document_title: High school football

question_text: when does football practice start for high school

text: High school football

text: Rules[edit]

text: The National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) establishes the rules of high school football in the United States.

text: Two states, Texas[1][2] and Massachusetts,[3] use NCAA playing rules except as shown below.

text: With their common ancestry, the NFHS rules of high school football are largely similar to the college game, though with some important differences:

text:
The four quarters are each 12 minutes in length, as opposed to 15 minutes in college and professional football. (Texas uses the NFHS 12-minute quarter; Massachusetts uses 11-minute quarters except in playoffs, where they are 10 minutes because of the possibility of playing three games in 10 days.)
Kickoffs take place at the kicking team's 40-yard line, as opposed to the 35 in college and the NFL. (Both Texas and Massachusetts have adopted the NFHS rule.)
If an attempted field goal is missed it is treated as a punt, normally it would be a touchback and the opposing team will start at the 20-yard line. However, if it does not enter the end zone, it can be downed or returned as a normal punt.
Any kick crossing the goal line is automatically a touchback; kicks cannot be returned out of the end zone.
Pass interference by the defense results in a 15-yard penalty, but no automatic first down.
Pass interference by the offense results in a 15-yard penalty, from the previous spot, and no loss of down.
The defense cannot return an extra-point attempt for a score.
Any defensive player that encroaches the neutral zone, regardless of whether the ball was snapped or not, commits a "dead ball" foul for encroachment. 5-yard penalty from the previous spot.
Prior to 2013, offensive pass interference resulted in a 15-yard penalty AND a loss of down. The loss of down provision has been deleted from the rules starting in 2013. In college and the NFL, offensive pass interference is only 10 yards.
The use of overtime, and the type of overtime used, is up to the individual state association. The NFHS offers a suggested overtime procedure based on the Kansas Playoff, but does not make its provisions mandatory.
Intentional grounding may be called even if the quarterback is outside the tackle box.
The home team must wear dark-colored jerseys, and the visiting team must wear white jerseys. In the NFL, the home team has choice of jersey color, and in the NCAA, the home team may wear white with approval of the visiting team.

tag: ul

text: At least one unique high school rule has been adopted by college football. In 1996, the overtime rules originally utilized by Kansas high school teams were adopted by the NCAA, although the NCAA has made two major modifications: (a) starting each possession from the 25-yard line, and (b) starting with the third overtime period, requiring teams to attempt a two-point conversion following a touchdown.

text: Thirty-four states have a mercy rule that comes into play during one-sided games after a prescribed scoring margin is surpassed at halftime or any point thereafter. The type of mercy rule varies from state to state, with many using a "continuous clock" after the scoring margin is reached (wherein, except for specific situations, the clock keeps running on plays where the clock would normally stop), while other states end the game once the margin is reached or passed. For example, Texas uses a 45-point mercy rule (to stop the game) only in six-man football; for 11-man football there is no automatic stoppage but the coaches may mutually agree to use a continuous clock.

text: Most Canadian schools use Canadian football rules adapted for the high school game. The exception is British Columbia, which uses NFHS rules as used in the United States.[4]

text: Sanctioning organizations[edit]

text: Each state has at least one sanctioning organization for public schools. In many states a separate organization governs interscholastic athletics at most private schools. Each sanctioning body divides its member schools up into anywhere from two to eight size classifications based on the number of students enrolled at a school (so that schools are assured to compete against other schools of comparable size) and then each classification is further divided into geographic regions; the nomenclature and number of divisions vary from state to state. A school's size classification can change if its enrollment rises or declines over the years. At the smallest schools, particularly in rural communities or smaller private schools, variations on the game using six, eight, or nine players per side instead of the traditional eleven (or twelve in Canada) are encountered.[citation needed]

text: Home schooling and high school football[edit]

text: Homeschooled students may also participate in high school football through independent or freelance teams, which compete against small private (or in a few cases, public) schools. In some states, such as Florida, state law allows homeschooled students to compete in interscholastic athletics for their local school district. Thus, homeschooled Tim Tebow, who was one of the top quarterback prospects in the nation, was able to play for the nationally ranked public Nease High School after he and his mother rented an apartment in that school district.

text:
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National Federation of State High School Associations

Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

text: Season[edit]

text: Training for the upcoming season usually starts with weightlifting and other conditioning activities, such as specialized speed and agility training. In some states, this begins a few weeks after the end of the previous season, and in others as late as August. Some states allow seven on seven scrimmages, while others prohibit formal practices during most of the summer. Near the end of the summer in mid-August, double sessions tend to begin and usually last for one week or until school starts. After double sessions end, regular season practices begin with daily sessions each week day afternoon except on game day. Practices are often held on Saturday as well, but almost never on Sunday.

text: The regular season typically consists of ten games in most states; Kansas is one of the few states which limits teams to nine. Teams in Minnesota usually play eight,[5] while teams in New York typically schedule only seven. The first game of the season is usually in early September, or late August, and the final regular season game is usually in mid to late October, with the end of the season varying by state and climate. Teams may have one or more bye weeks during the regular season. Larger schools (especially those with successful programs) can often draw attendances in the thousands, even for regular season games, and in some cases may play the game at a college or professional stadium to accommodate the expected large crowds.

text: The vast majority of high school football games are scheduled on Friday nights, with Thursday evenings and Saturdays being less heavily used. Alternate days are most common in larger school districts where the facilities are used by multiple schools, or where the playing field is not illuminated for nighttime use due to financial limitations, local regulations, or neighborhood opposition against night games.

text: Playoffs and post-season[edit]

text: Prior to the 1970s, many states crowned state champions through polls, but playoff systems have become nearly universal. Since then, most states have steadily increased the number of teams eligible to participate and total number of classifications. Though the playoff scheme and number of teams eligible varies, regional champions will compete in elimination playoff rounds – in a tradition borrowed from pro football rather than college – to determine a state champion for each size classification.

text: Only one state, New Jersey, does not crown state public-school champions, only determining regional state champions, but does crown state champions for non-public schools. Massachusetts did not establish a state championship until 2014, previously crowning only regional champions as in New Jersey. New York's championships are nominally statewide, but only include upstate New York because the divisions representing New York City and Long Island (which cover the majority of the state's population) abstain from the state tournaments.[6] In many large cities, including Pittsburgh, New York City, and Los Angeles, as well as some very small districts in places such as Western New York,[7] public high schools compete in their own "city leagues" and may or may not ever play opponents outside of them. At the other extreme are states such as Illinois, Louisiana and West Virginia, in which regional championships do not exist; the state's playoffs are seeded on a statewide basis.

text: The championship games are usually held at a neutral site, usually a college or NFL stadium needed to accommodate the larger crowds. College and professional fields are also usually better equipped to handle inclement weather which is common since state championship games are typically held in late November to the middle of December. In the vast majority of states, all championship games are played at one site, such as the UNI-Dome in Iowa, War Memorial Stadium in Arkansas, Pratt & Whitney Stadium in Connecticut, Camp Randall Stadium in Wisconsin, Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Georgia (formerly the Georgia Dome), Ford Field in Michigan, the DakotaDome in South Dakota, Kroger Field in Kentucky, the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in Louisiana, Lucas Oil Stadium in Indiana, Memorial Stadium in Nebraska, the Carrier Dome in New York, and AT&T Stadium in Texas.

