document_title: Charlotte Drake

question_text: who is charles off of pretty little liars

question_tokens: who is charles off of pretty little liars

text: Charlotte Drake

text: Casting[edit]

text: It was reported that Vanessa Ray was cast to portray CeCe Drake, who was later known to be Charlotte DiLaurentis.[8][9] When Ray was announced to start filming again for Pretty Little Liars fourth season, she spoke about returning saying, “It's so fun to do, and what a crazy character I get to play. She's sort of a sociopath. I think she's so weird because she's, like, 22 but hangs out with high-schoolers. It's like, 'Hey, girl! Get a life!'”[10]

text: Development[edit]

text: CeCe Drake was characterized as a “beyond-charismatic twenty-something blonde stylist at a boutique that has one heel in the present, one in the past.”[11] Pretty Little Liars executive producer Oliver Goldstick told TVLine that she “schooled Alison in the wicked ways of the world… She taught her everything she knows!”[8] Drake's personality is described as the sociopathic qualities: controlling, charming, seductive, dominant, and extremely intelligent.[9][12] The girls believe CeCe is “a lot” like Alison. Much like Alison, she is closest to Spencer.[13] CeCe was also described as “off-the-wall, self-centered, bizarre fashionista.”[10]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: The character makes her first appearance in this season, during the episode "UnmAsked", as the stranger in a red bathrobe who pays a visit to Mona Vanderwaal following her admission to Radley Sanitarium.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: In "Blood Is The New Black", Red Coat is seen buying black hoodies and gloves for her team members. The store owner says to the then mysterious entity: "So, are you buying this for a team?".

text: During "Kingdom of the Blind", Big A pours herself a drink as she is making another necklace, and puts the vodka bottle in the freezer next to a bodybag.

text: In "Birds of a Feather", Big A is at the airport hacking the system of Radley Sanitarium in order to allow Mona having visitors.

text: During "That Girl is Poison", Big A goes through Maya's purse, finding different items belonging to Maya St. Germain.

text: In "The Remains of the A", Big A looks at rooms for rent in the newspaper and calls a number, ready to officially move to Rosewood.

text: CeCe Drake makes her first official appearance in "Crazy". The girls mistake her for Alison due to their physical similarities.[14] CeCe spent what was described as an "intense" summer with Alison DiLaurentis in Cape May, New Jersey, prior to her disappearance.[8][14] She previously dated Jason DiLaurentis[8][9][14] and broke up with him the day after Alison went missing. Jason blames CeCe for the way Ali acted.[9] When Emily and Nate are looking for something he wanted to purchase Jenna Marshall for her birthday, CeCe could tell Emily disfavored his interest on Jenna and assumed she had feelings for Nate. Thus, she steals Jenna's contact from Emily's cell phone, and prank dials Marshall to state she was Nate's girlfriend, and wanted Jenna to back off. Emily is frightened, but CeCe deduces she's grateful. At the end of the episode, Big A picks up a recorder which was in one of the dolls at Radley, that recorded the conversation between Mona, Aria and Hanna.

text: In "Stolen Kisses", Big A collects a large sum of money from the bank.

text: During "The Kahn Game", CeCe reveals to Spencer and Aria that she was a student at UPenn and invites them to a frat party, promising Spencer that someone from UPenn admissions would be attending.[15] Later, CeCe challenges Erik Kahn to a game of "Truth or Dare".[15] At the end of the episode, A receives a key from a cat obsessed woman to the "unit A".

text: In "What Lies Beneath", Charlotte watches the news as she's hanging up black hoodies and moving boxes. On one of them, it is written the name "Hopkins", which is the first hospital that had done a sex change surgery.

text: During "Single Fright Female", CeCe is seen posting something at the front of the school when Spencer asks her what she's doing. CeCe tells her she's trying to spread the word about a fashion show. Once they catch a glimpse of Paige and Emily arriving to school, CeCe reveals to Spencer that her and Paige had a feud between the two over Emily Fields in which CeCe referred to Paige as "Pig Skin".[16] In a flashback, CeCe and Alison talk in her car, and Alison tells her about how she'd set up Paige by writing her a love letter, pretending to be Emily. CeCe says she's proud of her. When Paige appears for the setup, Alison confronts her and threatens to tell her father, who is the deacon at the church. Paige screams at Alison to give her the note back, but Alison says that she owns her now. CeCe gleefully speeds away from the scene with Alison. CeCe proceeds to admit that she believed Alison was afraid of Paige.[16] Later, Spencer helps her out at the boutique and [16] CeCe saves her from a snake attack in one of the dressing rooms.[16] At the end of the episode, Big A plays on the jukebox as she hands over a key to another black-gloved A.

text: In "Out of the Frying Pan, Into the Inferno", CeCe remembers the photo of Ali and Cece bonding with lobsters in Cape May, NJ that Emily shows her, but she confesses to never really knowing who "beach hottie" was. CeCe stated "Honestly, there were so many hotties down there that summer". A flashback later showcases Alison visiting CeCe at Annie's Crab Shack to inform her that her period was late. CeCe then states to Emily that she was wearing protection but "not all the time".[17][18] Ali comes to see her at Annie's Crab Shack and tells her she's late ... like two weeks late. She was using protecting, "just not all the time."[17] At the end of the episode, A is sporting her Red Coat disguise in her lair whilst using a blow torch to burn a bobblehead Hanna doll.

text: During "Dead to Me", "A" purchases whiskey in a store.

text: In What Becomes of the Broken-Hearted", CeCe is at the Brew when Emily spots her and starts asking questions about "Beach Hottie," She leaves, stating that she doesn't have time to answer questions since she has to get pictures for her store's website. She winds up calling Aria, to ask if she could help with the photos, since the first photographer she hired was unprofessional. CeCe later leaves Aria and Wesley alone to go get some dinner and never returns. She calls to tell them her car got towed, but she is lying because she is sitting in her car while making that phone call. Only minutes prior, Jason and Emily were involved in an elevator accident - an act of deliberate sabotage. In this same episode, Jason relays a flashback to Emily of the night Ali disappeared. He recalled seeing 'Alison' arguing with Melissa near his house, but when he called her name, it was CeCe who turned her head around. At the end of the episode, two 'A's play "spin the bottle" with pictures of the Liars on whiskey bottles. The flask ends up pointing on Aria, but Big A turns it to Spencer and then, both of them drink the whiskey.

text: During "Hot Water", Hanna sees Wilden arrest CeCe in his police vehicle. CeCe later leaves Rosewood because Wilden believes she told people about him possibly getting Alison pregnant. As she's packing her bags, Emily quickly stops by her apartment in order to find out who took the picture of her and Alison at Wilden's boat. CeCe admits that it was Melissa and once Emily confronts her about Jason's memory of seeing Melissa talking to her at the DiLaurentis' backyard the night Alison went missing, she later reveals that Melissa was looking for the N.A.T. Club's footage.[19] At the end of the episode, Big A cuts up pink roses, and puts them in a lowery wreath with a ribbon which says "With Deepest Sympathy", foreshadowing Toby's faux death.

text: In "Out of Sight, Out of Mind", Big A watches a man fishing up a cap belonging to a Rosewood Police's officer.

text: During "I'm Your Puppet", it was revealed that CeCe had a visitor pass to Radley signed by Wren and that she was secretly visiting Mona while she was admitted at the institution. According to Wren, he got into a lot of trouble for allowing her a pass at a time when Mona wasn't supposed to have visitors. But he let CeCe see Mona because she was desperate to see her since she stated to have been "traumatized by Alison" and wanted to act as a mentor for Mona. Apparently, it was Melissa who called CeCe to tell her that Mona was in Radley. The reasons as to why she did so are still unspecified.[20] Mona would later admit to seeing CeCe while in Radley, though not recalling what they spoke about due to being on medication, in the episode "'A' is for A-l-i-v-e".[21]

text: Season 4[edit]

text: In "Turn of the Shoe", Big A feeds dinner to a caged Tippi as it continues to speak in Alison's voice.

text: During "Cat's Cradle", A looks at Emily's x-ray of her shoulder.

text: In "Face Time", Big A holds a broken mask of Melissa as she glues the broken pieces together.

text: During "Gamma Zeta Die!", Big A drinks a cup of tea while looking at a picture of Carla Grunwald, the house mother of Gamma Zeta Chi sorority.

text: In "Under the Gun", Charlotte hot-wires a car while wearing a mask of Emily's face.

text: When Toby and Caleb go to investigate Red Coat's flight plan in the episode "Crash and Burn, Girl!", they question Nigel Wright a second time until he reluctantly reveals that he was paid to set up an anonymous private flight by CeCe to the lodge at Thornhill on the night of the fire incident that took place in the episode "A dAngerous gAme"[22][23] At the end of the episode, A is in a hardware store, buying house fixing supplies addressed to Emily.

text: During "The Guilty Girl's Handbook", Big A is seen drilling holes in the floor of the DiLaurentis house.

text: In "Into the Deep", Paige throws Emily a surprise birthday party at her aunt's lake house. While Aria and Emily are looking for Spencer outside, Emily spots a body floating face down in the lake. She rushes in panick and turns the body over to see that it's Jenna. Emily thinks whoever bashed her in the back of her head did it to make sure she didn't tell the Liars whatever information she withhold about Alison. Shana Fring later admits to Spencer at the hospital the person Jenna was afraid of was CeCe. [g][24] At the end of the episode, Big A is seen playing the piano. She places a sheet of music in an envelope with the name "Toby Cavanaugh" written on it, whilst drinking wine.

text: After Caleb finds CeCe's address from an old cable bill in "The Mirror Has Three Faces", Aria heads there and talks to CeCe's old roommate. She reveals that Alison got CeCe kicked out of college after she pushed a girl down a flight of stairs at a frat party in "The Badass Seed". However, Alison later reveals in the seventh-season episode "Exes and OMGs" that Noel was actually responsible for this incident and later used this information to blackmail him.[25] Jessica DiLaurentis is also featured in the episode. In it, she has a flashback of a time when she received a phone call from Radley Sanitarium saying that Alison had checked in. When she got there she encountered CeCe dressed as Ali. Jessica described their friendship to Spencer and Hanna as obsessive and toxic, stating that "they 'wore' each other's personalities". The girls realize that the "Alison" masks that Alison purchased weren't for them, she probably had them made for CeCe.[25] At the end of episode, Big A throws Ashley's muddy shoe in the pile of Emily's collapsed house.

