document_title: The Suite Life on Deck

question_text: who plays cody in the suite life on deck

text: The Suite Life on Deck

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Zack Martin, portrayed by Dylan Sprouse, is typically the fun-loving, sport-loving, non-studious, outgoing, untidy, and immature twin. He works in the juice bar on the ship as a result of using up both Cody's and his money for the semester. Cody is forced to obtain the job as a towel boy.[7] Zack does not perform particularly well academically, but he managed to graduate in the series' finale episode. He performs very well physically and enjoys physical sports, especially basketball and football. Zack acts selfish at times but he also sincerely cares for his brother and friends, even if he does not always show it. He flirts with most of the girls on the ship by using various pick-up lines, although he rarely ever stays with them for more than one episode. At the beginning of the third season, he starts to develop strong feelings for a new student on the ship named Maya. At first, she refuses to go out with him since he was a "player," but eventually he wins her over by throwing a surprise party for her. He then surprises his friends by being a good boyfriend. Although initially there is confusion as to whether he loved her or whether he was just taking her on as a challenge, he proves to have strong feelings for her in later episodes. She breaks up with him in the episode "Graduation on Deck" because of a Peace Corps assignment she accepts, but they remain close friends.
Cody Martin, portrayed by Cole Sprouse, is the erudite, sweet, intelligent, wise, tidy, and sensitive twin. Cody performs well academically, is a straight A student, and has shown to have a great interest in academics; however, he does not perform well in sports. Cody has been noted to be ten minutes younger than Zack and often plays into Zack's crazy schemes. Cody is usually picked on by Zack, but Zack becomes very defensive when other people pick on Cody. Likewise, Cody cares very deeply for Zack, despite his picking on him constantly. At the end of season one, Cody begins dating Bailey Pickett, but they eventually end their romantic relationship in the second-season finale due to a misunderstanding in Paris. However, near the end of the third season, they get back together again after confessing that they never stopped loving each other. In "Das Boots", it is revealed that he has multiple allergies, said by Sasha, a Russian girl who competed in a chess championship against him. Also, in "A London Carol", a future version of Cody and Bailey are married.
London Tipton, portrayed by Brenda Song, is the socialite of the four main teenage characters. She is a parody of Paris Hilton.[8] She is the daughter of Wilfred Tipton, a multi-billionaire and the owner of the Tipton Hotel chains, including the one in Boston and the SS Tipton. London is typically selfish, dim-witted, obnoxious, spoiled, gullible and meticulous about her appearance but she is happy and heartwarming, and she does care for her friends (even if she can't remember the difference between Zack and Cody) and she is often air-headed. She also has a pomeranian pet dog named Ivana. When she is happy, she usually claps her hands and repeatedly jumps up and down while saying her catchphrase, "Yay me!" Mr. Moseby fools London into thinking that she is on the SS Tipton for a vacation, to trick her into boarding the ship. London gets enrolled at the Seven Seas High School program because her father wants her to live in the real world. London does not live in a first class suite on the SS Tipton, but a small cabin. London reluctantly agrees to accept Bailey Pickett (Debby Ryan) as her new roommate, although she does so after unsuccessfully trying to bribe Bailey into leaving as she did with her previous roommate, Padma. The two later become good friends. In The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, when London resided at the Tipton Hotel, it seemed that she was living in her own bubble. On the SS Tipton, London has become more aware of the real world and has faced several difficulties, such as being in jail.
Bailey Pickett, portrayed by Debby Ryan, is a teenage girl from the fictional town of Kettlecorn, Kansas. She is very intelligent just like Cody, seemingly the perfect girl-next-door and has been described as a "small town, down-to-earth girl." She shares a room with the wealthy London Tipton, in which the two later form a close friendship and end up becoming best friends. Bailey is a student at Seven Seas High and attends classes with her new friends Zack, Cody, London, and Woody. She boarded the ship to leave Kettlecorn, where she lived on a farm, because she hated the fact that the town is so small. She pretends to be a boy in the pilot in order to get a room on the SS Tipton because the girls' cabins were filled. Eventually, she moves in with London when people find out she is a girl. London tries to bribe her not to move in, but Bailey refuses. Both Zack and Cody have a crush on her at the beginning of the series, but when they find out more about Bailey's life and her ex-boyfriend, Zack lets Cody have her, claiming that she was "carrying too much baggage;" However, a couple seasons later he says that he doesn't blame Cody for not being able to get over Bailey and said "this girl is smokin'!" showing he still thinks she's attractive even if he doesn't like her "that way". Cody tries several times throughout the first season to attract Bailey, but is unsuccessful until the crossover episode "Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana" in which they start dating. They eventually end their romantic relationship in the second-season finale due to a misunderstanding in Paris. However, near the end of the third season, they get back together again after confessing that they still loved each other. In "A London Carol", a future version of Cody and Bailey are married.
Marion Moseby, portrayed by Phill Lewis, the uptight and serious former manager of the Tipton Hotel in The Suite Life of Zack and Cody, is now the chaperon and manager of the SS Tipton. He speaks with a wide vocabulary and an urbane vernacular, no tolerance for fun of any kind, and is therefore often annoyed by Zack and Cody's schemes. He has raised London Tipton like his own daughter. His repeated catch phrase, "Good luck with that," has become his trademark. He loves bad jokes, and has a passion for ballet which becomes a running joke throughout the series. Though he acts as though he does not care about Zack and Cody, he actually has a great deal of affection for them and tells them he will miss them in the end of the Graduation on deck episode. He's constantly running from stem to stern keeping the Martin twins and London out of trouble. Moseby is a father figure in London's life, because of London's father's absence in the series. He looks after her constantly and cares for her very deeply. Moseby reportedly tricked London in order for her to be enrolled in the Seven Seas High School program. He told London she was going on a vacation on the SS Tipton to get her on the ship. Mr. Moseby is continuously trying to "court" Ms. Tutwieler and, in the final episode of the series, proposes to her, deciding he wants them to be together rather than apart. In an act of true bravery in the final episode, Moseby tells off Mr. Tipton for having the ship dismantled during graduation; he follows up by telling the shocked crowd that he was already losing his job anyway.

