document_title: It's a Wonderful Life

question_text: when did its a wonderful life come out

question_tokens: when did its a wonderful life come out

text: It's a Wonderful Life

text: Plot[edit]

text: On Christmas Eve 1945, in Bedford Falls, New York, George Bailey is suicidal. Prayers for him reach Heaven, where Clarence Odbody, Angel 2nd Class, is assigned to save George in order to earn his angel wings. To prepare, Clarence is shown flashbacks of George's life. The first is in 1919, when 12-year-old George saves his younger brother Harry, who falls through the ice on a frozen pond, from drowning; George loses his hearing in one ear as a result. While working after school at the local drug store, George sees that his employer, Mr. Gower, distraught over his son's death from the flu, has accidentally added poison to a child's prescription drug, and intervenes to stop it from causing harm.

text: On Harry's graduation night in 1928, George talks to Mary Hatch, who has had a crush on him from an early age. They are interrupted by news of his father's death. George postpones his travel plans in order to sort out the family business, Bailey Brothers' Building and Loan, a longtime competitor to Henry F. Potter, the local banker and the richest man in town. Potter wishes to dissolve the Building and Loan to take over its business. George convinces the board of directors to vote against Potter. They agree, on condition that George runs the business, along with his absent-minded uncle Billy. George and Mary get married. On their way to their honeymoon, they witness a run on the bank and use their honeymoon savings to lend financial support at the Building and Loan until the bank reopens.

text: Over time George establishes Bailey Park, a housing development with small houses financed by loans from Bailey Building and Loan, which allows people to own their own homes rather than pay rent to live in Potter's overpriced slums. Potter, frustrated at losing control of the housing market, attempts to lure George into becoming his assistant; George is momentarily tempted, but rejects the offer.

text: During World War II, George is ineligible for service because of his bad ear. Harry becomes a Navy pilot and shoots down a kamikaze plane that would have bombed an amphibious transport; he is awarded the Medal of Honor. On Christmas Eve morning 1945, the town prepares a hero's welcome for Harry. Uncle Billy goes to Potter's bank to deposit $8,000 for the Building and Loan. (The $8,000 was worth over $100,000 in 2017 dollars.[8]) He teases Potter, taking his newspaper and bragging about Harry being on the front page; the banker angrily grabs the newspaper, inside of which Billy has unintentionally tucked the envelope containing the money. Upon seeing the money, Potter realizes the potential scandal could lead to the Building and Loan's downfall. Potter hides the money, knowing its loss will cause severe financial problems for the Building and Loan. When Uncle Billy cannot find the money, he and George frantically search for it. When the bank examiner arrives to review their records, George berates his uncle for endangering the Building and Loan, goes home and takes out his frustration on his family. He apologizes to his wife and children, then leaves.

text: George desperately appeals to Potter for a loan. When George offers his life insurance policy as collateral, Potter says George is worth more dead than alive and phones the police to have him arrested. George gets drunk at a local bar and is involved in a fight before he leaves and goes to a nearby bridge, thinking of suicide. The film's narrative catches up to the time of the opening scene. Before he can jump, Clarence dives into the river just before George does, causing George to rescue Clarence rather than killing himself. George does not believe Clarence's subsequent claim to be his guardian angel.

text: When George says he wishes he had never been born, Clarence decides to grant his wish and show George an alternate timeline in which he never existed. Bedford Falls is named Pottersville and is a less congenial place. Mr. Gower has recently been released from prison for manslaughter, because George was not there to stop him from putting poison in the pills. The Building and Loan has closed down, as George never took over after Mr. Bailey's passing.

text: George's mother does not recognize him; she reveals that Uncle Billy was institutionalized after the collapse of the Building and Loan. In the cemetery where Bailey Park would have been, George discovers the grave of his brother. Clarence tells him all the soldiers on the transport died, as Harry was never there to save them, because George had never saved Harry from drowning. Mary never married; when George says he is her husband, she screams for the police, causing George to flee and the local policeman to give chase.

text: George, now convinced that Clarence is really his guardian angel, runs back to the bridge and begs for his life back; the alternate timeline changes back to the original reality. George runs home to await his arrest. Mary and Uncle Billy arrive, having rallied the townspeople, who donate more than enough to cover the missing $8,000 and for Potter's warrant to be torn up. Harry arrives and toasts George. A bell on the Christmas tree rings, and his daughter recalls a story that says the sound means that an angel has just earned his wings, signifying Clarence's promotion.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Credited Cast

James Stewart as George Bailey
Donna Reed as Mary Hatch Bailey
Henry Travers as Clarence Odbody
Lionel Barrymore as Mr. Henry F. Potter
Thomas Mitchell as Uncle Billy Bailey
Beulah Bondi as Ma Bailey
Frank Faylen as Ernie Bishop, the cab driver
Ward Bond as Bert, the cop
Gloria Grahame as Violet Bick
H. B. Warner as Mr. Emil Gower
Todd Karns as Harry Bailey
Samuel S. Hinds as father Peter "Pop" Bailey
Lillian Randolph as Annie, maid
Frank Albertson as Sam Wainwright
Virginia Patton as Ruth Dakin Bailey, Harry's wife
Mary Treen as Cousin Tilly, employee
Charles Williams as Cousin Eustace, employee
Sarah Edwards as Mrs. Hatch, Mary's mother
William Edmunds as Mr. Giuseppe Martini
Argentina Brunetti as Mrs. Martini
Bobby Anderson as Little George Bailey
Ronnie Ralph as Little Sam Wainwright
Jean Gale as Little Mary Hatch
Jeanine Ann Roose[9] as Little Violet Bick
George Nokes as Little Harry Bailey
Danny Mummert as Little Marty Hatch
Sheldon Leonard as Nick, the bartender
Frank Hagney as Potter's mute aide
Charles Lane as Potter's rent collector
Jimmy Hawkins as Tommy Bailey
Karolyn Grimes as Zuzu Bailey
Larry Simms as Pete Bailey
Carol Coomes (AKA Carol Coombs) as Janie Bailey

Uncredited Cast

Charles Halton as Mr. Carter, bank examiner
J. Farrell MacDonald as the man whose grandfather planted the tree that George drives into
Harry Holman as Mr. Partridge, College teacher
Harold Landon as Marty Hatch, Mary's brother
Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer as Freddie (Mary's annoying high school suitor)
Mark Roberts as Mickey (student with the key to open up pool)
Max Wagner as Cashier/Bouncer at Nick's Bar
Dick Elliott as fat man on porch
Tom Fadden as Bridge Caretaker
Stanley Andrews as Mr. Welch, teacher's husband
Al Bridge as Sheriff with arrest warrant
Ellen Corby as Miss Davis
Marian Carr as Jane Wainwright, Sam's wifet[10]
Adriana Caselotti as the singer in Martini's Bar[11][N 2]
Joseph Granby as Angel Joseph (voice)
Moroni Olsen as the Senior Angel (voice)

text: The contention that James Stewart is often referred to as Capra's only choice to play George Bailey is disputed by film historian Stephen Cox, who indicates that "Henry Fonda was in the running."[12][13]

text: Although it was stated that Jean Arthur, Ann Dvorak and Ginger Rogers were all considered for the role of Mary before Donna Reed won the part, this list is also disputed by Cox as he indicates that Jean Arthur was first offered the part but had to turn it down for a prior commitment on Broadway before Capra turned to Olivia de Havilland, Martha Scott and Ann Dvorak. Ginger Rogers was offered the female lead, but turned it down because she considered it "too bland". In Chapter 26 of her autobiography Ginger: My Story, she questioned her decision by asking her readers: "Foolish, you say?"

text: A long list of actors were considered for the role of Potter (originally named Herbert Potter): Edward Arnold, Charles Bickford, Edgar Buchanan, Louis Calhern, Victor Jory, Raymond Massey, Vincent Price and even Thomas Mitchell.[13] However, Lionel Barrymore, who eventually won the role, was a famous Ebenezer Scrooge in radio dramatizations of A Christmas Carol at the time and was a natural choice for the role. Barrymore had also worked with Capra on his 1938 Best Picture Oscar winner, You Can't Take It with You.

text: H.B. Warner, who was cast as the drugstore owner Mr. Gower, actually studied medicine before going into acting. He was also in some of Capra's other films, including Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, Lost Horizon, You Can't Take It with You, and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington.[14] In the silent era, he had played the role of Jesus Christ in Cecil B. DeMille's The King of Kings (1927). The name Gower came from Capra's employer Columbia Pictures, which had been located on Gower Street for many years. Also on Gower Street was a drugstore that was a favorite for the studio's employees.[15]

text: Charles Williams, who was cast as Eustace Bailey, and Mary Treen, who was cast as Matilda "Tilly" Bailey, were both B-list actors, as they both had appeared in 90 films each before filming It's a Wonderful Life.[16]

text: Jimmy the raven (Uncle Billy's pet) appeared in You Can't Take It with You and each subsequent Capra film.[12][17]

text: Production[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: The original story "The Greatest Gift" was written by Philip Van Doren Stern in November 1939. After being unsuccessful in getting the story published, he decided to make it into a Christmas card, and mailed 200 copies to family and friends in December 1943.[18][N 3] The story came to the attention of RKO producer David Hempstead, who showed it to Cary Grant's Hollywood agent, and in April 1944, RKO Pictures bought the rights to the story for $10,000, hoping to turn the story into a vehicle for Grant.[20] RKO created three unsatisfactory scripts before shelving the planned movie, and Grant went on to make another Christmas movie staple, The Bishop's Wife.[N 4][22]

text: At the suggestion of RKO studio chief Charles Koerner, Frank Capra read "The Greatest Gift" and immediately saw its potential. RKO, anxious to unload the project, in 1945 sold the rights to Capra's production company, Liberty Films, which had a nine-film distribution agreement with RKO, for $10,000,[N 5] and threw in the three scripts for free.[18] Capra, along with writers Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, with Jo Swerling, Michael Wilson, and Dorothy Parker brought in to "polish" the script,[24] turned the story and what was worth using from the three scripts into a screenplay that Capra would rename It's a Wonderful Life.[18] The script underwent many revisions throughout pre-production and during filming.[25] Final screenplay credit went to Goodrich, Hackett and Capra, with "additional scenes" by Jo Swerling.

