document_title: Captain Phillips (film)

question_text: what was the name of captain phillip's ship

question_tokens: what was the name of captain phillip 's ship

text: Captain Phillips (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Richard Phillips takes command of MV Maersk Alabama, an unarmed container ship from the Port of Salalah in Oman, with orders to sail through the Gulf of Aden to Mombasa, Kenya. Wary of pirate activity off the coast of the Horn of Africa, he and First Officer Shane Murphy order strict security precautions on the vessel and carry out practice drills. During a drill, the vessel is chased by Somali pirates in two skiffs, and Phillips calls for help. Knowing that the pirates are listening to radio traffic, he pretends to call a warship, requesting immediate air support. One skiff turns around in response, and the other – manned by four heavily armed pirates led by Abduwali Muse – loses engine power trying to steer through Maersk Alabama's wake.

text: The next day, Muse's skiff, now fitted with two outboard engines, returns with the same four pirates aboard. Despite the best efforts of Phillips and his crew, the pirates secure their ladder to the Maersk Alabama. As they board, Phillips tells the crew to hide in the engine room and allows himself to be captured. He offers Muse the $30,000 in the ship's safe, but Muse's orders are to ransom the ship and crew in exchange for millions of dollars of insurance money from the shipping company. While they search the ship, Murphy sees that the youngest pirate Bilal does not have sandals and tells the crew to line the engine room hallway with broken glass. Chief Engineer Mike Perry cuts power to the ship, plunging the lower decks into darkness. Bilal cuts his feet when they reach the engine room, and Muse continues to search alone. The crew members ambush Muse, holding him at knifepoint, and arrange to release him and the other pirates into a lifeboat. However, Muse's right-hand man Nour Najee refuses to board the lifeboat with Muse unless Phillips goes with them. Once all are on the lifeboat, Najee attacks Phillips, forcing him into the vessel before launching the boat with all five of them on board.

text: As the lifeboat heads for Somalia, tensions flare between the pirates as they run low on the plant-based amphetamine khat and lose contact with their mother ship. Najee becomes agitated and tries to convince the others to kill Phillips. They are later intercepted by the U.S. Navy destroyer USS Bainbridge. Bainbridge's captain Frank Castellano is ordered to prevent the pirates from reaching the Somali coast by any means necessary. Even when additional ships arrive, Muse asserts that he has come too far and will not surrender. The negotiators are unable to change his mind and a DEVGRU SEAL team parachutes in to intervene, while Phillips makes an unsuccessful attempt to escape from the lifeboat before being quickly recaptured and repeatedly beaten by Najee.

text: While three SEAL marksmen get into positions, Castellano and the SEALs continue to try to find a peaceful solution, eventually taking the lifeboat under tow. Muse agrees to board Bainbridge, where he is told that his clan elders have arrived to negotiate Phillips's ransom. In the lifeboat, Phillips prepares a goodbye letter to his wife in case he is killed, while Najee decides to take full control. Najee spots Phillips writing the letter and beats him further. Phillips retaliates by wrestling Najee until Bilal subdues Phillips by striking him in the back with his AK-47, injuring him. Najee convinces Bilal and Elmi that Phillips must be killed. The pirates tie up and blindfold Phillips, leaving him to say his final goodbyes. As the pirates prepare to shoot Phillips, Bainbridge's crew stops the tow, causing Bilal and Najee to lose balance. This gives the marksmen three clear shots and they simultaneously kill all three pirates. Muse is arrested and taken into custody for piracy. Phillips is rescued from the lifeboat and treated. Although in shock and disoriented, he thanks the rescue team for saving his life.

text: Before the credits it is revealed Richard Phillips soon returned to sea after his recovery while Abduwali Muse was sentenced to 33 years in jail for orchestrating the hijacking of the Maersk Alabama, and the kidnap and attempted murder of Richard Phillips.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Hanks as Richard "Rich" Phillips / "Irish", captain of MV Maersk Alabama
Barkhad Abdi as Abduwali Muse, pirate leader
Barkhad Abdirahman as Adan Bilal
Faysal Ahmed as Nour Najee
Mahat M. Ali as Walid Elmi
Catherine Keener as Andrea Phillips
Michael Chernus as Shane Murphy, first officer of MV Maersk Alabama
David Warshofsky as Mike Perry, chief engineer, MV Maersk Alabama
Corey Johnson as Ken Quinn, helmsman, MV Maersk Alabama
Chris Mulkey as John Cronan, senior crew member, MV Maersk Alabama
Mark Holden as William Rios, boatswain, MV Maersk Alabama
Yul Vazquez as Commander Frank Castellano, commanding officer, USS Bainbridge
Max Martini as U.S. Navy SEAL commander
Omar Berdouni as Nemo, Somali-language translator working for the U.S. Navy as part of Mission Essential[7]
Mohamed Ali as Assad
Issak Farah Samatar as Hufan

text: Uncredited:

text:
Hospital Corpsman Second Class Danielle Albert as Chief Hospital Corpsman O'Brien[8][9]
Fire Control Technician First Class (SW) Nathan Cobler as Hospital Corpsman First Class Cobler[8]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Sony Pictures optioned the film rights shortly after the publication of Richard Phillips' memoir A Captain's Duty in 2010. In March 2011, actor Tom Hanks attached himself to the project after reading a draft of the screenplay by Billy Ray.[10] Director Paul Greengrass was offered the helm of the untitled film adaptation during the following June.[11] A worldwide search subsequently began to find the film's supporting Somali cast. From this search, Barkhad Abdi, Barkhad Abdirahman, Faysal Ahmed, and Mahat M. Ali were chosen from among more than 700 participants at a 2011 casting call at the Brian Coyle Community Center in Cedar-Riverside, Minneapolis. The four actors were selected, according to search casting director Debbie DeLisi, because they were "the chosen ones, that anointed group that stuck out."[12]

text: Producers visited the National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum to see the bullet-scarred, five-ton fiberglass lifeboat aboard which the pirates held Capt. Phillips hostage so that they could accurately re-create the boat and interiors for the set.[N 1] They were also able to view an example of the Boeing Insitu ScanEagle UAV used to monitor the crisis,[14] as well as the Mark 11 Mod 0 (SR-25) sniper rifle (the type used by the U.S. Navy SEALs), both also on display at the museum.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for Captain Phillips began on March 26, 2012.[15] Filming took place off the coast of Malta in the Mediterranean Sea.[4][16] Nine weeks were spent filming aboard the Alexander Maersk, a container ship identical to the Maersk Alabama; it was chartered on commercial terms.[17] The USS Truxtun, an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer and sister ship of USS Bainbridge, served as a set piece in the film.[18]

text: Music[edit]

text: The film score to Captain Phillips was composed by Henry Jackman.[19] A soundtrack album for the film was released in physical forms on October 15, 2013 by Varèse Sarabande.[20] Additional songs featured in the film include:[21]

text:
"Up in Here" by KOVAS
"Hilm B Hilm" by Musa Hanhan
"Wonderful Tonight" by Eric Clapton
"The End" by John Powell, a track from Greengrass' 2006 film United 93

text: Release[edit]

text: Box Office[edit]

text: Captain Phillips grossed $107.1 million in North America and $111.7 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $218.8 million, against its budget of $55 million.[2] It made a net profit of $39 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.[22]

text: The film grossed $25.7 million in its opening weekend, finishing second place at the box office behind Gravity ($43.2 million).

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Captain Phillips premiered on September 20, 2013, opening the 2013 New York Film Festival. The film was praised for its direction, screenplay, production values, cinematography, and the performances of Tom Hanks and Barkhad Abdi.[23][24][25] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 93% based on 248 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Smart, powerfully acted, and incredibly intense, Captain Phillips offers filmgoers a Hollywood biopic done right -- and offers Tom Hanks a showcase for yet another brilliant performance."[26] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 83 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[27]

text: The film was nominated for four Golden Globe Awards, including Best Picture (Drama), Best Actor in a Drama (Hanks), Best Supporting Actor (Abdi) and Best Director (Greengrass).[28] It did not win in any of the categories.[29] The film was also nominated for nine British Academy Film Awards, including Best Film, Best Direction (Greengrass), Best Actor (Hanks), Best Supporting Actor (Abdi), and Best Adapted Screenplay.[30] Abdi won the film's only award for Best Supporting Actor.[31] The film was also nominated for six Academy Awards; Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor (Abdi), Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Film Editing, Best Sound Mixing, and Best Sound Editing.[5] It did not win in any of the categories.[6]

text: Film critic Top Ten lists[edit]

text: Various American critics have named the film as one of the best of 2013.[32]

text:
1st – Kenneth Turan, Los Angeles Times
2nd – Empire
3rd – Lou Lumenick, New York Post
3rd – Roger Moore, Movie Nation
4th – Rafer Guzmán, Newsday
4th – Anne Thompson, Indiewire
5th – Christopher Orr, The Atlantic
5th – Chris Nastawaty, Entertainment Weekly
5th – Kyle Smith, New York Post
5th – Matt Singer, The Dissolve
5th – Christopher Rosen & Mike Ryan, Huffington Post
6th – Richard Roeper, Chicago Sun-Times
6th – Mara Reinstein, Us Weekly
6th – Randy Myers, San Jose Mercury News
6th – Mick LaSalle, San Francisco Chronicle
7th – Richard Lawson, Vanity Fair
7th – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone
7th – Joe Neumaier, New York Daily News
8th – Sasha Stone, Awards Daily
8th – Lisa Kennedy, Denver Post
8th – Barbara Vancheri, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
9th – Genevieve Koski, The Dissolve
9th – Mike Scott, The Times-Picayune
9th – James Berardinelli, Reelviews
Best of 2013 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – David Denby, The New Yorker
Best of 2013 (listed alphabetically, not ranked) – Manohla Dargis, The New York Times

text: Home media[edit]

text: Captain Phillips was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on January 21, 2014.[33]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Awards

Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref.

