document_title: Timeline of golf history (1353–1850)

question_text: where was golf played for the first time

text: Timeline of golf history (1353–1850)

text: The following is a partial timeline of the history of golf:

text:
1421 – A Scottish regiment aiding the French against the English at the Siege of Baugé is introduced to the game of chole. Hugh Kennedy, Robert Stewart and John Smale, three of the identified players, are credited with introducing the game in Scotland.
1457 – Golf, along with football, is banned by the Scots Parliament of James II to preserve the skills of archery. Golf is prohibited on Sundays because it has interfered with military training for the wars against the English.
1470 – The ban on golf is reaffirmed by the Parliament of James III.
1491 – The golf ban is affirmed again by Parliament, this time under James IV.
1502 – With the signing of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace between England and Scotland, the ban on golf is lifted.

James IV makes the first recorded purchase of golf equipment, a set of golf clubs from a bow-maker in Perth.

1513 – Queen Catherine, queen consort of England, in a letter to Cardinal Wolsey, refers to the growing popularity of golf in England.
1527 – The first commoner recorded as a golfer is Sir Robert Maule, described as playing on Barry Links, Angus (near the modern-day town of Carnoustie).
1552 – The first recorded evidence of golf at St. Andrews, Fife.
1553 – The Archbishop of St Andrews issues a decree giving the local populace the right to play golf on the links at St. Andrews.
1567 – Mary, Queen of Scots, seen playing golf shortly after the death of her husband Lord Darnley, is the first known female golfer.
1589 – Golf is banned in the Blackfriars Yard, Glasgow. This is the earliest reference to golf in the west of Scotland.
1592 – The Royal Burgh of Edinburgh bans golfing at Leith on Sunday "in tyme of sermonis." (Eng: sermons)
1618 – Invention of the featherie ball.

King James VI of Scotland and I of England confirms the right of the populace to play golf on Sundays.

1621 – First recorded reference to golf on the links of Dornoch (later Royal Dornoch), in the far north of Scotland.
1641 – Charles I is playing golf at Leith when he learns of the Irish rebellion, marking the beginning of the English Civil War. He finishes his round.
1642 – John Dickson receives a licence as ball-maker for Aberdeen.
1658 – Golf is banned from the streets of Albany, New York-the first reference to golf in America.[dubious – discuss]
1682 – In the first recorded international golf match, the Duke of York and John Patersone of Scotland defeat two English noblemen in a match played on the links of Leith.

Andrew Dickson, carrying clubs for the Duke of York, is the first recorded caddie.

1687 – The student diary of Thomas Kincaid includes his Thoughts on Golve, and contains the first instructions on playing golf and an explanation of how golf clubs are made.
1721 – Earliest reference to golf on Glasgow Green, the first named course in the west of Scotland.
1724 – "A solemn match of golf" between Alexander Elphinstone and Captain John Porteous becomes the first match reported in a newspaper. Elphinstone fights and wins a duel on the same ground in 1729.
1735 – The Royal Burgess Golfing Society of Edinburgh is formed.[1]
1743 – Thomas Mathison's epic The Goff is the first literary effort devoted to golf.
1744 – The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers is formed, playing at Leith links. It is the first golf club.

The Royal Burgh of Edinburgh pays for a Silver Cup to be awarded to the annual champion in an open competition played at Leith. John Rattray is the first champion.

1754 – Golfers at St. Andrews purchase a Silver Cup for an open championship played on the Old Course. Bailie William Landale is the first champion.

The first codified Rules of Golf are published by the St. Andrews Golfers (later the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews).

1759 – Earliest reference to stroke play, at St. Andrews. Previously, all play was matchplay.
1761 – The Bruntsfield Links Golfing Society of Edinburgh is formed.[2]
1764 – The competition for the Silver Club at Leith is restricted to members of the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers.

The first four holes at St. Andrews are combined into two, reducing the round from twenty-two holes (11 out and in) to 18 (nine out and in). St. Andrews is the first 18-hole golf course and sets the standard for future courses.

1766 – The Blackheath Club in London becomes the first golf club formed outside Scotland.
1767 – The score of 94 returned by James Durham at St. Andrews in the Silver Cup competition sets a record unbroken for 86 years.
1768 – The Golf House at Leith is erected. It is the first golf clubhouse.
1773 – Competition at St. Andrews is restricted to members of the Leith and St. Andrews societies.
1774 – Thomas McMillan offers a Silver Cup for competition at Musselburgh, East Lothian. He wins the first championship.

The first part-time golf course professional (at the time also the greenkeeper) is hired, by the Edinburgh Burgess Society.

1780 – The Society of Golfers at Aberdeen (later the Royal Aberdeen Golf Club) is formed.
1783 – A Silver Club is offered for competition at Glasgow.
1786 – The South Carolina Golf Club is formed in Charleston, the first golf club outside of the United Kingdom.

The Crail Golfing Society is formed.

1788 – The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers requires members to wear club uniform when playing on the links.
1797 – The Burntisland Golf Club is formed.

The town of St. Andrews sells the land containing the Old Course (known then as Pilmor Links), to Thomas Erskine for £805. Erskine was required to preserve the course for golf.

1806 – The St. Andrews Club chooses to elect its captains rather than award captaincy to the winner of the Silver Cup. Thus begins the tradition of the Captain "playing himself into office" by hitting a single shot before the start of the annual competition.
1810 – Earliest recorded reference to a women's competition at Musselburgh.
1824 – The Perth Golfing Society is formed, later Royal Perth (the first club so honoured).
1826 – Hickory imported from America is used to make golf shafts.
1829 – The Dum Dum Golfing Club, later Calcutta Golf Club (and later still Royal Calcutta) is formed.[3]
1832 – The North Berwick Club is founded, the first to include women in its activities, although they are not permitted to play in competitions.
1833 – King William IV confers the distinction of "Royal" on the Perth Golfing Society; as Royal Perth, it is the first Club to hold the distinction.

The St. Andrews Golfers ban the stymie but rescind the ban one year later.

1834 – William IV confers the title "Royal and Ancient" on the Golf Club at St. Andrews.
1836 – The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers abandons the deteriorating Leith Links, moving to Musselburgh.

The longest drive ever recorded with a feathery ball, 361 yards, is achieved by Samuel Messieux at Elysian Fields.

1842 – The Bombay Golfing Society (later Royal Bombay) is founded.
1844 – Blackheath follows Leith in expanding its course from five to seven holes. North Berwick also had seven holes at the time, although the trend toward a standard eighteen had begun.
1848 – Invention of the "guttie," the gutta-percha ball. It flies farther than the feathery and is much less expensive to make. It contributes greatly to the expansion of the game.
1868 – The Bangalore Club is formed.


document_title: 8-track tape

question_text: when did 8 track tapes stop being produced

root

text: 8-track tape

text: History[edit]

text: The original format for magnetic tape sound reproduction was the reel-to-reel tape recorder, first available in the United States in the late 1940s, but too expensive and bulky to be practical for amateur home use until well into the 1950s. Loading a reel of tape onto the machine and threading it through the various guides and rollers proved daunting to some casual users—certainly, it was more difficult than putting a vinyl record on a record player and flicking a switch. Because in early years each tape had to be dubbed from the master tape in real-time to maintain good sound quality, prerecorded tapes were more expensive to manufacture, and costlier to buy, than vinyl records which could be stamped much quicker than their own playing time.

tag: p

text: To eliminate the nuisance of tape-threading, various manufacturers introduced cartridges that held the tape inside a metal or plastic housing to eliminate handling. Most were intended only for low-fidelity voice recording in dictation machines. The first tape cartridge designed for general consumer use, including music reproduction, was the Sound Tape or Magazine Loading Cartridge (RCA tape cartridge), introduced in 1958 by RCA. Prerecorded stereophonic music cartridges were available, and blank cartridges could be used to make recordings at home, but the format failed to gain popularity.

text: Development of tape cartridges[edit]

text: The endless loop tape cartridge was first designed in 1952 by Bernard Cousino around a single reel carrying a continuous loop of standard 1/4-inch, plastic, oxide-coated recording tape running at 3.75 in (9.53 cm) per second. Program starts and stops were signaled by a one-inch-long metal foil that activates the track-change sensor. (Bill Lear had tried to create an endless-loop wire recorder in the 1940s, but gave up in 1946. He would be inspired by Earl Muntz's four-track design in 1963.)

text: Inventor George Eash invented a cartridge design in 1953, called the Fidelipac cartridge.[7] The Eash cartridge was later licensed by manufacturers, notably the Collins Radio Company, which first introduced a cartridge system for broadcasting at the National Association of Broadcasters 1959 annual show. Fidelipac cartridges (nicknamed "carts" by DJs and radio engineers) were used by many radio stations for commercials, jingles, and other short items. Eash later formed Fidelipac Corporation to manufacture and market tapes and recorders, as did several others, including Audio-Pak (Audio Devices Corp.).

text: There were several attempts to sell music systems for cars, beginning with the Chrysler Highway Hi-Fi of the late 1950s (which used discs). Entrepreneur, marketer and television set dealer Earl "Madman" Muntz of Los Angeles, California, however, saw a potential in these "broadcast carts" for an automobile music system. In 1962, he introduced his Stereo-Pak four-track cartridge stereo system and tapes, mostly in California and Florida. The four tracks were divided into two "programs", typically corresponding to the two sides of an LP record, with each program comprising two tracks read simultaneously for stereo (two channel) sound playback. He licensed popular music albums from the major record companies and duplicated them on these four-track cartridges, or "CARtridges", as they were first advertised.