text: Seneca Falls, New York claims that when Frank Capra visited their town in 1945, he was inspired to model Bedford Falls after it. The town has an annual "It's a Wonderful Life festival" in December.[26] In mid-2009, The Hotel Clarence opened in Seneca Falls, named for George Bailey's guardian angel. On December 10, 2010, the "It's a Wonderful Life" Museum opened in Seneca Falls, with Karolyn Grimes, who played Zuzu in the movie, cutting the ribbon.[27]

text: Both James Stewart (from Indiana, Pennsylvania) and Donna Reed (from Denison, Iowa) came from small towns. Stewart's father ran a small hardware store where James worked for years. Reed demonstrated her rural roots by winning an impromptu bet with Lionel Barrymore when he challenged her to milk a cow on set.[28]

text: Filming[edit]

text: It's a Wonderful Life was shot at RKO Radio Pictures Studio in Culver City, California, and the 89 acre RKO movie ranch in Encino,[29] where "Bedford Falls" consisted of Art Director Max Ree's Oscar-winning sets originally designed for the 1931 epic film Cimarron that covered 4 acres (1.6 ha), assembled from three separate parts, with a main street stretching 300 yards (three city blocks), with 75 stores and buildings, and a residential neighborhood.[30] For It's a Wonderful Life Capra built a working bank set, added a tree-lined center parkway, and planted 20 full grown oak trees to existing sets.[31]

text: Pigeons, cats, and dogs were allowed to roam the mammoth set in order to give the "town" a lived-in feel.[17] Due to the requirement to film in an "alternate universe" setting as well as during different seasons, the set was extremely adaptable. RKO created "chemical snow" for the film in order to avoid the need for dubbed dialogue when actors walked across the earlier type of movie snow, made up of crushed cornflakes.[32] Filming started on April 15, 1946 and ended on July 27, 1946, exactly on deadline for the 90-day principal photography schedule.[21]

text: RKO's movie ranch in Encino, a filming location of "Bedford Falls", was razed in 1954.[N 6] There are only two surviving locations from the film. The first is the swimming pool that was unveiled during the famous dance scene where George courts Mary. It is located in the gymnasium at Beverly Hills High School and is still in operation as of 2013. The second is the "Martini home", in La Cañada Flintridge, California.[34]

text: During filming, in the scene where Uncle Billy gets drunk at Harry and Ruth's welcome home/newlyweds' party, George points him in the right direction home. As the camera focuses on George, smiling at his uncle staggering away, a crash is heard in the distance and Uncle Billy yells, "I'm all right! I'm all right!" Equipment on the set had actually been accidentally knocked over; Capra left in Thomas Mitchell's impromptu ad lib (although the "crashing" noise was augmented with added sound effects).

text: Dimitri Tiomkin had written "Death Telegram" and "Gower's Deliverance" for the drugstore scenes, but in the editing room Capra elected to go with no music for those scenes. Those changes, along with others, led to a falling out between Tiomkin and Capra. Tiomkin had worked on a lot of Capra's previous films, and was saddened that Capra decided to have the music pared or toned down, moved, or cut entirely. He felt as though his work was being seen as a mere suggestion. In his autobiography Please Don't Hate Me, he said of the incident, "an all around scissors job".[35]

text: The products and advertisements featured in Mr. Gower's drugstore include Coca-Cola, Paterson tobacco pipes, La Unica cigars, Camel cigarettes, Lucky Strike cigarettes, Chesterfield cigarettes, Sweet Caporal cigarettes (with a sign that says "Ask Dad he knows" that plays a role in the plot), Vaseline hair tonic, Penetro cough syrup, Pepto-Bismol, Bayer Aspirin ("for colds and influenza"), and The Saturday Evening Post.[36]

text: In an earlier draft of the script, the scene where George saves his brother Harry as a child was different. The scene had the boys playing ice hockey on the river (which is on Potter's property) as Potter watches with disdain. George shoots the puck, but it goes astray and breaks the "No Trespassing" sign and lands in Potter's yard. Potter becomes irate, and the gardener releases the attack dogs, which causes the boys to flee. Harry falls in the ice, and George saves him with the same results.[37]

text: Another scene that was in an earlier version of the script had young George visiting his father at his work. After George tells off Mr. Potter and closes the door, he considers asking Uncle Billy about his drugstore dilemma. Billy is talking on the phone to the bank examiner, and lights his cigar and throws his match in the wastebasket. This scene explains that Tilly (short for Matilda) and Eustace are both his cousins (not Billy's kids though), and Tilly is on the phone with her friend Martha and says, "Potter's here, the bank examiner's coming. It's a day of judgment." As George is about to interrupt Tilly on the phone, Billy cries for help and Tilly runs in and puts the fire out with a pot of coffee. George decides he is probably better off dealing with the situation by himself.[35]

text: Capra had filmed a number of sequences that were subsequently cut, the only remnants remaining being rare stills that have been unearthed.[38] A number of alternative endings were considered, with Capra's first script having Bailey falling to his knees reciting "The Lord's Prayer" (the script also called for an opening scene with the townspeople in prayer). Feeling that an overly religious tone did not have the emotional impact of the family and friends rushing to rescue George Bailey, the closing scenes were rewritten.[39][40][41]

text: Reception[edit]

text: It's a Wonderful Life premiered at the Globe Theatre in New York on December 20, 1946, to mixed reviews.[21] While Capra considered the contemporary critical reviews to be either universally negative or at best dismissive,[42] Time said, "It's a Wonderful Life is a pretty wonderful movie. It has only one formidable rival (Goldwyn's The Best Years of Our Lives) as Hollywood's best picture of the year. Director Capra's inventiveness, humor and affection for human beings keep it glowing with life and excitement."[43]

text: Bosley Crowther, writing for The New York Times, complimented some of the actors, including Stewart and Reed, but concluded that "the weakness of this picture, from this reviewer's point of view, is the sentimentality of it—its illusory concept of life. Mr. Capra's nice people are charming, his small town is a quite beguiling place and his pattern for solving problems is most optimistic and facile. But somehow they all resemble theatrical attitudes rather than average realities."[44]

text: The film, which went into general release on January 7, 1947, placed 26th ($3.3 million) in box office revenues for 1947[2] (out of more than 400 features released),[45] one place ahead of another Christmas film, Miracle on 34th Street. The film was supposed to be released in January 1947, but was moved up to December 1946 to make it eligible for the 1946 Academy Awards. This move was seen as worse for the film, as 1947 did not have quite the stiff competition as 1946. If it had entered the 1947 Awards, its biggest competition would have been Miracle on 34th Street. The number one grossing movie of 1947, The Best Years of Our Lives, made $11.5 million.[2]

text: The film recorded a loss of $525,000 at the box office for RKO.[46]

text: On May 26, 1947, the FBI issued a memo stating "With regard to the picture "It's a Wonderful Life", [redacted] stated in substance that the film represented rather obvious attempts to discredit bankers by casting Lionel Barrymore as a 'scrooge-type' so that he would be the most hated man in the picture. This, according to these sources, is a common trick used by Communists. [In] addition, [redacted] stated that, in his opinion, this picture deliberately maligned the upper class, attempting to show the people who had money were mean and despicable characters."[47][48]

text: In an interview with Michael Parkinson in 1973, Jimmy Stewart declared that out of all the movies he had made, It's a Wonderful Life was his favorite.

text: In 1990, It's a Wonderful Life was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry.

text: In 2002, Britain's Channel 4 ranked It's a Wonderful Life as the seventh greatest film ever made in its poll "The 100 Greatest Films" and in 2006, the film reached No. 37 in the same channel's "100 Greatest Family Films".

text: In June 2008, AFI revealed its 10 Top 10, the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres, after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. It's a Wonderful Life was acknowledged as the third-best film in the fantasy genre.[49][50]

text: Somewhat more iconoclastic views of the film and its content are occasionally expressed. In 1947, film critic Manny Farber wrote, "To make his points [Capra] always takes an easy, simple-minded path that doesn't give much credit to the intelligence of the audience", and adds that there are only a "few unsentimental moments here and there."[51][N 7] Wendell Jamieson, in a 2008 article for The New York Times which was generally positive in its analysis of the film, noted that far from being simply a sweet sentimental story, it "is a terrifying, asphyxiating story about growing up and relinquishing your dreams, of seeing your father driven to the grave before his time, of living among bitter, small-minded people. It is a story of being trapped, of compromising, of watching others move ahead and away, of becoming so filled with rage that you verbally abuse your children, their teacher and your oppressively perfect wife."[52]

text: In a 2010 Salon.com piece, Richard Cohen described It's a Wonderful Life as "the most terrifying Hollywood film ever made". In the "Pottersville" sequence, he wrote, George is not "seeing the world that would exist had he never been born", but rather "the world as it does exist, in his time and also in our own."[53] Nine years earlier, another Salon writer, Gary Kamiya, had expressed the opposing view that "Pottersville rocks!", adding, "The gauzy, Currier-and-Ives veil Capra drapes over Bedford Falls has prevented viewers from grasping what a tiresome and, frankly, toxic environment it is... We all live in Pottersville now."[54]

text: The film's elevation to the status of a beloved classic came decades after its initial release, when it became a television staple during Christmas season in the late 1970s. This came as a welcome surprise to Frank Capra and others involved with its production. "It's the damnedest thing I've ever seen," Capra told The Wall Street Journal in 1984. "The film has a life of its own now, and I can look at it like I had nothing to do with it. I'm like a parent whose kid grows up to be president. I'm proud... but it's the kid who did the work. I didn't even think of it as a Christmas story when I first ran across it. I just liked the idea."[55] In a 1946 interview, Capra described the film's theme as "the individual's belief in himself" and that he made it "to combat a modern trend toward atheism".[55]

text: The film's positive reception has continued into the present, and review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes currently reports a 94% "Certified Fresh" approval rating. The website's critical consensus reads, "The holiday classic to define all holiday classics, It's a Wonderful Life is one of a handful of films worth an annual viewing."[56]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Prior to the Los Angeles release of It's a Wonderful Life, Liberty Films mounted an extensive promotional campaign that included a daily advertisement highlighting one of the film's players, along with comments from reviewers. Jimmy Starr wrote, "If I were an Oscar, I'd elope with It's a Wonderful Life lock, stock and barrel on the night of the Academy Awards". The New York Daily Times offered an editorial in which it declared the film and James Stewart's performance to be worthy of Academy Award consideration.[57]

text: It's a Wonderful Life received five Academy Award nominations:[58]

text:
Award
Result
Nominee / Winner

Best Picture
Nominated
Frank Capra
Winner was Samuel Goldwyn - The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Director
Nominated
Frank Capra
Winner was William Wyler - The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Actor
Nominated
James Stewart
Winner was Fredric March - The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Film Editing
Nominated
William Hornbeck
Winner was Daniel Mandell - The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Sound Recording
Nominated
John Aalberg
Winner was John P. Livadary - The Jolson Story

