document_title: Jadavpur University

question_text: who was the first principal of bengal national school and college

text: Jadavpur University

text: History[edit]

text: National Council of Education, Bengal[edit]

text: University of Calcutta is one of the three universities in early modern India, the other two being Bombay (now Mumbai) and Madras University. It was set up by the British in Calcutta in 1861 as a means of spreading western philosophical thought among the elite in India. It also aimed to create, in the words of Lord Macaulay, "a class of persons Indian in blood and colour, but English in tastes, in opinions, in morals and in intellect.[2]" This initiative was furthered by the passing of the Universities Act of 1904. This resulted in the reorganization of the Calcutta University's Senate and Syndicate by the nomination of more white members into them, which in turn would enable the government to control its policies. The government also decided to disaffiliate many private Indian colleges, which had come up lately and were regarded by the government as hotbeds of nationalist agitation. The measures stirred the educated middle class to move for alternative systems of education. Even the diplomas awarded by Jadavpur University were not recognised by the UGC / Govt. of India in the past until it was upgraded to a university in 1955. Its diploma awarded by National Council of Education was not recognized til 1954.

text: The nationalists in the freedom struggle of India dubbed the Calcutta University, another pillar of India's education movement, as "Goldighir Ghulamkhana", or the slave house of Goldighi, with reference to the lake adjacent to Calcutta University, and the number of graduates it churned out who were used in the British era as ICS officers. Hence, the need for setting up an institution which would impart education along nationalist lines was strongly felt by the luminaries of the period. The real impetus though was provided by the partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon, the then Governor-General of India, into East Bengal on the one hand (the area that was eventually to become Bangladesh in 1971) and West Bengal and Odisha on the other. The young men of Bengal were amongst the most active in the Swadeshi movement, and the participation of university students drew the ire of the Raj. R.W. Carlyle prohibited the participation of students in political meetings on the threat of withdrawal of funding and grants. The decade preceding these decrees had seen Bengali intellectuals increasingly calling for indigenous schools and colleges to replace British institutions.[3]

text: On 16 November 1905, the Landholders Society organized a meeting at Park Street, attended by around 1500 delegates, including Rabindranath Tagore, Aurobindo Ghosh, Raja Subodh Chandra Mullick and Brajendra Kishore Roychowdhury. The idea of the National Council of Education was mooted here. While in a meeting held on 9 November 1905 at the Field and Academic Club, Subodh Chandra Mullick pledged Rupees one lakh for the foundation of a National University in Bengal. The objective in setting up the institution that was to challenge the British rule over education by offering education to the masses 'on national lines and under national control'.

text: Generous sums of money were also donated by Brojendra Kishore Roy Choudhury, Maharaja Suryya Kanto Acharya Choudhury and Rashbihari Ghosh, who was appointed the first president of the university. Aurobindo served as the first principal of the college. The organisation in its early days was intricately associated with the nascent revolutionary nationalism in Bengal at the time. It was during his time as principal that Aurobindo started his nationalist publications Jugantar, Karmayogin and Bande Mataram.[3]

text: The students' mess at the college was frequented by students of East Bengal who belonged to the Dhaka branch of the Anushilan Samiti, and was known to be hotbed of revolutionary nationalism, which was uncontrolled or even encouraged by the college.[3]

text: Bengal Technical Institute[edit]

text: Almost on the same day that the National Council of Education was set up, a rival organisation, the Society for Promotion of Technical Education in Bengal, was set up by Taraknath Palit.[4] The Bengal Technical Institute came into being on 25 July 1906 under the umbrella of the SPTE, with the objective of spreading technical education among the masses in West Bengal, one of the eastern region states of India.

text: Emblem[edit]

text: The emblem of the university is a three-flamed lamp encircled by lotus petals. The lamp represents knowledge. The three flames represent intellectual training, cultivation of emotions and imagination, and spiritual development. The petals of the lotus on the periphery represent fine arts and culture. The emblem was designed by Nandalal Bose, a key member of the Bengal School of Art, who was one of the great masters at Kala Bhavan in Rabindranath Tagore's Visva-Bharati University in Santiniketan. As the university celebrated its Golden Jubilee on 24 December 2005, the emblem was created to commemorate the occasion, and the motto 'To Know Is To Grow' was coined. This date was also the centenary of the National Council of Education.[5]

text: Campus[edit]

text: Jadavpur University is semi-residential, which at present operates out of two urban campuses: one in Jadavpur (58 acres (230,000 m2)) and another in Salt Lake (26 acres (110,000 m2)).

text: National Instruments Limited Campus[edit]

text: Jadavpur University has recently acquired the erstwhile National Instruments Limited (CSIR), becoming the first Indian university to acquire such a research unit. It is on a nine-acre plot opposite the main campus. After renovation, the new campus is expected to add much-needed space for new laboratories especially for the Departments of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, and Computer Science & Engineering. The NIL campus is to be connected to the main campus by an underground tunnel to bypass the traffic on the busy Raja S.C. Mullick Road. In 2013, Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) announced plans to set up one of the country's biggest state-of-the-art research hubs and Advanced Technology Centre at the NIL campus. In the same year, CSIR announced the setting up of a research centre for big data analytics and an Inverted Innovation Centre alongside the research hub already announced by DRDO.[6]

text: Affiliated institutes[edit]

text: In addition to being a unitary university, it has other institutes like the Jawahari Devi Birla Institute of Commerce and Management, Jadavpur Vidyapith as well as the Institute of Business Management, Jadavpur University affiliated to it, which operate out of independent campuses.[7] While these institutes have their own independent curriculum as well as examination systems, the final degree is offered by Jadavpur University.

text: Rankings[edit]

text:
University and college rankings

General – international

QS (World) (2018)[8]
601-650

QS (BRICS) (2018)[9]
74

QS (Asia) (2018)[10]
125

Times (World) (2018)[11]
601-800

Times (BRICS) (2017)[12]
99

Times (Asia) (2017)[13]
101-110

General – India

NIRF (Overall) (2017)[14]
12

NIRF (Universities) (2017)[15]
5

Engineering – India

NIRF (2017)[16]
9

text: Internationally, Jadavpur University ranked 601-650 by the QS World University Rankings of 2018,[8] 125 in Asia[10] and 74 among BRICS nations.[9] It was ranked 601-800 in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2018,[11] 101-110 in Asia[13] and 99 among BRICS & Emerging Economies University Rankings in 2017.[12] It was also ranked 772 in the world by U.S. News & World Report.[17]

text: The National Institutional Ranking Framework has ranked it 9 among engineering colleges in India in 2017,[16] 12 overall[14] and 5th among universities.[15]

text: Press and publication house[edit]

text: The university press publishes all documents of record in the university including PhD theses, question papers and journals. On 26 October 2010 the institution announced plans to launch a publication house, named Jadavpur University Press. The main focus of the publication house will be to publish textbooks and thesis written by research scholars and authors from all universities. The first two titles of JUP were launched on 1 February 2012 at the Calcutta Book Fair. The two titles were Rajpurush (translation of Niccolò Machiavelli's Il Principe); translated by Doyeeta Majumder, with an introduction by Swapan Kumar Chakravorty, and Shilpachinta (translation of selections from Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks); translated by Sukanta Chaudhuri. Both books were translated from the original Italian.[18]

text: Affiliated Schools[edit]

text: To facilitate interdisciplinary learning and research in diverse fields, there are a number of schools and centre for studies. Some of the major research ventures undertaken by these schools include the pioneering work done by the School of Environmental Studies in highlighting the presence of arsenic in groundwater in countries like India and Bangladesh and the development of the first alcohol based car by the School of Automobile Engineering.[19][20][21]

text: The centres for studies are usually directly associated with a particular department and the centres in Jadavpur University are:[22]

text: In March 2011, Indian American scientist Manick Sorcar assisted in the opening of a laser animation lab under the School of Illumination Science, Engineering and Design.[23]

text: Notable alumni[edit]

text: This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's verifiability or notability policies. Please improve this article by removing names that do not have independent reliable sources showing they are notable AND alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (April 2017)

text: The Alumni Association, one of the oldest in the country, was founded in 1921 by the ex-students of National Council of Education.[24][25]

text: The following is list of notable alumni.

