document_title: Carry On Up the Jungle

question_text: where was carry on up the jungle filmed

question_tokens: where was carry on up the jungle filmed

text: Carry On Up the Jungle

text: Plot[edit]

text: Camp ornithologist Professor Inigo Tinkle (Frankie Howerd) tells a less-than-enraptured audience about his most recent ornithological expedition to the darkest, most barren regions of the African wilds in search for the legendary Oozlum bird, which is said to fly in ever decreasing circles until it disappears up its own rear end. Financing the expedition is Lady Evelyn Bagley (Joan Sims) and the team are led by the fearless (and lecherous) Bill Boosey (Sid James) and his slow-witted African guide Upsidasi (Bernard Bresslaw). Also on the expedition is Tinkle's idiotic assistant, Claude Chumley (Kenneth Connor) and June (Jacki Piper), Lady Bagley's beautiful but unappreciated maidservant. The journey does not get off to a good start, with a mad gorilla terrorising the campsite and the travellers' realising they have ventured into the territory of the bloodthirsty "Noshas", a tribe of feared cannibals.

text: On the first night of the expedition, at dinner Lady Bagley reveals that she has embarked on the journey to find her long-lost husband and baby son who vanished twenty years ago on their delayed honeymoon, whilst out on a walk. Her husband is believed to have been eaten by a crocodile, but she hopes to find her baby son, Cecil's, nappy pin as something to remember him by. What the group do not know is that watching them from the bushes is Ug (Terry Scott), a bungling yet compassionate Tarzan-like jungle dweller that wears a loincloth and sandals. Ug has never before seen any other white people, especially a woman. The next day, June stumbles across a beautiful oasis where she saves Ug from drowning and the two begin to fall in love.

text: That night, Ug wanders into camp and encounters Lady Bagley in her tent (mistaking it for June's tent) and she is astonished to see that Ug is wearing Cecil's nappy pin, and that Ug is in fact her lost son Cecil. But before they can be reunited, Ug flees in fear and Lady Bagley faints with shock. The next day, the travellers are kidnapped by the Noshas, but manage to bribe their way out of being cannibalised by giving the tribal witch doctor Tinkle's pocket watch. Tinkle however delays and promises the witch doctor that their gods will bestow a sign of thanks upon them. Intending rescue, Ug accidentally catapults himself into the Nosha camp and starts a fire. In the chaos, Ug, June and Upsidasi manage to escape but the enraged Noshas apprehend the other travellers and prepare to kill them.

text: As they wait to be put to death, they are suddenly rescued by the all-female Lubby-Dubby tribe led by the stunning Leda (Valerie Leon) from the Lost World of Aphrodisia. They are taken to Aphrodisia and meet the king of the tribe Tonka who turns out to be Lady Bagley's missing husband Walter Bagley (Charles Hawtrey) who was taken by the Noshas years ago, but saved and brought to Aphrodisia by the tribal women. Evelyn Bagley is infuriated that he never bothered to search for their missing son and laments she has seen him but has once again lost him. June and Ug are revealed to be living happily together and June is teaching Ug to speak English.

text: Bill Boosey, Prof. Tinkle and Chumley enjoy the attention given to them by the tribal women, and Tinkle and Chumley are stunned to find that their elusive Oozlum Bird is in fact a sacred animal to the Lubby-Dubby females. It transpires that the Lubby-Dubbies need the menfolk to save themselves from extinction, as no males have been born in Aphrodisia for over a century. The men think their dreams have come true....until Leda makes it clear that the Lubby-Dubby women have no intention of letting them go. Tonka implies that the last man who tried to escape Aphrodisia was murdered by the tribe.

text: Three months pass and the men now hate the pressures forced on them by Leda, who in turn is outraged that none of the men's "mates" have gotten pregnant. She overthrows Tonka and assumes his place, threatening harm to the men. However Upsidasi arrives disguised as a woman and says he has brought soldiers to save them. Ug and June also search for their friends and Ug summons a stampede of animals to create chaos and enable the men to get away. During the confusion, Tinkle snatches the Oozlum Bird and the team escape along with Tonka. After the chaos, Leda and her army chase after the men, but are more interested in the trampled soldiers. She says to let the others go not needing them now that they have "some real men." Lady Bagley is reunited with her beloved son and the group return to England. Tinkle unveils his Oozlum Bird to his audience....only to find it vanished up inside itself. June and Ug are happily married with a baby, and live in a treehouse in the suburbs whilst Ug goes to work in a bowler hat, suit, and no shoes.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Frankie Howerd as Professor Inigo Tinkle
Sid James as Bill Boosey
Charles Hawtrey as Walter Bagley/King Tonka
Joan Sims as Lady Evelyn Bagley
Kenneth Connor as Claude Chumley
Bernard Bresslaw as Upsidasi
Terry Scott as Ug the Jungle Boy/Cecil Bagley
Jacki Piper as June
Valerie Leon as Leda
Reuben Martin as Gorilla
Edwina Carroll as Nerda
Danny Daniels as Nosha Chief
Yemi Ajibadi as Witch Doctor
Lincoln Webb as Nosha with girl
Heather Emmanuel as Pregnant Lubi
Verna Lucille MacKenzie as Gong Lubi
Valerie Moore as Lubi Lieutenant
Cathi March as Lubi Lieutenant
Nina Baden-Semper as Girl Nosha (uncredited)
Roy Stewart as Nosha (uncredited)
John Hamilton as Nosha (uncredited)
Willie Jonah as Nosha (uncredited)
Chris Konyils as Nosha (uncredited)

text: Crew[edit]

text:
Screenplay – Talbot Rothwell
Music – Eric Rogers
Production Manager – Jack Swinburne
Director of Photography – Ernest Steward
Editor – Alfred Roome
Art Director – Alex Vetchinsky
Assistant Editor – Jack Gardner
Camera Operator – James Bawden
Assistant Director – Jack Causey
Continuity – Josephine Knowles
Make-up – Geoffrey Rodway
Sound Recordists – RT MacPhee & Ken Barker
Hairdresser – Stella Rivers
Costume Designer – Courtenay Elliott
Dubbing Editor – Colin Miller
Titles – GSE Ltd
Producer – Peter Rogers
Director – Gerald Thomas

text: Filming and locations[edit]

text:
Filming dates – 13 October to 21 November 1969
Maidenhead Library – The location for Professor Tinkle's lecture. The building is now demolished but the original site is directly opposite Maidenhead Town Hall, as featured in Carry On Doctor, Carry On Again Doctor and Carry On Behind.
Clarence Crescent, Windsor - location of the very final scene of the movie

text: Pinewood Studios was used for both interior and exterior filming.

text: Production and casting[edit]

text: Carry On Up the Jungle is, in part, a parody of Hammer Film Productions' "Cavegirl" series: One Million Years B.C. (1966), Slave Girls (1967)[1] and more particularly Edgar Rice Burroughs' Tarzan series of books and films.

text: Bernard Bresslaw learned all his native orders in Swahili; however, the "African" extras were of Caribbean origin and did not understand. But Sid James, who was born in South Africa, recognised it and congratulated him.[2]

text: The storyline is partly referenced in the Christmas Special Carry On, when all the characters sit down for Christmas Dinner and eat the Oozlum bird instead of a traditional Turkey.

text: Charles Hawtrey (born November 1914) as Walter Bagley plays the father of Ugg/Cecil Bagley Terry Scott (born May 1927) despite being merely twelve and a half years his senior. Joan Sims (born May 1930) as Lady Bagley plays his mother though she is three years his junior.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film was among the eight most popular movies at the UK box office in 1970.[3]


document_title: NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series

question_text: when did top fuel change to 1000 feet

question_tokens: when did top fuel change to 1000 feet

root

text: NHRA Mello Yello Drag Racing Series

text: History[edit]

text: The series has four main professional classes:  Top Fuel Dragster, Funny Car, Pro Stock, and Pro Stock Motorcycle.  Top Fuel was the first category, with Funny Cars added in 1966, Pro Stock four years later and Pro Stock Motorcycles in 1987.  Both Top Fuel and Funny Cars regularly see top speeds in excess of 300 miles per hour (480 km/h) today, and one thousand foot times anywhere from 3.70 to 4 seconds.  Both these cars burn fuel consisting of 90% nitromethane and 10% methanol.  The Pro Stock record is 214 miles per hour (344 km/h), with times often in the 6.4-6.7 second range and the Pro Stock Motorcycles usually run at 190+ mph (310 km/h), with times in the low 7- to high 6-second range.  Top Fuel (class designation:  AA/D top fuel dragster) and Fuel Funny Car (class designation: AA/FC top fuel coupe) have recently been limited to a 1,000-foot (300 m)  track, instead of the historic 1/4 mile [1,320 feet (402 m)], as a means to limit top speeds and increase safety (there had been a number of engine explosions at or near 300 mph resulting in driver injuries and death).  Currently, driver and spectator safety has been enhanced even while top speeds often approach and exceed 300 mph.

tag: p

text: Some of the popular racers to come through the series include "Big Daddy" Don Garlits, Don "The Snake" Prudhomme, and Shirley Muldowney.  Those three gained much attention from the 1960s through 1970s with their speed and personalities, a combination rarely achieved today through the political correctness of sponsorship in today's drivers.  Nonetheless there are still colorful characters today, such as 16-time Funny Car world champion John Force. His daughter, 2007 Rookie of the Year Ashley Force Hood has made appearances on Good Morning America and The Tonight Show and was voted AOL's Hottest Female Athlete in 2007.[1]

text: On July 2, 2008, following the death of Funny Car driver Scott Kalitta, the NHRA announced that race distances for Top Fuel and Funny Car classes would temporarily be reduced to 1,000 ft from the traditional 1/4 mile (1320 ft).[2] The measure was intended to be temporary while safety solutions were explored; however, the races have remained at 1000 feet since Kalitta's death. Although unpopular with the fans, the distance remains at 1,000 feet today at the request of the teams as a cost-saving measure, with no indication by NHRA officials of any intent of returning to the full quarter-mile format any time soon. By late 2012, 1,000 foot racing became globally recognised as the 2012 FIA European title in Top Fuel became 1,000-foot championships, as Santa Pod and Hockenheim (the last two quarter-mile nitro strips) made the switch, and Australian nitro racing switched to the 1,000-foot distance only for selected tracks.

