document_title: United States Attorney General

question_text: who is the us attorney general right now

root

text: United States Attorney General

text: History[edit]

text: Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 which, besides other things, established the Office of the Attorney General. The original duties of this officer were "to prosecute and conduct all suits in the Supreme Court in which the United States shall be concerned, and to give his or her advice and opinion upon questions of law when required by the President of the United States, or when requested by the heads of any of the departments."[3]

tag: p

text: The Department of Justice was established in 1870 to support the Attorney General in the discharge of their responsibilities.

text: The Attorney General, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Secretary of Defense are generally regarded as the four most important cabinet officials in the United States because of the importance and age of their respective departments.[4]

text: Presidential transition[edit]

text: It is the practice for the Attorney General, along with many other public officials, to give resignation with effect on the Inauguration Day (January 20) of a new President. The Deputy Attorney General, who is also required to tender their resignation, is commonly requested to stay on and act as Attorney General pending the confirmation by the Senate of the new Attorney General.

text: For example, on the inauguration of President Donald Trump on January, 20, 2017, the tenure of the then Attorney General Loretta Lynch was brought to an end, and the Deputy Attorney General Sally Yates, who had also tendered her resignation, was asked to stay on and be Acting Attorney General until the confirmation of the new Attorney General Jeff Sessions, who had been nominated for the office in November 2016 by then-President-elect Donald Trump. However, Yates was dismissed by Trump on January 30, 2017[5][6] before Sessions had been confirmed. Dana Boente automatically succeeded Yates as Acting Attorney General as the next available successor in the line of succession. Boente, who was the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia,[7] was the most senior Justice Department official whose resignation had not been accepted by Trump.[8][9] When Sessions was confirmed and sworn in as Attorney General on February 9, 2017, Boente became Acting Deputy Attorney General.[10][11] On March 10, 2017, Sessions oversaw the firing of 46 United States Attorneys, leaving only his acting Deputy Dana Boente and nominated Deputy Rod Rosenstein in place.[12] Rosenstein's appointment was subject to Senate confirmation. Rosenstein was confirmed on April 25, 2017 and became Deputy Attorney General on April 26, 2017, and Boente reverted to his permanent position.

text: List of Attorneys General[edit]

text: No party (1)   Federalist (3)   Democratic-Republican (5)   Democratic (34)   Whig (4)   Republican (38)

text:
No.
Portrait
Name
State of Residence
Took office
Left office
President(s)