text: Introduction of Stereo 8[edit]

text: The Lear Jet Stereo 8 track cartridge was designed by Richard Kraus while working under Bill Lear and for his Lear Jet Corporation in 1963. The major change was to incorporate a neoprene rubber and nylon pinch roller into the cartridge itself, rather than to make the pinch roller a part of the tape player, reducing mechanical complexity. Lear also eliminated some of the internal parts of the Eash cartridge, such as the tape-tensioning mechanism and an interlock that prevented tape spillage. By doubling the number of tracks from 4 to 8,[8] the recording length doubled to 80 minutes.

text: In 1964, Lear's aircraft company constructed 100 demonstration Stereo 8 players for distribution to executives at RCA and the auto companies.

text: Commercial success[edit]

text: The popularity of both four-track and eight-track cartridges grew from the booming automobile industry.[9] In September 1965, the Ford Motor Company introduced factory-installed and dealer-installed eight-track tape players as an option on three of its 1966 models (the sporty Mustang, Thunderbird, and the luxurious high-end Lincoln),[10] and RCA Victor introduced 175 Stereo-8 Cartridges from its RCA Victor and RCA Camden labels of recording artists catalogs.[11] By the 1967 model year, all of Ford's vehicles offered this tape player upgrade option. Most of the initial factory installations were separate players from the radio (such as shown in the image), but dashboard mounted 8-track units were offered in combination with an AM radio, as well as with AM/FM receivers.[12] Muntz, and a few other manufacturers, also offered 4/8 or "12-track" players that were capable of playing cartridges of either format, 4-track or 8-track. With the backing of the U.S. automakers, the eight-track format quickly won out over the four-track format, with Muntz abandoning it completely by late 1970.

text: Despite its problems, the format gained steady popularity because of its convenience and portability. Home players were introduced in 1966 that allowed consumers to share tapes between their homes and portable systems. By the late 1960s, the 8-track segment was the largest in the consumer electronics market and the popularity of 8-track systems for cars helped generate demand for home units.[13] "Boombox" type portable players were also popular but eight-track player/recorders failed to gain wide popularity and few manufacturers offered them except for manufacturer Tandy Corporation (for its Radio Shack electronics stores). With the availability of cartridge systems for the home, consumers started thinking of eight-tracks as a viable alternative to 33 rpm album style vinyl records, not only as a convenience for the car. Within a year, prerecorded releases on the eight-track tape format began to arrive within a month of the vinyl release. The eight-track format became by far the most popular and offered the largest music library of all the tape systems.[14]

text: Eight-track players were fitted as standard equipment in most Rolls-Royce and Bentley cars of the period for sale in Great Britain and worldwide. Optional 8-track players were available in many cars and trucks through the early 1980s.

text: Ampex, based in Elk Grove Village, Illinois, set up a European operation (Ampex Stereo Tapes) in London, England, in 1970 under general manager Gerry Hall, with manufacturing in Nivelles, Belgium, to promote 8-track product (as well as musicassettes) in Britain and in Europe, but it struggled and folded in 1974.[verification needed]

text: Quadraphonic sound on eight-track cartridges (announced by RCA in April 1970) were also produced, Ford being particularly eager to promote in-car quadraphonic players as a pricey option. Neither Chrysler, General Motors, nor American Motors of the other three of the "Big Four" American automotive companies however offered a quadraphonic tape player. The format enjoyed a moderate amount of success for a time in the early 1970s but faded by mid-decade. These cartridges are sought by collectors since they provide four channels of discrete sound, unlike matrixed formats such as SQ, which Columbia/CBS Records used for their quadraphonic sound vinyl records.

text: Early karaoke machines[edit]

text: Daisuke Inoue invented the first karaoke machine in 1971 called the Juke-8.[15][16]

text: Other use[edit]

text: Milton Bradley's (MB) OMNI Entertainment System was an electronic quiz machine game first released in 1980, similar to Jeopardy! or later You Don't Know Jack video game series, using 8-track tapes for playback analog audio for questions, instructions and answers as well as digital signals in magnetic tape data storage on remaining tracks to load the right answer for counting the score. In 1978, the Mego Corporation launched the 2-XL toy robot, which was similar.[17]

text: Decline and demise[edit]

text: Eight-track players became less common in homes and vehicles in the late 1970s. The compact cassette arrived in 1962, and by the 1970s the eight-track cartridges had greatly diminished in popularity. In some Latin American countries as well as European, the format was abandoned in the mid-1970s in favor of the smaller tape cassette which was one-third the size.

text: In the U.S.A., eight-track cartridges were phased out of retail stores by late 1982. Some titles were still available as eight-track tapes through Columbia House and RCA (BMG) Music Service Record Clubs until late 1988. Many of these late-period releases are highly collectible because of the low numbers that were produced and the few customers who ever purchased them. Among the most rare is Stevie Ray Vaughan's Texas Flood. Another is Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band's Live/1975-85, which was one of the very few boxed sets to be released on vinyl, cassette, compact disc, and eight-track tape.

text: There is a debate among collectors about the last commercial eight-track released by a major label, but the fan/enthusiast internet website "8 Track Heaven" cannot find a major label release past Fleetwood Mac's Greatest Hits in November 1988.[18] Radio Shack (Tandy Corporation) continued to sell blank eight-track cartridges for home recording use under its Realistic brand until 1990.[19]

text: The professional broadcast cart format survived for more than another decade at most local radio stations. It was used to play and switch short brief jingles, advertisements, station identifications, and music content until it was replaced by various computer-based methods in the 1990s. This format survived longer because it was used for relatively short sound loops, where starting from the beginning was more important than other criteria. The endless loop tape concept continues to be used in modern movie projectors, although in that application the spool is actively rotated and not drawn by tension on the film. That too, however, is now being supplanted by digital cinema technologies.

text: Some independent artists still release eight-track tapes, such as the U. S. band RTB2, who released We Are a Strange Man in 2011.[20] Also, bands sometimes release eight-tracks as special releases; for example, The Melvins released a limited-time, live eight-track album,[21] Cheap Trick issued a limited edition version of their album The Latest on the format on June 23, 2009,[22] and power electronics solo artist Waves Crashing Piano Chords has released multiple eight-track tapes since 2012, as well as starting an eight-track tape label, H8-Track Stereo. In the book Journals, Kurt Cobain wrote about wanting to release Nirvana's album In Utero as an 8-track tape, but this never happened. Apart from a select group of highly collectible artists, the record club issues, and the quadraphonic releases, many eight-track tapes seem to have limited value to most collectors, especially if the tapes have been misused or appear to be worn. They are however still to be found at some thrift second-hand stores, flea markets and internet auctions.

text: Design[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: In the Cousino, Eash, Muntz, and Lear cartridges, tape was pulled from the center of the reel, passed across the opening at one end of the cartridge and wound back onto the outside of the same reel. The spool itself was freewheeling and the tape was driven only by tension from the capstan and pinch roller.

text: With a reel turning at a constant rate, the tape around the hub has a lower linear velocity than the tape at the outside of the reel, so the tape layers must slip past each other as they approach the center. The tape was coated with a slippery backing material, usually graphite and patented by Bernard Cousino, to ease the continuous slip between the tape layers. While the design allowed simple, cheap, and mobile players, unlike a two-reel system, it did not permit rewinding of the tape. Some players offered fast-forward by speeding up the motor while cutting off the audio; but rewinding was never offered, because it was technically impossible.

text: Muntz's cartridge had used two pairs of stereo tracks in the same configuration as then-current "quarter track" reel-to-reel tapes. This format was intended to parallel his source material, which was usually a single LP (long playing) record with two sides. Program switching was achieved by physically moving the head up and down mechanically by a lever. The Stereo 8 version doubled the amount of programming on the tape by providing eight total tracks, usually comprising four programs of two tracks each. Lear touted this as a great improvement, because much more music could be held inside a standard cartridge housing, but in practice this resulted in a slight loss of sound quality and an increase in background noise from the narrower tape tracks. Unlike the Stereo-Pak, the Stereo 8 could switch between tracks automatically, with the use of a small length of conductive foil at the splice joint on the tape, which would cause the player to change tracks as it passed the head assembly.

text: The cartridges have an audible pause due to the presence of a length of metallic foil, which a sensor detects and signals the end of the tape and acts as a splice for the loop. The foil passes across a pair of electrical contacts which are in the tape path. Contact of the foil closes an electrical circuit that engages a solenoid which mechanically shifts the tape head to the level of the next track.

text: Most players produced a mechanical click when switching programs, although early Lear players switched silently. Because of the expense of producing tape heads capable of reading eight tracks, most eight-track players have heads that read just two tracks. Switching from program to program is accomplished by moving the head itself. Since the alignment of the head to the tape is crucial to any tape system, and because eight-track systems were generally designed to be cheap, this configuration further degraded the sound of the eight-track tape.