text: The Countdown[edit]

text: Starting with the 2007 season, the NHRA implemented a playoff system to determine the champion in each class, billed as the Countdown to The Championship. Each season is divided into two segments of races, with the bulk of the races making up the first segment, and the final events making up the second segment. After the first segment is complete, the drivers in each class at or above the cutoff point in the standings (8th place up to 2007 and 10th place thereafter) become eligible for the championship, while the drivers below the cutoff point are eliminated from championship contention, though they still participate in the remaining race events. The points for the advancing drivers are readjusted so that they are separated by a fixed margin, with first place receiving bonus points. The drivers then compete for the championship over the final races of the season.[3]

text: Title sponsors[edit]

text: Winston cigarettes was the title sponsor of the series from 1975 until 2001, when a condition of the Master Settlement Agreement required Winston to drop either its sponsorship of the NHRA, or the NASCAR Winston Cup Series; Winston chose to retain its NASCAR sponsorship.[4] Winston ended their sponsorship with NASCAR two years later. The Coca-Cola Company has since held the title sponsorship rights for the series, under a deal that, in 2012, was extended through 2018. From 2001 to 2008, the series was branded with the company's Powerade brand, before switching to Full Throttle in 2009. In 2013, following Coca-Cola's most recent extension of its sponsorship, the title sponsor was changed to Mello Yello.[5]

text: With Mello Yello having introduced a new logo, the NHRA unveiled a new logo for the series in January 2016, as well as a new "My NHRA" marketing campaign that plays upon the logo to feature drivers and other personalities discussing what the NHRA means to them.[6]

text: Champions[edit]

text: Before 1974, the season champion was determined by the winner of the World Finals event. The Professional categories contain the divisions of Top Fuel, Funny Car, Pro Stock (Automobile), and Pro Stock Motorcycle.

text:
Year

Top Fuel

Funny Car

Pro Stock

Pro Stock Motorcycle

1965
Maynard Rupp
N/A
Gary Lawson
Classificationintroduced in 1987

1966
Pete Robinson
Ed Schartman
N/A

1967
Bennie Osborn
N/A
N/A

1968
Bennie Osborn
N/A
N/A

1969
Steve Carbone
N/A
N/A

1970
Ronnie Martin
Gene Snow
Ronnie Sox

1971
Gerry Glenn
Phil Castronovo
Mike Fons

1972
Jim Walther [a]
Larry Fullerton
Bill Jenkins

1973
Jerry Ruth
Frank Hall
Wayne Gapp

1974
Gary Beck
Shirl Greer
Bob Glidden

1975
Don Garlits
Don Prudhomme
Bob Glidden

1976
Richard Tharp
Don Prudhomme
Larry Lombardo

1977
Shirley Muldowney [b]
Don Prudhomme
Don Nicholson

1978
Kelly Brown
Don Prudhomme
Bob Glidden

1979
Rob Bruins [c]
Raymond Beadle
Bob Glidden

1980
Shirley Muldowney
Raymond Beadle
Bob Glidden

1981
Jeb Allen
Raymond Beadle
Lee Shepherd

1982
Shirley Muldowney
Frank Hawley
Lee Shepherd

1983
Gary Beck
Frank Hawley
Lee Shepherd [d]

1984
Joe Amato
Mark Oswald
Lee Shepherd

1985
Don Garlits
Kenny Bernstein
Bob Glidden

1986
Don Garlits
Kenny Bernstein
Bob Glidden

1987
Dick LaHaie
Kenny Bernstein
Bob Glidden
Dave Schultz

1988
Joe Amato
Kenny Bernstein
Bob Glidden
Dave Schultz

1989
Gary Ormsby
Bruce Larson
Bob Glidden
John Mafaro

1990
Joe Amato
John Force
Darrell Alderman
John Myers

1991
Joe Amato
John Force
Darrell Alderman
Dave Schultz

1992
Joe Amato
Cruz Pedregon
Warren Johnson
John Myers

1993
Eddie Hill
John Force
Warren Johnson
Dave Schultz

1994
Scott Kalitta
John Force
Darrell Alderman
Dave Schultz

1995 [e]
Scott Kalitta
John Force
Warren Johnson [f]
John Myers

1996
Kenny Bernstein [g][h]
John Force
Jim Yates
Dave Schultz

1997
Gary Scelzi
John Force
Jim Yates
Matt Hines

1998
Gary Scelzi
John Force
Warren Johnson
Matt Hines

1999
Tony Schumacher
John Force
Warren Johnson
Matt Hines

2000
Gary Scelzi
John Force
Jeg Coughlin Jr.
Angelle Sampey

2001
Kenny Bernstein
John Force [i]
Warren Johnson
Angelle Sampey

2002
Larry Dixon
John Force
Jeg Coughlin Jr.
Angelle Sampey

2003
Larry Dixon
Tony Pedregon
Greg Anderson
Geno Scali

2004
Tony Schumacher
John Force
Greg Anderson
Andrew Hines

2005
Tony Schumacher
Gary Scelzi [g]
Greg Anderson
Andrew Hines

2006
Tony Schumacher
John Force
Jason Line
Andrew Hines

2007
Tony Schumacher
Tony Pedregon
Jeg Coughlin Jr.
Matt Smith

2008 [j]
Tony Schumacher [k]
Cruz Pedregon
Jeg Coughlin Jr.
Eddie Krawiec [c]

2009
Tony Schumacher
Robert Hight [l]
Mike Edwards [m]
Hector Arana

2010
Larry Dixon
John Force
Greg Anderson
L.E. Tonglet

2011
Del Worsham
Matt Hagan
Jason Line
Eddie Krawiec

2012
Antron Brown
Jack Beckman
Allen Johnson
Eddie Krawiec

2013
Shawn Langdon
John Force
Jeg Coughlin Jr.
Matt Smith

2014
Tony Schumacher
Matt Hagan
Erica Enders-Stevens
Andrew Hines

2015
Antron Brown
Del Worsham
Erica Enders-Stevens
Andrew Hines

2016
Antron Brown
Ron Capps
Jason Line
Jerry Savoie

2017
Brittany Force
Robert Hight
Bo Butner
Eddie Krawiec

tag: table

text: By driver[edit]

text:
Driver
Championships
Class
Years

John Force
16
Funny Car
1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013

Bob Glidden
10
Pro Stock
1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989

Tony Schumacher
8
Top Fuel
1999, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2014

Dave Schultz
6
Pro Stock Motorcycle
1987, 1988, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1996

Kenny Bernstein
6
Funny CarTop Fuel
1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1996, 2001

Warren Johnson
6
Pro Stock
1992, 1993, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2001

Joe Amato
5
Top Fuel
1984, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992

Jeg Coughlin Jr.
5
Pro Stock
2000, 2002, 2007, 2008, 2013

Andrew Hines
5
Pro Stock Motorcycle
2004, 2005, 2006, 2014, 2015

Don Prudhomme
4
Funny Car
1975, 1976, 1977, 1978

Lee Shepherd
4
Pro Stock
1981, 1982, 1983, 1984

Gary Scelzi
4
Top Fuel Funny Car
1997, 1998, 2000, 2005

Greg Anderson
4
Pro Stock
2003, 2004, 2005, 2010

Eddie Krawiec
4
Pro Stock Motorcycle
2008, 2011, 2012, 2017

Shirley Muldowney
3
Top Fuel
1977, 1980, 1982

Raymond Beadle
3
Funny Car
1979, 1980, 1981

Don Garlits
3
Top Fuel
1975, 1985, 1986

Darrell Alderman
3
Pro Stock
1990, 1991, 1994

John Myers
3
Pro Stock Motorcycle
1990, 1992, 1995

Matt Hines
3
Pro Stock Motorcycle
1997, 1998, 1999

Angelle Sampey
3
Pro Stock Motorcycle
2000, 2001, 2002

Larry Dixon
3
Top Fuel
2002, 2003, 2010

Antron Brown
3
Top Fuel
2012, 2015, 2016

Jason Line
3
Pro Stock
2006, 2011, 2016

Gary Beck
2
Top Fuel
1974, 1983

Frank Hawley
2
Funny Car
1982, 1983

Scott Kalitta
2
Top Fuel
1994, 1995

Jim Yates
2
Pro Stock
1996, 1997

Tony Pedregon
2
Funny Car
2003, 2007

Cruz Pedregon
2
Funny Car
1992, 2008

Matt Smith
2
Pro Stock Motorcycle
2007, 2013

Matt Hagan
2
Funny Car
2011, 2014

Erica Enders-Stevens
2
Pro Stock
2014, 2015

Del Worsham
2
Top FuelFunny Car
2011, 2015

Robert Hight
2
Funny Car
2009, 2017

Shirl Greer
1
Funny Car
1974

Richard Tharp
1
Top Fuel
1976

Larry Lombardo
1
Pro Stock
1976

Don Nicholson
1
Pro Stock
1977

Kelly Brown
1
Top Fuel
1978

Rob Bruins
1
Top Fuel
1979

Jeb Allen
1
Top Fuel
1981

Mark Oswald
1
Funny Car
1984

Dick LaHaie
1
Top Fuel
1987

Gary Ormsby
1
Top Fuel
1989

Bruce Larson
1
Funny Car
1989

John Mafaro
1
Pro Stock Motorcycle
1989

Eddie Hill
1
Top Fuel
1993

Geno Scali
1
Pro Stock Motorcycle
2003

Mike Edwards
1
Pro Stock
2009

Hector Arana
1
Pro Stock Motorcycle
2009

LE Tonglet
1
Pro Stock Motorcycle
2010

Jack Beckman
1
Funny Car
2012

Allen Johnson
1
Pro Stock
2012

Shawn Langdon
1
Top Fuel
2013

Ron Capps
1
Funny Car
2016

Jerry Savoie
1
Pro Stock Motorcycle
2016

Brittany Force
1
Top Fuel
2017

Bo Butner
1
Pro Stock
2017

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: NHRA events have been broadcast on television, with such efforts dating back as far as 1985. By the 1990s, events were split between ESPN, NBC, and The Nashville Network. TNN also broadcast a weekly highlight program, NHRA Today. Due to logistical and scheduling issues, including the possibility of long turnaround times between heats, weather delays, and other factors, events are typically broadcast in a condensed form via tape delay.  From 1992 until 2000, TNN carried live coverage of selected final rounds, typically with a condensed package to air until the finals began.[7][8]

text: In 2001, the NHRA entered into an agreement with ESPN for it to become the exclusive broadcaster of NHRA events, shortly after MTV Networks had effectively shut down the CBS motorsport operations after its acquisition of CBS Cable, and the demise of TNN. During its 14-year stint as rightsholder, ESPN faced criticism for the structure and scheduling of its coverage. Due to scheduling conflicts with other sports properties to which it held rights, ESPN typically broadcast its NHRA coverage in inconsistent and otherwise undesirable timeslots. In the final years of the contract, the NHRA attempted to structure selected events so that they could be televised live; by the 2015 season, at least six events were broadcast live.[8][9]

text: In July 2015, ESPN and the NHRA agreed to end their contract one year early, with the association citing ESPN's scheduling issues as a concern. In turn, the NHRA announced a new television deal with Fox Sports beginning in the 2016 season. Coverage primarily airs on the FS1 and FS2 cable channels, while 4 events per-season are broadcast on Fox (including the flagship U.S. Nationals). Fox committed to televising live Sunday coverage from at least 16 of the 23 events per-season, two-hour qualification broadcasts and encores (including the condensed highlights program NHRA in 30), and coverage of selected Sportsman Series events. NHRA president Peter Clifford explained that the deal would be a "game-changer" for the association, citing Fox's history of motorsports programming, as well as its commitment to increased coverage of NHRA events, including live network television coverage.[9][10][11]

text: During the first two years of the contract, Fox had achieved an average viewership of 600,000 viewers—a major increase over ESPN's broadcasts. Some events had attracted an audience of over 1 million. The association cited favorable scheduling practices (including better time slots and additional encores, as well as using NASCAR broadcasts as a lead-in), and increased promotion of the event broadcasts as part of FS1 and FS2's programming, as having helped build their audience.[12]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ first title after change from front-engine to mid-engine Top Fuel cars, primarily for safety reasons.

