document_title: Pee-wee's Playhouse

question_text: who sang the theme song to pee wee playhouse

text: Pee-wee's Playhouse

text: Show creation and format[edit]

text: The Pee-wee Herman character was developed by Reubens into a live stage show entitled The Pee-wee Herman Show in 1980. It featured many characters that would go on to appear in Playhouse, including Captain Carl, Jambi the Genie, Miss Yvonne, Pterri the Pterodactyl and Clocky. While enjoying continuous popularity with the show, Reubens teamed with young director Tim Burton in 1985 to make the comedy film Pee-wee's Big Adventure. It became one of the year's surprise hits, costing a relatively modest $6 million to make but taking in $45 million at the box office.

text: After seeing the success of Pee-wee's Big Adventure, the CBS network approached Reubens with an ill-received cartoon series proposal.[4] In 1986, CBS agreed to sign Reubens to act, produce and direct his own live-action Saturday morning children's program, Pee-wee's Playhouse, with a budget of $325,000 per episode, (comparable to that of a half-hour prime-time sitcom)[5] and full creative control (although CBS did request a few minor changes over the years).[6]

text: Reubens assembled a supporting troupe that included ex-Groundlings and cast members from The Pee-wee Herman Show, including Phil Hartman, John Paragon, Lynne Marie Stewart, Laurence Fishburne and S. Epatha Merkerson. Production began in New York City in the summer of 1986 in a converted loft on Broadway, which one of the show's writers, George McGrath, described as a "sweatshop". Reubens moved the production to Los Angeles for season two in 1987, resulting in a new set and a more relaxed work atmosphere[7]

text: Playhouse was designed as an educational yet entertaining and artistic show for children, and its conception was greatly influenced by 1950s shows Reubens had watched as a child, like The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, The Mickey Mouse Club, Captain Kangaroo, and Howdy Doody. The show quickly acquired a dual audience of kids and grownups.[8][9][10] Reubens, always trying to make of Pee-wee a positive role model, sought to make a significantly moral show that would teach children the ethics of reciprocity.[10] Reubens believed that children liked the Playhouse because it was fast-paced, colorful and "never talked down to them", while parents liked the Playhouse because it reminded them of the past.[10]

text: Plot[edit]

text: The premise of the show was that host Pee-wee Herman went to play in a fantastic house (situated in Puppetland) known as the Playhouse, which was filled with toys, gadgets, talking furniture and appliances (e.g., Magic Screen and Chairy) and puppet characters such as Conky The Robot, Pterri the baby Pteranodon and Jambi the Genie (John Paragon), a disembodied genie's head who lives in a jeweled box. The Playhouse was also visited by a regular cast of human characters, including Miss Yvonne (Lynne Marie Stewart), Reba The Mail Lady (S. Epatha Merkerson), Captain Carl (Phil Hartman), Cowboy Curtis (Laurence Fishburne) and a small group of children, The Playhouse Gang.

text: Although primarily a live-action comedy, each episode included segments featuring puppetry, video animation and prepared sequences using Chroma-key and stock footage, e.g., when Pee-wee jumps into the Magic Screen, as well as inserted clay animation sequences (some made by Richard Goleszowski and Nick Park, creators of Wallace & Gromit) and excerpts from cartoons from the Golden Age of American animation, usually presented by the character "The King of Cartoons".[4] Each episode also featured specially written soundtrack music by noted rock/pop musicians such as Mark Mothersbaugh (Devo), Todd Rundgren, Mitchell Froom and The Residents. The show's theme song performance was credited to "Ellen Shaw", though in her autobiography, Cyndi Lauper admits to being the actual singer.[11]

text: Each episode usually contained a running gag particular to that episode, and/or a specific event or dilemma that would send Pee-wee into an emotional frenzy. The show had many recurring gags, themes, and devices. For example, at the beginning of each episode, viewers were told the day's "secret word" (often issued by Conky the Robot) and were instructed to "scream real loud" every time a character on the show said the word. Pee-wee would often say the word himself at the end of the episode, just before launching himself and his little scooter out of the playhouse through a hidden exit. During the closing credits, images of him were chroma-keyed together with footage of various roads and highways to make it appear that he was traveling along them. At the beginning of each episode he is seen travelling into the house, on the same scooter.

text: CBS and Reubens mutually agreed to end the show at the end of the 1990-91 season after 5 seasons and 45 episodes.[12] The last original episode aired on November 17, 1990. In July 1991, Reubens was arrested for exposing himself in a Sarasota, Florida adult movie theater, prompting CBS to immediately stop airing its Playhouse re-runs, which were originally intended to air until Fall of that year.[13][14] The show was replaced by reruns of The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy.

text: The art of the playhouse[edit]

text: The creative design of the show was concocted by a troupe of artists including Wayne White, Gary Panter, Craig Bartlett, Richard Goleszowski, Gregory Harrison, Ric Heitzman, and Phil Trumbo. The first day of production, right as Panter began reading the scripts to find out where everything would be situated, set workers hurriedly asked him, "Where's the plans? All the carpenters are standing here ready to build everything." Panter responded, "You just have to give us 15 minutes to design this thing!"[15] When asked about the styles that went into the set design, Panter said, "This was like the hippie dream...It was a show made by artists ... We put art history all over the show. It's really like ... I think Mike Kelley said, and it's right, that it's kind of like the Googie style - it's like those LA types of coffee shops and stuff but kind of psychedelic, over-the-top."[16] Several artistic filmmaking techniques were featured on the program including chroma key, stop-motion animation, and clay animation.

text: Soundtracks[edit]

text: The music for the show was provided by a diverse set of musicians, including Mark Mothersbaugh, The Residents, Todd Rundgren, Danny Elfman (who provided the score for both of the Pee-wee movies), Mitchell Froom, Van Dyke Parks, George S. Clinton and Dweezil Zappa with Scott Thunes (spelled 'Tunis' in the credits).

text: Mothersbaugh, who later went on to become a fixture in composing music for children's shows like Rugrats, joined the show on hiatus from recording with Devo:[17]

text:
“
Paul Reubens asked me to do Pee-wee's Playhouse, and I had some time, so I was like, yeah, let's do it.
Pee-wee's Playhouse was really chaotic. They'd send me the tape from New York on Tuesday. I'd watch it Tuesday night; Wednesday I'd write the music. Thursday I'd record the music, it'd go out Thursday night to them, they'd have Friday to cut it into the picture, and then Saturday we'd watch it on TV. And it was like really fast, and instead of writing an album once a year I was writing an album's worth of music once a week, and it was really exciting. It was a new experience and it was a different creative process.

”

text: The opening prelude theme is an interpretation of Les Baxter's "Quiet Village". The theme song, which originally followed the prelude, was performed by Cyndi Lauper (credited as "Ellen Shaw"), imitating Betty Boop.[11]

text: For the final season in 1990, a new version of the prelude theme was recorded, and the opening theme was slightly edited. This plastered the season 2 opening on the season 4 episodes in all post-1990 airings and video releases.

text: Cast and crew[edit]

text: Many now-well-known TV and film actors appeared on the show, including Sandra Bernhard, Laurence Fishburne, Phil Hartman, Natasha Lyonne, S. Epatha Merkerson, Jimmy Smits, and Lynne Stewart. Future heavy metal musician and filmmaker Rob Zombie was also a production assistant, and future filmmaker John Singleton was a security guard.

text: Season 3 (which consisted of only three episodes) included an all-star Christmas special featuring the regular cast, with appearances by Annette Funicello, Frankie Avalon, Magic Screen's Cousin played by Magic Johnson, Dinah Shore, Joan Rivers, Zsa Zsa Gabor, Oprah, Whoopi Goldberg, Little Richard, Cher, Charo, k.d. lang, the Del Rubio triplets, and Grace Jones.

text: Human characters[edit]

text:
Character
Played by
Description

Cowboy Curtis
Laurence Fishburne
A "cowboy" in the 1950s' pop culture sense with a jheri curl mullet.

Captain Carl (first season)
Phil Hartman
A gritty, unshaven sea captain with a gruff voice, but a somewhat shy demeanor, he came by the playhouse to show Pee-wee interesting things from the ocean. His tolerance for Pee-wee's antics was often tested whenever he stopped by. Captain Carl was more adult-oriented in the HBO special and Miss Yvonne appeared to have deep feelings for him.

Miss Yvonne
Lynne Marie
A woman obsessed with beauty and cosmetics, who often flirted with Pee-wee and many of the other male characters on the show, she was given the title "the most beautiful woman in Puppetland" by the puppet characters (especially Mr. Window, who would usually introduce her). Yvonne wore a large brown bouffant-style wig, gaudy dresses and heels, and her appearance was always accompanied by some sort of theme music. She, like Ricardo, also has a medical background, as evidenced by her nurse get-up and actions in "Pee-wee Catches a Cold". Unlike many regulars, Yvonne appeared in almost every Playhouse episode, and in a few episodes, she even danced with Pee-wee herself. Pee-wee appeared to have a slight crush on Miss Yvonne in some episodes, and most of the time commented on how beautiful she looked upon greeting her.

Reba the Mail Lady
S. Epatha Merkerson
A mail carrier who was often confused by the rules of the playhouse, over time, she gets really annoyed at having to be screamed at in her ears. She also had a pet dog which Pee-wee recovered when she lost him. She rarely acknowledged the viewing audience.

The King of Cartoons
Gilbert Lewis (first season);
William H. Marshall (subsequent seasons)

He showed a brief cartoon clip during his segment. His catch phrase was "Let the cartoon begin!" The original King of Cartoons used a film projector to show the cartoons (which he would aim at the lens of the camera shooting the actual show). On later seasons, the King would turn on a television set with a remote control. The king sometimes appeared unsure of what to do, and people like Pee-wee would have to remind him it was time to show a cartoon.

Tito
(first season only)

Roland Rodriguez
The playhouse lifeguard, he usually came into the house during snack time or during a gathering.

Ricardo
Vic Trevino
A Spanish-speaking soccer player with an apparent medical background, he replaced Tito after the first season.

Mrs. Steve (first season only; mentioned in "Fire in the Playhouse" of season 4)
Shirley Stoler
A frequent visitor to the playhouse during the first season, she enjoyed eating and "snooping around" when Pee-wee was not seen.

Mrs. Rene
Suzanne Kent
A neighbor of Pee-wee's, she replaced Mrs. Steve after the first season. She is the polar opposite of Mrs. Steve, being much more tolerant and fun-loving.

Dixie (first season)
Johann Carlo
A taxi driver, she introduced the King of Cartoons in the first season by playing her trumpet (frequently referring to him as "King Cartoon").

The Playhouse Gang (first season)
Natasha Lyonne (Opal);
Shaun Weiss (Elvis);
Diane Yang (Cher)
Three children who interacted with Pee-wee during the first season, they were replaced by three other children for the subsequent second season.

The Playhouse Gang (second season)
Vaughn Tyree Jelks (Fabian);
Alisan Porter (Li'l Punkin);
Stephanie Walski (Rapunzel)
Three children who interacted with Pee-wee, but only in two episodes of the second season, their only notable personality trait is that Li'l Punkin never spoke out loud by herself, instead whispering in Pee-wee's or other characters' ears. She spoke occasionally, but only in unison with the other two, and once she sang a song.

text: Puppet and object characters[edit]

text:
Character
Voiced by
Description

Jambi
John Paragon
A blue-faced (later green) genie who lived in a jeweled box, he usually appeared once per show to grant Pee-wee a wish, often with unexpected results. Sometimes, he appeared more than once per show or not at all. His head was the only feature that always showed. His catchphrases included "Wish? Did somebody say 'Wish'?", and the magic words "Mecca lecca hi, mecca hiney ho" (which grew more complicated as the show progressed).