text: Marcus Little, portrayed by Doc Shaw, (episode 30-55) is a former singing sensation, Lil' Little, who comes aboard the SS Tipton. After hitting puberty, causing his voice to change, he lost his fame and career. He attends Seven Seas High and shares a room with Zack. Marcus lived in Atlanta, Georgia, as mentioned on his sash in "The Beauty and the Fleeced." He first appears in the second-season episode "Roomies". He has a crush on London, and is shown to be quite gullible, often believing Woody's tall tales. Marcus has as many famous contacts as London does; however, he is sensitive about the loss of his fame because he believes his celebrity friends won't like him, though he was later proven wrong in the episode "Crossing Jordin." Marcus eventually leaves the ship in the episode "Bon Voyage" after choosing to star in a musical based on his hit song "Retainer Baby." Cody is proud of him for this because he'll be entertaining people while promoting proper dental care.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Seasons

Matthew Timmons
Woody Fink
1–3

Erin Cardillo
Emma Tutweiller
1–3

Windell D. Middlebrooks
Kirby Morris
1–3

Rachael Kathryn Bell
Addison
1–3

Zoey Deutch
Maya Bennett
3

text: Special guest appearances[edit]

text:
Kim Rhodes: Carey Martin (1: "The Suite Life Sets Sail", 1: "Mom and Dad on Deck", 3: "Trouble in Tokyo", 3: "Graduation on Deck")
Ashley Tisdale: Maddie Fitzpatrick (1: "Maddie on Deck")
Miley Cyrus: Miley Stewart/Hannah Montana (1: "Double-Crossed")
Emily Osment: Lilly Truscott/Lola Luftnagle (1: "Double-Crossed")
Selena Gomez: Alex Russo (1: "Double-Crossed")
David Henrie: Justin Russo (1: "Double-Crossed")
Jake T. Austin: Max Russo (1: "Double-Crossed")
Jordin Sparks: Herself (2: "Crossing Jordin")
Kathie Lee Gifford: Cindy (2: "Model Behavior")
George Takei: Rome Tipton (2: "Starship Tipton")
Sean Kingston: Himself (3: "Party On!")
Dwight Howard: Dwight Moseby Howard (3: "Twister, Part 1")
Deron Williams: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1")
Kevin Love: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1")
Hutch Dano: Moose (1: "Mulch Ado About Nothing", 3: "Twister, Part 2")
John Michael Higgins: Wilfred Tipton (3: "Twister, Part 3")
Jennifer Tisdale: Connie Fitzpatrick (1: "Flowers and Chocolate", 1:"Cruisin For A Bruisin")
Cody Kennedy as Mischa (3: "Das Boots")

text: Notable guest appearances[edit]

text:
Brian Stepanek: Arwin Hawkhauser/Milos Hawkakapolis (1: "It's All Greek To Me", 3: "Computer Date", 3: "Graduation on Deck")
Brittany Curran: Chelsea Brimmer (1: "Flowers and Chocolate")
Sophie Oda: Barbara Brownstein (1: "Flowers and Chocolate")
Charlie Stewart: Bob (1: "Flowers and Chocolate")
Jennifer Tisdale: Connie the Activities Coordinator (1: "Flowers and Chocolate", 1: "Cruisin' for a Bruisin")
Jacopo Sarno: Luca (1: "When in Rome...")
Robert Torti: Kurt Martin (1: "Mom and Dad on Deck", 3: "Graduation on Deck")
Justin Kredible: Armando the Magician (2: "Ala-ka-scram!")
Elizabeth Sung: Khun Yai (2: "Family Thais")
Ed Begley, Jr.: Mayor Ragnar (2: "The Swede Life")
Adrian R'Mante: Esteban Ramírez (2: "Mother of the Groom")
Charo: Señora Ramírez (2: "Mother of the Groom")
Kurt Warner: Himself (2: "Any Given Fantasy")
Charles Shaughnessy: Constable (2: "Rollin' With the Holmies")
Camilla and Rebecca Rosso: Jessica and Janice (2: "Model Behavior")
Matthew Willig: The Genie (2: "Rock the Kasbah")
Andy Richter: Brother Theodore (3: "The Silent Treatment")
Lisa K. Wyatt: Frankie (3: "Bon Voyage", "Graduation on Deck;")
Fabio Lanzoni: Captain Hawk (3: "Senior Ditch Day")
Brian Posehn: Dr. Cork (3: "Frozen")
Dwight Howard: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1")
Deron Williams: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1'")
Kevin Love: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1'")
Michael Ralph: Sergeant Pepper (3: "Twister: Part 3")

