document_title: Hart of Dixie

question_text: who plays lemon's mother on hart of dixie

question_tokens: who plays lemon 's mother on hart of dixie

text: Hart of Dixie

text: Plot[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: The first season mostly revolves around Zoe Hart adjusting to life in the small town of Bluebell, Alabama and the practice she inherited from the father she never knew, with whom Zoe's mother had an affair while she was engaged to the man Zoe knew as her dad. She struggles to bring in 30% of the patients to her practice, a clause she needs to adhere to if she wishes to keep half of the practice from Brick Breeland. She finds this difficult, as she is at odds with most of the local residents due to her city persona. Zoe also struggles with her growing feelings towards local attorney George Tucker, feelings of which his fiancée, Lemon Breeland is fully aware, leading her to make it her mission to ensure Zoe leaves Bluebell. Other storylines include Wade's feelings for Zoe (which may or may not be returned); Zoe's friendship with the mayor, Lavon, and his past with Lemon; and Zoe's unresolved issues regarding her family.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: The season begins with Zoe confused with her feelings for both George and Wade (she slept with Wade the night of George and Lemon's aborted wedding at the end of season one). She later decides that George isn't ready for another relationship yet and decides to see Wade. Lavon's former high school sweetheart Ruby Jeffries (played by Golden Brooks) returns to Bluebell and reveals she is opposing for mayor. George begins dating again, first seeing newcomer Shelby Sinclair; however, he later dumps her, and Shelby begins dating Brick Breeland. George later starts a relationship with Wade's ex-wife, Tansy Truitt. As the season progresses, Ruby leaves after Lemon's jealousy destroys her and Lavon. Wade and Zoe continue to date, though they face their share of setbacks. At the end of the season, Zoe is faced deciding between a summer in New York working at a hospital at her dream job - only to have confessed his feelings for her, and she unable to return them. Meanwhile, Annabeth begins having feelings for Lavon, and later the two sleep together, leaving Lemon devastated by her best friend's betrayal.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: The season begins with Zoe returning to Bluebell after a summer in NYC - along with her new boyfriend Joel (played by Josh Cooke). George struggles to rebuild his life following his break up with Tansy but finds love with Lavon's younger cousin. Lemon finds herself in a scandalous relationship, while Annabeth hopes her relationship with Lavon will grow into something more. Zoe learns more about her family roots in Bluebell, breaks up with Joel, and reunites with Wade.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: The final season deals with Zoe's pregnancy and her relationship with Wade. George, Lemon, Lavon, and Annabeth enter a tumultuous love affair, while Brick has to deal with his past in order to move forward as Lemon and Magnolia meet their half-sister from their estranged mother who left the family. In the end, George and Annabeth move in together, George changes careers to become a music manager, Zoe and Wade get married (in a rushed ceremony, due to Zoe's inhibitions about marriage and having gone into labor - they recite their vows while rushing towards the delivery room - delivering a baby boy), Lemon and Lavon get married.

text: The final scene shows the town in harmony in the town square, Wade and Zoe with their son - and an old love triangle re-fueled between 3 elderly members of the community; Zoe asks if all small towns are like Bluebell, to which Wade answers that they probably aren't. Zoe agrees, and they get up to walk their son and join their friends.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Rachel Bilson as Zoe Hart, a medical doctor; Zoe aspired to become a heart surgeon like her father, however after four years of residency at a New York hospital she is refused a position at the hospital and told she needs more experience dealing with patients and their families. Zoe moves to Bluebell, Alabama after learning her biological father was really a respected physician in the small town. She inherits his half of a general medical practice, and constantly bumps heads with the co-owner of the practice, Brick Breeland. However, she becomes a regular in helping the town through its never-ending dilemmas. In season 2, she begins dating Wade Kinsella... However, he ends up cheating on her when he loses Battle of the Bands, and she ends their relationship. In the season 2 finale, Zoe sleeps with Wade, and she decides to go back to New York to get over everything. In the season 3 premiere, six months have passed and Zoe returns to Bluebell with her new boyfriend Joel, who is a writer and moves with her to Bluebell. For the rest of season 3, she remains in a relationship with Joel until one of his books is made into a movie and he moves to Los Angeles, California to assist with the production of the film. In the season 3 finale, Zoe realizes she is still in love with Wade and tells him that she is going to do everything she can to win him back. In the season 4 premiere, Zoe is still trying to prove to Wade that they should be together, and she seduces him, resulting in her getting pregnant. They eventually get back together and get married in the series finale as Zoe is giving birth to their son.
Scott Porter as George Tucker; A local lawyer in Bluebell that starts out engaged to Lemon Breeland (season 1) but calls off their wedding after learning about Lemon's affair with Lavon, combined with his own romantic feelings for Zoe. Zoe turns him down, and George starts to date other women and ends up with Wade's ex-wife Tansy in season 2. In season 3, he begins dating Lavon's cousin Lynly.  George goes into partnership with his former fiance, Lemon, by helping her invest in Fancie's Restaurant, but eventually pulls out his part of the restaurant when it burns down.  Although he is the town lawyer, George seems to have a lot of time to experience in other opportunities, such as touring for a summer, as a singer with Lily Ann, and becoming the Talent Manager for both The Truitt Brothers and Meatball.  George lives on a houseboat owned by Annabeth, who he finally starts dating during season 4.  George has parents that tend to meddle in his life when they come for the occasional visit.
Jaime King as Lemon Breeland, the daughter of town physician Brick Breeland. She was engaged to George Tucker but had a relationship with Lavon while George was living in New York. Prideful, conservative and somewhat uptight, Lemon begins a deep rivalry with Zoe when they first meet, because she feels that Zoe is interfering in her "perfect" life, and they often clash, owing to their different ways of thinking. Over the course of seasons 2–4, although she wouldn't admit it to anyone, she does seem to come around to being civil with Zoe.  During season 2, she becomes co-owner of Rammer Jammer with Wade.  She later becomes the owner of Fancie's, the town's "best" dinner restaurant.  Lemon has a reputation of being persistent and somewhat scheming when it comes to getting what she wants.  After her wedding to George is called off, she finds herself without a true profession and a place to live. At one point, in order to move out of her father's house, she accepts the opportunity to live on AnnaBeth's houseboat, only to discover she suffers from seasickness.  She eventually trades living arrangements with her former fiance, George, trading him living on the houseboat, for living in what was once his apartment in town. Throughout the series, Lemon is seen having issues with her mother who abandoned her and her sister Magnolia (whom she raised like her own daughter). However, in season 4, she finally confronts her mother, with whom she remains hostile, but she does come around to accept that she has a little maternal half-sister, Scarlett, and makes extra efforts to come to know her.
Cress Williams as Lavon Hayes, Mayor of Bluebell and a former linebacker for ten years in the NFL; He is best friends with Zoe Hart. He has a pet alligator named Burt Reynolds. It is revealed in season 1 that Lavon had an intimate relationship with Lemon, who was engaged to George. Lavon develops a close friendship with Zoe and often gives her meaningful advice on the town's traits. During seasons 2–3, he has relationships with his former high school sweetheart, Ruby, and with Annabeth, although, during each of these, he still has true feelings for Lemon. He has close friendships with Wade and George, although at times his and George's relationship is strained due to his love for George's former fiance, Lemon.  Lavon is a big fan of the television personality, Don Todd, and eventually gets to closely know him.  The knowing of Don Todd helps him later on when it comes to negotiations with rival Fillmore Mayor, Todd Gainey, Sr.
Wilson Bethel as Wade Kinsella, a bartender and Zoe's neighbor. He has an eccentric personality. Initially, he appears to be an immature, unambitious, womanizing and sarcastic bartender who doesn’t care about anyone but himself. But slowly it is revealed that he cares deeply about the people around him (though he always puts his best efforts into hiding his feelings). He falls deeply in love with Zoe and tries to change his lifestyle and ambitions for her. For the most of season 2, he is in a monogamous relationship with Zoe until he is caught cheating on her. Wade has always dreamed of owning his own bar and eventually gets that chance, by becoming co-owner of the local Rammer Jammer, with Lemon Breeland.  During season 3, he has a serious relationship with Vivian Wilkes, Zoe's cousin, who finally breaks his heart by reconciling and moving away with her estranged husband.  At the beginning of season 4, he sleeps with Zoe, which leads to her becoming pregnant, causing him to finally come around and do his best to mend his "flirtatious" ways and grow up, in preparation of his new role as a family man with Zoe. In episode 10 Zoe goes into labor, and at the hospital, she and Wade get married before their baby is born. Eventually, Zoe gives birth to a baby boy in the series finale.
Tim Matheson as Dr. Bertram "Brick" Breeland (recurring, episodes 1–14; starring, episode 15–present), Magnolia and Lemon's father, who is also a doctor, and shares half of the local Bluebell practice with Zoe. He is often very critical of Zoe's medical diagnoses and inexperience of Southern hospitality. Also, he is portrayed as an antagonist when he attempts to buy out Zoe's share of the business.  Brick eventually has a close on again, off again, on again, relationship, with local talent personality, Shelby, who at one time, actually dated his daughter's former fiance, George.  One of Brick's main goals is to be voted as "Man of The Year (MOTY), an honor bestowed upon outstanding male town personalities, by the local Fraternal Order of The Owl.  Brick is also well known as the repeated winner of the annual town Gumbo competition.
Kaitlyn Black as Annabeth Nass (seasons 3–4; recurring, seasons 1–2); a member of the Belles and best friends with Lemon. She is occasionally nicknamed "A.B." as an abbreviation of her first name. In season 2, she develops feelings for Lavon but decides not to pursue a relationship with him because of Lemon. Lemon gives her blessing, so Annabeth and Lavon start dating. She is also a good friend to Zoe.  During season 3, she dates the nephew, of the rival town's mayor, Davis, who proposes to her, but she declines, telling Lemon she did so because she is still in love with Lavon.  During season 4, she realizes she no longer loves Lavon and starts dating George Tucker.  In season 3 and the beginning of season 4, she becomes the receptionist to Brick's and Zoe's medical practice, which eventually leads to her wish to go to nursing school.