AACTA International Awards
Best Film
Captain Phillips
Nominated
[34]

Best Direction
Paul Greengrass
Nominated

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Academy Awards
Best Picture
Scott Rudin, Dana Brunetti and Michael De Luca
Nominated
[5][6]

Best Supporting Actor
Barkhad Abdi
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
Billy Ray
Nominated

Best Film Editing
Christopher Rouse
Nominated

Best Sound Editing
Oliver Tarney
Nominated

Best Sound Mixing
Chris Burdon, Mark Taylor, Mike Prestwood Smith and Chris Munro
Nominated

Alliance of Women Film Journalists
Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Barkhad Abdi
Nominated

Best Screenplay, Adapted
Billy Ray
Nominated

Best Editing
Christopher Rouse
Nominated

American Cinema Editors
Best Edited Feature Film – Dramatic
Christopher Rouse
Won
[35]

American Film Institute
Top Ten Films of the Year
Captain Phillips
Won
[36]

American Society of Cinematographers
Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases
Barry Ackroyd
Nominated

Art Directors Guild
Excellence in Production Design – Contemporary Film
Paul Kirby
Nominated
[37]

Black Reel Awards
Best Supporting Actor
Barkhad Abdi
Won
[38]

Best Breakthrough Performance – Male
Barkhad Abdi
Won

British Academy Film Awards
Best Film
Captain Phillips
Nominated
[30][31]

Best Director
Paul Greengrass
Nominated

Best Actor in a Leading Role
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Barkhad Abdi
Won

Best Adapted Screenplay
Billy Ray
Nominated

Best Cinematography
Barry Ackroyd
Nominated

Best Original Music
Henry Jackman
Nominated

Best Editing
Christopher Rouse
Nominated

Best Sound
Captain Phillips
Nominated

Casting Society of America
Big Budget Drama
Francine Maisler and Donna M. Belajac
Nominated
[39]

Chicago Film Critics Association
Best Supporting Actor
Barkhad Abdi
Nominated
[40]

Most Promising Performer
Barkhad Abdi
Nominated

Cinema Audio Society
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing – Motion Picture – Live Action
Chris Munro, Mike Prestwood Smith, Chris Burdon, Mark Taylor, Al Clay, Howard London and Glen Gathard
Nominated
[41]

Detroit Film Critics Society
Best Director
Paul Greengrass
Nominated
[42]

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
Barkhad Abdi
Nominated

Directors Guild of America Awards
Outstanding Direction – Feature Film
Paul Greengrass
Nominated
[43]

Empire Awards
Best Film
Captain Phillips
Nominated
[44]

Best Thriller
Captain Phillips
Nominated

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Director
Paul Greengrass
Nominated

Best Male Newcomer
Barkhad Abdi
Nominated

Golden Globe Awards
Best Motion Picture – Drama
Captain Phillips
Nominated
[28][29]

Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture
Barkhad Abdi
Nominated

Best Director
Paul Greengrass
Nominated

London Film Critics Circle
Actor of the Year
Tom Hanks
Nominated
[45][46]

Supporting Actor of the Year
Barkhad Abdi
Won

Director of the Year
Paul Greengrass
Nominated

Motion Picture Sound Editors
Best Sound Editing: Sound Effects & Foley in a Feature Film
Oliver Tarney
Nominated
[47][48]

Best Sound Editing: Dialogue & ADR in a Feature Film
Oliver Tarney
Won

Online Film Critics Society
Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated
[49]

Best Supporting Actor
Barkhad Abdi
Nominated

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Dramatic Movie
Captain Phillips
Nominated
[50]

Producers Guild of America Awards
Best Theatrical Motion Picture
Captain Phillips
Nominated
[51]

San Diego Film Critics Society
Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated
[52]

Best Adapted Screenplay
Billy Ray
Nominated

Best Editing
Christopher Rouse
Won

San Francisco Film Critics Circle
Best Supporting Actor
Barkhad Abdi
Nominated

Best Editing
Christopher Rouse
Nominated

Satellite Awards
Best Film
Captain Phillips
Nominated
[53]

Best Director
Paul Greengrass
Nominated

Best Actor – Motion Picture
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Adapted Screenplay
Billy Ray
Nominated

Best Sound
Captain Phillips
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role
Tom Hanks
Nominated
[54]

Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role
Barkhad Abdi
Nominated

St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association
Best Supporting Actor
Barkhad Abdi
Nominated
[55]

Best Adapted Screenplay
Billy Ray
Nominated

Best Scene
The scene near the end of the film when Phillips is being checked out by military medical personnel and breaks down.
Nominated

USC Scripter Award
USC Libraries Scripter Award
Richard Philips, Stephan Talty and Billy Ray
Nominated
[56]

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
Best Adapted Screenplay
Billy Ray
Nominated
[57]

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: In a New York Post article, some of the crew members of the Maersk Alabama accused the film of being inaccurate in facts and the portrayal of Phillips, claiming that Phillips was not as heroic as the film depicts him.[58]

text: Mike Perry, the chief engineer of the Maersk Alabama, also asserted in a CNN interview that the film does not tell the true story.[59]

text: The film's director Paul Greengrass publicly stated that he "stands behind the authenticity of Captain Phillips," despite complaints of inaccuracy with how the film portrays the events surrounding the hijacking, and "at the end of the day, it is easy to make anonymous accusations against a film [...] but the facts are clear [...] Captain Phillips' ship was attacked, and the ship and the crew and its cargo made it safely to port with no injuries or loss of life [...] That's the story we told, and it's an accurate one."[60]

text: Phillips' first mate Shane Murphy stated in an interview with Vulture published on October 13, 2013 that he was satisfied with how the movie portrayed both Phillips and him, and stated that he was only disappointed that the film didn't show footage of the crews' families at home or the president's comments on the hijacking.[61]


document_title: Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 4

question_text: when does ultimate ninja storm 4 take place

root

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Ultimate Ninja Storm 4 features gameplay akin to that of previous games in the series, in which players battle each other in 3D arenas. A returning feature which was omitted since the original Ultimate Ninja Storm is the ability to Wall Run. Players will be able to dynamically take to battle to the sides of the arenas, and battle on the walls of each stage. A major change to the feature is the ability to have one character be on the wall, while the other stays on the field. Originally the second player was automatically moved to the wall, to keep the battle flowing and the system in check. The option to select one of three different fighting types has been removed, which was introduced in Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm Revolution, restoring the previous system of Ultimate Jutsu and Awakenings seen in the rest of the series. Another new feature is the ability to swap characters during battle, similar to games like Marvel vs. Capcom 3. Awakenings and ultimate jutsus from previous games also return, and can now be shared between the switchable characters, meaning players can build up their meter with one character, switch to the other and use said abilities with the other character. However, the characters will now all share the same life bar. Also new to the franchise is the ability to break weapons and armor, both in free battle and boss battles. To support this, they have added the ability to create elemental damage; For example, fire can burn away clothing. Players can, however, get rid of the fire by moving around quickly throughout the area or by getting hit with water attacks.

tag: p

text: Plot[edit]

text: The plot begins in the middle of the Fourth Shinobi World War fought by the Allied Shinobi Forces from the ninja villages where the ninja Naruto Uzumaki reveals the terrorist Tobi leading Akatsuki is Obito Uchiha, the best friend of Naruto's mentor Kakashi Hatake. As Obito and his partner Madara Uchiha manage to awake the legendary beast, the Ten Tails, Obito's partner Sasuke Uchiha has the late Konohagakure leaders, the Hokages, reanimated to learn about their the village's origins. After realizing that both his late brother Itachi and First Hokage Hashirama Senju fought to protect the village regardless the cost, Sasuke's team and the reanimated Hokage go to aid Naruto's group. In the fight, Naruto and Sasuke manage to defeat Obito after their enemy absorbed the powers of all Tailed Beasts. Madara tries defeats the Hokages and but when he tries to kill Naruto and Sasuke, the two ninjas awake new powers inherited from the Sage of the Six Paths. The duo then defeats Madara who is instead backstabbed by his partner Zetsu to turn him to Sage's mother, Kaguya. With the help of Kakashi and Sakura Haruno, Naruto and Sasuke seal manage to Kaguya though Obito dies in the battle trying to protect Kakashi. In the aftermath, Naruto and Sasuke engage in a final battle to decide the villages' status quo. Amazed by Naruto's decision, Sasuke gives up and leaves Konohagakure. The game ends with a time skip where Naruto has become the new Hokage and Sasuke returns to the village.