Technical Achievement Award
Won
Russell Shearman and RKO Radio Studio Special Effects Dept.
For the development of a new method of simulating falling snow on motion picture sets.

text: It's a Wonderful Life won just the one Academy Award, in the Technical Achievement category for developing a new method of creating artificial snow.[59] Before It's a Wonderful Life, fake movie snow was mostly made from cornflakes painted white. And it was so loud when stepped on that any snow-filled scenes with dialogue had to be re-dubbed afterwards. RKO studio's head of special effects, Russell Sherman, developed a new compound, utilizing water, soap flakes, foamite and sugar.[60]

text: The Best Years of Our Lives, a drama about servicemen attempting to return to their pre-World War II lives, won most of the awards that year, including four of the five for which It's a Wonderful Life was nominated. (The award for "Best Sound Recording" was won by The Jolson Story.) The Best Years of Our Lives was also an outstanding commercial success, ultimately becoming the highest-grossing film of the decade, in contrast to the more modest initial box office returns of It's a Wonderful Life.[61]

text: It's a Wonderful Life received a Golden Globe Award:

text:
Award
Result
Winner

Best Director
Won
Frank Capra

text: Capra won the "Best Motion Picture Director" award from the Golden Globes, and a "CEC Award" from the Cinema Writers Circle in Spain, for Mejor Película Extranjera (Best Foreign Film). Jimmy Hawkins won a "Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award" from the Young Artist Awards in 1994; the award recognized his role as Tommy Bailey as igniting his career, which lasted until the mid-1960s.[62]

text: American Film Institute lists

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – 11
AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – 8
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:

Mr. Potter – No. 6 Villain
George Bailey – No. 9 Hero

AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Buffalo Gal (Won't You Come Out Tonight)" - Nominated[63]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"What is it you want, Mary? What do you want? You want the moon? Just say the word, and I'll throw a lasso around it and pull it down." - Nominated[64]
"To my big brother George, the richest man in town!" - Nominated[64]
"Look, Daddy. Teacher says, 'Every time a bell rings an angel gets his wings.'" - Nominated[64]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – No. 1
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No. 20
AFI's 10 Top 10 – No. 3 Fantasy Film

text: Release[edit]

text: Ownership and copyright issues[edit]

text: Ancillary rights[edit]

text: Liberty Films was purchased by Paramount Pictures, and remained a subsidiary until 1951. In 1955, M. & A. Alexander purchased the movie. This included key rights to the original television syndication, the original nitrate film elements, the music score, and the film rights to the story on which the film is based, "The Greatest Gift".[N 8] National Telefilm Associates (NTA) took over the rights to the film soon thereafter.

text: A clerical error at NTA prevented the copyright from being renewed properly in 1974.[66][67] Despite the lapsed copyright, television stations that aired it still were required to pay royalties. Although the film's images had entered the public domain, the film's story was still protected by virtue of it being a derivative work of the published story "The Greatest Gift", whose copyright was properly renewed by Philip Van Doren Stern in 1971.[68][69][N 9] The film became a perennial holiday favorite in the 1980s, possibly due to its repeated showings each holiday season on hundreds of local television stations. It was mentioned during the deliberations on the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998.[68][70]

text: In 1993, Republic Pictures, which was the successor to NTA, relied on the 1990 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Stewart v. Abend (which involved another Stewart film, Rear Window) to enforce its claim to the copyright. While the film's copyright had not been renewed, Republic still owned the film rights to "The Greatest Gift"; thus the plaintiffs were able to argue its status as a derivative work of a work still under copyright.[68][71] NBC, since 1996, is licensed to show the film on U.S. network television, and traditionally shows it twice during the holidays, with one showing on Christmas Eve. Paramount (via parent company Viacom's 1998 acquisition of Republic's then-parent, Spelling Entertainment) once again has distribution rights for the first time since 1955.[68][72]

text: Due to all the above actions, this is one of the few RKO films not controlled by Turner Entertainment/Warner Bros. in the USA. It is also one of two Capra films which Paramount owns despite not having originally released it—the other is Broadway Bill (originally from Columbia, remade by Paramount as Riding High in 1950).[68]

text: Colorization[edit]

text: Director Capra met with Wilson Markle about having Colorization, Inc., colorize It's a Wonderful Life based on an enthusiastic response to the colorization of Topper from actor Cary Grant.[73] The company's art director Brian Holmes prepared 10 minutes of colorized footage from It's a Wonderful Life for Capra to view, which resulted in Capra signing a contract with Colorization, Inc., and his "enthusiastic agree[ment] to pay half the $260,000 cost of colorizing the movie and to share any profits" and giving "preliminary approval to making similar color versions of two of his other black-and-white films, Meet John Doe (1941) and Lady for a Day (1933)".[73] However, the film was believed to be in the public domain at the time, and as a result Markle and Holmes responded by returning Capra's initial investment, eliminating his financial participation, and refusing outright to allow the director to exercise artistic control over the colorization of his films, leading Capra to join in the campaign against the process.[73]

text: Three colorized versions have been produced. The first was released by Hal Roach Studios in 1986. The second was authorized and produced by the film's permanent owner, Republic Pictures, in 1989. Both Capra and Stewart took a critical stand on the colorized editions.[74] The Hal Roach color version was re-released in 1989 to VHS through the cooperation of Video Treasures. A third colorized version was produced by Legend Films and released on DVD in 2007 with the approval of Capra's estate.[citation needed]

text: Home media[edit]

text: VHS[edit]

text: Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, when the film was still under public domain status, It's A Wonderful Life was released on VHS by a variety of home video companies. Among the companies that released the film on home video before Republic Pictures stepped in were Meda Video (which would later become Media Home Entertainment), Kartes Video Communications (under its Video Film Classics label), GoodTimes Home Video and Video Treasures (now Anchor Bay Entertainment). After Republic reclaimed the rights to the film, all unofficial VHS copies of the film in print were destroyed.[71] Artisan Entertainment (under license from Republic) took over home video rights in the mid-1990s. Artisan was later sold to Lions Gate Entertainment, which continued to hold US home video rights until late 2005 when they reverted to Paramount, who also owns video rights throughout Region 4 (Latin America and Australia) and in France. Video rights in the rest of the world are held by different companies; for example, the UK rights are with Universal Studios.

text: Technological first: CD-ROM[edit]

text: In 1993, due in part to the confusion of the ownership and copyright issues, Kinesoft Development, with the support of Republic Pictures, released It's a Wonderful Life as one of the first commercial feature-length films on CD-ROM for the Windows PC (Windows 3.1). Predating commercial DVDs by several years, it included such features as the ability to follow along with the complete shooting script as the film was playing.[75] [N 10]

text: Given the state of video playback on the PC at the time of its release, It's a Wonderful Life for Windows represented another first, as the longest running video on a computer. Prior to its release, Windows could only play back approx. 32,000 frames of video, or about 35 minutes at 15 frames per second. Working with Microsoft, Kinesoft was able to enhance the video features of Windows to allow for the complete playback of the entire film — all of this on a PC with a 486SX processor and only 8 MB of RAM.[76]

text: DVD and Blu-ray[edit]

text: The film has seen multiple DVD releases since the availability of the DVD format. In the autumn of 2001, Republic issued the movie twice, once in August, and again with different packaging in September of that same year. On October 31, 2006, Paramount released a newly restored "60th Anniversary Edition". On November 13, 2007, Paramount released a two-disc "special edition" DVD of the film that contained both the original theatrical black-and-white version, and a new, third colorized version, produced by Legend Films using the latest colorization technology. On November 3, 2009, Paramount released a DVD version with a "Collector's Edition Ornament", and a Blu-ray edition.

text: Adaptations in other media[edit]

text: The film was twice adapted for radio in 1947, first on Lux Radio Theater (March 10) and then on The Screen Guild Theater (December 29), then again on the Screen Guild Theater broadcast of March 15, 1951. James Stewart and Donna Reed reprised their roles for all three radio productions. Stewart also starred in the May 8, 1949 radio adaptation presented on the Screen Director's Playhouse.

text: A musical stage adaptation of the film, titled A Wonderful Life, was written by Sheldon Harnick and Joe Raposo. This version was first performed at the University of Michigan in 1986, but a planned professional production was stalled by legal wrangling with the estate of Philip Van Doren Stern. It was eventually performed in Washington, D.C. by Arena Stage in 1991, and had revivals in the 21st century, including a staged concert version in New York City in 2005 and several productions by regional theatres.

text: Another musical stage adaptation of the film, titled It's a Wonderful Life – The Musical, was written by Bruce Greer and Keith Ferguson. This version premiered at the Majestic Theatre, Dallas, Texas in 1998. It was an annual Christmas show at the theatre for five years. It has since been performed at venues all around the United States.[77]

text: The film was also adapted into a play in two acts by James W. Rodgers. It was first performed on December 15, 1993 at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School. The play opens with George Bailey contemplating suicide and then goes back through major moments in his life. Many of the scenes from the movie are only alluded to or mentioned in the play rather than actually dramatized. For example, in the opening scene Clarence just mentions George having saved his brother Harry after the latter had fallen through the ice.[78]

text: It's a Wonderful Life: A Live Radio Play, a stage adaptation presented as a 1940s radio show, was adapted by Joe Landry and has been produced around the United States since 1997. The script is published by Playscripts, Inc.