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On February 4, 2008, it was announced that the Disney Channel was developing a new contemporary sequel to the Disney channel sitcom The Suite Life of Zack & Cody. The announcement was made by Gary Marsh, the President of the Disney Channel. He stated, "Our audience has shown us that after 88 episodes, 'The Suite Life of Zack & Cody' remains one of their favorite sitcoms ever, we decided to find a new way for Zack, Cody, London, and Mr. Moseby to live 'The Suite Life' in a whole new setting – this time aboard a luxury cruise liner."[9] The series original creator, Danny Kallis was announced to be involved with the project. The elements from the original series remain the same though the setting is completely different.[9]

text: In December 2008, it was reported that the Disney Channel had renewed the series for a thirteen episode second season.[10] On May 11, 2009, Disney issued a press release stating that the second season had been extended to include a larger number of episodes than the original thirteen. Gary Marsh, the president of Disney Channels Worldwide said: "With this second-season extension, the cast of ‘The Suite Life’ makes Disney Channel history by becoming the longest running continuous characters on our air – 138 half-hour episodes. We are thrilled for them, and for the brilliant, inspired production team that made this extraordinary run possible."[11]

text: As of 2011, The Suite Life series holds the record (162 episodes) for having the longest running continuous characters on air and the most canon episodes for any Disney Channel series.

text: Settings[edit]

text: According to show creators and producers, the choice of setting was made to appeal to an international audience with different ports-of-call, such as India, Greece, Italy, Morocco, the United Kingdom and Thailand. An on-board theater serves as an "organic" set-up for musical numbers.[12] Most of the action in the series occurs on board the SS Tipton. However, the ship travels to a variety of places around the world which are often unfamiliar places to both Zack and Cody Martin.

text: SS Tipton[edit]

text: The SS Tipton is a cruise ship belonging to London Tipton's father. The ship had its first canon appearance in The Suite Life of Zack and Cody episode "Let Us Entertain You". Unlike most cruise ships it also includes a school, Seven Seas High School, which is a common setting on the ship, as are the Sky Deck, the lobby, the corridors outside the students' cabins and the cabins themselves. In the third season, the Aqua Lounge, a newly refurbished space on the ship, was shown, and it replaced the Sky Deck as the main hangout (although the Sky Deck is still commonly shown). There are also various areas on the SS Tipton that are mentioned, but never seen, including several decks and the ship's putt-putt golf course, where the captain spends most of his time. In the crossover episode of Wizards of Waverly Place, "Cast-Away (To Another Show)," Mr. Moseby reveals that the ship itself weighs 87,000 tons.[13] After the events in "Graduation on Deck" the SS Tipton was sold and later dismantled. Mr Moseby mentioned in the season 1 episode "Cruisin' for a Bruisin'", that the ship was not the first ship with the SS Tipton name (indicating that the Tipton cruiseline had been in service long before the events of the first series). Mr Tipton commissioned a scale model "replica-in-a-bottle" of the first SS Tipton as a gift for Captain Lansferd.

text: Other settings[edit]

text:
Antarctica in the season three episode "Frozen"
Belgium in the season three episode "Party On!"
Galapagos Islands in the season one episode "Sea Monster Mash"
Greece in the season one episode "It's All Greek to Me"
India in the season one episode "The Mommy and the Swami"
The International Dateline in "International Dateline"
Kettlecorn, Kansas – A fictional location in the season three episodes "Twister: Part 1", "Twister: Part 2", and "Twister: Part 3"
Lichtenstamp – A parody of Liechtenstein in the season one episode "Maddie on Deck"
London in the season two episode "Rollin' With the Holmies"
Monte Carlo in the season three episode "The Silent Treatment"
Morocco in the season two episode "Rock the Kasbah"
New York City – in the series finale "Graduation on Deck"
Paris – in the season two episode "Breakup in Paris"
Parrot Island – A fictional location in the season one episode "Parrot Island"
Rome in the season one episode "When In Rome..."
South America in the season two episode "Can You Dig It?" and season three episode "Senior Ditch Day"
Sweden in the season two episode "The Swede Life"
Thailand in the season two episode "Family Thais"
Tokyo in the season three episode "Trouble in Tokyo"
Unnamed island in the season two episode "Lost at Sea"

text: Theme song and opening sequence[edit]

text: The show's theme song, "Livin' the Suite Life," was written by John Adair and Steve Hampton (who also wrote the themes for fellow Disney Channel series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody, Phil of the Future, and Wizards of Waverly Place, as well as the theme for the ABC Kids series Power Rangers: RPM), with music composed by Gary Scott (who also composed the music cues to signal scene changes and promo breaks, some of which are styled similarly to the theme), and is performed by British singer Steve Rushton (who is only credited for performing the theme in the second season).

text: The series was one of only 4 of Disney Channel shows still running in 2011 whose theme song is not performed by a star of the series (Phineas and Ferb, Fish Hooks and Shake It Up are the others).