text: Alabama previously played all of its championship games at Legion Field, but at the urging of Alabama Crimson Tide coach Nick Saban, the games now alternate between Bryant–Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa and Jordan–Hare Stadium in Auburn. Mississippi, which previously held its games at Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium in Jackson, has done the same, alternating between Vaught–Hemingway Stadium in Oxford and Davis Wade Stadium in Starkville.

text: Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Idaho and New Mexico are among the states which play only one championship game per site.

text: The current record for number of state high school football championships is held by Washington High School in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, which is 37 as of 2010.[8][9]

text: Some publications and internet sites release nationwide rankings based on polls or mathematical formulas which take into account various factors like average margin of victory and strength of schedule. Schools that finish atop these rankings, particularly the USA Today poll, are sometimes considered to be the national champions.

text: Outside of the playoff tournaments, high school football on Thanksgiving has also historically been popular; originally the traditional end of the high school football season, Thanksgiving football has become less common because of state tournaments (it is still widely popular in some states, particularly in New England). Because of its overlap with the playoff season, many teams forgo their rights to a playoff tournament to participate in exhibition rivalry games that are held over Thanksgiving weekend. Others will play a rivalry game only when they do not qualify for the playoffs. Many of the state championship tournaments are purposely scheduled to conclude on the weekend of Thanksgiving.

text: Canadian post-season games[edit]

text: In Ontario, high schools play in bowl games similar to college football in the United States. Until 2012, the games were determined by geographical location as opposed to a team's record. There were five bowl games for five different geographical regions; the Northern Bowl, the Golden Horseshoe Bowl, the National Capital Bowl, the Western Bowl and the Metro Bowl. For instance, the National Capital Bowl champion is determined through contests between teams from the Bay of Quinte, Simcoe County, Kawartha Lakes, Ottawa Valley and East Ontario. East Ontario or EOSSAA (Eastern Ontario Secondary School Athletic Association) champion is determined by the champions from divisions within itself such as KASSAA (Kingston Area Secondary School Athletic Association).

text: Since 2013, the Ontario Federation of School Athletic Associations has held an annual bowl game series at Tim Hortons Field in Hamilton, Ontario featuring random pairings between the champions of the OFSAA's 18 member associations. Since 2015, the festival has featured nine bowls: Western Bowl – SWOSSAA/ WOSSAA, Golden Horseshoe Bowl – GHAC/ SOSSA, Metro Bowl – TDCAA/ TDSSAA, Central Bowl – CWOSSA/ ROPSSAA, Simcoe Bowl – GBSSA/ YRAA, National Capital Bowl – NCSSAA/ EOSSAA, Northern Bowl – NOSSA/ NWOSSAA, Eastern Bowl – LOSSA/ COSSA, and Independent Bowl – CISAA/ 2nd Entry with one of two associations drawn to compete one year, and the other automatically competing in that bowl game in the following year. The remaining nine associations are drawn by lottery to determine their pairing.[10]

text: Other provinces typically divide schools by size and hold playoffs in a similar manner to those contested in US states.

text: High school football in Europe[edit]

text: All DoDEA Europe high schools offering football will participate in regular season competition facing their Division opponents. In Division I the top four teams at the end of the season will advance to the semi-final games with the winners of those games advancing to the championship game. Division II will be divided into two conference with the top 4 in each conference participating in quarter-final matchups, with the winners advancing to the semi-finals and the final two teams remaining participating in the championships. The FINAL FOUR Championships will be held in the Kaiserslautern Military Community following the play-offs.

text: Coaching[edit]

text: Junior varsity and freshman teams[edit]

text: Many larger high schools also have a separate junior varsity team along with their regular or varsity team. In many cases, these teams – sometimes called the "sophomore team" – are made up of sophomores and some freshmen, although some underclassmen will be called up to play varsity, especially to replace injured varsity players or if the underclassman player is exceptionally talented. At larger schools, there often will be a third team for freshmen (called the freshman team) or, in unified school districts, a "modified" team that includes freshmen and middle school students.

text: Typically, there are no playoffs for junior varsity teams, although many leagues will award a championship title to the team with the best record. Overtime rules are often disregarded, meaning it is possible for games to end in a tie. Junior varsity teams usually have the same schedule as the varsity, with many games played on the same night and at the same site as the varsity game, with the JV game serving as a preliminary contest before the varsity game.

text: Some schools also field a true junior varsity team, which are simply made up of junior and senior players who typically do not see playing time in the varsity game (except during the final minutes of a one-sided game); some freshmen and sophomores will also play in these games, as will a few juniors who start but either are playing in a different position or will be expected to have leadership roles as seniors. In addition to providing opportunities to play in a timed contest, coaches may use these types of contests to see how well underclassmen and juniors play together, since they would replace varsity players lost to graduation; and to assess the talent and actual game-situation abilities of those players who rarely get to play in varsity games. While sometimes these games will be played on the same night as varsity games, true JV teams often play on a different night and may have a separate schedule composed of conference and non-conference teams.

text: College recruiting[edit]

text: In all states, the HS football season will have ended by late December, but the recruiting process by which colleges offer scholarships to high school seniors often starts in the summer, before the school year and football season begin. Physical assessment is an increasingly important part of the recruiting process. Football camps are held at college campuses where a large number of potential recruits can be evaluated simultaneously in various speed and skills drills. Players are evaluated based on running the 40-yard dash, agility shuttle, vertical jump and the number of repetitions on the bench press that they can perform at a given weight. Recently, the SPARQ rating has become a popular composite metric to evaluate overall athleticism. Based on performance over the course of their careers and at camps, colleges will typically take potential recruits on tours of the campus and athletic facilities, or the college may have its team's coach visit the recruit at home or at school.

text: While all colleges do much of their recruiting from local and in-state high schools, where they can network with HS coaches and booster clubs, the nation's top college programs can easily recruit athletes from around the country. Some colleges have historically been aided in this regard through their prominence within their religious affiliation, such as Notre Dame or BYU.

text: Students who played for larger high schools, or who competed in nationally televised matches, have a natural advantage towards recruitment, while players who competed at smaller schools – such as most states' 1A and 2A categories – or in states where high school football is not perceived as being of a high caliber will have their skills and achievements judged versus the lower-caliber opposition they faced and, as such, are rarely considered as top prospects. Occasionally, though, a student at a smaller school will receive a full scholarship; an extreme example of this is Jehuu Caulcrick, a fullback who received a full scholarship to Michigan State University despite playing high school in Clymer, New York, one of the smallest school districts in the state (and a state where high school football is not seen as particularly high caliber). Caulcrick went on to have a successful college career and several years as a journeyman professional, ending his football career as a member of his hometown team, the Buffalo Bills.

text: Though it is an expensive project, high school football players often increase their visibility by sending out video highlights of their playing skills to college recruiters. If a student receives no scholarship offers, they may still attempt to make a college team by becoming a "walk on" and paying their own tuition in the hopes that they can make the team and possibly receive a scholarship. Others will try out for a non-scholarship team, such as a Division III school, or a two-year junior college team. The latter option is also popular with students with academic or behavioral issues that would prevent them from playing at a four-year college.

text: While the vast majority of high school football players will not even be considered for a scholarship offer, players who receive nationwide attention will invariably receive scholarship offers from more than one school and will often hold a press conference to announce their final selection. "All Star" exhibition games like the U.S. Army All-American Bowl, which is televised nationally by NBC, give the nation's top prospects the opportunity to publicly announce their college selection or to provide one last opportunity to showcase their talents to college recruiters. By National Signing Day, the first Wednesday in February, most top recruits will have already signed non-binding letters of intent or verbally committed with colleges.