text: CeCe makes her first official appearance in the fourth season during the episode "Bring Down the Hoe". She is seen in an apartment filled with pictures of Alison DiLaurentis and the Liars, dating all the way back from Halloween 2008. We also see that she has a red coat, hinting at the fact that CeCe potentially spied on the Liars at the hoedown they attended earlier.[26] CeCe is then shown in a black hoodie spying on Aria Montgomery and Ezra Fitz.[26] Later, 'A' makes voodoo dolls of the five Liars: Aria, Spencer, Hanna, Emily, and the newest one, Mona. She takes the knitting utensil and stabs the Mona doll.

text: In "Now You See Me, Now You Don't", the Liars are convinced that CeCe did indeed murder Darren Wilden as a sketch of a blonde woman resembling her physical features is shown on the news. As the girls realize that there are in fact two Red Coats while saving Emily in Ravenswood, Spencer chases after one while Aria chases after the other. During a brief struggle in which her Alison mask is kicked off by Aria, CeCe is revealed to be one of the Red Coats, and is the evil one that had been working against the Liars.[6] CeCe attempts to escape by grabbing onto a rope, only for it to snap.[6] Aria tries to pull CeCe up as she pleads for Aria to help her, however she proves too heavy for Aria as her sleeve rips and she falls to the ground.[6] As the Liars gather together they are unsure if CeCe is dead or not. While the Liars are contemplating calling the police, CeCe’s hand is seen twitching, and when the Liars turn around she has seemingly disappeared.[6]

text: During "Who's In The Box", Big A is spotted opening a secret basement in Ezra Fitz's cabin.

text: According to Travis in "Love ShAck, Baby", CeCe was last spotted in Maryland on the run from the authorities. [h][27] It was also divulged that she made huge money deposits before Wilden died.[27] Big A later hacks into a GPS System, hinting that she might be the one who messed with Emily's GPS car settings.

text: In "Close Encounters", A slices a picture of Ali and Shana when they were younger in half and symbolically lights the half with Shana's face on fire. There's a possibility that this person was Shana Fring. During "Bite Your Tongue", Big A shreds Radley's visiting documents and uses the shredded paper to line Tippi's cage. In "Hot for Teacher", Big A empties an envelope containing prescription pads with Wren's name and credentials. During "Free Fall", A collects the pages of Ezra's book.

text: During "She's Come Undone", it was revealed that CeCe witnessed a fight between Spencer Hastings and Alison DiLaurentis the night of Ali's disappearance and that[28] Jessica DiLaurentis paid CeCe to be quiet about it.[28] Big A is later seen reading Ezra's story by a fireplace.

text: At the end of "Cover For Me", Big A cuts a loose string on a wedding dress, foreshadowing the events of "Unbridled",

text: During the season finale "A is for Answers", CeCe is detained by Detective Gabriel Holbrook and questioned about Wilden’s homicide.[29] She confesses to knowing who murdered Bethany Young (the girl buried in Alison's grave) and that Alison is still alive.[29][i] At the end of the episode, Jessica's dead body is dragged across the grass as Charlotte buries her on the Hastings' backyard.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: In "EscApe From New York", CeCe is taken away by officer Barry Maple to be sent to jail, however, at some point she knocks him unconscious, steals his cop car and heads off to New York where Alison and the Liars are. Drake finds Ali and asks for her help since Alison owed CeCe a favor for helping her out in Ravenswood. Alison offers her a plane ticket to France and she leaves the country, under the alias of Vivian Darkbloom. When Emily catches Alison, she divulges that CeCe was being paid by Ezra for information. Ali further claims to have asked her to dress up as Red Coat only to distract "Big A". However, it's revealed much later that, unbeknownst to Alison, CeCe was the person who stole the "A" game from Mona and donned the Red Coat disguise during some of her missions. Ali also reveals that Drake was accountable for Wilden's murder.

text: Drake is absent for the following three episodes, seeing as she headed to France. "Big A" later makes a comeback in "Miss Me × 100". She blows up the Cavanaugh's house and is seen texting the Liars while moving her belongings into a new lair.

text: During "The Silence of the E. Lamb", "Big A", opens up Ella's engagement party letter and takes a picture of the item before gluing it back together as if it were never open.

text: In "Scream For Me", "Big A" walks through Spencer's room, flipping up a hidden panel under a couch cushion that ultimately opens up a secret compartment at the Hastings house.

text: During "March of Crimes", "Big A" is at the Optometrics office Spencer frequented, eavesdropping on what is happening to Ali at the police station through the usage of her mp3 player.

text: In "A Dark Ali", "Big A" folds laundry, including a striped candy pinafore.

text: During "Taking This One to the Grave", "Big A" allegedly murders Mona Vanderwaal. She later replaces the baby Jesus ornament with a Mona doll and opens up the trunk of her car, revealing Mona's body. She then makes a snow globe with the picture of The Liars.

text: In "How the 'A' Stole Christmas", CeCe returns to Rosewood to comfort Ali on her first Christmas without Jessica. In order to remain unseen, Drake wears a white cloak and offers Alison a bottle of customized perfume before warning her the Liars were there and not "to say Merry Christmas", meaning she does not trust them. The two later escape the ball after Alison hands to Cindy and Mindy their clothes as well as "Alison" masks and blonde wigs to trick the Liars. At the end of the episode, "Big A" lights up a Christmas tree outside Spencer's house with the message "Merry Christmas, Bitches - A".

text: During "Over a Barrel", "Big A" sneaks into Holbrook's office and hacks into the Rosewood PD site on her computer.

text: In "The Bin of Sin", "Big A" shines UV light on the door which leads to an ice cream factory containing Mona's clothes, looking for the Liars' fingerprints.

text: During "Oh, What Hard Luck Stories They All Hand Me", "Big A" becomes angry when the tape is missing from the binding in Mona's book.

text: In "Out, Damned Spot", "Big A" drops Hanna's blood onto the clothes Mona wore when she died.

text: During "Pretty Isn't The Point", "Big A" walks into Mike's room and starts lifting the gym equipment as exercises.

text: In "Bloody Hell", "Big A" places a $20 bill in each of the bibles at Chester Women's Correctional Facility, to make the inmates beat Alison.

text: During "The Melody Lingers On", "Big A" shreds Paul Varjak's documents and uses the shredded paper to line Tippi's cage, paralleling an exact scene from the fourth season.

text: In "I'm a Good Girl, I Am", Charlotte plays with the Liars' dolls (minus Alison's) in a vehicle that escorts them to prison. After that, she prepares her tuxedo for the demented prom, foreshadowing the torturous events of "Welcome to the Dollhouse".

text: Season 6[edit]

text: During "Don't Look Now", "Big A" is seen seated in front of a computer looking at the location of the Liars, revealing she placed trackers in them.

text: In "She's No Angel", "Big A" creates a doll-sized wig of Aria's hairstyle with pink highlights.

text: During "O Brother, Where Art Thou", "Big A" receives a present from her ally (presumably Sara Harvey). The gift is unveiled to be a portrait of a young Charles DiLaurentis accompanied by a young Jason and Alison at his 12th birthday party.

text: In "FrAmed", "Big A" is monotoring footage from Rosewood's Art Gallery when her ally, costumed as Red Coat, arrives at their lair. At the end of the episode, "Big A" places six syringes in the trunk of her car, while Red Coat hands her an envelope from the driver's seat. The item contains two tickets to Rosewood High's prom.

text: During "Last Dance", "Big A" abducts Alison at her high school prom and takes her backstage to unmask herself.

text: In the mid-season finale of the sixth season "Game Over, Charles", CeCe is revealed to be the mysterious antagonist that has tormented the Liars throughout their senior year. At the ending of the previous episode, CeCe (then unknown) abducts Alison and takes her to Radley Sanitarium, where she recounts her story to Ali. Meanwhile, the Liars assist through a live feed in a vault at the Carissimi Group. Drake reveals to have been born as a boy named Charles DiLaurentis, and when she was 7 years old, she gave Alison a bath, but accidentally dropped her in the scalding hot water. Ali was saved by Kenneth, but as a consequence Charles was admitted to Radley. According to CeCe, as a child she frequently asked her mother to purchase her dresses but Kenneth despised his son for being feminine, so he used the bathtub incident as an excuse to send him away. Despite feeling lonely while residing at Radley, Jessica paid a visit to Charles as often as she could, in an attempt to make him feel less alienated.

text: When Charles was 12 years old, Bethany Young pushed Toby's mother Marion Cavanaugh off the roof of Radley, presumably to protect his femininity. However, Bethany double-crossed Charles and blamed him for Marion's homicide. The staff at Radley believed her accusations due to the fact that Charles was wearing a dress at the time and didn't want to be seen in it. Jessica paid off a young detective Wilden to make sure Mrs. Cavanaugh's death was ruled a suicide. Charles was diagnosed with intermittent explosive disorder (IED), though this was actually an accurate diagnosis for Bethany. For the subsequent 2 years he was heavily medicated with tranquilizers, but was let out to attend his symbolic fake funeral. After the funeral took place at Carol Ward's house, Jessica finally embraced Charles as her daughter. She allowed his return to Radley as a female, renamed Charlotte.

text: Charlotte dedicated herself to math as a way to escape reality, which allowed her to attend classes at the University of Pennsylvania. She thought going to school would be fun but it was easy for her since she already knew what she was being taught. One day, she called in a bomb threat to cancel classes. She used the opportunity to go to Rosewood High for yearbook picture day where she met Jason. She briefly dated him under the CeCe Drake alias, in order to get closer to her family. Jessica didn't know that CeCe Drake and Charlotte were the same person until the day the DiLaurentis were leaving for Cape May. Though initially angered at her children's incestuous relationship, Jessica allows Charlotte to go on vacation with the rest of the family. In Cape May, Charlotte became close friends with Alison and even planned on telling her they were related. However, Bethany found out about Mrs. D's affair with her father, thus ruining Charlotte's opportunity to tell her sister the truth. On Labor Day Weekend, the night of Alison's disappearance, Bethany stole Charlotte’s clothes and snuck out of Radley to hurt Jessica at the DiLaurentis property. Charlotte broke out as well, in order to prevent Young from harming her mother. She stumbled upon a blonde in the front yard and bashes her in the skull with a rock. Charlotte immediately realizes that she actually hit Alison, not Bethany. Jessica buried Ali out of panic and paid Wilden to take Charlotte back to Radley.