Jump up ^ first championship for a female driver in any category

^ Jump up to: a b won the championship without winning a single event

Jump up ^ also won the IHRA World Pro Stock Championship in the same year. Shepherd is the only driver to do so.

Jump up ^ In 1995, the points system was revamped. The winner of an event received 100 points, runner-up received 90, 3rd place received 80, the other semi-finalist received 70, second round competitors received 50, and all qualifiers would receive 10.

Jump up ^ Johnson had one of the biggest comebacks in NHRA history, moving from the bottom of the top 10, gaining over 500 points, with half the season completed, to capture the Pro Stock title.

^ Jump up to: a b gave driver championships in both nitro classes, one of only three drivers to do so

Jump up ^ Bernstein gave his championship trophy to Alan Johnson, brother, and crew chief of late Top Fuel driver Blaine Johnson, who had died during qualifying at the U.S. nationals that year.

Jump up ^ Force's 11th Championship in 2001 made him the winningest driver in NHRA history, beating the 11-year-old record held by Pro Stock driver Bob Glidden (10).

Jump up ^ Nitro class race distance was shortened to 1,000 feet starting July 2, 2008.

Jump up ^ Schumacher won his record sixth Top Fuel title in 2008, beating the 16-year-old record held by retired Top Fuel driver Joe Amato.

Jump up ^ Hight's win made John Force the winningest team owner in NHRA history, with 17 total championships (15 as a driver, one with Hight, and another with Tony Pedregon).

Jump up ^ Edwards went 27 years between NHRA titles (he won the 1981 Sportsman class Modified title), the longest in history.

tag: ol


document_title: Respiratory tract

question_text: where is cilia found in the respiratory tract

text: Respiratory tract

text: Structure[edit]

text: The respiratory tract is divided into the upper airways and lower airways. The upper airways or upper respiratory tract includes the nose and nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, the pharynx, and the portion of the larynx above the vocal folds (cords). The lower airways or lower respiratory tract includes the portion of the larynx below the vocal folds, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. The lungs can be included in the lower respiratory tract or as separate entity and include the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.[citation needed]

text: The respiratory tract can also be divided into a conducting zone and a respiratory zone, based on the distinction of transporting gases or exchanging them.

text: The conducting zone includes structures outside of the lungs – the nose, pharynx, larynx, and trachea, and structures inside the lungs – the bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles. The conduction zone conducts air breathed in that is filtered, warmed, and moistened, into the lungs. It represents the 1st through the 16th division of the respiratory tract. The conducting zone is most of the respiratory tract that conducts gases into and out of the lungs, but excludes the respiratory zone that exchanges gases. The conducting zone also functions to offer a low resistance pathway for airflow. It provides a major defense role in its filtering abilities.

text: The respiratory zone includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli, and is the site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange with the blood. The respiratory bronchioles and the alveolar ducts are responsible for 10% of the gas exchange. The alveoli are responsible for the other 90%. The respiratory zone represents the 16th through the 23rd division of the respiratory tract.

text: From the bronchi, the dividing tubes become progressively smaller with an estimated 20 to 23 divisions before ending at an alveolus[citation needed].

text: Upper respiratory tract[edit]

text: The upper respiratory tract, can refer to the parts of the respiratory system lying above the sternal angle (outside of the thorax),[1] above the vocal folds, or above the cricoid cartilage.[2][3] The larynx is sometimes included in both the upper and lower airways.[4] The larynx is also called the voice box and has the associated cartilage that produces sound. The tract consists of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, the pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx) and sometimes includes the larynx.

text: Lower respiratory tract[edit]

text:
Trachea
Mainstem bronchus
Lobar bronchus
Segmental bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolus

text: The lower respiratory tract or lower airway is derived from the developing foregut and consists of the trachea, bronchi (primary, secondary and tertiary), bronchioles (including terminal and respiratory), and lungs (including alveoli).[5] It also sometimes includes the larynx.

text: The lower respiratory tract is also called the respiratory tree or tracheobronchial tree, to describe the branching structure of airways supplying air to the lungs, and includes the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles.[6]

text:
trachea

main bronchus (diameter approximately 1 – 1.4 cm in adults)[7]

lobar bronchus (diameter approximately 1 cm)

segmental bronchus (diameter 4.5 to 13 mm)[7]

subsegmental bronchus (diameter 1 to 6 mm)[7]

conducting bronchiole

terminal bronchiole

respiratory bronchiole

alveolar duct

alveolar sac

alveolus

tag: ul

text: At each division point or generation, one airway branches into two or more smaller airways. The human respiratory tree may consist on average of 23 generations, while the respiratory tree of the mouse has up to 13 generations. Proximal divisions (those closest to the top of the tree, such as the bronchi) mainly function to transmit air to the lower airways. Later divisions including the respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts and alveoli, are specialized for gas exchange.

text: The trachea is the largest tube in the respiratory tract and consists of tracheal rings of hyaline cartilage. It branches off into two bronchial tubes, a left and a right main bronchus. The bronchi branch off into smaller sections inside the lungs, called bronchioles. These bronchioles give rise to the air sacs in the lungs called the alveoli.[8]

text: The lungs are the largest organs in the lower respiratory tract. The lungs are suspended within the pleural cavity of the thorax. The pleurae are two thin membranes, one cell layer thick, which surround the lungs. The inner (visceral pleura) covers the lungs and the outer (parietal pleura) lines the inner surface of the chest wall. This membrane secretes a small amount of fluid, allowing the lungs to move freely within the pleural cavity while expanding and contracting during breathing. The lungs are divided into different lobes. The right lung is larger in size than the left, because of the heart's being situated to the left of the midline. The right lung has three lobes – upper, middle, and lower (or superior, middle and inferior), and the left lung has two – upper and lower (or superior and inferior), plus a small tongue-shaped portion of the upper lobe known as the lingula. Each lobe is further divided up into segments called bronchopulmonary segments. Each lung has a costal surface, which is adjacent to the ribcage; a diaphragmatic surface, which faces downward toward the diaphragm; and a mediastinal surface, which faces toward the center of the chest, and lies against the heart, great vessels, and the carina where the two mainstem bronchi branch off from the base of the trachea.

text: The alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place. The mean number of alveoli in a human lung is 480 million.[9] When the diaphragm contracts, a negative pressure is generated in the thorax and air rushes in to fill the cavity. When that happens, these sacs fill with air, making the lung expand. The alveoli are rich with capillaries, called alveolor capillaries. Here the red blood cells absorb oxygen from the air and then carry it back in the form of oxyhaemaglobin, to nourish the cells. The red blood cells also carry carbon dioxide (CO2) away from the cells in the form of carboxyhemoglobin and releases it into the alveoli through the alveolor capillaries. When the diaphragm relaxes, a positive pressure is generated in the thorax and air rushes out of the alveoli expelling the carbon dioxide.

text: Microanatomy[edit]

text: The respiratory tract is covered in epithelium, which varies down the tract. There are glands and mucus produced by goblet cells in parts, as well as smooth muscle, elastin or cartilage. Most of the epithelium (from the nose to the bronchi) is covered in ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, commonly called respiratory epithelium.[10] The cilia beat in one direction, moving mucus towards the throat where it is swallowed. Moving down the bronchioles, the cells get more cuboidal in shape but are still ciliated.

text: Glands are abundant in the upper respiratory tract, but there are fewer lower down and they are absent starting at the bronchioles. The same goes for goblet cells, although there are scattered ones in the first bronchioles.

text: Cartilage is present until the small bronchi. In the trachea they are C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, whereas in the bronchi the cartilage takes the form of interspersed plates. Smooth muscle starts in the trachea, where it joins the C-shaped rings of cartilage. It continues down the bronchi and bronchioles, which it completely encircles. Instead of hard cartilage, the bronchi and bronchioles are composed of elastic tissue.

text: The lungs are made up of thirteen different kinds of cells, eleven types of epithelial cell and two types of mesenchymal cell.[11] The epithelial cells form the lining of the tracheal, and bronchial tubes, while the mesenchymal cells line the lungs.

text:
Differences in cells along the respiratory tract.