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: All-star games[edit]

text: A number of all-star football games are played among high school football players in the United States. The caliber of these games varies widely; games such as the aforementioned U.S. Army All-American Bowl tend to draw some of the most renowned high school players in the country, while smaller regional contests such as the Big 30 All-Star Football Game may only draw from a small region.

text: The International Federation of American Football sponsors the biennial U19 World Championship for high school-aged players around the world. As with all IFAF tournaments, players play for national teams; the U.S. and Canada national teams have alternated as champions and runners-up throughout the tournament's existence.

text: Awards[edit]

text: Mascots[edit]

text: As with college and professional football teams, most high school teams in every state have a mascot or team name. Many are generic allusions conveying an image sense of strength, speed, or bravery. Thus, pluralized team names such as Tigers, Eagles, Wildcats, Trojans, and Warriors are fairly common throughout the country. Other team names, however, have a historical connection to the town or area where the high school or school district is located, such as a locally important industry. For example, Yuma High School in Yuma, Arizona is known as the "Criminals" due to the school's historic connection to the infamous Yuma Territorial Prison. Many new schools, or schools that had merged with other schools, have allowed their students to "vote" on a new school mascot or team nickname.

text: Coverage by broadcast media[edit]

text: Because of high school football's mostly limited regional appeal, and because most games take place during prime time (albeit during the Friday night death slot), television exposure of high school football on both a local and national basis tends to be limited to championship games only, or for the regular season to the lower-tier stations in a market such as a MyNetworkTV affiliate or independent television station where no critical programming would be pre-empted. Local public access cable television and local radio stations often air regular season contests, and in some cases, the school's own radio station (or a nearby college) broadcasts the game using student announcers. One such example is San Diego's Prep Pigskin Report. High school football is often an integral part of the modern full service radio format, which centers on local information; radio's prime times are traditionally earlier in the day, and there is far less risk of preemption, since many stations would otherwise be automated or off the air during the times high school football games are played.

text: There has also been a marked increase in recent years of web-based media covering high school sporting events. Examples include Mid America Broadcasting in Indiana, Champs Sports Network and MSA Sports Network in Western Pennsylvania, MSBN in Minnesota, and BSports.org in Washington. In many television markets, local stations will air 30 or 60-minute 'scoreboard' shows following their late Friday newscast with scores and highlights from games in their coverage area. Many national media outlets have been producing national high school football rankings, including High School Football America, which has been releasing its Top 25 since 2011.[11]

text: Despite increased national media attention, some states restrict the broadcast of high school games. One example is the University Interscholastic League, which governs public school sports in Texas.[citation needed] The UIL has a long-standing ban on television broadcasting of high school football games on Friday nights, believing that doing so could hurt ticket sales (radio broadcasts are allowed, though).[citation needed] Because of this, several games that have been broadcast on ESPN and Fox Sports Net in recent years have had to be played on either Thursday night or on Saturday to avoid the UIL's ban.

text: The Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 and Public Law 89-800, which govern the antitrust exemptions given to the National Football League, prohibit the broadcasting of NFL games within 75 miles of any high school football game on Friday nights between September and early December. Because most populated areas of the United States have at least one high school football game within a 75-mile radius, and because broadcasting is an integral part of the NFL's business model (roughly half of the league's revenue comes from television contracts), this effectively prohibits the playing of NFL games in competition with high school football. (These rules do not apply during preseason, when Friday night games are common, nor does it apply at the end of the season, though the only time regular season games are played on Friday in the NFL is on Christmas.) Only recently have national sports television channels fully capitalized on this rule; since 2005, the ESPN family of networks (usually the sub-networks ESPN2, ESPNU and online broadcaster ESPN3, although the main channel also shows occasional games) has aired regular season matchups between nationally ranked teams under the High School Showcase banner. Fox Sports 1 also included high school football in its lineup when it launched in 2013.

text: Portrayals in movies, television, and literature[edit]

text: Hollywood portrayals of high school football, whether comedies or dramas, often portray the game at the center of a small town's existence and the focus of its attention. Also see Jock (subculture)

text:
All the Right Moves – A 1983 film about a western Pennsylvania football player desperate to earn the scholarship that would enable him to escape his economically depressed town.
American Dreams – "JJ" Pryor is a star high school football running back in the show, and many of the early episodes centered on his games.
Quarterback Princess – starring Helen Hunt. A movie based on a small town girl whose family moved into a football town and becomes the local high school's starting quarterback.
The Best of Times – A 1986 film based on an actual rivalry and game between small town Taft High School Rockets (Wildcats) and the larger and highly successful Bakersfield High School Tigers (Drillers) who actually have the California high school record for most wins, most section titles, and most State titles.
Bleachers – A novel published in 2003. It tells of the fictitious Messina High School football team and its coach, Eddie Rake. Rake with 418 wins, 61 losses, and 13 state championships under his belt is on his deathbed, and many of his former players return to Messina to say goodbye.
The Blind Side: Evolution of a Game – A 2006 book by Michael Lewis, partly on the evolution of the offensive left tackle position and partly on the life of Michael Oher, including his high school career, his adoption by Sean and Leigh Anne Tuohy, and his college recruitment. The book spawned the 2009 film The Blind Side, which focused more on Oher; Sandra Bullock won an Oscar for her portrayal of Leigh Anne Tuohy.
Dazed and Confused – A 1993 film set in Texas in 1976. It is not a true high school football movie, but the main character Randy "Pink" Floyd, played by Jason London, is the starting quarterback at his high school and most of his friends play football as well.
Facing the Giants – A 2006 film revolving around high school football coach Grant Taylor and his issues on and off the field.
Fast Times at Ridgemont High – A 1982 film not specifically about football, but whose minor character Charles Jefferson is a football star. During a big game, Charles unleashes his fury on rival "Lincoln High School", as he supposed Lincoln students had vandalized his prized car (actually the result of reckless driving by Ridgemont's Jeff Spicoli).
Friday Night Lights: A Town, a Team, and a Dream – a book about the 1988 season of Permian High School in Odessa, Texas as they made a surprising run toward the state championship. In the end, however, the underdogs lost in the state semi-finals to Carter High School of Dallas. This book ultimately spawned two other media properties:

Friday Night Lights – A 2004 film whose plot is very similar to that of the book.
Friday Night Lights – A television series that aired 2006–2010, and was inspired by the above film.

Go Tigers! – A 2001 documentary on the rivalry between two Ohio high school teams: Massillon Washington High School and Canton McKinley High School.
Gridiron Gang – A 2006 film about using football to rehabilitate juvenile delinquents.
Johnny Be Good – A 1988 comedy film about the pressures of recruiting.
Lucas – A 1986 film about the coming of age of a small, intellectually gifted boy; one subplot revolves around his efforts to join the school's football team.
Married... with Children – A 1987–1998 TV series which featured Al Bundy, a middle-aged, Chicago-area shoe salesman whose lifelong claim to fame was playing running back at (fictitious) Polk High and scoring "four touchdowns in one game."
Must Win: A Season of Survival for a Town and Its Team by Drew Jubera published in 2012. Valdosta High School in Valdosta, Georgia.
Nike's Football is Everything television and print ad campaign of 2006 featuring numerous NFL stars and coaches as members of the fictional Marlin Briscoe High School Hawks football team. Requires Macromedia Flash
Radio – A 2003 film based on the true story about T.L. Hanna High School football coach Harold Jones and a mentally challenged young man James Robert Kennedy, nicknamed "Radio", who becomes the team manager.
Remember the Titans – A 2000 film based on the actual story of the 1971 team of T. C. Williams High School in Alexandria, Virginia.
The Season – a 1999 ESPN television documentary of eastern Pennsylvania's North Penn High School.
Two-A-Days – MTV reality television documentary about the 2005 and 2006 football seasons at Hoover High School in suburban Birmingham, Alabama.
Varsity Blues – A 1999 film about high school football in a small Texas town, and the coach obsessed with winning.
When the Game Stands Tall – A 2014 film about the record-setting 151-game 1992–2003 high school football winning streak by De La Salle High School (Concord, California).
Wildcats – A 1986 film in which Goldie Hawn plays the daughter of a noted football coach who becomes head coach at an inner-city high school.
Woodlawn – A 2015 Christian-themed film surrounding the 1973 desegregation of Woodlawn High School in Birmingham, Alabama, and a spiritual revival within the school's football team that significantly affected the community.