Chairry
Alison Mork
A bluish-green armchair with eyes on the chair back, a mouth between the seat cushions, and armrests that flapped around, she occasionally hugged Pee-wee when he sat on her.

Magic Screen
Alison Mork
A screen on wheels that slightly resembled an Etch-A-Sketch, it flashed in an array of colors when not in use; it also showed films, and Pee-wee would frequently jump into the screen itself to interact with a fantasy land inside, usually to "connect the dots" (see below). Magic Screen once mentioned having a relative, Movie Screen. In the Pee-wee's Playhouse Christmas Special, Magic Johnson stated that Magic Screen and he were cousins. Magic Screen is addressed as "she" and "her" in the puppeteers' commentary, indicating that Magic Screen is actually female.

Pterri
John Paragon (seasons 1, 3 — 5);
George McGrath (season 2)
A green Pteranodon and one of Pee-wee's closest friends, he usually acted like a young child. Pterri was afraid of thunderstorms (as revealed in "Rainy Day") and was very sensitive. He was often picked on by Randy and sometimes hung out with Globey. In the HBO special, The Pee-wee Herman Show, he worked for Captain Carl as a sort of "talking parrot" element.

Mr. Window
Ric Heitzman
The window to the left of the playhouse door when inside the playhouse, he had googly eyes and talked by moving his yellow window pane up and down. His role on the show was to introduce other characters (usually Miss Yvonne), and occasionally serve as a means for Pterri to enter and exit the playhouse (though Mr. Window would only open up his "mouth" about half to two-thirds of the time).

Clockey
Kevin Carlson
A yellow and red clock shaped like a map of the United States, he often introduced "Penny" cartoons and the like by asking Pee-wee, "Do you know what time it is?... Time for a Penny cartoon (etc.)!." He originated in the HBO special acting in a similar manner.

Conky 2000
Gregory Harrison (Season 1);
Kevin Carlson (subsequent seasons)
The playhouse robot, he gave Pee-wee the "secret word" each week and served as a "brain" element in the show. He spoke with a stutter, and was made from various parts of old electronics, including old camera attachments (eyes), a boombox (chest), phonograph (torso), and a cash register with no keys (head), and a vacuum cleaner hood as the top skull. The robot referred to himself as "Conky 2000" (after the first season, though he used this in episode #3 in the first season) when Pee-wee turned him on. According to evidence suggested in the episode "Conky's Breakdown", there may be more than one Conky robot. Further evidence of this is that Pee-Wee has a different model of Conky in the 2010 Broadway show based on the series, which has an updated design and refers to himself this time as "Conky 3000".

Globey
George McGrath
A spinning globe with a pair of arms at the base and a large face in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, Globey spoke with a French-sounding accent and often helped Pee-wee out with geography, language, astronomy, or history questions. He sometimes hung out with Pterri, and, like Pterri, acted in the manner typical of a young child.

Puppet Band
Wayne White (Dirty Dog);
Ric Heitzman (Cool Cat);
Alison Mork (Chicky Baby)
Three animal puppets who comprise a 1950s'-style jazz combo, they live in a corridor of the Playhouse designed to resemble an alley. They normally spoke in rhyme, parodying Beat generation poetry.

Mr. Kite
Wayne White
A pink kite, he occasionally appeared in one of the playhouse windows. Pee-wee would ask for weather reports and Mr. Kite would tell Pee-wee what the weather was going to be like.

Randy
Wayne White
A red-headed marionette who served as the playhouse bully, usually making life miserable for Pee-wee and the playhouse characters, he once talked Pee-wee into prank-calling a woman (Alison Mork) who was the wife of the police officer "Daryl" (George McGrath) on the Picturephone, suggesting that he might be a juvenile delinquent.

Billy Baloney
Paul Reubens
A ventriloquist dummy, he slightly resembled Randy in appearance (but blonde), which Pee-wee himself operated on occasion.

Dog Chair
George McGrath
A white chaise longue, which was similar to Chairry but resembling the face of a dog, he sat next to Chairry, but was used and referred to much less often.

Ant Farm
Miscellaneous
Occasionally, Pee-wee would check to see what the ants were up to; a short close-up animated sequence would follow depicting the ants engaged in some "human" activity. On one occasion, they actually managed to get out of the farm.

The Dinosaur Family
George McGrath (Red);
Alison Mork (Light Blue);
Ric Heitzman (Blue);
Kevin Carlson (Pink)
A den of miniature, clay-animation dinosaurs, they lived in a mouse hole in the playhouse. The camera view frequently zoomed in on the dinosaurs to see what they were doing. In the Christmas special, they are revealed to be Jewish, as they are shown celebrating Hanukkah.

Food
Miscellaneous
The contents of Pee-wee's refrigerator, these clay-animation food items included pizzas, vegetables, french fries and others that would dance and juggle to Pee-wee and friends' amusement.

Flowers
Ric Heitzman;
George McGrath
Wayne White
These were three flowers living in a flowerbed in the window to the right of the playhouse door. After Dixie left the show in season 2, they introduced the King of Cartoons. They originally had distorted and robotic voices, but they were replaced with normal-sounding falsetto voices, beginning with season 2. Casting rotated.

Fish
Ric Heitzman (Purple);
George McGrath (Yellow)
The fish lived in the playhouse aquarium. Their trademark was that often when something happened, the purple fish would make a snide remark regarding the situation, which the yellow fish would follow up with a witty comment. Both fish would then cackle, an act reminiscent of Muppets Statler & Waldorf.

Penny
Avriel Hillman[18]
A clay animation short featuring a blonde girl with pennies for eyes, who described some situations in her life and daily activities. She reappeared later outside the show on public service commercials. About 37 different clay-animation shorts were featured on this show.

Knucklehead
Gregory Harrison (season 1);
Kevin Carlson (season 2)
A large image of a side view of a fist, with "googly eyes" and lipstick, he told bad knock-knock jokes. He had a bit part in the HBO special, The Pee-wee Herman Show, but as a sock puppet who acted and sounded differently.

Cowntess
George McGrath
A life-sized, talking cow that spoke in an elegant accent. In one episode she shows "home movies" of her visit to Venice Italy, and a long shot of her riding in a gondola shows her to actually be a bull.

Salesman
Ric Heitzman
A caricatured salesman, dressed in a tacky suit and a humongous head, he rang the doorbell and shouted "I'm going door to door to make you this incredible offer!" (occasionally he could be heard starting another sentence, "I'm sure by now you have realized-") while a horror movie-style effect played in the background. This caused Pee-wee to slam the door and scream, occasionally frustratedly saying, "Salesmen!" Pee-wee once let him in during a party, saying, "What's your incredible offer?", to which the salesman replied "Free foil!", which Pee-wee gladly accepted for his foil ball. This character was retired after the first season.

Floory
Kevin Carlson
A section of the playhouse floor that stood up and talked, for the first season, he was covered by Pee-wee's tepee. After Pee-wee and his friends remodeled the playhouse, though, he emerged and the tepee was placed in a different part of the playhouse.

Chandelier
Alison Mork
A talking chandelier with a French accent, she appeared in later seasons.

Exercise Belt
Ric Hetizman
A vintage vibrating belt exercise machine, Pee-wee would sometimes get on it, turn it on, then get stuck on it. Conky would usually have to get him out.

Toys
Miscellaneous
These are Pee-wee's strange toys he keeps in a smiley face-shaped window, with movable shelves inside. For the season two redecorating of the playhouse, their space on the wall was taken over by Clocky, and they were relocated to the back wall of the playhouse behind a door that looked like a tire.

El Hombre
Unknown
A Spanish language cartoon, it was shown toward the later run of the series; it is about a superhero who stops crime, thwarts strangers, saves people's lives, and rights any other wrongs. Six different clay animation shorts were featured on this show, and were usually used as a substitute for the Penny cartoon, but two episodes ("Miss Yvonne's Visit" and "Mystery") featured both.

text: One-time characters[edit]

text:
Character
Played by
Description

Roger
Wayne Moss
A large, green monster that invaded the playhouse, he resembled a giant eyeball, had two mouths and one leg, and spoke in a language incomprehensible to Pee-wee until he wished he could understand the monster (at which point he learned his name in English). During this episode, Roger talked to his mother on the Picturephone; during the conversation, Roger's mother said the Secret Word in their language, at which point they both screamed while a bunch of symbols appeared on the screen. At the end of the episode, Roger left the playhouse with Pee-wee on the back of Pee-wee's scooter. Roger made his second and final appearance in the "Pajama Party" episode.

Rusty
Calvert DeForest
A strange old man, he hung out with the Playhouse Gang in the first season - and acted exactly like them, if not more childish. Oddly enough, he wears a "Playboy" pin on his hat, among others.

Yvona
Lynne Marie Stewart
An alien, she was captured by Zyzzybalubah and locked in a cage as his personal slave. She bears a striking facial and bodily resemblance to Miss Yvonne and has similar theme music. It is implied by her in "Playhouse in Outer Space" that Zyzzy has kept Yvona as his slave for years (when she says "It's always been like this."). Pee-wee seems to develop feelings for her, probably due to her similarities to Miss Yvonne, for whom he also had apparent feelings.

Zyzzybalubah
George McGrath
A malevolent alien, he hypnotized Conky into making his own name the secret word and launched the playhouse into space. He calls anyone he captures his "friend", but Pee-wee sets him straight.

Dr. Jinga Janga
Bernard Fox
The genie doctor whom Pee-wee called when Jambi fell ill, he helped Pee-wee learn to appreciate Jambi and others.

Authorized Conky Repairman Johnny Wilson
Jimmy Smits
He fixed problems with Conky, the playhouse robot.

Rhonda
Sandra Bernhard
The Picturephone operator, she has a crush on Pee-wee.

Derek
Steve James
Reba's boyfriend, a fireman, he was going to take Reba to the firemen's ball, but after it got canceled because of a fire at the ballroom itself, they do not know where else to go. So, Pee-wee allows Derek and Reba to have their date right there at the playhouse; they played "drive-in", with Magic Screen as the screen and Pee-wee and Miss Yvonne as Derek and Reba's chaperones (possibly for a double date).

text: Production[edit]

text: At the start of season two, the show moved from its New York City warehouse studio to facilities at the Hollywood Center Studios, creating changes in personnel and a change to the set that allowed the show to take advantage of the additional space. The show changed production facilities again in 1989 during its fourth season, this time at the Culver Studios, also in Los Angeles.

text: Critical praise[edit]

text: As soon as it first aired, Pee-wee's Playhouse fascinated media theorists and commentators, many of whom championed the show as a postmodernist hodgepodge of characters and situations which appeared to soar in the face of domineering racist and sexist presumptions.[19][20] For example, Pee-wee's friends, both human and not, were of diverse cultural and racial origins. In its entire run, Pee-wee's Playhouse won 15 Emmys, as well as other awards.[21] Captain Kangaroo's Bob Keeshan hailed the show's "awesome production values". Adding, "with the possible exception of the Muppets, you can't find such creativity anywhere on TV."[22]

text: "I'm just trying to illustrate that it's okay to be different — not that it's good, not that it's bad, but that it's all right. I'm trying to tell kids to have a good time and to encourage them to be creative and to question things," Reubens told an interviewer in Rolling Stone.[23]

text: On November 1, 2011, in commemoration of the 25th anniversary of the show, a book by Caseen Gaines called Inside Pee-wee's Playhouse: The Untold, Unauthorized, and Unpredictable Story of a Pop Phenomenon, was released by ECW Press.[24][25]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
14th Daytime Emmy Awards - 1987