text: Development and production[edit]

text: On February 1, 2011, it was announced that The CW had ordered a pilot for Hart of Dixie.[9][10] On May 17, 2011, the network officially picked up Hart of Dixie to series, set to air in fall 2011.[11] The series marks the second time executive producer, Josh Schwartz, and series star, Rachel Bilson, have worked together on television.[11] The first time the duo worked together was on the Fox teen drama The O.C., created by Schwartz.[12] The show's executive producer, Josh Schwartz, compared the show to The WB classics such as Felicity, Everwood, and Gilmore Girls.[13]

text: With the reveal of The CW's fall 2011 schedule, it was announced that Hart of Dixie would air on Monday at 9:00 pm Eastern/8:00 pm Central, following Gossip Girl.[14] It premiered on Monday, September 26, 2011.[15] On October 12, 2011 the series was picked up for a full season, which will consist of twenty-two episodes. Along with pick-up for all other CW dramas, Mark Pedowitz said "We believe in the creative strength of these dramas, and by giving them back nine orders we can give our audience the chance to enjoy complete seasons of all three of them."[16] On May 11, 2012, The CW renewed the show for a second season,[17] which premiered on October 2, 2012. The CW renewed the show for a third season on April 26, 2013.[18]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On February 8, 2011, TVLine reported that Rachel Bilson was nearing a deal to star in the series.[19] Her role was later confirmed by The CW in a press release.[20] Soon after, Wilson Bethel joined the cast as Wade Kinsella, Zoe's "gorgeous bad-boy" neighbor.[21] Scott Porter was later cast as good-looking lawyer George Tucker, a potential love-interest for Bilson's character.[22]

text: On May 20, 2011, it was announced that Nancy Travis would not continue with the series due to her commitments with the 20th Century Fox-produced ABC sitcom Last Man Standing.[23] Travis was written out after the first two episodes.[24] Meredith Monroe appeared in one episode as Lemon's estranged mother.[25] JoBeth Williams appeared in three episodes as Candice Hart, the mother of Bilson's character. On July 26, 2013, it was announced that Kaitlyn Black was upgraded to series regular status for season three.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Hart of Dixie's first season has received mixed reviews, scoring a 43 out of 100 on the review aggregator Metacritic.[27]

text: TVGuide.com described the show as "Southern Exposure"[12] and, in a later review, stated that the actors are better than the "cutesy" material, although Bilson is not convincing as a heart surgeon.[28] Both TVGuide.com and Robert Bianco of USA Today stated that the show is potentially offensive to the South.[28][29] Bianco also wrote that the show is shallow and far-fetched, with Bilson giving an unconvincing performance, such as acting surprised when calling herself a doctor.[29] Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter stated that the series is predictable and superficial, but "surprisingly touching".[30] Goodman and Brian Lowry of Variety stated that Bilson does not look like a doctor, with Goodman writing that she looked too much "like a high-priced call girl"[30] and Lowry writing that she looked like she belonged in "Barbie's medical dream house."[31]

text: Writing for The New York Times, critic Neil Genzlinger wrote, "...the premiere, at least, doesn’t find a convincing way to balance the clashing strands: the city-mouse disorientation, the medical emergencies, the girlfights, the daddy issues, the young-pretty-and-available stuff."[32] Los Angeles Times reviewer Mary McNamara described the show as, "a stack of familiar scenarios stitched together to form a pretty if not terribly substantial quilt."[33] TVLine described the show as "Everwood-esque".[34] TVLine later said: "Beautifully filmed with warm, cozy tones, the Southern setting utterly envelops the glowing Bilson", adding that Porter's appearance "wins us over and makes you forget that clunky intro" and despite the "rom-coms clichés, the pilot is super-efficient at introducing us to those who will be the key players in Zoe’s story, laying the framework for storytelling places to go."[35] Tv Times magazine gave Hart of Dixie its lowest score of 2011–2012: 12 out of 100.

text: Awards and accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipients and nominees

Outcome

2011

E! Golden Tater Awards[36]

New Fall Show You're Most Excited For

Hart of Dixie

Nominated

2012

People's Choice Awards[37]

Favorite New TV Drama

Hart of Dixie

Nominated

ASCAP Award[38]

Top Television Series (Composers and Songwriters)

Jeremy Adelman

Won

2013

ASTRA Awards[39]

Favourite Program – International Drama

Hart of Dixie

Nominated

2014

ASTRA Awards[40]

Favourite Program – International Drama

Hart of Dixie

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[41]

Choice TV Show: Drama

Hart of Dixie

Nominated

Choice TV Actress: Drama

Rachel Bilson

Nominated

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season

Timeslot (ET)

No. ofepisodes

Premiered

Ended

TV season

Rank

Viewers(in millions)

Date

Premiere viewers(in millions)

Date

Finale viewers(in millions)

1

Monday 9pm

22

September 26, 2011 (2011-09-26)

1.88[42]

May 14, 2012 (2012-05-14)

1.60[43]

2011–2012

#182

1.77[44]

2

Tuesday 8pm

22

October 2, 2012 (2012-10-02)

1.53[45]

May 7, 2013 (2013-05-07)[46]

1.19[45]

2012–2013

#142

1.70[47]

3

Monday 8pm (2013–14)Friday 9pm (2014)

22

October 7, 2013 (2013-10-07)

1.03 [48]

May 16, 2014 (2014-05-16)[49]

0.88[50]

2013–2014

#166

1.37[51]

4

Monday 8pm (2014)Friday 8pm (2015)

10

December 15, 2014 (2014-12-15)

1.22 [52]

March 27, 2015 (2015-03-27)[53]

1.33[54]

2014–2015

#175

1.61[55]

text: International broadcasts[edit]

text:
Country

Network(s)

Series premiere

Timeslot

Source(s)

 Australia

Fox8

January 7, 2012

Mondays at 8:30 pm AEDT

[56]

 Canada

CHCH-DT

September 26, 2011

Mondays at 8 pm ET

[57]

 Ireland

TV3

May 13, 2012

Sundays at 6:30 pm

[58]

 New Zealand

TV2

August 5, 2012

Sundays at 5:30 pm

[59]

 Philippines

2nd Avenue

September 29, 2011

Thursdays at 8 pm

[60]

 Thailand

TrueSeries

July 13, 2012

Fridays at 9 pm

[61]

 United Kingdom

Really

April 30, 2012

Mondays at 8 pm

[62]


document_title: Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's 100 metres

question_text: who won the women's 100m sprint in the 2016 olympics

question_tokens: who won the women 's 100m sprint in the 2016 olympics

root

text: Summary[edit]

text: Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce was the defending Olympic champion from 2012 and entered the competition having won five of the last six global championships. At eighth in the year's rankings, she was not in peak form. Elaine Thompson had beaten her at the Jamaican Championships with a world-leading and national record-equalling 10.70 seconds. American champion English Gardner was the next fastest and the two other American entrants, Tianna Bartoletta and Tori Bowie, shared third on the world rankings with African record breaker Murielle Ahouré at 10.78 seconds. Dutchwoman Dafne Schippers was also a strong entrant.[2]

tag: p

text: Charlotte Wingfield of Malta was comfortably the fastest qualifier in the preliminaries at 11.86 seconds. Cecilia Bouele of Congo was the only other athlete under 12 seconds in that round.[3] In the first round proper Fraser-Pryce demonstrated her form with 10.96 seconds to top qualifying. Trinidad and Tobago's Michelle-Lee Ahye was the next fastest heat winner in eleven seconds dead, while all the top runners progressed.[4] The semi-final round excised Murielle Ahoure and Tianna Bartoletta.  Earlier in the season, both had run 10.78 and are tied for the fourteenth-fastest in history. Fraser-Pryce and Thompson were the fastest in 10.88 but only eight hundredths separated the finalists.[5]

text:
In the final, Tori Bowie reacted the fastest, but Elaine Thompson got the best start. Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce has previously gained the edge from her exceptional start, but at best she was even with Thompson, which Thompson expanded upon for the win.  For her fast reaction, Bowie was a step behind in the early stages of the race but made a late rush to catch Fraser-Pryce just before the line for silver.  After an injured toe during most of the season, it was Fraser-Pryce's season best for bronze.[6]
Thompson's time 10.71 would have been good enough to be the fifth time in history, had she not already run 10.70 at the Jamaican Olympic Trials earlier in the season to tie Fraser-Pryce for fourth.[7]

text: The medals were presented by Nawal El Moutawakel, IOC member, Morocco and Frankie Fredericks, Council Member of the IAAF.

text: Records[edit]

text: Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.

text:
World record

 Florence Griffith Joyner (USA)

10.49

Indianapolis, United States

16 July 1988

Olympic record

10.62

Seoul, Korea

24 September 1988

2016 World leading

 Elaine Thompson (JAM)

10.70

Kingston, Jamaica

1 July 2016

tag: table

text:
Area

Time (s)

Wind

Athlete

Nation

Africa (records)
10.78
+1.6
Murielle Ahouré
 Ivory Coast

Asia (records)
10.79
+0.0
Li Xuemei
 China

Europe (records)
10.73
+2.0
Christine Arron
 France

North, Central America and Caribbean (records)
10.49 WR
+0.0
Florence Griffith Joyner
 United States

Oceania (records)
11.11
+1.9
Melissa Breen
 Australia

11.11
+0.0
Denise Robertson
 Australia

South America (records)
10.99
+0.9
Angela Tenorio
 Ecuador

text: The following national records were established during the competition:

text:
Country
Athlete
Round
Time
Notes

Afghanistan
 Kamia Yousufi (AFG)
Preliminaries
14.02 s

Cape Verde
 Lidiane Lopes (CPV)
Preliminaries
12.38 s

Saudi Arabia
 Kariman Abuljadayel (KSA)
Preliminaries
14.61 s

text: Schedule[edit]

text: All times are Brasilia Time (UTC-3)

text:
Date

Time

Round

Friday, 12 August 2016
11:5522:40
PreliminariesRound 1

Saturday, 13 August 2016
21:0022:37
SemifinalsFinal

text: Results[edit]

text: Preliminaries[edit]

text: The preliminary round of the competition featured athletes who had not achieved the required qualifying time for the event. Athletes who had achieved that time received a bye into the first round proper.

text: Qualification rule: first 2 of each heat (Q) plus the 2 fastest times (q) qualified.

text: Heat 1[edit]

text:
Rank
Lane
Athlete
Nationality
Reaction
Time
Notes

1
5
Hafsatu Kamara
 Sierra Leone
0.148
12.24
Q

2
7
Sisila Seavula
 Fiji
0.143
12.34
Q

3
9
Regine Tugade
 Guam
0.156
12.52

4
8
Makoura Keita
 Guinea
0.150
12.66
PB

5
3
Shirin Akter
 Bangladesh
0.166
12.99

6
4
Mariana Cress
 Marshall Islands
0.206
13.20

7
2
Liliana Neto
 Angola
0.136
13.58

8
6
Kamia Yousufi
 Afghanistan
0.216
14.02
NR

Wind: +0.9 m/s

text: Heat 2[edit]

text:
Rank
Lane
Athlete
Nationality
Reaction
Time
Notes

1
9
Sunayna Wahi
 Suriname
0.172
12.09
Q

2
7
Patricia Taea
 Cook Islands
0.160
12.30
Q

3
8
Mazoon Al-alawi
 Oman
0.161
12.30
q

4
2
Lidiane Lopes
 Cape Verde
0.154
12.38
NR

5
3
Phumlile Ndzinisa
 Swaziland
0.137
12.49

6
5
Taine Halasima
 Tonga
0.199
12.80

7
6
Laenly Phoutthavong
 Laos
0.186
12.82
PB

8
4
Lerissa Henry
 Federated States of Micronesia
0.163
13.53

Wind: −0.2 m/s

text: Heat 3[edit]

text:
Rank
Lane
Athlete
Nationality
Reaction
Time
Notes

1
3
Charlotte Wingfield
 Malta
0.144
11.86
Q

2
4
Cecilia Bouele
 Congo
0.165
11.98
Q

3
9
Zaidatul Husniah Zulkifli
 Malaysia
0.151
12.12
q

4
7
Prenam Pesse
 Togo
0.189
12.38

5
5
Denika Kassim
 Comoros
0.192
12.53

6
2
Jordan Mageo
 American Samoa
0.173
13.72

7
8
Kariman Abuljadayel
 Saudi Arabia
0.205
14.61
NR

8
6
Karitaake Tewaaki
 Kiribati
0.185
14.70

Wind: −0.2 m/s

text: Heats[edit]

text: Qualification rule: first 2 of each heat (Q) plus the 8 fastest times (q) qualified.