text: Concussions and safety concerns[edit]

text: Robert Cantu, a Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery and Co-Founder of the CTE Center at the Boston University School of Medicine, believes that children under 14 should not play tackle football.[12] Their brains are not fully developed, and myelin (nerve cell insulation) is at greater risk in shear when the brain is young. Myelination is completed at about 15 years of age. Children also have larger heads relative to their body size and weaker necks.[13][14]

text: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is caused by repeated brain trauma, such as concussions and blows to the head that do not produce concussions. It has been found in football players who had played for only a few years, including some who only played at the high school level.[15][16]

text: An NFL-funded study reported that high school football players suffered 11.2 concussions per 10,000 games or practices, nearly twice as many as college football players.[17]


document_title: Leatherface (2017 film)

question_text: when does the movie leatherface come out on dvd

root

text: Leatherface (2017 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: At the Sawyer homestead, a birthday party is being held by the family matriarch Verna Sawyer (Lili Taylor) for the youngest member of the Sawyer family, Jedidiah. As his birthday present and to induct him into the murderous family rituals, he is presented with a chainsaw and is urged to slaughter a man who they have accused of attempting to steal from them. Jed refuses, visibly disturbed, and the thief is killed by Grandpa Sawyer.

tag: p

text: In 1955, couple Betty Hartman and Ted Hardesty are driving down a country road when they come across the seemingly wounded Jedidiah Sawyer. Betty follows him to a dilapidated barn, where she is promptly killed by the Sawyer family. Her father, Sheriff Hartman (Stephen Dorff), is called to the crime scene, where he is shocked to find his daughter deceased. Despite the efforts of Verna, Hartman quickly takes Jedidiah into custody as revenge, sending him to a mental institution known as the Gorman House Youth Reformery.

text: Ten years later, recently-hired nurse Elizabeth White (Vanessa Grasse) forms a bond with patients Bud and Jackson (Sam Strike) at the Gorman House. Verna arrives later that night with an injunction to allow family visitation for a now teenage Jedidiah, only to be rejected by the director of the facility, Doctor Lang. On the way out, she violates security, causing a riot during which many of the nurses and patients are killed. Elizabeth is saved by Jackson, who gets her outside to safety where the two are taken hostage by crazed escapees Ike (James Bloor) and Clarice. As they leave, they come across a bloodied Bud, having just killed Director Lang in a fit of rage, and decide to take him with them.

text: The group arrives at a rest stop diner shortly after changing clothes. Following an altercation with waitress Tammy (Nicole Andrews), Ike and Clarice begin a murder spree within the diner in which Bud is injured and the group is forced to flee. Hartman arrives on the scene with Deputy Sorells (Finn Jones) and discovers that one of the escaped inmates is in fact Jedidiah. That night, the escapees take refuge in an abandoned mobile home where Clarice and Ike engage in sexual intercourse, revealing her scarred body and involving the corpse of the former home owner in the debauchery. While everyone is asleep, Elizabeth tries to escape but is stopped by Ike. Ike continually insults Bud, provoking him to brutalize him to death when the others aren't around. The next morning, Clarice notices Ike is missing and heads off to find him; Jackson and Elizabeth find Bud sleeping on Ike's corpse and quickly take him away.

text: Clarice is apprehended by Hartman and, upon disparaging both him and his dead daughter, is shot in the head as the others watch from a distance. Jackson and Bud continue on with Elizabeth in tow. As a Deputy passes, Elizabeth screams out, inadvertently leading to Bud getting shot. Bud's death sends Jackson into a rage, as he kills the Deputy and has Elizabeth drive them in the deputy's vehicle in attempt to reach safety. During their drive, the two are pursued by the deranged Hartman, who opens fire on the two with one of the bullets severing Jackson's face and causing the vehicle to careen off the side of the road. Later that night, Elizabeth awakes handcuffed in Hartman's car and answers a dispatch call, alerting Sorells to her location. Sorells visits Verna and reveals to her that Hartman has Jedidiah at the old barn where Betty was killed. Verna feeds Sorells to her pigs and then gathers the family to converge on Hartman's location. At the barn, Hartman takes Elizabeth and the injured Jackson hostage, revealing that Jackson is Jedidiah Sawyer. Verna arrives and Hartman is soon incapacitated by the other Sawyers.

text: Back at the Sawyer home, Verna stitches the remnants of the mentally-scarred Jedidiah Sawyer's face and applies a muzzle to hold them together. She then leads him into a room where his siblings are holding Elizabeth and Hartman captive. She gifts Jedidiah with his original chainsaw and Elizabeth watches on in horror as he bisects Hartman to death. As the family celebrates, Elizabeth flees into the woods while the Sawyers give chase. She nearly escapes, only to be caught in a bear trap. Elizabeth attempts to appeal to Jedidiah's sympathy, while Verna encourages him to kill her to protect their family. Jedidiah begins to listen to Elizabeth's pleas that he is not a killer, unable to recall events prior to his injury, until she insults Verna. This causes him to decapitate her in retaliation.

text: The next morning, Verna burns the evidence of the prior night's events and the other Sawyers feed the remains of their victims to the pigs. In the house basement, Jedidiah crafts Elizabeth's flesh into a mask and dons it to a mirror as he applies lipstick. The film ends with him smashing the mirror at the sight of his reflection.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Stephen Dorff as Texas Ranger Hal Hartman[8][9]

text: Vanessa Grasse as Nurse Elizabeth "Lizzy" White[12]

text: Sam Strike as Jedidiah Sawyer / Jackson[13]

text: Lili Taylor as Verna Sawyer[17]

text: Chris Adamson[20]

text: Finn Jones as Deputy Sorells[22]

text: James Bloor as Ike[12][23]

text: Jessica Madsen as Clarice[24]

text: Sam Coleman as Bud[12]

text: Additionally, Julian Kostov portrays Ted Hardesty in the film, the father of Sally Hardesty and Franklin Hardesty from The Texas Chain Saw Massacre. Although his role is brief, there was going to be an additional scene exploring his family that was removed for budgetary reasons.[25] Nubbins Sawyer, the older brother of Leatherface known simply as "The Hitchhiker" in The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, is played by Dejan Angelov.[25][27] Lorina Kamburova fills the role of Hal Hartman's daughter, whose death sets the plot into motion, while Boris Kabakchief plays Jedidiah Sawyer in his child years. Other acting credits include Dimo Alexiev, Nathan Cooper,[18] and Nicole Andrews.[2]

text: Production[edit]

text: Concept and development[edit]

text:
"In a way, there is nothing behind the mask. That, I think, is why he is such a frightening character. The reason he wore a mask, according to Tobe and Kim, was that the mask really determined his personality. So, when the Cook comes home with Sally, Leatherface is wearing the "Old Lady" mask and his wearing an apron; he wants to be domestic. At dinner he wears a different face -- the "Pretty Woman," which has make up. Behind the mask, really, Leatherface was very simple -- he killed anything that came along, he obeyed his brothers, he loved his Grandpa."[28]