text: The Stereo 8 system was fairly simple, mechanically, but presented difficulties in various primary areas:

text:
Capstan wear and buildup. As tape residue, dirt and lubricant built up on the capstan, the tape speed would increase and, since the buildup was uneven, the tape speed would become correspondingly uneven. Similarly, some units were subject to the capstan wear, causing a decrease in tape speed. Technicians routinely kept a supply of new capstans on hand ready to install into worn decks for this reason, during the heyday of the format. Once the capstan wears only .001" the tape speed slows. Replacing or resurfacing the capstan would restore operation. The old "matchbook" under the tape fix while playing, was done primarily because the capstan was worn or polished, and would no longer grip the tape and play it at the correct speed. Replacing or resurfacing the capstan, restores proper operation without using a wedge under the tape.
Head alignment. This was an issue for two reasons: a) Azimuth misalignment results in reduced high frequencies, and b) Head height misalignment allows sounds from adjacent tracks to bleed over, an effect sometimes known as "double-tracking". This is due to the resultant time delay between the left and right channels resulting in a degradation of phase correlation. This effect is enhanced in an 8-track system, as compared to either reel-to-reel or cassette, due to the larger physical distance, on the tape, between the left and right channel tracks. Resetting head height and azimuth is a primary service procedure required, when refurbishing any vintage tape deck. Once set the player will perform accurately. This format, unlike other tape formats, features a movable head with four positions. Among audio service technicians, there used to be a joke that "the eight-track is the only audio device which knocks itself out of alignment four times during each album." When tracking/azimuth is set using a high quality (ex: Columbia) or alignment tape, correct operation will be restored. Some brands of 8-track decks had adjustable tape head thumbwheel knobs on the front panel, so the listener could adjust the tracking, much like the later Beta and VHS video tapes that were adjusted for picture quality. The listener could then adjust the tape head individually for each tape, avoiding double tracking.
The sensing foil that would allow the tape to switch programs, could dry up, fall off, and the tape would separate, and disappear inside the sealed cartridge. This was especially prevalent on bootleg tapes, that used cheaper sensing foils. Had the tape been reinforced on both sides at this point, the tapes would have been much more reliable. Many modern collectors replace the old sensing foil with a more robust, properly reinforced foil. As of 2014[update], rolls of new sensing foil and new pressure pads sell at a steady pace on eBay and other specialty online sites who cater to the format.
The movement of the head at program switch point could sometimes pull the tape up or down, causing the tape to fold over and start playing the back side of the tape. The tape would continue to play, albeit muffled and barely audible. Continued playing would flip the entire tape over, so the tape would be wound on the reel inside with the backside showing. Many vintage tapes can be found with the back side of the tape, facing forward. The program switch point is often the place where the tapes would be ingested into the player i.e. "eaten", when the tape head moved from program 4, to program 1- its furthest track change movement. While moving upward the head would grab the tape, fold it over, and when this fold hit the capstan, it would wrap around the capstan and ingest the tape into the player.
The "melted" rubber pinch rollers that can be found in many early 8-Track cartridges were the result of the rubber not being fully cured. After discovering this cause, later cartridges used only fully cured (hard) rubber pinch rollers that did not deteriorate as much over time.
Tape tension was another cause of unreliability. Prerecorded eight-track tapes tended to hold only a single album, about 46 minutes of content, or 11.5 minutes per track. Consumers wanted the ability to record more music on a single cartridge, so manufacturers came out with units of greater capacity, i.e. 60 and 90 minutes tapes. A few 100 minutes tapes do exist. With the corresponding increase in tape length, there was a greater velocity differential between the tape being drawn from the center of the reel and the tape being fed back to the outer edge of the reel as it passed the capstan/pinch-roller assembly (loop length). A 90-minute tape also exerts more drag on the tape deck motor, making a large AC 120 volt motor imperative to play the longest tapes. Over time, cheaper tapes may tighten, making it more difficult to feed, and to maintain a constant playback speed. Once a tape sheds most of its graphite backing, it will bind up and the tape won't play.

tag: ul

text: When the sliding tape pack would pull itself tight, for whatever reason, a jammed 8-track cartridge was the result. A quick solution was to hold the cartridge in one hand, facing down, while pulling out a section of, about 4-6' in length from the outer winding side. A quick tug on the tape would cause it to immediately wind in and the result was a loosened up tape pack that would play correctly.

text: Failing that, another solution was to open the cartridge, cut the tape at the splice, and relieve the excess tension by manually unwinding one or two sections from the outer edge of tape (loop length) while keeping the reel stationary, then re-splicing the tape, with a fresh piece of foil. Another, simpler fix was to shake the cassette in the plane of the tape reel with a rotary motion, sometimes this would cause the windings inside to rotate and loosen. If the cartridge has shed its graphite backing, it would have to be discarded. Small businesses that specialize in transferring audio tapes to digital format can remove the tape from the surrounding plastic cartridge box and play it on a small reel-to-reel player to extract maximum sound fidelity.

text: A decrease in the quality of the parts used in the eight-track cartridge, that is, plastic pinch rollers, lubricant quality and quantity, etc., was another blow to the faltering format. As these problems further reduced the reliability, sound quality, and consistent tape speed, the eight-track eventually developed a reputation for being unreliable.

text: Composition[edit]

text: The Stereo 8 introduced the problem of dividing up the programming intended for a two-sided LP record into four programs. Often this resulted in songs being split into two parts (the split was often made during an instrumental break or a repeated chorus), song orders being reshuffled, shorter songs being repeated, and songs separated by long passages of silence. Some eight-tracks included extra musical content to fill in time such as a piano solo on Lou Reed's Berlin, extra verses on The Rolling Stones' Some Girls and a guitar solo in Pink Floyd's Animals.

text: In rare instances, an eight-track was able to be arranged exactly like the record album version, without any song breaks. Examples of this are Quadrophenia by The Who, and some versions of Days of Future Passed by The Moody Blues. Other examples of this rarity are Freeways by Bachman-Turner Overdrive, Bursting Out Live by Jethro Tull, Live Bullet and Nine Tonight by Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band, Caught Live + 5 by The Moody Blues, The Concert in Central Park by Simon & Garfunkel, Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs by Derek and The Dominoes, Octave by The Moody Blues, the US version of Three Sides Live by Genesis, Pictures at Eleven by Robert Plant and Coda by Led Zeppelin (a record club only release).


document_title: History of sewing patterns

question_text: who was responsible for making the first commercial pattern available to home sewers

text: History of sewing patterns

text: The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Four historic American pattern companies still exist:

text:
Butterick
McCall's
Simplicity
Vogue

tag: ol

text: William Jennings Demorest and Ellen Louise Demorest began the home sewing pattern industry in 1860 by holding fashion shows in their homes and selling the patterns. This was the beginning of the Mme. Demorests' Emporium of Fashion. They published a magazine, The Mirror of Fashion, which listed hundreds of different patterns, most available in only one size. Patterns were of unprinted paper, cut to shape, and could be purchased "flat" (folded), or, for an additional charge, "made up" (with the separate pieces tacked into position). The latter version was intended to compensate for the absence of detailed instructions.

text: Ebenezer Butterick launched The Butterick Company in 1863 to create heavy cardboard templates for children's clothing. Butterick's innovation was offering every pattern in a series of standard, graded sizes. Members of his family cut and folded the first patterns that were sold from their home. In 1866 Butterick began manufacturing patterns for women's fashions, and later added some articles of men's clothing. They began publishing the fashion magazine The Delineator in 1873 to publicize their patterns. Their patterns started as unprinted tissue paper cut to shape, folded and held together by a pinned (later pasted-on) label with an image and, later, brief instructions. In the early 1900s they began to use an envelope to hold the pattern. In the late 1910s they introduced a separate instruction sheet, called the "Deltor" (from the first three and last three letters of Delineator). In 1948, they purchased two new presses specially designed to print markings directly onto the pattern tissue.

text: James McCall, a Scottish tailor, established the McCall Pattern Company in 1870 in New York City. Patterns were unprinted until 1919, when they started printing information directly onto the pattern pieces. In the 1920s, selected patterns had full color illustrations on their pattern envelopes. In 1932 they started printing full color illustrations on all pattern envelopes. McCall usually printed the date of release on their envelopes (the only company which consistently did so before mid-century), which makes it easy to date their patterns.

text: Vogue Pattern Service began in 1899, a spinoff of Vogue Magazine's weekly pattern feature. In 1909 Condé Nast bought Vogue. As a result, Vogue Pattern Company was formed in 1914, and in 1916 Vogue patterns were sold in department stores. In 1961 Condé Nast entered in a licensing agreement with the Butterick Company.

text: Simplicity Pattern Co. Inc. started producing patterns in 1927. Their goal was to produce an easy-to-use, lower-priced pattern. They were one of the fastest growing pattern companies, opening offices in Canada, London, Australia, and several in the United States. Their patterns are sold in over 60 countries. Their unprinted patterns ended in 1946, and were all printed thereafter.

text: DuBarry patterns were manufactured by Simplicity from 1931–1946 exclusively for F. W. Woolworth Company.

text: Hollywood Pattern Company was started by Condé Nast in 1932. They were known for printing photos of Hollywood stars on some of their patterns, quickly making them very popular. They continued production through the end of World War II (1946).

text: The New York Pattern Company started in 1932 and continued until the early 1950s. They were unique in that the pattern sleeves had drawn characters rather than photos and the paper used was non-glossy.