text: Heat 1[edit]

text:
Rank
Lane
Athlete
Nationality
Reaction
Time
Notes

1
8
Desiree Henry
 Great Britain
0.126
11.08
Q

2
6
Murielle Ahoure
 Ivory Coast
0.159
11.17
Q

3
9
Natalia Pohrebniak
 Ukraine
0.130
11.30
q

4
2
Lorene Dorcas Bazolo
 Portugal
0.142
11.43

5
3
Wei Yongli
 China
0.154
11.48

6
5
Hajar Alkhaldi
 Bahrain
0.122
11.59

7
7
Rima Kashafutdinova
 Kazakhstan
0.174
11.84

8
4
Sisila Seavula
 Fiji
0.149
12.48

Wind: +0.3 m/s

text: Heat 2[edit]

text:
Rank
Lane
Athlete
Nationality
Reaction
Time
Notes

1
9
Dafne Schippers
 Netherlands
0.143
11.16
Q

2
5
Tatjana Pinto
 Germany
0.164
11.31
Q

3
6
Khamica Bingham
 Canada
0.137
11.41

4
7
Flings Owusu-Agyapong
 Ghana
0.135
11.43

5
4
Gloria Asumnu
 Nigeria
0.139
11.55

6
3
Evelyn Rivera
 Colombia
0.161
11.59

7
8
Brenessa Thompson
 Guyana
0.162
11.72

8
2
Hafsatu Kamara
 Sierra Leone
0.150
12.22

Wind: 0.0 m/s

text: Heat 3[edit]

text:
Rank
Lane
Athlete
Nationality
Reaction
Time
Notes

1
9
Tori Bowie
 United States
0.142
11.13
Q

2
5
Blessing Okagbare
 Nigeria
0.154
11.16
Q

3
8
Angela Tenorio
 Ecuador
0.150
11.35
q

4
4
Ezinne Okparaebo
 Norway
0.141
11.43

5
6
Eliecith Palacios
 Colombia
0.172
11.48

6
3
Tahesia Harrigan-Scott
 British Virgin Islands
0.149
11.54

7
7
Khrystyna Stuy
 Ukraine
0.146
11.57

8
2
Cecilia Bouele
 Congo
0.149
12.18

Wind: 0.0 m/s

text: Heat 4[edit]

text:
Rank
Lane
Athlete
Nationality
Reaction
Time
Notes

1
9
Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce
 Jamaica
0.146
10.96
Q

2
5
Marie-Josee Ta Lou
 Ivory Coast
0.156
11.01
Q

3
2
Mujinga Kambundji
 Switzerland
0.149
11.19
q

4
8
Narcisa Landazuri
 Ecuador
0.117
11.38
q

5
4
Tynia Gaither
 Bahamas
0.154
11.56

6
7
Ramona Papaioannou
 Cyprus
0.140
11.61

7
6
Ruddy Zang Milama
 Gabon
0.151
11.67

8
3
Sunayna Wahi
 Suriname
0.117
12.25

Wind: −0.3 m/s

text: Heat 5[edit]

text:
Rank
Lane
Athlete
Nationality
Reaction
Time
Notes

1
9
Tianna Bartoletta
 United States
0.148
11.23
Q

2
8
Ewa Swoboda
 Poland
0.149
11.24
Q

3
6
Olesya Povkh
 Ukraine
0.132
11.39
q

4
5
Kelly-Ann Baptiste
 Trinidad and Tobago
0.141
11.42

5
2
Jennifer Madu
 Nigeria
0.163
11.61

6
3
Nigina Sharipova
 Uzbekistan
0.135
11.68

7
4
Dutee Chand
 India
0.151
11.69

8
7
Patricia Taea
 Cook Islands
0.159
12.41

Wind: −0.7 m/s

text: Heat 6[edit]

text:
Rank
Lane
Athlete
Nationality
Reaction
Time
Notes

1
5
Michelle-Lee Ahye
 Trinidad and Tobago
0.153
11.00
Q

2
7
Christania Williams
 Jamaica
0.170
11.27
Q

3
4
Asha Philip
 Great Britain
0.120
11.34
q

4
2
Crystal Emmanuel
 Canada
0.162
11.43

5
6
Viktoriya Zyabkina
 Kazakhstan
0.150
11.69

6
8
Marika Popowicz-Drapała
 Poland
0.136
11.70

7
9
Iman Essa Jasim
 Bahrain
0.161
11.72

8
3
Charlotte Wingfield
 Malta
0.138
11.90

Wind: ±0.0 m/s

text: Heat 7[edit]

text:
Rank
Lane
Athlete
Nationality
Reaction
Time
Notes

1
9
Elaine Thompson
 Jamaica
0.174
11.21
Q

2
3
Rosangela Santos
 Brazil
0.163
11.25
Q

3
4
Semoy Hackett
 Trinidad and Tobago
0.138
11.35
q

4
8
Toea Wisil
 Papua New Guinea
0.142
11.48

5
2
Olga Safronova
 Kazakhstan
0.148
11.50

6
6
Alyssa Conley
 South Africa
0.143
11.57

7
5
Melissa Breen
 Australia
0.143
11.74

8
7
Mazoon Al-Alawi
 Oman
0.199
12.43

Wind: −1.0 m/s

text: Heat 8[edit]

text:
Rank
Lane
Athlete
Nationality
Reaction
Time
Notes

1
6
English Gardner
 United States
0.191
11.09
Q

2
4
Carina Horn
 South Africa
0.158
11.32
Q

3
2
Ivet Lalova-Collio
 Bulgaria
0.125
11.35
q

4
7
Daryll Neita
 Great Britain
0.169
11.41

5
3
Rebekka Haase
 Germany
0.175
11.47

6
9
Yuan Qiqi
 China
0.143
11.56

7
5
Franciela Krasucki
 Brazil
0.159
11.67

8
8
Zaidatul Husniah Zulkifli
 Malaysia
0.149
12.62

Wind: −0.2 m/s

text: Semifinals[edit]

text: Semifinal 1[edit]

text:
Rank
Lane
Name
Nationality
Reaction
Result
Notes

1
7
Tori Bowie
 United States
0.165
10.90
Q

2
6
Michelle-Lee Ahye
 Trinidad and Tobago
0.134
10.90
Q, SB

3
9
Christania Williams
 Jamaica
0.166
10.96
q, PB

4
5
Murielle Ahouré
 Ivory Coast
0.156
11.01

5
3
Ángela Tenorio
 Ecuador
0.145
11.14

6
8
Mujinga Kambundji
 Switzerland
0.130
11.16

7
4
Ewa Swoboda
 Poland
0.155
11.18

8
2
Olesya Povkh
 Ukraine
0.126
11.29

Wind: +1.0 m/s

text: Semifinal 2[edit]

text:
Rank
Lane
Name
Nationality
Reaction
Result
Notes

1
5
Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce
 Jamaica
0.151
10.88
Q, SB

2
4
Dafne Schippers
 Netherlands
0.146
10.90
Q

3
6
Marie-Josee Ta Lou
 Ivory Coast
0.157
10.94
q, PB

4
7
Tianna Bartoletta
 United States
0.141
11.00

5
9
Rosangela Santos
 Brazil
0.133
11.23
SB

6
2
Narcisa Landazuri
 Ecuador
0.152
11.27

7
8
Natalia Pohrebniak
 Ukraine
0.138
11.32

8
3
Asha Philip
 Great Britain
0.124
11.33

Wind: +0.3 m/s

text: Semifinal 3[edit]

text:
Rank
Lane
Name
Nationality
Reaction
Result
Notes

1
4
Elaine Thompson
 Jamaica
0.156
10.88
Q

2
7
English Gardner
 United States
0.158
10.90
Q

3
6
Blessing Okagbare
 Nigeria
0.155
11.09

4
5
Desiree Henry
 Great Britain
0.129
11.09

5
3
Semoy Hackett
 Trinidad and Tobago
0.146
11.20

6
9
Carina Horn
 South Africa
0.149
11.20

7
8
Tatjana Pinto
 Germany
0.175
11.32

–
2
Ivet Lalova-Collio
 Bulgaria

DNS

Wind: +0.6 m/s

text: Final[edit]

text:
Rank
Lane
Name
Nationality
Reaction
Result
Notes

4
Elaine Thompson
 Jamaica
0.157
10.71

5
Tori Bowie
 United States
0.112
10.83

6
Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce
 Jamaica
0.138
10.86
SB

4
3
Marie-Josee Ta Lou
 Ivory Coast
0.136
10.86
PB

5
9
Dafne Schippers
 Netherlands
0.134
10.90

6
8
Michelle-Lee Ahye
 Trinidad and Tobago
0.132
10.92

7
7
English Gardner
 United States
0.148
10.94

8
2
Christania Williams
 Jamaica
0.163
11.80

Wind: +0.5 m/s


document_title: Lysosome

question_text: what does a lysosome look like in an animal cell

text: Lysosome

text: Discovery[edit]

text: Christian de Duve, the chairman of the Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry at the Catholic University of Louvain in Belgium, had been studying the mechanism of action of a pancreatic hormone insulin in liver cells. By 1949, he and his team had focused on the enzyme called glucose 6-phosphatase, which is the first crucial enzyme in sugar metabolism and the target of insulin. They already suspected that this enzyme played a key role in regulating blood sugar levels. However, even after a series of experiments, they failed to purify and isolate the enzyme from the cellular extracts. Therefore, they tried a more arduous procedure of cell fractionation, by which cellular components are separated based on their sizes using centrifugation.

text: They succeeded in detecting the enzyme activity from the microsomal fraction. This was the crucial step in the serendipitous discovery of lysosomes. To estimate this enzyme activity, they used that of standardised enzyme acid phosphatase, and found that the activity was only 10% of the expected value. One day, the enzyme activity of purified cell fractions which had been refrigerated for five days was measured. Surprisingly, the enzyme activity was increased to normal of that of the fresh sample. The result was the same no matter how many times they repeated the estimation, and led to the conclusion that a membrane-like barrier limited the accessibility of the enzyme to its substrate, and that the enzymes were able to diffuse after a few days (and react with their substrate). They described this membrane-like barrier as a "saclike structure surrounded by a membrane and containing acid phosphatase."[10]

text: It became clear that this enzyme from the cell fraction came from a membranous fractions, which were definitely cell organelles, and in 1955 De Duve named them "lysosomes" to reflect their digestive properties.[11] The same year, Alex B. Novikoff from the University of Vermont visited de Duve's laboratory, and successfully obtained the first electron micrographs of the new organelle. Using a staining method for acid phosphatase, de Duve and Novikoff confirmed the location of the hydrolytic enzymes of lysosomes using light and electron microscopic studies.[12][13] de Duve won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 for this discovery.