—Actor Gunnar Hansen on Leatherface's characterisation

tag: div

text: In January 2013, it was revealed that due to the success of Texas Chainsaw 3D, Millennium Films began planning a sequel film to be called Texas Chainsaw 4 which was expected to begin filming later in 2013 in the state of Louisiana.[29][30][31][29] Millennium Films Chairman Avi Lerner stated that the project was brought to him by Christa Campbell and Lati Grobman and that Millennium had signed on to produce, with Lionsgate distributing the finished product.[31][32][31] Executive producer Mark Burg clarified that the sequel was prematurely announced and had not been authorised, "The rights are controlled by Carl [Mazzocone] and Main Line Pictures, no matter what Millennium says. Millennium simply sold the foreign rights and they will not tell us when a sequel is ready to be made. The script was developed by Carl, myself and writer/director John Luessenhop. Maybe they're looking for something to sell at Berlin, but they have no right to announce this sequel."[33] The idea for a prequel came when Seth M. Sherwood was given the chance to pitch the film to the studio. Dissatisfied with the inconsistencies of the franchise's continuity, he opted to make a Chainsaw film that wasn't just another sequel to the original: "My pitch was always about doing it completely out of left field and making it different. The first thing I said to Millennium was 'I bet I can tell you what everybody else is pitching you and it’s X-Y-Z, but I want to do 1-2-3', and luckily, that's the direction they were interested in going as well."[34] The script was approached as a story of identity, based on the statements given by Tobe Hooper and Gunnar Hansen on how the character Leatherface is entirely devoid of personality beyond the masks he wears and what his family commands him to do.[35] Sherwood chose not to have Leatherface be born as intellectually disabled, finding the story of a functional person that has their mental capabilities reduced to be more fascinating.[36] Producer Les Whedon detailed the reasoning behind accepting Sherwood's pitch: "What interested and enticed us about this production was the fact that we were presented with an opportunity to re-invent the franchise. It was the opportunity to almost go behind-the-scenes into the beginning of how Leatherface was created. What happened? Who is Leatherface and how did the whole character come to be?"[11] Despite the film's explanatory premise, co-director Julien Maury found it important to maintain some of the lead character's mystique, referring the project simply as "moments from his young years."[37]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: On August 13, 2014, Seth M. Sherwood was announced to write the film,[5][38] under the title Leatherface.[7] On October 31, 2014, Julien Maury and Alexandre Bustillo were hired to direct the film,[39] who admired its distinction in narrative from the series' previous installments:[40] "When we first received the script, of course it's not everyday that you have the opportunity to see Leatherface on the front page and we were very surprised, in a good way, that the script was taking a different path, and it's quite original." Producer Whedon elucidated that the directors were chosen because their "perfect vision" and their "edge to their storytelling".[11] In March and April 2015, Sam Strike, James Bloor, Stephen Dorff, and Jessica Madsen joined the cast, respectively.[13][23][8][24] On May 5, 2015, Lili Taylor was publicised to replace Angela Bettis, who dropped out due to a scheduling conflict.[17] The following day, Vanessa Grasse joined the cast to play Lizzy.[12]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on May 18, 2015,[41] shooting on locations in Bulgaria.[42][43] The Bulgaria location was used for budgetary reasons, as Millennium Films had a studio in the area. To accommodate the 1960s era in which the film is set, cars modeled after that of the period were sent to the filming areas. Sites were also chosen for an aesthetic of wild, open fields and scrubs that resemble the Texas landscape. Seth M. Sherwood likened the film's visual style to that of an art film, comparing it to "Badlands with gore". In addition to the brutal murders in the screenplay, additional kills were inserted by directors Bustillo and Maury during filming, with the creation of Leatherface's first flesh-mask cited by Sherwood as his personal favourite. Practical effects were primarily used to bring the killings, corpses, and gore to life; much of the budget was spent on building a realistic cow carcass. The crew utilised computer-generated imagery as necessary, albeit to a much lesser extent.[44] Leatherface was made intentionally graphic in response to fan criticisms of Texas Chainsaw 3D lacking sufficient violence.[45] Lati Globman said on the matter, "Gore is not always the point in horror movies, although there will be plenty, it needs to be psychologically challenging and twisted."[46] While five of the TCM franchise's seven films have been shot in Texas, one in California and one in Louisiana, Bulgarian filming marks the first time one was been shot outside the United States. Filming continued through June 2015,[47] lasting a sum of twenty-seven days.[37]

text: Sherwood wrote some of the film's locations into the script as homage to Leatherface: The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III. As Sherwood explains, "The original Leatherface, Chainsaw 3, took the idea of the backwoods isolation of the original and exploded it tenfold. I always think of the locations of this film—the scrub brush filled badlands and remote roadside outposts as feeling like another world—a dark fairy tale land in some way. I filled my story with similar locations to hopefully capture a similar vibe." The fictional Sawyer farm is a key location in Leatherface,[27] which was rebuilt to accurately resemble its appearance in the first Texas Chain Saw Massacre.[46] The farm was originally going to be used sparingly, until Sherwood discussed the matter with directors Maury and Bustillo. Sherwood stated, "Developing the script with the directors was actually just super-easy. We knew what we wanted to do from the start, and they got it and they were right along with me. I didn't have the farmhouse a lot and they were like 'If we are going to build the set and this is the famous farmhouse, we should use it' and I totally agreed with that. And so we moved the third act, mostly taking place at the farmhouse." The Sawyer homestead was adduced by cinematographer Antoine Sanier as being particularly rousing to film: "It's a real house that has been shot many times, but we cannot see it very well [in the previous films]. It's always a little bit hidden or dark, so it was really impressive to get into this process and also to be a link to the other guys that have been shooting this kind of set."[11]

text: Continuity[edit]

text: Serving as a direct prequel to The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, Leatherface was written by Seth M. Sherwood to also act as a prelude to the series as a whole. Sherwood intentionally distanced the film from The Texas Chainsaw Massacre remake and its prequel The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning, while respecting the fictional events of the original film and its various sequels. Leatherface's characterisation is based on Gunnar Hansen's performance from the original film. Certain character names, such as Drayton, Nubbins, and the Sawyer surname, were pulled from The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2. The creation of the deranged lawman Hal Hartman was inspired by Lefty Enright, a Texas Ranger that appeared in the second film, while Clarice was originally conceived as a tribute to Chop Top Sawyer. Hal Hartman is the father of Burt Hartman, a vigilante character that first appeared in Texas Chainsaw 3D. The character Verna Sawyer (Lili Taylor) was played by Marilyn Burns in Texas Chainsaw 3D.[27] Sherwood confirmed that the Texas Chainsaw film canon followed by Lionsgate Pictures and Millennium Films consists of, chronologically, Leatherface, The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, and Texas Chainsaw 3D: "While there’s plenty of things for fans, one could also go into [Leatherface] blind as their first TCM film and effectively see the beginning of the story."[36]

text: Release[edit]