text: Advance began manufacturing patterns in 1933, which was sold exclusively at J. C. Penney Company. The company continued through 1966 until it was sold to Puritan Fashions.

text: Fitzpatterns.com began offering downloadable sewing patterns in 2004. These consist of full-size patterns to be printed at a copyshop on a large format printer and or in a tiled version that can be printed on an A4 or letter sized printer and taped together.[1][2][3]

text: Clothkits devised cut and sew clothing kits for home sewing that avoided the need for paper patterns. Clothkits pre-printed fabric with designs and the pattern lines.[citation needed]


document_title: Date and time notation in South Korea

question_text: how do they write the date in korea

question_tokens: how do they write the date in korea

text: Date and time notation in South Korea

text: The most formal manner of expressing the full date and/or time is to suffix each of the year, month, day, ante/post-meridiem indicator, hour, minute and second (in this order, i.e. with larger units first) with the corresponding unit and separating each with a space:

text:
년 nyeon for year;
월 weol for month;
일 il for day;
오전 ojeon for a.m.; 오후 ohu for p.m.;
시 si for hour;
분 bun for minute; and
초 cho for second.

text: For example, the ISO 8601 timestamp 1975-07-14 09:18:32 would be written as “1975년 7월 14일 오전 9시 18분 32초”.

text: The same rules apply when expressing the date or the time alone, e.g., “1975년 7월 14일”, “1975년 7월”, “7월 14일”, “14일 오전 9시 18분” and “오전 9시 18분 32초”.

text: The national standard (KSXISO8601, formerly KSX1511) also recognizes the ISO-8601-compliant date/time format of YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS, which is widely used in computing and on the Korean internet.

text: Date[edit]

text: In written documents, the date form above (but not the time) is often abbreviated by replacing each unit suffix with a single period; for example, 1975년 7월 14일 would be abbreviated as “1975. 7. 14.” (note the trailing period and intervening spaces).

text: Time[edit]

text: Both the 12-hour and 24-hour notations are widely used in Korea.

text: 12-hour clock is predominantly used in informal daily life, and the ante/post-meridiem indicator is often omitted where doing so does not introduce ambiguity.

text: Half past the hour is commonly—especially in spoken Korean—abbreviated as 반 ban, which literally means “half”; for example, 13:30 is either expressed as “오후 1시 30분” or “오후 1시 반”.

text: When the time is expressed in the HH:MM:SS notation, the Roman ante/post-meridiem indicators (AM and PM) are also used frequently. In addition, they sometimes follow the convention of writing the Korean-style indicator before the time; it is not uncommon to encounter times expressed in such a way, e.g., “AM 9:18” instead of “9:18 AM”.

text: Two words, 정오 jeong-o and 자정 jajeong, are sometimes used to indicate 12:00 and 0:00 respectively—much in the same way the English words noon and midnight are used.

text: The 24-hour notation is more commonly used in text and is written "14:05" or "14시 5분". Examples include railway timetables, plane departure and landing timings, and TV schedules. In movie theaters it is also not uncommon to see something like 25:30 for the 01:30 AM movie.

text:
hidevteDate and time notation in Asia Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States withlimited recognition
Abkhazia
Artsakh
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies andother territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau

text: This South Korea-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

text: Time in South KoreaDate and time representation by countrySouth Korea stubs

text: Articles containing Korean-language textAll stub articles


document_title: Growing Pains

question_text: who was jason's mom on growing pains

question_tokens: who was jason 's mom on growing pains

text: Growing Pains

text: Premise[edit]

text: The Seaver family resides at 15 Robin Hood Lane in Huntington, Long Island, New York.[2]

text: Dr. Jason Seaver (portrayed by Alan Thicke), a psychiatrist, works from home because his wife, Maggie (Joanna Kerns), has gone back to work as a reporter. Jason has to take care of the kids: ladies man Mike (Kirk Cameron), bookish honors student Carol (Tracey Gold), and rambunctious Ben (Jeremy Miller). A fourth child, Chrissy Seaver (twins Kelsey and Kirsten Dohring; Ashley Johnson), is born in October 1988. In the middle of season four (1988–89), she was first played in her infant stage by an uncredited set of twin sisters. Then, by season five (1989–90), she was played in her toddler stage by alternating twins Kristen and Kelsey Dohering. In seasons six and seven (1990–92), Chrissy's age was advanced to six years old. By the seventh and final season, homeless teen Luke Brower (Leonardo DiCaprio) is brought into the Seaver family to live with them nearly until the end of season seven.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Alan Thicke as Dr. Jason Roland Seaver
Joanna Kerns as Margaret "Maggie" Katherine Malone Seaver
Kirk Cameron as Michael "Mike" Aaron Seaver
Tracey Gold as Carol Anne Seaver
Jeremy Miller as Benjamin "Ben" Hubert Horatio Humphrey Seaver
Ashley Johnson as Christine "Chrissy" Ellen Seaver (seasons 6–7)

Kelsey and Kristen Dohring as Christine Ellen "Chrissy" Seaver (toddler) (season 5, alternating)

Leonardo DiCaprio as Luke Brower (season 7)[3]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Andrew Koenig as Richard Milhous "Boner" Stabone (seasons 1–4), Mike's friend; left to join the United States Marine Corps
Jamie Abbott as Stinky Sullivan (seasons 2–6), Ben's friend
K. C. Martel as Eddie (seasons 1–7), Mike's friend
Chelsea Noble as Kate MacDonald (seasons 5–7), Mike's girlfriend
Heather Langenkamp as Marie Lubbock (season 3; starred in spin-off Just the Ten of Us), Coach Graham Lubbock's daughter / Amy Boutilier (season 6), Mike's love interest
Gordon Jump as Ed Malone (seasons 1–7); Maggie's father
Lisa Capps as Debbie (seasons 2–4), Carol's friend
Rachael Jacobs as Shelley (seasons 2–4), Carol's friend
Julie McCullough as Julie Costello (seasons 4–5), Mike's former girlfriend
Sam Anderson as Principal Willis DeWitt (season 1–7), Mike's history teacher in season one and principal from season two onward
Betty McGuire as Kate Malone (seasons 1–7); Maggie's mother
Bill Kirchenbauer as Coach Graham Lubbock (seasons 2–5; starred in spin-off Just the Ten of Us), gym teacher
Jodi Peterson as Laura Lynn (seasons 4–6), Ben's girlfriend / love interest
Evan Arnold as Richie (seasons 2–4)
Jane Powell as Irma Seaver (seasons 1–3), Jason's mother
Fred Applegate as Francis X. Tedesco (season 7), principal of the learning annex where Mike teaches
Matthew Perry as Sandy (season 4), Carol's boyfriend

text: Opening sequences[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The season one main opening features various works of art and vintage photography depicting family life, closing with a shot of the cast.

text: The opening credits from seasons two through five features an opening shot of the cast in front of the Seaver house exterior. This is followed by a series of photos of each cast member from their childhood onward ending with a clip from the show. The credits closed with another shot of the cast in front of the Seaver house before they all run inside. Starting in the fourth season, several different versions of the opening sequence were filmed. Whoever was the last to go into the house would usually be the focus of that week's episode.[citation needed]

text: The opening used in seasons six and seven featured opening and shot of the mantle on the Seavers' fireplace panning over photos of the cast. The photos of the cast from childhood remained but instead of clips from the show, current still photos were used. Some versions of these credits end with another shot of the mantle while others close with a montage of group shots from the same family photo shoot which the current photos used in the rest of the credits come from.

text: Theme song[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The show's theme song is "As Long as We've Got Each Other", which was written and composed by John Bettis (lyrics) and Steve Dorff (music). It was performed by:

text:
B.J. Thomas (singing solo); season 1
B.J. Thomas & Jennifer Warnes; seasons 2, 3, 5, part of 7
B.J. Thomas & Dusty Springfield; season 4
Joe Chemay, Jim Haas, Jon Joyce and George Merrill (singing a capella); season 6, part of 7, series finale

text: There were nine versions of the theme song used; others included a Halloween-themed version not sung by Thomas or Warnes used in a two-part Halloween episode in 1990. A shorter version of the Thomas/Warnes version was used starting in season five.

text: There was also an a cappella version of the song which was used for all of season six, but this version was abandoned for most of season seven in favor of the reinstatement of Thomas' and Warnes' duet version, although the a cappella theme returned for three episodes as well as the series finale. A full-length version by Thomas and Springfield was released as a single in 1988.