text: Originally, De Duve had termed the organelles the "suicide bags" or "suicide sacs" of the cells, for their hypothesized role in apoptosis.[14] However, it has since been concluded that they only play a minor role in cell death.[15]

text: Function and structure[edit]

text: Lysosomes contain a variety of enzymes, enabling the cell to break down various biomolecules it engulfs, including peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. The enzymes responsible for this hydrolysis require an acidic environment for optimal activity.

text: In addition to being able to break down polymers, lysosomes are capable of fusing with other organelles & digesting large structures or cellular debris; through cooperation with phagosomes, they are able to conduct autophagy, clearing out damaged structures. Similarly, they are able to break-down virus particles or bacteria in phagocytosis of macrophages.

text: The size of lysosomes varies from 0.1 μm to 1.2 μm.[16] With a pH ranging from 4.5 to 5.0, the interior of the lysosomes is acidic compared to the slightly basic cytosol (pH 7.2). The lysosomal membrane protects the cytosol, and therefore the rest of the cell, from the degradative enzymes within the lysosome. The cell is additionally protected from any lysosomal acid hydrolases that drain into the cytosol, as these enzymes are pH-sensitive and do not function well or at all in the alkaline environment of the cytosol. This ensures that cytosolic molecules and organelles are not destroyed in case there is leakage of the hydrolytic enzymes from the lysosome.

text: The lysosome maintains its pH differential by pumping in protons (H+ ions) from the cytosol across the membrane via proton pumps and chloride ion channels. Vacuolar H+-ATPases are responsible for transport of protons, while the counter transport of chloride ions is performed by ClC-7 Cl−/H+ antiporter. In this way a steady acidic environment is maintained.[17][18]

text: It sources its versatile capacity for degradation by import of enzymes with specificity for different substrates; cathepsins are the major class of hydrolytic enzymes, while lysosomal alpha-glucosidase (GAA) is responsible for carbohydrates, and ACP2 is necessary to release phosphate groups of phospholipids.

text: Formation[edit]

text: Many components of animal cells are recycled by transferring them inside or embedded in sections of membrane. For instance, in endocytosis (more specifically, macropinocytosis), a portion of the cell's plasma membrane pinches off to form a vesicle that will eventually fuse with an organelle within the cell. Without active replenishment, the plasma membrane would continuously decrease in size. It is thought that lysosomes participate in this dynamic membrane exchange system and are formed by a gradual maturation process from endosomes.[19][20]

text: The production of lysosomal proteins suggests one method of lysosome sustainment. Lysosomal protein genes are transcribed in the nucleus. mRNA transcripts exit the nucleus into the cytosol, where they are translated by ribosomes. The nascent peptide chains are translocated into the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they are modified. Upon exiting the endoplasmic reticulum and entering the Golgi apparatus via vesicular transport, a specific lysosomal tag, mannose 6-phosphate, is added to the peptides. The presence of these tags allow for binding to mannose 6-phosphate receptors in the Golgi apparatus, a phenomenon that is crucial for proper packaging into vesicles destined for the lysosomal system.[21]

text: Upon leaving the Golgi apparatus, the lysosomal enzyme-filled vesicle fuses with a late endosome, a relatively acidic organelle with an approximate pH of 5.5. This acidic environment causes dissociation of the lysosomal enzymes from the mannose 6-phosphate receptors. The enzymes are packed into vesicles for further transport to established lysosomes.[21] The late endosome itself can eventually grow into a mature lysosome, as evidenced by the transport of endosomal membrane components from the lysosomes back to the endosomes.[19]

text: Pathogen entry[edit]

text: As the endpoint of endocytosis, the lysosome also acts as a safeguard in preventing pathogens from being able to reach the cytoplasm before being degraded. Pathogens often hijack endocytotic pathways such as pinocytosis in order to gain entry into the cell. The lysosome prevents easy entry into the cell by hydrolyzing the biomolecules of pathogens necessary for their replication strategies; reduced Lysosomal activity results in an increase in viral infectivity, including HIV.[22] In addition, AB5 toxins such as cholera hijack the endosomal pathway while evading lysosomal degradation.[22]

text: Disease[edit]

text: Lysosomes are responsible for a group of genetically inherited disorders called lysosomal storage diseases (LSD). They are a type of inborn errors of metabolism caused by malfunction of one of the enzymes. The rate of incidence is estimated to be 1 in 5,000 live births, and the true figure expected to be higher as many cases are likely to be undiagnosed or misdiagnosed. The primary cause is deficiency of an acidic hydrolase (a hydrolase which functions best in acidic environments). Other conditions are due to defects in lysosomal membrane proteins that fail to transport the enzyme, non-enzymatic soluble lysosomal proteins. The initial effect of such disorders is accumulation of specific macromolecules or monomeric compounds inside the endosomal–autophagic–lysosomal system.[8] This results in abnormal signaling pathways, calcium homeostasis, lipid biosynthesis and degradation and intracellular trafficking, ultimately leading to pathogenetic disorders. The organs most affected are brain, viscera, bone and cartilage.[23][24]

text: There is no direct medical treatment to cure LSDs.[25] The most common LSD is Gaucher's disease, which is due to deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase. Consequently, the enzyme substrate, the fatty acid glucosylceramide accumulates, particularly in white blood cells, which in turn affects spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, brain and bone marrow. The disease is characterized by bruises, fatigue, anaemia, low blood platelets, osteoporosis, and enlargement of the liver and spleen.[26][27]

text: Metachromatic leukodystrophy is another lysosomal storage disease that also affects sphingolipid metabolism.

text: Lysosomotropism[edit]

text: Weak bases with lipophilic properties accumulate in acidic intracellular compartments like lysosomes. While the plasma and lysosomal membranes are permeable for neutral and uncharged species of weak bases, the charged protonated species of weak bases do not permeate biomembranes and accumulate within lysosomes. The concentration within lysosomes may reach levels 100 to 1000 fold higher than extracellular concentrations. This phenomenon is called "lysosomotropism"[28] or "acid trapping". The amount of accumulation of lysosomotropic compounds may be estimated using a cell-based mathematical model.[29]

text: A significant part of the clinically approved drugs are lipophilic weak bases with lysosomotropic properties. This explains a number of pharmacological properties of these drugs, such as high tissue-to-blood concentration gradients or long tissue elimination half-lifes; these properties have been found for drugs such as haloperidol,[30] levomepromazine,[31] and amantadine.[32] However, high tissue concentrations and long elimination half-lives are explained also by lipophilicity and absorption of drugs to fatty tissue structures. Important lysosomal enzymes, such as acid sphingomyelinase, may be inhibited by lysosomally accumulated drugs.[33][34] Such compounds are termed FIASMAs (functional inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase)[35] and include for example fluoxetine, sertraline, or amitriptyline.

text: Ambroxol is a lysosomotropic drug of clinical use to treat conditions of productive cough for its mucolytic action. Ambroxol triggers the exocytosis of lysosomes via neutralization of lysosomal pH and calcium release from acidic calcium stores.[36] Presumably for this reason, Ambroxol was also found to improve cellular function in some disease of lysosomal origin such as Parkinson's or lysosomal storage disease.[37][38]

text: Controversy in botany[edit]

text: By scientific convention, the term lysosome is applied to those vesicular organelles only in animals, and vacuoles to plants, fungi and algae. Discoveries in plant cells since the 1970s started to challenge this definition. Plant vacuoles are found to be much more diverse in structure and function than previously thought.[39][40] Some vacuoles contain their own hydrolytic enzymes and perform the classic lysosomal activity, which is autophagy.[41][42][43] These vacuoles are therefore seen as fulfilling the role of the animal lysosome. Based on de Duve's description that "only when considered as part of a system involved directly or indirectly in intracellular digestion does the term lysosome describe a physiological unit", some botanists strongly argued that these vacuoles are lysosomes.[44] However, this is not universally accepted as the vacuoles are strictly not similar to lysosomes, such as in their specific enzymes and lack of phagocytic functions.[45] Vacuoles do not have catabolic activity and do not undergo exocytosis as lysosomes do.[46]

text: Etymology and pronunciation[edit]

text: The word lysosome (/ˈlaɪsoʊsoʊm/, /ˈlaɪzəzoʊm/) is New Latin that uses the combining forms lyso- (referring to lysis and derived from the Latin lysis, meaning "to loosen", via Ancient Greek λύσις [lúsis]), and -some, from soma, "body", yielding "body that lyses" or "lytic body". The adjectival form is lysosomal. The forms *lyosome and *lyosomal are much rarer; they use the lyo- form of the prefix but are often treated by readers and editors as mere unthinking replications of typos, which has no doubt been true as often as not.


document_title: The Princess Bride

question_text: what time period does the princess bride take place

text: The Princess Bride

text: Plot[edit]

text: This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In a Renaissance-era world, a beautiful young woman named Buttercup lives on a farm in the country of Florin. She delights in verbally abusing the farm hand Westley, whom she addresses as "farm boy", by demanding that he perform chores for her. Westley's response to her demands is always "As you wish." She eventually realizes that what he is really saying is, "I love you." After Buttercup realizes, as well, that she truly and strongly loves him and confesses her strong romantic feelings, Westley leaves to seek his fortune so they can marry. Buttercup later receives word that the Dread Pirate Roberts, who is notorious for killing all those whose vessels he boards, attacked his ship at sea. Believing Westley dead, Buttercup sinks into abject despair, declaring, "I will never love again." Some time later, she reluctantly agrees to marry Prince Humperdinck, heir to the throne of Florin, due to a law allowing the prince to choose any unmarried woman as his bride, though she makes it clear that she does not love him.

text: Before the wedding, a trio of outlaws—the Sicilian criminal genius Vizzini, the Spanish fencing master Inigo Montoya, and the enormous and mighty Turkish wrestler Fezzik—kidnap Buttercup. A masked man in black follows them across the sea and up the Cliffs of Insanity, whereupon Vizzini orders Inigo to stop him. Before the man in black reaches the top of the cliff, a flashback of Inigo's past reveals that he is seeking revenge on a six-fingered man who killed his father. When the man in black arrives, Inigo arranges a fair fight, allowing his opponent to rest before the duel. The man in black wins the duel, but out of respect, he leaves the Spaniard alive. Stunned, Vizzini orders Fezzik to kill the man in black. Another flashback occurs detailing Fezzik's history of reluctant fighting matches since childhood. His conscience compelling him, Fezzik throws a rock as a warning and challenges the man to a wrestling match. The man in black accepts the challenge and chokes Fezzik until the giant blacks out. He then catches up with Vizzini and proposes a battle of wits, guessing which cup of wine is poisoned with iocaine powder. They drink, and the man in black reveals that both cups were poisoned, but he had cultivated an immunity to iocaine powder. Vizzini dies.