Transverse section of tracheal tissue. Note that image is incorrectly labeled "ciliated stratified epithelium" at upper right.

text: Function[edit]

text: Most of the respiratory tract exists merely as a piping system for air to travel in the lungs, and alveoli are the only part of the lung that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood.

text: Respiration[edit]

text: Respiration is the rhythmical process of breathing, in which air is drawn into the alveoli of the lungs via inhalation and subsequently expelled via exhalation. When a human being inhales, air travels down the trachea, through the bronchial tubes, and into the lungs. The entire tract is protected by the rib cage, spine, and sternum. In the lungs, oxygen from the inhaled air is transferred into the blood and circulated throughout the body. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is transferred from returning blood back into gaseous form in the lungs and exhaled through the lower respiratory tract and then the upper, to complete the process of breathing.

text: Unlike the trachea and bronchi, the upper airway is a collapsible, compliant tube. As such, it has to be able to withstand suction pressures generated by the rhythmic contraction of the diaphragm that sucks air into the lungs. This is accomplished by the rhythmic contraction of upper airway muscles, such as the genioglossus (tongue) and the hyoid muscles. In addition to rhythmic innervation from the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata, the motor neurons controlling the muscles also receive tonic innervation that sets a baseline level of stiffness and size.

text: The diaphragm is the primary muscle that allows for lung expansion and contraction. Smaller muscles between the ribs, the external intercostals, assist with this process.

text: Defences against infection[edit]

text: The epithelial lining of the upper respiratory tract is interspersed with goblet cells that secrete a protective mucus. This helps to filter waste, which is eventually either swallowed into the highly acidic stomach environment or expelled via spitting. The epithelium lining the respiratory tract is covered in small hairs called cilia. These beat rhythmically out from the lungs, moving secreted mucus foreign particles toward the laryngopharynx upwards and outwards, in a process called the mucociliary escalator. In addition to keeping the lower respiratory tract sterile, they prevent mucus accumulation in the lungs. Macrophages in the alveoli are part of the immune system which engulf and digest any inhaled harmful agents.

text: Hair in the nostrils plays a protective role, trapping particulate matter such as dust.[12] The cough reflex expels all irritants within the mucus membrane to the outside. The airways of the lungs contain rings of muscle. When the passageways are irritated by some allergen, these muscles can constrict.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The respiratory tract is a common site for infections.

text: Infection[edit]

text: Upper respiratory tract infections are probably the most common infections in the world.

text: The respiratory system is very prone to developing infections in the lungs. Infants and older adults are more likely to develop infections in their lungs, because their lungs are not as strong in fighting off these infections. Most of these infections used to be fatal, but with new research and medicine, they are now treatable. With bacterial infections, antibiotics are prescribed, while viral infections are harder to treat, but still curable.

text: The common cold/flu is the most common cause for the upper respiratory tract infection, which can cause more serious illness that can develop in the lower respiratory tract. Pneumonia is the most common, and frequent lower respiratory tract infection. This can be either viral, bacterial, or fungal. This infection is very common, because pneumonia can be airborne, and when you inhale this infection in the air, the particles enter the lungs and move into the air sacs. This infection quickly develops in the lower part of the lung, and fills the lung with fluid, and excess mucus. This causes difficulty in breathing, and coughing as the lower respiratory tract tries to get rid of the fluid in the lungs. You can be more prone to developing this infection if you have asthma, flu, heart disease, or cancer[8][dead link]

text: Bronchitis is another common infection that takes place in the lower respiratory tract. It is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes. There are two forms of this infection: acute bronchitis, which is treatable and can go away without treatment, or chronic bronchitis, which comes and goes, but will always affect one's lungs. Bronchitis increases the amount of mucus that is natural in your respiratory tract. Chronic bronchitis is common in smokers, because the tar from smoking accumulates over time, causing the lungs to work harder to repair themselves.[8][dead link]

text: Tuberculosis is one of many other infections that occurs in the lower respiratory tract. You can contract this infection from airborne droplets, and if inhaled you are at risk of this disease. This is a bacterial infection which deteriorates the lung tissue resulting in coughing up blood.[8][dead link] This infection is deadly if not treated.

text: Lung cancer[edit]

text: Some of these cancers have environmental causes such as smoking. When a tobacco product is inhaled, the smoke paralyzes the cilia, causing mucus to enter the lungs. Frequent smoking, over time causes the cilia hairs to die and can no longer filter mucus. Tar from the smoke inhaled enters the lungs, turning the pink-coloured lungs black. The accumulation of this tar could eventually lead to lung cancer, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.[5]

text: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[edit]

text: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common lower respiratory disease that can be caused by exposure to harmful chemicals, or prolonged use of tobacco. This disease is chronic and progressive, the damage to the lungs is irreversible and eventually fatal. COPD destroys the alveoli, and lung tissue which makes breathing very difficult, causing shortness of breath, hyperventilation, and raised chest. The decreased number of alveoli causes loss of oxygen supply to the lungs, and an increased accumulation of carbon dioxide. There are two types of COPD: primary and secondary. Primary COPD can be found in younger adults. This type of COPD deteriorates the air sacs, and lung mass. Secondary COPD can be found in older adults who smoke or have smoked and have a history of bronchitis. Older terms for COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis.[5]

text: Asthma[edit]

text: The bronchi are the main passages to the right and left lungs. These airways carry the oxygen to the bronchioles inside the lungs. Inflammation of the bronchii and bronchioles can cause them to swell up, which could lead to an asthma attack. This results in wheezing, tightness of the chest and severe difficulty in breathing. There are different types of asthma that affect the functions of the bronchial tubes. Allergies can also set off an allergic reaction, causing swelling of the bronchial tubes; as a result, the air passage will swell up, or close up completely.[8][dead link]


document_title: Shank (meat)

question_text: what part of the body does lamb shank come from

text: Shank (meat)

text: This is the current revision of this page, as edited by 103.212.156.54 (talk) at 15:51, 23 April 2017. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2006) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A meat shank or shin is the portion of meat around the tibia of the animal, the leg bone beneath the knee.

text: Lamb shanks are often braised whole; veal shanks are typically cross-cut.

text: Some dishes made using shank include:

text:
Bulalo, a Filipino beef shank stew.
Ossobuco alla milanese, an Italian veal shank dish.
Persian Biryani, with different shanks.
Nihari a spicy national dish of Pakistan and a popular dish in North India with origin in Delhi, India.
cazuela with shank meat, popular in 19th century Chile during the nitrate boom.[1]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Labarca, Rafael. 2009. Meal in the Pampas During the Saltpetre Boom in Chile: A View from Historic Zooarchaeology. Revista Española de antropología Americana.


document_title: Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

question_text: when was stopping by woods on a snowy evening written

text: Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

text: Overview[edit]

text: Frost wrote the poem in June 1922 at his house in Shaftsbury, Vermont. He had been up the entire night writing the long poem "New Hampshire" and had finally finished when he realized morning had come. He went out to view the sunrise and suddenly got the idea for "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening".[1] He wrote the new poem "about the snowy evening and the little horse as if I'd had a hallucination" in just "a few minutes without strain".[2]

text: The poem is written in iambic tetrameter in the Rubaiyat stanza created by Edward Fitzgerald. Each verse (save the last) follows an a-a-b-a rhyming scheme, with the following verse's a's rhyming with that verse's b, which is a chain rhyme (another example is the terza rima used in Dante's Inferno.) Overall, the rhyme scheme is AABA-BBCB-CCDC-DDDD.[3]

text: The text of the poem describes the thoughts of a lone rider (the speaker), pausing at night in his travel to watch snow falling in the woods. It ends with him reminding himself that, despite the loveliness of the view, "I have promises to keep, / And miles to go before I sleep."

text: Use in eulogies[edit]

text: In the early morning of November 23, 1963, Sid Davis of Westinghouse Broadcasting reported the arrival of President John F. Kennedy's casket to the White House. As Frost was one of the President's favorite poets, Davis concluded his report with a passage from this poem but was overcome with emotion as he signed off.[4][5]

text: At the funeral of former Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau, on October 3, 2000, his eldest son Justin rephrased the last stanza of this poem in his eulogy: "The woods are lovely, dark and deep. He has kept his promises and earned his sleep."[6]


document_title: Climate of New Zealand

question_text: where does it snow in the north island

question_tokens: where does it snow in the north island

text: Climate of New Zealand

text: Weather[edit]

text: The Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited (MetService), established as a State-Owned Enterprise in 1992, issues weather forecasts and official weather warnings.

text: Rainfall[edit]

text: Rainfall is generally plentiful in New Zealand, with most cities receiving between 620 mm or 24 in (as in Christchurch) and 1,317 mm or 51.9 in (Whangarei) of precipitation annually.[2] Rainfall is normally distributed evenly throughout the year in most parts of the country, especially in the South Island. Northern and eastern parts of the country, including Auckland, Christchurch and Wellington see a slight winter maximum consistent with a Mediterranean climate, although the difference between the wettest and driest months is too small to justify the designation. Summer and autumn maxima can be found in places closer to the southwest, such as Invercargill and Milford Sound.

text: How much rain a place receives is highly dependent on topography. The Southern Alps, the North Island Volcanic Plateau and surrounding ranges can produce large variation in rainfalls in places barely tens of kilometres apart. Milford Sound receives over 6,700 mm of the rainfall a year on average while barely 100 km away Alexandra in Central Otago receives only slightly greater than 300 mm annually, giving it a borderline oceanic/semi-arid climate.[3]

text: Snowfall[edit]

text: Snow falls in New Zealand's South Island and at higher altitudes in the North Island. It is extremely rare at sea level in the North Island. It is also extremely rare in Auckland and Wellington with one snowfall each in 2011 after nearly 40 years where none occurred.[4] Snow is more common inland in both main islands, though snow to sea level does occur on average once or twice per year in the central and southern South Island.

text: Temperature[edit]

text: As with many islands in the world, the influence of the ocean curtails any extremes in coastal temperature. The greater temperature ranges are found in the interior of the Canterbury and Southland regions, and especially Central Otago. Central Otago and inland Canterbury's Mackenzie Basin have the closest New Zealand has to continental climates, being generally drier (due in part to föhn winds) and less directly modified by the ocean. These areas can experience summer temperatures in the low 30s °C (high 80s/low 90s °F) and snow and severe frosts in winter, the latter exacerbated by hoar frosts in the river valleys and basins.

text: Many parts of the country, especially in the upper North Island, have high humidity all year round, which can have the effect of it feeling warmer in summer and cooler in winter than the thermometer indicates.

text: Annual mean temperature[edit]

text: Mean annual temperatures range from 10 °C (50 °F) in the south to 16 °C (61 °F) in the north.[5] The coldest month is usually July and the warmest month is usually January or February. Generally there are relatively small variations between summer and winter temperatures. An example of this is Auckland which has a variation of just 9 °C or 16 °F between the average mid-winter high temperature (14.7 °C or 58.5 °F) and average mid-summer high temperature (23.7 °C or 74.7 °F). Temperature variation throughout the day is also relatively small. The exception to this is inland areas and to the east of the ranges with daily variations that can be over 25 °C and differences of up to 14 °C between the average summer and winter high temperatures. Temperatures also drop about 0.7 °C or 1.3 °F for every 100 m of altitude.

text: Northern cities such as Auckland, Whangarei, and Tauranga experience mean yearly maxima of between 19–20 °C (66–68 °F) and mean yearly minima of around 11–12 °C (52–54 °F). Eastern cities on the North Island such as Gisborne, Napier, and Hastings also have mean yearly maxima of between 19–20 °C (66–68 °F) but have slightly lower yearly mean minima of around 9–10 °C (48–50 °F). The two largest cities on the South Island, Christchurch and Dunedin, have mean yearly maxima of 17.3 °C (63.1 °F) and 14.6 °C (58.3 °F) and yearly mean minima of 7.3 °C (45.1 °F) and 7.6 °C (45.7 °F) respectively.