text: Development[edit]

text: Hiroshi Matsuyama stated that he wanted the game's life to be as long as possible. In order to achieve this, he and his team made significant changes to the game's combat mechanics, which will include a new system of strategy developed exclusively for the game, as well as changes to the game's internal combat and damage system. The team has also taken on board the feedback given from the Naruto gaming community and has focused on the addition of more story based elements, rather than the traditional jump from fight to fight. The game is set to feature the largest number of fighters in the series history. The roster will include 106 fighters from the entire Naruto universe, including characters from The Last: Naruto the Movie and Boruto: Naruto the Movie, also making Storm 4 the second game in the series after Naruto: Ultimate Ninja 2 to feature characters from a Naruto movie, as well as the first such game to be released internationally, since the guest character Doto Kazahana is only featured in the Japanese release of Ultimate Ninja 2. The game was playable to the public for the first time at Gamescom 2015. In August 2015, it was announced that the game would be delayed until February 2016.[2][1] The reason cited for the delay was to make the game more authentic and up-to-date.Kana-Boon sang the opening theme song with the title "spiral" (スパイラル, spiral).[1]

text: An expansion, titled Road to Boruto, which features elements from Boruto: Naruto the Movie, was released on February 3, 2017. The release of this expansion will mark the end of the franchise, as publisher Bandai Namco Entertainment decided to retire the series.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Reception

Aggregate score

Aggregator
Score

Metacritic
79/100[5] 80 (One)[6]

Review scores

Publication
Score

Destructoid
8/10[7]

GameSpot
7/10[8]

The Escapist
9/10[10]

Hardcore Gamer
3/5[11]

tag: table

text: On June 2016, TV Tokyo announced the title sold over 1.5 million copies worldwide.[12] On September 12, 2016, Bandai Namco Entertainment announced that Storm 4 had shipped 2 million units by that point.[13] In November 2017, it was announced that combined shipments of both the original game, Road to Boruto and digital sales reached a total of 3 million units.[14]

text: It has a score of 79% on Metacritic.[5] GameSpot awarded it 7 out of 10, saying "Everything, from the visual touches to the character interactions in and out of battle to the voiceovers, is meant to make Naruto fans happy--though the fact that there’s a fun little fighting game underneath certainly helps."[8] Destructoid awarded it a score of 8 out of 10, saying "It's an extravagant, over-the-top spectacle where you get to watch teenage ninjas blow up chunks of the planet using magic attacks, and that's pretty cool."[7] IGN awarded it a score of 5.5 out of 10, saying "Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm's strong combat is countered hard by poor AI and connection problems."[9] Hardcore Gamer awarded it 3 out of 5 and said "Ultimate Ninja Storm 4 has solid controls and an outstanding roster of characters, but suffers from too many flaws to allow the average gamer to drop $60 right now."[11] The Escapist awarded it 9 out of 10, saying "Naruto Shippuden Ultimate Ninja Storm 4 is solid, both in gameplay and narrative. It has been a long time since a fighting game has been this fun for me."[10]


document_title: Spike Island, County Cork

question_text: when did spike island close as a prison

question_tokens: when did spike island close as a prison

text: Spike Island, County Cork

text: History[edit]

text: Early history[edit]

text: The principal evidence for a monastic foundation on Spike Island comes from Archdall's Moanasticon Hibernicum,[3][9] which states that Saint Mochuada founded a monastery there in the 7th century. While this may be correct, another passage from the "Life of St Mochuada" implies that Mochuada was associated with a place called "Rahen" (rather than Spike).[10] A grant to Saint Thomas's Abbey in Dublin in 1178 of the Church of Saint Rusien on Spike Island[3] may lend credence to a monastic settlement - as the name and date both indicate a Celtic foundation. The ruins of a church are reported to exist on Spike Island in 1774.[11]

text: Ownership[edit]

text: The grant to St Thomas's abbey in 1178 coincides with the surrender of lands, including Spike Island, by Diarmid McCarthy King of Desmond to the Normans. In 1182 one Raymond Mangunel was granted or "enfeoffed" Spike Island.[12] There are no further recorded changes in ownership until 1427. In this year, records suggest that William, son of John Reych, granted to John Pyke, amongst other lands and premises, the lands of Innyspyge, in the Comte Cork. In 1490 Thomas Pyke granted to Maurice Ronan of Kinsale, his holdings in Spike Island. In the seventeenth century the island was in the possession of the Roche and Galwey families - until the rebellion of 1641 when these families forfeited possession of the island. Although this forfeiture was reversed on the accession of King Charles II of England in 1660, they did not regain possession. In 1698 the island was in the possession of Arnold Joost van Keppel 1st Earl of Albermarle who had accompanied William of Orange to England in 1688. In 1698 he conveyed the island to William Smith of Ballymore on the Great Island. In the 1770s, the island was in the hands of Nicholas Fitton.[13] It would seem that the government leased part of the island for fortifications in the 1770s while the owner remained in residence - the house only being demolished during the construction of the present fort. Eventually the entire island was rented and there are a number of references in Parliamentary Papers to the payment of rent for the island extending into the 1870s.[citation needed]

text: Military use and fortification of the island[edit]

text: Possibly used by smugglers for a time, a map of circa 1600 clearly shows some form of fortified tower on the island similar to a depiction of Belvelly Castle on the Great Island also shown.[14] The island's location at the entrance to Cork Harbour meant that the island held strategic importance - and it was a significant site in the French intervention following the Glorious Revolution (1689).

text: Temporary fortification[edit]

text: The first artillery fortification on the island was built in 1779. Its construction was prompted by the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775 and in particular[citation needed][15] by the entry of France (1778) and Spain (1779) into the war on the American side. Cork Harbour was used as an assembly point for convoys to the Americas and at one point more than 400 vessels were assembled in the harbour. Additionally, Cork was an important source of supplies for the British forces operating in the West Indies and North America. There was therefore a need to protect the harbour from attackers such as John Paul Jones.[citation needed] The Spike Island Battery was a temporary work and armed with eighteen 24 pounder cannon moved from Cobh Fort. After the Treaty of Paris ended the war in 1783, this temporary work was demolished.[16]

text: Fort Westmorland[edit]

text: In 1789 Colonel Charles Vallancey of the Corps of Irish Engineers, who had been made responsible for the fortification of the harbour during the American war, persuaded the then Lord Lieutenant John Fane, 10th Earl of Westmorland to allow the construction of a permanent fortification on Spike Island. This work was undertaken by the Irish Board of Ordnance. In October 1790 the Earl visited the island, and named the incomplete structure Fort Westmorland. In 1793 France declared war on Britain and a conflict began which, with one interlude, would occupy the next two decades. In 1794, on the departure of Westmorland, his successor as Lord Lieutenant, (likely William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam) halted construction of Fort Westmorland. Eventually Vallancey was allowed to continue but the fort was still incomplete in 1797.[16] It was however completed by 1802 as a plan of that date shows.[17] By 1800, this fort was armed with 29 24-pounder guns, two 12-pounder guns and twelve 6-pounder cannon. Also included were two 6-pounder field guns and two 5.5 inch Howitzers. In addition, it also had three 13-inch, two 10-inch, two 8-inch and six 5.5-inch mortars.[18]

text: New fortress[edit]

text: The defenses of Cork Harbour faced two threats. Firstly an attack by war-ships forcing an entry in to the harbour - either in a raid to destroy shipping or to effect a landing of troops. Secondly they faced the threat of attack from the land by forces which had been landed at an undefended point along the coast. Just such a landing had been attempted by the French at Bantry Bay in 1796 with a force of fifteen thousand men. While unsuccessful, the attempt greatly alarmed the military. Vallancey was of the belief that had the French actually landed, they would have taken the Cork Harbour forts, including Fort Westmorland.[19]

text: In 1802, General John Hope, 4th Earl of Hopetoun, recommended that a major fortress be constructed on Spike Island, capable of holding 2,000-3,000 men. He considered Spike Island was for Cork Harbour 'the true point of defence' Lieutenant General David Dundas was consulted by the Duke of York, Commander in Chief, who also recommended that a fortress should be erected on Spike Island. Wiliam Twiss of the Royal Engineers concurred.[20]

text: In 1801 The Acts of Union came into force and responsibility for fortifications in Ireland passed from the Irish Board of Ordnance, which was abolished, to the Board of Ordnance in London. It was the job of the Board to implement the decision to erect the fortress and it fell to Charles Holloway Commanding Engineer Cork District to begin the works.[15] In 1804 The Hampshire Chronicle reported that the overall height of Spike island had been reduced by 25 feet and the spoil used as infill to create a level foundation.[21] The same paper reported that on 6 June 1804 General Sir Eyre Coote had laid the foundation stone of the new fortress.[22]

text: Two alternative proposals had been made for accommodation within the fort.[23] One envisaged six barrack blocks, one of which was actually constructed in the fort, this being the officers mess block, The ground floor of these blocks consisted of a series of bombproof brick vaulted rooms. The first floor was slate-roofed and open to destruction in the event of a bombardment. The second proposal was for 6 sets of bombproof casemates set into the ramparts. Two such sets of casemates were actually constructed, these being the north-east and north-west casemates. The second accommodation block to be constructed, the A Block, shows a divergence from the original plan in that the bombproofing is incorporated into the roof. The ground floor of a third block, the B Block, was intended to follow the design of the A block, was erected before the first phase of construction ended (circa 1817). The four magazines were also constructed around this time. A large workforce was employed in the construction, and included both troops and civilian workmen.[24]

text: Later use[edit]

text: Later a prison and convict depot, the island was used to house "convicts" prior to penal transportation. It gained a reputation as "Ireland's Alcatraz".[4] It remained in use as a garrison and prison through the Irish War of Independence, when IRA prisoners were held there. Richard Barrett was among those detained there, but escaped during the truce of 1921.[4]

text: On 6 December 1921, the Anglo-Irish Treaty was concluded. It provided for the establishment of the Irish Free State which happened on 6 December 1922. The Treaty included provisions by which the British would retain sovereignty over three strategically important ports known as the Treaty ports, one of which being described in the Treaty as:[25]

text: Queenstown

text: (b) Harbour defences to remain in charge of British care and maintenance parties. Certain mooring buoys to be retained for use of His Majesty's ships.