text: With Prince Humperdinck's rescue party in hot pursuit, the man in black flees with Buttercup. He taunts Buttercup, claiming that women cannot be trusted and that she must have felt nothing when her true love and sweetheart had died. Enraged, she shoves him into a gorge, yelling, "You can die, too, for all I care!", only to hear him call, "As you wish!" from the bottom of the ravine. She realizes he is none other than her dearly beloved Westley, and follows him down into the gorge, to find him battered but largely unhurt. While traveling through the Fire Swamp to evade Humperdinck's party, Westley tells Buttercup that the Dread Pirate Roberts attacked his ship, but kept him alive after he explained the depths of his love for her. Westley became the Dread Pirate Roberts' valet, and later his friend. Over the course of four years, Westley learned how to fence, fight, and sail. Eventually, Roberts secretly passed his name, captaincy, and ship to Westley, just as his predecessor had done. After facing many trying ordeals such as Snow Sand and Rodents of Unusual Size, Westley and Buttercup successfully navigate the Fire Swamp, whereupon they are captured by Prince Humperdinck and his cruel six-fingered assistant, Count Tyrone Rugen. Buttercup negotiates for Westley's release and returns with Humperdinck to the palace to await their wedding. Rugen follows Humperdinck's secret instructions not to release Westley, but to take him to the fifth level of his underground hunting arena, the "Zoo of Death". Here, Rugen tortures and weakens Westley with his horribly painful life-sucking invention, The Machine, to obtain first-hand information for his definitive book on pain and appease Humperdinck's annoyance that Buttercup does and always will prefer Westley to him.

text: Meanwhile, Buttercup has several nightmares regarding her marriage to the prince. She expresses her unhappiness to Humperdinck, who proposes a deal wherein he will send out four ships to locate Westley, but if they fail to find him, Buttercup will marry him. The novel reveals that, to start a war with the neighboring country of Guilder, Humperdinck himself had arranged Buttercup's kidnapping and murder, but that he now believes that Buttercup dying on her wedding night will inspire his subjects to war even more effectively.

text: On the day of the wedding, Inigo meets again with Fezzik, who tells him that Count Rugen is the six-fingered man who killed his father. Knowing that Vizzini is dead, they seek out the man in black hoping that, if he could outsmart Vizzini, his wits will help them plan a successful attack on the castle to find and kill Count Rugen. Buttercup learns that Humperdinck never sent any ships, and taunts him with her enduring love for Westley. Enraged, Humperdinck tortures Westley to death via The Machine at its maximum setting. Westley's death screams echo across the land, drawing Inigo and Fezzik to the Zoo of Death and down through its many dangerous levels. Finding Westley's body, they enlist the help of the King of Florin's former "miracle man", a magician named Miracle Max who was fired by Humperdinck. Max pronounces Westley to be merely "mostly dead", and returns him to life (out of a desire to get back at Humperdinck), though Westley remains partially paralyzed and weak.

text: Westley devises a successful plan to invade the castle during the wedding, and the commotion caused by this prompts Humperdinck to cut the wedding short. Buttercup decides to commit suicide when she reaches the honeymoon suite. Inigo pursues Rugen through the castle, and, reciting aloud his long-rehearsed oath of vengeance ("Hello. My name is Inigo Montoya. You killed my father. Prepare to die.") throughout the duel, kills him in a sword fight. Westley reaches Buttercup before she commits suicide. Still partially paralyzed, Westley bluffs his way out of a sword fight with Humperdinck, who shows himself to be a coward. Instead of killing his rival, Westley decides to leave him alive for a long, miserable life with his obvious cowardice as his only companion. The party then rides off into the sunset on four of the prince's purebred white horses that Fezzik had discovered. The story ends with a series of mishaps and the prince's men closing in, but the author indicates that he believes that the group got away.

text: Context[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Princess Bride is presented as Goldman's abridgment of an older version by "S. Morgenstern", which was originally a satire of the excesses of European royalty. The book, in fact, is entirely Goldman's work. Morgenstern and the "original version" are fictional and used as a literary device.

text: Goldman carried the joke further by publishing another book called The Silent Gondoliers (explaining why the gondoliers of Venice no longer sing to their passengers) under S. Morgenstern's name.

text: Goldman's personal life, as described in the introduction and commentary in the novel, is also fictional. In The Princess Bride, Goldman claims to have one son with his wife, a psychiatrist. In reality, Goldman has two daughters, and his wife is not a psychiatrist. The commentary is extensive, continuing through the text until the end.

text: The book's actual roots are in stories Goldman told to his daughters (aged 7 and 4)[4], one of whom had requested a story about "princesses" and the other "brides".[5] Goldman describes the earliest character names from the "kid's saga" as "silly names: Buttercup, Humperdinck".[6] The countries are both named after coins. The florin was originally an Italian gold coin minted in Florence, and later the name of various currencies and denominations. The guilder was originally a Dutch gold coin, and later the name of various currencies used mainly in the Netherlands and its territories. The two names are often interchangeable.

text: Goldman says he wrote the first chapter about Buttercup which ran for about 20 pages. Then, he wrote the second chapter, "The Groom", about the man she was going to marry; Goldman only managed to write four pages before running dry. Then he got the idea to write an abridged novel:

text: And when that idea hit, everything changed. Tennessee Williams says there are three or four days when you are writing a play that the piece opens itself to you, and the good parts of the play are all from those days. Well, The Princess Bride opened itself to me. I never had a writing experience like it. I went back and wrote the chapter about Bill Goldman being at the Beverly Hills Hotel and it all just came out. I never felt as strongly connected emotionally to any writing of mine in my life. It was totally new and satisfying and it came as such a contrast to the world I had been doing in the films that I wanted to be a novelist again.[7]

text: Goldman says he was particularly moved writing the scene where Westley dies.[8]

text: Reunion scene[edit]

text: In the novel's commentary, Goldman writes that he added nothing to the "original" Morgenstern text. He did write one original scene, a loving reunion between Buttercup and Westley, but, he says, his publisher objected to this addition.[9] He invites any reader who wants to read the "Reunion Scene" to write to the publisher (formerly Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; now Random House) and request a copy. Many readers wrote in to the publisher and did receive a letter, but instead of an extra scene, the letter detailed the (obviously fictitious) legal problems that Goldman and his publishers encountered with the Morgenstern estate and its lawyer, Kermit Shog. This letter was revised and updated periodically; the 1987 revision mentioned the movie, while the 25th Anniversary Edition publishes the letter with an addendum about Kermit's lawyer granddaughter Carly. The 30th Anniversary Edition has a footnote at this point saying that one can now find the three pages of the reunion scene online.[10] However, if one goes to the linked website, all they send via email is the text of the three letters.

text: Buttercup's Baby[edit]

text: The epilogue to some later editions of the novel, notably the 25th anniversary edition, mentions a sequel, Buttercup's Baby, that was "having trouble getting published because of legal difficulties with S. Morgenstern's estate". Later editions actually reprint Goldman's "sample chapter".[11]

text: The chapter consists of a disjointed assemblage of stories about the quartet's escape to "One Tree Island", and the eventual kidnapping of Waverly (Westley and Buttercup's daughter) by a skinless-faced "madman" who eventually throws her off a mountainside. The chapter ends with Fezzik, Waverly's appointed babysitter, leaping off the mountain to save her, and then cradling her to preserve her from the impact that seems certain to spell at least Fezzik's doom. Also noteworthy is a flashback to Inigo's past, his training as a swordsman, and his one-time romantic love interest.

text: The 30th anniversary edition of The Princess Bride included hints to the sequel's plot, and a promise to have the full version completed before a 50th anniversary edition (2023).

text: In a January 2007 interview, Goldman admitted that he is having difficulty coming up with ideas for the story:[12]

text: MPM: I hear you're working on a sequel to The Princess Bride called Buttercup's Baby.

text: William Goldman: I desperately want to write it, and I sit there and nothing happens and I get pissed at myself. I got lucky with The Princess Bride the first time, and I'd love to get lucky again.[12]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Goldman partnered with Adam Guettel to create a musical version of the story with Goldman writing the book and Guettel writing the music, but the two parted ways on the project when Goldman demanded 75% of the author's royalties, though Guettel was writing both the music and the lyrics.[13] Guettel's score was nearly complete, but it is unlikely to be heard beyond an orchestral suite performed at the Hollywood Bowl in 2006.

text: In November 2013, Disney Theatrical announced that it will be staging a new stage musical version, based on the novel and film screenplay.[14]

text: In 2008, Toy Vault, Inc. announced it was working on a Princess Bride–based card game due for release in the second quarter of 2008. It also announced that it is working on a board game, the second ever produced for this movie, after a simple board game included with some VHS releases.

text: Also in 2008, the production company Worldwide Biggies released a computer game, The Princess Bride Game. Several actors from the movie provided voices for their video game counterparts, including Mandy Patinkin as Inigo Montoya, Wallace Shawn as Vizzini, and Robin Wright Penn as Buttercup.[15]

text: Sierra Online parodied the title of the novel in their computer game King's Quest VII: The Princeless Bride.

text: In 2014, Game Salute licensed the tabletop game adaptation publishing rights to the Princess Bride; a series of board and card games released later that year.[16]


document_title: Streets and highways of Washington, D.C.

question_text: who laid out the streets of washington dc

text: City layout[edit]

text: The District of Columbia was created to serve as the permanent national capital in 1790. Within the District, a new capital city was founded in 1791 to the east of a preexisting settlement at Georgetown. The original street layout in the new City of Washington was designed by Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant.[3][4]

text: As a planned city, Washington was modeled in the Baroque style and incorporated avenues radiating out from rectangles, providing room for open space and landscaping. At L'Enfant's request, Thomas Jefferson provided plans of cities such as Amsterdam, Paris, Frankfurt, Karlsruhe and Milan, which he had brought back from Europe in 1788.[5] His design also envisioned a garden-lined "grand avenue" approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) in length and 400 feet (120 m) wide in the area that is now the National Mall.[6] The City of Washington was bounded to the north by Boundary Street (now Florida Avenue) at the base of the escarpment of the Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line, to the southeast by the Anacostia River, to the southwest by the Potomac River and to the west by Rock Creek.[3][7]

text: In March 1792, President Washington dismissed L'Enfant due to his insistence on micromanaging the city's planning, which had resulted in conflicts with the three commissioners appointed by Washington to supervise the capital's construction. Andrew Ellicott, who had worked with L'Enfant surveying the city, was then commissioned to complete the plans. Though Ellicott made revisions to the original plans, including changes to some street patterns, L'Enfant is still credited with the overall design of the city.[8][9][10]

text: The District is divided into four quadrants of unequal area: Northwest (NW), Northeast (NE), Southeast (SE), and Southwest (SW). The axes bounding the quadrants radiate from the U.S. Capitol building.[11] All road names include the quadrant abbreviation to indicate their location, and house numbers are assigned based on the approximate number of blocks away from the Capitol. In most of the city, the streets are set out in a grid pattern with east–west streets named with letters (e.g., C Street SW) and north–south streets with numbers (e.g., 4th Street NW). Two avenues, Constitution Avenue and Independence Avenue, line each side of the Mall.[11] Many of the diagonal streets and avenues in Washington are named after states. Some of these streets are particularly noteworthy, such as Pennsylvania Avenue, which connects the White House with the U.S. Capitol and Massachusetts Avenue, a section of which is informally known as Embassy Row given the number of foreign embassies located along the street.