text:
Anupam Roy, singer and film music director
Arnab Ray, blogger and author
Arundhati Bhattacharya, graduate of Calcutta University first woman chairperson of State Bank of India
Debalina Majumder, documentary director
K. S. Dasgupta, Director of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
Kajal Bandyopadhyay, poet
Kumar Mukherjee, Hindustani classical vocalist
Manabendra Nath Roy, political activist
Neel Mukherjee, novelist
Parambrata Chatterjee, actor
Ramaranjan Mukherji, writer, former chancellor of Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth, Padma Shri recipient[26][27]
Rituparno Ghosh, film director, actor
Samir Das, professor of computer science at Stony Brook University
Saroj Ghose, former director of Birla Industrial and Technological Museum
Sibaji Bandyopadhyay, author and critic
Somnath Dasgupta, former vice-chancellor of Assam University
Subir Raha, former Director of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
Souvik Maiti, biochemist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and N-BIOS laureate
Shantanu Chowdhury, structural biologist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and N-BIOS laureate
Suvendra Nath Bhattacharyya, molecular biologist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar and N-BIOS laureate
Samaresh Bhattacharya, inorganic chemist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate[28]
Partha Sarathi Mukherjee, inorganic chemist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate[29]
Alok Krishna Gupta, petrologist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate[30]
Nibir Mandal, structural geologist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate[31]
Pulak Sengupta, petrologist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate[32]
Amitabha Bhattacharyya, production engineer, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate[33]
Pinaki Majumdar, condensed matter physicist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate[34]
Amitabha Mukhopadhyay, cell biologist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate[35]
Snehasikta Swarnakar, cancer biologist, N-Bios laureate[36]
Sunil Kumar Manna, , immunologist, N-Bios laureate[37]

text: Controversy and criticism[edit]

text: In 2014 a series of protests broke out in response to the alleged molestation of a female student and beating of a male student by 10 other students on 28 August 2014. Her family and ultimately the student body were unsatisfied by the response of the Vice Chancellor to the allegations. Protests began on 10 September.[38] On 16 September students gheraoed several officials in their offices, demanding that the Vice Chancellor make a statement on the status of a fair probe. Police were summoned, and later that night the police allegedly attacked and beat the student demonstrators. 30 to 40 students were injured; some had to be hospitalized. Reaction was nationwide, with supportive protests at multiple other cities including New Delhi, Hyderabad and Bangalore. On 20 September, Governor Keshari Nath Tripathi, who is also the chancellor of the university, met with student representatives and promised to conduct an impartial inquiry.[39] However, students said they will continue to boycott classes until the Vice Chancellor resigns.[38]

text: On 26 September, a State Government inquiry panel submitted its report, confirming that the female student had indeed been sexually abused on 28 August 2014.[40] On 26 September, police summoned two Jadavpur University students to come to the Lalbazar Police HQ for questioning at 4 pm on Friday. They were arrested at 6 pm. "The arrests were made after evidence was found, prima facie, against the duo. Further investigation is on," said joint CP-crime Pallab Kanti Ghosh.[40] Mr Ghosh also stated, "(Two names) were arrested because we had enough evidence to prove that they were present at the spot and had carried out the crime as alleged in the victim's complaint."[41] The duo were booked under Sections of 354 (assault or use of criminal force on a woman with the intent to outrage her modesty), 342 (wrongful confinement), 323 (voluntarily causing hurt) and 114 (abettor present when offence is committed) of the IPC.[41]


document_title: Coupe des Mousquetaires

question_text: the musketeers' trophy is awarded to the winner of men's singles title in

question_tokens: the musketeers ' trophy is awarded to the winner of men 's singles title in

root

text: Coupe des Mousquetaires

text: This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (June 2009)

tag: table

text: La Coupe des Mousquetaires (English: The Musketeers' Trophy) is the trophy awarded to the winner of the Men's Singles competition at the French Open.

tag: p

text: The trophy was created in its current form in 1981, after Philippe Chatrier, then president of the Fédération Française de Tennis (FFT), offered jewellers in Paris the opportunity to redesign it.[1] It is supposed to symbolise the victories of four famous French tennis players, who together make up the "Four Musketeers" : Jacques Brugnon, Jean Borotra, Henri Cochet and René Lacoste.

text: The design eventually chosen was that of the family jeweller Mellerio. The trophy has a wide aperture, bordered with vine leaves and decorated with two swan-shaped handles.

text: The trophy is housed in the office of the president of the FFT, and is only removed once every year when the Men's Singles winner at the French open is announced. The winner does not get to keep the actual trophy; a new replica is produced every year.[1] The replica, which is always slightly smaller than the original, is made from a sheet of solid silver, and takes over one hundred hours to complete.[1]

text: The trophy weighs around 14 kg, is 21 cm high and 19 cm wide.[1]

text: The female equivalent of La Coupe des Mousquetaires, awarded to the winner of the Women's Singles competition, is the Coupe Suzanne Lenglen.

text: An exact replica of the Coupe des Mousquetaires was awarded to Rafael Nadal for his 10th win at the French Open in June 2017. It is the same exact size and made of the same material as the original trophy but instead of a marble base it is just a simple black colored base. On the front of the base of Nadal's trophy it says 'Decima' meaning 'Tenth' in Spanish and it also states all 10 of Nadal's French Open titles up to that date (2005-08, 2010-14, 2017). Nadal went on to win an eleventh title in 2018.[2]


document_title: List of Presidents of India

question_text: who is the president of india in 2016

question_tokens: who is the president of india in 2016

text: List of Presidents of India

text: Presidents[edit]

text: This list is numbered based on Presidents elected after winning an Indian Presidential election. The terms of Varahagiri Venkata Giri, Mohammad Hidayatullah, and Basappa Danappa Jatti, who served as Acting President, are therefore not numbered. The President of India does not represent any political party. The colours used in the table indicate the following:

text:
№
Name
(birth–death)
Photograph
Elected
Took office
Left office
Term
(in months)
Vice President
Candidate of[12]
Notes

1
Rajendra Prasad
(1884–1963)

1952
1957
26 January 1950
12 May 1962
120
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

Indian National Congress
Prasad, from Bihar, was the first President of independent India and also the longest-serving President, as the only president to serve two terms in office.[6][13][14] He was also a freedom fighter during the Indian independence movement.[15]

2
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
(1888–1975)

1962
13 May 1962
13 May 1967
60
Zakir Husain

Independent
Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher and writer and also held the position of vice-chancellor of the Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University.[16]. He received the Bharat Ratna award in 1954 before becoming the President.[17] He was the first President from South India.[18]

3
Zakir Husain
(1897–1969)

–

1967
13 May 1967
3 May 1969
24
Varahagiri Venkata Giri

Independent
Husain was vice-chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a recipient of Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna.[19] He died in office, the first to do so. He was also the shortest-serving President. He was also the first Muslim President.[20]

–
Varahagiri Venkata Giri*
(1894–1980)

–

–
3 May 1969
20 July 1969
3
–

–
He was elected Vice President of India in 1967. Following the death of President Zakir Husain, Giri was appointed as Acting President.[21] He resigned after a few months to take part in the presidential elections.[8]

–
Mohammad Hidayatullah*
(1905–1992)

–

–
20 July 1969
24 August 1969
1
–

–
Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice of India and was also a recipient of the Order of the British Empire.[22] He served as Acting President until the election of Giri as the President of India.[23]

4
Varahagiri Venkata Giri
(1894–1980)

–

1969
24 August 1969
24 August 1974
60
Gopal Swarup Pathak

Independent
Giri was the first person to have served as both an acting president and president of India. He was a recipient of the Bharat Ratna, and served as Indian Minister of Labour and High Commissioner to Ceylon (Sri Lanka).[24]

5
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
(1905–1977)

1974
24 August 1974
11 February 1977
36
Gopal Swarup Pathak (1974)

Basappa Danappa Jatti (1974–1977)

Indian National Congress
Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president. He died in 1977 before his term of office ended, and was the second Indian president to die in office.[25] He was also president during Emergency.[26]

–
Basappa Danappa Jatti*
(1912–2002)