text: The medical staff at Radley took away Charlotte's out privileges but once Mona was admitted to the sanitarium, she took advantage of her drugged up state and manipulated her into telling everything she had done as "A". After Charlotte permanently got out of Radley, she moved into Rosewood, where she purposely met the Liars, and began hating the girls due to their relief over Alison's disappearance. Charlotte kept seeing a blonde girl in a red coat that resembled Ali, so she sent Sara Harvey to dress up as Red Coat and act as a decoy in the night of the lodge incident at Thornhill. Melissa also secretly ordered Shana and Jenna to keep tabs on the Liars, since she too had her own suspicions that Ali was alive. Charlotte's intentions were to lure Alison out of hiding, but things took a left turn when Shana set fire to the lodge. Nonetheless, Aria, Emily and Spencer were rescued by Sara and Alison arrived just in time to save Hanna, therefore giving Charlotte the much needed confirmation that her sister was alive. She killed Wilden to protect Alison since he would have never allowed her to return to Rosewood, and sent Sara to his funeral disguised as the Black Widow to ensure he was deceased. Before Charlotte fled to New York, she snuck home to say goodbye to her mother, only to find her lifeless body laying on the DiLaurentis' backyard. Following her mother's passing, she saw the events in New York as the perfect opportunity to end the "A" game and begin a new life in Paris, but eventually came back due to her addiction to power.

text: Sara, dressed as Red Coat, sets a bomb to detonate inside of Radley as part of Charlotte's final plan to kill her family along with herself. The Liars managed to prevent any collateral damage from happening, since Spencer disabled the bomb while Emily punched Sara for betraying her. Charlotte then runs towards the roof and attempts to commit suicide. However, the Liars arrive in time to persuade her not to and Charlotte instead declares the ending to her reign as "A".

text: In the following episode "Of Late I Think of Rosewood", it is revealed that Charlotte spent the subsequent five years under medical care at the Welby State Psychiatric Hospital. Despite the Liars' hesitation to testify in favor of Charlotte's release from the hospital, the girls, aside from Aria, ended up lying for Alison and stated that they were no longer traumatized by the events her older sister had put them through. The court approved Charlotte's release, however, she was found dead the following day after allegedly committing suicide by jumping off the local church's bell tower. After the funeral, the Liars were advised to stay in Rosewood, since the authorities ruled the events of Charlotte's death a homicide and they would be possibly held in for questioning. A mysterious entity observes the Liars in a car before it drives off.

text: During "Charlotte's Web", Spencer finds out that Charlotte was killed in a copycat manner off a murder she wrote an essay about in college. The Liars later suspect Aria of being accountable for Charlotte's death after security footage at The Radley reveals that Ezra met up with her at the hotel and both left during the time her former tormentor was killed. When confronted by her friends, Aria decides to come clean about that night and reveals she couldn't sleep so she wanted to talk to Ezra and the two went for a walk around town. Around the time she departed with Ezra, both witnessed whom it appeared to be Charlotte entering the church moments before being murdered. At the end of the episode, an unidentified individual places flowers on Charlotte's fresh grave next to Jessica DiLaurentis', prior to walking over to a black car. Before stepping inside, their chauffeur states, "I’m sorry for your loss."

text: In "The Gloves Are On", Ezra refuses to talk about his whereabouts the night Charlotte was murdered and the Liars begin receiving text messages from their newest tormentor. At the end of the episode, an unseen person is holding a pair of Charlotte's signature black hoodies and gloves and dumps them into a garbage bin before searching for "UNIFORMS" on Google.

text: When the murder weapon is revealed to be a nine iron in "New Guys, New Lies", Aria, with Emily's assistance, tries to find out if Ezra is guilty. Unable to get into Ezra's loft as he is out of town, Aria breaks in. In the loft, she witnesses that Ezra's nine iron isn't missing, but then overhears a voicemail coming in from her dad and worries that Byron might have had something to do with Charlotte's death. Later, Aria checks Byron's car to see his golf clubs and its nine iron is missing.

text: After breaking into Sara Harvey's hotel room in "Do Not Disturb", and finding out that she's staying in what used to be Charlotte's former room at Radley, Aria and Spencer continue their investigation process in "Where Somebody Waits For Me". They discover a hole in the wall with a ladder leading down to a mysterious alley. There, they stumble upon an electric switchboard, presuming it was used upon Charlotte when she was admitted to Radley. They also uncover a secret passage that leads to somewhere out the back of the hotel which they suspect is how Sara has been getting in and out of the hotel unseen, fueling the possibility that she's avenging her former employer's death. Detective Tanner later divulges to the Liars that someone dialed Charlotte from the Two Crows diner the night she passed away. At the end of the episode, Spencer discovers that Melissa's broken suitcase handle matches the description of the alleged murder weapon.

text: Throughout "We've All Got Baggage", Hanna further fuels the possibility that Melissa could have killed Charlotte by telling Spencer and Caleb how she ran into her at a fashion show in London, years prior to Charlotte's murder. A flashback reveals that Melissa spent the entire night drinking and sobbing at a bathroom in order to get over the fact that Charlotte dialed Wren to inform him that his partner had buried Bethany Young. Due to the side-effects of alcohol, Melissa proceeded to grab Hanna's phone and dial Welby to have a word with Charlotte by pretending to be Alison. Hanna got into a fight with Melissa and eventually threw the phone at a mirror to prevent hearing Charlotte's voice from the other end. Emily visits the Two Crows diner and discovers the missing part from Melissa's suitcase, but is nearly run over by a car that steals the weapon.

text: In "Burn This", Emily stumbles upon an auto shop that appears to be fixing the same car that almost ran her over. After asking if anyone had brought in a dark gray SUV, one of the mechanic insists they can't help her. Emily comes backs to snoop around and lifts up a tarp covering a car. She sees paint and takes a picture of it before the same mechanic she had confronted earlier demands to know why she was there again. Emily tells him the car she was talking about matches the one she was investigating and asks if he knows who drove it last night. He says "Maybe I lent it to a friend. I can't remember". Emily holds up a picture of Melissa and asks if she was his friend. The mechanic denies, before looking back at the other guys and ordering Emily to leave. Later, Emily spots a pink dice keychain on Mona's keys as she's walking over to her car after leaving Hanna's engagement party. The object happens to fit the description of whomever called Charlotte the night she was killed. After being confronted by Emily, Mona states she can't talk about that subject outdoors. At the end of the episode, we see the mechanic that interacted with Emily wiping paint off the SUV, before reaching into the car and finding an enveloping containing several hundred dollars and smiling.

text: During "Did You Miss Me?", Mona confesses to Emily that she called Charlotte from the Two Crows dinner in order to obtain answers and to find out if she was planning to use anything against her or the Liars since she didn't implicate them at all whilst hospitalized at Welby. Emily questions Mona whether or not she was responsible for Charlotte's homicide, but Mona states she didn't show up at the diner. Later during the episode, Emily and Spencer witness Sara Harvey's helper leaving the city hall with a document he hastily hands her as she suspiciously drives off. The girls decide to pursue Sara's driver and distract him in order to investigate his bags. In them, they stumble upon a tube that contains Radley's floor plan. Spencer then instructs Emily to continue following him so she can get a copy of the document at the town's city hall.

text: In "Hush, Hush, Sweet Liars", Toby and Spencer study the replica map of Radley's floor plan and decide to head to the underground alley underneath Sara's hotel room to investigate it. Mona follows the two of them, and they stumble upon a floor containing an old Radley medical file belonging to Mary Drake. Mary was Jessica's identical twin sister who gave birth to Charles while she was still a patient at Radley Sanitarium. Since she wasn't stable enough to look after her child, Jessica and Kenneth fostered their nephew. At the end of the episode, it's revealed that Charlotte was in a secret relationship with Dr. Elliott Rollins, who was recruited by Mary to drive Alison insane so they'd gain full possession of the Carissimi Group's money.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: In "Tick-Tock, Bitches", Elliott commences his physical torture towards Alison at Welby, believing she's held accountable for his former lover's murder.

text: During "The Talented Mr. Rollins", the Liars discover a credit card statement charged for an Amish Bed & Breakfast on Elliott's dresser. After discovering it was the same week he went to his family's farm with Alison, Aria and Hanna drive there in hopes to fill out some blanks in regards to who Rollins truly is. Shorty after arriving at the small community, they meet a pre-teen girl called Eliza. She proceeds to show them dolls that Charlotte had offered her named and styled after each of the Liars. Eliza further divulges that their former tormentor used to visit the area very frequently with Elliott and had witnessed them exchanging a kiss.

text: In a flashback during "Hit and Run, Run, Run", it's divulged that Alison was the blonde in the red sweater whom Ezra and Aria spotted the night of Charlotte's homicide. She followed her cousin to the church and up the bell tower, where the two argued over Ali's romantic involvement with Elliott. Charlotte heavily disapproved their relationship and accuses her cousin of merely visiting her in order to get closer to Rollins. Alison leaves the church moments before Charlotte is presumably murdered. At the end of the episode, Mona and Hanna listen to an incoming call from Jenna in Elliott's burner phone, which reveals his factual name as Archer.

text: In another flashback during "Wanted: Dead or Alive", it's revealed that Charlotte enlisted Jenna's help to track down her birth mother's whereabouts and come up with an alias for her faux psychiatrist (revealed to be a wanted criminal in the previous episode). The pseudonym Elliott Rollins was later created so Archer could deliberately meet Alison and take advantage of her good intentions to benefit Charlotte's eventual release.

text: During "Original G'A'ngsters", the Liars investigate the storm cellar over at Aunt Carol's house and discover that Jessica had turned it into her lair and kept files on all of them as well as Mary. While searching through Drake's medical history, they find out that she had a second child. The gender of Charlotte's biological sibling is undisclosed.

text: In "The Wrath of Kahn", Spencer and Emily find a flash drive at The Kahn's cabin filled with footage from the time they were held captive in Charlotte's Dollhouse. After watching one of the videos, they discover that Noel Kahn was helping Charlotte torture them. During this episode, Aria and Jason team up to find out more details in regards to Mary's past and discover that Steven Kahn, Noel's father, orchestrated the adoption of Drake's second child.