text: Leatherface was originally slated for a 2016 release,[49] which it did not meet. Despite having reached completion, it was temporarily shelved by Lionsgate Films.[25] Sherwood speculated that the studio might have been afraid that they wouldn't make back their investment after another film underperformed, but admitted that he had no concrete explanation for the delay:[44] "In a strange way, I started to romanticize the idea it became some legendary lost film. It would be coveted – something spoken about, something people would try to contrive some way of seeing, something that would show up on a tired unused media at a convention in 50 years."[36] A film titled Leatherface received a direct-to-video release from Lightning Pictures in the United Kingdom in January 2017, featuring a masked chainsaw-brandishing figure on the home video cover. However, this film was not the Texas Chain Saw Massacre prequel, but rather a re-packaging of the unrelated Playing With Dolls: Bloodlust. The release was criticised by members of the press for its misleading marketing, with William Bibbiani scrutising on Blumhouse.com that "It's not uncommon for horror movies to pick up new titles in domestic or foreign markets in an attempt to capitalize on various trends, but this is a particularly egregious example. It goes beyond mockbusters, which try to trick you into thinking it's the real deal, and simply takes the title of an upcoming, anticipated horror movie and tries to pass itself off as that movie." Playing With Dolls director Rene Perez apologised for the title change, "I am apposed [sic] to this title change but I am powerless to stop it. The sales agency didn't even inform me that a sale was made to the UK. At the moment I am making a 3rd Playing with Dolls movie. I will be self releasing the new Playing with Dolls online to avoid any issues like this in the future."[50][51][52][53][54]

text: In May 2017, producer Christa Campbell stated that the prequel would be released in October 2017.[1] It premiered at FrightFest 2017 on August 25,[2] followed by an exclusive release through the DirecTV satellite service on September 21, and wide distribution via Video on demand and a limited theatrical run coinciding on October 20.[55][56][57] It was also selected as programming for the 2017 Screamfest Horror Film Festival, which ran from October 10, 2017, to October 19 at the TCL Chinese Theatre,[58] as well as the Nightmares Film Festival on October 19.[59] The motion picture will be published on home video platforms, specifically Blu-ray, DVD, and digital media, on December 19, 2017. Additional Blu-ray features include deleted scenes, a Making of featurette, and an alternate ending.[60][61]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Leatherface received an approval rating of 33% based on 33 reviews, and an average rating of 3.9/10.[66] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[67]

text: Stephen Dalton of The Hollywood Reporter referred to the film as "a respectful origin story for the long-running Texas Chainsaw Massacre horror franchise" and also complemented the performances of Stephen Dorff and Lili Taylor.[62] Variety reflected that "This Texas Chainsaw 'origin story' is a somewhat mixed bag, but it's also an earnest and well-crafted attempt at franchise course-correction. There's plenty of graphic violence here, but Leatherface is plot-driven rather than merely kill-driven. But that, too, is a useful re-direction: Nothing is ever going to fully recapture the berserker mood that made Hooper's original so terrifying, despite its deceptive lack of actual on-screen gore."[18] Bloody Disgusting gave it a 3.5/5 score, saying that "Bustillo and Maury have made the best TCM film in quite some while. The fact that Leatherface avoids the slasher playbook in its road movie set-up may alone be enough to explain the lack of a wide theatrical release, but this is an entertaining splatter film well worth a digital rental."[68]

text: Rating the film 4/5 stars, Eye for Film commented that "Of all the films in the Texas Chainsaw series, this is probably the least gory, a fact that will no doubt disappoint some fans. It certainly has its moments and those disturbed by gore should still approach it with caution, but it's nothing like as gratuitous as much of what has gone before. Events happen to serve the story more than the theme. Horror is found in different places."[69] Staci Wilson of Dread Central wrote that "Not to say I loved Leatherface - It’s far too disgusting for my taste (I'm okay with gore, but there's some gooey necrophilia in this flick that I felt was just thrown in for the ick of it), and there are too many plot holes. Still, it's a very well made film, the cinematography is gorgeous, and the acting is aces across the board", giving a final verdict of 3/5 stars.[70] Anton Bitel of SciFiNow appraised, "In spite, or perhaps because, of all the splatter and excess, this still does not come close to the elusively non-explicit horrors of the original The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, even as it serves as their grim rites of passage. If 'Nobody messes with our family' is the ultimate message, then Maury and Bustillo certainly maintain a respectful continuity to reunite the old clan, as Jed pieces together his future identity from the different influences around him."[71] For being what he called "the most entertaining and pleasing TCM film since 1974's classic", ComingSoon.Net writer Jerry Smith gave the prequel a positive review. He assessed that "Do we really need yet another horror icon origin story and if so, would the explanation be anything we haven't seen before? The answers to these questions are quite refreshing", contrasting the origin story given to that of Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning as having been able to "acknowledge what came before it without ever seeming like a wink-wink to the previous films in the series".[72] V.O.D.zilla's Matthew Turner assigned a 6.2 rating, opining "This Texas Chainsaw prequel lacks the original's terror but gets by on style, strong performances and a bucket or two of the red stuff."[73]

text: In a negative review, Flickering Myth critiqued that "Some stories just don’t need telling, and Leatherface is one of them. It's not that it retcons elements of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre mythology, or that it's a 'pointless prequel' – it's just an empty movie. You'll have forgotten you've seen it as soon as the credits roll. Prequels, sequels and remakes can all enrich a story and tell it from a new perspective, but Leatherface just doesn’t do that."[63]Screen International called the film "a production line effort with an eye on cashflow rather than the demented work of art Hooper loosed on the world", stating "this eighth entry is above average for its attenuated series. Gore levels are as high as expected and, naturally, the finale leaves things open for further installments."[64] Regarding the film's viewer appeal, HeyUGuys theorised, "Not only is this prequel attempting to deliver something fans of the series don't necessarily want, it doesn't really do what it promises particularly well either. One for completists for sure, but on the whole Leatherface is too detached for TCM fans, and too extreme for the wider public."[74] William Bibbiani of IGN ranked it as the worst Texas Chainsaw Massacre film because "it adds nothing new or interesting to the series. The problem is not just that this film is a prequel, so we know exactly where it’s going, but that the road to the inevitable takes us through almost unbearably familiar territory. It honestly looks as though the filmmakers who made Leatherface didn't watch the original films, but watched all of the films that ripped off The Texas Chain Saw Massacre instead."[75] Film critic Rob Gonsalves reviewed that "Hooper's Chainsaw is often imitated, never duplicated (or bested, say I), a sui generis sweatbox odyssey that seems to owe nothing to any other film before it. Leatherface feels properly respectful, made by filmmakers who idolize the original, and that’s also its weakness: it's a jumped-up fan film, and because it's meant to be a prequel to Hooper's movie it's locked into whatever happens in that movie. It can't deviate from what we know, and can't truly surprise us."[19] Heather Wixson of Daily Dead went into Leatherface "primed to love it", but felt that the final product "never quite makes up its mind about just what kind of movie it wants to be, and suffers for its indecision. But as a whole, Leatherface is such a disappointing entry because it spends so much time trying to be so many other things than just a straight-up Texas Chainsaw movie, and I couldn't help but wonder why." Wixson commended the cinematography, practical effects, and Lili Taylor's acting, but slammed the third act.[65]


document_title: Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

question_text: where did the tree for rockefeller center come from this year

text: Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree

text: Selection and decoration[edit]

text: Trees are traditionally donated to Rockefeller Center, which in turn donates the lumber after display. Until his death in 2009, the late David Murbach,[4] Manager of the Gardens Division of Rockefeller Center, scouted for the desired tree in upstate New York and surrounding states, and even Ottawa, Canada.[5]