Outstanding Makeup - Sharon Ilson (won)
Outstanding Hairstyling - Sally Hershberger and Eric Gregg (won)
Outstanding Art Direction/Set Decoration/Scenic Design - Gary Panter, Sydney J. Bartholomew Jr., Nancy Deren, Wayne White, and Ric Heitzman (won)
Outstanding Film Sound Mixing - Rolf Pardula and Ken Hahn
Outstanding Videotape Editing - Paul Dougherty, Doug Jines, Joe Castellano, Les Kaye, and Howard Silver
Outstanding Graphics and Title Design - Prudence Fenton and Phil Trumbo (won)

15th Daytime Emmy Awards - 1988

Outstanding Art Direction/Set Decoration/Scenic Design - Gary Panter, Wayne White, Ric Heitzman, Jeremy Railton, James Higginson, and Paul Reubens (won)
Outstanding Makeup - Ve Neill (won)
Outstanding Videotape Editing - John Ward Nielson for "Playhouse in Outer Space"

16th Daytime Emmy Awards - 1989

Outstanding Hairstyling - Yolanda Toussieng Jerry Masone for "To Tell The Tooth" (won, tied with The Oprah Winfrey Show)
Outstanding Videotape Editing - Charles Randazzo, Peter W. Moyer, David Pincus, and Steve Purcell for "To Tell The Tooth" (won)
Outstanding Film Sound Editing - Steve Kirklys, Steve Michael, Peter Cole, Ken Dahlinger, Greg Teall, and John Walker for "To Tell The Tooth" (won, tied with Muppet Babies)

18th Daytime Emmy Awards - 1991

Outstanding Graphics and Title Design - Paul Reubens, Prudence Fenton, and Dorne Huebler (won)
Outstanding Film Sound Editing - Peter Cole, Chris Trent, Glenn A. Jordan, Steve Kirklys, Ken Dahlinger, and John Walker (won)
Outstanding Film Sound Mixing - Bo Harwood, Peter Cole, Chris Trent, and Troy Smith (won)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
September 13, 1986 (1986-09-13)
December 6, 1986 (1986-12-06)

2
10
September 19, 1987 (1987-09-19)
November 21, 1987 (1987-11-21)

3
2 + Special
September 17, 1988 (1988-09-17)
December 21, 1988 (1988-12-21)

4
10
September 16, 1989 (1989-09-16)
November 18, 1989 (1989-11-18)

5
10
September 15, 1990 (1990-09-15)
November 17, 1990 (1990-11-17)

text: Golden Age cartoons[edit]

text: During the show's run, many cartoons were shown from the "Golden Age" of animation, usually courtesy of the King of Cartoons. However, they were not featured with their respective titles, nor credited, and generally only brief clips were shown. As Reubens stated in a 2004 radio interview, almost all of the cartoons they obtained were in the public domain.

text:
First Season: 1986
Title
Year
Director

1
Fresh Vegetable Mystery
1939
Dave Fleischer

2
Ants in the Plants
1940
Dave Fleischer

3
Summertime
1934
Ub Iwerks

4
Smile, Darn Ya, Smile!
1931
Rudolf Ising

5
Old Mother Hubbard
1935
Ub Iwerks

6
The Three Bears
1935
Ub Iwerks

7
Molly Moo-Cow and the Butterflies
1935
Burt Gillett, Tom Palmer

8
Flip the Frog: Puddle Pranks
1931
Ub Iwerks

9
Jack Frost
1934
Ub Iwerks

10
Mary's Little Lamb
1935
Ub Iwerks

11
Somewhere in Dreamland
1936
Dave Fleischer

12
Smile, Darn Ya, Smile!
1931
Rudolf Ising

13
Bunny Mooning
1937
Dave Fleischer

Second Season: 1987
Title
Year
Director

1 / 14
Philips Broadcast of 1938
1938
George Pal

2 / 15
To Spring
1936
Bill Hanna

3 / 16
Making 'Em Move
1931
Harry Bailey, John Foster

4 / 17
The Sunshine Makers (44 sec)
1935
Ted Eshbaugh

5 / 18
Piano Tooners
1932
John Foster, George Rufle

6 / 19
Philips Broadcast of 1938
1938
George Pal

7 / 20
Pagan Moon
1932
Rudolf Ising

8 / 21
Svatba v korálovém moři
1943
Horst von Möllendorff

9 / 22
Ship of the Ether
1934
George Pal

10 / 23
Musical Memories
1935
Dave Fleischer

Third Season: 1988
Title
Year
Director

1 / Special
Christmas Comes But Once a Year
1936
Dave Fleischer

2 / 24
Farm Foolery
1949
Seymour Kneitel

3 / 25
An Elephant Never Forgets
1935
Dave Fleischer

Fourth Season: 1989
Title
Year
Director

1 / 26
Hunky and Spunky
1938
Dave Fleischer

2 / 27
The Stork Market
1949
Seymour Kneitel

3 / 28
Spring Song
1949
Isadore Sparber

4 / 29
To Spring
1936
Hugh Harman, Rudolf Ising

5 / 30
None

6 / 31
The Kids In the Shoe
1935
Dave Fleischer

7 / 32
The Song of the Birds
1935
Dave Fleischer

8 / 33
None

9 / 34
Little Lambkins
1940
Dave Fleischer

10 / 35
None

Fifth Season: 1990
Title
Year
Director

1 / 36
One More Time
1931
Rudolf Ising

2 / 37
Farm Frolics
1941
Bob Clampett

3 / 38
The Little Red Hen
1934
Ub Iwerks

4 / 39a*
Freddy the Freshman
1932
Rudolf Ising

4 / 39b*
Humpty Dumpty
1935
Ub Iwerks

5 / 40
Fin'n Catty
1943
Chuck Jones

6 / 41
Sinkin' in the Bathtub
1930
Hugh Harman, Rudolf Ising

7 / 42
Freddy the Freshman
1932
Rudolf Ising

8 / 43a*
Allegretto
1936
Oskar Fischinger

8 / 43b*
Balloon Land
1935
Ub Iwerks

9 / 44
None

10 / 45
None

text: * These episodes had more than one classic cartoon each

text: Later airings and home video releases[edit]

text:
On August 15, 1998, the show returned in reruns on Fox Family, but stopped airing on the Fox Family in October 1999.
Cartoon Network's Adult Swim programming block began airing the show Monday through Thursday on July 10, 2006. Adult Swim originally slated to end airings on the weekdays on October 19, 2006 and move the show to Sundays at 10 PM.[26] In late December 2006, Adult Swim moved the show to Sunday nights, returning it to the schedule at 1:30 AM, but was eventually removed from the schedule permanently due to their age demographics. It stopped airing on adult swim on February 13, 2009.
Several episodes were initially released by Hi-Tops Video, the "children's imprint" of Media/Heron Communications, from 1988 to 1990. The first 8 tapes were released in 1988, followed by 7 more in 1989, and 2 more in 1990. They were then reissued on video by MGM/UA Home Entertainment in 1996, along with several episodes that were not released on video the first time. Finally, all 45 episodes were released on DVD by Image Entertainment in 2004. It should also be noted that the Pee-wee's Playhouse Christmas Special was released during each of these three times.

text: VHS and laserdisc releases[edit]

text:
Hi-Tops Video releases
Vol. 1 - Ice Cream Soup
Vol. 2 - Luau for Two
Vol. 3 - Rainy Day/Now You See Me, Now You Don't/Cowboy Fun (Just Another Day)
Vol. 4 - Beauty Makeover
Vol. 5 - Restaurant
Vol. 6 - Ants in Your Pants
Vol. 7 - Monster in the Playhouse
Festival of Fun - The Gang's All Here/Stolen Apples/Party/The Cowboy and the Cowntess/Monster in the Playhouse
Vol. 8 - Open House
Vol. 9 - Puppy in the Playhouse
Vol. 10 - Pajama Party
Vol. 11 - Pee-wee's Store
Vol. 12 - Pee-wee Catches a Cold
Vol. 13 - Tons of Fun
Pee-wee's Playhouse Christmas Special
Vol. 14 - School
Vol. 15 - Why Wasn't I Invited?

text:
Hi-Tops Video laserdisc releases
Fun-o-Rama - Ice Cream Soup/Luau for Two/Rainy Day/Now You See Me, Now You Don't
Potpurri - Just Another Day/Beauty Makeover/The Restaurant/Ants in Your Pants
Pee-wee's Playhouse Christmas Special (Also released by MGM/UA Home Video in 1996)

text:
MGM/UA Home Video Releases
Vol. 1 - Open House/Pee-wee Catches a Cold
Vol. 2 - I Remember Curtis/Conky's Breakdown
Vol. 3 - Store/Playhouse in Outer Space
Vol. 4 - Pajama Party/To Tell the Tooth
Vol. 5 - The Gang's All Here/Party
Vol. 6 - Luau for Two/Now You See Me, Now You Don't
Vol. 7 - Fire in the Playhouse/Love That Story
Vol. 8 - Sick? Did Somebody Say Sick?/Miss Yvonne's Visit
Pee-wee's Playhouse Christmas Special
Vol. 9 - Dr. Pee-wee and the Del Rubios/Rebarella
Vol. 10 - Let's Play Office/Mystery
Vol. 11 - Front Page Pee-wee/Tango Time
Vol. 12 - Playhouse Day/Accidental Playhouse
Vol. 13 - Ice Cream Soup/Puppy in the Playhouse
Vol. 14 - The Cowboy and the Cowntess/Reba Eats and Pterri Runs
Vol. 15 - Tons of Fun/School
Vol. 16 - Why Wasn't I Invited?/Ants in Your Pants

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Image Entertainment has released all 45 episodes of Pee-wee's Playhouse on DVD as NTSC Region 0 discs.

text:
DVD name
Ep #
Release Date
Notes

Pee-wee's Playhouse #1
23
November 16, 2004
Includes all episodes from Seasons 1 and 2

Pee-wee's Playhouse #2
22
November 16, 2004
Includes all episodes from Seasons 3-5

Pee Wee's Playhouse Christmas Special
1
October 19, 2004

Pee Wee's Playhouse - The Complete Collection
45 + 1
October 19, 2010
Includes all episodes from Seasons 1-5 plus the Christmas Special

Pee-wee's Playhouse Seasons 1 and 2 (Special Edition)
23
October 21, 2014
Includes all episodes from Seasons 1 and 2 (Remastered)

Pee-wee's Playhouse Seasons 3-5
22
March 10, 2015
Includes all episodes from Seasons 3-5 (Remastered)

text: Blu-ray releases[edit]

text: On July 3, 2013, Shout! Factory announced that they had acquired the rights to the entire series from Paul Reubens to release on Blu-ray. In addition, the entire series will be digitally remastered from the original 35mm film elements and original audio tracks.[27][28][29][30]

text:
Blu-ray name
Ep #
Release Date
Notes

Pee-wee's Playhouse The Complete Series
45 + Special
October 21, 2014
Includes all 45 episodes plus the Christmas Special (Remastered)


document_title: Peptide bond

question_text: where does the energy to form a peptide bond come from

root

text: Peptide bond

text: Synthesis[edit]

text: When two amino acids form a dipeptide through a peptide bond it is called condensation. In condensation, two amino acids approach each other, with the acid moiety of one coming near the amino moiety of the other. One loses a hydrogen and oxygen from its carboxyl group (COOH) and the other loses a hydrogen from its amino group (NH2). This reaction produces a molecule of water (H2O) and two amino acids joined by a peptide bond (-CO-NH-). The two joined amino acids are called a dipeptide.

tag: p

text: The amide bond is synthesized when the carboxyl group of one amino acid molecule reacts with the amino group of the other amino acid molecule, causing the release of a molecule of water (H2O), hence the process is a dehydration synthesis reaction (also known as a condensation reaction).