–

–
11 February 1977
25 July 1977
6
–

–
Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed's term of office, and was sworn in as Acting President upon Ahmed's death. He earlier served as the Chief Minister for the State of Mysore State.[25][27]

6
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
(1913–1996)

1977
25 July 1977
25 July 1982
60
Basappa Danappa Jatti (1977–1979)

Mohammad Hidayatullah (1979–1982)

Janata Party
Reddy was the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh.[28] He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India.[23]

7
Zail Singh
(1916–1994)

1982
25 July 1982
25 July 1987
60
Mohammad Hidayatullah (1982–1984)

Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1984–1987)

Indian National Congress
In March 1972, Singh assumed the position of Chief Minister of Punjab, and in 1980, he became Union Home Minister. He was also secretary general to Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) from 1983 to 1986[29]

8
Ramaswamy Venkataraman
(1910–2009)

1987
25 July 1987
25 July 1992
60
Shankar Dayal Sharma

Indian National Congress
In 1942, Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in the Indian independence movement.[30] After his release, he was elected to independent India’s Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government, where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence.[31]

9
Shankar Dayal Sharma
(1918–1999)

1992
25 July 1992
25 July 1997
60
Kocheril Raman Narayanan

Indian National Congress
Sharma was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, and the Indian Minister for Communications. He also served as the governor of Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra.[32]

10
Kocheril Raman Narayanan
(1920–2005)

1997
25 July 1997
25 July 2002
60
Krishan Kant

Independent
Narayanan served as India's ambassador to Thailand, Turkey, China and United States of America. He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities.[33] He was also the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University.[34] He was the first Dalit President.[35]

11
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam
(1931–2015)

2002
25 July 2002
25 July 2007
60
Krishan Kant (2002)

Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (2002–2007)

Independent
Kalam was an educator and engineer who played a leading role in the development of India's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs.[36] He also received the Bharat Ratna. Kalam died following a heart attack while delivering a speech in Shillong.[37][38][39]

12
Pratibha Patil
(1934–)

2007
25 July 2007
25 July 2012
60
Mohammad Hamid Ansari

Indian National Congress
Patil was the first woman to become the President of India. She was also the first female governor of Rajasthan.[40][41]

13
Pranab Mukherjee
(1935–)

2012
25 July 2012
25 July 2017
60
Mohammad Hamid Ansari

Indian National Congress
Mukherjee held various posts in the cabinet ministry for the Government of India such as Finance Minister, Foreign Minister, Defence Minister and Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission.[42]

14
Ram Nath Kovind
(1945–)

2017
25 July 2017
Incumbent

–

Venkaiah Naidu

Bharatiya Janata Party
Kovind was governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017 and a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2006. He is the second Dalit president after K. R. Narayanan. He originally belongs to BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) and is an active member of RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) since his youth.[43]

text:
-Died in office
-Did not complete assigned term
*-Acting President


document_title: Coins of the Indian rupee

question_text: when was the decimal system of currency introduced in india

text: Coins of the Indian rupee

text: History[edit]

text: After Indian independence, British Indian coins were in use as a frozen currency until India became a republic in 1950. The first rupee coins of the Republic of India were minted in 1950. These included 1/2 rupee, 1/4 rupee, 2 anna, 1 anna, 1/2 anna & 1 pice coins, and are referred to as the anna series or pre-decimal coinage. Under the anna series, one rupee was divided into 16 annas or 64 pice, with each anna equal to 4 pice.

text: In 1957, India shifted to the decimal system, though for a short period of time, both decimal and non-decimal coins were in circulation. To distinguish between the two pice coins in circulation, the coins minted between 1957 and 1964 were printed with the legend “Naya Paisa” (“New Paisa”). The denominations in circulation were 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50 (naya) paisa and one rupee. Since rupees retained their pre-decimal value, pre-decimal coins of one, half and quarter rupees remained in circulation after decimalisation.

text: The word "naya" was dropped in 1964 and a new denomination, the 3 paisa, was introduced into circulation. A 20 paisa coin was minted in 1968. Neither of these coins gained much popularity. The 1, 2 and 3 paisa coins were phased out gradually in the 1970s. In 1982, a new 2 rupee coin was introduced experimentally to replace 2 rupee notes. The 2 rupee coin was not minted again till 1990, after which it was minted every following year.

text: Stainless steel coinage of 10, 25 and 50 paisa was introduced in 1988. In 1992, a new stainless steel rupee coin, smaller and lighter than the older rupee, was minted, alongside a 5 rupee Cupronickel coin.

text: In 2005, the 10 rupee coin was minted for the first time. Higher denomination coins were introduced due to an increasing demand for change and the increasing cost of printing 2, 5 and 10 rupee banknotes.

text: On 30 June 2011, all coins in denominations of 25 paisa and below were officially demonetised. Commemorative coins in circulation can be found in various denominations. They depict various special events or people, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, B. R. Ambedkar, Rajiv Gandhi, Dnyaneshwar, the 1982 Asian Games, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Subhas Chandra Bose, Sri Aurobindo, Chittaranjan Das, Chhatrapati Shivaji, the 2010 Commonwealth Games, Bhagat Singh and Rabindranath Tagore.

text: Coin series: 1947-1950 (pre-decimalization)[edit]

text: Union of India 1947–1950[edit]

text: At Independence on 15 August 1947, India was partitioned into the new British Dominions of India and Pakistan. The new Dominion (or Union) of India retained the previous imperial currency with images of British monarchs. The basic unit of currency was the Indian rupee, which was itself divided into annas (16 annas to a rupee) and pice (the old spelling of paisa - 64 pice to a rupee).[1] The lowest-denomination Indian coins, the half-pice (128 to a rupee) and the pie (192 to a rupee) were officially demonetized in 1947; while both denominations had continued to circulate up to that time, new examples were not minted after 1942 as they were practically worthless (India remained a member of the sterling area after independence and the rupee remained pegged to the pound sterling. Until 1966, the rupee was worth 1s.6d, or 18 old British pence; a half-pice was therefore worth 0.141 old pence and a pie 0.09 old pence.)[2]

text: From 15 August 1947 until 26 January 1950, the Indian coinage structure was as follows: (bold - denominations minted)[3]

text:
Rupee and its fractions
Annas
Pice
Pies (demonetized after 1947)

Rupee
16 annas
64 pice
192 pies

Half rupee
8 annas
32 pice
96 pies

Quarter rupee
4 annas
16 pice
48 pies

1/8 rupee
2 annas
8 pice
24 pies

1/16 rupee
1 anna
4 pice
12 pies

1/32 rupee
Half anna
2 pice
6 pies

1/64 rupee
1/4 anna
1 pice
3 pies

text: This represented the currency arrangements during the transition period up to the establishment of the Indian Republic.

text: The coins used after 1947 until the introduction of Republic of India - Pre decimalisation series were as follows:

text:
George VI series (Independent India) (1947 - 1950)

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

One Rupee

Nickel
Circular
28 mm
1947

Half Rupee

24 mm
1946 - 1947

Quarter Rupee

19 mm
1946 - 1947

2 Annas

Nickel - Brass
Square
25.1 mm
1945

Copper - Nickel
22 mm
1946 - 1947

1 Anna

Nickel - Brass
12 Scalloped
21 mm
1945

Copper - Nickel
21 mm
1946 - 1947

1/2 Anna

Square
19.7 mm
1946 - 1947

1 Pice

Bronze
Circular with a hole
21.32 mm
1943 - 1947

text: Republic of India 1950-1957[edit]

text: On 26 January 1950, India became a sovereign republic. This series was introduced on 15 August 1950 and represented the first coinage of Republic India. The British King's portrait was replaced by the Lion Capital of the Ashoka Pillar. A corn sheaf replaced the Tiger on the one rupee coin. In some ways this symbolised a shift in focus to progress and prosperity. Indian motifs were incorporated on other coins. The previous monetary system and the old units of currency were retained unchanged.

text:
Republic of India Pre-decimalization series (1950 - 1957)

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

One Rupee

Nickel
Circular
27.9 mm
1950 - 1954

Half Rupee

24 mm
1950 - 1956

Quarter Rupee

19 mm
1950 - 1956

Two Annas

Cupro-Nickel
Square
25.4 mm
1950 - 1955

One Anna

12 Scalloped
21 mm
1950 - 1955

Half Anna

Square
19.5 mm
1950 - 1955

One Pice

Bronze
Circular
21 mm
1950 - 1955

text: Decimalization[edit]

text: The move towards decimalization was afoot for over a century. However, it was in September, 1955 that the Indian Coinage Act was amended for the country to adopt a metric system for coinage. The Act came into force with effect from 1 April 1957, after which anna and pice denominations were demonetised. The rupee remained unchanged in value and nomenclature. It, however, was now divided into 100 'paisa' instead of 16 annas or 64 pice. Effective from 30 June 2011, all coins in denominations of 25 paisa and below were officially demonetized.[4]

text:
Pre-decimal currency (1950-1957; minting ceased in 1955)
Decimal currency replacement (1957–present)
Decimal currency (dates minted)

N/A
10 rupees
2006–present

N/A
5 rupees
1992–present

N/A
2 rupees
1982–present

Rupee
Rupee (divided into 100 new paisa 1957-1964; divided into 100 paisa 1964–present.
1962–present

Half rupee
50 paisa
1960–present

Quarter rupee
25 paisa
1957-2002. Demonetized from 2011.