text: Accordingly, even after the establishment of the Irish Free State, the Royal Navy continued to maintain its presence at Spike Island. Spike Island remained under British sovereignty until 11 July 1938 when, pursuant to the Anglo-Irish Trade Agreement of 25 April 1938, the territory was ceded to Ireland. The hand-over ceremonies were attended by senior military and political figures, including Éamon de Valera and Frank Aiken.[26]

text: History since handover[edit]

text: Following its handover to Ireland, the island's installations were renamed Fort Mitchel - after John Mitchel, nationalist activist and political journalist who was held on the island for a time.[27] (Similar Treaty Port fortifications at Fort Camden and Fort Carlisle were similarly renamed to Fort Meagher and Fort Davis respectively.)[28] The island remained the site of a prison and military base (for the regular Irish Army, the FCÁ and later the Navy) for some time. Late into the 20th century it was used as a youth correctional facility. On 1 September 1985 inmates rioted and, as a subsequent Dáil committee reported, "civilians, prison officers and the Gardai on the Island were virtual prisoners of the criminals".[29] During the riot, one of the accommodation blocks, Block A, caught fire and is known as the Burnt Block. This prison facility closed in 2004.[1]

text: The island also had a small civilian population; a small school, church and ferry (launch) service to Cobh served the population. The island is known locally for having excellent earth for growing crops.[citation needed] The civilian population has since left the island however, with many previous residents moving to nearby Cobh.[citation needed]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Year
Pop.
±%

1841
202
—

1851
2,323
+1050.0%

1861
1,139
−51.0%

1871
1,310
+15.0%

1881
1,072
−18.2%

1891
735
−31.4%

1901
580
−21.1%

1911
617
+6.4%

Year
Pop.
±%

1926
442
−28.4%

1936
430
−2.7%

1946
218
−49.3%

1951
299
+37.2%

1956
259
−13.4%

1961
194
−25.1%

1966
199
+2.6%

1971
185
−7.0%

Year
Pop.
±%

1979
103
−44.3%

1981
130
+26.2%

1986
60
−53.8%

1991
113
+88.3%

1996
103
−8.8%

2002
61
−40.8%

2006
0
−100.0%

Source: Central Statistics Office. "CNA17: Population by Off Shore Island, Sex and Year". CSO.ie. Retrieved October 12, 2016.

text: Tourism development[edit]

text: In May 2006 the then Minister for Justice Michael McDowell announced plans to build a new prison on the island. However, in January 2007, it was decided to explore an alternative site for the new prison, and a local task group was set up to re-open Spike as a historical tourist site. In 2009 it was announced that ownership of the island would be transferred (free of charge) to Cork County Council to enable its development as a tourist attraction.[30] The Council formed a steering group to explore how Spike Island might be developed as a tourist site,[31] and the Council subsequently licensed operators to give guided tours of the island.

text: Since 2015, tours depart from Cobh during the summer,[32] taking in the fort, prison cells, gun emplacements, and key points of interest.

text: Following additional €5.5m investment by Cork County Council,[33] and Fáilte Ireland,[34] additional attractions and facilities were opened for the Summer 2016 season.[5][35] As well as the previously opened buildings and 6-inch gun emplacements, as of Summer 2016, visitors can also tour the "punishment block", the 1980s cells (which include an exhibition on the 1985 riot),[36] a recreation of the hull of a "transportation ship",[7] and an installation on John Mitchel - for whom the fort is named.[citation needed]

text: In September 2017, at the World Travel Awards, Spike Island was named 'Europe's Leading Tourist Attraction', ahead of the Acropolis in Athens, Buckingham Palace in London, and the Eiffel Tower in Paris.[8][37]


document_title: Barbicide

question_text: what is the blue liquid in barber shop

question_tokens: what is the blue liquid in barber shop

text: Barbicide

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Barbicide is a disinfectant solution used by barbers and cosmetologists for sterilizing grooming tools such as combs and hair-cutting shears. Manufactured by King Research, it was invented in 1947 by Maurice King and marketed heavily around the United States by his brother James.[1]

text: Barbicide is a United States Environmental Protection Agency-approved combination germicide, pseudomonacide, fungicide, and a viricide effective against the HIV-1 virus (AIDS virus), Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. Its active ingredient is Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (5.12% by volume); sodium nitrite and blue dye are also present. Contact can cause irritation to the skin and eyes, and consumption of 50 mL can cause shock and may lead to death if not treated quickly.

text: Barbicide is sold as a concentrate diluted for use in a 1:32 ratio with water, with each stylist having a container for treating their own tools. Company technicians claim it is the only such disinfectant to hold its power and color over time, maintaining competitors' products eventually turn green or brown.[1]

text: At one time, several US states legally required barber shops to use Barbicide; according to the maker two still did in 1997.[1] A jar of Barbicide sits on display in the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History.[1]


document_title: She's Gotta Have It

question_text: who plays mars in shes got to have it

question_tokens: who plays mars in shes got to have it

text: She's Gotta Have It

text: Plot[edit]

text: Nola Darling is a young, attractive Brooklynite who juggles three suitors: the polite and well-meaning Jamie Overstreet; the self-obsessed model Greer Childs; and the immature, motor-mouthed Mars Blackmon. Nola is attracted to the best in each of them, but refuses to commit to any of them, cherishing her personal freedom instead, while each man wants her for himself.

text: Her carefree, sexually liberated lifestyle ultimately comes to an end when her three male suitors meet and compare notes on Nola. While Greer justifies Nola's callous behavior by claiming that she sees the three not as individuals but as a collective, Jamie and Mars become bitter over how little Nola cares for all three men.

text: Realizing that Mars and Greer are too scared of losing Nola to force her to choose one of them, Jamie tells her that she must choose a single lover. Nola scoffs at this, and visits him several days later at his apartment for casual sex. Jamie rapes Nola, while mockingly asking her if he's as good sexually as Greer or Mars. Nola has an epiphany: realizing that her choices have turned Jamie against her, she decides to call his bluff. Nola dumps Greer and Mars and tells Jamie that she is ready for a monogamous relationship. Believing that her sexual activity has prevented her from committing to a single guy, Nola tells Jamie their relationship has to be celibate for the time being. After at first rejecting Nola's "no sex" decree, Jamie agrees to it.

text: Nola and Jamie's reunion, however, is followed by a coda which dismantles the "happy ending" of the couple coming together. In a monologue delivered to the camera, Nola reveals that her vow of celibacy and her decision to be with Jamie exclusively was "a moment of weakness". She says that she soon began to cheat on Jamie and their relationship collapsed. Nola proudly proclaims that monogamy is a form of slavery and that her lifestyle is freedom in its purest form. The film closes with a view of Nola going to bed alone.

text: Themes[edit]

text: Nola idealizes the freedom to have multiple sex partners that men have typically enjoyed. “A woman (or, at least Nola) can be a sexual being, doesn’t have to belong to a man, and perhaps shouldn’t even wish for such a thing.”[3] Nola’s voice has been described as the most revolutionary element in the film, a representation of the struggle African American women faced in society at the time.[4]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tracy Camilla Johns as Nola Darling
Tommy Redmond Hicks as Jamie Overstreet
John Canada Terrell as Greer Childs
Spike Lee as Mars Blackmon
Raye Dowell as Opal Gilstrap
Joie Lee as Clorinda Bradford
Dennis Karika as The Trainer
S. Epatha Merkerson as Dr. Jamison
Bill Lee as Sonny Darling
Erik Dellums as Dog 3
Reginald Hudlin as Dog 4
Ernest Dickerson as Dog 8
Fab Five Freddy as Dog 10
Scott Sillers as Dog 11
Geoffrey L. Garfield as Dog 12

tag: ul

text: Background[edit]

text: She's Gotta Have It was Lee's first feature-length motion picture as a writer/director and is a landmark independent film of American cinema. He was initially inspired by viewing Akira Kurosawa's Rashomon in film school.[5]

text: The New York Times wrote that the film

text: "ushered in (along with Jim Jarmusch's Stranger Than Paradise) the American independent film movement of the 1980s. It was also a groundbreaking film for African-American filmmakers and a welcome change in the representation of blacks in American cinema, depicting men and women of color not as pimps and whores, but as intelligent, upscale urbanites."[6]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming in twelve days during the summer of 1985 on a budget of $175,000.

text: The film catalyzed the Fort Greene, Brooklyn neighborhood where it was shot. Lee portrayed the neighborhood as a vibrant cosmopolitan community where successful African Americans thrived, focusing not only on Nola and her struggles, but also on local children, residents, and graffiti. Fort Greene Park was the setting of much of the movie, and is portrayed as a comfortable place for the characters. People were encouraged to investigate the area's public spaces and viewers in other places investigated similar thriving public spaces of community importance.[4]

text: Following the film's release, media attention was drawn to Brooklyn, and to its artists and musicians.[7]