text: The formation of the peptide bond consumes energy, which, in living systems, is derived from ATP.[6] Polypeptides and proteins are chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. Living organisms employ enzymes to produce polypeptides, and ribosomes to produce proteins. Peptides are synthesized by specific enzymes. For example, the tripeptide glutathione is synthesized in two steps from free amino acids, by two enzymes: gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione synthetase.[7][8]

text: Degradation[edit]

text: A peptide bond can be broken by hydrolysis (the addition of water). In the presence of water they will break down and release 8–16 kilojoule/mol (2–4 kcal/mol)[9] of free energy. This process is extremely slow, with the half life at 25C of between 350 and 600 years per bond.[10]

text: In living organisms, the process is normally catalyzed by enzymes known as peptidases or proteases, although there are reports of peptide bond hydrolysis caused by conformational strain as the peptide/protein folds into the native structure.[11] This non-enzymatic process is thus not accelerated by transition state stabilization, but rather by ground state destabilization.

text: Spectra[edit]

text: The wavelength of absorption A for a peptide bond is 190–230 nm[12] (which makes it particularly susceptible to UV radiation).

text: Cis/trans isomers of the peptide group[edit]

text:
Significant delocalisation of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom gives the group a partial double bond character. The partial double bond renders the amide group planar, occurring in either the cis or trans isomers. In the unfolded state of proteins, the peptide groups are free to isomerize and adopt both isomers; however, in the folded state, only a single isomer is adopted at each position (with rare exceptions). The trans form is preferred overwhelmingly in most peptide bonds (roughly 1000:1 ratio in trans:cis populations). However, X-Pro peptide groups tend to have a roughly 30:1 ratio, presumably because the symmetry between the

C

α

{\displaystyle \mathrm {C^{\alpha }} }

 and

C

δ

{\displaystyle \mathrm {C^{\delta }} }

 atoms of proline makes the cis and trans isomers nearly equal in energy (See figure, below).

text:
The dihedral angle associated with the peptide group (defined by the four atoms

C

α

−

C

′

−
N
−

C

α

{\displaystyle C^{\alpha }-C^{\prime }-N-C^{\alpha }}

) is denoted

ω

{\displaystyle \omega }

;

ω
=

0

∘

{\displaystyle \omega =0^{\circ }}

 for the cis isomer (synperiplanar conformation) and

ω
=

180

∘

{\displaystyle \omega =180^{\circ }}

 for the trans isomer (antiperiplanar conformation). Amide groups can isomerize about the C'-N bond between the cis and trans forms, albeit slowly (

τ
∼

{\displaystyle \tau \sim }

20 seconds at room temperature). The transition states

ω
=
±

90

∘

{\displaystyle \omega =\pm 90^{\circ }}

 requires that the partial double bond be broken, so that the activation energy is roughly 80 kilojoule/mol (20 kcal/mol) (See Figure below). However, the activation energy can be lowered (and the isomerization catalyzed) by changes that favor the single-bonded form, such as placing the peptide group in a hydrophobic environment or donating a hydrogen bond to the nitrogen atom of an X-Pro peptide group. Both of these mechanisms for lowering the activation energy have been observed in peptidyl prolyl isomerases (PPIases), which are naturally occurring enzymes that catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of X-Pro peptide bonds.

text: Conformational protein folding is usually much faster (typically 10–100 ms) than cis-trans isomerization (10–100 s). A nonnative isomer of some peptide groups can disrupt the conformational folding significantly, either slowing it or preventing it from even occurring until the native isomer is reached. However, not all peptide groups have the same effect on folding; nonnative isomers of other peptide groups may not affect folding at all.

text: Chemical reactions[edit]

text: Due to its resonance stabilization, the peptide bond is relatively unreactive under physiological conditions, even less than similar compounds such as esters. Nevertheless, peptide bonds can undergo chemical reactions, usually through an attack of an electronegative atom on the carbonyl carbon, breaking the carbonyl double bond and forming a tetrahedral intermediate. This is the pathway followed in proteolysis and, more generally, in N-O acyl exchange reactions such as those of inteins. When the functional group attacking the peptide bond is a thiol, hydroxyl or amine, the resulting molecule may be called a cyclol or, more specifically, a thiacyclol, an oxacyclol or an azacyclol, respectively.


document_title: List of countries and dependencies by area

question_text: largest country in the world in terms of land area

text: Map[edit]

text: Countries and dependencies by area[edit]

text:
Rank
Sovereign state/dependency
Total in km2 (mi2)
Land in km2 (mi2)
Water in km2 (mi2)
% water
Notes

 –
 World
7014510072000000000♠510,072,000(196,940,000)
7014148940000000000♠148,940,000(57,510,000)
7014361132000000000♠361,132,000(139,434,000)
70.8

7000100000000000000♠1
 Russia
7013170982460000000♠17,098,246(6,601,670)
7013163777420000000♠16,377,742(6,323,482)
7011720500000000000♠720,500(278,200)
4.21
Largest country in the world (10.995% of the world's land mass); its Asian portion makes it the largest country in Asia, and its European portion of roughly 3,960,000 km2 (1,530,000 sq mi) makes it the largest country in Europe.[Note 2]

 –
 Antarctica
7013140000000000000♠14,000,000(5,400,000)
7013140000000000000♠14,000,000(5,400,000)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
13,720,000 km2 (5,300,000 sq mi) (98%) of land area is covered by ice. Though not itself a country, areas are claimed by a number of countries.[Note 3]

7000200000000000000♠2
 Canada
7012998467000000000♠9,984,670(3,855,100)
7012909350700000000♠9,093,507(3,511,023)
7011891163000000000♠891,163(344,080)
8.93
Largest country in the Western Hemisphere by total area (second largest by land area, after United States), with the largest surface area of water. Total area and water area figures include area covered by freshwater only, and do not include internal waters (non-freshwater) of about  1,600,000 km2, or territorial waters of 200,000 km2.[4][5]

7000300000000000000♠3
 China
7012959696100000000♠9,596,961(3,705,407)
7012932641000000000♠9,326,410(3,600,950)
7011270550000000000♠270,550(104,460)
2.82
Second largest country in Asia (though the largest located wholly within the continent), and second largest country in the world by land area. Excludes Taiwan, disputed territories with India, and disputed islands in the South China Sea. Figures for total area and water area also exclude all coastal and territorial waters.[Note 4]

7000400000000000000♠4
 United States
7012952506700000000♠9,525,067(3,677,649)[7] –7012983351700000000♠9,833,517(3,796,742)
7012914759300000000♠9,147,593(3,531,905) –7012914764300000000♠9,147,643(3,531,925)[7]
7011377424000000000♠377,424(145,724)[7] –7011685924000000000♠685,924(264,837)
3.96–6.97
Largest country in the Western Hemisphere by land area (second largest by total area, after Canada). Secondary figures for total area and water area denote the inclusion of all coastal and territorial waters into the statistical area.[Note 4]

7000500000000000000♠5
 Brazil
7012851576700000000♠8,515,767(3,287,956)
7012846041500000000♠8,460,415(3,266,584)
7010553520000000000♠55,352(21,372)
0.65
The largest Portuguese-speaking country, the largest country in South America and in the Southern Hemisphere, and the largest contiguous territory in the Americas.[11]

7000600000000000000♠6
 Australia
7012769202400000000♠7,692,024(2,969,907)
7012763356500000000♠7,633,565(2,947,336)
7010584590000000000♠58,459(22,571)
0.76
The largest country in Oceania, the largest country without land borders, and the largest country completely in the Southern Hemisphere.[Note 5]

7000700000000000000♠7
 India
7012328726300000000♠3,287,263(1,269,219)
7012297319000000000♠2,973,190(1,147,960)
7011314073000000000♠314,073(121,264)
9.55
Third largest country in Asia, largest country in South Asia, and the largest Hindi-speaking country, and the largest Tamil-speaking country. [Note 6]

7000800000000000000♠8
 Argentina
7012278040000000000♠2,780,400(1,073,500)
7012273669000000000♠2,736,690(1,056,640)
7010437100000000000♠43,710(16,880)
1.57
The largest Spanish-speaking country and second largest country in South America.[Note 7]

7000900000000000000♠9
 Kazakhstan
7012272490000000000♠2,724,900(1,052,100)
7012269970000000000♠2,699,700(1,042,400)
7010252000000000000♠25,200(9,700)
0.92
Largest landlocked country.[16] Second largest Russian-speaking country. Largest "-stan" country.

7001100000000000000♠10
 Algeria
7012238174100000000♠2,381,741(919,595)
7012238174100000000♠2,381,741(919,595)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
The largest Arabic-speaking and Berber-speaking country, largest country in Africa and the Mediterranean Basin. [Note 8]

7001110000000000000♠11
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
7012234485800000000♠2,344,858(905,355)
7012226704800000000♠2,267,048(875,312)
7010778100000000000♠77,810(30,040)
3.32
The largest French-speaking country. Largest country in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2nd largest country in Africa, has the largest French-speaking city i.e. Kinshasa.

 –
 Denmark
7012222009300000000♠2,220,093(857,183)
7012222007200000000♠2,220,072(857,175)
7007210000000000000♠21(8.1)
0
UN figure does not includes entire Kingdom of Denmark area. Largest member state of European Union.

 –
 Greenland (Kingdom of Denmark)
7012216608600000000♠2,166,086(836,330)
7012216608600000000♠2,166,086(836,330)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Part of the Kingdom of Denmark.[Note 9] Largest non-continental island in world.

7001120000000000000♠12
 Saudi Arabia
7012214969000000000♠2,149,690(830,000)
7012214969000000000♠2,149,690(830,000)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Largest country in the Middle East.

7001130000000000000♠13
 Mexico
7012196437500000000♠1,964,375(758,449)
7012194394500000000♠1,943,945(750,561)
7010204300000000000♠20,430(7,890)
1.04
Second largest Spanish-speaking country and third largest country in North America. Largest Amerindian-culture country. It also has the largest Spanish speaking city i.e. Mexico City.

7001140000000000000♠14
 Indonesia
7012191093100000000♠1,910,931(737,815)
7012181156900000000♠1,811,569(699,451)
7010930000000000000♠93,000(36,000)
4.87
The largest country in South-east Asia. The largest archipelagic state and island state in the world by area and population.[18]

7001150000000000000♠15
 Sudan
7012186148400000000♠1,861,484(718,723)
not determined
not determined
not determined[Note 10]
Formerly the largest country in Africa. It is now the 3rd largest country in Africa.[Note 11]

7001160000000000000♠16
 Libya
7012175954000000000♠1,759,540(679,360)
7012175954000000000♠1,759,540(679,360)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7001170000000000000♠17
 Iran
7012164819500000000♠1,648,195(636,372)
7012153159500000000♠1,531,595(591,352)
7011116600000000000♠116,600(45,000)
7.07
[Note 12]

7001180000000000000♠18
 Mongolia
7012156411000000000♠1,564,110(603,910)
7012155355600000000♠1,553,556(599,831)
7010105600000000000♠10,560(4,080)
0.68
Largest landlocked country that does not border a closed sea.

7001190000000000000♠19
 Peru
7012128521600000000♠1,285,216(496,225)
7012127999600000000♠1,279,996(494,209)
7009522000000000000♠5,220(2,020)
0.41
Third largest Spanish-speaking country and third largest country in South America.

7001200000000000000♠20
 Chad
7012128400000000000♠1,284,000(496,000)
7012125920000000000♠1,259,200(486,200)
7010248000000000000♠24,800(9,600)
1.93
Third largest landlocked country and largest outside of Asia.