N/A
20 paisa
1968-1994. Demonetized from 2011.

2 annas
10 paisa
1957-1998. Demonetized from 2011.

Anna
5 paisa
1957-1994. Demonetized from 2011.

N/A
3 paisa
1964-1972; proofs minted until 1981. Demonetized from 2011.

Half anna
2 paisa
1957-1979; proofs minted until 1981. Demonetized from 2011.

Pice
Paisa
1957-1972; proofs minted until 1981. Demonetized from 2011, but retained as a unit of currency.

text: Coin series 1957-present (decimal)[edit]

text: Naya paisa series 1957–1963[edit]

text: The antiquated spelling of "pice" was modified to "paisa" in the singular and "paise" in the plural. For public recognition, the new decimal paisa was termed 'Naya Paisa' (New Paisa) till 1 June 1964 when the term 'Naya' was dropped. The coins of 50p, 25p, 10p, 5p, 2p, and 1p had a legend in Devanagari script explaining the value of coin in terms of fraction of a rupee.

text:
Naya Paisa Series (1957 - 1963)

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

One Rupee

Nickel
Circular
28 mm
1962 - 1974

Fifty Naye paisa

24 mm
1957 - 1963

Twenty Five Naye paisa

19 mm
1957 - 1963

Ten Naye paisa

Cupro-Nickel
Eight Scalloped
23 mm (across scallops)
1957 - 1963

Five Naye paisa

Square
22 mm (across corners)
1957 - 1963

Two Naye paise

Eight Scalloped
18 mm (across scallops)
1957 - 1963

One Naya Paisa

Bronze
Circular
16 mm
1957 - 1962

Nickel Brass
1962 - 1963

text: Paisa series I with Devanagari Legend 1964 onwards[edit]

text: In June 1964, the term 'Naya' was dropped and the coins were reminted. The legend in Devanagari script explaining the value of coin in terms of fraction of a Rupee continued till it was finally dropped from the new design minted 1964 onwards.

text:
Paisa Series I with Devanagari Legend (1964 - 1980s)

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

50 paisa

Nickel
Circular
24 mm
1964 - 1971

25 paisa

Nickel
19 mm
1964 - 1972

10 paisa

Copper Nickel
8 Scalloped
23 mm
1964 - 1967

Nickel Brass
1968 - 1971

5 paisa

Copper Nickel
Square
22 mm
1964 - 1966

Aluminium
1967 - 1971

2 paisa

Copper Nickel
8 Scalloped
18 mm
1964

1 paisa

Nickel Brass
Circular
16 mm
1964

text: Series II without the Devanagari Legend (1964 - 1983)[edit]

text: The coin minted from 1965 did not have the legend in Devanagari, explaining the value of the coin as a fraction of the rupee. Small denomination coins which were made of bronze, nickel-brass, cupro-nickel, and aluminium-bronze were gradually minted in aluminium.The first coin minted in such type was the 3 Paisa coin in 1964, which was a new denomination, and continued to be minted till 1971. One and Two paisa coins were changed to Aluminium and were minted without the Devanagari legend from 1965. 20 paisa coin was introduced in 1968, which continued to be minted till 1971.

text:
Series II without Devanagari Legend (1964 - 1983)

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

1 rupee

Copper Nickel
Circular
28 mm
1975 - 1982

50 paisa

24 mm
1972 - 1973

1974 - 1983

25 paisa

19 mm
1972 - 1990

20 paisa

Nickel Brass
22 mm
1968 - 1971

10 paisa

Aluminium
12 Scalloped
25.91 mm
1971 - 1982

5 paisa

Square
22 mm
1972 - 1984

3 paisa

Hexagonal
21 mm
1964 - 1971

2 paisa

8 Scalloped
20 mm
1965 - 1981

1 paisa

Square
17 mm
1965 - 1981

text: Series III 1982 Onwards[edit]

text: From 1982, New series was launched. the 20 paisa coin which was last minted in 1971, was reintroduced again, but in Aluminium. The size and the design of 10 paisa, 50 paisa and 1 rupee was changed, though they continued to be minted in the same metal. Coins of 3p, 2p and 1p were discontinued but continued to be the legal tender.

text:
Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

1 Rupee

Copper - Nickel
Circular
26 mm
1983 - 1991

50 paisa

24 mm
1984 - 1990

20 paisa

Aluminium
Hexagonal
26 mm
1982 - 1997

10 paisa

8 Scalloped
23 mm
1983 - 1993

5 paisa

Square
22 mm
1984 - 1994

text: Series IV 1988 Onwards[edit]

text: In Series IV, 5 paisa and 20 paisa coins were discontinued though they continued to be minted in Series III till 1994 and 1997 respectively. 10 paisa, 25 paisa and 50 paisa coins were minted in Stainless Steel. 1992 onwards, 1 Re coin was also minted in Steel and Rs. 2 and Rs. 5 coins in Copper Nickel were introduced. The very considerable costs of managing note issues of Re 1, Rs 2, and Rs 5 led to the gradual coinage of these denominations. These coins continued to be minted till 2004, when the Unity in diversity series was launched.

text: Cupro-Nickel coins are not minted anymore. Ferritic Stainless Steel coins of Two and Five Rupee denominations are currently in production.[5]

text: 2004 Unity in diversity Series[edit]

text: In 2004, RBI issued a series in denominations of 1 rupee, followed by 2 rupee and 10 rupee in 2005. These issues however came into circulation in 2006, and created a controversy over their design. 10 rupee coins were the first bimetallic coins issued in India, and because of the controversy and being minted in only one mint, most of the coinage never found its way into circulation. The ones which did were hoarded by Coin collectors and Coin hoarders.

text:
2004 Unity in Diversity Series

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

10 rupee

Bimetallic
Copper Nickel Center in
Aluminium Bronze ring

Circular
27 mm
2005 - 2007

2 rupee

Stainless Steel
26.75 mm

1 rupee

25 mm
2004 - 2006

text: 2007 Hasta Mudra Series[edit]

text: in 2007 RBi issued a new series of Coins, The Hasta Mudra Series, in coins of denominations 50 p, 1 rupee and 2 rupee. These coins were Stainless steel coins, and displayed various Hasta Mudras, - hand gestures in Indian Classical dance. 5 rupee Stainless Steel coin with waves in its design was also issued in 2007, as well as a new 10 rupee coin with changed design in 2008. 5 rupee coin design was again reverted to the previous design, though now it was issued in Nickel-brass instead of Copper-nickel. However these 5 rupee and 10 rupee coins were not the part of the Hasta Mudra series.

text:
2007 Hasta Mudra Series

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

2 rupee

Stainless Steel
Circular
27 mm
2007 - 2011

1 rupee

25 mm

50 p

22 mm
2008 - 2010

text: The 5 rupee and 10 rupee coins were issued for common circulation in 2007, 2008, 2009 with changed designs and continued to be minted until the introduction of the Rupee Symbol series in 2011.