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
21
September 26, 2008 (2008-09-26)
July 17, 2009 (2009-07-17)

2
28
August 7, 2009 (2009-08-07)
June 18, 2010 (2010-06-18)

3
22
July 2, 2010 (2010-07-02)
May 6, 2011 (2011-05-06)

Film
March 25, 2011 (2011-03-25)

text: Note: The show's first ever air date was in the United Kingdom on September 19, 2008.

text: Wizards of Waverly Place and Hannah Montana[edit]

text: The episode "Double-Crossed" is the second part of a three-way crossover that begins on Wizards of Waverly Place and concludes on Hannah Montana. Cody promises to get tickets for himself and Bailey to a concert in Hawaii featuring Hannah Montana, who has boarded the SS Tipton. In the meantime, the Russo siblings enjoy a cruise of their own until Alex pulls a prank that causes Justin to turn blue.

text: Film[edit]

text: On September 20, 2010, Disney Channel announced that production had begun for a Disney Channel Original Movie based on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and The Suite Life on Deck.[14]

text: The Suite Life Movie premiered on the Disney Channel in the United States and Canada on March 25, 2011.[15]

text: Abandoned continuation[edit]

text: In 2013, during an interview with Gawker, Dylan Sprouse revealed he and his brother had pitched an idea to the Disney Channel about continuing the Suite Life series. The show would see Zack and Cody return to the Tipton Hotel in Boston to live with their mother, and would become mentors to a boy who lived with his father at the hotel. Disney rejected the idea initially, but contacted the twins a year later with an edited concept that retained the boy and his father storyline, but Zack and Cody would move to a Miami hotel instead, Selena Gomez would also star and the twins would not get producer credits like they had requested. The Sprouses rejected the concept, leaving the project abandoned.[16]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The Suite Life on Deck premiered in Australia and New Zealand October 6, 2008.[17] It is broadcast on Disney Channel and on NZ MediaWorks TV3 and FOUR.

text: The Canadian Family Channel debuted the series October 13, 2008.[citation needed] VRAK.TV broadcast the series as La vie de croisière de Zack et Cody (The Cruise Life of Zack and Cody) beginning August 27, 2009.[citation needed] The series also aired on Disney XD (Canada) beginning June 1, 2011.[citation needed]

text: In Ireland, the series debuted on Disney XD September 4, 2010.[citation needed]

text: Disney Channel broadcast the series in Ireland and Great Britain February 6, 2009, with an advance airing September 19, 2008. The series also aired on Disney XD beginning July 16, 2012.[citation needed]

text: The Suite Life on Deck premiered in the United States September 26, 2008 on Disney Channel. Disney XD began broadcasting the series February 13, 2009.

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
DVD Title
Region 1
Discs
Extras

Anchors Away!
August 25, 2009[18]
1
"The Suite Life Sets Sail," "Parrot Island," "Kidney of the Sea," "International Dateline," "Maddie on Deck," and "Mulch Ado About Nothing." In addition, Debby Ryan's interview with the Sprouse twins is featured on this DVD.[18]

Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana
September 22, 2009[19]
1
Crossover episodes from Wizards of Waverly Place, The Suite Life on Deck, and Hannah Montana.

text: Other media[edit]

text: An activity book based on the series was released on July 13, 2009. The book is called "The Suite Life on Deck Sink or Swim Sticker Activity Book".[20] A photo album based on the series was also released, and it includes several posters, colored images from the series, captions and activities for the reader.[21] In August 2009, two new books titled "Suite Life on Deck: A Day in the Life" and "Suite Life on Deck Party Planner" were released by Walt Disney.[22]

text: Reception[edit]

text: U.S. Nielsen ratings[edit]

text: The show's pilot premiered on the Disney Channel in the U.S. on September 26, 2008, and gathered 5.7 million viewers on the night of its premiere.[2] The series premiere in Canada was also the most watched series premiere on Family channel.[3] In December 2008, Business Wire reported the show was 2008's #1 top scripted television series for children between the ages 6 to 11 and pre-teenagers between the ages 9 to 14, beating the veteran series Hannah Montana and Wizards of Waverly Place in the ratings.[4] The show was in the #1 spot for the top rated children's television series for many months.[23] The show has been one of the top 4 live-action television series for many months.[24] Since then, "The Suite Life on Deck" held a commanding lead in the time slot (Friday 8:00 p.m.), ranking as TV's #1 program among the key children demographics, virtually doubling Nickelodeon among children between the age of 9–14, and defeating it by a 6% among children between the age of 6–11. In addition, the series is #1 in total viewers on all cable, outperforming #2 rank (Fox News and Nickelodeon) by 800,000 more viewers.[11]

