3]
1104

Propane
231 K,-42 °C, −44 °F
15700
356

Phosphine
185 K, −87.7 °C, −126 °F
14600
429.4

Water
373.15 K, 100 °C, 212 °F
40660
2257


document_title: Hacienda (resort)

question_text: what hotel replaced the hacienda in las vegas

text: Hacienda (resort)

text:
Hacienda Hotel, Resort and Casino

Location
Paradise, Nevada

Address
3950 Las Vegas Blvd S

Opening date
October 17, 1956

Closing date
December 10, 1996; 21 years ago (December 10, 1996)

Theme
Mexican

No. of rooms
1,980

Permanent shows
Lance Burton (1991-96)

Notable restaurants
Hacienda Grille

Casino type
Land-based

Owner
Circus Circus Enterprises (1995-1996)

Architect
Homer A. Rissman

Renovated in
1967, 1979, 1982, 1988, 1990

Coordinates
36°5′19″N 115°10′39″W / 36.08861°N 115.17750°W / 36.08861; -115.17750

text: The Hacienda Resort Hotel and Casino was a hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, that operated from 1956 to 1996. It was one of a chain of four Hacienda properties, with the other three being located in Fresno, Bakersfield, and Indio, California. Each Hacienda featured a distinctive horse and rider sign; the Las Vegas sign is now prominently displayed at the Neon Museum.

text: Located by itself on the far south end of the Las Vegas Strip, it was the first resort seen by tourists driving up from California. Since it was so far from the other resorts at the time, many people who stayed at the Hacienda would not go elsewhere. The Hacienda was also located close to McCarran International Airport, and at one point they had their own airline, Hacienda Airlines, to fly in gamblers from all over the US. The Hacienda was known for their inexpensive, all-inclusive junkets marketed to American Midwestern retirees.

text: History[edit]

text: Work on the Lady Luck Hotel had begun by 1953.[1] Before construction reached the halfway mark, the projects' financing fell apart, and management was denied a gaming license by state regulators.[1] One of the investors, Warren "Doc" Bayley, a travel columnist and owner of the Hacienda Motel in Fresno, stepped in to take over, agreeing to lease the property for $55,000 per month for 15 years.[1][2] He changed the name from Lady Luck to Hacienda.[1]

text: The Hacienda opened on October 17, 1956, at a cost of $6 million, with 266 rooms and the largest swimming pool on the Strip.[3] Bayley formed Hacienda Airlines in 1957. Offering packages that included transportation from Los Angeles to the Hacienda as well as a room and some casino chips.[4] The airline included DC-3s, DC-4s and Lockheed Constellations numbering as many as 30 aircraft.[4]

text: After Bayley's death in 1965, his widow, Judith Bayley, took over management.[1] After her death, the property was sold in 1972 for $5 million to a group led by Allen R. Glick,[5] who was later revealed as a frontman for organized crime interests.[6]

text: In 1977, Paul Lowden, the Hacienda's entertainment director and owner of a 15% stake, bought out Glick and the other owners for $21 million. The Gaming Control Board voted to deny Lowden a license due to his association with Glick, but was overruled by the Gaming Commission.[6]

text: Magician Herbert L. Becker produced, directed and wrote his own show at the Hacienda beginning in 1977. The show ran for two years, on a staggered schedule before Becker went into retirement.

text: Magician Lance Burton also produced, directed and wrote his own show at the Hacienda beginning in 1991. The show ran for five years before Burton moved to the Monte Carlo Resort and Casino.

text: In 1995, the Hacienda was purchased by Circus Circus Enterprises from Lowden's Archon Corporation.[7] By this time, it was dwarfed by the many new megaresorts that were being built, in particular the Luxor which had just been recently completed. On December 10, 1996, the Hacienda was closed to the public after 40 years, and imploded later that month. This implosion was broadcast on the Fox Network as a part of their New Year's Eve 1996 telecast. Despite the implosion, parts of the old resort still stood, due to the building not falling into its footprint, but toppling into its parking lot. The next day a wrecking crew was brought in to bring down the remaining parts.

text: In March 1999, it was replaced by the Mandalay Bay.

text: The Hacienda name was licensed to the Hacienda Hotel and Casino in Boulder City.


document_title: 2015 Cricket World Cup Final

question_text: which team won the world cup 2015 who did they defeat

text: 2015 Cricket World Cup Final

text: Background[edit]

text: The 2015 Cricket World Cup started on 14 February and was co-hosted by New Zealand and Australia across 14 venues. Fourteen teams were divided into two pools of seven, with the top four from each pool progressing to the quarter-finals.[3] The final was played on 29 March and was a day-nighter contested between New Zealand and Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.[4]

text: It was New Zealand's first World Cup Final.[5] They had previously lost the semi-final on six occasions between 1975 and 2011. Australia played in their record seventh final, having won four (1987, 1999, 2003 and 2007) and lost two (1975, 1996).