1

Edmund Randolph
Virginia
September 26, 1789
January 26, 1794

George Washington

2

William Bradford
Pennsylvania
January 27, 1794
August 23, 1795

3

Charles Lee
Virginia
December 10, 1795
February 19, 1801

John Adams

4

Levi Lincoln Sr.
Massachusetts
March 5, 1801
March 2, 1805

Thomas Jefferson

5

John Breckinridge
Kentucky
August 7, 1805
December 14, 1806

6

Caesar A. Rodney
Delaware
January 20, 1807
December 10, 1811

James Madison

7

William Pinkney
Maryland
December 11, 1811
February 9, 1814

8

Richard Rush
Pennsylvania
February 10, 1814
November 12, 1817

9

William Wirt
Virginia
November 13, 1817
March 4, 1829

James Monroe

John Quincy Adams

10

John M. Berrien
Georgia
March 9, 1829
July 19, 1831

Andrew Jackson

11

Roger B. Taney
Maryland
July 20, 1831
November 14, 1833

12

Benjamin Franklin Butler
New York
November 15, 1833
July 4, 1838

Martin Van Buren

13

Felix Grundy
Tennessee
July 5, 1838
January 10, 1840

14

Henry D. Gilpin
Pennsylvania
January 11, 1840
March 4, 1841

15

John J. Crittenden
Kentucky
March 5, 1841
September 12, 1841

William Henry Harrison

John Tyler

16

Hugh S. Legaré
South Carolina
September 13, 1841
June 20, 1843

17

John Nelson
Maryland
July 1, 1843
March 4, 1845

18

John Y. Mason
Virginia
March 5, 1845
October 16, 1846

James K. Polk

19

Nathan Clifford
Maine
October 17, 1846
March 17, 1848

20

Isaac Toucey
Connecticut
June 21, 1848
March 4, 1849

21

Reverdy Johnson
Maryland
March 8, 1849
July 21, 1850

Zachary Taylor

22

John J. Crittenden
Kentucky
July 22, 1850
March 4, 1853

Millard Fillmore

23

Caleb Cushing
Massachusetts
March 7, 1853
March 4, 1857

Franklin Pierce

24

Jeremiah S. Black
Pennsylvania
March 6, 1857
December 16, 1860

James Buchanan

25

Edwin M. Stanton
Pennsylvania
December 20, 1860
March 4, 1861

26

Edward Bates
Missouri
March 5, 1861
November 24, 1864

Abraham Lincoln

27

James Speed
Kentucky
December 2, 1864
July 22, 1866

Andrew Johnson

28

Henry Stanbery
Ohio
July 23, 1866
July 16, 1868

29

William M. Evarts
New York
July 17, 1868
March 4, 1869

30

Ebenezer R. Hoar
Massachusetts
March 5, 1869
November 22, 1870

Ulysses S. Grant

31

Amos T. Akerman
Georgia
November 23, 1870
December 13, 1871

32

George Henry Williams
Oregon
December 14, 1871
April 25, 1875

33

Edwards Pierrepont
New York
April 26, 1875
May 21, 1876

34

Alphonso Taft
Ohio (born in Vermont)
May 22, 1876
March 4, 1877

35

Charles Devens
Massachusetts
March 12, 1877
March 4, 1881

Rutherford B. Hayes

36

Wayne MacVeagh
Pennsylvania
March 5, 1881
December 15, 1881

James A. Garfield

Chester A. Arthur

37

Benjamin H. Brewster
Pennsylvania
December 16, 1881
March 4, 1885

38

Augustus H. Garland
Arkansas
March 6, 1885
March 4, 1889

Grover Cleveland

39

William H. H. Miller
Indiana
March 7, 1889
March 4, 1893

Benjamin Harrison

40

Richard Olney
Massachusetts
March 6, 1893
April 7, 1895

Grover Cleveland

41

Judson Harmon
Ohio
April 8, 1895
March 4, 1897

42

Joseph McKenna
California
March 5, 1897
January 25, 1898

William McKinley

43

John W. Griggs
New Jersey
January 25, 1898
March 29, 1901

44

Philander C. Knox
Pennsylvania
April 5, 1901
June 30, 1904

Theodore Roosevelt

45

William H. Moody
Massachusetts
July 1, 1904
December 17, 1906

46

Charles J. Bonaparte
Maryland
December 17, 1906
March 4, 1909

47

George W. Wickersham
New York
March 4, 1909
March 4, 1913

William Howard Taft

48

James C. McReynolds
Tennessee
March 5, 1913
August 29, 1914

Woodrow Wilson

49

Thomas Watt Gregory
Texas
August 29, 1914
March 4, 1919

50

Alexander Mitchell Palmer
Pennsylvania
March 5, 1919
March 4, 1921

51

Harry M. Daugherty
Ohio
March 4, 1921
April 6, 1924

Warren G. Harding

Calvin Coolidge

52

Harlan F. Stone
New York
April 7, 1924
March 1, 1925

53

John G. Sargent
Vermont
March 7, 1925
March 4, 1929

54

William D. Mitchell
Minnesota
March 4, 1929
March 4, 1933

Herbert Hoover

55

Homer Stille Cummings
Connecticut
March 4, 1933
January 1, 1939

Franklin D. Roosevelt

56

Frank Murphy
Michigan
January 2, 1939
January 18, 1940

57

Robert H. Jackson
New York
January 18, 1940
August 25, 1941

58

Francis Biddle
Pennsylvania
August 26, 1941
June 26, 1945

Harry S. Truman

59

Tom C. Clark
Texas
June 27, 1945
July 26, 1949

60

J. Howard McGrath
Rhode Island
July 27, 1949
April 3, 1952

61

James P. McGranery
Pennsylvania
April 4, 1952
January 20, 1953

62

Herbert Brownell Jr.
New York
January 21, 1953
October 23, 1957

Dwight D. Eisenhower

63

William P. Rogers
Maryland
October 23, 1957
January 20, 1961

64

Robert F. Kennedy
Massachusetts
January 20, 1961
September 3, 1964

John F. Kennedy

Lyndon B. Johnson

65

Nicholas Katzenbach
Illinois
September 4, 1964[1]
January 28, 1965

January 28, 1965
November 28, 1966

66

Ramsey Clark
Texas
November 28, 1966[1]
March 10, 1967

March 10, 1967
January 20, 1969

67

John N. Mitchell
New York
January 20, 1969
February 15, 1972

Richard Nixon

68

Richard Kleindienst
Arizona
February 15, 1972
May 25, 1973

69

Elliot Richardson
Massachusetts
May 25, 1973
October 20, 1973

–

Robert Bork[3]
Acting
Pennsylvania
October 20, 1973
January 4, 1974

70

William B. Saxbe
Ohio
January 4, 1974
January 14, 1975

Gerald Ford

71

Edward H. Levi
Illinois
January 14, 1975
January 20, 1977

–

Dick Thornburgh[2]
Acting
Pennsylvania
January 20, 1977
January 26, 1977

Jimmy Carter

72

Griffin Bell
Georgia
January 26, 1977
August 16, 1979

73

Benjamin Civiletti
Maryland
August 16, 1979
January 19, 1981

74

William French Smith
California
January 23, 1981
February 25, 1985

Ronald Reagan

75

Edwin Meese
California
February 25, 1985
August 12, 1988

76

Dick Thornburgh
Pennsylvania
August 12, 1988
August 15, 1991

George H. W. Bush

77

William P. Barr
New York
August 16, 1991[1]
November 26, 1991

November 26, 1991
January 20, 1993

–

Stuart M. Gerson[4]
Acting
Washington, D.C.
January 20, 1993
March 12, 1993

Bill Clinton

78

Janet Reno
Florida
March 12, 1993
January 20, 2001

–

Eric Holder[2]
Acting
Washington, D.C.
January 20, 2001
February 2, 2001

George W. Bush

79

John Ashcroft
Missouri
February 2, 2001
February 3, 2005

80

Alberto Gonzales
Texas
February 3, 2005
September 17, 2007

–

Paul Clement[5]
Acting
Washington, D.C.
September 17, 2007
September 18, 2007

–

Peter Keisler[5]
Acting
Washington, D.C.
September 18, 2007
November 9, 2007

81

Michael Mukasey
New York
November 9, 2007
January 20, 2009

–

Mark Filip[6]
Acting
Illinois
January 20, 2009
February 3, 2009

Barack Obama

82

Eric Holder
Washington, D.C.
February 3, 2009
April 27, 2015

83

Loretta Lynch
New York
April 27, 2015
January 20, 2017

–

Sally Yates
Acting
Georgia
January 20, 2017
January 30, 2017

Donald Trump

–

Dana Boente
Acting
Virginia
January 30, 2017
February 9, 2017

84

Jeff Sessions
Alabama
February 9, 2017
Incumbent

tag: table

text: Living former U.S. Attorneys General[edit]

text: As of May 2018, there are eleven, living former US Attorneys General, the oldest being Ramsey Clark (served 1967–1969, born 1927). The most recent Attorney General to die was Janet Reno (served 1993–2001, born 1938) on November 7, 2016.

text:
Name
Term of office
Date of birth (and age)

Ramsey Clark
1967–1969
(1927-12-18) December 18, 1927 (age 90)

Benjamin Civiletti
1979–1981
(1935-07-17) July 17, 1935 (age 82)

Edwin Meese
1985–1988
(1931-12-02) December 2, 1931 (age 86)

Dick Thornburgh
1988–1991
(1932-07-16) July 16, 1932 (age 85)

William P. Barr
1991–1993
(1950-05-23) May 23, 1950 (age 68)

John Ashcroft
2001–2005
(1942-05-09) May 9, 1942 (age 76)

Alberto Gonzales
2005–2007
(1955-08-04) August 4, 1955 (age 62)

Michael Mukasey
2007–2009
(1941-07-28) July 28, 1941 (age 76)

Eric Holder
2009–2015
(1951-01-21) January 21, 1951 (age 67)

Loretta Lynch
2015–2017
(1959-05-21) May 21, 1959 (age 59)

text: Line of succession[edit]

text: On February 9, 2017, President Donald Trump signed an Executive Order which modified the line of succession for the Attorney General.[13] Under Executive Order 13762 signed by President Obama on January 13, 2017, before leaving office, the line of succession was:[14]

text:
United States Deputy Attorney General
United States Associate Attorney General
Other Officers potentially designated by the Attorney General (in no particular order):

Solicitor General of the United States
Assistant Attorney General, Antitrust Division
Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division
Assistant Attorney General, Civil Rights Division
Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division
Assistant Attorney General, National Security Division
Assistant Attorney General, Environment and Natural Resources Division
Assistant Attorney General, Justice Management Division
Assistant Attorney General, Tax Division
Assistant Attorney General, Office of Justice Programs
Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel
Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Policy
Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legislative Affairs

United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia
United States Attorney for the Eastern District of North Carolina
United States Attorney for the Northern District of Texas[15]

tag: ol


document_title: The Wild Wild West

question_text: when did the wild wild west go to color

question_tokens: when did the wild wild west go to color

text: The Wild Wild West

text: Plot[edit]

text: The Wild Wild West told the story of two Secret Service agents: the fearless and handsome James West (played by Robert Conrad), and Artemus Gordon (played by Ross Martin), a brilliant gadgeteer and master of disguise. Their mission was to protect President Ulysses S. Grant and the United States from all manner of dangerous threats. The agents traveled in luxury aboard their own train, the Wanderer, equipped with everything from a stable car to a laboratory. James West had served as an intelligence and cavalry officer in the US Civil War on the staff of Ulysses Grant;[2] his "cover," at least in the pilot episode, is that of "a dandy, a high-roller from the East." Thereafter, however, there is no pretense, and his reputation as the foremost Secret Service agent often precedes him. According to the TV movies, West retires from the Service by 1880 and lives on a ranch in Mexico. Gordon, who was a captain in the Civil War, had also been in show business. When he retires in 1880 he returns to performing as the head of a Shakespeare traveling players troupe.

text: The show incorporated classic Western elements with an espionage thriller, science fiction/alternate history ideas (in a similar vein to what would later be called steampunk), in one case horror ("The Night of the Man Eating House") and plenty of humor. In the tradition of James Bond, there were always beautiful women, clever gadgets, and delusional arch-enemies with half-insane plots to take over the country or the world.

text: The title of each episode begins with "The Night" (except for the first-season episode "Night of the Casual Killer", which omitted the definite article "The"). This followed other idiosyncratic naming conventions established by shows such as Rawhide, where each episode title began with "Incident at" or "Incident of," and The Man from U.N.C.L.E., where episodes were titled "The (Blank) Affair."

text: Characters[edit]

text: Leads[edit]

text: Robert Conrad starred as James West. Before The Wild Wild West, Conrad played private eye Tom Lopaka in ABC's Hawaiian Eye for four seasons, 1959-63. Conrad claimed to be the 17th actor to test for the role of James West. (Rory Calhoun was initially announced for the part.) Conrad performed nearly all of his own stunts on The Wild Wild West. "For the first few episodes we tried stuntmen," Conrad explained, "but the setup time slowed production down, so I volunteered. Things started moving quicker when I took the jumps and the spills. We started meeting the budget."[3] Early on he was doubled by Louie Elias or Chuck O'Brien.

text: On January 24, 1968, however, during filming of "The Night of the Fugitives", Conrad fell 12 ft (3.7 m) from a chandelier onto a concrete floor and suffered a concussion.[4] As a result, production of the series (then near the end of its third season) ended two weeks early. Conrad spent weeks in the hospital, and had a long convalescence slowed by constant dizziness. The episode was eventually completed and aired during the fourth season, with footage of the fall left in. Conrad later told Percy Shain of the Boston Globe, "I have the whole scene on film. It's a constant reminder to be careful. It also bolstered my determination to make this my last year with the series. Four seasons are enough of this sort of thing."[5]

text: Artemus Gordon was played by Ross Martin. Prior to The Wild Wild West, Martin co-starred in the CBS series Mr. Lucky from 1959 to 1960, portraying Mr. Lucky's sidekick, Andamo. The series was created by Blake Edwards, who also cast Martin in his films Experiment in Terror (1962) and The Great Race (1964).

text: Martin once called his role as Artemus Gordon "a show-off's showcase" because it allowed him to portray over 100 different characters during the course of the series, and perform dozens of different dialects. Martin sketched his ideas for his characterizations and worked with the makeup artists to execute the final look. Martin told Percy Shain of the Boston Globe, "In the three years of the show, I have run a wider gamut than even those acknowledged masters of disguise, Paul Muni and Lon Chaney. Sometimes I feel like a one man repertory company. I think I've proven to myself and to the industry that I am the No. 1 character lead in films today." The industry acknowledged Martin's work with an Emmy nomination in 1969.

text: Martin broke his leg in a fourth-season episode, "The Night of the Avaricious Actuary". He dropped a rifle, stepped on it, and his foot rolled over it. Martin told Percy Shain of the Boston Globe, "In the scene where I was hurt, my stand-in tried to finish it. When the shell ejected from the rifle, it caught him in the eye and burned it. We still haven't finished that scene. It will have to wait until I can move around again."[5]

text: A few weeks later, after completing "The Night of Fire and Brimstone", Martin suffered a heart attack on August 17, 1968. (This was exactly two years after Michael Garrison died.) Martin's character was replaced temporarily by other agents played by Charles Aidman (four episodes), Alan Hale, Jr. and William Schallert. Aidman said the producers had promised to rewrite the scripts for his new character, but this simply amounted to scratching out the name "Artemus Gordon" and penciling in "Jeremy Pike" (his character's name).[1] Pat Paulsen is frequently thought of as a Martin substitute, but he in fact appeared in one of Aidman's episodes, and his character would have been present even if Martin appeared.