text:
2007 - 2010 Common Circulation Coins for 5 rupee and 10 rupee

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

5 rupee

Stainless Steel
Circular
23 mm
2007 - 2008

10 rupee

Bimetallic
Copper Nickel Center in Aluminium Bronze ring

27 mm
2008 - 2010

5 rupee

Nickel - Brass
23 mm
2009 - 2010

text: 2011 New Series with the Rupee Symbol (₹)[edit]

text: In 2011, RBI issued a series in denominations of 50p, ₹1, ₹2, ₹5, and ₹10. The 50p, ₹1, ₹2, and ₹5 designs are identical except the absence of the rupee symbol in 50p coin. The ₹10 coin continued to be issued in bimetallic issues as previously.

text:
2011 Rupee Symbol Series

Denomination
Image
Metal
Shape
Diameter
Minted in Year

Obverse
Reverse

₹10
Ten rupees

Bimetallic
Copper Nickel Center in
Aluminium Bronze ring

Circular
27 mm
2011 -

₹ 5
Five Rupees

Nickel Brass
27 mm
2011 -

₹ 2
Two Rupees

Stainless Steel
25 mm
2011 -

₹ 1
One Rupee

21.93 mm
2011 -

50 p
Fifty paisa

19 mm
2011 -

text: Mints[edit]

text: Domestic mint marks[edit]

text:
Kolkata - either no mint mark beneath the date of coin or a C is seen at 6'o clock position in British India coins.
Mumbai - diamond mint mark under the date of the coin.
Hyderabad - split diamond or a dot in diamond or five pointed star under the date of coin.
Noida - a small or thick dot under the date of the Coin.

tag: ul

text: Because of the increasing demand for coins, the Indian government was forced to mint coins in foreign countries at various points in the country's history.

text: Foreign Mint Marks[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Pretoria - diamond mark under the date 1943.
Seoul - a five pointed star under the date of the coin but exactly below the first or Last Digits of dates 1985 and 1997.
Birmingham (Royal Mint, UK) - small dot under the date of the coin but exactly below the first digit of date 1985.
Heaton Press - Ornamental/decorated letter "H" under the last digit of the date 1985.
Ottawa - a "C" mint mark under the date of the coin.
Mexico City - "M" mint mark under the date of the coin.

text: Mints in Daegu, Korea, Slovakia (Kremnca), and Russia (Moscow) have also been used.

text: Commemorative coins[edit]

text: The first Indian commemorative coin was issued in 1964 to mourn the death of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India. Since then, numerous coins of these type on almost all denomination from 5 paisa to 10 rupees have been issued. These coins based on famous personalities (usually issued on their birth or death centenary, or in rare cases on their death), government programmes and social messages.

text: Mints[edit]

text: Commemorative coins are made at various mints across India including the ones at Mumbai, Noida, Kolkata and Hyderabad.

text: The First Commemorative Coins[edit]

text: The first commemorative coins was dated 1964 and had a bust of Jawaharlal Nehru on observe and was issued in one and half rupee.

text: List of Commemorative Coins[edit]

text:
Commemorative
Year
5P
10P
20P
25P
50P
1₹
2₹
5₹
10₹
20₹
25₹
50₹
60₹
75₹
100₹
125₹
150₹
200₹
500₹
1000₹