text: In 1997, PBS aired Merry Christmas, George Bailey, taped from a live performance of the 1947 Lux Radio Theatre script at the Pasadena Playhouse. The presentation, which benefited the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, featured an all-star cast including Bill Pullman as George, Nathan Lane as Clarence, Martin Landau as Mr. Potter, Penelope Ann Miller as Mary, and Sally Field as Mother Bailey.[79]

text: Philip Grecian's 2006 radio play based on the film It's a Wonderful Life is a faithful adaptation, now in its third incarnation, that has been performed numerous times by local theatres in Canada.[80]

text: In a June 2011 interview, John McDaniel told Saint Louis Magazine, "I'm in the throes of writing a musical version ... right now, working with Kathie Lee Gifford, who's doing the lyrics. I find we're mostly writing to character: Is it George, or the old guy who runs the bank? What do they want, what are they trying to do, what is the mood of that — is it staccato, are they agitated, is it a ballad?"[81]

text: The Last Temptation of Clarence Odbody is a novel written by John Pierson. The novel imagines the future lives of various characters if George had not survived his jump into the river.[82]

text: Potential sequel[edit]

text: A purported sequel was in development for a 2015 release, and was to be called It's a Wonderful Life: The Rest of the Story. It was to be written by Bob Farnsworth and Martha Bolton and follow the angel of George Bailey's daughter Zuzu (played once again by Karolyn Grimes), as she teaches Bailey's evil grandson how different the world would have been if he had never been born. Producers were considering directors and hoped to shoot the film with a $25–$35 million budget in Louisiana early in 2014.[83]

text: The film had been announced as being produced by Star Partners and Hummingbird Productions, neither of which are affiliated with Paramount, owners of the original film (Farnsworth claimed that It's a Wonderful Life was in the public domain). Later, a Paramount spokesperson claimed that they were not granting permission to make the film, "To date, these individuals have not obtained any of the necessary rights, and we would take all appropriate steps to protect those rights," the spokesperson said.[84] No further developmental plans have since arisen.

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: It's a Wonderful Life has been popularized in modern cultural references in many of the mainstream media. Due to the proliferation of these references, a few examples will suffice to illustrate the film's impact.

text:
The Sesame Street Muppets characters Bert and Ernie share their names with the cop and the taxicab driver in the film. Longtime Muppets writer and puppeteer Jerry Juhl said he believed there was no connection and that this was a coincidence.[85] The episode Elmo Saves Christmas (1996), which featured a clip from the film, pokes fun at the persistent reports of a connection, having them look at each other in disbelief as George calls Bert and Ernie by name.[85]
Stephen Jay Gould's book Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History takes its main title from the film. The book proposes that the evolution of life, rewound and replayed multiple times, would yield a different world each time, just as life without George Bailey is Pottersville, not Bedford Falls.
In "It's a Hopeful Life", the Christmas 2011 episode of Raising Hope, Jimmy dreams how life for his family would have been had his daughter Hope not been born, including separation for his parents, prostitution for Sabrina and accidental death for Maw Maw, the "Clarence" of this story. The episode's climax has Jimmy running down the main street, shouting "Merry Christmas, movie house!" In an odd coincidence, this is the second time Cloris Leachman has played the angel, having previously starred as Clara in the 1977 TV remake It Happened One Christmas.
In an episode of Mork & Mindy, after Mork disrupts one of Mindy's dates, he has Orson show what Mindy (and her family's) lives would have been had he not been a part of it. After seeing how their lives turned out, Mork begs Orson to return him to the real world. When Mindy recognizes him again, he exclaims, "Oh, it's a wonderful life!"
It's a Wonderful Life features prominently in the literature versions of the TV series of Red Dwarf by Grant Naylor, most notably the books Red Dwarf: Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers and Better Than Life. In Infinity, during his five-week love affair with Kristine Kochanski it is revealed that It's a Wonderful Life is the favorite film of Dave Lister. In the third and last part of the book, named Back to Earth (later used as the title for the Easter special return of Red Dwarf), under the influence of the Better Than Life game Lister ends up living in an exact replica of 1940s Bedford Falls, eternally stuck on Christmas Eve, and is even known to the townsfolk as "George". He also encounters a selection of the more notable supporting characters from the film, and references to film events and locations. In the beginning of the second book, Better Than Life, Lister's Bedford Falls is destroyed by Arnold Rimmer, whose mental state has become erratic. Unable to cope with good things happening to him, his mind begins to destroy the life of everyone around him, resulting in Bedford Falls altering to more closely resemble Pottersville.

text: Antecedent[edit]

text: In a 1997 review, film historian James Berardinelli commented on the parallels between this film and the classic Charles Dickens tale A Christmas Carol. In both stories, a man revisits his life and potential death (or non-existence) with the help of supernatural agents, culminating in a joyous epiphany and a renewed view of his life.[86]

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: The film was remade as the 1977 television movie It Happened One Christmas. Lionel Chetwynd based the screenplay on the original Van Doren Stern short story and the 1946 screenplay. This remake employed gender-reversal, with Marlo Thomas as the protagonist Mary Bailey, Wayne Rogers as George Hatch, and Cloris Leachman as the angel Clara Oddbody.[N 11] Leachman received her second Emmy nomination for this role. In a significant departure from his earlier roles, Orson Welles was cast as Mr. Potter.[N 12] Following initial positive reviews, the made-for-television film was rebroadcast twice in 1978 and 1979, but has not been shown since on national re-broadcasts, nor issued in home media.[N 13][87]

text: In 1991, another made-for-television film called Clarence starred Robert Carradine in a new tale of the helpful angel.[88][89]


document_title: TFI Friday

question_text: who sang it's your letters on tfi friday

question_tokens: who sang it 's your letters on tfi friday

root

text: TFI Friday

text: Format[edit]

text: The show regularly featured live music, mostly of the then-popular Britpop school. A snippet of "The Riverboat Song" by Ocean Colour Scene, a band particularly championed by Evans (and the very first band to play on the show, with the same song), was used as an introduction to guests, as they walked the length of a walkway up into the "bar" to be interviewed by the host.

tag: p

text: Viewers repeatedly asked if they could have the TFI Friday Mug (or one like it) that graced Evans' table every week so the production company created a limited run of 1,000 mugs which were offered for sale at a prohibitive price and for a limited period of time, after which, the remaining stock was destroyed live on air when a washing machine was dropped on to them from the height of the television studio.

text: Inspiration from/for other shows[edit]

text: During November and December 1999, the show included a segment titled "Someone's Going to Be a Millionaire!", inspired by the ITV game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (which would not have its first million pound winner until November 2000). TFI Friday paid out the promised £1 million jackpot on 24 December 1999, becoming the first British TV show to do so. Heavily inspired by David Letterman's Late Night show[2] it became one of Britain's breakthrough TV programmes, inspiring a genre of Friday night entertainment.

text: The show also was known for hosting many British rock bands from the "Britrock" stable at the time, including being able to successfully invite American bands onto the show while touring in the country.

text: Guest presenters[edit]

text: Channel 4 announced in the summer 2000, that the 6th series of TFI Friday was to be the last. Chris Evans left the show moments after Channel 4 announced their last series of TFI Friday, leaving the final series to be presented by a number of guest presenters.

text:
10 November 2000 – Spice Girls
17 November 2000 – Big Brother 1 contestants ("Nasty" Nick Bateman, Anna Nolan, Craig Phillips, Melanie Hill)
24 November 2000 – Davina McCall & Dermot O'Leary
1 December 2000 – Sara Cox
8 December 2000 – Donna Air & Huey Morgan
15 December 2000 – Davina McCall & Dermot O'Leary
22 December 2000 – Elton John

tag: ul

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Swearing[edit]

text: The show attracted controversy when Happy Mondays frontman Shaun Ryder said "fuck" several times. Following the first interview on the show in which he had used the word, he was not allowed to be interviewed live, then during a Stars in Their Eyes skit, Ryder performed (as Johnny Rotten) the Sex Pistols' "Pretty Vacant". The section was transmitted live, as it was not an interview. Ryder shouted "fuck" several times.[3] Subsequently, Ryder has been barred from appearing live on any Channel 4 programme – he is the only person listed by name in the Channel 4 transmission guidebook.[citation needed] Despite this, he reappeared for the live 20th Anniversary Special in June 2015.

text: In 1996, Ewan McGregor also said "fuck" on the show, when ranting about the Conservative Government of the time.[4] In the wake of Ryder and McGregor's antics, TFI Friday was forced to be pre-recorded. In episode 2 of the 2015 series, actor Nicholas Hoult was heard saying "oh fuck it" after Chris Evans asked him to play the trombone. Evans immediately apologised afterwards.

text: Car competition[edit]

text: The show gained more notoriety when as part of a competition, two children were forced to go head to head in a stare-out contest to win their parents a car. After the competition was won, the boy who had lost then started to cry, which caused the tabloids to pounce on the show believing it to be shameless. The next edition showed the boy with the consolation prize of an assortment of toys, an apparent attempt to mitigate controversy, but which was followed by another staring contest (this time for a speedboat), again ending with the losing child crying. The ITC gave Channel 4 a formal warning following these two incidents, and the competition feature never appeared again on the programme.[5][6] On the 2015 revival show, both losing children (now grown up) were invited back and given a free holiday to Barbados with their families. Chris Evans also took this opportunity to apologise for what they did to them, acknowledging that it should never have happened.

text: Revival[edit]

text: In September 2005, Evans announced that he would be returning the TFI Friday format to TV, with OFI Sunday airing on ITV. The first edition was broadcast on 20 November 2005, but was not as successful and quickly axed. On 30 July 2014, Evans announced during his BBC Radio 2 breakfast show that TFI Friday could be returning to Channel 4, after being asked to host a 20th anniversary special (despite the fact that it has only been 19 years) as well as a new series in 2015.[7] During Evans' BBC Radio 2 breakfast show on 24 February, he revealed that the show would be back on 12 June 2015 on Channel 4. The show aired from the Cochrane Theatre in Holborn following the demolition of the previous home at Riverside Studios.[8]

text: On 23 June 2015, it was confirmed that Channel 4 had commissioned a new series, which started airing on 16 October 2015, with U2 opening and closing the show.[9][10] On 7 July 2016, Channel 4 confirmed it has "no plans" to commission more episodes of TFI Friday.[11]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Date
Episode
Guest interview(s)
Performance(s)

16 October 2015
1
Amy Williams
Steve Coogan
Take That
U2
Saoirse Ronan
U2 ("Raised by Wolves")
Sound of the Siren ("Together Alone")
Take That ("Hey Boy")
Slaves ("The Hunter")
U2 ("Vertigo")

23 October 2015
2
Justin Bieber
Dawn French
Nicholas Hoult
Macklemore & Ryan Lewis ("Downtown")
Will Young ("Joy")
Hurts ("Some Kind of Heaven")
Foxes ("Better Love")
Justin Bieber ("What Do You Mean?")