7001210000000000000♠21
 Niger
7012126700000000000♠1,267,000(489,000)
7012126670000000000♠1,266,700(489,100)
7008300000000000000♠300(120)
0.02

7001220000000000000♠22
 Angola
7012124670000000000♠1,246,700(481,400)
7012124670000000000♠1,246,700(481,400)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7001230000000000000♠23
 Mali
7012124019200000000♠1,240,192(478,841)
7012122019000000000♠1,220,190(471,120)
7010200020000000000♠20,002(7,723)
1.61

7001240000000000000♠24
 South Africa
7012122103700000000♠1,221,037(471,445)
7012121447000000000♠1,214,470(468,910)
7009462000000000000♠4,620(1,780)
0.38

7001250000000000000♠25
 Colombia
7012114174800000000♠1,141,748(440,831)
7012103870000000000♠1,038,700(401,000)
7011100210000000000♠100,210(38,690)
8.8

7001260000000000000♠26
 Ethiopia
7012110430000000000♠1,104,300(426,400)
7012100000000000000♠1,000,000(390,000)
7011104300000000000♠104,300(40,300)
0.7
[Note 13]

7001270000000000000♠27
 Bolivia
7012109858100000000♠1,098,581(424,164)
7012108330100000000♠1,083,301(418,265)
7010152800000000000♠15,280(5,900)
1.39

7001280000000000000♠28
 Mauritania
7012103070000000000♠1,030,700(398,000)
7012102552000000000♠1,025,520(395,960)
7009448000000000000♠4,480(1,730)
0.44

7001290000000000000♠29
 Egypt
7012100245000000000♠1,002,450(387,050)
7011995450000000000♠995,450(384,350)
7009600000000000000♠6,000(2,300)
0.6

7001300000000000000♠30
 Tanzania
7011945087000000000♠945,087(364,900)
7011885800000000000♠885,800(342,000)
7010615000000000000♠61,500(23,700)
6.49

7001310000000000000♠31
 Nigeria
7011923768000000000♠923,768(356,669)
7011910768000000000♠910,768(351,649)
7010130000000000000♠13,000(5,000)
1.41

7001320000000000000♠32
 Venezuela
7011916445000000000♠916,445(353,841)
7011882050000000000♠882,050(340,560)
7010300000000000000♠30,000(12,000)
3.29

7001330000000000000♠33
 Pakistan
7011881912000000000♠881,912(340,508)
7011881912000000000♠881,912(340,508)
7010252200000000000♠25,220(9,740)
2.86
[Note 14]

7001340000000000000♠34
 Namibia
7011825615000000000♠825,615(318,772)
7011823290000000000♠823,290(317,870)
7009242500000000000♠2,425(936)
0.12

7001350000000000000♠35
 Mozambique
7011801590000000000♠801,590(309,500)
7011786380000000000♠786,380(303,620)
7010130000000000000♠13,000(5,000)
1.63

7001360000000000000♠36
 Turkey
7011783562000000000♠783,562(302,535)
7011769632000000000♠769,632(297,157)
7010139300000000000♠13,930(5,380)
1.78
Transcontinental country located between Asia and Europe.

7001370000000000000♠37
 Chile
7011756102000000000♠756,102(291,933)
7011743812000000000♠743,812(287,187)
7010122900000000000♠12,290(4,750)
1.63
[Note 15]

7001380000000000000♠38
 Zambia
7011752612000000000♠752,612(290,585)
7011743398000000000♠743,398(287,028)
7009922000000000000♠9,220(3,560)
1.23

7001390000000000000♠39
 Myanmar
7011676578000000000♠676,578(261,228)
7011653508000000000♠653,508(252,321)
7010230700000000000♠23,070(8,910)
3.41

7001400000000000000♠40
 Afghanistan
7011652230000000000♠652,230(251,830)
7011652230000000000♠652,230(251,830)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7001410000000000000♠41
 South Sudan
7011644329000000000♠644,329(248,777)
not determined
not determined
not determined[Note 10]
[Note 16]

7001420000000000000♠42
 France
7011640679000000000♠640,679(247,368)
7011640427000000000♠640,427(247,270)
7009337400000000000♠3,374(1,303)
0.52
Figures include metropolitan France (in Europe) as well as the five overseas regions. This does not include New Caledonia (an autonomous sui generis collectivity), the five autonomous overseas collectivities, and the two uninhabited territories (the French Southern and Antarctic Lands and Clipperton Island) which are listed individually, although also part of the French Republic.[Note 17] Largest member state of European Union and third largest country in Europe.

7001430000000000000♠43
 Somalia
7011637657000000000♠637,657(246,201)
7011627337000000000♠627,337(242,216)
7010103200000000000♠10,320(3,980)
1.62
[Note 18]

7001440000000000000♠44
 Central African Republic
7011622984000000000♠622,984(240,535)
7011622984000000000♠622,984(240,535)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7001450000000000000♠45
 Ukraine
7011603500000000000♠603,500(233,000)
7011579300000000000♠579,300(223,700)
7010242000000000000♠24,200(9,300)
4.01
Second largest country in Europe and largest country wholly in Europe.[Note 19]

7001460000000000000♠46
 Madagascar
7011587041000000000♠587,041(226,658)
7011581540000000000♠581,540(224,530)
7009550100000000000♠5,501(2,124)
0.94

7001470000000000000♠47
 Botswana
7011581730000000000♠581,730(224,610)
7011566730000000000♠566,730(218,820)
7010150000000000000♠15,000(5,800)
2.58
[Note 20]

7001480000000000000♠48
 Kenya
7011580367000000000♠580,367(224,081)
7011569140000000000♠569,140(219,750)
7010112270000000000♠11,227(4,335)
1.93

7001490000000000000♠49
 Yemen
7011527968000000000♠527,968(203,850)
7011527968000000000♠527,968(203,850)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7001500000000000000♠50
 Thailand
7011513120000000000♠513,120(198,120)
7011510890000000000♠510,890(197,260)
7009223000000000000♠2,230(860)
0.43

7001510000000000000♠51
 Spain
7011505992000000000♠505,992(195,365)
7011498980000000000♠498,980(192,660)
7009639000000000000♠6,390(2,470)
1.26

Largest country in Southern Europe and second largest member state of European Union.

7001520000000000000♠52
 Turkmenistan
7011488100000000000♠488,100(188,500)
7011469930000000000♠469,930(181,440)
7010181700000000000♠18,170(7,020)
3.72

7001530000000000000♠53
 Cameroon
7011475442000000000♠475,442(183,569)
7011472710000000000♠472,710(182,510)
7009273000000000000♠2,730(1,050)
0.57

7001540000000000000♠54
 Papua New Guinea
7011462840000000000♠462,840(178,700)
7011452860000000000♠452,860(174,850)
7009998000000000000♠9,980(3,850)
2.16

7001550000000000000♠55
 Sweden
7011450295000000000♠450,295(173,860)
7011410335000000000♠410,335(158,431)
7010399600000000000♠39,960(15,430)
8.87
Largest country in Northern Europe. Third largest member state of European Union.

7001560000000000000♠56
 Uzbekistan
7011447400000000000♠447,400(172,700)
7011425400000000000♠425,400(164,200)
7010220000000000000♠22,000(8,500)
4.92

7001570000000000000♠57
 Morocco
7011446550000000000♠446,550(172,410)
7011446300000000000♠446,300(172,300)
7008250000000000000♠250(97)
0.06
[Note 21]

7001580000000000000♠58
 Iraq
7011438317000000000♠438,317(169,235)
7011437367000000000♠437,367(168,868)
7008950000000000000♠950(370)
0.22
[Note 22]

7001590000000000000♠59
 Paraguay
7011406752000000000♠406,752(157,048)
7011397302000000000♠397,302(153,399)
7009945000000000000♠9,450(3,650)
2.32

7001600000000000000♠60
 Zimbabwe
7011390757000000000♠390,757(150,872)
7011386847000000000♠386,847(149,362)
7009391000000000000♠3,910(1,510)
1

7001610000000000000♠61
 Japan
7011377973000000000♠377,973(145,936)
7011364543000000000♠364,543(140,751)
7010134300000000000♠13,430(5,190)
3.55
Largest island country in East Asia.[Note 23]

7001620000000000000♠62
 Germany
7011357114000000000♠357,114(137,882)
7011348672000000000♠348,672(134,623)
7009835000000000000♠8,350(3,220)
2.34
Largest country in Central Europe. Before the 1990 German reunification, West Germany was 248,577 (95,976) and East Germany was 108,333 (41,828).

7001630000000000000♠63
 Republic of the Congo
7011342000000000000♠342,000(132,000)
7011341500000000000♠341,500(131,900)
7008500000000000000♠500(190)
0.15

7001640000000000000♠64
 Finland
7011338424000000000♠338,424(130,666)
7011303815000000000♠303,815(117,304)
7010343300000000000♠34,330(13,250)
10.15
[Note 24]

7001650000000000000♠65
 Vietnam
7011331212000000000♠331,212(127,882)
7011310070000000000♠310,070(119,720)
7010211400000000000♠21,140(8,160)
6.38

7001660000000000000♠66
 Malaysia
7011330803000000000♠330,803(127,724)
7011329613000000000♠329,613(127,264)
7009119000000000000♠1,190(460)
0.35

7001670000000000000♠67
 Norway
7011323802000000000♠323,802(125,021)
7011304282000000000♠304,282(117,484)
7010195200000000000♠19,520(7,540)
6.03
[Note 25]

7001680000000000000♠68
 Ivory Coast
7011322463000000000♠322,463(124,504)
7011318003000000000♠318,003(122,782)
7009446000000000000♠4,460(1,720)
1.38

7001690000000000000♠69
 Poland
7011312696000000000♠312,696(120,733)
7011311888000000000♠311,888(120,421)
7008791000000000000♠791(305)
3.07

7001700000000000000♠70
 Oman
7011309500000000000♠309,500(119,500)
7011309500000000000♠309,500(119,500)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7001710000000000000♠71
 Italy
7011301336000000000♠301,336(116,346)
7011294140000000000♠294,140(113,570)
7009720000000000000♠7,200(2,800)
2.39

7001720000000000000♠72
 Philippines
7011300000000000000♠300,000(120,000)
7011298170000000000♠298,170(115,120)
7009183000000000000♠1,830(710)
0.61

7001730000000000000♠73
 Ecuador
7011276841000000000♠276,841(106,889)
7011256369000000000♠256,369(98,985)
7009672000000000000♠6,720(2,590)
2.37
[Note 26]

7001740000000000000♠74
 Burkina Faso
7011274222000000000♠274,222(105,878)
7011273602000000000♠273,602(105,638)
7008620000000000000♠620(240)
0.23
[Note 27]

7001750000000000000♠75
 New Zealand
7011270467000000000♠270,467(104,428)
7011262443000000000♠262,443(101,330)
7009439500000000000♠4,395(1,697)
1.65
[Note 28]

7001760000000000000♠76
 Gabon
7011267668000000000♠267,668(103,347)
7011257667000000000♠257,667(99,486)
7010100000000000000♠10,000(3,900)
3.74

 –
 Western Sahara
7011266000000000000♠266,000(103,000)
7011266000000000000♠266,000(103,000)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Disputed territory.[Note 29]

7001770000000000000♠77
 Guinea
7011245857000000000♠245,857(94,926)
7011245717000000000♠245,717(94,872)
7008140000000000000♠140(54)
0.06

7001780000000000000♠78
 United Kingdom
7011242495000000000♠242,495(93,628)
7011241930000000000♠241,930(93,410)
7009168000000000000♠1,680(650)
0.69

Largest island country in Europe and Western Hemisphere.
[Note 30]

7001790000000000000♠79
 Uganda
7011241550000000000♠241,550(93,260)
7011197100000000000♠197,100(76,100)
7010439380000000000♠43,938(16,965)
18.23

7001800000000000000♠80
 Ghana
7011238533000000000♠238,533(92,098)
7011227533000000000♠227,533(87,851)
7010110000000000000♠11,000(4,200)
4.61

7001810000000000000♠81
 Romania
7011238397000000000♠238,397(92,046)
7011231291000000000♠231,291(89,302)
7009710000000000000♠7,100(2,700)
2.97

7001820000000000000♠82
 Laos
7011236800000000000♠236,800(91,400)
7011230800000000000♠230,800(89,100)
7009600000000000000♠6,000(2,300)
2.53

7001830000000000000♠83
 Guyana
7011214969000000000♠214,969(83,000)
7011196849000000000♠196,849(76,004)
7010181200000000000♠18,120(7,000)
8.43

7001840000000000000♠84
 Belarus
7011207600000000000♠207,600(80,200)
7011202900000000000♠202,900(78,300)
7009470000000000000♠4,700(1,800)
2.26
Largest landlocked country in Europe.