text: A soundtrack was released in 1988 titled Steve Dorff and Friends: Growing Pains and Other Hit TV Themes. The soundtrack contains songs penned by Dorff from his television series theme songs and three tracks from Growing Pains:

text:
Theme Song "As Long As We Got Each Other" (B.J. Thomas and Dusty Springfield)
Aloha Episode – "Swept Away" by Christopher Cross
Graduation Day Episode – "This Is The Day" performed by B.J. Thomas

text: Production[edit]

text: Kirk Cameron was once an atheist,[4] but when he was 17, during the height of his career on Growing Pains, became a born-again Christian.[5][6][7] After converting to Christianity, he began to insist that story lines be stripped of anything he thought too adult or racy.[8][9]

text: According to rumors at the time, the biggest consequence of Cameron's conversion to Christianity was the firing of actress Julie McCullough who had landed the role of nanny Julie Costello in 1989. McCullough's character appeared in eight episodes of the show before she was fired at Cameron's insistence and replaced on the show by Cameron's real-life girlfriend, Chelsea Noble. Cameron objected to and was outraged at McCullough's having posed nude in Playboy, and accused the show's producers of promoting pornography. A decade later, Cameron apologized, attributing his behavior to his lack of maturity,[10][11] but did not reconcile with McCullough, who claims that Cameron refused to speak to her during a later encounter, and who remains critical of him, stating that she lost a lot from the public criticism she endured from the controversy. McCullough has criticized the evangelical television programming Cameron has produced, which she has viewed on one occasion, saying on her MySpace page:

text: He thinks if I read science books that I'm going to hell. [I would] rather laugh with the sinners than cry with the saints ... the sinners are much more fun. And a lot more interesting than some book-burner who is still having growing pains. I am at peace with God. Kirk thinks people like me are going to Hell, if I do then at least I'll go well informed and well read.[12]

text: Cameron, however, tells a different story:

text: "Contrary to popular gossip, I had nothing to do with the firing of Julie McCullough.... But don't take my word for it.. According to Dan Guntzelman, the head show-runner for Growing Pains: 'The truth is, Julie was let go because Mike being in a commmitted relationship was a dead end - he was, after all, an immature imp who was ill-equipped to deal with a grownup world on all levels. That's where the conflict and comedy came from. The maturity to have and maintain a lasting relationship fought against this... Julie was to play the part of Mike's first serious relationship - the first time he was swept up in something larger than himself, but she was never intended to be his mate for life, even the life of the series.'

text: "Producer Mike Sullivan confirms Dan's comments: 'It was a guest star role; she wasn't hired as a series regular. There was never any intention of the Mike character being married or in a permanent romantic relationship.'" [13]

text: In season four, the show's scripts called for the character Carol Seaver to be the brunt of fat jokes from her television brothers. Beginning in October 1988, Gold dieted from 133 pounds to about 110 pounds on a medically supervised 500-calorie-a-day diet, but still occasionally the scripts included fat jokes at her expense. In her autobiography, she says that between 1989 and 1991, she became increasingly obsessed with food and her weight and continued to slowly and steadily lose weight. In 1990, Gold began group therapy in an eating disorder program, but only learned more ways to lose weight. That season, her problem with weight loss was touched upon slightly on the television series, when Gold is seen looking at her body in a carnival mirror, and describes to another character the distorted image in her head. In 1991, she started starving herself more than ever and began vomiting, losing a massive amount of weight, to the point that she was admitted to a hospital in early 1992. Her lowest weight is estimated to have been near 80 pounds. She was suspended from the show for her skeletal appearance. Photos of Gold's emaciated body were plastered all over tabloid magazines, and she was one of the first celebrities ever to be formally outed for anorexia. The producers and wardrobe department for the show tried to hide her skeletal and gaunt appearance by dressing her in large and baggy sweaters and sweatshirts. She last appeared in the 1991 episode "Menage a Luke" after missing the two prior episodes where her problem is very obvious in some scenes, and did not return until the last two episodes of the series in the late spring of 1992, although she was not fully recovered.[citation needed]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Nielsen ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

1
1985–86
#18
16.75[14]

2
1986–87
#8
19.83[15]

3
1987–88
#5
21.5[16]

4
1988–89
#14
15.91[17]

5
1989–90
#21
14.18[18]

6
1990–91
#27
13.31[19]

7
1991–92
#75
12.07[20]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Nominee / episode
Result

1985
Young Artist Awards
Best Young Actor Starring in a New Television Series
Kirk Cameron
Won

1985
Best Young Actress Starring in a New Television Series
Tracey Gold
Nominated

1985
Best Young Supporting Actor in a New Television Series
Jeremy Miller
Won

1986
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Music and Lyrics
"As Long As We Got Each Other"
Nominated

1986
Outstanding Lighting Direction (Electronic) for a Series
George Spiro Dibie (director of photography) / "My Brother, Myself"[citation needed]
Won

1986
Young Artist Awards
Exceptional Performance by a Young Actor Starring in a Television Comedy or Drama Series
Kirk Cameron
Won

1986
Exceptional Performance by a Young Actor in a Long Running Series Comedy or Drama
Jeremy Miller
Nominated

1986
Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress, Guest Starring in a Television, Comedy or Drama Series
April Lerman
Nominated

1987
Young Artist Awards
Best Young Superstar in Television
Kirk Cameron
Won

1987
Exceptional Performance by a Young Actor in a Television Comedy Series
Jeremy Miller
Won

1987
Best Young Actress Guest Starring in a Television Comedy Series
Candace Cameron / "The Long Goodbye"
Nominated

1987
Best Family Comedy Series
Growing Pains
Won

1988
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Music and Lyrics
Song: "Swept Away" / episode: "Aloha"
Nominated

1988
Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Actor
Kirk Cameron
Nominated

1988
Favorite TV Show
Growing Pains
Nominated

1988
Golden Globe Awards
Best Performance by an Actor in a TV-Series – Comedy/Musical
Alan Thicke
Nominated

1988
Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV
Kirk Cameron
Nominated

1989
Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV
Kirk Cameron
Nominated

1989
Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Show
Growing Pains
Nominated

1989
Favorite TV Actor
Kirk Cameron
Nominated

1989
Favorite TV Actress
Tracey Gold
Nominated

1989
Young Artist Awards
Best Family Television Series
Growing Pains
Nominated

1990
Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series
Jeremy Miller
Nominated

1990
Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Television Series
Kenny Morrison
Nominated

1990
Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite TV Actor
Kirk Cameron
Won

1991
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lighting Direction (Electronic) for a Comedy Series
George Spiro Dibie / "Happy Halloween"
Won

1991
Young Artist Awards
Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress Under Nine
Ashley Johnson
Nominated

1992
Best Young Actor Co-starring in a Television Series
Leonardo DiCaprio
Nominated

1992
Exceptional Performance by a Young Actress Under Ten
Ashley Johnson
Nominated

1993
Outstanding Actress Under Ten in a Television Series
Ashley Johnson
Nominated

text: Spin-off[edit]

text: Growing Pains spawned the spin-off series, Just the Ten of Us, which featured Coach Graham Lubbock, Mike and Carol's gym teacher, moving to California with his large family to teach at an all-boys Catholic school after he was fired from Thomas Dewey High School.

text: Reunion movies[edit]

text: In 2000, the cast reunited for The Growing Pains Movie, followed by Growing Pains: Return of the Seavers in 2004.

text: DVD Releases[edit]

text: Warner Home Video has released the entire series on DVD in Region 1.[21] Seasons 3–7 are manufacture-on-demand (MOD) releases, available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com.

text: On December 6, 2011, Warner Bros. released The Growing Pains Movie and Growing Pains: Return of the Seavers on DVD in Region 1 via their Warner Archive Collection. Similar to the subsequent season sets, these are manufacture-on-demand (MOD) releases, available exclusively through Warner's online store and amazon.com.

text:
DVD name
Ep #
Release dates

Region 1
Region 4

Season 1
22
February 7, 2006
June 5, 2007

Season 2
22
April 26, 2011
N/A

Season 3
26
May 21, 2013

Season 4
22
April 14, 2015

Season 5
26
July 14, 2015

Season 6
24
October 20, 2015

Season 7
24
January 26, 2016

text: Syndication[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: ABC aired reruns of the show on its daytime schedule from July 1988 to August 1989. The show originally aired at 11:00 am (EST) until January 1989, when with the cancellation of Ryan's Hope and the expansion of Home to an hour (from 11:00am-noon), the reruns moved to 12:00 pm.

text: In the fall of 1989, the show was sold to local syndication, which continued until 1997. The show also aired on TBS for several years.

text: Reruns aired on the Disney Channel from September 1997 to September 2001. The cable rights for the show moved to sister network ABC Family, where it ran from 2001 to 2004. It has also aired on ION Television during the fall of 2006 into the spring of 2007.

text: Nick at Nite began airing Growing Pains on February 12, 2007, launching with a marathon from 9:00 pm ET-1:00 am ET. It was pulled from the line-up shortly after, and later moved to sister network The N/TeenNick, where it aired up until early 2010. TeenNick re-aired the series on Monday, September 13, 2010, in a 5:00 am hour block, and aired its final showings on December 27, 2010.

text: Growing Pains aired on Up TV from January 2015-July 2017.

text: Asia[edit]

text: This show was dubbed in Chinese by the Shanghai Television in the late 1980s with the title of Chéngzhǎng de Fánnǎo (成长的烦恼; literally "Growing vexation")

text: This show was dubbed in Chinese by Chinese Television System in the 1980s–1990s, and was given a Chinese title called Huānlè Jiātíng (歡樂家庭; Happy Family)

text: Growing Pains was dubbed in Japanese, and broadcast by the NHK of Japan in the title of "Yukai na Shiba Ke (愉快なシーバー家)" (Happy Seaver family) from 1997 to 2000

text: Europe[edit]

text: The show aired with the title of Unser lautes Heim on ProSieben from 1993.