text: Near the ending of "The Darkest Knight", Jenna and Noel both attempt to murder the Liars, partly for their own reasons but to also avenge Charlotte, whom according to Kahn "taught them a lot". During the cat-and-mouse chase, Noel ends up stumbling upon an axe that decapitates his head and Marshall is knocked down by Mary Drake just as she was about to shoot Spencer Hastings. Once the Liars stumble upon Spencer being cradled on Mary's arms, they deduce she's accountable for their friend's critical condition. Mary swears she'd never harm Spencer as she tearfully claims to be her birth mother, thus revealing that Spencer is Charlotte's biological sister.

text: During "These Boots Were Made for Stalking", Jenna walks into the police station in order to come clean about her actions and interrupts a conversation between Spencer and detective Marco Furey. Marshall reports that she kept a low profile after the events that took place at the abandoned school for blind students to avoid being harmed by Noel. According to Jenna, Kahn was accountable for Sara Harvey's homicide and she feared to be his ensuing victim. He recruited Jenna with the assertion that Charlotte left enough money in her will to afford Marshall another eye surgery. Nevertheless, Jenna suspected Noel of stealthily plotting to steal the cash all to himself since his parents had financially cut him off. In an attempt to spare her life, Marshall brought a gun to the deserted sight school as an act of self-defense and pretended to hold a grudge against the Liars. Later in the episode, Caleb threatens Marshall by warning her that the cops were uncovering inconsistencies in her allegations. However, Jenna assures him the police won't be able to prosecute her since Noel was the only person who could contradict her statement.

text: In "Power Play", Hanna is hanging out at Spencer’s house when she spots a P.I.’s business card from Peter’s briefcase. She convinces Spencer to infiltrate the investigation in order to locate Drake, and theorizes that Mary might be able to help point them in the direction of “A.D.". Afterwards, Hanna picks up the phone and calls the P.I., pretending to be someone from Peter's office. After getting help from the P.I., Hanna and Spencer knock on several doors until they approach one house and much to their surprise, Pastor Ted Wilson (Hanna's former step-dad) opens the door. The girls show Ted a picture of Drake and ask him if he has seen her, to which Wilson informs them that he hasn’t. Hanna offers to grab coffee with Ted at the Radley later to catch up, and she also asks him to call her if he happens to spot Mary. As the Liars turn away to leave, Drake shows up in the doorway. Ted turns to Drake and questions her on what she's truly doing there. Later, he reaches out to Hanna to talk and they meet up at Lucas' loft, where Wilson reveals to have lied about Mary's visit. Ted further confesses that Drake is an ex-girlfriend of his back when he was a college student and that she met up with him to inform they had a child together. Things get even more intricate when Wilson discloses to Hanna that said offspring was Charlotte and that he met his daughter prior to her sex change. It turns out that Ted used to run a summer camp for troubled boys, and Charles was a camper there. Wilson is disheartened when describing that he interacted with a "soft-spoken, sweet" boy without awareness they were related. Ted then showcases Hanna a picture of himself back when he worked at the camp, chaperoning Charles and Lucas Gottesman, whom he described as his son's "only friend". This revelation leaves Hanna stunned.

text: During "In the Eye Abides the Heart", the Liars are gathered at the Brew discussing Pastor Ted’s mysterious photo of Charlotte and Lucas. Together, they wonder if Gottesman and Charlotte managed to stay in touch throughout the years. The girls decide to search Lucas’s loft in an attempt to obtain answers, but Aria points out that the entire building could be bugged, considering his affinity for high-tech gadgets. Later, Emily and Hanna commence their search through Lucas’s apartment. Hanna is quick to defend her friend, but while rummaging through a box of comic books, the two Liars come across a manila envelope tucked all the way in the back. Hanna reaches inside and pulls out another comic titled Arcturus. The author signatures at the bottom catches their eye, which reveal that it was conceived by Lucas and Charlotte. Aria soon joins Emily and Hanna, and they inspect the comic together. The content seems to be about a troubled boy who befriends a woman from outer space with magical powers. Together, they seek vengeance upon people who have hurt him. The girls can’t help but notice that there are some eerily familiar drawings that resemble the electrical switches from Charlotte's Dollhouse. Almost immediately after this uncovering, Aria is seen on her phone, telling A.D. all about the comic through FaceTime. Back at the loft, Hanna pulls out the box where she previously found Lucas’s mysterious comic, only to realize that it’s missing. Aria is then seen bringing the comic to Rosewood High in the middle of the night. Her mission is to place the book in locker 214. Just as she starts to walk away after doing so, Aria appears to have a change of heart. She immediately doubles back to the locker, only to find a black hoodie hanging from the hook in its place. Near the end of the episode, Ezra spots Spencer at the airport with Wren Kingston. She immediately gets up and walks over to Ezra to quickly introduce him to her ex-boyfriend. Spencer then pulls Ezra off to the side and explains to him that she hasn't spoken to Kingston since before Charlotte's homicide. She met up with Wren in order to seek for enlightenment on his behalf about her half-sister given that he helped her sneak in and out of Radley.

text: In "The Glove That Rocks the Cradle", Spencer steals a flash drive from Marco. The item contains footage of Lucas admitting to the authorities that he wasn’t Hanna’s alibi on the night of Charlotte’s murder and that the other Liars are capable of homicide. Gottesman is then shown clutching the comic book that Aria handed to A.D. and later spotted by Hanna awaiting someone at The Radley. He is finally caught by all of the Liars when searching through the contents of his apartment and they confront him in an attempt to learn more about his connection to Charlotte. Lucas claims to have been unaware that Charles transitioned into a female and took inspiration upon the narrative of their book. A worrying Gottesman further divulges that he may have fed Charlotte all the information needed to torture the Liars since they stayed in touch through e-mail. During high school, Lucas disclosed to Charlotte that Alison bullied him and the other girls did nothing to prevent her out of loyalty. An anonymous individual proceeded to return the graphic novel to Gottesman, along with a note instructing him to meet them at The Radley or else his former friendship with Charlotte would be exposed. The person who gave him the ultimatum failed to show up, prompting Lucas to run back to his loft. As it turns out, Gottesman was concerned about a second graphic novel that had never been completed because it continued his first book’s revenge storyline, only this time turning the events into a game. In the final moments of the episode, A.D. is seen flipping through pages of the missing novel and starts drawing the next chapter of the story, which includes a gravestone (presumably Charlotte's) nearby a tree.

text: During "Farewell, My Lovely", Hanna noticed rose petals falling from the church's bell tower which prompts her to investigate. There she finds Mona dressed like she used to in high school. Hanna is puzzled over the fact that her friend keeps referring to her as Charlotte. Mona divulges she killed Charlotte and through flashbacks we see the two of them engaging in a heated confrontation. After realizing that her health condition hadn't improved after all and her intentions were to torture the Liars again through even worse approaches, Mona held a screwdriver to Charlotte's back. She taunted her former tormentor to jump or else she'd push her. Shortly after narrating a portion of the events, Mona suddenly grabs Hanna and attempts to throw her off the bell tower until Caleb and Spencer arrive just in time to prevent any collateral damage from happening. Mona is then taken to the Lost Woods and discloses to Spencer she messed up killing Charlotte. Asking what she meant by that, Spencer coaxed the full story from Vanderwaal who revealed that a fight broke out. Charlotte cruelly assured Mona the Liars would never love her back, causing Vanderwaal to gain the upper hand and shove her against a wall. A metal rod impaled Charlotte's cervical spine, which broke her neck and left a cut on the back of it. After realizing what she had done, Mona began to peel rose petals before throwing Charlotte's lifeless body from the bell tower to make it look like a suicide.

text: In "Till Death Do Us Part", the elusive A.D. is revealed to be Alex Drake, Spencer's identical twin sister and Charlotte's maternal half-sister. She was born at Radley Sanitarium, the mental institution in which their mother had spent most her life in and out of. Prior to her birth was Spencer's, who was placed in the care of their biological father, along with his wife. Alex's existence was unbeknownst to the Hastings since she was born minutes after Spencer had already been given to Peter and Veronica. Mary, desperate to escape Radley, allowed Dr. Cochran to arrange Alex's adoption in exchange for $500,000 and a resignation from the psychiatric hospital. Alex was later adopted by a wealthy British couple. However, she began developing mental heath problems at an early age, and the family that took her in refused to tarnish their name. This resulted in Alex being stripped off of her adoptive family and placed into an orphanage with her birth name. She then bounced around foster homes and orphanages for a large portion of her childhood. On her tenth birthday, Alex ran away from the Ambrose Home for wayward children and grew up leading a lonely life. As a teenager, she obtained a job bartending at a pub in London where she met Wren, who originally mistook her for Spencer. Kingston disclosed to Alex her blood relations to Spencer, Charlotte, and Mary. Alex was introduced to Charlotte prior to her death, when the latter flew from a transatlantic flight to France just to meet her. In a flashback, Charlotte is seen exiting a flight, talking to her future lover, Archer Dunhill. After promising to call Charlotte the next day he leaves and Charlotte gets a call from Wren, telling her that Alex is waiting for her in the airport. She says that she found twelve Alex Drake's and none were related to her. After Wren informs Charlotte that Alex looks a lot like someone they're acquainted with, she is stunned to stumble upon a girl heavily resembling Spencer before realizing she's her identical twin. According to Alex, the two bonded instantaneously and walked the streets of Paris until the sun came up, feeling like they'd known each other their whole lives. She goes on to clarify that Charlotte met Archer on the plane, and they initiated a romantic relationship. Spencer questions if Archer was on the A-Team as well, but Alex quickly dismisses her doubts by explaining that his severe mistreatments towards Alison at Welby was a stunt he pulled on his own. He persuaded Mary into assisting his scheme, believing that her niece was the mastermind who orchestrated Charlotte's murder. Wren and Alex eventually fell in love, and went on several double dates with Charlotte and Archer before she returned to Rosewood to continue the "A" game. During another flashback at a bar, Alex attempts to convince Charlotte to stay with her in London, thinking she allowed the Liars to have power over her. After she suggests departing with Charlotte to meet Spencer, she warns Alex to stay away from the Hastings as far as possible. Alex insinuates that Charlotte wants Spencer all to herself, prompting her to disprove Alex's hints of jealousy by stating that she only views Spencer as a "Doll". She insists on offering Charlotte a ride to the airport, but Charlotte declines, further justifying that a pre-meditated goodbye would be too hard to handle. The sisters share a final embrace and Charlotte gives Alex her favourite Patsy Cline's Greatest Hits record as a goodbye gift. Back in present time, Alex explains that Charlotte never returned to London, and the next time she saw her was when she first paid a visit to her grave. It is ultimately revealed that the person whom Ezra ran into at the airport with Wren before almost leaving for Maine was Alex. The couple was engaging in a heated argument over whether or not Alex's true intentions were justice for Charlotte's memory.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The character was initially well received by critics. Riley Sky of Dropkick Divas Media gave a positive review, saying, “as charming and manipulative as Alison DiLaurentis was, we get to see where Ali got those sociopathic qualities in CeCe Drake. CeCe possesses a charm eerily similar to Alison’s. While Ali "may" be dead, CeCe gives us a refreshing look at how Ali's life would have looked. This beyond-charismatic twenty-something blonde stylist that sure does have one heel in the present, one in the past, CeCe leaves us wanting more.”[30]