text: Villains[edit]

text: The show's most memorable recurring arch-villain was Dr. Miguelito Quixote Loveless, a brilliant but petulant and megalomaniacal dwarf portrayed by Michael Dunn. Initially he had two constant companions: the huge Voltaire, played by Richard Kiel; and the beautiful Antoinette, played by Dunn's real-life singing partner, Phoebe Dorin. Voltaire disappeared without explanation after his third episode (although Richard Kiel returned in a different role in "The Night of the Simian Terror"), and Antoinette after her sixth. According to the TV movie The Wild Wild West Revisited, Loveless eventually dies in 1880 from ulcers, brought on by the frustration of having his plans consistently foiled by West and Gordon. (His son, played by Paul Williams, subsequently seeks revenge on the agents.)

text: Though several actors appeared in multiple villainous roles, only one other character had a second encounter with West and Gordon: Count Manzeppi (played flamboyantly by Victor Buono, who played another, different villain in the pilot), a diabolical genius of "black magic" and crime, who—like Dr. Loveless—had an escape plan at the end. (Buono eventually returned in More Wild Wild West as "Dr. Henry Messenger", a parody of Henry Kissinger, who ends up both handcuffed and turning invisible with the villainous Paradine.)

text: Agnes Moorehead won an Emmy for her role as Emma Valentine in "The Night of The Vicious Valentine". Some of the other villains were portrayed by Leslie Nielsen, Martin Landau, Burgess Meredith, Boris Karloff, Ida Lupino, Carroll O'Connor, Ricardo Montalban, Robert Duvall, Ed Asner, and Harvey Korman.

text: While the show's writers created their fair share of villains, they frequently started with the nefarious, stylized inventions of these madmen (or madwomen) and then wrote the episodes to capitalize on these devices. Henry Sharp, the series' story consultant, would sketch the preliminaries of the designs (eccentrically numbering every sketch "fig. 37"), and give the sketch to a writer, who would build a story around it.[6] Episodes were also inspired by Edgar Allan Poe, H. G. Wells, and Jules Verne.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text:
Dr. Miguelito Quixote Loveless (Michael Dunn): Ten episodes. The agents' nemesis.
Colonel Richmond (Douglas Henderson) Ten episodes. West and Gordon's control officer in the Secret Service.
President Ulysses S. Grant: Seven episodes. (James Gregory in the pilot; Roy Engel thereafter.)
Antoinette (Phoebe Dorin): Six appearances. Loveless' female companion, often seen playing a piano or string instrument and singing duet with Loveless.
Jeremy Pike (Charles Aidman): Four episodes. One of several agents paired with Jim during Artemus' absence in the fourth season. Appears in the final Loveless episode, "The Night of Miguelito's Revenge."
Tennyson (Charles Davis): Three episodes. West's butler/valet during the first season.
Voltaire (Richard Kiel): Three episodes. Loveless' giant bodyguard. (Kiel also played Dimos Buckley in "The Night of the Simian Terror.")
Count Carlos Mario Vincenzo Robespierre Manzeppi (Victor Buono): Two appearances. A master of dark magic and leader of a handpicked teams of assassins. (Buono also played Juan Manolo in "The Night of the Inferno," the first episode, and Henry Messenger in "More Wild Wild West," the final production.)
Frank Harper (William Schallert): Another agent who worked with Jim in the fourth season. He appears in the series' only two-part episode, "The Night of the Winged Terror." (Schallert appeared in two other episodes as different characters.)

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Creation, writing and filming[edit]

text: In 1954, Michael Garrison and Gregory Ratoff purchased the film rights to Ian Fleming's first Bond novel, Casino Royale, for $600. CBS bought the TV rights for $1,000, and on October 21, 1954 broadcast an hour-long adaptation on its Climax! series, with Barry Nelson playing American agent ‘Jimmy Bond’ and Peter Lorre playing the villain, Le Chiffre. CBS also approached Fleming about developing a Bond TV series. (Fleming later contributed ideas to NBC's The Man From U.N.C.L.E.)

text: In 1955 Ratoff and Garrison bought the rights to the novel in perpetuity for an additional $6,000. They pitched the idea for a film to 20th Century Fox, but studio turned them down. After Ratoff died in 1960, his widow and Garrison sold the film rights to Charles K. Feldman for $75,000. Feldman eventually produced the spoof Casino Royale in 1967. By then, Garrison and CBS had brought a James Bond to television in a unique way.

text: The pilot episode, "The Night of the Inferno", was produced by Garrison and, according to Robert Conrad, cost $685,000.[7] The episode was scripted by Gilbert Ralston, who had written for numerous episodic TV series in the 1950s and 1960s. In a later deposition, Ralston explained that he was approached by Michael Garrison, who "said he had an idea for a series, good commercial idea, and wanted to know if I could glue the idea of a western hero and a James Bond type together in the same show."[8] Ralston said he then created the Civil War characters, the format, the story outline and nine drafts of the pilot script that was the basis for the television series. It was his idea, for example, to have a secret agent named Jim West who would perform secret missions for President Ulysses S. Grant. (Ralston later sued Warner Bros. over the 1999 motion picture Wild Wild West based on the series.)

text: As indicated by Robert Conrad on his DVD commentary, the show went through several changes in producers in its first season. This was apparently due to conflicts between the network and Garrison, who had no experience producing for television and had trouble staying on budget. At first, Ben Brady was named producer, but he was shifted to Rawhide, which had its own crisis when star Eric Fleming quit at the end of the 1964-65 season. (That series lasted for another thirteen episodes before it was cancelled by CBS.)

text: The network then hired Collier Young.[9] In an interview, Young said he saw the series as The Rogues set in 1870. (The Rogues, which he had produced, was about con men who swindled swindlers, much like the 1970s series Switch.) Young also claimed to have added the wry second "Wild" to the series title, which had been simply "The Wild West" in its early stages of production.[10] Young lasted three episodes (2–4). His shows featured a butler named Tennyson who traveled with West and Gordon, but since the episodes were not broadcast in production order, the character popped up at different times during the first season. Conrad was not sorry to see Young go: "I don't mind. All that guy did creatively was put the second 'wild' in the title. CBS did the right thing."[11]

text: Young's replacement, Fred Freiberger, returned the series to its original concept. It was on his watch that writer John Kneubuhl, inspired by a magazine article on Michael Dunn, created the arch-villain Dr. Miguelito Loveless. Phoebe Dorin, who played Loveless' assistant, Antoinette, recalled: "Michael Garrison came to see [our] nightclub act when he was in New York. Garrison said to himself, 'Michael Dunn would make the most extraordinary villain. People have never seen anything like him before, and he's a fabulous little actor and he's funny as hell.' And, Garrison felt, if Michael Dunn sang on every show, with the girl, it would be an extraordinary running villain. He came backstage and he told us who he was and he said he was going to do a television show called The Wild Wild West and we would be called. We thought, 'Yeah, yeah, we've heard all that before.' But he did call us and the show was a fantastic success. And that's how it started, because he saw the nightclub act."[12] Loveless was introduced in the show's sixth produced, but third televised episode, "The Night the Wizard Shook The Earth." The character became an immediate hit and Dunn was contracted to appear in four episodes per season. Because of health problems, Dunn could only appear in 10 episodes instead of 16.

text: After ten episodes (5–14), Freiberger and executive producer Michael Garrison were, according to Variety, "unceremoniously dumped," reputedly due to a behind-the-scenes power struggle. Garrison was replaced by Phillip Leacock, the executive producer of Gunsmoke, and Freiberger was supplanted by John Mantley, an associate producer on Gunsmoke. The exchange stunned both cast and crew. Garrison, who owned 40% of The Wild Wild West, knew nothing about the changes and hadn't been consulted. He turned the matter over to his attorneys. Freiberger said, "I was fired for accomplishing what I had been hired to do. I was hired to pull the show together when it was in chaos."[13] Conrad said, "I was totally shocked by it. Let's face it, the show is healthy. I think Fred Freiberger is totally correct in his concept of the show. It's an administrative change, for what reason I don't know."[13]

text: Mantley produced seven (15–21) episodes then returned to his former position on Gunsmoke, and Gene L. Coon took over as associate producer. By then, Garrison's conflict with CBS was resolved and he returned to the executive producer role. Coon, however, left after six episodes (22–27) to write First to Fight (1967), a Warner Bros. film about the Marines. Garrison produced the last episode of season one and the initial episodes of season two.[14]

text: Garrison's return was much to the relief of Ross Martin, who once revealed that he was so disenchanted during the first season that he tried to quit three times. He explained that Garrison "saw the show as a Bond spoof laid in 1870, and we all knew where we stood. Each new producer tried to put his stamp on the show and I had a terrible struggle. I fought them line by line in every script. They knew they couldn't change the James West role very much, but it was open season on Artemus Gordon because they had never seen anything like him before."[15]

text: On August 17, 1966, however, during production of the new season's ninth episode, "The Night of the Ready-Made Corpse", Garrison fell down a flight of stairs in his home, fractured his skull, and died. CBS brought in Bruce Lansbury, brother of actress Angela Lansbury, to produce the show for the remainder of its run. In the early 1960s Lansbury had been in charge of daytime shows at CBS Television City in Hollywood, then vice president of programming in New York. When he was tapped for The Wild Wild West, Lansbury was working with his twin brother, Edgar, producing legitimate theater on Broadway.