text: The trees are now scouted by Erik Pauzé, Head Gardener at Rockefeller Center. Pauzé visits nurseries throughout the tri-state area while keeping his eye out for one-of-a-kind backyard trees. Trees may also be submitted for consideration through Rockefeller Center's web site. Pauzé and his team choose each year’s tree based on its heartiness and “Christmas tree shape,” as well as its ability to support the heavy ornaments.[6]

text: Once a tree is selected, a crane supports the tree while it is cut, then moved to a custom telescoping trailer able to transport trees up to 125 feet (38 m) tall, although the width of city streets around Rockefeller Center limits the height of the tree to 100 feet (30 m). Local business Christmas Tree Brooklyn provides support in delivering the tree safely into the city. On its way to Manhattan, the tree is often dressed in giant red bows or banners extending holiday greetings to witnesses. Trucks, barges, and even a transport plane have all been used to help the tree make the trip.[7]

text: Once at Rockefeller Center, the tree is supported[8] by four guy-wires attached at its midpoint and by a steel spike at its base. Scaffolding is erected around the tree to assist workers in hanging about 50,000 multi-colored LED lights and the star top.[9] The crystal star that has topped the tree since 2004 is 9.5 feet (2.9 m) in diameter and weighs 550 pounds (250 kg). This "Swarovski Star," containing 25,000 Swarovski crystals, 1 million facets, and LED lights, was created by German artist Michael Hammers.[10][11]

text: History[edit]

text: Although the official Christmas tree tradition at Rockefeller Center began in 1933 (the year 30 Rockefeller Plaza opened), an unofficial tradition began during the Depression-era construction of the Center, when workers decorated a smaller 20 foot (6.1 m) balsam fir with "strings of cranberries, garlands of paper, and even a few tin cans" on Christmas Eve (December 24, 1931), as recounted by Daniel Okrent in his history of Rockefeller Center.[12] According to Rockefeller Center, workers pooled their money for that unlit tree, with the garlands made by workers' families.

text: With the lighting of the 50-foot-tall (15 m) first official tree two years later, the tree became what Rockefeller Center dubbed "a holiday beacon for New Yorkers and visitors alike." A skating rink was opened below the tree in the plaza in 1936.[2] Rockefeller Center has observed the tree to be "from the beginning ... a gathering place and reflection of what was happening in the world around it."[13]

text: World War II ushered in simple, patriotic decorations, including red, white and blue unlit globes and painted wooden stars. In 1942, instead of one large tree, three more modest trees were raised, each decorated in one of the flag's colors. From 1944 until the war's end in 1945, the tree went unlit due to blackout regulations.[2] After the war, the year of darkness was left behind, as six ultraviolet light projectors were employed to make it appear as though the tree’s 700 fluorescent globes were glowing in the dark.[2]

text: By the 1950s, workers began using scaffolding to decorate the tree, as larger trees were accommodated. Before the decade was over, the decorating process called for 20 workers and nine days.[14] 1951 marked the first time that NBC televised the tree lighting with a special on The Kate Smith Show.[2]

text: In 1969, artist Valerie Clarebout’s towering wire herald angels were added to the Channel Gardens in front of the tree near Fifth Avenue. Clarebout created the 12 sculptures using 75 points of metal wire each.[15]

text: The 1971 tree, a 65-footer from East Montpelier, Vt., was the first to be mulched and recycled. It was turned into 30 three-bushel bags of mulch for the nature trails of upper Manhattan. Though the tree typically makes its journey on a truck bed, in 1998 it was flown in from Richfield, Ohio on the world’s largest transport plane.[2]

text: 1999 saw Rockefeller Center's tallest tree, a 100 foot (30 m) spruce from Killingworth, Conn.[16] In 2001, following the events of September 11, the tree was again decorated in hues of red, white and blue.[17]

text: In 2007, the tree went "green", converting to energy-efficient lighting with LEDs.[18] [19] The LEDs use 1,200 fewer kilowatts of electricity per day, enough to power a 2,000-square-foot home for a month.[2]

text: Also since 2007, each year after display, the tree has been milled into lumber and donated to Habitat for Humanity for use in house construction. [20]

text: The 2016 tree, a Norway Spruce from Oneonta, N.Y., is at 94 feet high the second tallest ever erected at Rockefeller Center. At 56 feet wide and over 30,000 pounds, the tree is the widest and heaviest to date, according to construction crews. [21]

text: Since 2011, the tree lighting ceremony has been followed by the singing of Joy to the World.

text: The decorated tree remains on display at Rockefeller Plaza, between West 48th and 51st Streets and Fifth and Sixth Avenues, at least through January 6 of the new year.

text: More than a half million people pass by the tree each day while it is on display, according to Rockefeller Center.[22]

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: Since 1997, the lighting ceremony has been broadcast live on NBC in the first hour of primetime, live in the Eastern and Central time zones, and on tape elsewhere.[23] The ceremony is hosted by Today's Al Roker(1997- Present ), Savannah Guthrie (2012- Present ),and Hoda Kotb (2017- Present )

text: Yearly tree details[edit]

text:
Year
Original location
Tree type
Height
Lighting

2017
State College, PA[24]
Norway spruce
75 ft
November 29, 2017

2016
Oneonta, NY[25]
Norway spruce
94 ft
November 30, 2016

2015
Gardiner, NY[26]
Norway spruce
78 ft
December 2, 2015

2014
Danville, PA[27]
Norway spruce
85 ft
December 3, 2014

2013
Shelton, CT[28]
Norway spruce
76 ft
December 4, 2013

2012
Flanders, NJ[29]
Norway spruce
80 ft
November 28, 2012

2011
Mifflinville, PA
Norway spruce
74 ft
November 30, 2011

2010
Mahopac, NY[30]
Norway spruce
74 ft
November 30, 2010

2009
Easton, CT[31]
Norway spruce
76 ft
December 2, 2009

2008
Hamilton, NJ[32]
Norway spruce
72 ft
December 3, 2008

2007
Shelton, CT[33]
Norway spruce
84 ft
November 28, 2007

2006
Ridgefield, CT[34]
Norway spruce
88 ft
November 29, 2006

2005
Wayne, NJ[35]
Norway spruce
74 ft
November 30, 2005

2004
Suffern, NY[36]
Norway spruce
71 ft
November 30, 2004

2003
Manchester, CT[36]
Norway spruce
79 ft
December 3, 2003

2002
Bloomsbury, NJ[37]
Norway spruce
76 ft
December 4, 2002

2001
Wayne, NJ
Norway spruce
81 ft
November 28, 2001

2000
Buchanan, NY[38]
Norway spruce
80 ft
November 29, 2000

1999
Killingworth, CT[39]
Norway spruce
100 ft*
December 1, 1999

1998
Richfield, OH[40]
Norway spruce
75 ft
December 2, 1998

1997
Stony Point, NY
Norway spruce
70 ft
December 2, 1997

1996
Armonk, NY[41]
Norway spruce
90 ft
December 3, 1996

1995
Mendham, NJ
Norway spruce
75 ft
December 5, 1995

1994
Ridgefield, CT
Norway spruce
85 ft
December 2, 1994

1989
Montebello, NY[42]
Norway spruce
70 ft

1986
Nanuet, NY[43]
Norway spruce
68 ft

1980
Mahwah, NJ[44]
Norway spruce
70 ft

1978
Mahwah, NJ[45]
Norway spruce
75 ft

1963
Rockaway, NJ
Bruce Fir, Veit
84 ft

1957
Brighton, VT[46]
White spruce
67 ft

tag: table

text: *Tallest Tree on Record


document_title: List of active Indian military aircraft

question_text: name 5 aircraft used by the indian army

question_tokens: name 5 aircraft used by the indian army

text: List of active Indian military aircraft

text: Air Force[edit]

text:
Aircraft
Origin
Type
Variant
In service
Notes

Combat Aircraft

MiG-21
Russia
Fighter
bis/Bison[1]
244[2]