text: As of August 2009, the highest rated episode of The Suite Life on Deck was "Double-Crossed," the second part of Wizards On Deck with Hannah Montana, a trilogy of crossover episodes featuring guest stars from Wizards of Waverly Place and Hannah Montana which premiered on July 17, 2009 on Disney Channel. The special was viewed by more than 10.6 million viewers, program of the night across both cable and broadcast television, and ranks as one of the highest-rated episodes for a Disney Channel original series. This was the first episode that Cody and Bailey go out on a date.[25]

text: In early October 2009, the series one-hour special episode "Lost at Sea" became the most watched episode of the series, with 7.6 million total viewers, including 3.2 million in the Kids 6–11 demographic, and 2.8 million in the Tweens 9–13 demographic.[26] The episode delivered Disney Channel’s best numbers in the hour with regular programming in the net's history.[26] In 2009, the series was the most watched scripted series in the children and tween demographic (6–14), outpacing Hannah Montana and several other teenage shows.[5] The series second season's ratings grew 25% higher than the show's season one ratings, the second season has averaged approximately 5.1 million viewers.[6]

text: Season premiere ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episode
Air date (U.S.)
Ratings
Viewers (in millions)

1
The Suite Life Sets Sail
September 26, 2008
4.8
5.7[2]

2
The Spy Who Shoved Me
August 7, 2009
4.7
5.1[27]

3
The Silent Treatment
July 2, 2010
2.7
3.4[28]

text: Record breaking episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Episode
Air date (U.S.)
Ratings
Viewers (in millions)

1.21
Double-Crossed
July 17, 2009
8.8
10.6[29]

2.08
Lost at Sea
October 2, 2009
3.9
7.6[30]

3.19
Twister: Part 3
January 16, 2011
4.0
7.2[31]

text: iTunes[edit]

text: Before the series officially made its debut on air, the first episode entitled "The Suite Life Sets Sail" was made available as a free download on iTunes. All series have since been made available.[citation needed]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

2010
Green Globe Film Awards
Outstanding Actors Asians in Hollywood
Brenda Song
Nominated[32][33]

2010 Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show
The Suite Life on Deck
Nominated[34][35]

Favorite TV Actor
Cole Sprouse
Nominated[34][35]

Dylan Sprouse
Won[35]

Hollywood Teen TV Awards
Teen Pick Show: Comedy
The Suite Life on Deck
Nominated[36]

Teen Pick Actress: Comedy
Debby Ryan
Nominated[36]

Teen Pick Actor: Comedy
Dylan Sprouse
Nominated[36]

2011
2011 Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show
The Suite Life on Deck
Nominated[37][38]

Favorite TV Actor
Cole Sprouse
Nominated[37][38]

Dylan Sprouse
Won[38]

Favorite TV Sidekick
Brenda Song
Nominated[37][38]

Casting Society of America
Best Casting – Children's Series
Dana Gergely
Brandi Brice
Won[39]


document_title: List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories

question_text: who has the most oscar wins for best actor

root

text: The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has given Academy Awards to actors and actresses for their performances in films since its inception. Throughout the history of the Academy Awards, there have been actors and actresses who have received multiple Academy Awards for Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor, or Best Supporting Actress.[1] The only restriction is that actors cannot receive multiple nominations for the same performance.[2] This rule was implemented after Barry Fitzgerald received a Best Actor and a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Going My Way.[3]

tag: p

text: As of 2017[update], 40 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories. Six of these actors and actresses have received three or more acting Academy Awards: Katharine Hepburn (four Best Actress awards),[4] Ingrid Bergman (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award),[5] Walter Brennan (three Best Supporting Actor awards),[6] Jack Nicholson (two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award),[7] Meryl Streep (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), and Daniel Day-Lewis (three Best Actor awards). Brennan was the first to receive three or more Academy Awards in 1940, followed by Hepburn in 1968, Bergman in 1974, Nicholson in 1997, Streep in 2011, and most recently Day-Lewis in 2012. Of the six, only Nicholson, Streep, and Day-Lewis are still living.

text:
Actor/Actress
Best Actor/Actress Awards
Best Supporting Actor/Actress Awards
Total awards
Total nominations

Hepburn, KatharineKatharine Hepburn
Morning Glory (1933)
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)
The Lion in Winter (1968)
On Golden Pond (1981)

4
12

Day-Lewis, DanielDaniel Day-Lewis
My Left Foot (1989)
There Will Be Blood (2007)
Lincoln (2012)

3
5

Streep, MerylMeryl Streep
Sophie's Choice (1982)
The Iron Lady (2011)
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
3
20

Nicholson, JackJack Nicholson
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
As Good as It Gets (1997)
Terms of Endearment (1983)
3
12

Bergman, IngridIngrid Bergman
Gaslight (1944)
Anastasia (1956)
Murder on the Orient Express (1974)
3
7

Brennan, WalterWalter Brennan

Come and Get It (1936)
Kentucky (1938)
The Westerner (1940)
3
4

Davis, BetteBette Davis
Dangerous (1935)
Jezebel (1938)

2
10

Tracy, SpencerSpencer Tracy
Captains Courageous (1937)
Boys Town (1938)

2
9

Brando, MarlonMarlon Brando
On the Waterfront (1954)
The Godfather (1972)