text: The character's reveal as transgender and the show's second "A" was met with a polarizing reception. Some television critics described it as "harmful", "transphobic",[31] and as "a negative stereotype about trans people."[32] One article stated that "a TV show adding a transgender character would be something to celebrate, since there is not nearly enough trans representation in media" but that the show "got it all wrong."[33] Several other reviewers were also concerned because "the twist played into a long history of pop culture linking sociopathic behavior with transgender individuals."[34]

text: However, praise was given to Vanessa Ray's performance. Entertainment Weekly's Isabella Biedenharn called her “fantastic” and “compelling.”[35] The A.V. Club reviewer LaToya Ferguson wrote that the choice of having CeCe Drake being "A"/Charles was “the best decision” instead of choosing Wren. To her, it could have turned out worse, alluding to the Gossip Girl's reveal. Ferguson applauded Vanessa Ray's emotional performance, “reminding the audience (and characters) why they were drawn to CeCe in the first place.” She highlighted how CeCe manages to make her wrongdoings acceptable, almost redeeming herself.[36]

text: For her portrayal, Ray won a Teen Choice Award for Choice TV: Villain.[37]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Charlotte used the pseudonym CeCe Drake to live in Rosewood without being recognized as a DiLaurentis.[3]
Jump up ^ After being adopted by the DiLaurentis, Charles was renamed with the family's surname. Charlotte later used the name again during the series' sixth season, to trick the Liars and her family.[4]
Jump up ^ Charlotte was born to Mary Drake, as Charles Drake, and was later adopted by the DiLaurentis.[2]
Jump up ^ After her reveal as "A", Charlotte was publicly known as Charlotte DiLaurentis, though it is revealed in "Till DeAth Do Us PArt" that Charlotte goes by the name Charlotte Drake.
Jump up ^ Charlotte used this alias in order to escape from Rosewood, following the murder of Jessica DiLaurentis. [5]
Jump up ^ Although Jason is Charlotte's cousin and adopted brother, she date him for a whole summer using the pseudonym CeCe Drake.
Jump up ^ Jenna could fear CeCe Drake because of the phone call that she made threatening to "rip her eyes out".
Jump up ^ since the police believe CeCe was paid to kill Detective Wilden.
Jump up ^ Knew Alison DiLaurentis was still alive after her disappearance.

tag: ol

text: Sources[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Highfill, Samantha (11 November 2016). "'Pretty Little Liars': Charlotte Will Appear in the Series Finale". EW.com. Retrieved 13 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hush, Hush, Sweet Liars". Pretty Little Liars. Season 6. Episode 20.
Jump up ^ "Crazy". Pretty Little Liars. Season 3. Episode 7.
Jump up ^ "Game Over, Charles". Pretty Little Liars. Season 6. Episode 10.
Jump up ^ "EscApe from New York". Pretty Little Liars. Season 5. Episode 1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Gajewski, Ryan. "Pretty Little Liars Season 4 Summer Finale Recap: "Now You See Me, Now You Don’t"". Wet Paint. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/imarleneking/status/699777404772831232
^ Jump up to: a b c d Friedman, Molly. "Pretty Little Liars Spoiler: CeCe Was Ali’s "Wicked" Mentor, and (Spoiler)’s Ex!". WetPaint. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Swift, Andy. "‘Pretty Dirty Secrets’ Recap: Jason & CeCe Dig Up The Past". Hollywood Life. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Burt, Kayti. "Pretty Little Liars Season 4B Spoilers: CeCe Drake WILL Return!". Wet Paint. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Molly. "Spoiler! Pretty Little Liars Season 3 Spoiler: More Details on CeCe, Connections to "the Past"". Wetpaint. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Theo. "Clip from Pretty Little Liars Season 3, Episode 7: The Girls Meet CeCe Drake". Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "CeCe Drake - Bio". Wet Paint. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gajewski, Ryan. "Pretty Little Liars Season 3, Episode 7 Recap: Mona Finally Reveals a Secret". Wet Paint. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "‘Pretty Little Liars,’ Season 3, Episode 9, ‘The Kahn Game’: TV Recap". Retrieved 29 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "‘Pretty Little Liars’ Season 3, Episode 11, ‘Single Fright Female’: TV Recap". Retrieved 29 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Etkin, Jaimie. "'Pretty Little Liars' Recap: Spencer Loses It, Hanna Goes Gay, Ezra Learns The Truth And Someone's Pregnant". Huffington Post. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Ng, Philiana. "'Pretty Little Liars': The Mystery of Alison's Pregnancy: In Tuesday's "Out of the Frying Pan, Into the Inferno," babies were the talk of the town.". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ NG, Philiana. "'Pretty Little Liars': Wren Makes a Move, Ezra Returns and Wilden Stirs Up Trouble: In Tuesday's episode, "Hot Water," an unexpected accident puts a wrench into a possible Cape May cover-up.". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Gajewski, Ryan. "Pretty Little Liars Recap: Season 3, Episode 23 — Spencer Joined the "A" Team?!". Wet Paint. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Gajewski, Ryan. "Pretty Little Liars Recap: Season 4 Premiere — Wilden Is Dead!". Wet Paint. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Lee, Tionah. "'Pretty Little Liars' recap, 'Crash and Burn, Girl!'". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Gajewski, Ryan. "Pretty Little Liars Recap: Season 4, Episode 7 — "Crash and Burn, Girl!"". Wet Paint. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Gajewski, Ryan. "Pretty Little Liars Recap: Season 4, Episode 9 — "Into the Deep"". Wet Paint. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Gajewski, Ryan. "Pretty Little Liars Recap: — The Mirror Has Three Faces". Wet Paint. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Gajewski, Ryan. "Pretty Little Liars Recap: Season 4, Episode 11 — "Bring Down the Hoe"". Wet Paint. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Gajewski, Ryan. "Pretty Little Liars Recap: Season 4, Episode 15, "Love ShAck, Baby!" — Who's at the Cabin?". Wet Paint. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Gajewski, Ryan. "Pretty Little Liars Recap: Season 4, Episode 21 — "She’s Come Undone"". Wet Paint. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Gajewski, Ryan. "Pretty Little Liars Season Four Finale "A is for Answers": Alison DiLaurentis tells All, CeCe is arressted, Melissa knows who killed the Girl in Ali's Grave and Jessica DiLaurentis Dead?". Wet Paint. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Sky, Riley. "Character Review: CeCe Drake — Pretty Little Liars". Dropkick Divas Media. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Tannehill, Brynn. "Pretty Little Liars Transphobic Writing Is Hackneyed, Harmful". Huffpost. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Denton, Elizabeth. "The Real Problem With "Pretty Little Liars'" Transgender Storyline". Retrieved 19 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Rullo, Samantha. "'Pretty Little Liars' Transgender Storyline Has Me Doubting Whether I Should Watch Season 6B, Despite My Love For The Liars". Bustle. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Wieselman, Jarett. "Behind That Controversial "Pretty Little Liars" Transgender Reveal". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Biedenharn, Isabella (August 12, 2015). "'Game Over, Charles'". Entertainment Weekly. p. 1. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ferguson, LaToya (August 12, 2015). "Pretty Little Liars: "Game Over, Charles"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Coggan, Devan (June 9, 2015). "Teen Choice Award nominations pit Zayn Malik against One Direction". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved June 11, 2015.


document_title: Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge

question_text: where is star wars land being built in disney world

root

text: Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge

text: History[edit]

text: Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge was first publicly announced by The Walt Disney Company Chairman and CEO Bob Iger at the D23 Expo on August 15, 2015, though it did not have an official name at the time. According to Iger, it will be "occupied by many inhabitants; humanoids, aliens and droids … the attractions, the entertainment, everything we create will be part of our storytelling. Nothing will be out of character or stray from the mythology."[2] Bob Chapek, chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, stated that the land "will introduce you to a Star Wars planet you’ve never seen before — a gateway planet located on the outer rim, full of places and characters familiar and not so familiar."[3]

tag: p

text: In an interview for the winter 2015 issue of the official Disney fan club publication Disney twenty-three, Trowbridge stated: "[O]ur intent is to make it feel as if you just walked into one of the movies... Bringing Star Wars to life in the physical world gives us the opportunity to play with a whole bunch of things we've never done before... to really engage all of the senses. What does that street feel like? What does that animal smell like? What does blue milk taste like?"[7]

text: Iger announced in March 2016 that construction on both versions of the land would begin in April 2016.[8] Construction began at both locations on April 14, 2016.[9] In February 2017, Iger stated that the lands are scheduled to open in 2019 at both Disneyland and Hollywood Studios.[1]

text: In July 2017 at the D23 Expo, Chapek revealed that the themed lands would be called Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge. Chapek also announced that Disneyland's version will open first.[5]

text: In November 2017, Trowbridge announced that the planet in the land is called Batuu.[10]

text: Design[edit]

text: Walt Disney Imagineering designed the project in collaboration with the Lucasfilm Story Group, with Imagineer Scott Trowbridge supervising the project, Asa Kalama and Chris Beatty serving as executive creative directors, and Lucasfilm's Pablo Hidalgo and designer Doug Chiang of Industrial Light & Magic involved as consultants.[11] Together, the team decided to set the lands on a new planet, located within the Outer Rim of the Unknown Regions.[12] Described as a "remote frontier outpost", the planet Batuu has not previously appeared in other media, although it has existed within canon "for thousands and thousands of years."[13][12][10] The team chose to create a newly designed world instead of using an existing planet from the films such as Tatooine or Hoth, because those locations evoked a pre-existing familiarity with guests, with Trowbridge explaining, "We wanted to build new Star Wars stories, new Star Wars destinations, but this time you could be in that story that required us to go to a new place."