Jawaharlal Nehru
1964

KM
KM

Mahatma Gandhi
1969

KHM

KM
KM

KM

Food For All
1970

KM

KM

Food For All
1971

KM

M

25th Independence
1972

KM

KM

Grow More Food
1973

KM

M
M

M

Planned Families Food for All
1974

KHM

Women Year
1975

KHM

M

M

Food & Work For All
1976
KHM
KM

M

M

Save for Development
1977
KHM
KM

M

M

Food & Selter For All
1978
KHM
KHM

M

M

International Year of the Child (P)
1978

M

International Year of the Child
1979
KHM
KHM

M

M

M

Rural Women's Advancement
1980

KHM

KHM

M

M

World Food Day
1981

KM

KHM

M

M

IX Asian Games
1982

KHM

KHM

KM

M

M

World Food Day
1982

KHM
KH

National Integration
1982

KM

KM

M

M

Fisheries
1983

KH

Forestry for Development
1985

KHM

Reserve Bank of India
1985

KHM

KM

M

Indira Gandhi
1985

KHM

HM

M

International Youth Year
1985

KHM

K

M

Fisheries
1986

KHM

M

M

Small Farmer
1987

KHM

M

M

Rainfed Farming
1988

KHM

Jawaharlal Nehru
1989

KHM

HM

M

M

World Food Day
1989

KHM

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
1990

HM

ICDS
1990

HM

SAARC Year - Girl Child
1990

HM

Food For the Future
1990

KH

Rajiv Gandhi
1991

HM

Commonweath Parliamentary
1991

M

M
M

Tourism Year
1991

HM
M
M

Food & Nutrition
1992

K

Land Vital Resource
1992

K

Quit India Movement
1993

KHM

M

M

M

Inter Parliamentary Union
1993

M

Small Family Happy Family
1993

HM

Bio Diversity
1993

HM

International Year of the Family
1994

MN

Water for Life
1994

KHM

ILO
1994

HMN

M

M

World Tamil Conference
1995

KHMN
M
MN

Globalizing Indian Agriculture
1995

KM

UNO
1995

MN

FAO
1995

HMN

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
1995

M

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
1996

KHMN

M

M

M

Mother's Health is Child's Health
1996

KHMN

International Crop Science
1996

K

Subhash Chandra Bose
1996

KN

Subhash Chandra Bose
1997

KHMN

M

M

M

50 year of Independence
1997

KHMN

M

Cellular Jail
1997

KHMN

Sri Aurobindo
1998

KMN

M

M

M

Deshbandhu Chittranjan Das
1998

KHN

K

Saint Dnyaneshwar
1999

KMN

M

Chattrapati Shivaji
1999

KHMN

M

M

Suprime Court of India
2000

KMN

M

Dr. Syama Prasad
2001

KHN

K

M

K

Bhagwan Mahabir
2001

MN

M

Loknayak Jayprakash Narayan
2002

HM

Saint Tukaram
2002

KHMN

K

M

M

Maharana Pratap
2003

HM

M

M

Veer Durgadas
2003

HM

M

M

Indian Railway
2003

KHMN

K

Dadabhai Naoraji
2003

KHM

Kumarasami Kamraj
2003

KHM

M

India Post
2004

K

K

Telecommunication
2004

K

K

Lal Bahadur Sastri (CuNi)
2004

K

K

Lal Bahadur Sastri (SS)
2004

KHM

Dandi March (CuNi)
2005

M

M

Dandi March (SS)
2005

M

Mahatma Basaveshwara (CuNi)
2006

M

M

Mahatma Basaveshwara (SS)
2006

M

ONGC (CuNi)
2006

K

M

ONGC (SS)
2006

KH

Sree Narayan Gurudev (CuNi)
2006

M

M

Sree Narayan Gurudev (SS)
2006

M

SBI (CuNi)
2006

K

K

SBI (CuNi)
2006

KH

Indian Airforce
2007

K

K

Lokamanya Bal Gandhar Tilak (CuNi)
2007

M

K

Lokamanya Bal Gandhar Tilak (SS)
2007

M

Tilakji Error (CuNi)
2007

M

First War of Independence
2007

M

M

Khadi & Village Industries (CuNi)
2007

M

M

Khadi & Village Industries (SS)
2007

M

Bhagat Singh
2007

KH

K

Shri Guru Granth Sahib
2008

HM

M

Saint Alphonsa
2009

KHM

M

Louis Braille
2009

KHM

K

Perarignar Anna
2009

KHM

K

60 years of Commonwealth
2009

KHM

M

Dr. Rajendra Prasad
2009

KHMN

K

Homi Bhaba
2009

MN

M

Reserve Bank of India
2010

HM
KHM
HM
HMN

KMHN

XIX Commonwealth Games
2010

KHN
KHMN

C. Subramaniam
2010

KHMN

HM

Brihadeswarar Temple Thanjaveer
2010

KHMN

M

Mother Teresa
2010

KHMN

K

Comptroller & Auditor General
2010

KHMN

K

Income Tax - Chanakya
2010

KHM

K

Income Tax - Chanakya
2011

KN

Civil Aviation
2010

H

Civil Aviation
2011

KHMN

M

Rabindra Nath Tegore
2011

KHMN

K

Indian Council of Medical Research
2011

KHMN

HM

Madan Mohan Malviya
2011

KHMN

M

Parliament of India
2012

KHMN

Shree Mata Vaishno Devi
2012

HMN
HMN

M

Kolkata Mint
2012

KHMN

K

Motilal Nehru
2012

KHMN

M

Kuka Movement
2013

KHMN

M

Swami Vivekananda
2013

KHMN

K

Coir Board
2013

KHMN

M

Acharya Tulsi
2014

KHMN

M

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
2014

KHMN

K

Jawaharlal Nehru
2014

KHMN

K

Komagata Maru Incident
2014

HMN

Jamshetji Nusserawanji Tata
2015

KM

Begum Aktar
2015

KM

K

Rani Gaidiliu
2015

K

1965 Operation
2015

M

M

BHEL
2015

KM

K

Allahabad High Court
2015

HM

M

Biju Patnaik
2015

K

K

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
2015

HM

K

Dr. Sarvapalli Radha Krishnan
2015

M

K

3rd Indo Africa Forum
2015

K

K

Maharana Pratap
2015

M

M

Swami Chimayananda
2015

KM

K

Gandhi Return from Africa
2015

KHMN

International Yoga Day
2015

MN

Nabakalebar Rath Yatra
2015

M

M

University of Mysore
2016

M

M

Lala Lajpat Rai
2016

K

Tatya Tope
2016

K

K

Banaras Hindu University
2016

M

M

National Archive of India
2016

K

K

Pt Dindayal Upadhyai
2016

M

M

Biju Patnik
2016

M

M

Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
2016

M

M

Shrimad Rajchandra
2017

M

M

text: Note: Bold Marks are Silver Coins, Mint index: K = Kolkata (no mark), H = Hyderabad (⋆), M = Mumbai (◆ or B), Noida = (●).

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Controversy over 2006 two-rupee coin[edit]

text: The two-rupee coin issued from 2006 by the Reserve Bank, in stark contrast to the earlier coin, is rounded and simpler in design, without the map of India. The coin has already been criticized for being difficult to recognize by the visually impaired.[6] Most controversially, it features an equal-armed cross with the beams divided into two rays and with dots between adjacent beams. According to RBI, this design represents "four heads sharing a common body" under a new "unity in diversity" theme.[7] However, Hindu nationalists have charged that the symbol is a Christian cross resembling the symbol on the deniers issued by Louis the Pious.[8]

text: Bimetallic Coin[edit]

text: This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Non-encyclopedic style Please help improve this section if you can. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: India's much awaited first ever bimetallic 10 rupee coin was released in 2005 under the theme "Unity in Diversity". But, due to its controversial design resembling a cross, it was criticised and was not minted in large numbers. Another reason for its availability being scarce is that it was minted only in one (Noida) of four mints in India. Coin dealers and the public who got this coin hoarded it and it never came into circulation. It is available for sale on some auction websites, but the price of this coin is very high in comparison to its denomination due to the uncertain number of issued coins. Some coin sellers claim that this coin is a limited edition. However, official information is not yet available on the number of mintage. A press release from Reserve Bank of India mentioned that there will be two themes of 10 rupee coins: "Unity in Diversity" and "Connectivity and Information technology". From 2008 coins based on the second theme, "Connectivity and Information technology", were also released. The coin depicts 15 rays above the numeric 10. It was again minted only by the Noida mint and was not easily available in circulation. From 2011, the same theme was continued with a slight design change showing 10 rays instead of the earlier 15 and the introduction of the new Re symbol. Now it is being minted in all four mints, which are Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, and Noida. Apart from these definitive coins, 10 rupee bi-metallic commemorative coins have also been released as follows: 2008 – Tri Centenary of Gur-ta-Gaddi 2009 – Homi Bhabha Birth Centenary 2010 – RBI Platinum Jubilee 2012 – 60 Years of Parliament's first sitting.


document_title: Ericales

question_text: family of trees that include ebony and persimmon

text: Ericales

text: Economic importance[edit]

text: The most commercially used plant in the order is tea (Camellia sinensis) from the Theaceae family. The order also includes some edible fruits, including kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), persimmon (genus Diospyros), blueberry, huckleberry, cranberry, Brazil nut, and Mamey sapote. The order also includes shea (Vitellaria paradoxa), which is the major dietary lipid source for millions of sub-Saharan Africans. Many Ericales species are cultivated for their showy flowers: well-known examples are azalea, rhododendron, camellia, heather, polyanthus, cyclamen, phlox, and busy Lizzie.

text: Classification[edit]

text: These families are recognized in the APG III system[1] as members of the Ericales:

text:
Family Actinidiaceae (kiwifruit family)
Family Balsaminaceae (balsam family)

Impatiens balsamina from the Balsaminaceae

Family Clethraceae (clethra family)
Family Cyrillaceae (cyrilla family)
Family Diapensiaceae
Family Ebenaceae (ebony and persimmon family)
Family Ericaceae (heath, rhododendron, and blueberry family)
Family Fouquieriaceae (ocotillo family)
Family Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut family)
Family Marcgraviaceae
Family Mitrastemonaceae
Family Pentaphylacaceae
Family Polemoniaceae (phlox family)
Family Primulaceae (primrose and snowbell family)

Primula rosea from the Primulaceae

Family Roridulaceae
Family Sapotaceae (sapodilla family)
Family Sarraceniaceae (American pitcher plant family)
Family Sladeniaceae
Family Styracaceae (silverbell family)
Family Symplocaceae (sapphireberry family)
Family Tetrameristaceae
Family Theaceae (tea and camellia family)

text: These families are not recognized in the APG III system[1] but have been in common use in the recent past:

text:
Family Myrsinaceae (cyclamen and scarlet pimpernel family) → Primulaceae
Family Pellicieraceae → Tetrameristaceae
Family Maesaceae → Primulaceae
Family Ternstroemiaceae → Pentaphylacaceae
Family Theophrastaceae → Primulaceae

text: These make up a basal group of asterids.[4] Under the Cronquist system, the Ericales included a smaller group of plants, which were placed among the Dilleniidae:

text:
Family Ericaceae
Family Cyrillaceae
Family Clethraceae
Family Grubbiaceae
Family Empetraceae
Family Epacridaceae
Family Pyrolaceae
Family Monotropaceae


document_title: Malting process

question_text: beer process where grains are into water prior to germinating

text: Malting process

text: Intake[edit]

text: The grain is received at the malt house from the farmer. It is taken in from the field and cleaned (dressed) and dried if necessary to ensure the grain remains in the best condition to produce good malt.

text: The barley is tested to check for suitability for malting and to prevent dead or unfit barley from entering the process. Some of the typical quality checks include:

text:
Grain moisture,
Nitrogen content (Total Nitrogen)
 % foreign matter
Absence of fungal growth and metabolites
Germinative capacity and germinative energy
Water sensitivity

text: Drying[edit]

text: Barley received at the malt house with a moisture of more than 13% must be dried before it can be safely stored without loss of germinative capacity (GC). The moisture is removed by circulating heated air (up to 50 °C) through the grain and can either be performed using dedicated grain driers or as a batch process using a kiln. High temperatures or over-drying will damage or kill the barley embryo and the grain will not germinate after steeping. The dry barley can safely be stored for up to 18 months without fungal growth or loss of grain vigour.

text: Cleaning[edit]

text: The aim of barley cleaning is to remove foreign matter (straw, chaff, dust and thin corns) found in the incoming grain, leaving only the grain most likely to produce a good malt. Magnets are used to remove metals from the grain, in turn reducing the possibility of sparks, which could lead to a dust explosion. Rotating and shaking sieves are used to remove unwanted foreign matter either larger (straw and un-threshed ears) or smaller (sand and thin corns) than the normal barley grain. During the sieving process an aspiration system removes the dust and chaff. De-stoners or shaking screens are used to separate small stones from the barley. The stones, which are more dense than the barley, move out the top of the machine and the cleaned barley exits at the bottom. Half corn separators may be used to remove broken kernels. Half kernels need to be removed as only the one half will germinate and produce enzymes. At the end of the cleaning process the grain is weighed to determine the cleaning losses (the difference between the weight of grain received and the weight of the grain after cleaning) and it is transferred to a silo for storage.