text: The first season's episodes were filmed in black and white, and they were darker in tone. Cinematographer Ted Voightlander was nominated for an Emmy Award for his work on one of these episodes, "The Night of the Howling Light." Subsequent seasons were filmed in color, and the show became noticeably campier.

text: The Wild Wild West was filmed at CBS Studio Center on Radford Avenue in Studio City in the San Fernando Valley. The 70-acre lot was formerly the home of Republic Studios, which specialized in low-budget films including Westerns starring Roy Rogers and Gene Autry and Saturday morning serials (which The Wild Wild West appropriately echoed). CBS had a wall-to-wall lease on the lot starting in May 1963, and produced Gunsmoke and Rawhide there, as well as Gilligan's Island. The network bought the lot from Republic in February 1967, for $9.5 million. Beginning in 1971, MTM Enterprises (headed by actress Mary Tyler Moore and her then-husband, Grant Tinker) became the Studio Center's primary tenant. In the mid-1980s the western streets and sets were replaced with new sound stages and urban facades, including the New York streets seen in Seinfeld. In 1995 the lagoon set that was originally constructed for Gilligan's Island was paved over to create a parking lot.[16]

text: Among iconic locations used for filming were Bronson Canyon ("Night of the Returning Dead" S02E05) and Vasquez Rocks ("Night of the Cadre" S02E26).

text: Train[edit]

text: For the pilot episode, "The Night of the Inferno", the producers used Sierra Railroad No. 3, a 4-6-0 locomotive that was, fittingly, an anachronism: Sierra No. 3 was built in 1891, fifteen to twenty years after the series was set. Footage of this train, with a 5 replacing the 3 on its number plate, was shot in Jamestown, California. Best known for its role as the Hooterville Cannonball in the CBS series Petticoat Junction, Sierra No. 3 probably appeared in more films and TV shows than any other locomotive in history. It was built by the Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works in Paterson, New Jersey.

text: When The Wild Wild West went into series production, however, an entirely different train was employed. The locomotive, a 4-4-0 named the Inyo, was built in 1875 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia.[17] Originally a wood-burner, the Inyo was converted to oil in 1910. The Inyo, as well as the express car and the passenger car, originally served the Virginia and Truckee Railroad in Nevada. They were among V&T cars sold to Paramount Pictures in 1937–38. The Inyo appears in numerous films including High, Wide, and Handsome (1938), Union Pacific (1939), The Marx Brothers' Go West (1940), Meet Me in St. Louis, (1944), Red River (1948), Disney's The Great Locomotive Chase (1956) and McLintock! (1963). For The Wild Wild West, Inyo's original number plate was temporarily changed from No. 22 to No. 8 so the train footage could be flopped horizontally without the number appearing reversed. Footage of the Inyo in motion and idling was shot around Menifee, California, and reused in virtually every episode. (Stock footage of Sierra No. 3 occasionally resurfaced as well.)

text: These trains were used only for exterior shots. The luxurious interior of the passenger car was constructed on Stage 6 at CBS Studio Center. (Neither Stage 6 or the western streets still exist.) Designed by art director Albert Heschong,[18] the set reportedly cost $35,000 in 1965 (approximately $250,000 in 2011 dollars).[19] The interior was redesigned when the show switched to color for the 1966-67 season.

text: The train interior was also used in at least one episode of Gunsmoke ("Death Train," aired January 27, 1967), and in at least two episodes of The Big Valley ("Last Train to the Fair," aired April 27, 1966, and "Days of Wrath," aired January 8, 1968). All three series were filmed at CBS Studio Center and shared other exterior and interior sets. Additionally, the interior was used for an episode of Get Smart ("The King Lives?", aired January 6, 1968) and the short-lived Barbary Coast ("Funny Money," aired September 8, 1975).

text: After her run on The Wild Wild West, the Inyo participated in the Golden Spike Centennial at Promontory, Utah, in 1969. The following year it appeared as a replica of the Central Pacific's "Jupiter" locomotive at the Golden Spike National Historical Site. The State of Nevada purchased the Inyo in 1974; it was restored to 1895 vintage, including a wider smoke stack and a new pilot (cow catcher) without a drop coupler. The Inyo is still operational and displayed at the Nevada State Railroad Museum in Carson City. The express car (No. 21) and passenger car (No. 4) are also at the museum.

text: Another veteran V&T locomotive, the Reno (built in 1872 by Baldwin), was used in the two The Wild Wild West TV movies.[20] The Reno, which resembles the Inyo, is located at Old Tucson Studios.

text: The 1999 Wild Wild West motion picture used the Baltimore & Ohio 4-4-0 No. 25, one of the oldest operating steam locomotives in the U.S. Built in 1856 at the Mason Machine Works in Taunton, Massachusetts, it was later renamed The William Mason in honor of its manufacturer. For its role as "The Wanderer" in the motion picture, the engine was sent to the steam shops at the Strasburg Railroad for restoration and repainting. The locomotive is brought out for the B&O Train Museum in Baltimore's "Steam Days".

text: The Inyo and The William Mason both appeared in the Disney film The Great Locomotive Chase (1956).

text: Gadgets[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Wild Wild West featured numerous, often anachronistic, gadgets. Some were recurring devices, such as West's sleeve gun or breakaway derringer hidden in his left and right boot heels. Others appeared in only a single episode.

text: Most of these gadgets are concealed in West's garments:

text:
Sleeve gun (a Remington Double Derringer[21]), featured in many episodes as an unexpected concealed carry alternative to his openly carried full-sized revolver. In a few episodes, the ejecting arm of the device dispensed other useful gadgets, such as a tiny squirt-can containing acid, iron climbing-claws, a knife,[22] and various blades.
A breakaway Remington Derringer. Usually the frame (handle and trigger mechanism) was located in one hollowed-out boot heel, while the double-barrel assembly was located in the other heel; the two pieces snapped together and locked. Bullets were dispensed from a secret compartment in his belt-buckle, or the chambers were pre-loaded.
A breakaway blowtorch, hidden in the hollowed-out boot heels. ("The Night of the Raven")
Lock-pick or passkey concealed under the lapel of the bolero-style jacket.
Throwing knife concealed in a pocket inside the back of the jacket.
Various explosive devices (i.e. smoke bombs, impact flares, gas grenades, anti-lock key,[23] explosive putty,[24] acid-dissolving steel ball,[25] wood-burning chemical,[26] etc.) carried in his jacket pockets, belt buckle, hat, a secret compartment in his holster, and the hollowed-out heels of one or both boots. Various lengths and types of fuses were sewn into the hem of his jacket or the waistband of his pants.
A flat metal barbed climbing-spike (piton), with an attached cord, cable or wire. The piton fit the muzzle of either his derringer or revolver and was fired into a wooden beam or wall. West would then use a pulley with a handle to zip-line above obstacles. The equipment was usually carried in his jacket's many inside pockets.
A small, hand-held motor-driven winch. When used in conjunction with the piton and wire, the winch could either hoist him upwards, to a building's roof for instance, or lower him into a pit.
A thin, telescopic probing rod (similar to a long modern-day car antenna). When extended fully, West could probe approximately ten feet around him. He used this to probe and trigger traps in the Secret Service training room depicted in "The Night of the Janus".
A spring-loaded, swing-out knife blade (switchblade) beneath the toe-box of his boot. ("The Night of the Glowing Corpse";"The Night of the Flying Pie Plate";"The Night of the Watery Death")
A glass cutter with a suction cup. A cutting arm rotated to score the glass in a complete circle and the suction cup was used to remove the cut piece. ("The Night of the Camera")
A thin but strong wire, coiled and fitted in the inner lining of the crown of his hat; the wire had multiple uses, and was even capable of sawing through a steel bar.
Knockout gas in a clay pipe.
A battery-powered (or spring-driven) electric drill, that in one episode was roughly the size of a large avocado and used to assist West's escape from a metal cage.
West's saddle horn was booby-trapped with a dynamite bullet shell. ("The Night of the Returning Dead")
A kit bag, which when opened inflated a big balloon to shock and disorient for a few seconds. ("The Night of Fire and Brimstone")
A miniature record player that gives out realistic gunshots when played. ("The Night of Fire and Brimstone")
Bulletproof vest. ("The Night of the Thousand Eyes"; "The Night of the Glowing Corpse"; "The Night Dr. Loveless Died")
Tear gas/smoke bombs. ("The Night of the Dancing Death")