text: Important to note, there is no J Street in any quadrant. This is because, until the mid-19th century, the letters "I" and "J" were indistinguishable when written.[12] Following that same idea, "I" Street is often written as "Eye" Street, to distinguish it from the letter "L" and the numeral "1", and "Q" Street, is often written "Que," "Cue," or "Queue."[citation needed] Urban legend had said that J Street was omitted deliberately by L'Enfant due to a dispute with John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court; however, this was later proven to be a myth.[13] Jay Street NE runs through the Deanwood neighborhood; it does not belong to the series of lettered streets. In a nod to this, a food court in the student union at George Washington University is named J Street; J Street is also the name of a Jewish lobbying organization and several companies operating in the District. There are also no X, Y, or Z streets in any quadrant, and most or all of A and B streets are called by other names in the Mall area.[14]

text: Expansion of the street-name system[edit]

text: During most of the 19th century, each municipality within the federal district maintained its own separate government and street system. With the passage of the Organic Act of 1871, Congress created a new government for the entire federal district. This Act combined the City of Washington, Georgetown, and unincorporated area then known as Washington County into a single municipality for the whole District of Columbia.[15]

text: Through much of the 19th century, developers of land outside of the center city tended to build streets wherever they liked. An 1887 report of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, the three-member panel that governed the District, said that many of these streets "go nowhere and connect with nothing." The Commissioners said that "If the configuration and architecture of a city has a moral influence upon its residents, the rectification of the irreclaimable obliquity of the... streets is manifestly desirable for more than physical reasons."[16]

text: In 1888, Congress passed a law requiring that future subdivisions built outside of the City of Washington and Georgetown must have streets that conform to the general plan of the City of Washington. However, the law allowed existing streets to remain, contrary to the wishes of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia.[17]

text: In 1893, Congress passed a law mandating that existing streets must be changed or moved in order to be in conformity with the District's street plan.[18] Some property owners were upset that their private property would need to be seized without compensation in order to move streets in conformance with the street plan.[17] The Supreme Court agreed, striking down the law as unconstitutional.[17] In 1893, Congress mandated a new system of highways within the District that conformed to the City of Washington's street plan but left existing streets in place.[19] A separate act of Congress in 1895 required that the street names in Georgetown be changed to conform to the street naming system used in the City of Washington.[20] However, the old street names were shown on maps as late as 1899.

text: The Commissioners of the District of Columbia mandated a new system of naming streets in 1901.[21] Streets running north and south would continue to numbered.[21] North of Florida Avenue, streets running east and west would be named after famous Americans.[21] The streets would be given one-syllable names in alphabetical order. When the one-syllable series ended, two-syllable names would be used and then three-syllable names. In only the Northwest Quadrant was a "fourth alphabet" necessary. This fourth alphabet uses botanical names without regard to the number of syllables: Aspen, Butternut, Cedar, etc. Verbena Street NW is the last in this series before the Maryland state line.[21] South of the center city, a similar system would be used with streets named after famous Americans or prominent geographical locations.[21] In 1905, the streets east of Rock Creek Park, north of Florida Avenue, and west of North Capitol Street were renamed in conformity with the single street naming system.[22] Eventually all street names in the District of Columbia were made to conform to a single street naming system.

text: The boundaries of the District of Columbia with the State of Maryland are marked by Western Avenue, Eastern Avenue, and Southern Avenue.

text: Address system[edit]

text: The city's addressing system is best understood in terms of a Cartesian coordinate system with its origin at the Capitol. While the system may appear complex, once learned it allows one to pinpoint not only where one is but also where and how far one may need to travel. For example, if one needed to find 633 A Street SE, the address informs that the address is southeast of the Capitol, with A Street one block south of East Capitol Street, and that the location on that street is on the 600 block, which is between 6th Street and 7th Street SE.

text: Another example is the White House, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW: it is located at 16th Street NW (Lafayette Square) and Pennsylvania Avenue NW. This works both ways; an address at 514 19th St NW would be on 19th St west of the Capitol, and since E is the fifth letter of the alphabet, the 514 address would be between E and F Streets NW. Because J is omitted from the scheme, it is not counted in numbering. Thus, the 900 block is in between I and K Streets, and the 1000 block is in between K and L Streets (even though K is the 11th letter of the alphabet).

text: Address numbers also correspond with a particular side of the street, with odd numbers on the right as one faces in the direction of increasing numbers. This works out by quadrant as shown below:

text:
Quadrant
East-West Streets
North-South Streets

Northwest
Odd numbers on north side
Even numbers on west side

Southwest
Odd numbers on north side
Even numbers on east side

Southeast
Odd numbers on south side
Even numbers on east side

Northeast
Odd numbers on south side
Even numbers on west side

text: Major roads[edit]

text: Interstate highways[edit]

text: Interstate 495, also known as the "Capital Beltway", creates an artificial boundary for the inner suburbs of Washington and is the root of the phrase "inside the Beltway". Almost completely circling Washington, D.C., it crosses a tiny portion of the District at its southernmost point at the Woodrow Wilson Bridge. I-66 runs from the eastern edge of Georgetown, connects with the Beltway, and continues through Northern Virginia to I-81. I-295 comes up from the south starting at the eastern edge of the Woodrow Wilson Bridge on the Beltway and ending at the 11th Street Bridges, where it intersects with I-695 (the Southeast Freeway) to cross the Anacostia River into downtown. Just south of the U.S. Capitol Building, I-695 links up with I-395 (the Southwest Freeway), a major commuter route extending from New York Avenue to the Beltway and Interstate 95 in Springfield, Virginia. The Inner Loop was a proposed network of freeways in the city center; however, only portions of it were ever built. Today, the "inner loop" is most frequently used to describe the inside lanes of 495—that is, those that travel clockwise around Washington.

text: A convergence indexing based road traffic monitoring system was installed on Washington's highways in 2008.[citation needed]

text: Other expressways and parkways[edit]

text: The Anacostia Freeway (DC-295) continues in a northeasterly direction from the point where I-295 ends at its intersection with I-695 near the 11th Street Bridges on the south side of the Anacostia River and links with the Baltimore–Washington Parkway, which eventually becomes Maryland Route 295, via a short section of Maryland Route 201. The Suitland Parkway connects the city with the southeastern suburbs in Prince George's County, Maryland. The Whitehurst Freeway, an elevated freeway over K Street in Georgetown, allows US 29 traffic to bypass congested Georgetown between the Key Bridge and K Street downtown. The E Street Expressway connects I-66 with the city's Foggy Bottom area and the areas immediately to the west of the White House. The Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway provides access to downtown from the northern and western ends of the city.

text: City streets[edit]

text: Among the major roads in the city are MacArthur Boulevard NW, 14th Street NW, 16th Street NW, 18th Street NW, 7th Street NW, Connecticut Avenue NW, K Street NW, H Street NW, Wisconsin Avenue, M Street NW, H Street NE, Pennsylvania Avenue, Constitution Avenue, Independence Avenue, Massachusetts Avenue, U Street NW, South Dakota Ave NE, North Capitol Street, South Capitol Street, East Capitol Street, Georgia Avenue, Minnesota Avenue, Benning Road, Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue, New York Avenue, and Rhode Island Avenue.

text: While city streets generally do not have route numbers, U.S. Routes 1, 1 Alternate, 29, and 50 are routed predominantly or entirely over city surface streets.


document_title: List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl

question_text: who is singing the national anthem at super bowl 51

text: Performances[edit]

text:
No.
Year
Venue
Performer(s)[1]

I
1967
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, California
The Pride of Arizona, Michigan Marching Band, and UCLA choir

II
1968
Orange Bowl, Miami
GSU Tiger Marching Band

III
1969
Lloyd Geisler of the Washington National Symphony Orchestra[2]
An NFL.com reference ([1]) states that Anita Bryant performed the anthem, but NBC's broadcast of game, available from the Paley Center for Media's collection, shows that Geisler performed it.

IV
1970
Tulane Stadium, New Orleans
Al Hirt

V
1971
Orange Bowl, Miami
Tommy Loy (trumpet)

VI
1972
Tulane Stadium, New Orleans
U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale

VII
1973
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Little Angels (children's choir) of Chicago's Holy Angels Church

VIII
1974
Rice Stadium, Houston, Texas
Charley Pride

IX
1975
Tulane Stadium, New Orleans
GSU Tiger Marching Band (2)

X
1976
Orange Bowl, Miami
Tom Sullivan

XI
1977
Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California
None (Vikki Carr sang "America the Beautiful")

XII
1978
Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans
Phyllis Kelly of Northeast Louisiana University

XIII
1979
Orange Bowl, Miami
The Colgate Thirteen

XIV
1980
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Cheryl Ladd

XV
1981
Superdome, New Orleans
Helen O'Connell

XVI
1982
Pontiac Silverdome, Pontiac, Michigan
Diana Ross

XVII
1983
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Leslie Easterbrook

XVIII
1984
Tampa Stadium, Tampa, Florida
Barry Manilow

XIX
1985
Stanford Stadium, Stanford, California
San Francisco Boys Chorus, San Francisco Girls Chorus, Piedmont Children's Chorus, and San Francisco Children's Chorus

XX
1986
Superdome, New Orleans
Wynton Marsalis (trumpet)

XXI
1987
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Neil Diamond

XXII
1988
Jack Murphy Stadium, San Diego
Herb Alpert (trumpet)

XXIII
1989
Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami
Billy Joel

XXIV
1990
Superdome, New Orleans
Aaron Neville

XXV
1991
Tampa Stadium, Tampa
Whitney Houston with The Florida Orchestra directed by Jahja Ling

XXVI
1992
Metrodome, Minneapolis
Harry Connick, Jr.
ASL (American Sign Language): Lori Hilary

XXVII
1993
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Garth Brooks
ASL: Marlee Matlin

XXVIII
1994
Georgia Dome, Atlanta
Natalie Cole
ASL: Courtney Keel Foley

XXIX
1995
Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami
Kathie Lee Gifford
ASL: Heather Whitestone

XXX
1996
Sun Devil Stadium, Tempe, Arizona
Vanessa L. Williams
ASL: Mary Kim Titla

XXXI
1997
Superdome, New Orleans
Luther Vandross
ASL: Erika Rachael Schwarz

XXXII
1998
Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego
Jewel
ASL: Phyllis Frelich

XXXIII
1999
Pro Player Stadium, Miami
Cher
ASL: Speaking Hands

XXXIV
2000
Georgia Dome, Atlanta
Faith Hill
ASL: Briarlake Elementary School Signing Choir

XXXV
2001
Raymond James Stadium, Tampa
Backstreet Boys
AASL: Tom Cooney

XXXVI
2002
Superdome, New Orleans
Mariah Carey
ASL: Joe Narcisse

XXXVII
2003
Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego
Dixie Chicks
ASL: Janet Maxwell

XXXVIII
2004
Reliant Stadium, Houston
Beyoncé
ASL: Suzanna Christy

XXXIX
2005
Alltel Stadium, Jacksonville, Florida
Combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Air Force Academy (2), and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets
ASL: Wesley Tallent

XL
2006
Ford Field, Detroit
Aaron Neville (2) and Aretha Franklin,
Dr. John (piano accompaniment)
ASL: Angela LaGuardia

XLI
2007
Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida
Billy Joel (2)
ASL: Marlee Matlin (2)

XLII
2008
University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona
Jordin Sparks
ASL: A Dreamer[3]

XLIII
2009
Raymond James Stadium, Tampa, Florida
Jennifer Hudson
ASL: Kristen Santos

XLIV
2010
Sun Life Stadium, Miami Gardens
Carrie Underwood
ASL: Kinesha Battles

XLV
2011
Cowboys Stadium, Arlington, Texas
Christina Aguilera
ASL: Candice Villesca[4]

XLVI
2012
Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis
Kelly Clarkson
ASL: Rachel Mazique[5]

XLVII
2013
Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans
Alicia Keys[6]
ASL: John Maucere[7]

XLVIII
2014
MetLife Stadium, East Rutherford, New Jersey
Renée Fleming
ASL: Amber Zion

XLIX
2015
University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona[8]
Idina Menzel
ASL: Treshelle Edmond[9]

50
2016
Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, California
Lady Gaga
ASL: Marlee Matlin (3)[10]

LI
2017
NRG Stadium, Houston, Texas
Luke Bryan
ASL: Kriston Lee Pumphery[11].