text: This used to be a vibrant trading port back in the old sub-lightspeed days, but now with advent of hyperspace, its prominence has kind of fallen and faded a little bit which has made it a great spot for those who didn't want to be on that kind of mainstream path. The smugglers, the bounty hunters, the rogue adventurers looking to crew up, the people who don't want to be found — basically all the interesting people.

text: The development team drew inspiration from real-world locations, including as Istanbul and Morocco, and traveled there to study the architecture, culture, and weather.[14] The team also cited Ralph McQuarrie's concept art for the original Star Wars trilogy as a basis for the aesthetic look of the land.[14] The timeline is set after the events of Return of the Jedi, in the years leading up to the sequel trilogy, and will depict the rising presence of both the First Order and the Resistance.[11][13] The Star Wars-themed land will have two new attractions: one will allow riders to control the Millennium Falcon, and the other will place guests into the middle of a battle between the First Order and the Resistance.[15][16] Concept art depicts a full-size Millennium Falcon situated among alien buildings built into tall cliffs.[15] The new planet is designed for guests to begin their own narrative. The Millennium Falcon attraction will feature a "customized secret mission".[17]

text: There will also be a version of a cantina.[18] How riders perform on the Millennium Falcon will influence how they are treated at the cantina, adding to the immersive experience. According to the Disney Parks Blog, "perform with skill and you may earn extra galactic credits, while bringing the ship back banged up could put you on the list of a bounty hunter. End up on Harkos’s list and you may face a problem if you show up at the local cantina!"

text: In the marketplace in the Batuu village there will be a toy stall, imagineers are creating one that will be run by a Toydarian - an alien species that was seen on Tatooine in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace.[19]

text: Locations[edit]

text: Disneyland[edit]

text: At Disneyland, Galaxy's Edge is being built to the north of Frontierland, where Big Thunder Ranch and backstage areas were located.[18] As a result of the expansion, Disney purchased nearby properties to relocate the office and warehouse space that was on the land.[20]

text: On January 11, 2016, several attractions in Frontierland and Critter Country were closed. Big Thunder Ranch closed permanently, including the multifunction event space, barbecue restaurant, and petting zoo. Other attractions closed temporarily, including the Disneyland Railroad and Rivers of America. Tom Sawyer Island reopened on June 16, 2017, and Fantasmic! reopened on July 17, 2017. The Disneyland Railroad, Mark Twain Riverboat, Sailing Ship Columbia, and Davy Crockett Explorer Canoes reopened on July 29.[21][22][23]

text: The construction of Galaxy's Edge resulted in a reconfigured route for the Disneyland Railroad and Rivers of America. A first look at how these changes would impact the park were revealed in January 2016, when concept art was released depicting the northern bank of the river after construction was completed.[24]

text: Disney's Hollywood Studios[edit]

text: At Disney's Hollywood Studios, Galaxy's Edge is replacing the majority of the park's Streets of America, including the Lights, Motors, Action! Extreme Stunt Show and Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: Movie Set Adventure which closed on April 2, 2016, as well as the surrounding backlot facades, restaurants, and shops. Together with the previously closed Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow attraction, Galaxy's Edge will be part of a major expansion of the park that will include Toy Story Land.[3][25][26][27][28] The remaining operating portions of Streets of America (containing Muppet*Vision 3D) were left undisturbed and renamed as Grand Avenue, and Grand Park.[29] The land will be accompanied by the Star Wars Hotel.[5][30][31][32]


document_title: James Best

question_text: who played rosco p coltrane on the dukes of hazzard

text: James Best

text: Early years[edit]

text: James Best was born as Jewel Franklin Guy[1] on July 26, 1926, in Powderly, Kentucky, to Lark and Lena Guy. His mother was the sister of Ike Everly, the father of the pop duo The Everly Brothers.[2] After his mother died of tuberculosis in 1929, then three-year-old James was sent to live in an orphanage. He was later adopted by Armen Best (1897–1984) and his wife, Essa Myrtle (née Knowland; 1896–1988)[3] and went to live with them in Corydon, Indiana. He served honorably in the United States Army in World War II, training in 1944 in Biloxi, Mississippi, as a gunner on a B-17 bomber; but by the time he finished training the war was almost at an end and he joined the Military Police. As an MP, Best played a role in bringing stability to war-torn Germany immediately after their surrender. While stationed in Germany, Best transferred out of the MP and joined a special services unit of actors for the US Army that travelled around Europe performing plays for the troops. This was the true beginning of his acting career.[4]

text: Career[edit]

text: Best began his screen acting career with an uncredited role in the 1950 film One Way Street. Some of his more notable roles include Jason Brown in the 1955 historical drama about the abolitionist John Brown titled Seven Angry Men and as Kit Caswell in the 1958 western Cole Younger, Gunfighter, based on the infamous outlaw. He was further cast as Private Ridges in the 1958 film adaptation of Norman Mailer's The Naked and the Dead. He played the outlaw Billy John in Ride Lonesome (1959), Dr. Ben Mizer in the 1966 comedy Three on a Couch, the gunfighter Drew in Firecreek (1968), with James Stewart and Henry Fonda, and the cross-dressing Dewey Barksdale in the 1976 drama Ode to Billy Joe.

text: Best guest-starred more than 280 times in numerous television series. In 1954, he played the outlaw Dave Ridley, opposite Gloria Winters as the female bandit "Little Britches" in an episode of Stories of the Century.[5] In 1954, Best appeared twice on the syndicated Annie Oakley series, starring Gail Davis and Brad Johnson. He was cast in the religion anthology series Crossroads, in its 1956 episode "The White Carnation." He was also cast on an episode of Jackie Cooper's early NBC sitcom The People's Choice and in the David Janssen crime drama Richard Diamond, Private Detective.[6]

text: In 1960, Best appeared in the episode "Love on Credit" of CBS's anthology series The DuPont Show with June Allyson. The same year, he guest-starred on The Andy Griffith Show as "The Guitar Player" (Season 1, Episode 3 and 31). He starred in three episodes of The Twilight Zone including "The Grave" (Season 3, Episode 7), "The Last Rites of Jeff Myrtlebank," (Season 3, Episode 23) and "Jess-Belle" (Season 4, Episode 7). In 1963, he was cast as the courageous Wisconsin game warden, Ernie Swift, in the episode "Open Season" of another CBS anthology series, GE True, hosted by Jack Webb. In the storyline, Swift faces the reprisal of organized crime after he tickets gangster Frank MacErlane (David McLean) for illegal fishing.[7]

text: In 1962, he played the part of Art Fuller in the episode "Incident of El Toro" on CBS's Rawhide; and in 1963, he returned to play Willie Cain in the episode "Incident at Spider Rock." Best made two guest appearances on Perry Mason. In 1963 he played title character Martin Potter in "The Case of the Surplus Suitor," and in 1966 he played defendant and oilman Allan Winford in "The Case of the Unwelcome Well." He appeared on a long list of other television series in the 1950s and 1960s, including Wagon Train (three times), Laramie (three times), The Adventures of Kit Carson (twice as Henry Jordan), the western anthology series Frontier (twice), The Rebel, Bonanza, Sheriff of Cochise, Pony Express, Rescue 8, Behind Closed Doors, The Texan, Gunsmoke, Have Gun – Will Travel, The Barbara Stanwyck Show, Tombstone Territory, Whispering Smith, Trackdown, The Rifleman, Cheyenne, Stagecoach West, Wanted: Dead or Alive, Overland Trail, Bat Masterson, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, The Man and the Challenge, Combat!, The Green Hornet ("Deadline For Death"), The Mod Squad, I Spy, and The Fugitive[6]

text: The Dukes of Hazzard[edit]

text: Best played Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane on CBS's The Dukes of Hazzard from the debut of the program in 1979 until the end of the series in 1985. That role was Best's most visible success. He later revealed that the caricature-like persona of Sheriff Coltrane was developed from a voice he used when playing with his young children.[8] On set, Best was particularly close to Sorrell Booke, who played the character of Boss Hogg, who was both the boss and the brother-in-law of Rosco. The two actors became close friends; and according to interviews by the series' creators, the two would often improvise their scenes together, making up their own dialogue as they went along. Until his death, he also remained close to Catherine Bach, who played the character of Daisy Duke; and long after the show's cancellation, she was a regular visitor to the website dedicated to Best's painting.[9]

text: Later career[edit]

text: In 1991, in contrast to the comical Rosco Coltrane of The Dukes of Hazzard, Best appeared in an episode of the NBC crime drama In the Heat of the Night. He won the Crystal Reel Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Nathan Bedford in the episode "Sweet, Sweet Blues," directed by Vincent McEveety and written by William James Royce. Best plays a retired sheriff and repentant killer who has to come to terms with being involved in the death of now Sparta police officer Sweet's grandfather.[10]

text: Best later moved to Florida and taught at the University of Central Florida (Orlando). After semi-retiring, he ran a production company and took occasional acting roles. He also earned a name for himself as an artist and painter.

text: Best formerly resided in Lake Murray, South Carolina, before moving once again, this time to Hickory, North Carolina.

text: An acting coach, Best taught drama and acting techniques for more than a quarter century in Los Angeles. He also served as artist-in-residence and taught drama at the University of Mississippi (Oxford) for two years prior to his stint on The Dukes of Hazzard.