2
8

Lemmon, JackJack Lemmon
Save the Tiger (1973)
Mister Roberts (1955)
2
8

De Niro, RobertRobert De Niro
Raging Bull (1980)
The Godfather Part II (1974)
2
7

Fonda, JaneJane Fonda
Klute (1971)
Coming Home (1978)

2
7

Hoffman, DustinDustin Hoffman
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
Rain Man (1988)

2
7

Blanchett, CateCate Blanchett
Blue Jasmine (2013)
The Aviator (2004)
2
7

Washington, DenzelDenzel Washington
Training Day (2001)
Glory (1989)
2
7

Caine, MichaelMichael Caine

Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)
The Cider House Rules (1999)
2
6

Lange, JessicaJessica Lange
Blue Sky (1994)
Tootsie (1982)
2
6

Smith, MaggieMaggie Smith
The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969)
California Suite (1978)
2
6

Cooper, GaryGary Cooper
Sergeant York (1941)
High Noon (1952)

2
5

de Havilland, OliviaOlivia de Havilland
To Each His Own (1946)
The Heiress (1949)

2
5

Hackman, GeneGene Hackman
The French Connection (1971)
Unforgiven (1992)
2
5

Hanks, TomTom Hanks
Philadelphia (1993)
Forrest Gump (1994)

2
5

March, FredricFredric March
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931)
The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)

2
5

Penn, SeanSean Penn
Mystic River (2003)
Milk (2008)

2
5

Taylor, ElizabethElizabeth Taylor
BUtterfield 8 (1960)
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)

2
5

Foster, JodieJodie Foster
The Accused (1988)
The Silence of the Lambs (1991)

2
4

Jackson, GlendaGlenda Jackson
Women in Love (1970)
A Touch of Class (1973)

2
4

Quinn, AnthonyAnthony Quinn

Viva Zapata! (1952)
Lust for Life (1956)
2
4

Winters, ShelleyShelley Winters

The Diary of Anne Frank (1959)
A Patch of Blue (1965)
2
4

Douglas, MelvynMelvyn Douglas

Hud (1963)
Being There (1979)
2
3

Field, SallySally Field
Norma Rae (1979)
Places in the Heart (1984)

2
3

Robards, JasonJason Robards

All the President's Men (1976)
Julia (1977)
2
3

Ustinov, PeterPeter Ustinov

Spartacus (1960)
Topkapi (1964)
2
3

Wiest, DianneDianne Wiest

Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)
Bullets over Broadway (1994)
2
3

Hayes, HelenHelen Hayes
The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931)
Airport (1970)
2
2

Leigh, VivienVivien Leigh
Gone with the Wind (1939)
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)

2
2

Rainer, LuiseLuise Rainer
The Great Ziegfeld (1936)
The Good Earth (1937)

2
2

Spacey, KevinKevin Spacey
American Beauty (1999)
The Usual Suspects (1995)
2
2

Swank, HilaryHilary Swank
Boys Don't Cry (1999)
Million Dollar Baby (2004)

2
2

Waltz, ChristophChristoph Waltz

Inglourious Basterds (2009)
Django Unchained (2012)
2
2

tag: table


document_title: XY sex-determination system

question_text: which type of chromosome does the female parent give to its offspring

text: XY sex-determination system

text: Mechanisms[edit]

text: All animals have a set of DNA coding for genes present on chromosomes. In humans, most mammals, and some other species, two of the chromosomes, called the X chromosome and Y chromosome, code for sex. In these species, one or more genes are present on their Y chromosome that determine maleness. In this process, an X chromosome and a Y chromosome act to determine the sex of offspring, often due to genes located on the Y chromosome that code for maleness. Offspring have two sex chromosomes: an offspring with two X chromosomes will develop female characteristics, and an offspring with an X and a Y chromosome will develop male characteristics.

text: Humans[edit]

text: In humans, half of spermatozoons carry X chromosome and the other half Y chromosome.[3] A single gene (SRY) present on the Y chromosome acts as a signal to set the developmental pathway towards maleness. Presence of this gene starts off the process of virilization. This and other factors result in the sex differences in humans.[4] The cells in females, with two X chromosomes, undergo X-inactivation, in which one of the two X chromosomes is inactivated. The inactivated X chromosome remains within a cell as a Barr body.

text: Humans, as well as some other organisms, can have a chromosomal arrangement that is contrary to their phenotypic sex; for example, XX males or XY females (see androgen insensitivity syndrome). Additionally, an abnormal number of sex chromosomes (aneuploidy) may be present, such as Turner's syndrome, in which a single X chromosome is present, and Klinefelter's syndrome, in which two X chromosomes and a Y chromosome are present, XYY syndrome and XXYY syndrome.[4] Other less common chromosomal arrangements include: triple X syndrome, 48, XXXX, and 49, XXXXX.

text: Other animals[edit]

text: In most mammals, sex is determined by presence of the Y chromosome. "Female" is the default sex, due to the absence of the Y chromosome.[5] In the 1930s, Alfred Jost determined that the presence of testosterone was required for Wolffian duct development in the male rabbit.[6]

text: SRY is a sex-determining gene on the Y chromosome in the therians (placental mammals and marsupials).[7] Non-human mammals use several genes on the Y chromosome. Not all male-specific genes are located on the Y chromosome. Other species (including most Drosophila species) use the presence of two X chromosomes to determine femaleness. One X chromosome gives putative maleness. The presence of Y chromosome genes is required for normal male development.