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: She's Gotta Have It opened in one theater on August 8, 1986, and earned $28,473 on its opening weekend.[8] The film ultimately grossed $7,137,503 in the United States.[1]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2017)

text: The film was very well received by critics and audiences. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 93% score based on 28 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10.[9] It holds a 79/100 average on Metacritic.[10]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: "Award of the Youth" Foreign Film — Spike Lee (won)

text: "New Generation Award" — Spike Lee (won)

text:
Best First Feature — Spike Lee (won)
Best Female Lead — Tracy Camilla Johns (nominated)

text: In 2014, Lee said that his one regret as a filmmaker was the rape scene in She's Gotta Have It:

text: "If I was able to have any do-overs, that would be it. It was just totally ... stupid. I was immature. It made light of rape, and that’s the one thing I would take back. I was immature and I hate that I did not view rape as the vile act that it is. I can promise you, there will be nothing like that in 'She's Gotta Have It,' the TV show [that will air on Netflix], that's for sure."[11]

text: Home media[edit]

text: She's Gotta Have It was first released on VHS; on January 15, 2008, it was released on DVD in North America by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment through United Artists and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Despite its availability on DVD in the United Kingdom, the DVD release for Region 1 took longer than expected.[citation needed]

text: In the mid-1990s, The Criterion Collection released the film on laserdisc. According to Lee's agent, the film was to be eventually released on DVD. Jonathan Turell of The Criterion Collection ended that rumor, saying "No for She's Gotta Have It. We don't have DVD rights."[12] This laserdisc is the only release of the film that has the NC-17-rated director's cut, including sexual content that was cut to obtain an R rating. This release also contains an exclusive commentary by Spike Lee.

text: In 2010, the film was digitized in High Definition (1080i) and broadcast on MGM HD.

text: TV series[edit]

text: On September 15, 2016, Netflix announced a deal to produce a series based on the film, with Lee returning to direct the first season and serve as executive producer.[13] Ten 30-minute episodes were ordered. Netflix released the series in November 2017.


document_title: Best Friends Whenever

question_text: who plays shelby's mom in best friends whenever

question_tokens: who plays shelby 's mom in best friends whenever

text: Best Friends Whenever

text: Premise[edit]

text: Set in Portland, Oregon, two teenage girls named Cyd and Shelby are best friends living together while Cyd's parents are on an archaeological dig in Peru. After an accident in their neighbor Barry's science lab, they are given the ability to travel in time, provided they are thinking of the time they want to go to and are touching. When it comes to their trips to the future, they briefly find themselves strapped to tables in a futuristic lab and must figure out what this means while having various adventures along the way.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired118June 26, 2015 (2015-06-26)May 22, 2016 (2016-05-22)212July 25, 2016 (2016-07-25)December 11, 2016 (2016-12-11)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Landry Bender as Cyd Ripley,[2] Shelby's best friend who is staying with Shelby's family while her parents are away in Peru. She owns a pet dog named Diesel.
Lauren Taylor as Shelby Marcus,[2] Cyd's best friend.
Gus Kamp as Barry Eisenberg,[2] an aspiring young scientist who lives in a Winnebago that is parked outside of Shelby's backyard that he also uses for his lab. One of his lasers deflecting off a cup of chemicals gave Cyd and Shelby the ability to travel through time.
Ricky Garcia as Naldo Montoya,[2] Barry's best friend and lab assistant. Barry calls him "Renaldo".
Benjamin Cole Royer as Bret Marcus,[2] Shelby's brother who is the twin brother of Chet.
Matthew Lewis Royer as Chet Marcus,[2] Shelby's brother who is the twin brother of Bret.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Mary Passeri as Astrid, the mother of Shelby, Bret, and Chet.
Kevin Symons as Norm, the father of Shelby, Bret, and Chet. He works as an accountant at GloboDigiDyne and later gets promoted to the company's Pelican Ball Room.
Madison Hu as Marci, a friend of Cyd and Shelby who is always relaxed.
Larry Joe Campbell as Mr. Doyle, a gossip-loving teacher at West Portland High School who teaches science and driver's education.
Nora Dunn as Janet Smythe, an entrepreneur and the CEO of GloboDigiDyne who has invented many things in her life, starting with wireless objects. However, she is an evil mastermind who seeks to hunt down Cyd and Shelby and plans to figure out their time travel abilities and alter time so that she can take over the country. She is eventually defeated by future Cyd and Shelby and taken away by them to be imprisoned with other people like her.
Bryana Salaz as Daisy, a time-displaced princess from the 1500s who ended up in Cyd and Shelby's time. Whenever Cyd and Shelby do a group hug with her, Cyd and Shelby end up briefly transported back in time to where Daisy is imprisoned by an unidentified person. During her time in the present, she lives with Naldo while trying to adapt to modern day cultures. It was later revealed that the unidentified person had trapped Daisy in the tower to keep her from being taken by Sebastian.

text: Production[edit]

text: Best Friends Whenever was created by Jed Elinoff and Scott Thomas, who have also created Randy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja. On March 6, 2015, Disney ordered Best Friends Whenever with production starting the same month.[3] The series was renewed for a second season by Disney Channel on February 29, 2016,[4]. The second season premiered on July 25, 2016. In February 2017, the cast took to social media to report that the series had not been renewed for a third season.[5] On June 30, 2017, TV by the Numbers reported that the series had been canceled.[6]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The series airs on Disney Channel in Canada.[7] It premiered on Disney Channel in Australia and New Zealand on October 16, 2015.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical[edit]

text: Brian Lowry, writing for Variety, thought the series' pilot episode was formulaic and did not take full advantages of the time travel premise. In particular, the series "appears more content to focus on the humdrum details of Shelby and Cyd's frantic lives than, say, sending them back to meet Abraham Lincoln or ahead to a time of flying cars."[8]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

First aired

Last aired
Avg. viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

Date

Viewers(millions)

1

18

June 26, 2015 (2015-06-26)

3.54[9]

May 22, 2016 (2016-05-22)

1.23[10]
1.84

2

12

July 25, 2016 (2016-07-25)

1.18[11]

December 11, 2016 (2016-12-11)

0.94[12]
1.17


document_title: Morning Star

question_text: name for venus when it rises before the sun

text: Morning Star

text: Astronomy[edit]

text:
Morning star, most commonly used as a name for the planet Venus when it appears in the east before sunrise
Morning star, a name for the star Sirius, which appears in the sky just before sunrise during the Dog Days
Morning star, a (less common) name for the planet Mercury when it appears in the east before sunrise

text: Mythology and theology[edit]

text: Christianity[edit]

text:
Lucifer, a name based on the Latin name for the Morning Star
Jesus, self-described as "the bright Morning Star" in the Christian Bible
John the Baptist, called a "bright morning star" in Eastern Orthodox Church hymnology
Mary the mother of Jesus, called "morning star" in the Litany of Loreto
John Wycliffe, the English theologian, sometimes referred to as the "Morning Star of the Reformation"

text: Other mythologies and theologies[edit]

text:
Phosphorus (morning star), the Morning Star in Greek mythology
Morning Star, one of the Zorya (gods in Slavic mythology)
Morningstar or Red Horn, a culture hero in Siouan oral traditions
Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, god of the morning star (Venus) Aztec mythology

text: People[edit]

text:
Morning Star (chief), Northern Cheyenne leader, also known as Dull Knife
Richard Morningstar (born 1945), ambassador, Special Envoy of the United States Secretary of State for Eurasian Energy
Erica Morningstar (born 1989), Canadian swimmer
Chip Morningstar, American author, developer, programmer and designer of software systems

text: Places[edit]

text:
Morning Star Lake (Nebraska)
Morning Star, Virginia, an unincorporated community
Morning Star, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
Morningstar, U.S. Virgin Islands
Morningstar airfield, near Melkbosstrand, Cape Town, Western Cape, Republic of South Africa

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Ships[edit]

text:
HMS Morning Star, six ships of the Royal Navy
Morning Star, original name of the USS Estes (AGC-12), an amphibious force command ship
Morning Star (ship), wrecked in the Torres Strait in 1814
Morning Star, former name of the cruise ship Salamis Glory
Morning Star of Revelation (TS-K182), A British sail-training ketch.
Morning Star, the first Star Ferry in Hong Kong, and several later ferries by the same name in the same fleet

text: In railways[edit]

text:
Morning Star (train), passenger train formerly operated by St. Louis Southwestern Railway
GWR Star Class "Morning Star", broad gauge steam locomotive

text: Businesses and organizations[edit]

text: Businesses[edit]

text:
Morningstar Farms, a brand of vegetarian food
Morning Star Series, a brand of incense
Morningstar Air Express, a cargo airline based in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Morningstar, Inc., a Chicago-based investment research firm
The Morning Star Company, a California-based agribusiness and food processing company

text: Organizations[edit]

text:
Morningstar commune, formed in Sonoma County in the mid-1960s
Morning Star Boys' Ranch, Spokane, Washington
Morning Star Trust, U.K.-based, Christian sail training charity
Morning Star International, former name of Every Nation Churches, an organization of non-denominational churches

text: Arts and entertainment[edit]

text: Literature[edit]

text: Comics[edit]

text:
Morning Star (comics), a fictional Marvel Comics villain
Lucifer Morningstar, a DC character who primarily appears in The Sandman comic books by Neil Gaiman
Morningstar, a superhero from the Bogatyri comic books
Morningstar, a character in the Elementals comic book

text: Newsmedia[edit]

text:
Morning Star (British newspaper), a national daily newspaper in the U.K.
Morning Star (London newspaper), a defunct London newspaper
The Morning Star (British Columbia newspaper), a daily newspaper in Vernon, British Columbia
The Morning Star (New Hampshire newspaper), a defunct New Hampshire newspaper
Morning Star, established 1867 in Wilmington, North Carolina, renamed Star-News in 2003
Magic City Morning Star, an on-line newspaper from Katahdin, Maine