7001850000000000000♠85
 Kyrgyzstan
7011199951000000000♠199,951(77,202)
7011191801000000000♠191,801(74,055)
7009815000000000000♠8,150(3,150)
4.08

7001860000000000000♠86
 Senegal
7011196722000000000♠196,722(75,955)
7011192530000000000♠192,530(74,340)
7009419200000000000♠4,192(1,619)
2.13

7001870000000000000♠87
 Syria
7011185180000000000♠185,180(71,500)
7011183630000000000♠183,630(70,900)
7009155000000000000♠1,550(600)
0.84
[Note 31]

7001880000000000000♠88
 Cambodia
7011181035000000000♠181,035(69,898)
7011176515000000000♠176,515(68,153)
7009452000000000000♠4,520(1,750)
2.5

7001890000000000000♠89
 Uruguay
7011176215000000000♠176,215(68,037)
7011175015000000000♠175,015(67,574)
7009120000000000000♠1,200(460)
0.68

 –
 Somaliland
7011176120000000000♠176,120(68,000)

[Note 32]

7001900000000000000♠90
 Suriname
7011163820000000000♠163,820(63,250)
7011156000000000000♠156,000(60,000)
7009782000000000000♠7,820(3,020)
4.77
Smallest country in South America.

7001910000000000000♠91
 Tunisia
7011163610000000000♠163,610(63,170)
7011155360000000000♠155,360(59,980)
7009825000000000000♠8,250(3,190)
5.04

7001920000000000000♠92
 Bangladesh
7011147570000000000♠147,570(56,980)
7011130168000000000♠130,168(50,258)
7010138300000000000♠13,830(5,340)
9.6
[Note 33]

7001930000000000000♠93
 Nepal
7011147181000000000♠147,181(56,827)
7011143351000000000♠143,351(55,348)
7009383000000000000♠3,830(1,480)
2.6
Largest country in the Himalayan range

7001940000000000000♠94
 Tajikistan
7011143100000000000♠143,100(55,300)
7011141510000000000♠141,510(54,640)
7009259000000000000♠2,590(1,000)
1.81

7001950000000000000♠95
 Greece
7011131990000000000♠131,990(50,960)
7011130647000000000♠130,647(50,443)
7009131000000000000♠1,310(510)
0.99

7001960000000000000♠96
 Nicaragua
7011130373000000000♠130,373(50,337)
7011119990000000000♠119,990(46,330)
7010103800000000000♠10,380(4,010)
7.96
Largest country in Central America.

7001970000000000000♠97
 North Korea
7011120540000000000♠120,540(46,540)
7011120538000000000♠120,538(46,540)
7006200000000000000♠2(0.77)
0.11

7001980000000000000♠98
 Malawi
7011118484000000000♠118,484(45,747)
7010940800000000000♠94,080(36,320)
7010244040000000000♠24,404(9,422)
20.6

7001990000000000000♠99
 Eritrea
7011117600000000000♠117,600(45,400)
7011101000000000000♠101,000(39,000)
7010166000000000000♠16,600(6,400)
14.12

7002100000000000000♠100
 Benin
7011114763000000000♠114,763(44,310)
7011114305000000000♠114,305(44,133)
7008457569000000000♠457.569(176.668)
0.40
[Note 34]

7002101000000000000♠101
 Honduras
7011112492000000000♠112,492(43,433)
7011111890000000000♠111,890(43,200)
7008200000000000000♠200(77)
0.18

7002102000000000000♠102
 Liberia
7011111369000000000♠111,369(43,000)
7010963200000000000♠96,320(37,190)
7010150490000000000♠15,049(5,810)
13.51

7002103000000000000♠103
 Bulgaria
7011110879000000000♠110,879(42,811)
7011108489000000000♠108,489(41,888)
7009239000000000000♠2,390(920)
2.16

7002104000000000000♠104
 Cuba
7011109884000000000♠109,884(42,426)
7011109820000000000♠109,820(42,400)
7009104000000000000♠1,040(400)
0.94
Largest country in Caribbean

7002105000000000000♠105
 Guatemala
7011108889000000000♠108,889(42,042)
7011107159000000000♠107,159(41,374)
7009173000000000000♠1,730(670)
1.59

7002106000000000000♠106
 Iceland
7011103000000000000♠103,000(40,000)
7011100250000000000♠100,250(38,710)
7009275000000000000♠2,750(1,060)
2.67

7002107000000000000♠107
 South Korea
7011100210000000000♠100,210(38,690)
7010999090000000000♠99,909(38,575)
7008301000000000000♠301(116)
0.3

7002108000000000000♠108
 Hungary
7010930280000000000♠93,028(35,918)
7010896080000000000♠89,608(34,598)
7009342000000000000♠3,420(1,320)
3.68

7002109000000000000♠109
 Portugal
7010920900000000000♠92,090(35,560)
7010914700000000000♠91,470(35,320)
7008620000000000000♠620(240)
0.67

7002110000000000000♠110
 Jordan
7010893420000000000♠89,342(34,495)
7010888020000000000♠88,802(34,287)
7008540000000000000♠540(210)
0.6

7002111000000000000♠111
 Serbia
7010883610000000000♠88,361(34,116)
7010882460000000000♠88,246(34,072)
7008115000000000000♠115(44)
0.13
The largest Serbo-Croatian-speaking country. [Note 35]

7002112000000000000♠112
 Azerbaijan
7010866000000000000♠86,600(33,400)
7010861000000000000♠86,100(33,200)
7008500000000000000♠500(190)
0.13
Largest country in Caucasus.[Note 36]

7002113000000000000♠113
 Austria
7010838710000000000♠83,871(32,383)
7010824450000000000♠82,445(31,832)
7009142600000000000♠1,426(551)
1.7

7002114000000000000♠114
 United Arab Emirates
7010836000000000000♠83,600(32,300)
7010836000000000000♠83,600(32,300)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002115000000000000♠115
 Czech Republic
7010788650000000000♠78,865(30,450)
7010772470000000000♠77,247(29,825)
7009162000000000000♠1,620(630)
2.05

7002116000000000000♠116
 Panama
7010754170000000000♠75,417(29,119)
7010743400000000000♠74,340(28,700)
7009108000000000000♠1,080(420)
1.43

7002117000000000000♠117
 Sierra Leone
7010717400000000000♠71,740(27,700)
7010716200000000000♠71,620(27,650)
7008120000000000000♠120(46)
0.17

7002118000000000000♠118
 Ireland
7010702730000000000♠70,273(27,133)
7010688830000000000♠68,883(26,596)
7009139000000000000♠1,390(540)
1.98
The figure shown is for the Republic of Ireland, the island of Ireland is 84,421 km2 or 32,595 sq mi[29]

7002119000000000000♠119
 Georgia
7010697000000000000♠69,700(26,900)
7010697000000000000♠69,700(26,900)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 37]

7002120000000000000♠120
 Sri Lanka
7010656100000000000♠65,610(25,330)
7010627320000000000♠62,732(24,221)
7009287800000000000♠2,878(1,111)
4.4

7002121000000000000♠121
 Lithuania
7010653000000000000♠65,300(25,200)
7010626800000000000♠62,680(24,200)
7009262000000000000♠2,620(1,010)
4.01

7002122000000000000♠122
 Latvia
7010645590000000000♠64,559(24,926)
7010622490000000000♠62,249(24,034)
7009234000000000000♠2,340(900)
3.62

 –
 Svalbard (Norway)
7010620450000000000♠62,045(23,956)
7010620450000000000♠62,045(23,956)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 38]

7002123000000000000♠123
 Togo
7010567850000000000♠56,785(21,925)
7010543850000000000♠54,385(20,998)
7009240000000000000♠2,400(930)
4.23

7002124000000000000♠124
 Croatia
7010565940000000000♠56,594(21,851)
7010559740000000000♠55,974(21,612)
7008620000000000000♠620(240)
1.1

7002125000000000000♠125
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
7010512090000000000♠51,209(19,772)
7010511870000000000♠51,187(19,763)
7007100000000000000♠10(3.9)
0.02

7002126000000000000♠126
 Costa Rica
7010511000000000000♠51,100(19,700)
7010510600000000000♠51,060(19,710)
7007400000000000000♠40(15)
0.08

7002127000000000000♠127
 Slovakia
7010490370000000000♠49,037(18,933)
7010481050000000000♠48,105(18,573)
7008930000000000000♠930(360)
1.9

7002128000000000000♠128
 Dominican Republic
7010486710000000000♠48,671(18,792)
7010483200000000000♠48,320(18,660)
7008350000000000000♠350(140)
0.72

7002129000000000000♠129
 Estonia
7010452270000000000♠45,227(17,462)
7010423880000000000♠42,388(16,366)
7009284000000000000♠2,840(1,100)
6.28

7002130000000000000♠130
 Denmark
7010430940000000000♠43,094(16,639)
7010424340000000000♠42,434(16,384)
7008660000000000000♠660(250)
1.53
Metropolitan Denmark only, without Greenland and the Faroe Islands.[Note 39]

7002131000000000000♠131
 Netherlands
7010418500000000000♠41,850(16,160)
7010338930000000000♠33,893(13,086)
7009765000000000000♠7,650(2,950)
18.41
Includes the special municipalities, but excludes other countries in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, shown separately.[Note 40]

7002132000000000000♠132
 Switzerland
7010412840000000000♠41,284(15,940)
7010399970000000000♠39,997(15,443)
7009128000000000000♠1,280(490)
3.1
[Note 41]

7002133000000000000♠133
 Bhutan
7010383940000000000♠38,394(14,824)
7010383940000000000♠38,394(14,824)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002134000000000000♠134
 Taiwan
7010361930000000000♠36,193(13,974)
7010322600000000000♠32,260(12,460)
7009372000000000000♠3,720(1,440)
10.34
Between 1945 and 1949, the Republic of China included Mainland China, Mongolia, Taiwan and other areas, totaling 11,418,174 km2 (4,408,582 sq mi).[Note 42]

7002135000000000000♠135
 Guinea-Bissau
7010361250000000000♠36,125(13,948)
7010281200000000000♠28,120(10,860)
7009800500000000000♠8,005(3,091)
22.16

7002136000000000000♠136
 Moldova
7010338460000000000♠33,846(13,068)
7010328910000000000♠32,891(12,699)
7008960000000000000♠960(370)
2.84
[Note 43]

7002137000000000000♠137
 Belgium
7010305280000000000♠30,528(11,787)
7010302780000000000♠30,278(11,690)
7008250000000000000♠250(97)
0.82

7002138000000000000♠138
 Lesotho
7010303550000000000♠30,355(11,720)
7010303550000000000♠30,355(11,720)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002139000000000000♠139
 Armenia
7010297430000000000♠29,743(11,484)
7010283420000000000♠28,342(10,943)
7009140100000000000♠1,401(541)
4.71

7002140000000000000♠140
 Solomon Islands
7010288960000000000♠28,896(11,157)
7010279860000000000♠27,986(10,805)
7008910000000000000♠910(350)
3.15

7002141000000000000♠141
 Albania
7010287480000000000♠28,748(11,100)
7010273980000000000♠27,398(10,578)
7009135000000000000♠1,350(520)
4.7

7002142000000000000♠142
 Equatorial Guinea
7010280510000000000♠28,051(10,831)
7010280510000000000♠28,051(10,831)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002143000000000000♠143
 Burundi
7010278340000000000♠27,834(10,747)
7010256800000000000♠25,680(9,920)
7009215000000000000♠2,150(830)
7.73

7002144000000000000♠144
 Haiti
7010277500000000000♠27,750(10,710)
7010275600000000000♠27,560(10,640)
7008190000000000000♠190(73)
0.68

7002145000000000000♠145
 Rwanda
7010263380000000000♠26,338(10,169)
7010246680000000000♠24,668(9,524)
7009167000000000000♠1,670(640)
6.34

7002146000000000000♠146
 Macedonia
7010257130000000000♠25,713(9,928)
7010254330000000000♠25,433(9,820)
7008280000000000000♠280(110)
1.09

7002147000000000000♠147
 Djibouti
7010232000000000000♠23,200(9,000)
7010231800000000000♠23,180(8,950)
7007200000000000000♠20(7.7)
0.09

7002148000000000000♠148
 Belize
7010229660000000000♠22,966(8,867)
7010228060000000000♠22,806(8,805)
7008160000000000000♠160(62)
0.7

7002149000000000000♠149
 El Salvador
7010210410000000000♠21,041(8,124)
7010207210000000000♠20,721(8,000)
7008320000000000000♠320(120)
1.52
Smallest country in continental North America.