30 October 2015
3
Noel Fielding
Cheryl Fernandez-Versini
David Haye
Adil Ray as Citizen Khan
Duran Duran
Duran Duran ("Pressure Off")
Foals ("What Went Down")
Andreya Triana ("Gold")
Eagles of Death Metal ("Complexity")
Duran Duran and Eagles of Death Metal ("Save a Prayer")

6 November 2015
4
Max Whitlock
Coldplay
Alexander Armstrong
Julianne Moore and Stanley Tucci
The Maccabees ("Something Like Happiness")
5 Seconds of Summer ("Hey Everybody!")
Benjamin Clementine ("Nemesis")
Coldplay ("Adventure of a Lifetime")

20 November 2015
Open Mic Night Special
5
Mark Ronson
Little Mix
Hozier ("Jackie and Wilson")
Lion Babe ("Where Do We Go")
Stereophonics ("Song for the Summer")
Jeff Lynne's ELO ("When I Was a Boy" and "Livin' Thing")

27 November 2015
6
Ronnie Wood
The Vamps
John Bishop
Ellie Goulding
The Vamps ("Rest Your Love")
Wolf Alice ("You're a Germ")
Jamie Lawson ("Wasn't Expecting That")
Ellie Goulding ("Something in the Way You Move")

4 December 2015
7
Kylie Minogue
Daniel Radcliffe
Lionel Richie
Mumford & Sons ("Tompkins Square Park")
Florence and the Machine ("Delilah")
Kylie Minogue ("Let It Snow")
Nathaniel Rateliff ("S.O.B.")

11 December 2015
8
Martin Freeman
Idris Elba
Sharleen Spiteri
Paul Heaton and Jacqui Abbott ("I Don't See Them")
James Bay ("Hold Back the River")
Rita Ora and Sigma ("Coming Home")
Wretch 32 and Tanika ("Murdah Loves John")

18 December 2015
Christmas Special
9
Alan Partridge
James Corden
Tom Jones
Jack Whitehall
Zig and Zag
Lee Mack
Tom Jones ("Take My Love (I Want to Give It)")
Lianne La Havas ("Unstoppable")
Bryan Adams ("Brand New Day")
Elle King ("Ex's & Oh's")

31 December 2015
New Year's Eve Special
10
Quentin Tarantino and Kurt Russell
Olly Murs
Will Poulter
Noel Fielding
AP McCoy
Olly Murs ("Kiss Me")
Florence and the Machine ("What Kind of Man")
The Vaccines ("Dream Lover")
Izzy Bizu ("White Tiger")
Sia ("Alive")

tag: table

text: The Open Mic Night special only featured the Open Mic performances in the repeat. Due to time restraints, none of the performances could be broadcast during the first broadcast, and were subsequently edited into the repeat (making the repeat 85 mins long instead of the usual 60). ELO's performance of "Livin' Thing" was also only broadcast during the repeat.

text: Regular features[edit]

text: Features on the show included:

text:
Freak or Unique – Every week, there would be five people waiting outside the studio, of whom three would be selected to show off a special if freakish talent (such as juicing an orange with their shoulders, or drinking milk which they then forced out of their tear ducts). A running gag throughout the run was the 'Incredibly Tall Old Lady' who would always be waiting outside the studio. She was never nominated (mainly because it was obviously an old woman standing on a box)
Baby Left Baby Right: A small child was placed on a cushion and the guest was asked which way it might fall
Fat lookalikes – People who looked like fat versions of celebrities which was then followed in later series by Asian lookalikes
What Does the Fat Bloke Do? – An overweight man was invited on set and asked about his occupation, before dancing and leaving
Comment from the Cafe – Evans would rope in Cedric (the proprietor of a local eatery) to perform various embarrassing skits. Cedric became famous for his catchphrase "Hellooooooooo!" and wooden acting
Ugly Blokes – Unattractive gentlemen would have the opportunity to turn down the amorous advances of a 'gorgeous girl' (Catalina Guirado). A photo of footballer Peter Beardsley was shown during the 'Ugly Bloke' theme tune
It's Your Letters – A wide assortment of viewers' letters (this was introduced by a burst of Reef's "Place Your Hands", re-recorded for the show with the words "It's Your Letters" replacing the original chorus of "Put your hands on").
Fishbowl Challenge: A goldfish in a bowl would have two toy bridges for company. Which would it swim under first?
Another running gag was directed at the show's producer, Will MacDonald (aka Wicked Will of MTV's Most Wanted fame), where everyone in the bar would point their fingers, begin to swivel them and chant 'Wiiillll' very creepily
Will: Pub Genius – Will MacDonald would demonstrate a trick that could be performed using tools commonly found in a pub
Wooden Bird with Purple Hair – Chris Evans would amuse the audience with a small nodding wooden woodpecker (with purple hair), that slid down a pole whilst an accompanying song was played.
The Lord of Love – The veteran actor Ronald Fraser dressed in a quilted smoking jacket would recite love poems to girls in the audience.
Wurthers – The shows cue card man. He became a frequent star of the show alongside Chris, during the last series of the show in which he was host. At the start of every show, they would both engage in telling a joke working alongside each other, with Wurthers finishing the joke with "I'm only joking of course!", with Chris then replying "He's only joking of course!". This became a frequent running gag before eventually fading out, with this being replaced with Chris sending Wurthers out on a task. The first and most memorable of these was sending him outside to look for a mini driver, while it was raining. Near the end of the show he found one and told her to say hello to the actor Minnie Driver, by waving at the camera who was at the same time being interviewed on the show with David Duchovny. The segment was originally a one-off, before being made a regular feature on the show.
Show Us Your Face Then – someone in a football mascot outfit is introduced to the audience and invited to show them their real face.
Sink or Swim – The studio audience (and viewers) were invited to speculate as to whether a chosen animal (e.g. a mouse or a snake) would sink or swim in a fishtank. To gasps of concern from the audience, the mouse turned out to be a good swimmer.

text: 2015 series[edit]

text:
Too good not to be on TV - Unheard of acts appear on the show performing their talents.
Slip and slide - Guests see who can go down the slip and slide the fastest.
Cute contest purely for ratings - A celebrity will judge which thing or person is the cutest out of a possible three.
Noah's killer question - Evans' son Noah asks a question in order to try and put them under pressure.
It's Your Letters – Viewers' letters read out. Introduced by Coldplay, who took over from Reef in episode 4.

text: Transmissions[edit]

text:
Series
Start date
End date
Episodes

1
9 February 1996
28 June 1996
17

2
13 September 1996
27 June 1997
41

3
5 September 1997
26 June 1998
41

4
4 September 1998
2 July 1999
41

5
10 September 1999
23 June 2000
41

6
10 November 2000
22 December 2000
7

Special
12 June 2015
1

7
16 October 2015
31 December 2015
10


document_title: List of equipment of the United States Army

question_text: what is the main rifle of the us army

question_tokens: what is the main rifle of the us army

text: Small Arms[edit]

text:
Model
Image
Caliber
Type
Origin
Details

Pistols

M9

9 x 19mm NATO
Pistol
 Italy
To be replaced by the Modular Handgun System[1][2]

M11

9 x 19mm NATO
Pistol
 Germany
  Switzerland
To be replaced through the Modular Handgun System program.[1][2]

M17

9 x 19mm NATO
Pistol
 Germany
Won the Modular Handgun System competition[3]

Submachine Guns

MP5

9 x 19mm NATO
Submachine gun
 Germany
Used in night operations, close quarters, hostage rescue, and escort

Rifles/Carbine

M16

5.56×45mm NATO
Assault rifle
 United States
Virtually universally phased out in favor of the M4, though in large service with the national guard.[4][5]

M4

5.56×45mm NATO
Carbine
 United States
Standard service rifle.[6][7]

HK416

5.56×45mm NATO
Assault rifle
 Germany
Used by Joint Special Operations Command

Shotguns

500 MILLS

12-gauge
Shotgun
 United States

M1014

12-gauge
Shotgun
 Italy

M26 MASS

12-gauge
Modular Accessory Shotgun System, Attaches to M4 or standalone
 United States

Machine Guns

M249

5.56×45mm NATO
Light machine gun
 United States
Belt-fed, but can be used with STANAG magazines[8][9]

M240

7.62×51mm NATO
General purpose machine gun
 United States
Belt-fed[10][11]

Browning M2

.50 BMG
Heavy machine gun
 United States
Mounted on vehicles or tripods.[12]

DMRs and Sniper Rifles

Mk 14 Enhanced Battle Rifle

7.62×51mm NATO
Designated marksman rifle
 United States

M110

7.62×51mm NATO
Sniper rifle
 United States
To be replaced by a version of the Heckler & Koch G28.[13]

M2010

.300 Winchester Magnum
Sniper rifle
 United States

M107

.50 BMG
Anti-materiel rifle, sniper rifle
 United States

Mk 20 SSR

7.62×51mm
Sniper rifle
 Belgium
 United States

Grenade-Based Weapons

Mk 19

40mm
Automatic grenade launcher
 United States
Belt-fed.[14][15]