MiG-27
Russia
Ground attack
ML
84[2]

MiG-29
Russia
Multirole
MiG-29UPG[3]
66[2]

HAL Tejas
India
Multirole
Mk.1
8[4][5]
Total 40 on order[6]

Mirage 2000
France
Multirole
2000 H/I
41[7][8]

Sukhoi Su-30
Russia
Multirole
Su-30MKI
233
Total 272 on order[9]

Dassault Rafale
France
Multirole
B/C

36 on order[2]

SEPECAT Jaguar
UK / India
Ground attack
IM/IS[10]
95[11]

AWACS

EMB-145
Brazil
AEW&C
Netra[12]
2
Equipped with a DRDO-developed AEW&C system - 1 on order[13]

Beriev A-50
Soviet Union
AEW&C
A-50EI
3
Equipped with the EL/W-2090 radar - 4 on order[2]

Reconnaissance

Boeing 707
United States
Reconnaissance

1[2]

Global 5000
United States
ELINT

2[2]
Operated under R&AW

Gulfstream G100
Israel
Surveillance
1125 Astra
2[2]

Pipistrel Virus
Slovenia
Ultralight
SW 80
2
72 on order[14]

Electronic Warfare

Gulfstream III
United States
EW / ELINT
SRA[15]
3[2]
Operated under R&AW

Tanker

Ilyushin Il-78
Soviet Union
Aerial refueling
Il-78MKI
6[13]
Equipped with Israeli fuel-transfer system[16]

Transport

Boeing 737
United States
VIP transport
737-700
3[17]

Boeing C-17
United States
Strategic airlifter

10[2]
1 more on order[18]

Ilyushin Il-76
Soviet Union
Strategic airlifter
Il-76MD
14[19]

Antonov An-32
Ukraine
Transport
An-32/32RE
104[2]
42 are 32RE variant[20]

Embraer Legacy 600
Brazil
VIP transport

4[21]

Dornier Do 228
Germany
Transport
228-201[22]
40
14 on order[2]

C-130J Super Hercules
United States
Tactical airlifter
C-130J-30[23]
11[2]

Hawker Siddeley HS 748
India
Transport

57[2]

Helicopters

Mil Mi-17
Russia
Utility
Mi-17V-5
149[24][25][26]

Mil Mi-24
Russia
Attack
Mi-35[27]
15[2]

Mil Mi-26
Russia
Heavy Lift

3[2]

HAL Dhruv
India
Utility

75
35 on order[2] - eight are Rudra variants[28]

HAL Chetak
France
Liaison / Utility

76[2]
License-built version of the Alouette III

HAL Cheetah
India
Liaison

16[2]
License-built version of the SA315B Lama

Boeing AH-64
United States
Attack
AH-64E

22 on order[2]

CH-47 Chinook
United States
Transport / Utility
CH-47F

15 on order[2]

Trainer Aircraft

BAE Hawk
United Kingdom
Jet trainer
Hawk 132
104[2]

HAL Kiran
India
Jet trainer

80[2]

SEPECAT Jaguar
UK / France
Conversion trainer
IB[10]
28[11]

Mirage 2000
France
Conversion trainer
2000 TH/TI
8[7][8]

Pilatus PC-7
Switzerland
Basic trainer
Mk II
75[2]

Zenith STOL CH 701
Canada
Basic trainer

85[29]

text: Army Aviation Corps[edit]

text:
Aircraft
Origin
Type
Variant
In service
Notes

Helicopters

HAL Dhruv
India
Utility

140
22 are the Rudra variant.[28] - 124 on order[2]

HAL Chetak
France
Liaison / Utility

4[2]
License-built version of the Alouette III

HAL Cheetah
India
Liaison

30
16 on order[2]

text: Naval Air Arm[edit]

text:
Aircraft
Origin
Type
Variant
In service
Notes

Combat Aircraft

MiG-29
Russia
Multirole
MiG-29K/KUB
45[30]

AWACS

Kamov Ka-31
Russia
AEW

14[2]
Employs a planar array radar[31]

Reconnaissance

Pipistrel Virus
Slovenia
Ultralight
SW 80
2[32]
12 on order[14]

Maritime patrol

Boeing P-8
United States
ASW / Patrol
P-8I
8
4 on order[2]

Ilyushin Il-38
Soviet Union
ASW / Patrol
Il-38SD[33]
5[2]

Dornier Do 228
Germany
Surveillance
228-201[22]
25
12 on order[2]

Britten-Norman BN-2
United Kingdom
Utility / Patrol
BN-2B/2T[34]
11[2]

Helicopters

HAL Dhruv
India
Utility

8
17 on order[2][35]

Kamov Ka-27
Russia
ASW
Ka-28
14
4 on order[2]

SH-3 Sea King
United States
SAR / Utility
UH-3H
8[2]

Westland Sea King
United Kingdom
SAR / Utility
Mk.42B/C[36]
25[2]

HAL Chetak
France
Liaison / Utility

34
7 on order[2]

Trainer Aircraft

BAE Hawk
United Kingdom
Jet trainer
Hawk 132
17[2]

HAL Kiran
India
Jet trainer

20[2]

text: Indian Coast Guard[edit]

text:
Aircraft
Origin
Type
Variant
In service
Notes

Maritime patrol

Dornier Do 228
Germany
Reconnaissance
101/201[22]
23[37]

Helicopters

HAL Dhruv
India
Utility
Mk. I
4[38][37]
16 Mk. III on order.[39]

HAL Chetak
India
Utility

17[37]

text: NCC Air Wing[edit]

text:
Aircraft
Origin
Type
Variant
In service
Notes

Trainer Aircraft

Zenith STOL CH 701
Canada
Trainer
AC
85[29]

Pipistrel Virus
Slovenia
Ultralight
SW 80

110 on order[14]

text: Border Security Force[edit]

text:
Aircraft
Origin
Type
Variant
In service
Notes

Transport

Embraer ERJ 135
Brazil
VIP transport
135BJ
1[40]

Hawker Siddeley HS 748
United Kingdom
Tactical transport

2[40]

Helicopters

Mil Mi-17
Russia
Transport helicopter
Mi-17-1V

Mi-17V5
6

5
Total 8 Mi-17V5 on order[40]

HAL Dhruv
India
Utility helicopter

6[40]

HAL Cheetah
India
Utility helicopter

1[40]

text: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles[edit]

text: Note: The Indian Armed Forces operate a number of Unmanned aerial vehicles split between the three service branches.

text:
Aircraft
Origin
Type
Variant
In service
Notes

IAI Harop
Israel
Attack

Operated by Indian Air Force[41]

IAI Heron
Israel
Patrol
Heron 1
68[42]
Operated by all three services.[43] 16 on order for Indian Army[41]

IAI Searcher
Israel
Patrol
Mk. I / II
108[42]
Operated by all three services.[43]

DRDO Lakshya
India
Aerial target

39
In service with the Indian Air Force and Indian Navy.[44]