7002150000000000000♠150
 Israel
7010207700000000000♠20,770(8,020)
7010203300000000000♠20,330(7,850)
7008440000000000000♠440(170)
2.12
[Note 44]

7002151000000000000♠151
 Slovenia
7010202730000000000♠20,273(7,827)
7010201510000000000♠20,151(7,780)
7008122000000000000♠122(47)
0.6

 –
 New Caledonia (France)
7010185750000000000♠18,575(7,172)
7010182750000000000♠18,275(7,056)
7008300000000000000♠300(120)
1.62

7002152000000000000♠152
 Fiji
7010182720000000000♠18,272(7,055)
7010182740000000000♠18,274(7,056)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002153000000000000♠153
 Kuwait
7010178180000000000♠17,818(6,880)
7010178180000000000♠17,818(6,880)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002154000000000000♠154
 Swaziland
7010173640000000000♠17,364(6,704)
7010172040000000000♠17,204(6,643)
7008160000000000000♠160(62)
0.92

7002155000000000000♠155
 East Timor
7010149190000000000♠14,919(5,760)
7010149190000000000♠14,919(5,760)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002156000000000000♠156
 Bahamas
7010139430000000000♠13,943(5,383)
7010100100000000000♠10,010(3,860)
7009387000000000000♠3,870(1,490)
27.88

7002157000000000000♠157
 Montenegro
7010138120000000000♠13,812(5,333)
7010134520000000000♠13,452(5,194)
7008360000000000000♠360(140)
2.61

7002158000000000000♠158
 Vanuatu
7010121890000000000♠12,189(4,706)
7010121890000000000♠12,189(4,706)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Falkland Islands (United Kingdom)
7010121730000000000♠12,173(4,700)
7010121730000000000♠12,173(4,700)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002159000000000000♠159
 Qatar
7010115860000000000♠11,586(4,473)
7010115860000000000♠11,586(4,473)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Artsakh
7010114580000000000♠11,458(4,424)
7010114580000000000♠11,458(4,424)
7009120000000000000♠1,200(460)
1
[Note 45] 5.000 km2. Armenian-controlled territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh by regions  11,5 km2.

7002160000000000000♠160
 The Gambia
7010112950000000000♠11,295(4,361)
7010100000000000000♠10,000(3,900)
7009129500000000000♠1,295(500)
11.47
Smallest country in continental Africa.

7002161000000000000♠161
 Jamaica
7010109910000000000♠10,991(4,244)
7010108310000000000♠10,831(4,182)
7008160000000000000♠160(62)
1.46

 –
 Kosovo
7010108870000000000♠10,887(4,203)

[Note 46]

7002162000000000000♠162
 Lebanon
7010104520000000000♠10,452(4,036)
7010102300000000000♠10,230(3,950)
7008170000000000000♠170(66)
1.63
Second smallest country in continental Asia.

7002163000000000000♠163
 Cyprus
7009925100000000000♠9,251(3,572)
7009924100000000000♠9,241(3,568)
7007100000000000000♠10(3.9)
0.11
[Note 47]

 –
 Puerto Rico (United States)
7009910400000000000♠9,104(3,515)
7009910400000000000♠9,104(3,515)
7009305400000000000♠3,054(1,179)
35.2
An American territory, it is the third largest island of the United States after the Big Island of Hawaii and Kodiak Island of Alaska. Also the smallest part of Hispanic America.

 –
 Abkhazia
7009866000000000000♠8,660(3,340)

[Note 48]

 –
 French Southern and Antarctic Lands (France)
7009774700000000000♠7,747(2,991)
7009766800000000000♠7,668(2,961)
7007798000000000000♠79.8(30.8)
1.03
Excludes claim on Adélie Land in Antarctica.[Note 49]

 –
 United States Minor Outlying Islands
7009695941000000000♠6,959.41(2,687.04)
7007342000000000000♠34.2(13.2)
7009693700000000000♠6,937(2,678)
7001996800000000000♠99.68

7002164000000000000♠164
 State of Palestine
7009602000000000000♠6,020(2,320)
7009564000000000000♠5,640(2,180)
7008220000000000000♠220(85)
3.9
[Note 50]

7002165000000000000♠165
 Brunei
7009576500000000000♠5,765(2,226)
7009526500000000000♠5,265(2,033)
7008500000000000000♠500(190)
8.67

7002166000000000000♠166
 Trinidad and Tobago
7009513000000000000♠5,130(1,980)
7009512800000000000♠5,128(1,980)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 French Polynesia (France)
7009416700000000000♠4,167(1,609)
7009382700000000000♠3,827(1,478)
7008340000000000000♠340(130)
8.16

 –
 Transnistria
7009416300000000000♠4,163(1,607)

[Note 51]

7002167000000000000♠167
 Cape Verde
7009403300000000000♠4,033(1,557)
7009403300000000000♠4,033(1,557)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom)
7009390300000000000♠3,903(1,507)
7009390300000000000♠3,903(1,507)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 16]

 –
 South Ossetia
7009390000000000000♠3,900(1,500)

[Note 52]

 –
 Northern Cyprus
7009335500000000000♠3,355(1,295)

[Note 53]

7002168000000000000♠168
 Samoa
7009284200000000000♠2,842(1,097)
7009282100000000000♠2,821(1,089)
7007100000000000000♠10(3.9)
0.35

 –
 Hong Kong (China)
7009275500000000000♠2,755(1,064)
7009110600000000000♠1,106(427)
7009164900000000000♠1,649(637) [36]
59.8

7002169000000000000♠169
 Luxembourg
7009258600000000000♠2,586(998)
7009258600000000000♠2,586(998)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
Bir Tawil (Terra nullius)
7009206000000000000♠2,060(800)
7009206000000000000♠2,060(800)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002170000000000000♠170
 Mauritius
7009204000000000000♠2,040(790)
7009203000000000000♠2,030(780)
7007100000000000000♠10(3.9)
0.49
[Note 54]

7002171000000000000♠171
 Comoros
7009186200000000000♠1,862(719)
7009186200000000000♠1,862(719)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 55]

 –
 Åland Islands (Finland)
7009158000000000000♠1,580(610)

[Note 56]

 –
 Faroe Islands (Denmark)
7009139300000000000♠1,393(538)
7009139300000000000♠1,393(538)
Negligible
Negligible
[Note 57]

7002172000000000000♠172
 São Tomé and Príncipe
7008964000000000000♠964(372)
7008964000000000000♠964(372)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom)
7008948000000000000♠948(366)
7008430000000000000♠430(170)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 16]

7002173000000000000♠173
 Kiribati
7008811000000000000♠811(313)
7008811000000000000♠811(313)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 58]

7002174000000000000♠174
 Bahrain
7008765000000000000♠765(295)
7008765000000000000♠765(295)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002175000000000000♠175
 Dominica
7008751000000000000♠751(290)
7008751000000000000♠751(290)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002176000000000000♠176
 Tonga
7008747000000000000♠747(288)
7008717000000000000♠717(277)
7007300000000000000♠30(12)
4.02

7002177000000000000♠177
 Singapore
7008716000000000000♠716(276)
7008687000000000000♠687(265)
7007100000000000000♠10(3.9)
1.43

7002178000000000000♠178
 Federated States of Micronesia
7008702000000000000♠702(271)
7008702000000000000♠702(271)
Negligible
Negligible

7002179000000000000♠179
 Saint Lucia
7008616000000000000♠616(238)
7008606000000000000♠606(234)
7007100000000000000♠10(3.9)
1.62
[Note 59]

 –
 Isle of Man (United Kingdom)
7008572000000000000♠572(221)
7008572000000000000♠572(221)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Guam (United States)
7008549000000000000♠549(212)
7008544000000000000♠544(210)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002180000000000000♠180
 Andorra
7008468000000000000♠468(181)
7008468000000000000♠468(181)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Northern Mariana Islands (United States)
7008464000000000000♠464(179)
7008464000000000000♠464(179)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002181000000000000♠181
 Palau
7008459000000000000♠459(177)
7008459000000000000♠459(177)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002182000000000000♠182
 Seychelles
7008452000000000000♠452(175)
7008455000000000000♠455(176)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Smallest country in Africa.

 –
 Curaçao (Netherlands)
7008444000000000000♠444(171)
7008444000000000000♠444(171)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 40]

7002183000000000000♠183
 Antigua and Barbuda
7008442000000000000♠442(171)
7008442600000000000♠442.6(170.9)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002184000000000000♠184
 Barbados
7008430000000000000♠430(170)
7008431000000000000♠431(166)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Heard Island and McDonald Islands (Australia)
7008412000000000000♠412(159)
7008412000000000000♠412(159)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 16]

7002185000000000000♠185
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7008389000000000000♠389(150)
7008389000000000000♠389(150)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Jan Mayen (Norway)
7008377000000000000♠377(146)
7008377000000000000♠377(146)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 U.S. Virgin Islands (United States)
7008347000000000000♠347(134)
7008346000000000000♠346(134)
7009156400000000000♠1,564(604)
81.88

7002186000000000000♠186
 Grenada
7008344000000000000♠344(133)
7008344000000000000♠344(133)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002187000000000000♠187
 Malta
7008316000000000000♠316(122)
7008316000000000000♠316(122)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)
7008308000000000000♠308(119)
7008308000000000000♠308(119)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 60]

7002188000000000000♠188
 Maldives
7008300000000000000♠300(120)
7008298000000000000♠298(115)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Smallest country in Asia.

 –
 Bonaire (Netherlands)
7008294000000000000♠294(114)
7008294000000000000♠294(114)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Cayman Islands (United Kingdom)
7008264000000000000♠264(102)
7008264000000000000♠264(102)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002189000000000000♠189
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
7008261000000000000♠261(101)
7008261000000000000♠261(101)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Smallest country in the Americas and the Western Hemisphere.

 –
 Niue (New Zealand)
7008260000000000000♠260(100)
7008260000000000000♠260(100)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 61]

 –
 Akrotiri and Dhekelia (United Kingdom)
7008253800000000000♠253.8(98.0)
not determined
not determined
not determined
There is a salt lake and some wetlands of unknown area.