M203

40mm
Grenade launcher
 United States
Single-shot underbarrel grenade launcher[16][17]

M320

40mm
Grenade launcher
 Germany
Single-shot underbarrel or stand-alone grenade launcher

M67

Fragmentation grenade
 United States

M18

Smoke grenade
 United States

M84

Flashbang
 United States

Portable Anti-Materiel Weapons

AT4

84mm
Anti-tank weapon
 Sweden

M141

83.5mm
Anti-fortification
 United States
Single-shot shoulder-launched weapon designed to defeat hardened structures. Based on the SMAW

M72 LAW

66mm
Anti-tank weapon
 United States

M3 MAAWS[18]

84x246mm R
Anti-tank recoilless rifle
 Sweden

BGM-71 TOW

Guided anti-tank missile
 United States

FGM-148 Javelin

Fire-and-forget anti-tank missile
 United States

FIM-92 Stinger

Anti-aircraft missile
 United States

text: Artillery[edit]

text:
Model
Image
Caliber
Origin
Numbers
Details

Mortars

M224[19][20]

60 mm
 United States
Unknown

M252[21][22]

81 mm
 United Kingdom
Unknown

M120[23][24]

120 mm
 Israel
Unknown

Howitzers

M109

155 mm self-propelled howitzer
 United States
950[25]
[26]

M777

155 mm gun-howitzer
 United Kingdom
~403[27]

M119

105 mm howitzer
 United Kingdom
392[citation needed]

Rocket Artillery

M270

 United States
857[28]
Armored, self-propelled, multiple rocket launcher

M142[29]

 United States
340[citation needed]
M270 pod mounted on a standard Army Medium Tactical Vehicle (MTV) truck frame

Air Defense

C-RAM

 United States
Unknown
Trailer-mounted version of the Phalanx CIWS

AN/TWQ-1 Avenger

 United States
~800[30]
Self-propelled surface-to-air missile system mounted on a HMMWV

MIM-104

 United States
1,100[31]
Mobile, long-range(by US standards) surface-to-air missile with anti-ballistic missile capability

text: Vehicles[edit]

text:
Name
Image
Origin
Quantity
Notes

MWV

HMMWV

 United States
160,000 (all services)[32][33]
Around 40% of those remaining in service are armored. The armored HMMWV's in service are to be replaced by the JLTV

Light Strike Vehicle

 United States
Unknown

Oshkosh L-ATV

 United States
53,582 (procurement objective)
Will part-replace the Humvee. Oshkosh Defense was awarded JLTV contract on 25 August 2015 for up to 16,901 JLTVs. Procurement objective is 53,582, 49,099 for the U.S. Army and 4,483 for the U.S. Marine Corps.[34]

RSOV

 United Kingdom
60 (delivered)

Trucks

M939 Truck

 United States
25,000[35]
Intention is to replace with the Oshkosh FMTV. Figures include National Guard and Air Force

FMTV

 United States
108,800 (delivered; FMTV trucks and companion trailers)
Oshkosh Defense - >23,400 trucks/>11,400 trailers (current manufacturer). 74,000 trucks and trailers by legacy manufacturers. Figures include National Guard and Air Force[35]

HEMTT

 United States
>27,000 (new build and remanufactured)[36]
Figures include National Guard and Air Force

Oshkosh HET

 United States
4,079 (delivered; not all remain in service)[37]
2,488 M1070A0 tractors and >2,600 M1000 trailers delivered of which at least 1,009 tractors and >1000 trailers have been Reset. 1,591 M1070A1 delivered. Figures include National Guard and Air Force.

Armoured Vehicles

M1 Abrams

 United States
2,384 active service[38]
Main battle tank. 1,593 M1A2SEPv2 and 791 M1A1 in active service. 3,500 M1 in storage[39]

M1120 Series

 United States
4,466[40]
Armored personnel carrier

M113

 United States
1,568 active duty[citation needed]
Armored personnel carrier

M1117

 United States
2,777[41]
Armored car

M2 Bradley

 United States
1,199 active
639 in reserve[42]
Infantry fighting vehicle

M3 Bradley

 United States
453 active
259 in reserve[43]
Reconnaissance vehicle

M88 Hercules

 United States
748[44]
Armored recovery vehicle

M9

 United States
~490[45]
Combat engineering vehicle

MRAPs

M-ATV

 United States
8,722 (delivered; all services)
Around 7,000 M-ATV are being retained, 5,651 of these (inc. 250 for SOCOM) by the Army. Oshkosh currently has a Reset contract in place[46]

Caiman

 United States
2,868 (delivered)[47]
No Caiman are being retained by the U.S. Army post-Afghanistan/Iraq. Caiman is based on a FMTV chassis. FMTV is now manufactured by Oshkosh[35]

Cougar H

Cougar HE

 United States
4,400 (est.)[48]
Post-Afghanistan/Iraq the U.S. Army is not retaining any Cougar MRAPs[48]

International MaxxPro

 United States
8,780 (all services)[48]
Army to retain 2,934 MaxxPro post-Afghanistan/Iraq.

RG-31

 South Africa
2,300 (est.) (all services)[48]
1,679 under MRAP procurement and 570 ONS Army; at least 894 Mk5E are required for conversion into MMPV Type II by the Army[48]

RG-33

RG-33L

 South Africa
2,386 (all services)[48]
712 will be retained by the Army as MMPV Type 1[48]

Buffalo

 United States
750[49]

text: Vehicle-mounted weapons[edit]

text:
The M240, MK 19, and M2 machine guns can be mounted on vehicles
The M134 Minigun, fires 7.62mm ammunition at 3,000 to 4,000 rpm.
The M3P Machine Gun, an M2 variant with a higher rate of fire mounted on the Avenger Humvee.
The GAU-19, a rotary gun that fires .50 caliber ammunition. Mounted on Humvees and helicopters.
The M230 Autocannon fires 30×113mm ammunition at a rate of 625 rounds per minute. It is mounted on the AH-64 Apache and UH-60 Black Hawk Direct Action Penetrator helicopters.[50]
The M242 Autocannon fires 25×137mm ammunition at a rate of 200 rounds per minute. It is one of the primary armaments of the Bradley Fighting Vehicle, and is one of a variety of anti-air and anti-surface naval armaments.[51]

text: Aircraft[edit]

text: The U.S. Army operates some fixed-wing aircraft and many helicopters.[52]

text:
Aircraft
Photo
Origin
Role
Version
Quantity
Note

Fixed-wing Aircraft

C-12 Huron

 USA
Cargo/Transport
C-12C

C-12D

C-12F

MC-12W
17

14

17

11[53]

C-26 Metroliner

 USA
Cargo/Transport
C-26E
11

C-31 Troopship

 Netherlands
Cargo/Transport
C-31A
2

Gulfstream C-37

 USA
Cargo/Transport
C-37A

C-37B
2

1

EO-5

 Canada
Reconnaissance
EO-5C
5[54]
Previously designated as RC-7B

RC-12 Huron

 USA
Reconnaissance
RC-12D

RC-12H

RC-12K

RC-12X
12

6

18

14[55]

Cessna UC-35

 USA
Utility aircraft
UC-35A

UC-35B
20

7

Helicopters

AH-6 Little Bird

 USA
Attack helicopter
MH/AH-6M
47

AH-64 Apache

 USA
Attack helicopter
AH-64D

AH-64E
756

CH-47 Chinook

 USA
Cargo helicopter
CH-47D

CH-47F
394

48

EH-60 Black Hawk

 USA
Electronic-warfare helicopter
EH-60A
64

MH-47 Chinook

 USA
Multi-mission helicopter
MH-47G
27

MH-60 Black Hawk

 USA
Multi-mission helicopter
MH-60K

MH-60L
23

35

TH-67 Creek

 USA
 Canada
Trainer helicopter
TH-67
180
To be retired by 2020.[56]

UH-60 Black Hawk

 USA
Utility helicopter
UH-60A

UH-60L

UH-60M
751

592

100[57][58]

1227 planned

UH-72 Lakota

 USA
 Europe
Utility helicopter
UH-72A
250
345 planned[59]

STOL

DHC-6 Twin Otter

 Canada
Utility STOL aircraft
UV-18A
6

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)

AeroVironment Switchblade

Attack UAV

RQ-11B Raven

Hand-launched UAV

Prioria Robotics Maveric

Hand-launched UAV

36
[60]

RQ-20A Puma

Hand-launched UAV

RQ-7B Shadow

Reconnaissance UAV

MQ-1C Warrior

Extended-Range Multi-Purpose (ERMP) UAV

132

text: Notes

text: Vessels[edit]

text: The Army still operates several vessels.[61]

text:
Name
Image
Type
Versions
Quantity

Watercraft

General Frank S. Besson Class

Logistics Support Vessel
2
8

Stalwart Class

Ocean Surveillance Ship

1

Runnymede Class

Landing Craft Utility

35

MGen. Nathanael Greene Class

Large Tug

6

text: Attire[edit]

text:
Current attire

Name
Pattern name(s)
Pattern
Image
Notes

Army Combat Uniform (ACU)
Universal Camouflage Pattern
or
MultiCam

The ACU uses a new military camouflage pattern called the Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP), which blends green, tan, and gray to work effectively in desert, woodland, and urban environments. The color scheme of the Army Combat Uniform is composed of a slate gray, desert sand and foliage green pixel pattern, which becomes darker or lighter depending on exposure to sunlight.
Soldiers operating in Afghanistan are issued an ACU with the more appropriate "MultiCam" pattern.[62]

Army Aircrew Combat Uniform (A2CU)
Universal Camouflage Pattern

A2CU replaces the Improved Aviation Battle Dress Uniform

Physical Fitness Uniform

text: The standard garrison service uniform is known as "Army Greens" or "Class-As". The "Army Blue" uniform, is currently the Army's formal dress uniform, but in 2009, it will replace the Army Green and the Army White uniforms (a uniform similar to the Army Green uniform, but worn in tropical postings) and will become the new Army Service Uniform, which will function as both a garrison uniform (when worn with a white shirt and necktie) and a dress uniform (when worn with a white shirt and either a necktie for parades or a bow tie for "after six" or "black tie" events). The Patrol Cap is worn with the ACU for garrison duty; and the beret with the Army Service Uniform for non-ceremonial functions. The Army Blue Service Cap, is allowed for wear by any soldier ranked CPL or above at the discretion of the commander.