text: Aboard the train:

text:
A remote control under a table that automatically locked door of railcar. {"The Night of the Inferno"}
A metal knight statue on desk that struck a bell when hidden alarm triggered.
A mobile telegraph set concealed in a false book set on desk.
A "Victorian" record player. {A continuity error as this was invented nearly twenty years after the 1870's!}
Two pistols on a wooden swivel-stand on desk, activated and controlled by a knob on the fireplace. ("The Night of the Bubbling Death")
The fireplace concealed a secret escape door and an emergency flare signal; also had side shelves for chemicals and a primitive phone mouthpiece for communication with the engine. At least one episode shows a pistol concealed behind a side shelf door panel.
Several pistols, rifles, shotguns, and other assorted weaponry were mounted on a concealed pull-down panel on the train. A sliding closet located in the same area contained clothes and other useful paraphernalia.
A concealed panel over a table depending on the episode would show a map of the United States; a blackboard; several pistols on a panel.
Pool table under an electric wire connected to signal lamps on the back of the railroad car (pool tabs connected to wire can turn lights off if moved). ("The Night of the Inferno")
Clockwork-powered lock-picking device used by Gordon.
Depending on the episode a pistol or a shotgun hidden under a revolving table-top.
Cages for two carrier pigeons. In the pilot episode, the pigeons (named Henry and Henrietta) were located in a compartment above the door in the same room where West usually dressed and equipped himself. In subsequent episodes the carrier pigeons were usually located in a compartment above the fireplace.
Decorative lion heads that spew knockout gas when triggered. ("The Night of the Big Blackmail")
A toy train set along with life-sized cutouts of West's and Gordon's heads. ("The Night of the Big Blackmail")
Elastic wire in watch. ("The Night of the Poisonous Posey")
A surprise joke snake in the cigar humidor ("The Night of the Iron Fist")

text: Other gadgets:

text:
An exploding pocket watch.
Exploding billiard balls (the cue ball in the series' pilot episode, but sometimes other balls as well).
Cue stick with a rapier hidden inside. ("The Night of the Inferno" [pilot episode])
Cue stick that fires a bullet. ("The Night of the Inferno" [pilot episode])
Stage coach with two ejector seats--one inside and one outside the coach {a nod to James Bond's 007 Aston Martin}. ("The Night the Wizard Shook the Earth")
A chemical compound invented by Gordon that could support a man's weight for 20-60 seconds ("The Night of the Glowing Corpse"; "The Night of the Big Blackmail")
A telegraph mechanism in a cane.
A blow torch disguised as a cigar.
Rubber mask disguises (similar to Mission Impossible) for both heroes and villains.
A net-throwing bazooka. ("The Night of the Big Blast")
Gas mask with 5-minute air supply. ("The Night of the Glowing Corpse")
Gas mask. ("The Night of the Flying Pie Plate")
A cane that doubles as a mortar. ("The Night of the Bottomless Pit")
Knockout gas in a cane. ("The Night of the Burning Diamond")
Knockout gas in an apple. ("The Night of the Brain")
Knockout gas in a balloon. ("The Night Dr. Loveless Died")
A revolver bullet/flare to illuminate a dark cave. ("The Night of the Returning Dead")
A magnetized coin that explodes when exposed to heat ("The Night of the Watery Death")

text: The villains often used equally creative gadgets, including:

text:
A device to trigger earthquakes. ("The Night of the Human Trigger")
Brainwashing techniques using intense light and sound.
A cyborg. ("The Night of the Steel Assassin")
Androids. ("The Night of Miguelito's Revenge")
A flamethrower cannon. ("The Night of the Flaming Ghost")
An early flamethrower. ("The Night of the Circus of Death")
Life-sized steam-powered puppets. ("The Night of the Puppeteer")
Jars that preserved disembodied human brains to draw upon their knowledge and psychic force. ("The Night of the Druid's Blood")
Chemical-treated clothing that burned victims. ("The Night of the Druid's Blood")
A germ that paralyzes victims for 48 hours. ("The Night of the Sudden Plague")
An explosive powerful enough to destroy city blocks. ("The Night the Wizard Shook the Earth")
An metal cage connected to a lightning rod. ("The Night of a Thousand Eyes")
The Juggernaut, a steam-powered, wedge-shaped tank with a battering ram. ("The Night of the Juggernaut")
A potion, made from liquefied diamonds, which enabled a man to move so fast as to be invisible. ("The Night of the Burning Diamond")
An LSD-like hallucinogen, capable of driving men into fits of killing madness. ("The Night of the Murderous Spring")
A cathode-ray tube (television) plus prototypes of the airplane, automobile, penicillin. (The Night the Wizard Shook the Earth)
A torpedo disguised as a dragon capable of homing on a radio signal. ("The Night of the Watery Death")
A force-field that disintegrates anything that comes in contact with it. ("The Night of the Watery Death")
A drug capable of shrinking a man down to a height of six inches. ("The Night of the Raven")
A exoskeleton suit of armor. ("The Night of the Green Terror")
A device that triggers tidal waves. ("The Night of the Deadly Bubble")
A sonic device that allowed paintings to be used as portals to other dimensions. ("The Night of the Surreal McCoy")
Crystals that, when surgically implanted inside the brain and shattered by a high-pitched noise, caused the subject to turn into a criminal.
A giant falcon-shaped cannon, capable of devastating a small town with a single shot. ("The Night of the Falcon")
A giant tuning fork that created destructive sound waves. ("The Night of the Avaricious Actuary")
A locomotive modified with a large battering ram to collide with oncoming trains and derail them." (The Night of the Deadly Bed")
Re-animated human corpses (similar to Frankenstein's monster) turned into human bombs. ("The Night of the Big Blast")
A steam-powered revolving blade. ("The Night of the Big Blackmail")
A pair of large metal hands with a deadly electric field. ("The Night of the Eccentrics")
A large live-action periscope for spying. ("The Night of the Eccentrics")
A flying "pie plate" (balloon filled with flares). ("The Night of the Flying Pie Plate")
Knockout gas masks. ("The Night of the Flying Pie Plate")
Knockout gas pistols. ("The Night of the Flying Pie Plate")
Stage coaches with knockout gas tubes. ("The Night of the Masks"; "The Night of the Diva")
Bomb gavel. ("The Night of the Poisonous Posey")
Poison-tipped diamond. ("The Night of the Poisonous Posey")
Revolving gun organ pipes. ("The Night of the Poisonous Posey")
A robot suit of medieval armor. ("The Night of the Green Terror")
Explosive glass bulbs. ("The Night of the Green Terror")
Explosive mace head. ("The Night of the Green Terror")
Balloon-borne powder that sets forest fires. ("The Night of the Green Terror")
A computer-dating machine. ("The Night of the Vicious Valentine")
A backwards-firing pistol. ("The Night of the Brain"; "The Night of the Bogus Bandits"; "The Night of the Winged Terror, Part 1" )
Phosgene gas. ("The Night Dr. Loveless Died")
Heavy iron artificial leg(s). ("The Night of the Glowing Corpse"; "The Night of the Bottomless Pit")

text: Theme music[edit]

text: The main title theme was written by Richard Markowitz, who previously composed the theme for the TV series The Rebel. He was brought in after the producers rejected two attempts by film composer Dimitri Tiomkin.

text: In an interview by Susan Kesler (for her book, The Wild Wild West: The Series) included in the first season DVD boxed set, Markowitz recalled that the original Tiomkin theme "was very, kind of, traditional, it just seemed wrong." Markowitz explained his own approach: "By combining jazz with Americana, I think that's what nailed it. That took it away from the serious kind of thing that Tiomkin was trying to do... What I did essentially was write two themes: the rhythmic, contemporary theme, Fender bass and brushes, that vamp, for the cartoon effects and for West's getting himself out of trouble, and the heraldic western outdoor theme over that, so that the two worked together."

text: Session musicians who played on the theme were Tommy Morgan (harmonica); Bud Shank, Ronnie Lang, Plas Johnson, and Gene Cipriano (woodwinds); Vince DeRosa and Henry Sigismonti (French Horns); Uan Rasey, Ollie Mitchell, and Tony Terran (trumpets); Dick Nash, Lloyd Ulyate, Chauncey Welsch, Kenny Shroyer (trombones). Tommy Tedesco and Bill Pitman (guitars); Carol Kaye (Fender bass); Joe Porcaro (brushes); Gene Estes, Larry Bunker, and Emil Richards (timpani, percussion).