text: Two books published in French exclusively about Growing Pains: Cyrille Rollet, PhD (EHESS, Paris),

text:
Physiologie d'un sitcom américain (voyage au cœur de Growing Pains), (volume 1) – Physiology of an American Sitcom (Journey to the Heart of Growing Pains)
Circulation culturelle d'un sitcom américain (volume 2) – The Cultural Circulation of an American Sitcom

text: Australia[edit]

text: Digital free-to-air channel 7TWO began airing reruns of Growing Pains in October 2010, and reached the final episode in June 2011, replacing it with Night Court. The Nine Network first aired the show back in the 1980s and 1990s.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: The show aired in the beginning of the 1990s in Turkey's first private TV channel, Star TV.

text: Latin America[edit]

text: The show was previously aired on Nickelodeon's block, Nick at Nite from 2006 until 2009.


document_title: Six Nations Championship

question_text: six nations how many points for a win

question_tokens: six nations how many points for a win

text: Six Nations Championship

text: History and expansion[edit]

text: The tournament was first played in 1883 as the Home Nations Championship among the four Home Nations — England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The tournament then became the Five Nations Championship in 1910 with the addition of France. The tournament was expanded in 2000 to become the Six Nations Championship with the addition of Italy.

text: Following the relative success of the Tier 2 nations in the 2015 Rugby World Cup, there were calls by Octavian Morariu, the president of Rugby Union's governing body for promotion and development, to let Georgia and Romania join the Six Nations due to their consistent success in the European Nations Cup and ability to compete in the Rugby World Cup.[2][3]

text: Format[edit]

text: Played annually, the format of the Championship is simple: each team plays every other team once (making a total of 15 matches), with home ground advantage alternating from one year to the next. Prior to the 2017 tournament, two points were awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss. Unlike many other rugby union competitions the bonus point system has not previously been used.

text: On 30 November 2016, the 6 Nations Committee announced that the bonus point system will be trialled for the 2017 Championship. The system is similar to the one used in most rugby championships (0 points for a loss, 2 for a draw, 4 for a win, 1 for scoring four or more tries in match, and 1 for losing by 7 points or fewer), with the only difference being that a Grand Slam winner will be given 3 extra points to ensure they finish top of the table.

text: Prior to 1994, teams equal on match points shared the championship. Since then, ties have been broken by considering the points difference of the teams. The rules of the championship further provide that if teams tie on both match points and points difference, the team that scored the most tries wins the championship. Were this decider to be a tie, the tying teams would share the championship.[4] To date, however, match points and points difference have been sufficient to decide the championship.

text: Also, the team that finishes at the bottom of the league table is said to have "won" the Wooden Spoon, although no actual trophy is given to the team. A team that has lost all five matches is said to have been whitewashed. Since the inaugural Six Nations tournament in 2000, only England and Ireland have avoided the Wooden Spoon award. Italy are the holders of the most Wooden Spoon awards in the Six Nations era with eleven, and have been whitewashed six times. However, each of the other five nations has accumulated more than that through competing in previous eras.

text: Trophies[edit]

text: Championship Trophy[edit]

text: The winners of the Six Nations are presented with the Championship Trophy.[5] This was originally conceived by the Earl of Westmorland, and was first presented to the winners of the 1993 championship, France. It is a sterling silver trophy, designed by James Brent-Ward and made by a team of eight silversmiths from the London firm William Comyns.

text: It has 15 side panels representing the 15 members of the team and with three handles to represent the three officials (referee and two touch judges). The cup has a capacity of 3.75 litres – sufficient for five bottles of champagne. Within the mahogany base is a concealed drawer which contains six alternate finials, each a silver replica of one of the team emblems, which can be screwed on the detachable lid.

text: A new trophy was introduced for the 2015 Championship.[6] The new trophy was designed and crafted by Thomas Lyte silversmiths and replaces the 1993 edition, which is being retired as it represented the nations that took part in the Five Nations Championship. Ireland were the last team to win the old trophy, and coincidentally, the first team to win the new one.[7]

text: Grand Slam and Triple Crown[edit]

text: A team that wins all its games wins the 'Grand Slam'.

text: Victory by any Home Nation over the other three Home Nations is a 'Triple Crown'. Although this achievement has long been a feature of the tournament, it was not until 2006 that a physical Triple Crown trophy was awarded.

text: The Triple Crown may only be won by England, Ireland, Scotland or Wales, when one nation wins all three of their matches against the others, during the Six Nations Championship. The Triple Crown honour has long been a feature of the tournament, dating back to the original Home Nations Championship, but the physical Triple Crown Trophy has been awarded only since 2006. The current holder of the Triple Crown is Ireland, who defeated England, Scotland, and Wales in the 2018 championship. For the 2006 Six Nations, the Royal Bank of Scotland (the primary sponsor of the competition) commissioned Hamilton & Inches to design and create a dedicated Triple Crown Trophy. It has since been won three times by Ireland and twice by England and Wales.

text: Rivalry trophies[edit]

text: Several individual competitions take place under the umbrella of the tournament. The oldest such regular competition is for the Calcutta Cup, contested annually between England and Scotland since 1879. It is named the Calcutta Cup as it is made from melted-down Indian Rupees donated by the Calcutta Club. Since 1988, the Millennium Trophy has been awarded to the winner of the game between England and Ireland, and since 1989 the Centenary Quaich has been awarded to the winner of the game between Ireland and Scotland. Since 2007, France and Italy have contested the Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy; it was created for the 200th anniversary of the birth of Giuseppe Garibaldi, the Italian hero who helped unify Italy and volunteered in the French Republican Army against Prussia.

text: The following trophies are contested within the main competition, mostly as long-standing fixtures between pairs of teams:

text: Calcutta Cup – contested annually between England and Scotland since 1879.[8]

text: Millennium Trophy – contested annually between England and Ireland since 1988, presented to celebrate Dublin's millennium in 1988.[9]

text: Centenary Quaich – contested annually between Ireland and Scotland since 1989.[10][11][12]

text: Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy – contested annually between France and Italy since 2007, in memory of Giuseppe Garibaldi, leader in the unification of Italy and volunteer in the French Republican Army against Prussia.

text: Auld Alliance Trophy – contested annually between France and Scotland since 2018, in memory of the war dead from the rugby communities of Scotland and France[13].

text: Venues[edit]

text: As of the 2018 competition, Six Nations matches are held in the following stadia:

text:
Team
Stadium
Capacity

England
Twickenham Stadium
82,000

France
Stade de France
81,338

Stade Vélodrome
67,394

Wales
Principality Stadium
74,500

Italy
Stadio Olimpico
72,698

Scotland
Murrayfield Stadium
67,144

Ireland
Aviva Stadium
51,700

text: The opening of the Aviva Stadium in May 2010 ended the arrangement with the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) that allowed the all-Ireland governing body for rugby union, the Irish Rugby Football Union, to use the GAA's flagship stadium, Croke Park, for its international matches. This arrangement was made necessary by the 2007 closure and subsequent demolition of Ireland's traditional home at Lansdowne Road; the Aviva was built on the former Lansdowne Road site. During the construction of the Aviva, Croke Park was the largest of the Six Nations grounds, with a capacity of 82,300.

text: In 2012 Italy moved their home games from the Stadio Flaminio, which only held 32,000, to the Stadio Olimpico, also in Rome, with a capacity of 72,000.

text: The French Rugby Federation (FFR) had planned to build a new stadium of its own, seating 82,000 in the southern suburbs of Paris,[14] because of frustrations with their tenancy of the Stade de France.[15] However the project was cancelled in December 2016.[16]

text: Results[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
England

France

Ireland

Italy

Scotland

Wales

Tournaments
122
88
124
19
124
124

Outright Wins
(Shared Wins)

Home Nations
5 (4)
NA
4 (4)
NA
10 (3)
7 (4)

Five Nations
17 (6)
12 (8)
6 (5)
NA
5 (6)
15 (8)

Six Nations
6
5
4
0
0
4

Overall
28 (10)
17 (8)
14 (9)
0 (0)
15 (9)
26 (12)

Grand Slams

Home Nations
0
NA
0
NA
0
2

Five Nations
11
6
1
NA
3
6

Six Nations
2
3
2
0
0
3

Overall
13
9
3
0
3
11

Triple Crowns

Home Nations
5
NA
2
NA
7
6

Five Nations
16
NA
4
NA
3
11

Six Nations
4
NA
5
NA
0
3

Overall
25
NA
11
NA
10
20

Wooden Spoons

Home Nations
11
NA
15
NA
8
8

Five Nations
14
17
21
NA
21
12

Six Nations
0
1
0
13
4
1

Overall
25
18
36
13
33
21

text: Home Nations (1883–1909)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup

1883
 England
Not contested
 England
 England

1884
 England
 England
 England

1885
Not completed
Not completed

1886
 England and  Scotland
–
–

1887
 Scotland
–
–

1888
 Ireland,  Scotland and  Wales
England didn't participate

1889
 Scotland
England didn't participate

1890
 England and  Scotland
–
 England

1891
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1892
 England
 England
 England

1893
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1894
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland

1895
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1896
 Ireland
–
 Scotland

1897
Not completed
Not completed
 England

1898
Not completed
Not completed
–

1899
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland

1900
 Wales
 Wales
–

1901
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1902
 Wales
 Wales
 England

1903
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1904
 Scotland
–
 Scotland

1905
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1906
 Ireland and  Wales
–
 England

1907
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1908
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1909
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

text: Five Nations (1910–1931)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup

1910
 England
–
–
 England

1911
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England

1912
 Ireland and  England
–
–
 Scotland

1913
 England
 England
 England
 England

1914
 England
 England
 England
 England

1915–19
Not held due to World War I

1920
 Scotland,  Wales and  England
–
–
 England

1921
 England
 England
 England
 England

1922
 Wales
–
–
 England

1923
 England
 England
 England
 England

1924
 England
 England
 England
 England

1925
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1926
 Ireland and  Scotland
–
–
 Scotland

1927
 Ireland and  Scotland
–
–
 Scotland

1928
 England
 England
 England
 England

1929
 Scotland
–
–
 Scotland

1930
 England
–
–
–

1931
 Wales
–
–
 Scotland

text: Home Nations (1932–1939)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup

1932
 England,  Ireland and  Wales
–
–
 England

1933
 Scotland
–
 Scotland
 Scotland

1934
 England
–
 England
 England

1935
 Ireland
–
–
 Scotland

1936
 Wales
–
–
 England

1937
 England
–
 England
 England

1938
 Scotland
–
 Scotland
 Scotland

1939
 England,  Ireland,  Wales
–
–
 England

text: Five Nations (1940–1999)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup
Millennium Trophy
Centenary Quaich

1940–46
Not held due to World War II
Not contested

1947
 England and  Wales
–
–
 England

1948
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland

1949
 Ireland
–
 Ireland
 England

1950
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1951
 Ireland
–
–
 England

1952
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England

1953
 England
–
–
 England

1954
 England,  France and  Wales

 England
 England

1955
 France and  Wales
–
–
 England

1956
 Wales
–
–
 England

1957
 England
 England
 England
 England

1958
 England
–
–
–

1959
 France
–
–
–

1960
 England and  France
–
 England
 England

1961
 France
–
–
 England

1962
 France
–
–
–

1963
 England
–
–
 England

1964
 Scotland and  Wales
–
–
 Scotland

1965
 Wales
–
 Wales
–

1966
 Wales
–
–
 Scotland

1967
 France
–
–
 England

1968
 France
 France
–
 England

1969
 Wales
–
 Wales
 England

1970
 France and  Wales
–
–
 Scotland

1971
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1972
Not completed
 Scotland

1973
 England,  France,  Ireland,
 Scotland,  Wales
–
–
 England

1974
 Ireland
–
–
 Scotland

1975
 Wales
–
–
 England

1976
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland

1977
 France
 France
 Wales
 England

1978
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England

1979
 Wales
–
 Wales
–

1980
 England
 England
 England
 England

1981
 France
 France
–
 England

1982
 Ireland
–
 Ireland
–

1983
 France and  Ireland
–
–
 Scotland

1984
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland

1985
 Ireland
–
 Ireland
 England

1986
 France and  Scotland
–
–
 Scotland

1987
 France
 France
–
 England

1988
 France and  Wales
–
 Wales
 England

1989
 France
–
–
–
 England
 Scotland

1990
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland
 Scotland
 England
 Scotland

1991
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1992
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1993
 France
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Scotland

1994
 Wales
–
–
 England
 Ireland
–

1995
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1996
 England
–
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1997
 France
 France
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1998
 France
 France
 England
 England
 England
 Scotland

1999
 Scotland
–
–
 England
 England
 Scotland

text: Six Nations (2000–present)[edit]

text:
Year
Champions
Grand Slam
Triple Crown
Calcutta Cup
Millennium
Trophy
Centenary
Quaich
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Trophy
Auld Alliance
Trophy
Wooden Spoon

2000
 England
–
–
 Scotland
 England
 Ireland
Not contested
Not contested
 Italy

2001
 England
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Scotland
 Italy

2002
 France
 France
 England
 England
 England
 Ireland
 Italy

2003
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Ireland
 Wales

2004
 France
 France
 Ireland
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland

2005
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Italy

2006
 France
–
 Ireland
 Scotland
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Italy

2007
 France
–
 Ireland
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 France
 Scotland

2008
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 Scotland
 England
 Ireland
 France
 Italy

2009
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Ireland
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 France
 Italy

2010
 France
 France
–
–
 Ireland
 Scotland
 France
 Italy

2011
 England
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Italy
 Italy

2012
 Wales
 Wales
 Wales
 England
 England
 Ireland
 France
 Scotland

2013
 Wales
–
–
 England
 England
 Scotland
 Italy
 France

2014
 Ireland
–
 England
 England
 England
 Ireland
 France
 Italy

2015
 Ireland
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Ireland
 France
 Scotland

2016
 England
 England
 England
 England
 England
 Ireland
 France
 Italy

2017
 England
–
–
 England
 Ireland
 Scotland
 France
 Italy

2018
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Ireland
 Scotland
 Ireland
 Ireland
 France
 Scotland
 Italy

text: Titles and awards[edit]

text:
Grand Slams and Triple Crowns

Nation
Grand Slams
Last Grand Slam
Triple Crowns
Last Triple Crown

 England
13
2016
25
2016

 Wales
11
2012
20
2012

 France
9
2010
N/A
N/A

 Ireland
3
2018
11
2018

 Scotland
3
1990
10
1990

 Italy
0
Not yet
N/A
N/A

text:
Wooden Spoon winners (last place)

Team
Wooden
Spoons
Years awarded

 Italy
13
2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018

 Scotland
4
2004, 2007, 2012, 2015

 Wales
1
2003

 France
1
2013

 England
0

 Ireland
0

text: Bold indicates that the team did not win any matches.

text:
Player of the tournament winners

Year
Winner

2004
 Gordon D'Arcy

2005
 Martyn Williams

2006
 Brian O'Driscoll

2007
 Brian O'Driscoll

2008
 Shane Williams

2009
 Brian O'Driscoll

2010
 Tommy Bowe

2011
 Andrea Masi

2012
 Dan Lydiate

2013
 Leigh Halfpenny

2014
 Mike Brown

2015
 Paul O'Connell

2016
 Stuart Hogg

2017
 Stuart Hogg

2018
 Jacob Stockdale

text: Records[edit]

text: England's Jonny Wilkinson currently holds the records for individual points in one match (35 points against Italy in 2001) and one season with 89 (scored in 2001). Ronan O'Gara of Ireland holds the career scoring record with 557 points to Wilkinson's 546, having surpassed Wilkinson in Round 3 of the 2011 championship.

text: The record for tries in a match is held by Scotsman George Lindsay who scored five tries against Wales in 1887.[17] England's Cyril Lowe and Scotland's Ian Smith jointly hold the record for tries in one season with 8 (Lowe in 1914, Smith in 1925). Ireland's Brian O'Driscoll has the Championship record for tries with 26.

text: The record for appearances is held by O'Gara, with 63 Six Nations appearances from the start of the Six Nations era in 2000 to his retirement in 2013. He surpassed countryman Mike Gibson in the first round of the 2012 tournament against Wales. Gibson played in 56 Five Nations matches (Italy had not become part of the Championship yet) between 1964 and 1979.[17]

text: The most points scored by a team in one match was 80 points, scored by England against Italy in 2001. England also scored the most ever points in a season in 2001 with 229, and most tries in a season with 29.[17] Wales hold the record for fewest tries conceded during a season in the Six Nations era, conceding only 2 in 5 games in 2008, but the 1977 Grand Slam-winning France team did not concede a try in their four matches. Wales hold the record for the longest time without conceding a try, at 358 minutes in the 2013 tournament.

text: Administration and television contracts[edit]

text: The Championship is run from headquarters in Dublin, Ireland by Six Nations Rugby Ltd,[18] which also takes responsibility for the British and Irish Lions tours. The CEO of the Championship is John Feehan, a former Leinster player.

text: The BBC has long covered the tournament, broadcasting all matches apart from England home matches between 1997 and 2002, which were shown live by Sky Sports with highlights on the BBC.[19] Between 2003 and 2015, the BBC covered every match live on BBC Sport either on BBC One or BBC Two with highlights also on the BBC Sport website and either on the BBC Red Button or late at night on BBC Two. In 2011, it was announced that the BBC's coverage of the tournament on TV, radio and online would be extended to 2017.[20] However, on 9 July 2015, in reaction to satellite pay-TV bids from Sky Sports and BT Sport for coverage from 2017, BBC agreed to lose exclusive rights to the tournament two years early. But from 2016, BBC and ITV would jointly broadcast the tournament in the UK, with BBC showing all France, Scotland and Wales home matches live, and ITV showing all England, Ireland and Italy home matches live.[21] This means that the Six Nations will remain on free-to-air television in the UK until 2021.

text: In Ireland, RTÉ have broadcast the championship since RTÉ's inception and continued to do so until 2017, while TG4 televised highlights. However in late 2015 it was announced that free to air rival TV3 would take over the rights for every game from the Six Nations on Irish Television from 2018–2021, so that after the 2017 championship RTÉ lost the rights.[22]

text: France Télévisions covered the competition in France; this lasted until 2017.

text: In Italy, from 2014 to 2017 DMAX of Discovery Communications broadcast all matches, and will do so until 2021.

text: In the United States, NBC Sports broadcasts matches in English and TV5 Monde airs matches in French.[23] In Wales, S4C also broadcasts matches featuring the Welsh team shown by the BBC in Welsh.