text: Summer[edit]

text: Daily maximum temperatures are normally in the mid to low 20s (°C) over most of the country. They are higher in northern, eastern and interior part of the country; Hastings is the warmest city on average with 25.5 °C followed by Gisborne with 24.9 °C and Napier with 24.5 °C. Eastern parts of the South Island are highly susceptible to the norwester, a Fohn wind which can result in temperatures going into the high 30s and even the low 40s. Rangiora in Canterbury holds the record maximum of 42.4 °C recorded in 1973, with Christchurch recording 41.6 °C in that same year. More recently, Timaru reached 41.3 °C on Waitangi Day in 2011. Due to these winds, the cooler southern cities of Dunedin and Invercargill have higher all-time record temperatures than places further north such as Wellington, Auckland and Whangarei.

text: Winter[edit]

text: Winter temperatures are much milder in New Zealand compared to other areas of similar latitude, with the exception of the Central Otago and Mackenzie Basin regions mentioned above. Maxima are generally 10–15 °C (50–59 °F) in the North Island, decreasing as one goes further south or inland. The South Island is a bit cooler, with maximum temperatures around 7–12 °C (45–54 °F), though sometimes lower. The lowest temperature ever recorded was −25.6 °C (−14.1 °F) at Ranfurly in Otago in 1903, with a more recent temperature of −21.6 °C (−6.9 °F) recorded in 1995 in nearby Ophir.[6]

text: Severe weather events[edit]

text: July 1863 The blizzard and flood of 1863 was a series of consecutive natural disasters in Central Otago in New Zealand's South Island. From July to August 1863 the Otago gold fields suffered from a combination of floods, snowstorms, and blizzards that caused heavy loss of life among the gold miners. At least 40 died during the July rains and more than 11 in the August snows. Sources using the earliest reports of loss of life tend to greatly overstate the numbers who died.[7]

text: 1–6 February 1868: The Great storm of 1868 was a violent storm that swept across much of New Zealand wrecking 12 ships and causing extensive flooding. About 40 lives were known lost and at the time an estimated £500,000 to £1 million worth of damage was caused. The storm is currently thought to have been an extratropical cyclone.

text: 16 April 1897: The storm of 1897 was a severe storm that struck the lower to central North Island of New Zealand on 16 April 1897. It caused the ship Zuleika to run aground near Cape Palliser, with the loss of 12 lives, and severe flooding. At Clive the flooding caused the loss of a further 12 lives and one person was drowned near Kapiti. There were 6 further unconfirmed reports of drowning, bringing the total loss of life directly related to the storm event to between 25 and 31. Based on descriptions of the storm, particularly that of Captain Marten of the Waiapu, it may have been an extratropical cyclone.

text: 2 February 1936: The Cyclone of 1936 was the worst storm of the 20th century in New Zealand.[8]

text: 10 April 1968:  Cyclone Giselle caused peak gusts of 145 knots (270 km/h) near Wellington, after colliding with an Antarctic storm moving north. Giselle led to the sinking of the interisland ferry TEV Wahine, and the loss of 53 lives. Total damage caused by the storm was estimated at $14 million.[9]

text: 20 December 1976: Heavy rain caused widespread flooding and landslides in Wellington City and Hutt Valley. Hutt River burst its stopbanks[citation needed] and workers in Petone took refuge on factory roofs while rail links between Wellington city and the Hutt were suspended stranding thousands of commuters. Landslides destroyed houses and a boy was killed by a collapsing wall when a slip struck a hall in Crofton Downs. More than 350 mm of rain fell in 24 hours.[9]

text: 6–10 March 1988: New Zealand is hit by a tropical cyclone once every eight to nine years. Cyclone Bola was one of the costliest cyclones in the history of New Zealand, causing severe damage as an extratropical cyclone when it passed near the country.

text: 4 October 1997: More than 60 homes were flooded and residents in Lower Hutt riverside areas were evacuated during downpours. Two people died, and isolated landslips closed some Wellington roads and parts of State Highway 1.[9]

text: 26 June 1998: A severe thunderstorm affected Karori and Kelburn, with rain breaking all previous records and falling at a rate with a return period of well over 200 years. Rainfall at Kelburn totalled 69.5 mm between 7.35pm and 9.10pm.[9]

text: 13–27 October 1998:  Gale force northwesterlies blew throughout the lower North Island. On 18 October, gusts of 183 km/h were recorded at Castlepoint. Winds were most severe on the following two days, when a gust of 215 km/h was recorded on a Wairarapa farm. A truck was overturned, ships ripped from their moorings in Wellington, and some houses lost their roofs.[9]

text: 10 January 2002: Thunderstorms over Wellington resulted in torrential rainfall, about 40 mm in 30 minutes, and flash floods in the city centre. Similar storms, some with hail and surface flooding also happened in Whanganui, Manawatu, the central and eastern North Island, Buller and Nelson. The average recurrence interval of this rainfall event was estimated at more than 100 years.[9]

text: 14–16 February 2004: The Valentine's Day storms left hundreds of people homeless, and silt and floodwaters inundated considerable areas of farmland. Many rivers breached their banks, bridges were damaged and stock was swept away by floodwaters. A civil state of emergency was declared in Whanganui, Manawatu and Rangitikei. About 500 Lower Hutt residents were evacuated because of floodwaters, and many commuters were unable to enter Wellington. The event produced galeforce southerlies, with gusts of 230 km/h in the Tararua Range, and swells of 11m in Cook Strait.[9]

text: 25 July and 14 August 2011 New Zealand snowstorms: The first severe winter storm brought the coldest winter snap in fifteen years. During August snow fell consistently down to sea level in Wellington for the first time since 1976,[10] and snowflakes even fell for a brief time in Auckland for the first time in 80 years.[10]

text: 20–21 June 2013 New Zealand storm: This extra-tropical system was first felt in the South Island by heavy snowfall on 18 and 19 June. Late on 20 June, the storm pushed northeast to the North Island, bringing very strong winds until early 23 June. Schools were cancelled during the shortest day (21 June), due to massive damage.

text: Statistics[edit]

text: By area[edit]

text:
Auckland

Climate chart (explanation)

JFMAMJJASOND

75

23
15

65

24
16

94

22
15

105

20
12

103

17
10

139

15
8

146

15
7

121

15
8

116

16
9

91

18
11

93

20
12

91

22
14

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm

showImperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND

3

74
60

2.6

75
60

3.7

72
58

4.1

68
54

4.1

63
50

5.5

59
46

5.7

58
45

4.8

59
46

4.6

61
48

3.6

64
51

3.7

67
54

3.6

71
57

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

text:
Hamilton

Climate chart (explanation)

JFMAMJJASOND

85

24
13

71

24
13

87

23
12

95

20
9

102

17
7

119

14
5

126

14
4

117

15
5

102

16
7

96

18
8

93

20
10

95

22
12

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm

showImperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND

3.3

75
55

2.8

75
55

3.4

73
54

3.7

68
48

4

63
45

4.7

57
41

5

57
39

4.6

59
41

4

61
45

3.8

64
46

3.7

68
50

3.7

72
54

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

text:
Taupo

Climate chart (explanation)

JFMAMJJASOND

85

23
12

77

23
12

83

21
10

74

18
7

87

14
5

99

12
3

105

11
2

109

12
3

90

14
5

102

17
7

85

19
8

108

21
10

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm

showImperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND

3.3

74
53

3

74
53

3.3

70
50

2.9

64
45

3.4

57
41

3.9

53
38

4.1

52
36

4.3

54
37

3.5

57
40

4

62
44

3.3

66
47

4.3

70
50

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

text:
Napier

Climate chart (explanation)

JFMAMJJASOND

48

24
15

62

24
15

85

23
13

75

20
10

62

17
7

81

15
5

92

14
5

67

15
5

65

17
7

55

19
9

57

21
11

56

23
13

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm

showImperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND

1.9

76
58

2.4

75
58

3.3

73
55

3

68
50

2.4

63
45

3.2

58
41

3.6

57
40

2.6

59
41

2.6

62
45

2.2

67
49

2.2

70
52

2.2

73
56

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

text:
Wellington

Climate chart (explanation)

JFMAMJJASOND

72

20
13

62

21
14

92

19
13

100

17
11

117

14
9

147

12
7

136

11
6

123

12
7

100

14
8

115

15
9

99

17
10

86

19
12

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm

showImperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND

2.8

69
56

2.4

69
56

3.6

66
55

3.9

62
52

4.6

58
48

5.8

54
44

5.4

53
43

4.8

54
44

3.9

56
46

4.5

59
48

3.9

62
51

3.4

65
54

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

text:
Nelson

Climate chart (explanation)

JFMAMJJASOND

72

22
13

57

22
13

78

21
11

86

18
8

77

15
5

85

13
2

86

12
2

90

13
3

73

15
5

92

17
8

82

19
10

75

21
12

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm

showImperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND

2.8

72
55

2.2

72
55

3.1

69
53

3.4

65
47

3

59
41

3.3

55
36

3.4

54
35

3.5

56
38

2.9

59
42

3.6

62
46

3.2

66
50

3

69
53

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

text:
Hokitika

Climate chart (explanation)

JFMAMJJASOND

250

19
12

172

20
12

217

19
11

249

17
8

245

14
6

233

12
4

232

12
3

224

13
4

250

14
6

286

15
7

240

17
9

278

18
11

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm

showImperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND

9.8

67
53

6.8

68
54

8.5

66
51

9.8

62
47

9.6

58
43

9.2

54
39

9.1

54
37

8.8

55
39

9.8

57
42

11

59
45

9.4

62
48

11

65
51

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

text:
Christchurch

Climate chart (explanation)

JFMAMJJASOND

42

23
12

39

22
12

54

20
11

54

18
8

56

15
5

66

12
2

79

11
2

69

12
3

47

15
5

53

17
7

44

19
9

49

21
11

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm

showImperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND

1.7

73
54

1.5

72
54

2.1

69
51

2.1

64
46

2.2

58
40

2.6

53
36

3.1

52
35

2.7

54
37

1.9

59
41

2.1

63
45

1.7

67
48

1.9

70
52

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

text:
Alexandra

Climate chart (explanation)

JFMAMJJASOND

29

24
11

22

24
11

40

22
9

34

18
5

35

12
2

26

8
−2

23

8
−2

24

11
0

27

15
3

41

18
6

26

20
8

43

22
10

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm

showImperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND

1.1

74
51

0.9

75
51

1.6

71
48

1.3

64
41

1.4

54
35

1

46
29

0.9

46
29

0.9

53
31

1.1

59
37

1.6

64
42

1

68
46

1.7

72
50

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

text:
Dunedin

Climate chart (explanation)