text: Body armor in all units is the Improved Outer Tactical Vest , which is now being supplemented with the lightweight Modular Body Armor Vest and Soldier Plate Carrier System. Head protection is provided by the Advanced Combat Helmet and Modular Integrated Communications Helmet, which are being replaced in deployed units by the Enhanced Combat Helmet.

text: Field equipment[edit]

text: Modular sleep system[edit]

text: The Modular Sleep System (MSS) is a sleeping bag kit used by the United States Army and manufactured by Tennier Industries. It consists of a camouflaged, waterproof, breathable bivy cover, a lightweight patrol sleeping bag, and an intermediate cold-weather sleeping bag (note that the color differs depending on the vintage of the gear). Compression sacks are included to store and carry the system. The MSS is available in a variety of camouflage patterns. The patrol bag provides weather protection from 35–50 °F (2–10 °C). The intermediate bag provides cold weather protection from −5–35 °F (−21–2 °C). Combining the patrol bag and intermediate bags provides extreme cold weather protection in temperatures as low as −30 °F (−34 °C). The bivy cover can be used with each of three MSS configurations (patrol, intermediate, or combined) to provide environmental protection from wind and water. The sleeping bags are made of ripstop nylon fabrics and continuous-filament polyester insulation; the camouflage bivy cover is made with waterproof, breathable, coated or laminated nylon fabric; the compression sacks are made with water-resistant and durable nylon fabrics.[63]

text: This section incorporates work from https://peosoldier.army.mil/newpeo/Equipment/Temp.asp?id=CIE_SS, which is in the public domain as it is a work of the United States Military.


document_title: Dirty Work (Steely Dan song)

question_text: who sings lead on steely dan dirty work

question_tokens: who sings lead on steely dan dirty work

text: Dirty Work (Steely Dan song)

text: Lyrics and music[edit]

text: Steely Dan FAQ author Anthony Robustelli describes "Dirty Work" as a "song of self-loathing."[1] The lyrics describe an affair between a man and a married woman, sung by the man.[2] The Guardian describes the narrative as soap operatic.[3] The singer recognizes that the woman is using him but is too infatuated to end the affair.[3][4] The lyrics make an oblique reference to the game of chess, which was a hobby of Becker's.[4] Several critics have described the music of "Dirty Work" as more commercial-sounding than most Steely Dan songs.[2][4] The Guardian says that it sounds like "a radio-friendly stroll of a song," at least at first.[3] Allmusic critic Stewart Mason attributes this in part to the "upward-modulating" refrain and "soulful" clavinet, as well as the tenor saxophone part played by guest musician Jerome Richardson.[2] Steely Dan biographer Brian Sweet describes Richardson's sax solo as being "perfectly understated."[4]

text: "Dirty Work" is one of the songs on Can't Buy a Thrill on which David Palmer provided the lead vocal.[2][4][1] Steely Dan biographer Brian Sweet hypothesizes that Fagen did not want to sing the song himself because he and Becker did not even want to include it on the album.[4] But the executives at ABC Records wanted some more conventional tunes on the album and so they insisted that "Dirty Work" be included.[4] The ABC executives had also thought the song would be ideal for Three Dog Night or The Grass Roots to record.[4] After Palmer left the group, Steely Dan ceased playing the song live in concert, but revived it in 2006 with their trio of female backing vocalists singing it and the perspective changed to that of a woman having an affair with a married (or attached) man.[2]

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Donald Fagen – Wurlitzer electric piano, hammond organ and backup vocals
Denny Dias – acoustic guitar
Jeff Baxter – electric guitar
Walter Becker – bass guitar
Jim Hodder – drums, backup vocals
David Palmer – lead vocals
Jerome Richardson – tenor saxophone
Snooky Young – flugelhorn

text: Reception[edit]

text: Allmusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine described "Dirty Work" as a "terrific pop song that subvert[s] traditional conventions" and is one of the best songs on Can't Buy a Thrill.[5] Musichound author Gary Graff referred to it as being "instantly memorable."[6] Rolling Stone Magazine critic James Isaacs attributes the song's success to the fact that it "juxtaposes David Palmer's sweet tenor voice with misogynistic lyrics."[7] Robustelli similarly agrees that part of the song's effect is due to the contrast between Palmer's smooth voice and the harsh lyrics.[1] "Dirty Work" was included on several Steely Dan compilation albums, including Citizen Steely Dan in 1993, Showbiz Kids: The Steely Dan Story, 1972–1980 in 2000 and Steely Dan: The Definitive Collection in 2006.[2] Seguin Gazette-Enterprise writer J.J. Syrja expressed surprise that it was excluded from their 1978 compilation package Greatest Hits.[8]

text: The song was used in the first episode of season 3 of The Sopranos, “Mr. Ruggerio's Neighborhood,” as Tony Soprano sings it while driving his SUV.[1][9] The song was also used in the 2013 film American Hustle, although Fagen and Becker did not give permission for it to be included on the soundtrack album.[1]

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: Iain Matthews covered "Dirty Work" on his 1974 album Some Days You Eat the Bear and Some Days the Bear Eats You.[10][11] Allmusic critic Brett Haretnbach described it as a "now-classic tune" well suited to Matthews' voice.[10] The Herald writer Tom Van Malder described it as a "standout."[11] The Pointer Sisters included it on their 1978 album Energy.[8][12] Syrja called it an "intelligent" choice for the album.[8]


document_title: Von Willebrand factor

question_text: what is the function of von willebrand factor

text: Von Willebrand factor

text: Biochemistry[edit]

text: Synthesis[edit]

text: vWF is a large multimeric glycoprotein present in blood plasma and produced constitutively as ultra-large vWF in endothelium (in the Weibel-Palade bodies), megakaryocytes (α-granules of platelets), and subendothelial connective tissue.[5]

text: Structure[edit]

text: The basic vWF monomer is a 2050-amino acid protein. Every monomer contains a number of specific domains with a specific function; elements of note are:[5]

text:
the D'/D3 domain, which binds to factor VIII (Von Willebrand factor type D domain)
the A1 domain, which binds to:

platelet GPIb-receptor
heparin
possibly collagen

the A2 domain, which must partially unfold to expose the buried cleavage site for the specific ADAMTS13 protease that inactivates vWF by making much smaller multimers. The partial unfolding is affected by shear flow in the blood, by calcium binding, and by the lump of a sequence-adjacent "vicinal disulfide" at the A2-domain C-terminus.[6][7]
the A3 domain, which binds to collagen (Von Willebrand factor type A domain)
the C1 domain, in which the RGD motif binds to platelet integrin αIIbβ3 when this is activated (Von Willebrand factor type C domain)
the "cystine knot" domain (at the C-terminal end of the protein), which vWF shares with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) and β-human chorionic gonadotropin (βHCG, of pregnancy test fame). (Von Willebrand factor type C domain)

text: Monomers are subsequently N-glycosylated, arranged into dimers in the endoplasmic reticulum and into multimers in the Golgi apparatus by crosslinking of cysteine residues via disulfide bonds. With respect to the glycosylation, vWF is one of only a few proteins that carry ABO blood group system antigens.[5]

text: Multimers of vWF can be extremely large, >20,000 kDa, and consist of over 80 subunits of 250 kDa each. Only the large multimers are functional. Some cleavage products that result from vWF production are also secreted but probably serve no function.[5]

text: Function[edit]

text: Von Willebrand factor's primary function is binding to other proteins, in particular factor VIII, and it is important in platelet adhesion to wound sites.[5] It is not an enzyme and, thus, has no catalytic activity.

text: vWF binds to a number of cells and molecules. The most important ones are:[5]

text:
Factor VIII is bound to vWF while inactive in circulation; factor VIII degrades rapidly when not bound to vWF. Factor VIII is released from vWF by the action of thrombin. In the absence of vWF, factor VIII has a half-life of 1-2 hours; when carried by intact vWF, factor VIII has a half-life of 8-12 hours.
vWF binds to collagen, e.g., when it is exposed in endothelial cells due to damage occurring to the blood vessel. Endothelium also releases vWF which forms additional links between the platelets' glycoprotein Ib/IX/V and the collagen fibrils
vWF binds to platelet gpIb when it forms a complex with gpIX and gpV; this binding occurs under all circumstances, but is most efficient under high shear stress (i.e., rapid blood flow in narrow blood vessels, see below).
vWF binds to other platelet receptors when they are activated, e.g., by thrombin (i.e., when coagulation has been stimulated).