text: Novels[edit]

text:
Morning Star, a 1910 novel by Sir Henry Rider Haggard
Morning Star (Raven novel), a 1984 novel by Simon Raven
Morning Star (Brown novel), a 2016 novel by Pierce Brown
Morningstar, a 1992 novel by David Gemmell
The Morning Star, a 2001–2003 trilogy of novels by Nick Bantock
Morning Star, a character in the Noble Warriors Trilogy of novels by William Nicholson
Morningstar, a character from the novel Jack of Shadows by Roger Zelazny
Marjorie Morningstar, a 1955 novel by Herman Wouk

text: Other literature[edit]

text:
The Morning Star, a play by Emlyn Williams
The Morning Star, a 1979 book of poems and translations by Kenneth Rexroth
"Luceafărul", a narrative poem sometimes translated as "The Morning Star"

text: Film and television[edit]

text:
Marjorie Morningstar, a 1958 film based on the book by Herman Wouk
Morning Star (TV series), a short-lived American soap opera
Lucifer Morningstar, a character in the TV series Lucifer
Morning Star (L'Étoile du jour), a 2012 film by French director Sophie Blondy

text: Music[edit]

text: Classical music[edit]

text:
Morning Star (opera), by Ricky Ian Gordon
"Morning Star", choral composition by Arvo Pärt
"Morning Star", hymn by Simon Lole
"Morning Star", wind composition by David Maslanka
"Gwiazdo zaranna" (Morning star), chorus by Otton Mieczysław Żukowski
Morning Star (carol), a traditional Moravian carol

text: Artists[edit]

text: The Morningstars, a band fronted by Sierra Leonean musician S. E. Rogie

text: Albums[edit]

text:
Morning Star (Hubert Laws album), by the jazz flautist Hubert Laws
Morning Star (Entombed album), by the Swedish death metal band Entombed
Morning Star (Flunk album), by the Norwegian electronic music band Flunk
Morning Star (Spear of Destiny album)
Morningstar, an album by the American electronic music band Asmodeus X
Criminal Intents/Morning Star, a 2009 EP by the band Dope Stars Inc.

text: Songs[edit]

text:
"Morning Star" (Nat King Cole song), 1958
"Morningstar", a song by AFI from their 2000 album The Art of Drowning
"The Morningstar", a song by Draconian on their 2006 album The Burning Halo
"Morning Star", a musical work for wind ensemble composed by David Maslanka
"Morning Star" (N-Dubz song)
"Morning Star", a song by Roger Shah featuring the voice of Moya Brennan
"Morning Star", a song by Angra on their 2004 album Temple of Shadows
"Morning Star", a song by Cass McCombs on the album Big Wheel and Others
"Draconian Trilogy: Morning Star", a song by Therion on their 1998 album Vovin
"Morning Star, Durbanville", a song by Fokofpolisiekar on their 2006 album Swanesang
"Morning Star", song by Hank Marvin
"Morning Star", song by James Sugarboy Crawford
"Morning Star", song by Kool and The Gang
"Morning Star", song by Lucifer (band)
"Morning Star", song by Mel Torme
"Morning Star", song by Ronnie Ronalde
"Morning Star", song by aboriginal group Stiff Gins
"Morning Star", song by Willie Francis

text: Other arts[edit]

text: Morning Star, a painting by Alex Janvier

text: Other uses[edit]

text:
Morning Star (cannabis), a strain of Cannabis sativa
Morning star (candlestick pattern), a formation in a financial candlestick chart
Morning star (weapon), a spiked mace
Morning Star ceremony, ritual ceremony including human sacrifice performed by the Pawnee tribe into the 19th century
Morning Star flag, the national flag of West Papua
Frege's Puzzle, in philosophy of language, about Morning star and Evening star denoting the same object, yet having different meanings


document_title: School prayer

question_text: when did they take prayer out of schools

text: School prayer

text: Countries that prohibit school-sponsored prayer[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, public schools are banned from conducting religious observances such as prayer. The legal basis for this prohibition is the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which requires that

text: Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...

text: The first part of the amendment ("Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion") is known as the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, while the second part ("or prohibiting the free exercise thereof") is known as the Free Exercise Clause.

text: Though each of these clauses originally applied only to the central US government, the Fourteenth Amendment extended the scope of the entire First Amendment to all levels of government, including the state level,[1] thus compelling states and their subject schools to adopt an equally detached approach to religion in schools.

text: School prayer prior to 1962[edit]

text: In the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, it was common practice for public schools to open with an oral prayer or Bible reading.[2][not in citation given] Catholics would sometimes object to the distinct Protestant observations performed in the local schools. For instance, in the Edgerton Bible Case (Weiss v. District Board (1890)), the Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled in favor of Catholics who objected to the use of the King James Bible in Wisconsin public schools. This ruling was based on the state constitution and only applied in Wisconsin.

text: A Turning Point: The "Regents' Prayer" and Engel v. Vitale[edit]

text: The media and popular culture often erroneously credit atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair with removing school prayer from US public schools, when the case against recitation of the Lord's Prayer in Baltimore schools was decided by the Supreme Court in 1963. A more significant case had reached the Supreme Court one year prior, suddenly changing the legal climate for school prayer in the US.[3]

text: In 1955, the New York Board of Regents developed a prayer recommended (but not required) for the school districts under its purview. The prayer was relatively short: "Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence on Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our country."[1][4] The board stated that the prayer would "combat juvenile delinquency and counter the spread of Communism."[4]

text: Seven years later, Steven I. Engel, a Jew, was upset to see his son’s hands clasped and his head bent in prayer. He told his son that this was “not the way we say prayers.” Engel, a founding member of the New York Civil Liberties Union, would bring action along with Daniel Lichtenstein, Monroe Lerner, Lenore Lyons, and Lawrence Roth, all parents of children in the Long Island, New York public school system, against Union Free School District No. 9 for its adoption and subsequent prescription of the so-called "Regent's prayer", arguing that it constituted the state-sponsored establishment of religion in violation of citizens’ First Amendment rights via the Fourteenth Amendment.[5]

text: Use of the Regent's prayer would be initially upheld in both New York State Court and in the New York Court of Appeals, prompting Engels to petition the US Supreme Court in the Engel v. Vitale case in 1962. With its 8–1 vote to make public recitation of the Regents' Prayer in public schools unlawful, the U.S. Supreme Court made its first-ever decision on prayer in public schools. It made its second in 1963—the Abington School District v. Schempp ruling, which made the corporate reading of the Bible and recitation of the Lord's Prayer unlawful in public schools.[3]

text: 1963 and after[edit]

text: In these two landmark decisions, Engel v. Vitale (1962) and Abington School District v. Schempp (1963), the Supreme Court established what is now the current prohibition on state-sponsored prayer in US schools. While the Engel decision held that the promulgation of an official state-school prayer stood in violation of the First Amendment’s Establishment Clause (thus overruling the New York Courts’ decisions), Abington held that Bible readings and other public school-sponsored religious activities were prohibited.[6] Madalyn Murray's lawsuit, Murray v. Curlett, contributed to the removal of compulsory Bible reading from the public schools of the United States, and has had lasting and significant effects.

text: Until the lawsuit, it was commonplace for students to participate in many types of religious activities while at school, including religious instruction itself. Nonreligious students were compelled to participate in such activities and were not usually given any opportunity to opt out. The Murray suit was combined with an earlier case, so the Court might have acted without Murray's intervention. With the success of the lawsuit, the intent of the Constitution with regard to the relationship between church and state again came under critical scrutiny and has remained there to this day. While students do continue to pray in public schools, even in organized groups such as "See You at the Pole", the lawsuit disallowed schools from including prayer as a compulsory activity required of every student. The success of O'Hair's lawsuit led to subsequent lawsuits by Mormon and Catholic families in Texas in 2000 to limit compulsory prayer at school-sponsored football games.

text: Following these two cases came the Court's decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971), a ruling that established the Lemon test for religious activities within schools. The Lemon test states that, in order to be constitutional under the Establishment Clause, any practice sponsored within state-run schools (or other public state-sponsored activities) must adhere to the following three criteria:[7]

text:
Have a secular purpose;
Must neither advance nor inhibit religion; and
Must not result in an excessive entanglement between government and religion.

tag: ol

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Reactions to Engel and Abington were widely negative, and many school districts and states have attempted to reestablish school-sponsored prayer in different forms since 1962.[8] Since the 1990s, controversy in the courts has tended to revolve around prayer at school-sponsored extracurricular activities. Examples can be seen in the cases of Lee v. Weisman (1992) and Santa Fe Independent School Dist. v. Doe (2000), where public prayers at graduation ceremonies and those conducted via public address system prior to high school games (at state school facilities before a school-gathered audience) were, respectively, ruled unconstitutional.

text: Despite their attempts to present a clear stance on school-sponsored religious activity, Engel, Abington, and the cases for which these serve as precedent are cited by some proponents of school prayer as evidence of a contradiction between the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses.[9] While the Establishment Clause proscribes the state sponsorship of religion, the Free Exercise Clause forbids state interference in individual religious exercise. Where a state entity moves to accommodate the right to individual religious expression under the latter clause, opponents of that "expression" may cite such accommodation as state "promotion" of one religious activity over another.[10] Regarding the Free Exercise Clause, the courts have consistently stated that students' setting forth of religious views through prayer cannot be forbidden unless such activity can be shown to cause disruption in the school, yet it remains beyond the scope of the state to require such practice.[11] Thus, anyone is allowed to pray in schools in the United States, as long as it is not officially sponsored by the school and it does not disrupt others from doing their work.