text: Markowitz, however, was never credited for his theme in any episode; it is believed[by whom?] that this was due to legal difficulties between CBS and Tiomkin over the rejection of the latter's work. Markowitz did receive "music composed and conducted by" credits for episodes he'd scored (such as "The Night of the Bars of Hell" and "The Night of the Raven") or where he supplied the majority of tracked-in cues (for example in "The Night of the Grand Emir" and "The Night of the Gypsy Peril"). He finally received "theme by" credit on both of the TV movies, which were scored by Jeff Alexander rather than Markowitz (few personnel from the series were involved with the TV movies).

text: Graphics[edit]

text: The animated title sequence was another unique element of the series. Created by Michael Garrison Productions and DePatie-Freleng Enterprises, it was directed by Isadore "Friz" Freleng and animated by Ken Mundie,[27] who designed the titles for the film The Great Race and the TV series Secret Agent, Rawhide, and Death Valley Days.

text: The screen was divided into four corner panels surrounding a narrow central panel that contained a cartoon "hero". The Hero, who looked more like a traditional cowboy than either West or Gordon, encounters cliché western characters and situations in each of the panels. In the three seasons shot in color, the overall backdrop was an abstracted wash of the flag of the United States, with the upper left panel colored blue and the others containing horizontal red stripes.

text: The original animation sequence is:

text:
The Hero strikes a match, lights a cigar, and begins walking in profile to the right.
Behind the Hero, in the lower left panel, a robber backs out of a bank; the Hero subdues him with a karate chop to the back.
In the upper right panel, a cardsharp tries to pull an ace of spades from his boot, but the Hero draws his gun and the cardsharp drops the ace.
In the upper left panel, a gunman points a six-shooter at the Hero, who drops his gun and puts his hands up. The Hero shoots the gunman with his sleeve derringer; the gunman's hand falls limp. The Hero then quickly retrieves his gun and puts it back in his holster.
A woman in the lower right panel taps the Hero on the hat with her parasol. He pulls her close and kisses her. She draws a knife but, mesmerized by his kiss, turns away and slumps against the side of the frame. He tips his hat and walks away with his back to the camera. There were two versions of this vignette; this one appears during the first season. When the show switched to color, the Hero knocked the woman down with a right cross to the jaw. This variant also appears in the original pilot episode (included on the DVD release) when the series was titled The Wild West. Despite this, James West never hit a woman in any episode, although he grappled with many. The closest he came was when he slammed a door against the shotgun holding evil Countess Zorana in "The Night of the Iron Fist". In "The Night of the Running Death" he slugged a woman named Miss Tyler, but "she" was a man in drag (actor T. C. Jones). The original animation, with the Hero winning the woman over with a kiss, was a more accurate representation of West's methods than the right cross. Ironically, it is another example of the emphasis on violence of the show.
The Hero walks off into the distance, and the camera zooms into his panel. The title The Wild Wild West appears. The camera then swish pans to an illustration of the train, with Conrad's and Martin's names on the ends of different cars.

text: This teaser part of the show was incorporated into The History Channel's Wild West Tech (2003–5).

text: Each episode had four acts. At the end of each act, the scene, usually a cliffhanger moment, would freeze, and a sketch or photograph of the scene faded in to replace the cartoon art in one of the four corner panels. The style of freeze-frame art changed over the course of the series. In all first-season episodes other than the pilot, the panels were live-action stills made to evoke 19th-century engravings. In season two (the first in color) the scenes dissolved to tinted stills; from "The Night of the Flying Pie Plate" on, however, the panels were home to Warhol-like serigraphs of the freeze-frames. The end credits were displayed over each episode's unique mosaic except in the final season, when a standardized design was used (curiously, in this design the bank robber is unconscious, the cardsharp has no card and the lady is on the ground, but the sixshooter in the upper left-hand panel has returned). The freeze-frame graphics were shot at a facility called Format Animation.[citation needed] The pilot is the only episode in which the center panel of the Hero is replaced by a sketch of the final scene of an act; in the third act he is replaced by the villainous General Cassinello (Nehemiah Persoff).

text: During the first season, the series title "The Wild Wild West" was set in the font Barnum,[28] which resembles the newer font P.T. Barnum. In subsequent seasons, the title appeared in a hand-drawn version of the font Dolphin (which resembles newer fonts called Zebrawood, Circus, and Rodeo Clown). Robert Conrad's name was also set in this font. Ross Martin's name was set in the font Bracelet (which resembles newer fonts named Tuscan Ornate and Romantiques). All episode titles, writer and director credits, guest cast and crew credits were set in Barnum. During commercial breaks, the title "The Wild Wild West" also appeared in Barnum.

text: Dates given in series[edit]

text: The series is generally set during the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant, 1869–77; occasional episodes indicate a more precise date:

text:
"The Night of the Glowing Corpse" is set during the Franco-Prussian War of July 19, 1870 – May 10, 1871.
"The Night of the Steel Assassin" takes place during a July 4 Holiday.
"The Night of the Eccentrics" takes place four years after the execution in 1867 of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico, i.e. 1871
In "The Night of the Eccentrics" Count Manzeppi hums "Ride of the Valkyries" which was first performed on June 26, 1870.
"The Night of the Big Blast" takes place during a New Orleans Mardi Gras
"The Night of the Man Eating House" states that Liston Day has been in solitary confinement for 30 years and later that he was arrested April 23, 1836. This would put it around 1866 three years before the Grant presidency begun.
In "The Night of the Brain" Artemus Gordon shows James West a newspaper dated July 12, 1872. West states, "July 12, that's an interesting date, but it happens to be tomorrow." After the events described happen they again get tomorrow's newspaper and we see the date: July 14, 1872.
"The Night of the Lord of Limbo" takes place seven years after the end of the Civil War, making it 1872.
"The Night of the Whirring Death" opens with the caption San Francisco 1874.
"The Night of the Returning Death" is set 13 years after the start of the Civil War i.e. 1874
In "The Night of the Flaming Ghost", West says, "If the real John Brown had lived he'd be almost 75 years old by now." Brown was born May 9, 1800.
In "The Night of the Arrow", a cavalry officer resigns his commission as of April 6, 1874.
In "The Night of the Avaricious Actuary", the heading of a letter shown on screen is dated 1875.
In "The Night of the Underground Terror", the sadistic commandant of a POW camp is said to have escaped justice for ten years, presumably from the end of the war in 1865.
In "The Night of the Samurai," Baron Saigo says Admiral Perry took the sword over 30 years earlier. Assuming the date of Perry's first visit to Japan (July 8, 1853), that would mean the episode takes place after 1883 or some six years after the end of the Grant presidency.
In "The Night that Terror Stalked the Town", Loveless has a headstone prepared for West, showing his birthdate as July 2, 1842

text: Cancellation and syndication[edit]

text: Some episodes were violent for their time, and that, rather than low ratings, ultimately was the series' downfall (citation?). In addition to gunplay, there were usually two fight sequences per episode. These were choreographed by Whitey Hughes and performed by Conrad and a stock company of stuntmen, including Red West, Dick Cangey, and Bob Herron (who doubled for Ross Martin).

text: After he suffered a concussion filming "The Night of the Fugitives," the network insisted that Conrad defer to a double. (His chair on the set was newly inscribed: "Robert Conrad, ex-stuntman, retired by CBS, Jan. 24, 1968.") "[W]hen I came back for the fourth season I was limited to what I could do for insurance reasons," Conrad explained. "So I agreed and gradually I did all the fights but couldn't do anything five feet off the ground and of course that went out the window."[29] He was doubled by Jimmy George. Often, George would start a stunt, such as a high fall or a dive through a window, then land behind boxes or off camera, where Conrad was concealed and waiting to seamlessly complete the action. This same ploy was sometimes used by Ross Martin and Bob Herron.

text: It was hazardous work. Hughes recalled, "We had a lot of crashes. We used to say, 'Roll the cameras and call the ambulances.'" Conrad recalled in 1994, "The injuries started at the top. Robert Conrad: 6-inch fracture of the skull, high temporal concussion, partial paralysis. Ross Martin: broken leg. A broken skull for Red West. Broken leg for Jimmy George. Broken arm for Jack Skelly. And Michael Dunn: head injury and a spinal sprain. He did his own stunts. And on and on."[30]

text: Following the 1968 assassinations of Dr. Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy, President Lyndon Johnson created the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. One of the questions it tackled was whether violence on television was a contributing factor to violence in American society. (This also included graphic news coverage of the Vietnam War.) The television networks, anticipating these allegations, moved to curtail violence on their entertainment programs before the start of the 1968-69 season.[31] Television reporter Cynthia Lowrey, in an article published in August 1968, wrote that The Wild Wild West "is one of the action series being watched by network censors for scenes of excessive violence, even if the violence is all in fun."[32]

text: However, despite a CBS mandate to tone down the mayhem, "The Night of the Egyptian Queen" (aired November 15, 1968) contains perhaps the series' most ferocious barroom brawl. A later memo attached to the shooting script of "The Night of Miguelito's Revenge" (aired December 13, 1968) reads: "Note to Directors: The producer respectfully asks that no violent acts be shot which are not depicted in the script or discussed beforehand. … Most particularly stay away from gratuitous ad-libs, such as slaps, pointing of firearms or other weapons at characters (especially in close quarters), kicks and the use of furniture and other objects in fight scenes." Strict limits were placed on the number of so-called "acts of violence" in the last episodes of the season (and thus the series). James West rarely wears a gun, and rather than the usual fisticuffs, fight sequences involved tossing, tackling or body blocking the villains.