text: Storage[edit]

text: The barley must be safely stored to maintain the grain vigour for germination. Storage at a malt house is normally in vertical silos made of steel or concrete for ease of use; but may be in flat stores when large amounts of grain is to be stored. The grain is stored in a manner that protects it from moisture and pests. A typical silo will store between 5,000 and 20,000 tons of clean dry barley ready for malting.

text: During storage the temperature of the silo is measured and monitored over time as a temperature increase can indicate insect activity. Additional equipment may be used to keep the grain temperature below 18 °C to inhibit insect growth. Silos are normally fitted with a system for rotating grain from one silo to another to break-up hot spots within the grain. A fumigation system can be used to administer a fumigant (normally phosphine) to the silo.

text: Wet process[edit]

text: The wet process begins with steeping to get germination started and ends with kilning which removes the moisture and produces a stable final product.[1]

text: A batch of malt is known as a piece and a piece can be as large as 400 tons.

text: Steeping[edit]

text: Steeping is the start of the active malting process, steep water is added to cover the grain and the grain moisture content increases from around 12% to between 40 and 45%. In a modern pneumatic malt house, the grain is alternatively submerged (wet stand) and then drained (an air rest) for two or three cycles to achieve the target grain moisture content and chit count.

text: Wet Stand When the grain is immersed in water (known as a wet stand), air is bubbled through the slurry of water and grain periodically. The aim of this aeration[2] is to keep the process aerobic to maximize barley growth. Other advantages of the rousing are to get good mixing, to loosen dirt and to even out hydrostatic pressures at the bottom of the steep vessels. (Air flow rate: 1.5m3/ton per hour)[3]

text: Air rest or dry stand. At the end of the wet stand the water is drained out and this is the start of the air rest. During the air rest, fans are run to supply fresh oxygen and to remove excess CO2 produced by grain respiration. The temperature of the air supplied is important as it shouldn't impact on the grain temperature during steeping (10 to 15 °C). The aeration requirements (cubic metres per ton per minute) are higher in the second and third air rests as the grain metabolic activity is higher. (Air flow rate: 300m3/ton per hour).[4]

text: At the end of steeping the grain is cast-out to germination. Cast-out may be done as a slurry during a wet stand or as moist grain during an air rest.

text: Germination[edit]

text: The aim of germination is to grow the barley grains. This allows the development of malt enzymes, and these enzymes modify the structure of the barley endosperm by breaking down the cell walls and the protein matrix. Germination produces a large amount of heat; if safety precautions are not taken the malt will burn.[5]

text: The enzymes produced during germination are needed to break down the starch for the brewer or distiller during the mashing process.

text: The grain bed is maintained at a constant temperature of between 10 and 16 °C by the constant supply of fresh humidified air and turners move through the grain bed to keep it loose to allow for sufficient air-flow.

text: Kilning[edit]

text: Kilning thus reduces the grain moisture content and stops the germination process.[6] In the first stage, the free drying stage the air temperatures are kept cool to dry the grain without causing the enzymes to denature.

text: As the grain dries it is possible to raise the air-on temperatures, (the second stage or the forced drying stage) to further dry the grain, the target malt moisture after kilning is around 5% by weight. During forced drying the relative humidity of the air coming off the bed drops and the maltster is able to use a portion of the warm air as return air.

text: During the last few hours of kilning the air on temperature is raised to above 80 °C (the curing stage) to break SMM down to DMS to reduce the DMS potential of the malt. DMS is an off flavour that tastes like sweetcorn in the final beer.

text: The high temperatures of kilning also produce the colour in the malt through the Maillard reaction.

text: Finally the kilned malt is cooled before the kiln is stripped (emptied).

text: Deculming[edit]

text: The rootlets of the malt (also known as culms) are removed from the malt soon after transfer from the kiln.

text: The removed culms are sold or processed as animal feed.[7]

text: The cleaned malt is stored in silos to be blended with similar malt pieces to produce larger homogenous batches of malt.

text: Malt cleaning[edit]

text: Finally the malt is cleaned prior to sale using sieves and aspiration to remove the dust, lumps and stones in the malt. Magnets are again used to remove any steel that might damage the mill rollers.


document_title: Braxton Family Values (season 6)

question_text: how many episodes on braxton family values season 6

text: Braxton Family Values (season 6)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Braxton Family Values (season 6)
Cover used by the iTunes StoreStarring

Toni Braxton
Traci Braxton
Towanda Braxton
Trina Braxton
Tamar Braxton
Evelyn Braxton
Country of origin
United StatesReleaseOriginal network
WE tvOriginal release
March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)Season chronology
← PreviousSeason 5
List of Braxton Family Values episodes

text: The sixth season of Braxton Family Values, an American reality television series, was broadcast on WE tv. It premiered on March 22, 2018, and was primarily filmed in Atlanta, Georgia and Los Angeles, California. Its executive producers are Toni Braxton, Tamar Braxton, Dan Cutforth, Jane Lipsitz, Julio Kollerbohm, Michelle Kongkasuwan, Lauren Gellert, Annabelle McDonald and Sitarah Pendelton.

text: Braxton Family Values focuses on the lives of Toni Braxton and her sisters — Tamar, Traci, Towanda, and Trina — plus their mother, Evelyn.

text: Production[edit]

text: On July 19, 2017 Trina Braxton said in a radio interview with ET Cali that they had just started filming the sixth season of Braxton Family Values.[1]

text: On December 20, 2017 Traci Braxton revealed on Instagram that the sixth season of BFV is "coming real soon".[2]

text: On December 28, 2017 We TV aired the seventh and last episode of the fifth season of Tamar & Vince and released a teaser clip for the next season of BFV.[3]

text: On June 27, 2018, it was reported that BFV would go on an indefinite hiatus after Toni, Towanda, Trina, Tamar, and Evelyn did not show up to film in Atlanta due to being underpaid.[4] On July 19, 2018, WE tv announced that the remainder of the season would begin to air on August 16, 2018.[5]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)1161"The Duchess & the Divorce"March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22)0.92[6]
The Braxtons are stunned by news of Tamar's divorce filing. Traci reveals her shocking secret. The sisters finally confront Tamar who storms out.
1172"Allegedly"March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)0.79[7]
Toni returns to the studio with her beau, Birdman. Tamar goes into hiding after Miss Evelyn speaks to the press about her volatile relationship with Vince. An unexpected visitor crashes Trina and Traci's epic party bus to Las Vegas.
1183"Living Legend"April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)0.89[8]
Tamar is in hiding and may miss Toni's 50th birthday. Toni is stunned by a shocking party foul. Traci pressures her son over baby news. Tamar performs. Toni receives the Soul Train Legend Award.
1194"Law & Order"April 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)0.83[9]
Towanda's decision to take legal action could tear the Braxton family apart. Toni has a shocking announcement. Towanda's ex blasts her on social media. Trina reveals a secret. Traci fears Kevin is not ready to be a dad and puts him in baby boot camp.
1205"Don't Rock the Boat"April 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)0.85[10]
Toni shoots her music video. Traci gets snubbed by Tamar on her movie set, and, when the sisters find out, they're taken aback. The sisters have bad news for Toni. Trina buys a pricey item. Tamar helps plan Mommy's birthday, but she may not show up.
1216"Braxtons Under Fire"April 26, 2018 (2018-04-26)0.87[11]
The sisters are stunned when an unexpected guest shows up at Mommy's birthday party. Toni invites the girls on the set of her movie, and they're shocked by her transformation. Traci reveals the gender of her grandbaby.
1227"Plus One, Plus Drama"May 3, 2018 (2018-05-03)0.81[12]
Toni finally shares she's engaged with the sisters, but it quickly escalates into sibling rivalry over who's planning the wedding. Traci starts to plan her son's baby shower, but fears the worst when her father asks for an invitation for his wife.
1238"Shattered Dreams"May 10, 2018 (2018-05-10)0.86[13]
Tamar and Towanda take over Toni's wedding planning. Traci celebrates her son's baby shower, but her joy is cut short when she receives devastating news about her upcoming tour with her sisters and fears they are to blame.
1249"Toni-Zilla"August 16, 2018 (2018-08-16)[citation needed]TBD
12510"Sister Shutdown"August 23, 2018 (2018-08-23)[citation needed]TBD
Family tension rises. Toni demands an apology. The Braxton sisters shock all by refusing to show up for work. All communication stops and production shuts down, putting the show's future in jeopardy.