text: In 2009, he completed his autobiography Best In Hollywood: The Good, The Bad and The Beautiful. The book, published in 2009 through Bear Manor Media, premiered at the Mid Atlantic Nostalgia Convention in Aberdeen, Maryland.[citation needed]

text: On November 9, 2014, Best and fellow actor Robert Fuller (along with their wives) attended the 100th birthday celebration of lifelong friend and fellow actor Norman Lloyd. Best said, "I had the honor to have been directed by Norman in a Hitchcock episode called "The Jar." Having worked with hundreds of directors in my career, I found very few that had Norman's qualities. He was most kind, gracious and patient with his actors. He is in all respects a complete gentleman in his personal life and I found it a genuine pleasure just to be in the presence of such a talented man. I am also doubly honored to consider him my friend. We are so blessed to have such a man among us for so long."[11]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: In 1959, Best married his second wife, Jobee Ayers. The couple had two daughters, Janeen and Jojami. They divorced in 1977. Best also had a son, Gary, from a previous marriage. He married his third (and last) wife, Dorothy Collier, in 1986.[citation needed] His niece is actress Jennifer Lyons.[citation needed]

text: He enjoyed a wide range of hobbies and interests. He was an accomplished painter, a guitarist, [1] a Black Belt in Karate,[1] enjoyed writing (poetry, songs and stories),[1] and ran his own acting school (students included Lindsay Wagner, Roger Miller, Glen Campbell, Quentin Tarantino, and Regis Philbin).[1] He was also an animal rights advocate.[1]

text: Death[edit]

text: Best died on April 6, 2015, in Hickory, North Carolina, from complications of pneumonia at the age of 88.[12]

text: Prior to his death, Best's former Dukes of Hazzard co-star and long-time friend, John Schneider, said; "I laughed and learned more from Jimmie in one hour, than from anyone else in a whole year." He also added that, when asked to cry for the camera, "(Best) would say, 'sure thing, which eye?' I'm forever thankful to have cut my teeth in the company of such a fine man."[13] Nearly one year after Best's death, Schneider said about his working relationship with Best: "He was amazing in everything he did; he was not just a funny guy. In fact, I think the comedic timing came to him later on in life because before that he was a very serious actor. I was very fortunate to have grown up working with people like Jimmie Best and Denver Pyle and Sorrell Booke. Incredibly talented men, incredibly talented actors."[14]

text: Filmography[edit]

text:
Winchester '73 (1950) as Crater
Comanche Territory (1950) as Sam
Kansas Raiders (1950) as Cole Younger
Abbott and Costello Meet the Invisible Man (1951) as Tommy Nelson (Arthur Franz's stand-in)
The Battle at Apache Pass (1952) as Cpl. Hassett
The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms (1953) as an unnamed radar operator
Seminole (1953) as Capt. Gerard
Riders to the Stars (1954) as Sidney K. Fuller
The Caine Mutiny (1954) as Lieutenant Jorgensen (uncredited)
Return from the Sea (1954) as Barr
Seven Angry Men (1955) as Jason Brown
Cheyenne (1955 TV series) ("Sweet Sam") as Unknown and ("Satonka") as Ernie Riggins
The Adventures of Champion (1955 TV series) ("The Stone Heart") as Paul Kenyon
Calling Homicide (1956) as Arnie Arnholf
Forbidden Planet (1956) as an unnamed crewmember
The Naked and the Dead (1958) as Pvt. Rhidges
The Left Handed Gun (1958) as Tom Folliard
Trackdown (1958) as Bud Ehlers
Alfred Hitchcock Presents: Death Sentence (1958, Season 3, Episode 30) as Norman Frayne
The Killer Shrews (1959) as Thorne Sherman
Verboten! (1959) as David Brent
Ride Lonesome (1959) as Billy John
The Andy Griffith Show (TV series, 1960–1968) as Jim Lindsey ("The Guitar Player", Season 1, Episode 31 and "The Guitar Player Returns", 1961)
The Mountain Road (1960) as Niergaard
"Wagon Train" ("The Colonel Harris Story") (1960) as Bowman Lewis, Comanche Chief
Bonanza ("The Fugitive") as Carl Reagan
The Twilight Zone (TV series, 1959–1964)

"The Grave" (1961) as Johnny Rob
"The Last Rites of Jeff Myrtlebank" (1962) as Jeff Myrtlebank
"Jess-Belle" (1963) as Billy Ben Turner

Bronco ("The Mountains") (1962) as Frankie Banton
The Rifleman (TV series, 1958–1963) as Barrett ("The Day the Town Slept") (1962)
Shock Corridor (1963) as Stuart Couter
Perry Mason ("The Case of the Surplus Suitor") (1963) as Potter
The Fugitive ("Terror at High Point") (1963)
Combat! (1964) as Trenton
Shenandoah (1965) as Carter
Black Spurs (1965) as Sheriff Ralph Elkins
Gunsmoke With a Smile (TV Episode 1963)
Flipper (1965) as Dr. Peter Kellwin
The Virginian ("Letter of the Law") (1965) (TV series, 1962–1971) as Curt Westley
Three on a Couch (1966) as Dr. Ben Mizer
The Guns of Will Sonnett ("Meeting at Devil's Fork") (1967)
Firecreek (1968) as Drew
Gunsmoke (1969) as Charlie Noon
Sounder (1972) as Sheriff Young
Savages (1974) as Sheriff Hamilton
Ode to Billy Joe (1976) as Dewey Barksdale
Nickelodeon (1976) as Jim
Rolling Thunder (1977) as Texan
Hooper (1978) as Cully
The End (1978) as Pacemaker Patient
Centennial (TV miniseries, 1978) as Hank Garvey
The Dukes of Hazzard (TV series, 1979–1985) as Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane
The Dukes (TV cartoon series, 1983) as Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane
In the Heat of the Night (TV series, 1991) as retired Sheriff Nathadford - Crystal Reel Award, Best Actor[10]
The Dukes of Hazzard: Reunion! (1997 TV movie) as Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane
The Dukes of Hazzard: Hazzard in Hollywood (2000 TV movie) as Rosco P. Coltrane
Moondance Alexander (2007) as a friend and storekeeper of the Alexanders (based on the life of real-life daughter Janeen)
Return of the Killer Shrews (2012) as Thorne Sherman
The Sweeter Side of Life (2013) as the father of the protagonist
Have Gun Will Travel (?) as one of three parties in danger of being hanged, along with Richard Boone and guest star Richard Schallert

tag: ul

text: Further reading[edit]

text: Best, James; Clark Jim (2009). Best in Hollywood: The Good, The Bad, And The Beautiful. Albany, New York: BearManor Media, 2009; ISBN 1-59393-460-2.

text:
Biography portal
Kentucky portal
Indiana portal
Film portal
Television portal
Education portal
Art portal


document_title: Larry Mondello

question_text: who played larry mondello in leave it to beaver

text: Larry Mondello

text:
Larry Mondello

Robert "Rusty" Stevens as Larry Mondello.

First appearance
"Beaver's Crush" (November 22, 1957)

Last appearance
"Family Scrapbook" (1963)

Portrayed by
Rusty Stevens

Information

Gender
Male

Family
Unknown (father)
Margaret Mondello (mother)
Unknown (sister)
Unknown (brother)
Unknown (little brother)

tag: table

text: Larry Mondello is a fictional character from the iconic American television series Leave It to Beaver (1957–1963). He is portrayed by child actor Robert "Rusty" Stevens. Larry Mondello appears in 68 of the show's 234 episodes over the first few seasons. Although Larry is mentioned in the premiere episode, "Beaver Gets 'Spelled", it isn't until the eighth episode, "Beaver's Crush", that he actually makes an appearance.

text: Larry is Theodore "Beaver" Cleaver's chubby, not very bright classmate and best friend distinguished for his apple-eating, candy bar-munching habits. Larry has a knack for leading Beaver astray and getting him into trouble.

text: Larry's mother, Margaret (portrayed by Madge Blake), is a nervous, exasperated parent, whose husband is so perennially out-of-town on business, the phrase "If your father were home . . ." comes out of her mouth, at some point, in almost every episode in which she appears. Mrs. Mondello sometimes takes Larry to Beaver's father for discipline. Larry's father makes one brief appearance, however; he is seen talking to Larry backstage in the second season episode, "School Play". Larry has older siblings, including a married brother and an unmarried 18-year-old sister (age mentioned in the 3rd season) and a little brother mentioned in the 1958 Episode 'Beaver & Henry' who live at home. In one episode, Mrs. Mondello catches Larry and Beaver reading Larry's sister's diary. Reports from various characters on the show indicate Larry's home life is one of "hollering" and physical punishments.

text: Larry and Beaver have an on-again/off-again relationship. The boys sometimes quarrel but make up when the clouds pass. They are in the same class together at Grant Avenue Grammar School and are forced to attend ballroom dance lessons at Miss Spencer's School of the Dance on Saturdays. Larry runs away from home in one episode — but only as far as Beaver's bathroom where he sleeps in the bath tub. In another episode, Larry throws his mother's pin money out the window, picks it up later, and claims the money fell from an airplane.

text: Actor Stevens left the show when his family moved from Burbank, California, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a move which brought Stevens's acting career to an end. According to Barbara Billingsley (in her TV Archive interview), his character was written out because of his overly ambitious stage mother causing grief with the producers. Stevens reprised his role of Larry Mondello in the 1983 reunion telemovie, Still the Beaver.

text: Larry Mondello is referenced by songwriter Frank Zappa at the end of a live performance, introducing the entire band each as Larry Mondello, hearing a fan yell from the crowd "Where's Beaver?"


document_title: Deciduous teeth

question_text: deciduous teeth begin to appear around the age of

text: Deciduous teeth

text: Primary dentition stage

text: Primary teeth start to form during the embryo phase of pregnancy. The development of primary teeth starts at the sixth week of tooth development as the dental lamina. This process starts at the midline and then spreads back into the posterior region. By the time the embryo is eight weeks old, there are ten buds on the upper and lower arches that will eventually become the primary (deciduous) dentition. These teeth will continue to form until they erupt in the mouth. In the primary dentition there are a total of twenty teeth: five per quadrant and ten per arch. The eruption of these teeth ("teething") begins at the age of six months and continues until twenty-five to thirty-three months of age during the primary dentition period. Usually, the first teeth seen in the mouth are the mandibular centrals and the last are the maxillary second molars.