text: In December 1968, executives from ABC, CBS and NBC appeared before the President's Commission. The most caustic of the commissioners, Rep. Hale Boggs (D-La.), decried what he called "the Saturday morning theme of children's cartoon shows" that permit "the good guy to do anything in the name of justice." He also indicted CBS for featuring sadism in its primetime programing (The Wild Wild West was subsequently identified as one example). The Congressman did, however, commend CBS for a 25% decline in violence programming in prime time compared to the other two networks.[33]

text: Three months later, in March 1969, Sen. John O. Pastore (D-R.I.) called the same network presidents before his Senate communications subcommittee for a public scolding on the same subject. At Pastore's insistence, the networks promised tighter industry self-censorship, and the Surgeon General began a $1 million study on the effects of television. Congress’s concern was shared by the public: in a nationwide poll, 67.5% of 1,554 Americans agreed with the hypothesis that TV and movie violence prompted violence in real life.[34]

text: Additionally, the National Association for Better Broadcasting (NABB), in a report eventually issued in November 1969, rated The Wild Wild West "as one of the most violent series on television."[35]

text: After being excoriated by two committees, the networks scrambled to expunge violence from their programming. The Wild Wild West received its cancellation notice in mid-February, even before Pastore’s committee convened.[36] Producer Bruce Lansbury always claimed that "It was a sacrificial lamb … It went off with a 32 or 33 share which in those days was virtually break-even, but it always won its time period."[37] This is confirmed by an article by Associated Press reporter Joseph Mohbat: "Shows like ABC's 'Outcasts' and NBC's 'Outsider', which depended heavily on violence, were scrapped. CBS killed 'The Wild, Wild West' despite high ratings, because of criticism. It was seen by the network as a gesture of good intentions."[38] The networks played it safe thereafter: of the 22 new television shows that debuted in the fall of 1969, not one was a western or detective drama; 14 were comedy or variety series.[39]

text: Conrad denounced Pastore for many years, but in other interviews he admitted that it probably was time to cancel the series because he felt that he and the stunt men were pushing their luck. He also felt the role had hurt his craft. "In so many roles I was a tough guy and I never advanced much," Conrad explained. "Wild Wild West was action adventure. I jumped off roofs and spent all my time with the stuntmen instead of other actors. I thought that's what the role demanded. That role had no dimension other than what it was—a caricature of a performance. It was a comic strip character."[40]

text: In the summer of 1970, CBS reran several episodes of The Wild Wild West on Mondays at 10 p.m. as a summer replacement for the Carol Burnett Show. These episodes were "The Night of the Bleak Island" (aired July 6); "The Night of the Big Blackmail" (July 13); "The Night of the Kraken" (July 20); "The Night of the Diva" (July 27); "The Night of the Simian Terror" (August 3); "The Night of the Bubbling Death" (August 11); "The Night of the Returning Dead" (August 17); "The Night of the Falcon" (August 24); "The Night of the Underground Terror" (August 31); and "The Night of the Sedgewick Curse" (September 7). Curiously, none of these featured Dr. Loveless.

text: TV critic Lawrence Laurent wrote, "The return of Wild Wild West even for a summer re-run isn't surprising. CBS-TV was never really very eager to cancel this series, since over a four-year run that began in 1965 the Wild Wild West had been a solid winner in the ratings. Cancellation came mainly because CBS officials were concerned about the criticism over televised violence and to a lesser degree because Robert Conrad had grown slightly weary of the role of James West. Ever since last fall's ratings started rolling in, CBS has wished that it had kept Wild Wild West. None of the replacements have done nearly as well and, as a result, all of the Friday programs suffered."[41]

text: That fall, CBS put the program into syndication, giving it new life on local stations across the country. This further antagonized the anti-violence lobby, since the program was now broadcast weekdays and often after school. One group, The Foundation to Improve Television (FIT), filed a suit on November 12, 1970, to prevent WTOP in Washington, D.C., from airing The Wild Wild West weekday afternoons at 4 pm.[42] The suit was brought in Washington, D.C., specifically to gain government and media attention. The suit said the series "contains fictionalized violence and horror harmful to the mental health and well-being of minor children", and should not air before 9 pm. WTOP's vice president and general manager, John R. Corporan, was quoted as saying, "Since programs directed specifically at children are broadcast in the late afternoon by three other TV stations, it is our purpose to counter-program with programming not directed specifically at children." US District Court Judge John J. Sirica, who later presided over the trial of the Watergate burglars and ordered US President Richard Nixon to turn over White House recordings, dismissed the lawsuit in January 1971, referring FIT to take their complaint to the FCC.[43] FIT appealed, but a year and a half later the U.S. Court of Appeals upheld the district court decision dismissing the suit on the grounds that FIT had not exhausted the administrative remedies available to them. By then, WTOP had stopped broadcasting the series altogether.[44] At that time, the show was in reruns on about 57 other local stations across the country, including WOR in New York and WFLD in Chicago.

text: In October 1973 the Los Angeles-based National Association for Better Broadcasting (NABB) reached a landmark agreement with KTTV, a local station, to purge 42 violent cartoon programs, including Mighty Mouse, Magilla Gorilla, Speed Racer, and Gigantor. Additionally, the NABB cited 81 syndicated live-action shows that “may have a detrimental influence on some children who are exposed to such programming without parental guidance or perspective” when they are telecast before 8:30 p.m. This list included The Wild Wild West, The Avengers, Batman, Man from UNCLE, Roy Rogers, Wanted Dead or Alive, and The Lone Ranger. In Los Angeles, such shows opened with a cautionary announcement: “Parents — we wish to advise that because of violence or other possible harmful elements, certain portions of the following program may not be suitable for young children.” The NABB hoped to use the cartoon ban and warning announcement as a model for similar agreements with other local stations.[45]

text: By then The Wild Wild West was running on 99 local stations.[46] Its ongoing popularity throughout the 1970s prompted two television movies, The Wild Wild West Revisited (1979) and More Wild Wild West (1980) (see below). By the spring of 1985 the original series was still carried on 74 local stations.[47]

text: In the late 1980s the series was still seen on local stations in Boston, Hartford, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and Los Angeles, among other cities. Significantly, WGN (Chicago), which carried the show at 10 a.m. on Sundays, became available nationally through cable television.

text: In 1994, The Wild Wild West began running on Saturdays at 10 a.m. on Turner Network Television (TNT), which preferred the color episodes to the black and white shows. The series was dropped from WGN soon after. Hallmark Channel aired the series in 2005 as part of its slate of Saturday afternoon Westerns but dropped it after only a few weeks. In 2011 the series began running weekdays and/or weekends on MeTV, then Sundays on the Heroes and Icons digital channel. In 2016 The Wild Wild West returned to MeTV on Saturday afternoons. On January 1, 2018, MeTV began running the series weekday afternoons again, starting with second season (color) episodes. It also airs in the United Kingdom (as of 2015) on the Horror Channel on Sky channel 319, Virgin channel 149, Freeview channel 70 and Freesat channel 138.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Episode list[edit]

text: TV movies[edit]

text: Conrad and Martin reunited for two television movies, The Wild Wild West Revisited (aired May 9, 1979) and More Wild Wild West (aired October 7–8, 1980). Revisited introduced Paul Williams as Miguelito Loveless Jr., the son of the agents' nemesis. (Michael Dunn, who played Dr. Loveless in the original show, had died in 1973.) Loveless planned to substitute clones for the crowned heads of Europe and the President of the United States. (This plot is similar to the second-season episode "The Night of the Brain".)

text: Most of the exterior filming took place at Old Tucson Studios where there were still many "Old West" buildings and a functioning steam train and tracks. Interiors were shot at CBS Studio Center. Ross Martin said, "We worked on a lot of the same sets at the studio, including the interiors of the old train. We used the same guns and gimmicks and wardrobes –  with the waistlines let out a little bit. The script, unlike the old shows, is played strictly for comedy. It calls for us to be ten years older than when we were last seen. There are a lot more laughs than adventure."[48]

text: More Wild Wild West was initially conceived as a rematch between the agents and Miguelito Jr., but Williams was unavailable for the film; his character was changed to Albert Paradine II and played by Jonathan Winters—this explains why the story begins with various clones of Paradine being murdered (the first film ends with Loveless having cloned himself and placed the doubles around the world). Paradine planned world conquest using a formula for invisibility (recalling the first-season episode "The Night of the Burning Diamond").