text: Other systems[edit]

text: Birds and many insects have a similar system of sex determination (ZW sex-determination system), in which it is the females that are heterogametic (ZW), while males are homogametic (ZZ).

text: Many insects of the order Hymenoptera instead have a system (the haplo-diploid sex-determination system), where the males are haploid individuals (which have just one chromosome of each type), while the females are diploid (with chromosomes appearing in pairs). Some other insects have the X0 sex-determination system, where just one chromosome type appears in pairs for the female but alone in the males, while all other chromosomes appear in pairs in both sexes.[8]

text: Influences[edit]

text: Genetic[edit]

text: It has long been believed that the female form was the default template for the mammalian fetuses of both sexes. After the discovery of the testis-determining gene SRY, many scientists shifted to the theory that the genetic mechanism that causes a fetus to develop into a male form was initiated by the SRY gene, which was thought to be responsible for the production of testosterone and its overall effects on body and brain development. This perspective still shares the classical way of thinking; that in order to produce two sexes, nature has developed a default female pathway and an active pathway by which male genes would initiate the process of determining a male sex, as something that is developed in addition to and based on the default female form. However, In an interview for the Rediscovering Biology website,[9] researcher Eric Vilain described how the paradigm changed since the discovery of the SRY gene:

text: For a long time we thought that SRY would activate a cascade of male genes. It turns out that the sex determination pathway is probably more complicated and SRY may in fact inhibit some anti-male genes.

text: The idea is instead of having a simplistic mechanism by which you have pro-male genes going all the way to make a male, in fact there is a solid balance between pro-male genes and anti-male genes and if there is a little too much of anti-male genes, there may be a female born and if there is a little too much of pro-male genes then there will be a male born.

text: We [are] entering this new era in molecular biology of sex determination where it's a more subtle dosage of genes, some pro-males, some pro-females, some anti-males, some anti-females that all interplay with each other rather than a simple linear pathway of genes going one after the other, which makes it very fascinating but very complicated to study.

text: In mammals, including humans, the SRY gene is responsible with triggering the development of non-differentiated gonads into testes, rather than ovaries. However, there are cases in which testes can develop in the absence of an SRY gene (see sex reversal). In these cases, the SOX9 gene, involved in the development of testes, can induce their development without the aid of SRY. In the absence of SRY and SOX9, no testes can develop and the path is clear for the development of ovaries. Even so, the absence of the SRY gene or the silencing of the SOX9 gene are not enough to trigger sexual differentiation of a fetus in the female direction. A recent finding suggests that ovary development and maintenance is an active process,[10] regulated by the expression of a "pro-female" gene, FOXL2. In an interview[11] for the TimesOnline edition, study co-author Robin Lovell-Badge explained the significance of the discovery:

text: We take it for granted that we maintain the sex we are born with, including whether we have testes or ovaries. But this work shows that the activity of a single gene, FOXL2, is all that prevents adult ovary cells turning into cells found in testes.

text: Implications[edit]

text: Looking into the genetic determinants of human sex can have wide-ranging consequences. Scientists have been studying different sex determination systems in fruit flies and animal models to attempt an understanding of how the genetics of sexual differentiation can influence biological processes like reproduction, ageing[12] and disease.

text: Maternal[edit]

text: In humans and many other species of animals, the father determines the sex of the child. In the XY sex-determination system, the female-provided ovum contributes an X chromosome and the male-provided sperm contributes either an X chromosome or a Y chromosome, resulting in female (XX) or male (XY) offspring, respectively.

text: Hormone levels in the male parent affect the sex ratio of sperm in humans.[13] Maternal influences also impact which sperm are more likely to achieve conception.

text: Human ova, like those of other mammals, are covered with a thick translucent layer called the zona pellucida, which the sperm must penetrate to fertilize the egg. Once viewed simply as an impediment to fertilization, recent research indicates the zona pellucida may instead function as a sophisticated biological security system that chemically controls the entry of the sperm into the egg and protects the fertilized egg from additional sperm.[14]

text: Recent research indicates that human ova may produce a chemical which appears to attract sperm and influence their swimming motion. However, not all sperm are positively impacted; some appear to remain uninfluenced and some actually move away from the egg.[15]

text: Maternal influences may also be possible that affect sex determination in such a way as to produce fraternal twins equally weighted between one male and one female.[16]

text: The time at which insemination occurs during the oestrus cycle has been found to affect the sex ratio of the offspring of humans, cattle, hamsters, and other mammals.[13] Hormonal and pH conditions within the female reproductive tract vary with time, and this affects the sex ratio of the sperm that reach the egg.[13]

text: Sex-specific mortality of embryos also occurs.[13]

text: History[edit]

text: Ancient ideas on sex determination[edit]

text: Since ancient times, people have believed that the sex of an infant is determined by how much heat a man's sperm had during insemination. Aristotle wrote that:

text: ...the semen of the male differs from the corresponding secretion of the female in that it contains a principle within itself of such a kind as to set up movements also in the embryo and to concoct thoroughly the ultimate nourishment, whereas the secretion of the female contains material alone. If, then, the male element prevails it draws the female element into itself, but if it is prevailed over it changes into the opposite or is destroyed.