LII
2018
U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Pink
ASL: Alexandria Wailes[12].

text: Multiple and hometown performances[edit]

text: Acts that have performed three times:

text: Marlee Matlin (ASL), (XXVII, XLI, and 50)

tag: ul

text: Acts that have performed two times:

text:
GSU Tiger Marching Band (II and IX)
Billy Joel (XXIII and XLI)
Aaron Neville (XXIV and XL)
U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale[13] (VI and XXXIX)

text: Singers that performed in or near their hometown metropolitan area:

text:
Beyoncé (XXXVIII, Houston)
Aretha Franklin (XL, Detroit)
Al Hirt (IV, New Orleans)
Aaron Neville (XXIV & XL, New Orleans)
Diana Ross (XVI, Detroit)
Jordin Sparks (XLII, Phoenix)

text: Notable performances[edit]

text: The performance by Whitney Houston at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, during the Gulf War, had been for many years regarded as one of the best renditions ever.[14][15][16][17][18][19] It was released as a single a few weeks later, appeared on the album Whitney: The Greatest Hits, and was re-released as a single in 2001 shortly after the September 11 attacks.

text: The 1992 performance marked the first time American Sign Language was used alongside the lead singer.

text: Faith Hill performed the anthem at Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000.[20] It became popular in country radio. Following the September 11 attacks, her version entered the country singles chart at number 35, despite not being released as an official single, and reentered the same chart at number 49 in July 2002.[citation needed]

text: At Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014, in an emotional and groundbreaking performance, soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the national anthem,[21] scoring the highest ratings for a Fox Network program in its history, and the second-highest ratings for any television program in history.

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Just days after Super Bowl XXV, a report surfaced that Whitney Houston lip synced her performance. It was confirmed that she was actually singing into a dead microphone, but the performance heard in the stadium and on television was prerecorded.[22][14][15]

text: Since 1993, the NFL has required performers to supply a backup track.[14] This came after Garth Brooks walked out of the stadium prior to his XXVII performance. Only 45 minutes before kickoff, he refused to take the stage, due to a dispute with NBC. Brooks requested that the network premiere his new music video "We Shall Be Free" during the pregame. The network chose not to air the video, due to content some felt was disturbing imagery. Brooks had also refused to pre-record the anthem, which meant the league had nothing to play if he left. Television producers spotted Jon Bon Jovi in the grandstands, and were prepared to use him as a replacement. After last-minute negotiations, NBC agreed to air a clip of the video during the broadcast of the game,[23] and Brooks was coaxed back into the stadium and sang.[19]

text: Following the "wardrobe malfunction" controversy during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004, all scheduled performers for Super Bowl XXXIX were chosen under heavy scrutiny.[24] Game organizers decided not to use a popular music vocalist.[25] The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the Naval Academy, Air Force Academy, Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets were invited to perform. This was the first time since the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 that all four service academies sang together.[13][26]

text: Two days after Super Bowl XLIII, it was revealed that Jennifer Hudson also had lip synced.[14]

text: At the beginning of Super Bowl XLV, Christina Aguilera sang the lyrics incorrectly. Instead of singing "O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming", the pop star sang "What so proudly we watched at the twilight's last gleaming".[27][28] According to the New York Times, she also changed "gleaming" to "reaming".[29]

text: Other patriotic performances[edit]

text: The following Super Bowls featured other patriotic performances besides the national anthem. Since 2009, "America the Beautiful" is sung before the national anthem.[30]

text:
1969: Apollo 8 crew
1970: Apollo astronauts
1973: Apollo 17 crew

text:
1977: Vikki Carr (in place of the national anthem)
2001: Ray Charles
2002: Mary J. Blige, Marc Anthony and the Boston Pops Orchestra
2005: Alicia Keys and a tribute video to the recently deceased Ray Charles
2009: Faith Hill
2010: Queen Latifah
2011: Lea Michele
2012: Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert
2013: Jennifer Hudson with the Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus[31][32]
2014: Queen Latifah with the New Jersey Youth Chorus
2015: John Legend [9]
2016: U.S. Armed Forces Chorus [33]
2017: Phillipa Soo, Renee Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones.[34]
2018: Leslie Odom Jr..[35].

text: 2003: Céline Dion


document_title: Bay Hill Club and Lodge

question_text: where is the bay hill golf course located

text: Bay Hill Club and Lodge

text:
Bay Hill Club and Lodge..

Club information

Show map of the USShow map of FloridaShow all

Coordinates
28°27′29″N 81°30′40″W / 28.458°N 81.511°W / 28.458; -81.511Coordinates: 28°27′29″N 81°30′40″W / 28.458°N 81.511°W / 28.458; -81.511

Location
Bay Hill, Florida, U.S.

Elevation
120 feet (37 m)

Established
1961, 57 years ago

Type
Private

Total holes
27

Tournaments hosted
Arnold Palmer Invitational
(1979–present)

Website
www.bayhill.com

Challenger / Champion nines

Designed by
Dick Wilson

Par
72

Length
7,419 yards (6,784 m)

Course rating
75.4

Slope rating
142 [1]

Charger nine

Designed by
Bob Simmons

Par
36

Length
3,324 yards (3,039 m)

Course rating
36.0

Slope rating
137 [2]

text: The Bay Hill Club and Lodge is a private golf resort in the southeastern United States, located in Bay Hill, Florida, a suburb southwest of Orlando.

text: The first 18 holes at Bay Hill (Champion / Challenger nines) were designed by Dick Wilson in 1961, and was built by Bob Simmons. Bob designed and built the additional 9 holes (Charger) after Dick's death; it is considered one of his best works. It illustrates his typical approach of slightly elevating the putting surfaces to improve visibility and drainage.[3]

text: The course covers 270 acres (1.1 km2), and lies between the community of Bay Hill and the Butler Chain of Lakes. It was owned by Arnold Palmer from 1974 until his death in 2016, and now by his son-in-law Roy Saunders. It has hosted the annual Arnold Palmer Invitational on the PGA Tour since 1979, usually played in mid-March.[4]


document_title: Peter Cullen

question_text: who plays the voice of optimus prime in transformers age of extinction

text: Peter Cullen

text: Early life[edit]

text: Cullen was born on July 28, 1941 in Montreal, Quebec, to Henry L. and Muriel (née McCann) Cullen. He has three siblings: Michaela, Sonny, and Larry. Cullen attended Regiopolis-Notre Dame Catholic Secondary School. He is a member of the first graduating class of the National Theatre School of Canada, which graduated in 1963.[2] His brother, Larry Cullen, was a retired Captain in the United States Marine Corps, and helped inspire the voice of Optimus Prime.[3]

text: Career[edit]

text: In 1968, he and Joan Stuart appeared as "Giles" and "Penelope" in L'Anglaise, a recurring segment about a French-Canadian man with an English-Canadian wife, on the CBC Radio comedy series, Funny You Should Say That.

text: Cullen played a French-Canadian astronaut character named Commander Bi Bi Latuque alongside Ted Zeigler for the 1969 children's show, The Buddies on CFCF-TV in Montreal.[4] He honed his voice skills by working as a radio announcer, notably in his home town of Montreal on (then) MOR station CKGM doing the overnight and weekend swing shifts. From 1967-69, he was the announcer for Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour.[citation needed]

text: From 1971-74, he, Zeigler and Billy Van were series regulars on The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour. In 1974, Cullen was the announcer and a series regular (with Ted Zeigler and Billy Van) on The Hudson Brothers Razzle Dazzle Show. He lent his voice to a character in the album "The Story of Halloween Horror" in 1977.[citation needed]

text: As Optimus Prime[edit]

text: Cullen recalls auditioning for the role of the robot Optimus Prime at a casting house in Burbank, California, explaining that as he read Prime's character breakdown, he saw that it was "the opportunity of the year", and heeded his brother Larry's advice: "Peter, don't be a Hollywood hero, be a real hero. Real heroes don't yell and act tough; they are tough enough to be gentle, so control yourself."[3][5] Cullen later learned from his agent, Steve Tisherman, that he not only won the part of Prime, but also, to his surprise, the role of Ironhide as well, which he saw as a "home run".[3]

text: He has stated that Optimus is his favorite voice role, and that he based the voice of the Autobot leader on his older brother Larry, who served in Vietnam. "When he came home, I could see a change. He was quieter and he was a man and a hero to me," says the actor. "I watched him and listened to him. I'd never had an opportunity to do a superhero, and when that came, [that voice] just came right out of me and I sounded like Optimus."[6]

text: He has also stated that he had no idea of Prime's popularity until the character's controversial death in the 1986 animated film, as the studio had never given him fan letters from children addressed to Optimus. The public backlash over Optimus' death surprised producers greatly. Children were leaving the theaters because of the character's death. The writers temporarily revived the character for a single episode in Season 3 called "Dark Awakening". Initially, this was intended to be his final appearance, but after fan requests continued, "The Return of Optimus Prime", a two-part episode was produced. The original ending of "Dark Awakening" was altered in reruns to include a teaser about the return of the character.[citation needed]

text: Cullen reprised the role of Optimus Prime in the 2007 Transformers live-action film, and its sequels Revenge of the Fallen, Dark of the Moon, Age of Extinction, and The Last Knight, as well as the video games based on them. Cullen will also voice Optimus in the spin-off Bumblebee film, set to be released in 2018.[7]He is contractually obligated to voice Optimus in at least one more sequel.[5]

text: Cullen again reprised his role as Optimus Prime in the video games Transformers: War for Cybertron, Transformers: Fall of Cybertron and Transformers: Devastation, and in the recent television series Transformers: Rescue Bots, Transformers Prime and Transformers: Robots in Disguise. His performance in the premiere season of Transformers: Prime earned him a nomination for a 2011 Daytime Emmy Award in the Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program category.