text: The primary dentition is made up of central incisors, lateral incisors, canines, first molars, and secondary molars; there is one in each quadrant, making a total of four of each tooth. All of these are gradually replaced with a permanent counterpart except for the primary first and second molars; they are replaced by premolars. There are a number of different dental notation systems including the ISO System (WHO and FDI endorsed and most widely used system), Palmer Notation and the Universal Tooth Designation System by the capital letters A through T.[1] In other parts of the world, the FDI notation system. The replacement of primary teeth begins around age six, when the permanent teeth start to appear in the mouth, resulting in mixed dentition. The erupting permanent teeth cause root resorption, where the permanent teeth push on the roots of the primary teeth, causing the roots to be dissolved by odontoclasts (as well as surrounding alveolar bone by osteoclasts) and become absorbed by the forming permanent teeth. The process of shedding primary teeth and their replacement by permanent teeth is called exfoliation. This may last from age six to age twelve. By age twelve there usually are only permanent teeth remaining. However, it is not extremely rare for one or more primary teeth to be retained beyond this age, sometimes well into adulthood, often because the secondary tooth fails to develop. [2]

text: Teething age of primary teeth:

text:
Central incisors : 6–12 months
Lateral incisors : 9–16 months
First molars : 13–19 months
Canine teeth : 16–23 months
Second molars : 22–33 months

text: Role

text: Primary teeth are essential in the development of the oral cavity.[3] The primary teeth maintain the arch length within the jaw, the bone and the permanent teeth replacements develop from the same tooth germs as the primary teeth. The primary teeth provide guides for the eruption pathway of the permanent teeth. Also the muscles of the jaw and the formation of the jaw bones depend on the primary teeth to maintain proper spacing for permanent teeth. The roots of primary teeth provide an opening for the permanent teeth to erupt. The primary teeth are important for the development of the child's speech, for the child's smile and play a role in chewing of food although children who have had their primary teeth removed (usually as a result of Dental caries) can still eat and chew.

text: Cultural traditions

text: In almost all European languages the primary teeth are called "milk teeth". In the United States and Canada, the term "baby teeth" is common. In some Asian countries they are referred to as "fall teeth" since they will eventually fall out.

text: Various cultures have customs relating to the loss of deciduous teeth. In English-speaking countries, the tooth fairy is a popular childhood fiction that a fairy rewards children when their baby teeth fall out. Children typically place a tooth under their pillow at night. The fairy is said to take the tooth and replace it with money or small gifts while they sleep. In some parts of Australia, Sweden and Norway, the children put the tooth in a glass of water. In medieval Scandinavia there was a similar tradition, surviving to the present day in Iceland, of tannfé ('tooth-money'), a gift to a child when it cuts its first tooth.[4][5]

text: Other traditions are associated with mice or other rodents because of their sharp, everlasting teeth. The character Ratón Pérez appears in the tale of The Vain Little Mouse. A Ratoncito Pérez was used by Colgate in marketing toothpaste in Venezuela[6] and Spain.[citation needed] In Italy, the Tooth Fairy (Fatina) is also often replaced by a small mouse (topino). In France and in French-speaking Belgium, this character is called la petite souris ("The Little Mouse"). From parts of lowland Scotland comes a tradition similar to the fairy mouse: a white fairy rat who purchases the teeth with coins.

text: Several traditions concern throwing the shed teeth. In Turkey, Cyprus, Mexico, and Greece, children traditionally throw their fallen "milk teeth" onto the roof of their house while making a wish. Similarly, in some Asian countries, such as India, Korea, Nepal, the Philippines, and Vietnam, when a child loses a tooth, the usual custom is that he or she should throw it onto the roof if it came from the lower jaw, or into the space beneath the floor if it came from the upper jaw. While doing this, the child shouts a request for the tooth to be replaced with the tooth of a mouse. This tradition is based on the fact that the teeth of mice grow for their entire lives, a characteristic of all rodents.

text: In Japan, a different variation calls for lost upper teeth to be thrown straight down to the ground and lower teeth straight up into the air or onto the roof of a house; the idea is that incoming teeth will grow in straight.[7] Some parts of China follow a similar tradition by throwing the teeth from the lower jaw onto the roof and burying the teeth from the upper jaw underground, as a symbol of urging the permanent teeth to grow faster towards the right direction.

text: The Sri Lankan tradition is to throw the milk teeth onto the roof or a tree in the presence of a squirrel (Funambulus palmarum). The child then tells the squirrel to take the old tooth in return for a new one.

text: In some parts of India, young children offer their discarded baby teeth to the sun, sometimes wrapped in a tiny rag of cotton turf[clarification needed]. In Assam state of India, children throw their milk teeth to the roof of their house and urge mouse to take it and exchange with its teeth.

text: The tradition of throwing a baby tooth up into the sky to the sun or to Allah and asking for a better tooth to replace it is common in Middle Eastern countries (including Iraq, Jordan, Egypt and Sudan). It may originate in a pre-Islamic offering and certainly dates back to at least the 13th century, when Izz bin Hibat Allah Al Hadid mentions it.[8]

text: In premodern Britain, lost teeth were commonly burnt to destroy them. This was partly for religious reasons connected with the Last Judgement and partly for fear of what might happen if an animal got them.[clarification needed] A rhyme might be said as a blessing:[9]

text:
Old tooth, new tooth
Pray God send me a new tooth


document_title: Sanatorium

question_text: when was the first sanatorium for tuberculosis treatment opened

text: Sanatorium

text: History[edit]

text: Conception[edit]

text: The first suggestion of sanatoria in the modern sense was likely made by George Bodington, who opened a sanatorium in Sutton Coldfield in 1836 and later published his essay, On the Treatment and Cure of Pulmonary Consumption[3], in 1840. His novel approach was dismissed as "very crude ideas and unsupported assertions" by reviewers in the Lancet[4], and his sanatorium was converted to an asylum soon after. The rationale for sanatoria in the pre-antibiotic era was that a regimen of rest and good nutrition offered the best chance that the sufferer's immune system would "wall off" pockets of pulmonary TB infection.[5] In 1863, Hermann Brehmer opened the Brehmersche Heilanstalt für Lungenkranke in Görbersdorf (Sokołowsko), Silesia (now Poland), for the treatment of tuberculosis. Patients were exposed to plentiful amounts of high altitude, fresh air, and good nutrition.[6] Tuberculosis sanatoria became common throughout Europe from the late-19th century onward.

text: Early establishments[edit]

text: The Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium, established in Saranac Lake, New York, in 1885, was the first such establishment in North America. According to the Saskatchewan Lung Association, when the National Anti-Tuberculosis Association (Canada) was founded in 1904, its members, including renowned pioneer in the fight against tuberculosis Dr. R.G. Ferguson, believed that a distinction should be made between the health resorts with which people were familiar and the new tuberculosis treatment hospitals: "So they decided to use a new word which instead of being derived from the Latin noun sanitas, meaning health, would emphasize the need for scientific healing or treatment. Accordingly, they took the Latin verb root sano, meaning to heal, and adopted the new word sanatorium."[1]

text: Switzerland used to have many sanatoria, as health professionals believed that clean, cold mountain air was the best treatment for lung diseases. In Finland, a series of tuberculosis sanatoria were built throughout the country in isolated forest areas during the early 1900s. The most famous was the Paimio Sanatorium, completed in 1933, designed by world-renowned architect Alvar Aalto. It had both sun-balconies and a rooftop terrace where the patients would lie all day either in beds or on specially designed chairs, the Paimio Chair.[7] In Portugal, the Heliantia Sanatorium in Valadares, was used for the treatment of bone tuberculosis between the 1930s and 1960s.

text: In 20th-century United States[edit]

text: In the early 20th century, tuberculosis sanatoria became common in the United States. In the early 1900s, Arizona's sunshine and dry desert air attracted many people (called "lungers") suffering from tuberculosis, rheumatism, asthma, and numerous other diseases. Wealthier people chose to recuperate in exclusive TB resorts, while others used their savings to make the journey to Arizona and arrived penniless. TB camps in the desert were formed by pitching tents and building cabins. During the tuberculosis epidemic, cities in Arizona advertised the state as an ideal place for treatment of TB. Many sanatoria in the state of Arizona were modeled after European away-from-city resorts of the time, boasting courtyards and individual rooms. Each sanatorium was equipped to take care of about 120 people.

text: The greatest area for sanatoria was in Tucson with over 12[quantify] hotel-style facilities in the city. By 1920, Tucson had 7,000 people who had come for treatment of tuberculosis. So many people came to the West that not enough housing was available for them all. In 1910, tent cities began to pop up in different areas; one was described as a place of squalor and shunned by most citizens. Many of the infected slept in the open desert. The area adjacent to what was then central Phoenix, called Sunnyslope, was home to another large TB encampment, with the residents primarily living in tents pitched along the hillsides of the mountains that rise to the north of the city. Several sanatoria also opened in southern California in the early party of the 20th century due to the dry, warm climate.[8]

text: The first tuberculosis sanatorium for blacks in the segregated South was the Piedmont Sanatorium in Burkeville, Virginia.[9] Waverly Hills Sanatorium, a Louisville, Kentucky, tuberculosis sanatorium, was founded in 1911. It has become a mecca for curiosity seekers who believe it is haunted.[10] Because of its dry climate, Colorado Springs was home to several sanatoria. A. G. Holley Hospital in Lantana, Florida was the last remaining freestanding tuberculosis sanatorium in the United States until it closed on July 2, 2012.[11]

text: In 1907, Stannington Sanatorium was open in the North East of England to treat tuberculosis in children. The sanatorium was opened using funds raised by a local charity, the Poor Children's Holiday Association, now the region's oldest children's charity, Children North East.[12]

text: Discovery of antibiotics and decline[edit]

text: After 1943, when Albert Schatz, then a graduate student at Rutgers University, discovered streptomycin, an antibiotic and the first cure for tuberculosis, sanatoria began to close. As in the case of the Paimio Sanatorium, many were transformed into general hospitals. By the 1950s, tuberculosis was no longer a major public health threat; it was controlled by antibiotics rather than extended rest. Most sanatoria were demolished years before.

text: Some, however, have been adapted for new medical roles. The Tambaram Sanatorium in south India is now a hospital for AIDS patients.[13] The state hospital in Sanatorium, Mississippi, is now a regional center for programs for treatment and occupational therapy associated with mental retardation. In Japan in 2001, the ministry of welfare suggested changing the names of a leprosarium to a sanatorium.[citation needed]