document_title: Pippa Passes

question_text: who wrote god's in his heaven all's right with the world

question_tokens: who wrote god 's in his heaven all 's right with the world

text: Pippa Passes

text: Origins[edit]

text: The author described the work as "the first of a series of dramatic pieces". A young, blameless silk-winding girl is wandering innocently through the environs of Asolo, in her mind attributing kindness and virtue to the people she passes. She sings as she goes, her song influencing others to act for the good—or, at the least, reminding them of the existence of a moral order. Alexandra Leighton (Mrs Sutherland Orr) described the moment of inspiration:

text: Mr Browning was walking alone, in a wood near Dulwich, when the image flashed upon him of some one walking thus alone through life; one apparently too obscure to leave a trace of his or her passage, yet exercising a lasting though unconscious influence at every step of it; and the image shaped itself into the little silk-winder of Asolo, Felippa, or Pippa.

text: This theme followed with great naturalness from Sordello (1840), in which the role in life of poets was analysed.

text: The work caused some controversy when it was first published, due to the matter-of-fact portrayals of many of the area's more disreputable characters—notably the adulterous Ottima—and for its frankness on sexual matters. In 1849, a writer in The English Review[citation needed] complained:

text: We have already referred to the two drawbacks, of which we have to complain in particular: the one is the virtual encouragement of regicide, which we trust to see removed from the next edition, being as unnatural as it is immoral: the other is a careless audacity in treating of licentiousness, which in our eyes is highly reprehensible, though it may, no doubt, have been exhibited with a moral intention, and though Mr. Browning may plead the authority of Shakespeare, Goethe, and other great men, in his favour.

text: Despite this, the most famous passage in the poem is charming in its innocence:[citation needed]

text:
The year’s at the spring,
And day's at the morn;
Morning's at seven;
The hill-side’s dew-pearled;
The lark's on the wing;
The snail's on the thorn;
God's in his heaven—
All's right with the world!

text: although the timing of this song renders it deeply ironic.[citation needed]

text: Structure[edit]

text:
Ottima, the wife of the rich silk-mill owner Luca Gaddi (and the lover of Sebald, a German)
Jules, a French art student, who is today marrying Phene, a beautiful woman he knows only through her fan letters
Luigi, an Italian patriot who lives with his mother in the turret on the hill
Monsignor, a cleric

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: Ambiguities[edit]

text: Pippa's song influences Luigi to leave that night for Vienna, preserving him from the police. But does he give up his plan to assassinate the Austrian official? In 1848, a reviewer for Sharpe's London Magazine chided Browning for failing to clarify:

text: We trust that he may be supposed to have abandoned his execrable design. Indeed, we cannot conceive it possible that an author, animated in general by such Christian feelings as Robert Browning, should recommend regicide, in cold blood, as a deed praiseworthy and heroic. But he has erred greatly in leaving the slightest doubt upon such a subject; unless, indeed, our lack of comprehension be alone responsible for the error. But we do not like playing with edged tools.

text: However, textual evidence points to a confirmation of his purpose, and Browning's republican sympathies may have leaned in that direction. Percy Bysshe Shelley had written verses in praise of Charlotte Corday (a figure who was also admired by other Early Romantics, even Jean Paul), and a few lines in the poem "De Gustibus——" (1855) are suggestive:

text:
A girl bare-footed brings, and tumbles
Down on the pavement, green-flesh melons,
And says there's news to-day—the king
Was shot at, touched in the liver-wing,
Goes with his Bourbon arm in a sling:
—She hopes they have not caught the felons.
Italy, my Italy!

text: The play is a closet drama and many of its actions are told through the characters' speech rather than through stage directions. One consequence of this is the actions of Sebald and Ottima after they hear Pippa's song has been the subject of disagreement. Most critics have seen it simply as a parting on hostile terms, but others have given their last lines a more sinister interpretation.

text: Who will read Browning?[edit]

text: Charmed by the character of Pippa, Alfred Noyes pronounced Pippa Passes to be Browning's best,[1] but even the sentimental passages of the work had not been able to win over all Victorian critics. In Chapter XVII of the novel With Harp and Crown (1875), Walter Besant mentioned the poem, singling out The hill-side's dew-pearled! ("Was there ever such a stuttering collocation of syllables to confound the reader and utterly destroy a sweet little lyric?") and took the opportunity to deny Browning's future appeal:

text: She had taken a scene from Browning's "Pippa passes," a poem which—if its author had only for once been able to wed melodious verse to the sweetest poetical thought; if he had only tried, just for once, to write lines which should not make the cheeks of those that read them to ache, the front teeth of those who declaim them to splinter and fly, the ears of those that hear them to crack—would have been a thing to rest himself upon for ever, and receive the applause of the world. To the gods it seemed otherwise. Browning, who might have led us like Hamelin the piper, has chosen the worse part. He will be so deeply wise that he cannot express his thought; he will be so full of profundities that he requires a million of lines to express them in; he will leave music and melody to Swinburne; he will leave grace and sweetness to Tennyson; and in fifty years' time, who will read Browning?

text: "A distressing blunder"[edit]

text: Besides the oft-quoted line "God's in his Heaven/All's right with the world!" above, the poem contains an error rooted in Robert Browning's unfamiliarity with vulgar slang.  Right at the end of the poem, in her closing song, Pippa calls out the following:

text:
But at night, brother Howlet, far over the woods,
Toll the world to thy chantry;
Sing to the bats’ sleek sisterhoods
Full complines with gallantry:
Then, owls and bats, cowls and twats,
Monks and nuns, in a cloister’s moods,
Adjourn to the oak-stump pantry!

text: "Twat" both then and now is vulgar slang for a woman's external genitals. It has become a relatively mild epithet in parts of the UK, but vulgar elsewhere. When the editors of the Oxford English Dictionary enquired decades later where Browning had picked up the word, he directed them to a rhyme from 1660 that went thus: "They talk't of his having a Cardinall's Hat/They'd send him as soon an Old Nun's Twat."[2] Browning apparently missed the vulgar joke and took "twat" to mean part of a nun's habit, pairing it in his poem with a priest's cowl.[3][4] The mistake was pointed out by H. W. Fay in 1888.[5]

text: Adaptations and influences[edit]

text: Theatrical productions and films[edit]

text: In 1899 the Boston Browning Society staged an adapted version by Helen Archibald Clarke (1860–1926).[6]

text: An abridgment of Pippa Passes by Henry Miller was premiered at the Majestic Theatre on Broadway on 12 November 1906. It inspired a silent film adaptation starring Gertrude Robinson (and including Mary Pickford in a minor role) which was made in 1909. The film omitted the scenes involving Luigi and the Monsignor, and included a new episode involving a repentant drunkard. It was directed by D. W. Griffith (with cinematography by Arthur Marvin), whose experiments with naturalistic lighting were deemed a great success; he later named it as his greatest film. An adaptation of A Blot in the 'Scutcheon was to follow in 1912,[7] and another Griffith film, The Wanderer (1913) reproduces the theme of Pippa Passes with a flutist instead of a singer.

text: Pippa Passes was revived at the Neighborhood Playhouse by Alice Lewisohn on 17 November 1918, and was a great success.[8]

text: In the 1945 British melodrama, They Were Sisters, starring James Mason, the last line in the film is, "God's in His heaven—All's right with the world!"

text: Other[edit]

text: The town of Pippa Passes, Kentucky, is formally named after the poem thanks to a grant from the Browning Society.[9]

text: In the Israeli playwright Nissim Aloni play Napoleon – dead or alive! (1970) there is a character named Pippa, who acts as the secretary of the VIP department in the afterworld.[10] Aloni refers to Browning also in his play The American Princess.[citation needed]