text: It was the second consecutive time that two co-hosts contested the final: in 2011, India defeated Sri Lanka in the final while a third co-host Bangladesh exited in the pool stages. It was also the first time since 1987 that there was no Asian team in the final.[6]

text: The match was also the last One Day International (ODI) for Australian captain Michael Clarke (who announced that he would retire before the match),[7] Brad Haddin,[8] and New Zealand's Daniel Vettori,[9] the latter two announcing their retirements after the match.

text: Road to the final[edit]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: New Zealand finished top of Pool A, winning all six games against Sri Lanka, Scotland, England, Australia, Afghanistan and Bangladesh.[10] They faced the West Indies in the quarter-final at the Wellington Regional Stadium, winning by 143 runs. Martin Guptil scored 237 individual runs when New Zealand batted, the highest score at any World Cup and the second highest in ODI matches.[11] In the semi-final at Auckland's Eden Park by 4 wickets in a rain-affected match against South Africa, with Grant Elliott hitting a six off the penultimate ball to win the game.[5][12]

text: Australia[edit]

text: Australia finished second in Pool A, losing against New Zealand, having a game cancelled due to rain against Bangladesh[13] and winning their other four matches. In their quarter-final, they defeated Pakistan by 6 wickets at the Adelaide Oval, with Josh Hazlewood taking 4 wickets to help restrict Pakistan to 213 runs.[14] They then qualified for the final by beating defending champions India by 95 runs in the semi-final at the Sydney Cricket Ground. Man of the match was Steven Smith, who scored 105 runs for Australia.[15]

text: Buildup[edit]

text: Australia entered the final as strong favourites to win.[16] Australia had a strong record at home, winning 24 of their last 26 games and former Australian cricketer Matthew Hayden suggested New Zealand would struggle with the larger field size at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), especially after playing all their tournament games on the smaller New Zealand grounds. At the MCG Australia had won their last six matches, although they did lose the last time they played New Zealand there in 2009.[17] Former Australia captain Ricky Ponting stated that Australia were overwhelming favourites and one could not find a weakness in the Australian team.[18]

text: New Zealand's captain, Brendon McCullum, maintained an aggressive approach throughout the tournament,[19] and said the final match would be no different.[20] Australia's captain Michael Clarke said the loss against New Zealand during the group stages gave his side the "kick up the backside" they needed.[21]

text: Match[edit]

text: Umpires[edit]

text: The match was umpired by Sri Lanka's Kumar Dharmasena and England's Richard Kettleborough, both of whom were on the Elite Panel of ICC Umpires.[22] Kettleborough was named the ICC umpire of the year in 2013 and 2014[23] with Dharmasena winning the award in 2012.[24] Dharmasena was part of the Sri Lanka team which won the 1996 final against Australia, and became the first person to feature in the final as a player and as an umpire.[22] Sri Lankan Ranjan Madugalle was the match referee, South Africa's Marais Erasmus was the TV umpire and former England ODI international cricketer Ian Gould was the fourth umpire.[22]

text: Details[edit]

text: New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat. Brendon McCullum was bowled in the fifth ball of the first over by Mitchell Starc. By the time the second wicket had fallen, that of Martin Guptill, New Zealand were making slow progress and were 38 for 2 from 12 overs. Kane Williamson was caught and bowled the following over by Mitchell Johnson for 12 runs, followed by a maiden from Josh Hazlewood. By the halfway mark, New Zealand were 93 for 3 with Grant Elliott on 39 and Ross Taylor on 20. Taylor lasted until the 36th over when he was caught behind off the bowling of James Faulkner for 40. Faulkner enhanced his wicket maiden by bowling Corey Anderson for a duck, with New Zealand on 150 for 5 after 36 overs. Clarke caught Luke Ronchi from Starc's bowling for a duck and Daniel Vettori was dismissed three overs later for eight, leaving New Zealand on 167 for 7 from 41 overs. Elliot fell to Faulkner the following over, caught by Brad Haddin for 83, leaving both Matt Henry and Tim Southee at the crease on zero. Both were dismissed in the 45th over, Henry caught by Johnson off Starc and Southee run out. New Zealand's innings closed with them 183 all out.[25]

text: Australia's start was equally ignominious with Aaron Finch being caught and bowled by Trent Boult in the second over for a duck. By the end of the tenth over, Australia were 56 for 1, with David Warner on 39 and Steve Smith on 13.[26] Warner was dismissed in the 13th over for 45, being caught by Elliott off the bowling of Henry but Australia remained resolute to end the 20th over on 98 for 2, Clarke on 21 and the steady Smith on 25. By the end of the 30th over, Clarke, who received the majority of deliveries, was on 57 while Smith had 47. Clarke was dismissed in the 32nd, bowled by Henry for 74, but by now Australia required just nine runs from 113 deliveries.[27] Shane Watson came in to support Smith as he struck the winning shot, a four off Henry from the first ball of the 34th over, to win the match by seven wickets.[25]

text: Australian captain Clarke dedicated the victory to Phillip Hughes who had died after being struck on the neck by a bouncer the previous November.[28]

text:
29 March 2015
14:30 (D/N)
Scorecard

text:
New Zealand
183 (45 overs)

v

 Australia
186/3 (33.1 overs)