text: Other work[edit]

text: In the 1980s and the 1990s, Cullen appeared on a number of television shows. He has played Coran, Stride the Tiger Fighter, and King Alfor in the Lion Voltron series, the transforming spaceship/robot Ramrod in the 1980s anime series Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs, Commander James Hawkins in the Vehicle Voltron series, Eeyore in the Winnie the Pooh franchise, KARR in Knight Rider, Antor and Bomba, and Gunner, in Dino-Riders, Airbourne, Nemesis Enforcer and Zandar in G.I. Joe, He played "Mantor/Mantys" in Coleco's 5 episode mini-series Sectaurs in 1986; Red Skull in the 1981 cartoon series of Spider-Man, Klaar and Zanzoar in Megas XLR and Mantus in The Pirates of Dark Water. He also had a voice part in the 1984 motion picture Gremlins, as a gremlin, and the first season of the 2008 Knight Rider series as KARR. He also did voicework in The Greatest Adventure: Stories from the Bible series, notably as Japheth, one of Noah's sons in the "Noah's Ark" episode, and the King of Nineveh in the "Jonah" episode. He was well known by some as the main villain Venger in the animated series of Dungeons and Dragons. He played the evil sorcerer Renwick in the lesser known series Little Wizards and played Cindarr in the short-lived series Visionaries: Knights of the Magical Light.

text: Among many other television series and films, he has also lent his basso voice to many film trailers and television commercials, including announcing for the Toonami and You Are Here blocks on the Cartoon Network. Cullen spent some of his early professional years in Montreal as a radio announcer/DJ on CKGM; and as a character in a then-popular local television kids show. He acted the role of a French-Canadian astronaut, along with writer and his partner on the show, Ted Ziegler. Both Ziegler and Cullen were in the supporting cast of The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, as well as other network comedies of the era.

text: He voiced Nintendo's mascot Mario in the Donkey Kong segments on Saturday Supercade, making him the first person to ever provide a voice for the character.[citation needed]

text: Cullen has done voicework on drum and bass DJ Dieselboy's 2004 album, The Dungeonmaster's Guide, and narration on the 2013 album Tetragrammaton by the Dutch extreme metal band The Monolith Deathcult. Tetragrammaton also featured Cullen on bass in "God's Among Insects."[8] Additionally, he did voicework for the unreleased Blizzard Entertainment game Warcraft Adventures: Lord of the Clans,[9] and provided narration for the Star Wars fan film series I.M.P.S.: The Relentless.[10]

text: Cullen is a voice announcer on Police Story 4: First Strike in advertisements for New Line Cinema, lending his experience as an ex-cop for the Santa Monica division to the cast. [11]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Cullen has four children: Clay, Angus, Claire, Pilar and three grandchildren. He is a good friend of his Transformers co-star and fellow voice actor Frank Welker.[12]

text: Honors[edit]

text: At BotCon 2010, Hasbro named Cullen as one of the first four human inductees in the Transformers Hall of Fame for his role as the voice of Optimus Prime.[13]

text: In 2008, Time magazine named Cullen "Celebrity Most Likely to Pilot Commercial Airplanes." [14]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role

1970
Prologue
Allen

1976
King Kong
King Kong (voice only)[15]

The Twelve Tasks of Asterix
Various (voice only)

1982
Heidi's Song
Gruffle

1983
Deck the Halls with Wacky Walls
Big Blue

1984
Voyage of the Rock Aliens
1359

Gallavants
Antonim

Warriors of the Wind
General (1985 dub)

1985
Robotix

Bigfoot and the Muscle Machines
Arthur Ravenscroft

Rainbow Brite and the Star Stealer
Various voices

1986
Voltron: Fleet of Doom
Various voices

Heathcliff: The Movie
Various voices

GoBots: Battle of the Rock Lords
Pincher, Tombstone, Stones

My Little Pony: The Movie
Grundle, Ahgg

The Transformers: The Movie
Optimus Prime, Ironhide (voice)

1987
G.I. Joe: The Movie
Zandar, Nemesis Enforcer, Scientist (voice)

Predator
The Predator (voice)

1988
Rockin' with Judy Jetson
Gruff, Commander Comsat, Bouncer

Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears
Ranger Roubideux (voice)

1989
Vytor: The Starfire Champion
Myzor, Chief Eldor

1991
The Little Engine That Could
Pete, The Cave (voice)

1994
The Story of Christmas
Ox (voice)

1997
Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin
Eeyore (voice)

1999
Seasons of Giving
Eeyore (voice; archive footage)

2000
The Tigger Movie
Eeyore (voice)

2001
The Book of Pooh: Stories from the Heart
Eeyore (voice)

Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse
Eeyore (voice)

2002
A Very Merry Pooh Year
Eeyore (voice)

Treasure Planet
Captain Flint (voice)

2003
Piglet's Big Movie
Eeyore (voice)

2004
Springtime with Roo
Eeyore (voice)

2005
Pooh's Heffalump Movie
Eeyore (voice)

Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie
Eeyore (voice)

2007
Transformers
Optimus Prime (voice)

Super Sleuth Christmas Movie
Eeyore (voice)

2009
Tigger and Pooh and a Musical Too
Eeyore (voice)

Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen
Optimus Prime (voice)

2011
Transformers: Dark of the Moon
Optimus Prime (voice)

2014
Transformers: Age of Extinction
Optimus Prime (voice)

2017
Transformers: The Last Knight
Optimus Prime/Nemesis Prime (voice)

2018
Bumblebee
Optimus Prime (Voice)

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

1962–63
The Jetsons
Additional voices

1967
The Buddies
Commander Bi Bi Latuque

1967–68
The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour
Announcer

1969
Comedy Cafe

1970–71
Zut!

1971–74
The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour
Himself, various characters

1974
The Bobbie Gentry Show
Announcer

1974
The Hudson Brothers Razzle Dazzle Show
Himself

1974
The Sonny Comedy Revue
Himself, various characters

1975
Down Home Country
Luke Warm

1976
The Wolfman Jack Show

1979
The Plastic Man Comedy/Adventure Show
Mighty Man

1979
Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo
Additional voices

1981
The Kwicky Koala Show

1981
The Smurfs
Additional voices

1981
Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends
Hulk/Dr. Bruce Banner, Mysterio, Red Skull
2 episodes

1982
The Scooby & Scrappy-Doo/Puppy Hour
Lucky

1982
Spider-Man
Red Skull, Stuntman/Jack Riven

1982
Meatballs & Spaghetti
Additional voices

1982
Pac-Man
Sour Puss

1982
The Little Rascals
Officer Ed, Pete the Pup

1982
Knight Rider
K.A.R.R. 1st voice
Episode: "Trust Doesn't Rust"

1983
Monchhichis
Shreeker, Snitchitt, Gonker

1983
The Puppy's Further Adventures
Lucky

1983
The Biskitts
Dog Foot, Fang, Scratch

1983
Saturday Supercade
Mario

1983
The Dukes
Additional voices

1983–85
Dungeons & Dragons
Venger

1984
Dragon's Lair
Bertram

1984
Heathcliff and the Catillac Cats
Additional voices

1984
Snorks
Additional voices

1984–86
Rainbow Brite
Murky Dismal

1984–85
Alvin and the Chipmunks
Additional voices

1984–87
The Transformers
Optimus Prime, Ironhide, Streetwise, Blowpipe, Slugslinger

1984
Voltron: Defender of the Universe
Coran, King Alfor, Narrator

1984
Three's a Crowd
Sports Announcer, Airline Captain
2 episodes

1985
The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo
Maldor the Malevolent

1985
Challenge of the GoBots
Spoiler, Tank, Pincher

1985
The Super Powers Team: Galactic Guardians
Felix Faust
Episode: "Brainchild/The Case of the Stolen Super Powers"

1985–86
G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero
Airborne, Ramar, Zandar

1986
MoonDreamers
Igon, various characters
Episode: "Zodies on the Loose"

1986
Rambo: The Force of Freedom
Sergeant Havoc

1986
Muppet Babies
Additional voices
Episode: "Fozzie's Family Tree"

1986
Ghostbusters
Eddie Spenser, Jr., Eddie Spenser, Sr., Haunter, Floatzart

1986
Pound Puppies
Captain Slaughter
4 episodes

1986
The New Adventures of Jonny Quest
Patch
Episode: "Peril of the Reptilian"

1986
Foofur
Baby the Rat, Vinnie the Cat

1986
My Little Pony
Captain Crabnasty
Episode: "Fugitive Flowers"

1987–88
BraveStarr
Dr. Whiston, Dr. Watson, Hack

1987–88
DuckTales
Admiral Grimitz, Bankjob Beagle, Mad Dog McGirk, Lessdred

1987
The Little Wizards
Renwick, various characters

1987
The Real Ghostbusters
Doctor Destructo, Police Officer
Episode: "Captain Steel Saves the Day"

1987
Visionaries: Knights of the Magical Light
Cindarr

1987–89
Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs
Commander Eagle, Narrator, Nemesis

1988
Dino-Riders
Gunner, Antor, Bomba
Episode: "Toro Toro Torosaurus"

1988–89
The New Yogi Bear Show
Ranger Roubideux

1988
Mickey's 60th Birthday
Yen Sid
TV special

1988–91
The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
Eeyore

1988–90
Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears
Kerwin the Conqueror, Gritty

1988–89
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Smash, Mugger, Napoleon

1989
Rude Dog and the Dweebs
Herman, Winston

1989–90
Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers
Monterey Jack, additional voices

1990
TaleSpin
Additional voices
Episode: "It Came from Beneath the Sea Duck"

1990–93
Tom & Jerry Kids
Additional voices

1990–91
Widget the World Watcher
Bob the Poacher, Rooney Kangaroo, Gdunu

1991–93
The Pirates of Dark Water
Mantus

1991
In Living Color

Episode: "Dickie Peterson: Cherub of Justice"

1993
Bonkers
Abominable Snowman, Mackey McSlime

1994
Hardball
Fox Announcer
Episode: "Lee's Bad, Bad Day"

1996
Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh
Eeyore

2001–02
House of Mouse
Eeyore

2001-03
The Book of Pooh
Eeyore

2004–05
Megas XLR
Zanzoar, Klaar

2005–06
IGPX: Immortal Grand Prix
Narrator

2007–10
My Friends Tigger & Pooh
Eeyore

2009
Knight Rider
K.A.R.R.
Episode: "Knight in King's Pawn"

2009
Bizarre Dinosaurs
Narrator

2010–13
Transformers: Prime
Optimus Prime, Vehicon

2012–16
Transformers: Rescue Bots
Optimus Prime

2014
2014 Kids' Choice Awards
Optimus Prime

2015–2017
Transformers: Robots in Disguise
Optimus Prime

2017
Doc McStuffins
Eeyore
Episode: Into the Hundred Acre Wood

2017
Transformers: Titans Return
Optimus Prime

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Voice

2003
Piglet's Big Game
Eeyore

2007
Transformers: The Game
Optimus Prime

Transformers Autobots

2009
Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen

Transformers Revenge of the Fallen: Autobots

2010
Transformers: War for Cybertron

2011
Transformers: Dark of the Moon

2012
Transformers: Fall of Cybertron

Transformers: Prime – The Game

2014
Transformers: Rise of the Dark Spark

2015
Transformers: Devastation

text: Theme park rides[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role

2003
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh
Eeyore (voice)

2011
Transformers: The Ride
Optimus Prime (voice)

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Film/TV Show
Result

2010
Golden Raspberry Awards
Worst Screen Combo
Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen
Nominated

2011
Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program
Transformers Prime
Nominated

2012
Golden Raspberry Awards
Worst Screen Ensemble
Transformers: Dark of the Moon
Nominated