text: Aristotle claimed that the male principle was the driver behind sex determination,[17] such that if the male principle was insufficiently expressed during reproduction, the fetus would develop as a female.

text: 20th century genetics[edit]

text: Nettie Stevens and Edmund Beecher Wilson are credited with independently discovering, in 1905, the chromosomal XY sex-determination system, i.e. the fact that males have XY sex chromosomes and females have XX sex chromosomes.[18][19][20]

text: The first clues to the existence of a factor that determines the development of testis in mammals came from experiments carried out by Alfred Jost,[21] who castrated embryonic rabbits in utero and noticed that they all developed as female.[citation needed]

text: In 1959, C. E. Ford and his team, in the wake of Jost's experiments, discovered[22] that the Y chromosome was needed for a fetus to develop as male when they examined patients with Turner's syndrome, who grew up as phenotypic females, and found them to be X0 (hemizygous for X and no Y). At the same time, Jacob & Strong described a case of a patient with Klinefelter syndrome (XXY),[23] which implicated the presence of a Y chromosome in development of maleness.[24]

text: All these observations lead to a consensus that a dominant gene that determines testis development (TDF) must exist on the human Y chromosome.[24] The search for this testis-determining factor (TDF) led a team of scientists[25] in 1990 to discover a region of the Y chromosome that is necessary for the male sex determination, which was named SRY (sex-determining region of the Y chromosome).[24]


document_title: Centriole

question_text: where is a centriole located in a cell

question_tokens: where is a centriole located in a cell

text: Centriole

text: Role in cell division[edit]

text: Centrioles are involved in the organization of the mitotic spindle and in the completion of cytokinesis.[10] Centrioles were previously thought to be required for the formation of a mitotic spindle in animal cells. However, more recent experiments have demonstrated that cells whose centrioles have been removed via laser ablation can still progress through the G1 stage of interphase before centrioles can be synthesized later in a de novo fashion.[11] Additionally, mutant flies lacking centrioles develop normally, although the adult flies' cells lack flagella and cilia and as a result, they die shortly after birth.[12] The centrioles can self replicate during cell division.

text: Cellular organization[edit]

text: Centrioles are a very important part of centrosomes, which are involved in organizing microtubules in the cytoplasm.[13][14] The position of the centriole determines the position of the nucleus and plays a crucial role in the spatial arrangement of the cell.

text: Fertility[edit]

text: Sperm centrioles are important for 2 functions:[15] (1) to form the sperm flagellum and sperm movement and (2) for the development of the embryo after fertilization.

text: Ciliogenesis[edit]

text: In organisms with flagella and cilia, the position of these organelles is determined by the mother centriole, which becomes the basal body. An inability of cells to use centrioles to make functional cilia and flagella has been linked to a number of genetic and developmental diseases. In particular, the inability of centrioles to properly migrate prior to ciliary assembly has recently been linked to Meckel-Gruber syndrome.[16]

text: Animal development[edit]

text: Proper orientation of cilia via centriole positioning toward the posterior of embryonic node cells is critical for establishing left–right asymmetry during mammalian development.[17]

text: Centriole duplication[edit]

text: Before DNA replication, cells contain two centrioles. The older of the two centrioles is termed the mother centriole, the other the daughter. During the cell division cycle, a new centriole grows at the proximal end of both mother and daughter centrioles. After duplication, the two centriole pairs (freshly assembled centriole is now a daughter centriole in each pair) will remain attached to each other orthogonally until mitosis. At that point the mother and daughter centrioles separate dependently on an enzyme called separase.[18]

text: The two centrioles in the centrosome are tied to one another. The mother centriole has radiating appendages at the distal end of its long axis and is attached to its daughter at the proximal end. Each daughter cell formed after cell division will inherit one of these pairs. Centrioles start duplicating when DNA replicates.[10]

text: Origin[edit]

text: The last common ancestor of all eukaryotes was a ciliated cell with centrioles. Some lineages of eukaryotes, such as land plants, do not have centrioles except in their motile male gametes. Centrioles are completely absent from all cells of conifers and flowering plants, which do not have ciliate or flagellate gametes.[19] It is unclear if the last common ancestor had one[20] or two cilia.[21] Important genes required for centriole growth, like centrins, are only found in eukaryotes and not in bacteria or archaeans.[20]

text: Etymology and pronunciation[edit]

text: The word centriole (/ˈsɛntrioʊl/) uses combining forms of centri- and -ole, yielding "little central part", which describes a centriole's typical location near the center of the cell.

text: Atypical Centrioles[edit]

text: Typical centrioles are made of 9 triplets of microtubules organized with radial symmetry.[22] Centrioles can vary the number of microtubules and can be made of 9 doublets of microtubules (as in Drosophila melanogaster) or 9 singlets microtubules as in C. elegans. Atypical centrioles are centrioles that do not have microtubules such as the Proximal Centriole-Like found in Drosophila melanogaster sperm.[23]