Grant Elliott 83 (82)
Mitchell Johnson 3/30 (9 overs)

Michael Clarke 74 (72)
Matt Henry 2/46 (9.1 overs)

text:
Australia won by 7 wickets
Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne
Attendance: 93,013
Umpires: Kumar Dharmasena (SL) and Richard Kettleborough (Eng)
Player of the match: James Faulkner (Aus)

text:
New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat.
Australia won the Cricket World Cup for the fifth time.[29][30]
This was the last ODI played by Michael Clarke (Aus),[7] Brad Haddin (Aus),[8] Daniel Vettori (NZ)[9] and Mitchell Johnson (Aus).[31]
The crowd of 93,013 was the largest in the history of cricket in Australia, beating the previous record of 91,112 for a Test match on 26 December 2013. The country's previous ODI record crowd was 87,182 for the 1992 final.[32]

text:
New Zealand batting[33]

Player
Status
Runs
Balls
4s
6s
Strike rate

Martin Guptill
b Maxwell
15
34
1
1
44.11

Brendon McCullum
b Starc
0
3
0
0
0.00

Kane Williamson
c & b Johnson
12
33
1
0
36.36

Ross Taylor
c Haddin b Faulkner
40
72
2
0
55.55

Grant Elliott
c Haddin b Faulkner
83
82
7
1
101.21

Corey Anderson
b Faulkner
0
2
0
0
0.00

Luke Ronchi
c Clarke b Starc
0
4
0
0
0.00

Daniel Vettori
b Johnson
9
21
1
0
42.85

Tim Southee
run out (Maxwell)
11
11
0
1
100.00

Matt Henry
c Starc b Johnson
0
7
0
0
0.00

Trent Boult
not out
0
1
0
0
0.00

Extras
(lb 7, w 6)
13

Total
(all out; 45 overs)
183

text: Fall of wickets: 1–1 (McCullum, 0.5 ov), 2–33 (Guptill, 11.2 ov), 3–39 (Williamson, 12.2 ov), 4–150 (Taylor, 35.1 ov), 5–150 (Anderson, 35.3 ov), 6–151 (Ronchi, 36.2 ov), 7–167 (Vettori, 40.6 ov), 8–171 (Elliott, 41.5 ov), 9–182 (Henry, 44.5 ov), 10–183 (Southee, 44.6 ov)

text:
Australian bowling[33]

Bowler
Overs
Maidens
Runs
Wickets
Econ

Mitchell Starc
8
0
20
2
2.50

Josh Hazlewood
8
2
30
0
5.75

Mitchell Johnson
9
0
30
3
3.33

Glenn Maxwell
7
0
37
1
5.28

James Faulkner
9
1
36
3
4.00

Shane Watson
4
0
23
0
5.75

text:
Australian batting[33]

Player
Status
Runs
Balls
4s
6s
Strike rate

David Warner
c Elliott b Henry
45
46
7
0
97.82

Aaron Finch
c & b Boult
0
5
0
0
0.00

Steve Smith
not out
56
71
3
0
78.87

Michael Clarke
b Henry
74
72
10
1
102.77

Shane Watson
not out
2
5
0
0
40.00

Glenn Maxwell

James Faulkner

Brad Haddin

Mitchell Johnson

Mitchell Starc

Josh Hazlewood

Extras
(lb 3, w 6)
9

Total
(3 wickets; 33.1 overs)
186

text: Fall of wickets: 1–2 (Finch, 1.4 ov), 2–63 (Warner, 12.2 ov), 3–175 (Clarke, 31.1 ov)

text:
New Zealand bowling[33]

Bowler
Overs
Maidens
Runs
Wickets
Econ

Tim Southee
8
0
65
0
8.12

Trent Boult
10
0
40
1
4.00

Daniel Vettori
5
0
25
0
5.00

Matt Henry
9.1
0
46
2
5.01

Corey Anderson
1
0
7
0
7.00

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
New Zealand batting against Australia during the match

Australian team after the win against New Zealand

LED display congratulating Australia on winning the World Cup

Australia lifting the trophy (view from behind)

England will host the next World Cup in 2019

Supporters gather at Federation Square, Melbourne to celebrate Australia's fifth World Cup win

A Reporter during celebrations at Federation Square, Melbourne