JFMAMJJASOND

73

19
11

59

19
11

70

18
10

62

15
8

67

13
6

68

10
4

61

10
3

55

11
4

48

13
6

64

15
7

67

16
9

76

18
10

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm

showImperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND

2.9

66
52

2.3

66
52

2.8

64
50

2.4

60
46

2.6

55
42

2.7

51
38

2.4

50
37

2.2

52
39

1.9

56
42

2.5

59
45

2.6

61
47

3

64
51

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

text:
Location
January mean (°C)[12]
July mean (°C)[12]
Annual rainfall (mm)[13]

Kaitaia
19.5
12.1
1351

Whangarei
19.9
11.6
1304

Auckland
19.1
10.9
1212

Tauranga
19.4
10.2
1181

Hamilton
18.4
8.9
1108

Rotorua
17.7
7.8
1342

Gisborne
19.2
9.7
996

Taupo
17.0
6.5
960

New Plymouth
17.8
9.5
1386

Napier
19.5
9.4
785

Wanganui
18.3
9.5
918

Palmerston North
17.8
8.6
917

Masterton
18.1
7.6
928

Wellington
16.9
8.9
1207

Nelson
17.8
7.2
960

Blenheim
18.0
7.0
711

Westport
16.3
8.7
2121

Kaikoura
16.4
8.1
710

Hokitika
15.6
7.4
2901

Christchurch
17.5
6.6
618

Mount Cook
14.7
2.2
4485

Lake Tekapo
15.2
1.4
592

Timaru
15.9
5.0
548

Milford Sound
14.7
5.3
6715

Queenstown
15.8
3.0
749

Alexandra
18.0
2.9
359

Manapouri
14.7
3.8
1129

Dunedin
15.3
6.6
738

Invercargill
14.2
5.3
1149

Chatham Islands
14.9
8.2
911

text: Records[edit]

text:
Record
Measurement
Location
Date

Highest temperature
42.4 °C (108.3 °F)
Rangiora, Canterbury
7 February 1973

Lowest temperature
−25.6 °C (−14.1 °F)
Ranfurly, Otago
17 July 1903

Highest rainfall in an hour
134 mm (5.3 in)
Cropp River, West Coast
8 January 2004

Highest rainfall in 24 hours
758 mm (29.8 in)
Cropp River, West Coast
27–28 December 1989

Highest rainfall in a calendar year
16,617 mm (654.2 in)
Cropp River, West Coast
1998

Lowest rainfall in a calendar year
212 mm (8.3 in)
Alexandra, Otago
1964

Highest wind gust
250 km/h (160 mph)
Mount John, Canterbury
18 April 1970

Highest sunshine in a month
356 hours
New Plymouth, Taranaki
January 2015

Highest sunshine in a calendar year
2840
Richmond, Tasman
2016

Lowest sunshine in a month
27 hours
Taumarunui
June 2002

Lowest sunshine in a calendar year
1333 hours
Invercargill
1983

text: Historical climate[edit]

text: Data collection for determining the New Zealand climate began in the late 19th century, although European explorers made valid observations of climate indicators such as glaciers and moraines early in that century. Scientific study of early New Zealand climate is quite recent and ongoing. It has settled some of the debate regarding links between the Little Ice Age (LIA) in the Northern Hemisphere and the climate in New Zealand at the same time. The key facts to emerge are that New Zealand did experience a noticeable cooler climate, but at a slightly later date than in the Northern Hemisphere.[14] The onset of cooler climate was about 1450 and lasted until  1850. Indications are that temperatures were in the range of 1.5-2.0 degree Celsius lower than present during the New Zealand LIA. Since 2000 various scientific investigations looked at the behaviour of glaciers in relation to climate and found they were excellent indicators of temperatures, especially in summer. Glacial evidence of climate is matched by evidence of variations in tree ring growth and studies of ice core and ocean sediment samples indicating the types of microorganisms (some flourish in warm temperatures, other in cooler temperatures) and historical carbon dioxide ratios.[14]

text: Evidence found that the climate was more strongly influenced by the impact of tropical air masses in warm periods and polar air masses in cool periods. Recent (2010) studies by Victoria University have shown that the regional climates most affected were in coastal Otago and Southland. The dominant temperature influence here was the relative warmth of the sea to the south of New Zealand during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP). From about 1350 this region was notably warmer but then cooled relatively quickly from 1450. This cooling may have had a substantial impact on population in those areas. The limited historical record suggests that from 1450 the population of New Zealand underwent significant cultural change which may have links to climate cooling and dramatic changes in food supplies.[14]


document_title: Paranormal Witness

question_text: when does the new season of paranormal witness start

text: Paranormal Witness

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
6
September 7, 2011 (2011-09-07)
October 12, 2011 (2011-10-12)

2
12
August 8, 2012 (2012-08-08)
October 24, 2012 (2012-10-24)

3
20
June 5, 2013 (2013-06-05)
November 27, 2013 (2013-11-27)

4
13
August 26, 2015 (2015-08-26)
November 18, 2015 (2015-11-18)

5
13
August 3, 2016 (2016-08-03)
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2011)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Location(s)
Directed by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Emily the Imaginary Friend/The Lost Girl"[7][8]
Private home, Baltimore, Maryland
Route 136, Live Oak, Florida
Gillian Pachter
September 7, 2011 (2011-09-07)
1.26[9]

In the series premiere, a five-year-old girl, Isabellea, claims to have a friendship with a ghost named Emily, who dislikes her parents. While the parents initially believe that Emily is just an imaginary playmate, they realize differently when unusual actives begin taking place in their home. When ordered to stop talking to and playing with Emily, Isabella becomes aggressive and violent, even telling her parents that her and Emily want them dead so that they can play together forever. After the parents attempt to stop their daughter's friendship with the ghost, the activity progressively increases.Unable to cope anymore after a particularly violent attack, the family flees the house, leaving all their possessions behind and refusing to ever go back. Next, a mother and daughter describe their experiences on a dirt road when they come across a girl with no face exactly where a local teenage girl died in a car crash. Later, they find out that other people have seen the faceless girl and that she usually appears around the anniversary of her death, which was only a few days later than the date that the women claim to have encountered the girl on.

2
2
"Haunted Highway/Kentucky UFO Chase"[10][11]
Bullion Bend, U.S. Route 50, El Dorado County, California, and airspace over Jefferson County, Kentucky
Alex Dunlop
September 14, 2011 (2011-09-14)
1.63[12]

In 1994, a mother and son who disappear near Placerville, California. After multiple moterists report seeing a naked woman laying on the side of the high, the police eventually discover the family's car, which had veered off the road and into a ditch, along with the dead body of the mother and the unconscious son. Despite the insistence of witnesses that the mother was the naked woman, the medical examiner concludes that she had died on impact, long before the sightings began. Combined with the fact that the dead woman's aunt had a dream that turned out to have been revealing the location of her niece and great nephew, and the son's memory of a warm presence watching over him after the crash, the family concludes that their daughter's spirit stayed at the scene of her death to protect her son until he could be rescued. Up Next is the story of a police helicopter on a routine flight over Beutil Road near Louisvile, Kentucky and it's two officer's, speculated to have come into contact with a UFO in 1993.

3
3
"The Poltergeist/Watch in the Wilderness"[13][14]
Private home, Moreno Valley, California and the Cascade Mountains, Oregon
Diene Petterle
September 21, 2011 (2011-09-21)
1.28[15]

In 2006, a mother, her daughter, and the daughter of her boyfriend claim they are harassed by a malevolent poltergeist in their new home in California after the boyfriend and his daughter move in. While the woman and girls believe that the activity is paranormal and seek advice from a spiritualist, the boyfriend angrily denies that ghosts are real and blames his girlfriend's daughter for the activity. When the woman buys a small ceramic fugue to offer the Poltergeist as a peace offering (On the advice of the spiritualist), her boyfriend goes into a rage and insists that there is nothing wrong with the house and ultimately ends up taunting the entity and smashing the figure. Afterwords, the activity increases dramatically, eventually leading the couple to break up. Both family's move out after the break up, and the woman and girls continue insist that they weren't making things up. Afterwards, a former deputy sheriff tells the tale of sighting a creature he could not identify while alone in the Cascade Mountains of the Oregon wilderness in 1997. When he attempts to file a report, he is harassed by his colleagues, who eventually end up revealing to him that there have been multiple reports of similar creatures in that area over the years.

4
4
"The Haunting of Mansfield Mansion"[16][17]
Mansfield Mansion, Mansfield, Connecticut
Simon George
September 28, 2011 (2011-09-28)
1.29[18]

When a woman begins renovating a Connecticut mansion on Black Creek Drive in 1994, she supposedly awakens "evil spirits" that terrorize her family and lead to several family members, and a friend who later moved in to keep her company, moving out soon after moving in. The woman later discovers the home was part of the Mansfield Training School, a school for the mentally disabled that opened in 1860. The woman begins having reoccurring nightmares where she, in the body of a little girl at the school, is abused and eventually killed by the staff at Mansfield. When the woman's son and his fiance move in with their baby, their son is tormented by an unseen presence, and the woman's nightmares intensify. Eventually, the family decides to break open an eerie cement "box" in the basement and discovers the cremated remains of dozens of people including, it turns out, a young girl.

5
5
"The Dangerous Game/Trumbull County UFO"[19][20]
Trumbull County, Ohio and private home, Virginia Beach, Virginia
Stephen Kemp
October 5, 2011 (2011-10-05)
1.40[21]

A family claims to be terrorized by a spirit called "Vox," summoned from a Ouija board in Virginia in 2008. Later, they ask a Native American spirit guide to "cleanse" the house. Next, a night of UFO sightings beginning at Sampson Drive in Liberty, Ohio is documented on archival police radio recordings at the Trumbull County 911 Dispatch in 1994.

6
6
"The Rain Man"[22][23]
Private home and Monroe County Prison, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania
Neil Rawles
October 12, 2011 (2011-10-12)
1.27[24]

In 1983, a Monroe County Prison convict Don Decker allowed out of jail to attend his abusive grandfather's funeral makes it rain indoors due to an alleged demonic possession.

text: Season 2 (2012)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Location(s)
Directed by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

7
1
"Man In the Attic"[25]
Private home, San Pedro, California
Stephen Kemp
August 8, 2012 (2012-08-08)
1.18[26]

Between 1988 and 1990, a young mother in suburban California claims to be terrorized by the spirit of an old man in the attic of her home, and a team of paranormal investigators claims to be assaulted by the ghost.

8
2
"Brooklyn Haunting"[27]
Private home, Brooklyn, New York
Dan Clifton
August 15, 2012 (2012-08-15)
1.17[28]

A mother and her two daughters say they are haunted by a spirit who "refused to cross to the other side" after death.