text: The United States Supreme Court: A Political and Legal Analysis discussed the results of a 1991 survey, stating that: "The Court's school prayer decisions were, and still are, deeply unpopular with the public, many politicians and most religions organizations. 95 percent of the population believe in God and some 60 percent belong to a religious organization. In a 1991 opinion poll, 78 percent of Americans support the reintroduction of school prayer."[12] As a result of public support for school prayer in the United States, The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States reports, "the public's support for school prayer was translated by various state legislatures into statutes aiding religious schools and practices."[13] Analysis of multiple polls since the 1970s by sociologist Philip Schwadel showed support for school prayer dipped slightly but remains popular with the majority of Americans, with a recent 2011 poll showing 65 percent support.[14]

text: Canada[edit]

text: British Columbia[edit]

text: Prior to 1944, in British Columbia, the Public Schools Act (1872) permitted the use of the Lord’s Prayer in opening or closing school. In 1944, the government of British Columbia amended the Public Schools Act to provide for compulsory Bible reading at the opening of the school day, to be followed by a compulsory recitation of the Lord’s Prayer. This amendment appeared as section 167 of the Public Schools Act, and read as follows:[15]

text: 167. All public schools shall be opened by the reading, without explanation or comment, of a passage of Scripture to be selected from readings prescribed or approved by the Council of Public Instruction. The reading of the passage of Scripture shall be followed by the recitation of the Lord’s Prayer, but otherwise the schools shall be conducted on strictly secular and non-sectarian principles. The highest morality shall be inculcated, but no religious dogma or creed shall be taught. 1948, c.42, s.167

text: The compulsory nature of the Bible reading and prayer recitation was slightly modified by regulations drawn up by the Council of Public Instruction. These regulations provided that either a teacher or student who has conscientious ground for objecting to the religious observances may be excused from them. The procedure to be followed in such cases was outlined in the regulations, which follow in full:

text: Division (15)—Scripture Readings (Section 167)

text: 15.01 Where a teacher sends a written notice to the Board of School Trustees or official trustee by whom he is employed that he has conscientious objections to conducting the. ceremony of reading prescribed selections from the Bible and reciting the Lord’s Prayer (as provided by Section 167 of the Public Schools Act), he shall be excused from such duty, and in such case it shall be the duty of the Board of School Trustees or official trustee concerned to arrange with the Principal to have the ceremony conducted by some other teacher in the school, or by a school trustee, or, where neither of these alternatives is possible, by one of the senior pupils of the school or by some other suitable person other than an ordained member of a religious sect or denomination.

text: 15.02 Where the parent or guardian of any pupil attending a public school sends a written notice to the teacher of the pupil stating that for conscientious reasons he does not wish the pupil to attend the ceremony of reading prescribed selections from the Bible and reciting the Lord’s Prayer at the opening of school, the teacher shall excuse the pupil from attendance at such ceremony and at his discretion may assign the pupil some other useful employment at school during that period, but the pupil so excused shall not be deprived of any other benefits of the school by reason of his non-attendance at the ceremony.

text: In 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms received royal assent. Section 2 of the charter guaranteeing freedom of conscience and freedom of religion trumped Section 167 of the Public Schools Act (1872). Sixteen years later in 1996, based on precedent that would be established in Ontario (1989), required recitation of the Lord’s Prayer as outlined in the Public Schools Act would be held to violate the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

text: Ontario[edit]

text: The challenges to Christian opening and closing exercises occurred mainly in Ontario with the crucial case being fought in The Ontario Court of Appeal in 1988.[16]

text: Zylberberg v. Sudbury Board of Education (Director) The Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the use of the Lord’s Prayer in opening exercises in public schools offended the Charter s. 2(a). 1988. (1988), 65 O.R. (2d) 641, 29 O.A.C. 23 (C.A.). Education regulations did not require the use of the Lord's Prayer and there was an exemption provision. The Ontario Court of Appeal ruled that the regulation infringed religious freedom because schools could use only the Lord's Prayer rather than a more inclusive approach. It was argued that the exemption provision effectively stigmatized children and coerced them into a religious observance which was offensive to them.

text: The Ontario Court of Appeal was persuaded by the argument that the need to seek exemption from Christian exercises is itself a form of religious discrimination. The judges described as insensitive the position of the respondents that it was beneficial for the minority children to confront the fact of their difference from the majority.

text: Russow v. British Columbia[edit]

text: In 1989, Joan Russow challenged, in the British Columbia Supreme Court, the Public Schools Act’s requirement that in British Columbia all public schools were to be opened with the Lord’s Prayer and a Bible reading. The argument was similar to the Zylberberg case and the result was the same: The offending words in the Public Schools Act were removed as being inconsistent with freedom of conscience and religion guarantees in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Further following the Zylberberg case to strike down use of the Lord’s Prayer in schools,[17] the British Columbia Supreme Court incorporated the Ontario Court of Appeal's decision in Zylberberg in its entirety.

text: From 1871 to 1989, observance of school prayer had declined.

text: With the unfavorable court decision, the requirement for Christian morning exercises was replaced with the following clauses found in the School Act (1996) in British Columbia.[18]

text: Conduct:

text: 76 (1) All schools and Provincial schools must be conducted on strictly secular and nonsectarian principles.

text: (2) The highest morality must be inculcated, but no religious dogma or creed is to be – taught in a school or Provincial school.

text: France[edit]

text: As a declared 'laïque' (roughly 'religiously neutral', secular) state, France has no school prayers. Instead, public servants are advised to keep their religious faith private, and may be censured if they display it too openly. The French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools goes beyond restricting prayer in schools and bans the wearing of conspicuous religious symbols by pupils in public primary and secondary schools.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: The predominantly Muslim country of Turkey is in the public sphere a strongly secular nation. In this regard, it is much like France, on whose system of laïcism its founder Mustafa Kemal Atatürk modelled the rules on religion when he reformed his country in the early 20th century. School prayer is therefore unknown, and suspected religious motivations can cause serious difficulties for public servants. Despite its primarily secular stance, however, courses of religion and morals (which are dominantly Islamic) are compulsory to all students during the last years of elementary and throughout high school. In these instances, various Islamic prayers and verses are both taught and tested for.

text: Countries that permit school-sponsored prayer[edit]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In England and Wales, the School Standards and Framework Act 1998 states that all pupils in state schools must take part in a daily act of collective worship, unless their parents request that they be excused from attending.[19] The majority of these acts of collective worship are required to be "wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character", with two exceptions:

text:
Religious schools, which should provide worship appropriate to the school's religion (although most religious schools in the UK are Christian.)
Schools where the local education authority's Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education has determined that Christian worship would not be appropriate for part or all of the school.

text: Although there is a statutory requirement for schools to hold a daily act of collective worship, many do not. Ofsted's 2002-03 annual report, for example, states that 80% of secondary schools are not providing daily worship for all pupils.[20]

text: Ongoing debate[edit]

text: Arguments for and against school prayer[edit]

text: The issue of school prayer remains contentious even where courts as diverse as those in Canada, the United States, Russia, and Poland attempt to strike a balance between religious and secular activity in state-sponsored arenas.[11] Some arguments have held that religion in schools is both an effective sociomoral tool[21][22] as well as a valuable means to psychological stability.[23] On the opposing side, others have argued that prayer has no place in a classroom where impressionable students are continually subject to influence by the majority.[16] The latter kind of claim holds that, to the extent that a public school itself promotes the majority religion, the state is guilty of coercive interference in the lives of the individual.[24]

text: In recent years, programs derived from yoga, a Hindu religious practice, have been introduced into public schools in the U.S. Advocates for the programs say they help children to relax and concentrate, but critics counter that the programs violate the separation of church and state.[25][26]

text: "Moment of silence"[edit]

text: Despite ongoing debate, there are some instances where religious freedom and secular stability have been temporarily balanced. In the United States, some administrations have introduced a "moment of silence" or "moment of reflection" in which a student may, if he or she wishes to, offer a silent prayer. The US Supreme Court decision in Wallace v. Jaffree (1984) held that a moment of silence in schools for the purpose of individual prayer or meditation constituted a valid application of the Free Exercise Clause, while a moment of silence for the clear intended purpose of a state-approved devotional activity constituted a violation of the Establishment Clause.[8] In this same case, the issue of school prayer was further complicated by a distinction made between a public assembly attended by participants of their own free will, and a public event where attendance is legally required. A voluntarily attended Congress may open sessions with a prayer, but schools full of public pupils may not. Here the US Supreme Court has interpreted the issue as revolving around the degree of a government’s ability to indoctrinate its citizens.[8] If it appears that participants at a state-sponsored event are more likely to influence the State itself, courts may treat prayer as "legislative prayer". If, on the other hand, the State is more likely to influence participants at its events, courts may treat prayer as "state-sponsored" prayer and thereby rule it unconstitutional.[27]


document_title: History of Manchester City F.C.

question_text: when did man city enter the premier league

text: History of Manchester City F.C.

text: History synopsis[edit]

text: Members of St. Mark's Church of England, West Gorton, Manchester, founded the football club that would become known as Manchester City, for largely humanitarian purposes. Two church wardens sought to curb local gang violence and alcoholism by instituting new activities for local men, whilst high unemployment plagued East Manchester, specifically Gorton. All men were welcome to join, regardless of religion.