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text: Until 1998, the Championship had no title sponsor. Sponsorship rights were sold to Lloyds TSB for the 1999 tournament and the competition was titled the Lloyds TSB 5 Nations and Lloyds TSB 6 Nations until 2003.[24]

text: The Royal Bank of Scotland Group took over sponsorship from 2004 until 2017, with the competition being branded the RBS 6 Nations. A new title sponsor was sought for the 2018 tournament and beyond.[25] However, after struggling to find a new sponsor, organisers agreed a one-year extension with the Royal Bank of Scotland Group at a reduced rate. As the RBS initials brand was being phased out, the tournament was named for their banking arm NatWest, becoming the Natwest 6 Nations.[26]


document_title: Delhi Republic Day parade

question_text: a. who takes the salute at the grand parade on republic day

text: Delhi Republic Day parade

text: Republic Day Parade[edit]

text: To mark the importance of the Republic Day, every year a grand parade is held in the capital, New Delhi, from the Raisina Hill Rashtrapati Bhavan (the President's residence), along the Rajpath, past India Gate.[1] Prior to its commencement, the Prime Minister lays a floral wreath at the Amar Jawan Jyoti, a memorial to fallen soldiers at the India Gate at one end of Rajpath, which is followed by two minutes silence in the memory of fallen soldiers. It is a solemn reminder of the sacrifice of the martyrs who died for the country in the freedom movement and the succeeding wars for the defence of sovereignty of their country. Thereafter he/she reaches the main dais at Rajpath to join other dignitaries, subsequently the President arrives along with the chief guest of the occasion. They are escorted on horseback by the President's Bodyguard.

text: First, the president unfurls the National flag, as the National Anthem is played, and a 21-gun salute is given as the PBG renders the National Salute. Next, important awards like the Ashok Chakra and Kirti Chakra are given away by the President, before the regiments of Armed Forces start their march past. The President comes forward to award the medals of bravery to the people from the armed forces for their exceptional courage in the field and also the civilians, who have distinguished themselves by their different acts of valour in different situations. Children who receive the National Bravery Award ride past the spectators on colourfully decorated elephants or vehicles.[2]

text: Nine to twelve different regiments of the Indian Army in addition to the Navy, and Air Force with their bands march past in all their finery and official decorations. The President of India who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the salute. Twelve contingents of various para-military forces of India and other civil forces also take part in this parade.[3] One of the unique sights of the parade is the camel mounted Border Security Force contingent, which is the only camel mounted military force in the world. The best N.C.C. cadets, selected from all over the country consider it an honour to participate in this event, as do the school children from various schools in the capital. They spend many days preparing for the event and no expense is spared to see that every detail is taken care of, from their practice for the drills, the essential props and their uniforms. 22 to 30 floats exhibiting the cultures of the various states and union territories of India, including floats of union ministries and state enterprises are in the grand parade, which is broadcast nationwide on television and radio. These moving exhibits depict scenes of activities of people in those states and the music and songs of that particular state accompany each display. Each display brings out the diversity and richness of the culture of India and the whole show lends a festive air to the occasion.[4] Around 1200 schoolchildren present cultural dances as part of the parade.[5] The 2016 Republic Day marked the return of K-9 Dog Squad to the parade after 26 years.[6]

text: The parade traditionally ends with dare devil motor cycle riding by motorcycle units of the Armed Forces and a flypast by the Indian Air Force jets and helicopters carrying the national flag and the flags of the three services.

text: Comprising over 25 marching and mounted contingents, various military vehicles, 20 military bands, 30 cultural tableaux and 30 aircraft in addition to cultural performers and 1200 schoolchildren, India's Republic Day Parade in New Delhi is the most spectacular regular parade in the world.

text: Every part of the country is represented in the parade, which makes the Republic Day parade very popular. A full dress rehearsal Parade is also organized on 23 January every year to take stock of the preparedness.

text: Beating Retreat[edit]

text: The Beating Retreat ceremony officially denotes the end of Republic Day festivities. It is conducted on the evening of 29 January, the third day after the Republic Day. It is performed by the bands of the three wings of the military, the Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force. The venue is Raisina Hills and an adjacent square, Vijay Chowk, flanked by the north and south block of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Palace) towards the end of Rajpath.

text: The Chief Guest of the function is the President of India who arrives escorted by the Presidential Body Guard (PBG), a cavalry unit. When the President arrives, the PBG commander asks the unit to give the National Salute, which is followed by playing of the Indian National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana, by the Army developed the ceremony of display by the massed bands in which Military Bands, Pipe and Drum Bands, Buglers and Trumpeters from various Army Regiments besides bands from the Navy and Air Force take part which play popular tunes like Abide With Me, Mahatma Gandhi's favourite hymn, and Saare Jahan Se Achcha at the end.[7][8][9]

text: Chief guest[edit]

text: Since 1950, India has been hosting a head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honour for Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi. During 1950–1954, Republic Day celebrations were organised at different venues (like Irwin Stadium (National Stadium), Kingsway (Rajpath), Red Fort and Ramlila grounds). It was only starting 1955 when the parade in its present form was organised at Rajpath. The guest country is chosen after a deliberation of strategic, economic and political interests. During the 1950s–1970s, a number of NAM and Eastern Bloc countries were hosted by India. In the post-Cold War era, India has also invited several Western leaders on a state visit during the Republic Day. It is notable that before India fought wars with China and Pakistan, leaders from these countries were invited as state guests for the Republic Day celebrations. Interestingly, Pakistan Food and Agriculture Minister was the second state guest from that country for Republic Day in 1965, a few days after which the two countries went to a war. Countries which have been invited multiple times include India's neighbours (Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Mauritius), defence allies (Russia/USSR, France and Britain), trade partners (Brazil) and NAM allies (Nigeria, Indonesia and erstwhile Yugoslavia). France has the distinction of being the guest of honour for the maximum (five) number of times followed by four visits from Bhutan and three visits each from Mauritius and USSR/Russia. In 2015, the US President Barack Obama was the Chief Guest at Republic Day celebrations, followed by French president François Hollande during the 2016 Republic Day parade. In 2017, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan from the United Arab Emirates was the Chief Guest of the parade.[10]

text: Guest contingents[edit]

text: In 2016, French Army soldiers and French Army Band took part in the 67th Republic Day parade. This marked the first time since the beginning of the parade in 1950, that a foreign army contingent marched down the Rajpath during the Republic Day parade.

text:
Year
Country
Unit

2016[11]
France
35th Infantry Regiment

2017[12]
UAE
UAE Army, Navy and Air Force

text: Awards[edit]

text: Best marching contingents[edit]

text:
Year
Best marching contingent among the three services (led by)
Best marching contingent among paramilitary forces and other auxiliary marching contingents

1991
Madras Engineer Group (2nd Lt Vivek Jaswal)

1997
Madras Engineer Group (Lt Pranay Dangwal)
Border Security Force

1998
Bombay Engineer Group ( Capt. Atul Suryavanshi )
Indo-Tibetan Border Police

1999

Indo-Tibetan Border Police

2000

Indo-Tibetan Border Police

2001
Madras Regiment
Delhi Police

2002

Delhi Police

2003
Madras Engineer Group
Delhi Police

2004

Indo-Tibetan Border Police

2005[13]
Sikh Regiment
Delhi Police

2006

Delhi Police

2007
Jat Regiment
Central Industrial Security Force

2008
Rajputana Rifles
Central Industrial Security Force

2009[14]
Territorial Army
Central Reserve Police Force

2010[15]
Dogra Regiment
Central Reserve Police Force

2011
Indian Air Force
Indo-Tibetan Border Police

2012[16]
Indian Air Force
Border Security Force

2013[17]
Indian Air Force and Indian Navy
Central Industrial Security Force

2014[18]
Sikh Light Infantry
Central Reserve Police Force

2015[19]
Brigade of the Guards and Sikh Regiment
Central Industrial Security Force

2016[20]
Assam Regiment
Border Security Force

2017[21]
Madras Engineer Group
Central Industrial Security Force

2018[22]
Punjab Regiment
Delhi Police

text: Best three tableaux[edit]

text:
Year
First
Second
Third

1980
Maharashtra[citation needed]

1981
Goa[23]

1983
Maharashtra[citation needed]

1988
Goa[23]

1989
Punjab[citation needed]
Goa[23]

1990

Goa[23]

1991
Goa[23]

1993
Maharashtra[citation needed]

1994
Maharashtra[citation needed]

1995
Maharashtra[citation needed]
Goa[23]

2000
Goa[23]

2001
Rajasthan
Ministry of Railways
Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir

2002
Jammu and Kashmir

2003
Goa
Assam
Uttar Pradesh

2005[13]
Karnataka
Department of Justice
Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Ministry of Railways

2007[24]
Orissa
Ministry of Culture
Maharashtra

2008
Kerala
Karnataka
Ministry of Human Resource Development

2009[14]
Kerala
Maharashtra
Tamil Nadu and Jammu and Kashmir

2010[15]
Ministry of Culture
Goa
Chhattisgarh

2011
Delhi
Karnataka
Rajasthan

2012[16]
Ministry of Human Resource Development
Goa
Karnataka

2013[17]
Kerala
Rajasthan
Chhattisgarh

2014[18]
West Bengal
Tamil Nadu
Assam

2015[19]
Maharashtra
Jharkhand
Karnataka

2016[20]
West Bengal
Tripura
Assam

2017[21]
Arunachal Pradesh
Tripura
Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu

2018[22]
Maharashtra
Assam
Chhattisgarh