9
3
"Capitol Theatre Haunting"[29]
Capitol Theatre, Salt Lake City, Utah
Dan Clifton
August 22, 2012 (2012-08-22)
1.36[30]

On his new job, a security officer claims to encounter the spirit of a young hero who perished while trying to rescue victims in a fire at the Capitol Theater.

10
4
"The Dybbuk Box"[31]
Addy's Antique Market and private homes, Portland, Oregon; private homes, Kirksville, Missouri
Russell England
August 29, 2012 (2012-08-29)
1.37[32]

An antique shop owner says he inadvertently unleashed a Dybbuk from a locked wine cabinet purchased at an estate auction.

11
5
"Lady on the Stairs"[33]
Private home, Holly, Michigan
Russell England
September 5, 2012 (2012-09-05)
1.32[34]

A woman and her son claim to be haunted by the spirit of a young woman after they move into her new husband's house.

12
6
"The Apartment"[35]
Private home, Chico, California
Richard Curson Smith
September 12, 2012 (2012-09-12)
1.27[36]

After moving into a new apartment, a woman says she experienced progressive dreams of a murder that took place there.

13
7
"The Real Haunting in Connecticut"[37]
Private home, Southington, Connecticut
Sam Hobkinson
September 19, 2012 (2012-09-19)
1.33[38]

When a boy is diagnosed with cancer, his family moves closer to a cancer treatment facility, only to learn that their newly rented house is a former funeral home.

14
8
"Fox Hollow Farm"[39]
Private home, Westfield, Indiana
Ian Clark
September 26, 2012 (2012-09-26)
1.25[40]

A man, his family, and his co-worker/renter move into a "too good to be true" property, later learning it is the former home of alleged serial killer Herb Baumeister.

15
9
"The Abduction"[41]
Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest, Snowflake, Arizona
Stephen Kemp
October 3, 2012 (2012-10-03)
1.17[42]

Eyewitness accounts, original film and audio recordings tell the story of the alien abduction and UFO experience of Arizona logger Travis Walton in 1975. The investigating sheriff and Walton's doctor are interviewed.

16
10
"The Cabin/Ghost in the Garden"[43]
Private home, London, Ohio/private home, Raleigh, North Carolina
Sam Hobkinson and Neil Rawles
October 10, 2012 (2012-10-10)
1.08[44]

After a couple moves into a cabin in the woods, they start to experience regular visits from a creature who they suspect may not be human. Next, a family encounters the presence of a mysterious ghostly girl after moving into their ancestral home.

17
11
"The Hollywood Sign Haunting/The Good Skeleton"[45]
The Hollywood Sign, Los Angeles, California/private home, Yuba City, California
Neil Rawles and Sam Hobkinson
October 17, 2012 (2012-10-17)
1.20[46]

Four friends wonder if they have encountered the legendary "Lady in White" when they meet a woman in a long, white dress while hiking up the Hollywood Hills. A family claims to have a "ghostly protector" in their new home in Yuba City, California.

18
12
"The Tenants"[47]
Private home, Chicago, Illinois
Neil Rawles
October 24, 2012 (2012-10-24)
1.12[48]

A newlywed couple moves into a haunted flat in Chicago.

text: Season 3 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Location(s)
Directed by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

19
1
"The Long Island Terror"
Private home, Long Island, New York
Crispin Reece
June 5, 2013 (2013-06-05)
1.08[49]

After losing her husband to a fire, a single mother with two daughters moves into a new home. She says the home was used for ritualistic practices and is now a doorway for a demonic entity that torments the family. At one point, evil forces causes her daughter to break a leg; a demon later appeared and scared her. Wanting to be free of the evil haunting the house, the mother has an exorcism performed; during which, a demonic entity is seen before vanishing.

20
2
"The Lost Boy"
Private home, Gardner, Massachusetts
Neil Rawles
June 12, 2013 (2013-06-12)
1.18[50]

A couple purchases a Victorian Era home and encounters the spirit of a young boy and something darker, eventually discovering the house is a former brothel and the ghost child may be a prostitute's son.

21
3
"The Curse of Lonergan Farm"
Lonergan Farm, Broken Bow, Nebraska
Russell England
June 19, 2013 (2013-06-19)
1.22[51]

Three brothers reunite on a family farm, only to be haunted by one of their ancestors.

22
4
"Dining With the Dead"
Renovated church turned restaurant, El Paso, Texas
Crispin Reece
June 26, 2013 (2013-06-26)
1.41[52]

A former Spiritualist church undergoes renovations by a couple planning to turn it into a restaurant; however, the process invokes the wrath of something that was summoned during the building's old days as a church.

23
5
"Deliver Us from Evil"
Private home, Kokomo, Indiana
Neil Rawles
July 10, 2013 (2013-07-10)
0.95[53]

A religious family man does battle against a demonic entity that is tormenting his family. The demon attacks his children and somehow defies his strong religious belief.

24
6
"The Hospital Hauntings"
Hospitals across the United States
Carl Hindmarch
July 17, 2013 (2013-07-17)
1.22[54]

The various stories of U.S. hospital patients and workers who have experienced paranormal activity, including an encounter with the Grim Reaper itself.

25
7
"The Manson Curse"
Private home, Los Angeles, California
Will Bridges
July 24, 2013 (2013-07-24)
1.62[55]

A newly built home in California becomes a hotbed of paranormal activity. The spirits in question turn out to be the victims of Charles Manson and his cult.

26
8
"The Bad Man"
Private home, Slanesville, West Virginia
Russell England
July 31, 2013 (2013-07-31)
1.38[56]

A family that moves into a home in a small Southern town experiences activity caused by a maelevolent entity named "The Bad Man," who in life was a child molester.

27
9
"The Wolf Pack"
Private home, Palmyra, Maine
Will Bridges
August 7, 2013 (2013-08-07)
1.17[57]

A family moving to a local Maine town are terrorized by werewolf-like beasts.

28
10
"The Saint of Death"
Private home, Juarez, Mexico
Carl Hindmarch
August 14, 2013 (2013-08-14)
1.11[58]

A man is terrorized in his apartment by the patron saint of drug trafficking and criminals.

29
11
"The Lynchville Secret"
Private home, Ponca City, Oklahoma
Sebastian Smith
August 21, 2013 (2013-08-21)
1.03[59]

An Oklahoma family is attacked in their new home by the ghost of a corrupt politician.

30
12
"The House on the Lake"
Private home, Saranac Lake, New York
Julian Hart
August 28, 2013 (2013-08-28)
0.97[60]

A property developer who turned an old lakeside mansion into apartments is unaware that the home was once used as a refuge for tuberculosis sufferers in the 1920s.

31
13
"A Ghostly Affair"
Private home, Monticello, Arkansas
James Bryce
September 11, 2013 (2013-09-11)
1.12[61]

A college educator and his family move into a Victorian era-like home, soon afterwards the family is terrorized by the visions of the past.

32
14
"Through the Eyes of a Killer"
Private home, Morristown, New Jersey
James Bryce
September 18, 2013 (2013-09-18)
1.12[62]

A psychic has visions of brutal murders at the hands of a serial killer, and assists police in their pursuit of the killer.

33
15
"The Innocent"
Private home, Chilton, Wisconsin
TBA
September 25, 2013 (2013-09-25)
0.89[63]

A family who moves into a new home in Wisconsin learns that it used to be a foster home from a former occupant and of a tragic incident that took place there 45 years before, and is what's responsible for the strange phenomena they've been experiencing.

34
16
"The Coven"
Private home, Abbeville, South Carolina
TBA
October 2, 2013 (2013-10-02)
1.08[64]

A family moves into a new home & soon start experiencing activity, that may be the result of rituals performed by a coven of witches.

35
17
"The Visitors"
Private home, Arlington, Texas
TBA
November 6, 2013 (2013-11-06)
1.10[65]

A Texas man witnesses a bizarre ritual being performed, yet an evil paranormal entity follows him home and creates havoc.

36
18
"The Harpy"
Private home, Atchison, Kansas
TBA
November 13, 2013 (2013-11-13)
1.18[66]

The Pickman family and their encounter with an alleged spirit that named itself "Sallie" haunting their Kansas home, but things take a turn for the worst when suspicion states that Sallie is actually something much more evil masquerading as a human and tourturing the family.

37
19
"The Exorcist"
Private home, Indianapolis, Indiana and Rome, Italy
TBA
November 20, 2013 (2013-11-20)
0.89[67]

An exorcist battles against a demonic force possessing an Indiana woman.

38
20
"The Rendlesham Files"
Rendlesham Forest, Suffolk, England
TBA
November 27, 2013 (2013-11-27)
N/A

A retelling of the Rendlesham Forest incident where a military base, RAF Woodbridge was visited by a supposed alien craft.

text: Season 4 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Location(s)
Directed by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

39
1
"The Motel"
Windrift Motel, Madison, Indiana
Crispin Reece
August 26, 2015 (2015-08-26)
0.61[68]

In the 1980s, a new family starts up a motel business in Indiana that is adjacent to their new home, unfortunately for them. The property is the dwelling ground of unspeakable evil. The forces that torment them do not come to light until the homeowners decide to renovate the building.

40
2
"A Nightmare on Chestnut Street"
Private home, Kent, Ohio
Neil Rawles
September 2, 2015 (2015-09-02)
0.77[69]

Ohio college students rent out a home for their final year of school, however they find themselves thrown into a reign of terror by a spirit who is angry that her murderer, who killed her years before the tenants moved in, has never been brought to justice.

41
3
"The Molech"
Private home, Brentwood, Pennsylvania
David Belton
September 9, 2015 (2015-09-09)
0.62[70]

In a retelling of the infamous 'Demon of Brownsville Road' story, a politician from Pittsburgh moves to the suburbs with his family, only to learn he is opposed by the spirit of a former doctor who performed illegal abortions, using the babies as sacrifices to an entity the doctor had worshipped while in the home, an ancient demonic force known as Moloch, which retaliates once the family attempts to seek help from an exorcist.

42
4
"Suzy Doll"
Private home, West Haven, Connecticut
David Bartlett
September 16, 2015 (2015-09-16)
0.53[71]

In 1983, a little girl from New England received a strange doll as a birthday present, little did her family know that the doll is a source of absolute darkness that is intent on stealing the soul of the daughter who it was given to.

43
5
"Poppy's Revenge"
Private home, North East, Pennsylvania
Will Bridges
September 23, 2015 (2015-09-23)
0.76[72]

A teenager girl and her sister are raised by their grandfather. Poppy (the grandfather's nickname) is extremely close and borderline possessive of the oldest sister. When she is offered a job at a radio station far enough away from Poppy's house that she would have to move out he is livid. Before she leaves he makes her promise that she will come back.