text: Both TV films were campier than the TV series, although Conrad and Martin played their roles straight. Both films were directed by veteran comedy Western director Burt Kennedy and written by William Bowers (in the latter case with Tony Kayden, from a story by Bowers); neither Kennedy nor Bowers worked on the original series. The Wild Wild West Revisited takes the agents to a town called Wagon Gap. This was a nod to the Abbott and Costello film, The Wistful Widow of Wagon Gap (1947), which was based on a treatment by Bowers and D. D. Beauchamp of a short story by Beauchamp.[49]

text: Conrad once revealed that CBS intended to do yearly TV revivals of The Wild Wild West.[50] Variety, in its review of the first TV movie, concurred: "A couple of more movies in this vein, sensibly spaced, could work in the future." [51] Ross Martin's death in 1981, however, put an end to the idea.

text: Conrad was later quoted in Cinefantastique about these films: "We all got along fine with each other when we did these, but I wasn't happy with them only because CBS imposed a lot of restrictions on us. They never came up to the level of what we had done before."

text: Home media[edit]

text: The first season of The Wild Wild West was released on DVD in North America on June 6, 2006 by CBS Home Entertainment (distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment). Although it was touted as a special 40th anniversary edition, it appeared 41 years after the show's 1965 debut. Robert Conrad recorded audio introductions for all 28 first-season episodes, plus a commentary track for the pilot. The set also featured audio interviews by Susan Kesler (for her book, The Wild Wild West: The Series), and 1970s era footage of Conrad and Martin on a daytime talk show. The second season was released on DVD on March 20, 2007; the third season was released on November 20, 2007; and the fourth and final season was released on March 18, 2008. None of the later season sets contained bonus material. A 27-disc complete series set was released on November 4, 2008.[52] It contains all 104 episodes of the series as well as both reunion telefilms.

text: On May 12, 2015, CBS Home Entertainment released a repackaged version of the complete series set, at a lower price, but did not include the bonus disc that was part of the original complete series set.[53] On June 13, 2016, the bonus disc was released as a standalone item.

text: In France, where the series (known locally as Les Mystères de l'Ouest) was a big hit, all four seasons were released in a DVD boxed set before their US release. The French set, released by TF1 Video, includes many of the extras on the US season one set, and many others. "The Night of the Inferno" is presented twice – as a regular episode in English with Conrad's audio commentary, and in a French-dubbed version. All of the episodes are presented in English with French subtitles, and several episode titles differ in translation from the original English titles. For example, "The Night of the Gypsy Peril", "The Night of the Simian Terror" and "The Night of Jack O'Diamonds" respectively translate as "The Night of the White Elephant", "The Night of the Beast" and "The Night of the Thoroughbred". Both TV movies are included as extras, but only in French-dubbed versions. The set also features a 1999 interview with Robert Conrad at the Mirande Country Music Festival in France.

text: In other media[edit]

text: The series spawned several merchandising spin-offs, including a seven-issue comic book series by Gold Key Comics, and a paperback novel, Richard Wormser's The Wild Wild West, published in 1966 by Signet (ISBN 0-451-02836-8), which adapted the episode "The Night of the Double-Edged Knife".

text: Books[edit]

text: In 1988, Arnett Press published The Wild Wild West: The Series by Susan E. Kesler (ISBN 0-929360-00-1), a thorough production history and episode guide.

text: In 1998, Berkeley Books published three novels by author Robert Vaughan –  The Wild Wild West (ISBN 0-425-16372-5), The Night of the Death Train (ISBN 0-425-16449-7), and The Night of the Assassin (ISBN 0-425-16517-5).

text: Comics[edit]

text: In 1990, Millennium Publications produced a four-part comic book series ("The Night of the Iron Tyrants") scripted by Mark Ellis with art by Darryl Banks. A sequel to the TV series, it involved Dr. Loveless in a conspiracy to assassinate President Grant and the President of Brazil and put the Knights of the Golden Circle into power. The characters of Voltaire and Antoinette were prominent here, despite their respective early departures from Dr. Loveless' side in the original program. A review from the Mile High Comics site states: "This mini-series perfectly captures the fun mixture of western and spy action that marked the ground-breaking 1960s TV series." The storyline of the comics mini-series was optioned for motion picture development.

text: In the 75th volume of the French comic book series Lucky Luke (L'Homme de Washington), published in 2008, both James West and Artemus Gordon have a minor guest appearance, albeit the names have been changed to "James East" and "Artémius Gin".

text: Television[edit]

text: When Robert Conrad hosted Saturday Night Live on NBC (January 23, 1982), he appeared in a parody of The Wild Wild West. President Lincoln states his famous quip that, if General U.S. Grant is a drunk, he should send whatever he's drinking to his other less successful generals. Lincoln dispatches West and Gordon (Joe Piscopo) to find out what Grant drinks. They discover that Grant is held captive by Velvet Jones (Eddie Murphy).

text: Soundtrack album[edit]

text: On July 11, 2017, La-La Land Records released a limited edition 4-disc set of music from the series, featuring Richard Markowitz's theme, episode scores by Markowitz, Robert Drasnin, Dave Grusin, Richard Shores, Harry Geller, Walter Scharf, Jack Pleis and Fred Steiner, and Dimitri Tiomkin's unused theme music.[54]

text: Motion picture[edit]

text: In January 1992, Variety reported that Warner Bros. was planning a theatrical version of The Wild Wild West directed by Richard Donner, written by Shane Black, and starring Mel Gibson as James West (Donner directed three episodes of the original series). Finally, in 1999, a theatrical motion picture loosely based on the series was released as Wild Wild West (without the definite article used in the series title). Directed by Barry Sonnenfeld, the film made substantial changes to the characters of the series, reimagining James West as a black man (played by Will Smith), and Artemus Gordon (played by Kevin Kline) as egotistical and bitterly competitive with West. Additionally, significant changes were made to Dr. Loveless (Kenneth Branagh in the film). No longer a dwarf, he was portrayed as a double amputee confined to a steam-powered wheelchair (similar to that employed by the villain in "The Night of the Brain"). Loveless' first name was changed from Miguelito to Arliss, and he was given the motive of a bitter Southerner who sought revenge on the North after the Civil War.

text: Robert Conrad reportedly was offered the role of President Grant, but turned it down. He was outspoken in his criticism of the new film, now little more than a comedic Will Smith showcase with virtually no relationship to the action-adventure series. In a New York Post interview (July 3, 1999), Conrad stated that he disliked the movie and that contractually he was owed a share of money on merchandising that he was not paid. He had a long-standing feud with producer Jon Peters, which may have colored his opinion. He was offended at the racial aspects of the film, as well as the casting of Branagh as a double amputee, rather than a little-person actor, in the role of Loveless.

text: Conrad took special delight in accepting the Razzie Awards for the motion picture in 1999. It was awarded Worst Picture, Worst Screenplay, and Worst Original Song.

text: In 2009, Will Smith apologized publicly to Conrad while doing promotion for Seven Pounds:

text: I made a mistake on Wild Wild West. That could have been better. ... No, it's funny because I could never understand why Robert Conrad was so upset with Wild Wild West. And now I get it. It's like, 'That's my baby! I put my blood, sweat and tears into that!' So I'm going to apologize to Mr. Conrad for that because I didn't realize. I was young and immature. So much pain and joy went into [my series] The Fresh Prince that my greatest desire would be that it's left alone.

text: Contemporary merchandise[edit]

text: As with many television series, The Wild Wild West had several merchandise tie-ins during its run. These are listed below.[55]

text:
Year
Item(s)
Manufacturer
or Publisher

1966
Paperback novel by Richard Wormser
Signet Books

1966
Board Game
Transogram Co.

1966(?)
Ross Martin and Robert Conrad Note Pads
Top Flight Paper Co.

1966
Secret "Sleeve Gun"[1]
Ray Plastics

1966–1969
Gold Key Comic Books (7 issues)
Western Publishing Co.

1969
Lunch Box and Thermos
Alladin Co.

Notes

^a This item was not marketed with the series' name. However, The Wild Wild West was the only television series at the time that featured the item.

text: Revivals[edit]

text: On October 5, 2010, Entertainment Weekly's website reported that Ron Moore and Naren Shankar were developing a remake of The Wild Wild West for television,[56] but the project apparently stalled. In December 2013, Moore told Wired, "Wild Wild West and Star Trek were two of my great loves. I watched both in syndication in the ’70s. Wild Wild West was really interesting, that combination of genres—a Western and secret agent, and they dabbled in the occult and paranormal. I really wanted to do a new version for CBS. I still think it’s a great property. Someday I hope to go back to it."[57]

text: A new fan-produced webseries, Back to the Wild Wild West, began production in November 2011, but apparently has stalled.[58]