text: vWF plays a major role in blood coagulation. Therefore, vWF deficiency or dysfunction (von Willebrand disease) leads to a bleeding tendency, which is most apparent in tissues having high blood flow shear in narrow vessels. From studies it appears that vWF uncoils under these circumstances, decelerating passing platelets.[5] Recent research also suggests that von Willebrand factor is involved in the formation of blood vessels themselves, which would explain why some people with von Willebrand disease develop vascular malformations (predominantly in the digestive tract) that can bleed excessively.[8]

text: Catabolism[edit]

text: The biological breakdown (catabolism) of vWF is largely mediated by the enzyme ADAMTS13 (acronym of "a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 motif no. 13"). It is a metalloproteinase that cleaves vWF between tyrosine at position 842 and methionine at position 843 (or 1605–1606 of the gene) in the A2 domain. This breaks down the multimers into smaller units, which are degraded by other peptidases.[9]

text: Role in disease[edit]

text: Hereditary or acquired defects of vWF lead to von Willebrand disease (vWD), a bleeding diathesis of the skin and mucous membranes, causing nosebleeds, menorrhagia, and gastrointestinal bleeding. The point at which the mutation occurs determines the severity of the bleeding diathesis. There are three types (I, II and III), and type II is further divided in several subtypes. Treatment depends on the nature of the abnormality and the severity of the symptoms.[10] Most cases of vWD are hereditary, but abnormalities of vWF may be acquired; aortic valve stenosis, for instance, has been linked to vWD type IIA, causing gastrointestinal bleeding - an association known as Heyde's syndrome.[11]

text: In thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), ADAMTS13 either is deficient or has been inhibited by antibodies directed at the enzyme. This leads to decreased breakdown of the ultra-large multimers of vWF and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia with deposition of fibrin and platelets in small vessels, and capillary necrosis. In TTP, the organ most obviously affected is the brain; in HUS, the kidney.[12]

text: Higher levels of vWF are more common among people that have had ischemic stroke (from blood-clotting) for the first time.[13] Occurrence is not affected by ADAMTS13, and the only significant genetic factor is the person's blood group. High plasma vWF levels were found to be an independent predictor of major bleeding in anticoagulated atrial fibrillation patients.[14]

text: History[edit]

text: vWF is named after Dr. Erik von Willebrand (1870–1949), a Finnish doctor who in 1924 first described a hereditary bleeding disorder in families from the Åland islands, who had a tendency for cutaneous and mucosal bleeding, including menorrhagia. Although von Willebrand could not identify the definite cause, he distinguished von Willebrand disease (vWD) from hemophilia and other forms of bleeding diathesis.[15]

text: In the 1950s, vWD was shown to be caused by a plasma factor deficiency (instead of being caused by platelet disorders), and, in the 1970s, the vWF protein was purified.[5]

text: Interactions[edit]

text: Von Willebrand factor has been shown to interact with Collagen, type I, alpha 1.[16]

text: Recently, It has been reported that the cooperation and interactions within the Von Willebrand factors enhances the adsorption probability in the primary haemostasis. Such cooperation is proven by calculating the adsorption probability of flowing vWF once it crosses another adsorbed one. Such cooperation is held within a wide range of shear rates.[17]


document_title: List of Chief Ministers of Gujarat

question_text: who is the current chief minister of gujrat

text: List of Chief Ministers of Gujarat

text:
Chief Minister of Gujarat

Incumbent
Vijay Rupani
since 7 August 2016

Appointer
Governor of Gujarat

Inaugural holder
Jivraj Narayan Mehta

Formation
1 May 1960

text: The Chief Minister of Gujarat is the chief executive of the western Indian state of Gujarat. As per the Constitution of India, the governor is a state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the Gujarat Legislative Assembly, the state's governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.[1]

text: Gujarat was created on 1 May 1960, composed of the Gujarati-speaking districts of Bombay State. Since then sixteen people have served as its chief minister including inaugural office-holder Jivraj Narayan Mehta, one of several Indian National Congress members to serve in the role. Gujarat's longest-serving chief minister is Narendra Modi of the Bharatiya Janata Party, who served for twelve and a half years from 2001 to 2014. After Modi resigned to become the 15th and current Prime Minister of India, his party-mate Anandiben Patel became the state's first woman chief minister. The incumbent chief minister is the BJP's Vijay Rupani, who has served since 7 August 2016.

text: Chief Ministers of Gujarat[edit]

text:
Colour key for parties

  Bharatiya Janata Party
  Indian National Congress
  Janata Dal, Janata Dal (Gujarat)
  Janata Front
  Janata Party
  Rashtriya Janata Party
  N/A (President's rule)

text:
No[a]
Name
Term of office[2]
Party[b]
Days in office
Assembly[3]
Ref

1
Jivraj Narayan Mehta
Amreli
1 May 1960
3 March 1962
Indian National Congress

1238 days
First (1960–61)
[4]

3 March 1962
19 September 1963
Second (1962–66)
[5]

2
Balwantrai Mehta
Bhavnagar
19 September 1963
19 September 1965
733 days

3
Hitendra Kanaiyalal Desai
Olpad
19 September 1965
3 April 1967
2062 days

3 April 1967
12 May 1971
Third (1967–71)
[6]

–
Vacant[c]
(President's rule)
13 May 1971
17 March 1972
N/A

Dissolved

4
Ghanshyam Oza
Dehgam
17 March 1972
17 July 1973
Indian National Congress

488 days
Fourth (1972–74)
[8]

5
Chimanbhai Patel
Sankheda
17 July 1973
9 February 1974
207 days

–
Vacant[c]
(President's rule)
9 February 1974
18 June 1975
N/A

Dissolved

6
Babubhai J. Patel
Sabarmati
18 June 1975
12 March 1976
Janata Front
(INC (O) + BJS + BLD + SP)

211 days
Fifth (1975–80)
[9]

–
Vacant[c]
(President's rule)
12 March 1976
24 December 1976
N/A

7
Madhav Singh Solanki
Bhadran
24 December 1976
10 April 1977
Indian National Congress

108 days

(6)
Babubhai J. Patel
Sabarmati
11 April 1977
17 February 1980
Janata Party

1042 days
(Total: 1253 days)

–
Vacant[c]
(President's rule)
17 February 1980
6 June 1980
N/A

Dissolved

(7)
Madhav Singh Solanki
Bhadran
7 June 1980
10 March 1985
Indian National Congress

1856 days
Sixth (1980–85)
[10]

11 March 1985
6 July 1985
Seventh (1985–90)
[11]

8
Amarsinh Chaudhary
Vyara (ST)
6 July 1985
9 December 1989
1618 days

(7)
Madhav Singh Solanki
Bhadran
10 December 1989
3 March 1990
85 days
(Total: 2049 days)

(5)
Chimanbhai Patel
Unjha
4 March 1990
25 October 1990
JD + BJP

1445 days
(Total: 1652 days)
Eighth (1990–95)
[12]

25 October 1990
17 February 1994
JD(G) + INC

9
Chhabildas Mehta
Mahuva
17 February 1994
13 March 1995
Indian National Congress

391 days

10
Keshubhai Patel
Visavadar
14 March 1995
21 October 1995
Bharatiya Janata Party

221 days
Ninth (1995–98)
[13]

11
Suresh Mehta
Mandvi
21 October 1995
19 September 1996
334 days

–
Vacant[c]
(President's rule)
19 September 1996
23 October 1996
N/A

12
Shankersinh Vaghela
Radhanpur
23 October 1996
27 October 1997
Rashtriya Janata Party

370 days

13
Dilip Parikh
Dhandhuka
28 October 1997
4 March 1998
128 days

(10)
Keshubhai Patel
Visavadar
4 March 1998
6 October 2001
Bharatiya Janata Party

1312 days
(Total: 1533 days)
Tenth (1998–2002)
[14]

14
Narendra Modi
Maninagar
7 October 2001
22 December 2002
4610 days

22 December 2002
22 December 2007
Eleventh (2002–07)
[15]

23 December 2007
20 December 2012
Twelfth (2007–12)
[16]

20 December 2012
22 May 2014
Thirteenth (2012–17)
[17]

15
Anandiben Patel
Ghatlodia
22 May 2014
7 August 2016
808 days

16
Vijay Rupani
Rajkot West
7 August 2016
26 December 2017
508 days

26 December 2017
Incumbent
Fourteenth
(2017-)

[18]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ A number inside brackets indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.
Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he headed may have been a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e President's rule may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.[7]

tag: ol

text:
Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. 1960. 20th Edition, 2011 Reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9. Note: although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Gujarat as well.
Jump up ^ Chief Ministers of Gujarat. Gujarat Vidhan Sabha. Retrieved on 18 December 2012.
Jump up ^ List of Duration of Sessions (1 to 12 Vidhansabha) and sittings of Gujarat Legislative Assembly. Gujarat Vidhan Sabha. Retrieved on 18 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Amberish K. Diwanji. "A dummy's guide to President's rule". Rediff.com. 15 March 2005.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 1975, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 1980, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 1985, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 1990, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 1995, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 1998, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Key Highlights of General Election, 2002, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 2007, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on General Election, 2012, to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat". Election Commission of India. Retrieved on 23 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "BJP retains Vijay Rupani as CM in Gujarat, but is undecided in Himachal Pradesh". The Indian Express. 2017-12-23. Retrieved 2017-12-23.

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Chief Ministers of Gujarat

Jivraj Narayan Mehta
Balwantrai Mehta
Hitendra Kanaiyalal Desai
Ghanshyam Oza
Chimanbhai Patel
Babubhai J. Patel
Madhav Singh Solanki
Amarsinh Chaudhary
Chhabildas Mehta
Keshubhai Patel
Suresh Mehta
Shankersinh Vaghela
Dilip Parikh
Keshubhai Patel
Narendra Modi
Anandiben Patel
Vijay Rupani

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Lists of chief ministers of Indian states (and current incumbents)

Andhra Pradesh

N. Chandrababu Naidu

Arunachal Pradesh

Pema Khandu

Assam

Sarbananda Sonowal

Bihar

Nitish Kumar

Chhattisgarh

Raman Singh

Delhi

Arvind Kejriwal

Goa

Manohar Parrikar

Gujarat

Vijay Rupani

Haryana

Manohar Lal Khattar

Himachal Pradesh

Jai Ram Thakur

Jammu and Kashmir

Mehbooba Mufti

Jharkhand

Raghubar Das

Karnataka

Siddaramaiah

Kerala

Pinarayi Vijayan

Madhya Pradesh

Shivraj Singh Chouhan

Maharashtra

Devendra Fadnavis

Manipur

N. Biren Singh

Meghalaya

Mukul Sangma

Mizoram

Lal Thanhawla

Nagaland

T. R. Zeliang

Odisha

Naveen Patnaik

Puducherry

V. Narayanasamy

Punjab

Amarinder Singh

Rajasthan

Vasundhara Raje

Sikkim

Pawan Kumar Chamling

Tamil Nadu

Edappadi K. Palaniswami

Telangana

K. Chandrasekhar Rao

Tripura

Manik Sarkar

Uttar Pradesh

Yogi Adityanath

Uttarakhand

Trivendra Singh Rawat

West Bengal

Mamata Banerjee

Women chief ministers
From the Bharatiya Janata Party
From the Communist Party of India (Marxist)

text: Lists of Chief Ministers of Indian statesChief Ministers of GujaratGujarat-related lists

text: Use dmy dates from February 2016Use Indian English from February 2016All Wikipedia articles written in Indian EnglishUse dmy dates from April 2015