44
6
"The Dark Pond"
Private home, Ashland, Ohio
Neil Rawles
September 30, 2015 (2015-09-30)
0.75[73]

A family moved into an old Victorian's house, with a pond in the backyard. One day strange occurrences happened inside the house, in the meantime, outside, a dark force is leading Lilly, the litlle girl, to the dark pond.

45
7
"Demon House"
Private home, Springfield, Louisiana
Will Bridges
October 7, 2015 (2015-10-07)
0.55[74]

Jeanine and A.J. think they have found their dream home but are rudely awakened by the terror Jeanine faces. With her poor health on the line and the demon that's ruining her life, it's hard for them to continue.

46
8
"Sacred Ground"
Private home, Loess Hills, Onawa, Iowa
Crispin Reece
October 14, 2015 (2015-10-14)
0.57[75]

The Leidel family, parents and two teenagers, speak about what happened to them after moving into a house in 2010. The mother, Christi, and her daughter began experiencing things they couldn't explain, including seeing Native people in the home who quickly disappear. The two of them, not believed by the father and son, leave the house for a while. While away, the father and son also witness the Natives among other strange activity. After Christi returns she learns that their home was built on sacred Native land and blesses the house with sage in attempt to have the unwanted presence leave. The family thought the spirits had moved on until Christmas day when they awoke to find all the decorations stripped from the Christmas tree and the ball ornaments suspended in midair in three vertical lines before falling. They then moved out.

47
9
"The Fireplace"
Private apartment, Washington, Missouri
Crispin Reece
October 21, 2015 (2015-10-21)
0.51[76]

Linda Coddington, her sister, her cousin, and her friend recount their paranormal experiences which occurred in Linda's apartment in 1984. Pregnant with her second child she moved into the apartment of an old house. Upon arriving she finds a necklace with a pentagram design and the fireplace securely boarded up. Over a few months she and her child, her sister, cousin, and friend witness paranormal activity including a large bed moved without explanation, the fireplace barrier rattling, dishes being pulled out of the cabinets onto the floor, and blood dripped around her baby in his crib. A priest performed an exorcism in the home but it didn't hold. Linda moved out and upon seeing the necklace again remembered from her childhood that at the time an elderly woman people called a witch lived in the house.

48
10
"The Real Conjuring"
Private home, Harrisville, Rhode Island
Sebastian Smith
October 28, 2015 (2015-10-28)
0.59[77]

The Perron Family give their account of what they experienced after moving into their new home in 1971. Up to 1980 when they left the house, members of the family of eight had various paranormal events occur in the home such as being trapped in a box with no latch or lock and nothing pressing on the lid, shared dreams, awaking with unexplained cuts, oddly dropping temperatures, feeling a hand on their back when no one was present, and doors moving without cause. The mother, Carolyn, researched the property and found many deaths and a woman named Bathsheba who was rumored to be "in league with the devil" and sacrificed an infant. Paranormal investigators Ed and Lorraine Warren visited the family's home, and Lorraine "sensed a malignant presence" and produced the name Bathsheba. The Warren couple, a medium, and Carolyn conducted a séance in which she became possessed. These events were the basis of the 2013 horror film The Conjuring.

49
11
"When Hell Freezes Over"
Private home, Hinesburg, Vermont
David Bartlett
November 4, 2015 (2015-11-04)
0.51[78]

Kristel Smart and her family move into a late 19th Century house in Hinesburg on Pond Brook Road at Rhode Island Corners that was allegedly built over the ruins of a church that was burned with the congregation inside in the early 1800s. The family experiences disembodied voices, objects moving by themselves, scratches, and the appearance of ghostly processions.

50
12
"Beneath the Rock"
OP Rock, Afghanistan
Sebastian Smith
November 11, 2015 (2015-11-11)
0.55[79]

A U.S. military detachment experiences haunting activity at a camp called "OP Rock" in rural Afghanistan. They experience full bodied apparitions, disembodied voices, weapon and equipment malfunctions, and objects moving by themselves. The activity intensifies when they dig up human remains with effects around it written in Russian. They find out that extremists decapitated captured Russian soldiers on the rock during the Soviet-Afghan War in the 1980s.

51
13
"Ashes to Ashes"
Private home, Whittier, California
David Belton
November 18, 2015 (2015-11-18)
0.54[80]

Amanda brings her family into her grandmothers house shortly after she passes, only to realize that her grandmother's twin sister is terrorizing her daughter and husband.

text: Season 5 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Location(s)
Directed by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

52
1
"Voodoo Preacher"
Private home, Rockford, Alabama
Russell Eatough
August 3, 2016 (2016-08-03)
0.60[81]

A family moves into a home haunted by a voodoo spirit.

53
2
"They Are Mine"
Private home, Savannah, Georgia
Elliot Goldner
August 10, 2016 (2016-08-10)
0.42[82]

Three college roommates are tormented by the spirit of a dead junkie.

54
3
"From H.E.L.L"
Private homes, Houston, Texas
Russell Eatough
August 17, 2016 (2016-08-17)
0.51[83]

A young girl breaks the rules of the Ouija board, inviting an evil spirit into her home.

55
4
"The Contract"
Private home, Bowling Green, Kentucky
Elliot Goldner
August 24, 2016 (2016-08-24)
0.60[84]

A young man faces the consequences of a deal with the devil he made as a teenager.

56
5
"Zozo"
Private home, Lawton, Oklahoma
Matthew Catling
August 31, 2016 (2016-08-31)
0.65[85]

A war vet and his family move into a new home, only to be tormented by a demonic entity.

57
6
"The Mothman Curse"
Point Pleasant, West Virginia and private home, rural Maryland
Matthew Catling
September 7, 2016 (2016-09-07)
0.54[86]

After a trip to Point Pleasant, a couple is tormented by the mysterious entity known as Mothman.

58
7
"Nebraska Fiend"
Farm, Norman, Nebraska
Sebastian Smith
September 14, 2016 (2016-09-14)
0.51[87]

A family moves into a new home, only to be haunted by the spirit of Stephen Richards.

59
8
"The Pit"
Private home, Santa Susana, California
Sebastian Smith
September 21, 2016 (2016-09-21)
0.47[88]

A woman buys a house in a rough neighborhood, and is haunted by the spirit of another woman who was murdered there.

60
9
"The Ranch"
Ranch, Abilene, Texas
Harry Hewland
September 28, 2016 (2016-09-28)
0.57[89]

After taking in their dying grandmother, a family is haunted by wolf-like spirits.

61
10
"The Jail"
Estrella Jail, Phoenix, Arizona
Alexandra Lacey
October 5, 2016 (2016-10-05)
0.56[90]

Guards and inmates of a state prison are driven to madness by the spirits haunting its halls.

62
11
"The Hotel"
Lemp Mansion, St. Louis, Missouri
Harry Hewland
October 12, 2016 (2016-10-12)
0.57[91]

A hotel is haunted by the spirit of the land's previous owner.

63
12
"Mojave Encounter"
Asheville, North Carolina and the Mid Hills, California
Neil Rawles
October 19, 2016 (2016-10-19)
0.47[92]

A married couple undergo hypnosis to remember missing time from an alien abduction.

64
13
"The Night Ward"
South Pittsburg Municipal Hospital, South Pittsburg, Tennessee
TBA
October 26, 2016 (2016-10-26)
0.62[93]

A team of paranormal investigators spend a night in an abandoned hospital with a history of hauntings.


document_title: Jones (Animal Farm)

question_text: where did mr jones go in animal farm

question_tokens: where did mr jones go in animal farm

text: Jones (Animal Farm)

text:
Mr. Jones

First appearance
Animal Farm

Last appearance
Animal Farm

Created by
George Orwell

Portrayed by
Maurice Denham (1954 film)
Tony Robinson (Down on Animal Farm)
Pete Postlethwaite (1999 film)

Information

Species
Human

Gender
Male

Occupation
Farmer & Owner of Manor Farm (Animal Farm)

Family
Mrs. Jones

text: Mr. Jones of Manor Farm is a fictional character in George Orwell's allegorical novel Animal Farm. Jones is an allegory for Tsar Nicholas II. Jones is overthrown by the animals of his farm, who represent Bolshevik and liberal revolutionaries.

text: Description[edit]

text: Mr. Jones had once been a capable farmer, but in the aftermath of a very damaging lawsuit he had become quite disheartened with his lot in life, as well as an alcoholic. This led to his neglect of both the animals and buildings of Manor Farm. Instigated by Old Major, the animals rebel by driving out Mr. Jones, his wife and his workers, and remove him from power, supposedly ending the days of extreme hunger and labor.

text: In the second chapter, an exiled Jones now lives at the Red Lion Inn, where is feeling sorry for himself and commisserating with sympathetic and perplexed farmers (and more drinking). One day, the animals are at work when they see several humans on Animal Farm, not only their former masters but some neighboring farmers such as Frederick and Pilkington, and all agree that Jones and his farmhands are attempting to recapture the farm. He is defeated by Snowball's tactics. Many of the men are frightened by the organized animal defense, and the animals suffer only one death. Frightened, Jones flees the farm for good.

text: At the start of the final chapter, after 'years passed', Jones is mentioned to have died in a home for alcoholics. By this time, most of the animals on the Farm were either born after the Rebellion; many of the remaining animals who were called to the barn by Old Major have died as well. It is mentioned that most of the deceased or exiled were forgotten - Snowball 'was forgotten' as was Boxer, excepting 'the few who had known him'. The days before the Rebellion have been forgotten as well. Only a few pigs, Moses the Raven (who was his 'special pet'), Clover and Benjamin remember Jones. The pigs and Moses obviously have no inclination to bring their former master up - they don't even mention Snowball, who was a scapegoat for a long number of years. Clover is an old and rather sick mare, past the retirement age that no longer existed. Benjamin is merely more cynical.

text: Portrayals[edit]

text: In the 1954 animated adaptation of the novel, Jones was portrayed by Maurice Denham, who provided all voices bar the narration. The story is fairly faithful to the novel, except Jones never leaves the area and instead remains in his local pub. When the other major farmers decide to make an attempt to seize Animal Farm, Jones offers to join them but is turned down. Instead, he acquires a large quantity of dynamite and destroys the windmill and himself (due to being drunk). Pete Postlethwaite portrayed Jones in the 1999 live-action film, as a brutish yokel, although his alcoholism is toned down. In this film, he and Mrs. Jones destroy the windmill.

text: Tony Robinson portrayed Jones in the 1994 featurette Down on Animal Farm, a documentary about the making of the 1954 adaptation.[1]