text: A church cricket club had been formed in 1875, but no equivalent for the winter months existed. To rectify this, and as part of Rector Arthur Connell's general push to intervene in social ills, church wardens William Beastow and Thomas Goodbehere started a church football team called St Mark's (West Gorton) (sometimes written as West Gorton (St Mark's)) in the winter of 1880.

text: The team's first recorded match occurred on 13 November 1880, against a church team from Macclesfield. St. Marks lost the match 2–1, and only won one match during their inaugural 1880–81 season, with a victory over Stalybridge Clarence in March 1881.

text: City gained their first honours by winning the Second Division in 1899; with it came promotion to the highest level in English football, the First Division. They went on to claim their first major honour on 23 April 1904, beating Bolton Wanderers 1–0 at Crystal Palace to win the FA Cup; City narrowly missed out on a League and Cup double that season after finishing runners-up in the League but City became the first club in Manchester to win a major honour.[1] In the seasons following the FA Cup triumph, the club was dogged by allegations of financial irregularities, culminating in the suspension of seventeen players in 1906, including captain Billy Meredith, who subsequently moved across town to Manchester United.[2] A fire at Hyde Road destroyed the main stand in 1920, and in 1923 the club moved to their new purpose-built stadium at Maine Road in Moss Side.[3]

text: In the 1930s, Manchester City reached two consecutive FA Cup finals, losing to Everton in 1933, before claiming the Cup by beating Portsmouth in 1934.[4] During the 1934 cup run, Manchester City broke the record for the highest home attendance of any club in English football history, as 84,569 fans packed Maine Road for a sixth round FA Cup tie against Stoke City in 1934 – a record which still stands to this day.[5] The club won the First Division title for the first time in 1937, but were relegated the following season, despite scoring more goals than any other team in the division.[6] Twenty years later, a City team inspired by a tactical system known as the Revie Plan reached consecutive FA Cup finals again, in 1955 and 1956; just as in the 1930s, they lost the first one, to Newcastle United, and won the second. The 1956 final, in which Manchester City beat Birmingham City 3–1, is one of the most famous finals of all-time, and is remembered for City goalkeeper Bert Trautmann continuing to play on after unknowingly breaking his neck.[7]

text: After relegation to the Second Division in 1963, the future looked bleak with a record low home attendance of 8,015 against Swindon Town in January 1965.[8] In the summer of 1965, the management team of Joe Mercer and Malcolm Allison was appointed. In the first season under Mercer, City won the Second Division title and made important signings in Mike Summerbee and Colin Bell.[9] Two seasons later, in 1967–68, Manchester City claimed the League Championship for the second time, clinching the title on the final day of the season with a 4–3 win at Newcastle United and beating their close neighbours Manchester United into second place.[10] Further trophies followed: City won the FA Cup in 1969, before achieving European success by winning the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1970, beating Górnik Zabrze 2–1 in Vienna.[11] City also won the League Cup that season, becoming the second English team to win a European trophy and a domestic trophy in the same season.

text: The club continued to challenge for honours throughout the 1970s, finishing one point behind the league champions on two occasions and reaching the final of the 1974 League Cup.[12] One of the matches from this period that is most fondly remembered by supporters of Manchester City is the final match of the 1973–74 season against arch-rivals Manchester United, who needed to win to have any hope of avoiding relegation. Former United player Denis Law scored with a backheel to give City a 1–0 win at Old Trafford and confirm the relegation of their rivals.[13][14] The final trophy of the club's most successful period was won in 1976, when Newcastle United were beaten 2–1 in the League Cup final.

text: A long period of decline followed the success of the 1960s and 1970s. Malcolm Allison rejoined the club to become manager for the second time in 1979, but squandered large sums of money on unsuccessful signings, such as Steve Daley.[15] A succession of managers then followed – seven in the 1980s alone. Under John Bond, City reached the 1981 FA Cup final but lost in a replay to Tottenham Hotspur. The club were twice relegated from the top flight in the 1980s (in 1983 and 1987), but returned to the top flight again in 1989 and finished fifth in 1991 and 1992 under the management of Peter Reid.[16] However, this was only a temporary respite, and following Reid's departure Manchester City's fortunes continued to fade. City were co-founders of the Premier League upon its creation in 1992, but after finishing ninth in its first season they endured three seasons of struggle before being relegated in 1996. After two seasons in Division One, City fell to the lowest point in their history, becoming the second ever European trophy winners to be relegated to their country's third league tier, after 1. FC Magdeburg of Germany.

text: After relegation, the club underwent off-the-field upheaval, with new chairman David Bernstein introducing greater fiscal discipline.[17] City were promoted at the first attempt, achieved in dramatic fashion in a play-off against Gillingham. A second successive promotion saw City return to the top division, but this proved to have been a step too far for the recovering club, and in 2001 City were relegated once more. Kevin Keegan arrived as the new manager in the close season, bringing an immediate return to the top division as the club won the 2001–02 Division One championship, breaking club records for the number of points gained and goals scored in a season in the process.[18] The 2002–03 season was the last at Maine Road, and included a 3–1 derby victory over rivals Manchester United, ending a run of 13 years without a derby win.[19] City also qualified for European competition for the first time in 25 years. In the 2003 close season the club moved to the new City of Manchester Stadium. The first four seasons at the stadium all resulted in mid-table finishes. Former England manager Sven-Göran Eriksson became the club's first manager from overseas when appointed in 2007.[20] After a bright start performances faded in the second half of the season, and Eriksson was sacked in June 2008.[21] Eriksson was replaced by Mark Hughes two days later on 4 June 2008.[22]

text: By 2008, the club was in a financially precarious position. Thaksin Shinawatra had taken control of the club a year before, but his political travails saw his assets frozen.[23] Then, in August 2008, the club was purchased by the Abu Dhabi United Group. The takeover was immediately followed by a flurry of bids for high-profile players; the club broke the British transfer record by signing Brazilian international Robinho from Real Madrid for £32.5 million.[24] Performances were not a huge improvement on the previous season despite the influx of money however, with the team finishing tenth, although they did well to reach the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup. During the summer of 2009, the club took transfer spending to an unprecedented level, with an outlay of over £100 million on players Gareth Barry, Roque Santa Cruz, Kolo Touré, Emmanuel Adebayor, Carlos Tevez and Joleon Lescott.[25] In December 2009, Mark Hughes - who had been hired shortly before the change in ownership but was originally retained by the new board - was replaced as manager by Roberto Mancini.[26] City finished the season in fifth position in the Premier League, narrowly missing out on a place in the Champions League, and competed in the UEFA Europa League in season 2010–11.

text: Continued investment in players followed in successive seasons, and results began to match the upturn in player quality. City reached the 2011 FA Cup Final, their first major final in over thirty years, after defeating derby rivals Manchester United in the semi-final,[27] the first time they had knocked their rival out of a cup competition since 1975. They defeated Stoke City 1–0 in the final, securing their fifth FA Cup, the club's first major trophy since winning the 1976 League Cup. In the same week, the club qualified for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 1968 with a 1–0 Premier League win over Tottenham Hotspur.[28] On the last day of the 2010–11 season, City passed Arsenal for third place in the Premier League, thereby securing qualification directly into the Champions League group stage. Strong performances continued to follow in the 2011–12 season, with the club beginning the following season in commanding form, including beating Tottenham 5–1 at White Hart Lane and humbling Manchester United by a 6–1 scoreline in United's own stadium. Although the strong form waned half-way through the season, and City at one point fell eight points behind their bitter rivals with only six games left to play, an unprecedented slump by the previous champions allowed the blue side of Manchester to draw back level with two games to go, setting up a thrilling finale to the season with both teams going into the last day equal on points. Despite City only needing a home win against a team in the relegation zone, they still managed to fall a goal behind by the end of normal time, leading some of United's players to finish their game celebrating in the belief that they had won the league. Two goals in injury time - including one scored almost five minutes after normal time had elapsed - resulted in an almost-literal last-minute title victory, City's first in 44 years, and became only the fifth team to win the Premier League since its creation in 1992. In the aftermath that followed, the event was described by media sources from the UK and around the world as the greatest moment in Premier League history.[29][30] The game was only made all the more notable for former player Joey Barton's sending off, where he committed three separate red card-able incidents on three different players in the space of only a few seconds, resulting in a 12-game ban which effectively forced him to leave English football.[31]

text: After an end to the season which many believed would only spur City on, however, the following season failed to capitalise on any of the gains made in the first two full seasons of Mancini's reign. The transfer window saw virtually no players join the club until the last day of the season, when a last-minute burst of activity saw four different players all join in the space of around 10 hours. The free-flowing football of the previous season was suddenly rare to behold, and while City rarely seemed likely to drop below second in the table, they posed little title challenge all season. In the UEFA Champions League, the club was eliminated at the group stage for a second successive season, in a result which seemed to confirm Mancini's reputation as far better at managing in domestic games than European, while a second FA Cup final in three seasons ended in a 1–0 defeat to relegated Wigan Athletic.[32] The loss resulted in Mancini's dismissal, ostensibly as he had failed to reach his targets for the season[33] but with many in the press suggesting a break-down of relations between Mancini and his players[34] but also between the Italian and his board-level superiors,[35] while a refusal to promote young players was also cited.[36] In his place was appointed the Chilean Manuel Pellegrini,[37] who boasted a far more impressive Champions League record but less of a reputation for trophy-winning.