 –
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France)
7008242000000000000♠242(93)
7008242000000000000♠242(93)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Cook Islands (New Zealand)
7008236000000000000♠236(91)
7008236000000000000♠236(91)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 62]

 –
 American Samoa (United States)
7008199000000000000♠199(77)
7008199000000000000♠199(77)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002190000000000000♠190
 Marshall Islands
7008181000000000000♠181(70)
7008181000000000000♠181(70)
7010116730000000000♠11,673(4,507)
98.47

 –
 Aruba (Netherlands)
7008180000000000000♠180(69)
7008180000000000000♠180(69)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002191000000000000♠191
 Liechtenstein
7008160000000000000♠160(62)
7008160000000000000♠160(62)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 British Virgin Islands (United Kingdom)
7008151000000000000♠151(58)
7008151000000000000♠151(58)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Wallis and Futuna (France)
7008142000000000000♠142(55)
7008142000000000000♠142(55)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Christmas Island (Australia)
7008135000000000000♠135(52)
7008135000000000000♠135(52)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 63]

 –
 Jersey (United Kingdom)
7008116000000000000♠116(45)
7008116000000000000♠116(45)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Montserrat (United Kingdom)
7008102000000000000♠102(39)
7008102000000000000♠102(39)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Anguilla (United Kingdom)
7007910000000000000♠91(35)
7007910000000000000♠91(35)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Guernsey (United Kingdom)
7007780000000000000♠78(30)
7007780000000000000♠78(30)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002192000000000000♠192
 San Marino
7007610000000000000♠61(24)
7007610000000000000♠61(24)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 British Indian Ocean Territory (United Kingdom)
7007600000000000000♠60(23)
7007600000000000000♠60(23)
7010543400000000000♠54,340(20,980)
99.89
[Note 64]

 –
 Saint Martin (France)
7007540000000000000♠54(21)
7007544000000000000♠54.4(21.0)
Negligible
Negligible
[Note 16]

 –
 Bermuda (United Kingdom)
7007540000000000000♠54(21)
7007540000000000000♠54(21)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Bouvet Island (Norway)
7007490000000000000♠49(19)
7007490000000000000♠49(19)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 16]

 –
 Pitcairn Islands (United Kingdom)
7007470000000000000♠47(18)
7007470000000000000♠47(18)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 65]

 –
 Norfolk Island (Australia)
7007360000000000000♠36(14)
7007360000000000000♠36(14)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Sint Maarten (Netherlands)
7007340000000000000♠34(13)
7007340000000000000♠34(13)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 40]

 –
 Macau (China)
7007313000000000000♠31.3(12.1)
7007282000000000000♠28.2(10.9)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 66]

7002193000000000000♠193
 Tuvalu
7007260000000000000♠26(10)
7007260000000000000♠26(10)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Smallest Commonwealth realm.

7002194000000000000♠194
 Nauru
7007210000000000000♠21(8.1)
7007210000000000000♠21(8.1)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Smallest island country, smallest republic and smallest country that is not a city-state

 –
 Saint Barthélemy (France)
7007210000000000000♠21(8.1)
not determined
not determined
not determined
[Note 16]

 –
 Sint Eustatius (Netherlands)
7007210000000000000♠21(8.1)
not determined
not determined
not determined

 –
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia)
7007140000000000000♠14(5.4)
7007140000000000000♠14(5.4)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
[Note 63]

 –
 Saba (Netherlands)
7007130000000000000♠13(5.0)
not determined
not determined
not determined

 –
 Tokelau (New Zealand)
7007120000000000000♠12(4.6)
7007120000000000000♠12(4.6)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Gibraltar (United Kingdom)
7006600000000000000♠6(2.3)
7006650000000000000♠6.5(2.5)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
British Overseas territory

 –
 Clipperton Island (France)
7006600000000000000♠6(2.3)
7006200000000000000♠2(0.77)
7006400000000000000♠4(1.5)
66.67

 –
 Ashmore and Cartier Islands (Australia)
7006500000000000000♠5(1.9)
7006500000000000000♠5(1.9)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
  Spratly Islands  (disputed)
<5(<1.9)
<5(<1.9)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

 –
 Coral Sea Islands (Australia)
<3(<1.2)
<3(<1.2)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0

7002195000000000000♠195
 Monaco
7006202000000000000♠2.02(0.78)
7006202000000000000♠2.02(0.78)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Smallest country with a coastline.

7002196000000000000♠196
 Vatican City
7005440000000000000♠0.44(0.17)
7005440000000000000♠0.44(0.17)
5000000000000000000♠0(0)
0
Smallest country in Europe and the world.

tag: table

text: Graphical charts[edit]

text: The charts below are based on the CIA World Factbook[37] as of February 15, 2005.

text: Sovereign states with areas greater than 100,000 km2 are shown in green. In addition, non-sovereign territories are included for purposes of comparison, and are shown in gray. Areas include inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Claims to parts of Antarctica by various countries are not included.

text: Countries greater than 1.5 million km2[edit]

text: Countries less than 1.5 million km2[edit]


document_title: Australian mangroves

question_text: how many species of mangroves are there in australia

text: Australian mangroves

text: Flora[edit]

text: Australian mangrove forests comprise 45 plant species from 18 families, which is more than half the world's mangrove species.[8] One tree species, Avicennia integra, is found only in Australia - in the Northern Territory, east of Darwin.[1]

text: Each mangrove tree species is specific to particular latitudes and levels of tidal inundation.[2] The greatest diversity of species is found in the far northern and north-eastern areas of Australia, and declines rapidly with increasing latitude.[9] For example, Darwin Harbour, in the north of Australia, contains 36 mangrove tree species,[10] while Bunbury, in the south, contains only one mangrove tree species. There are no mangroves in Tasmania.[10]

text: The most widespread and common mangrove tree in Australia is the grey mangrove or white mangrove (Avicennia marina).[2]

text: Mangrove forests also support several salt-tolerant plant species which are not classed as mangroves. In tropical areas, this may include the mangrove palm (Nypa fruticans), the mangrove fern (Acrostichum speciosum), and orchids which grow as epiphytes on the trunks and branches of mangrove trees.[2] Other plants found in association with mangroves include the mangrove lily (Crinum pedunculatum).[11]

text: Mangrove forests share the high intertidal zone niche with coastal or intertidal saltmarshes; plant communities dominated by salt-resistant or salt-tolerant herbs and low shrubs.[12]

text: Associated fauna[edit]

text: Mangrove forests provide breeding nurseries for a wide range of fish and crustaceans, including many species of commercial and recreational value, for example, barramundi (Lates calcarifer), mangrove jack (Lutjanus argentimaculatus), mud crabs (Scylla serrata) and banana prawn (Penaeus merguinensis).[2] The forests also provide a habitat for spat settlement and development of oyster species.[13]

text: Many terrestrial fauna, such as insects, reptiles, frogs, birds and mammals, use mangroves for food, shelter, breeding and feeding grounds.[10]

text: The rusty monitor (Varanus semiremex) shelters in the hollows of mature or dead mangrove trees in north-eastern Queensland.[2] The mangrove snake (Fordonia leucobalia) and estuarine crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) are found in mangrove forests in the north.

text: The lesser noddy (Anous tenuirostris melanops) builds a platform nest of leaves in mangrove trees. This bird is listed as vulnerable under Australia’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.[2]

text: Mangrove forests provide habitat for many small insectivorous birds, including the varied honeyeater, mangrove honeyeater, rufous-banded honeyeater, mangrove robin, lemon-bellied flycatcher, buff-sided robin, little shrike-thrush grey whistler, white-breasted whistler, northern fantail, mangrove grey fantail, Arafura fantail, broad-billed flycatcher, shining flycatcher, spectacled monarch, white-eared monarch and yellow white-eye.[14] Other bird species observed to frequent mangrove forests are the rose-crowned fruit-dove, little bronze-cuckoo, Papuan frogmouth, azure kingfisher, little kingfisher, forest kingfisher, Torresian kingfisher, sacred kingfisher and fawn-breasted bowerbird.[14]

text: Mangrove forests are sometimes used as nursery areas by flying foxes in the Darwin Harbour[10] and other areas of Australia. Several species, including the little red flying fox, are dependent on mangrove pollen as food.[10]

text: Economic values[edit]

text: Mangroves protect coastal areas from erosion, storm surge, and tsunamis.[15][16] The massive root systems of mangroves are efficient at dissipating wave energy.[17] Mangroves retard the tidal movement of water, allowing sediment to be deposited as the tide comes in, and leaving all except fine particles when the tide ebbs.[18] Mangroves therefore build their own environment.[15]

text: The commercial and recreational fishing industries are prime beneficiaries of mangrove forests, which provide breeding and feeding grounds for fish and prawns.[2] About 75% of the fish and prawns caught for commercial and recreational purposes in Queensland spend at least part of their lifecycles in mangroves.[2]

text: In some coastal communities, boardwalks and bird-viewing areas in mangrove forests provide attractions for the eco-tourism industry, for example, at Boondall Wetlands.[2]

text: Threats[edit]

text: Threats to mangrove ecosystems include;

text:
coastal modifications such as reclaiming land (e.g. for building canal estates and marinas);[19]
erosion of shorelines in coastal lakes and estuaries;[19]
elevated levels of nutrients and sediments from land clearing, overgrazing and cropping;[19]
increased levels of heavy metals such as copper, lead, cadmium, zinc and mercury, and tributyl tin (TBT) from anti-fouling paints;[19]
marine oil pollution from sewage systems and drains, which is estimated at 16,000 tonnes a year over the whole of Australia;[19]
accidental spills during re-fuelling of vessels in ports.[19]

tag: ul

text: Removal of mangrove forests can lead to erosion of the shoreline, exposure of acid sulphate soils, shallowing of estuaries and waterways, and a reduction in water quality.[10][20]

text: These threats can deplete the populations of fish, prawns, crabs and other sea life that use mangroves as breeding and feeding grounds, which would then impact on commercial and recreational fishing.[19]

text: Protection and preservation[edit]

text: About one third of the total area of mangrove forest in Australia is privately owned, including Indigenous reserves.[2] Approximately 18% of Australia’s mangrove forest areas fall under the protection of National Parks and other reserves.[2]

text: Mangroves are protected in Queensland under the Fisheries Act 1994, and in Western Australia under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950.

text: As the benefits of mangroves become more widely known, grassroots efforts to protect mangroves are becoming more common. Boardwalks provide opportunities for educating people about the ecological and economic importance of mangroves.[2]


document_title: Gymnasium (ancient Greece)

question_text: the school of gymnastics is called in athens as

text: Gymnasium (ancient Greece)

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word gymnasium is the latinisation of the Greek noun γυμνάσιον (gymnasion), "gymnastic school", in pl. "bodily exercises" and generally "school"[2] which in turn is derived from the common Greek adjective γυμνός (gymnos) meaning "naked",[3] by way of the related verb γυμνάζω (gymnazo), whose meaning is "to train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise".[4] The verb had this meaning because one undressed for exercise. Historically, the gymnasium was used for exercise, communal bathing, and scholarly and philosophical pursuits. The English noun gymnast, first recorded in 1594,[5] is formed from the Greek γυμναστής (gymnastēs),[6] but in Greek this word means "trainer" not "gymnast". The palaistra was the part of the gymnasium devoted to wrestling, boxing and ball games.

text: Organization[edit]

text: The gymnasium was formed as a public institution where young men over 18 received training in physical exercises.[7] The supervision of the gymnasiums was entrusted to gymnasiarchs, who were public officials responsible for the conduct of sports and games at public festivals and who directed the schools and supervised the competitors. The gymnastai were the teachers, coaches, and trainers of the athletes. The Greek gymnasiums also held lectures and discussions on philosophy, literature, and music, and public libraries were nearby.

text: Origins, rules, and customs[edit]

text: The athletic contests for which the gymnasium supplied the means of training and competition formed part of the social and spiritual life of the Greeks from very early on. The contests took place in honour of heroes and gods, sometimes forming part of a periodic festival or the funeral rites of a deceased chief. The free and active Greek lifestyle (spent to a great extent in the open air) reinforced the attachment to such sports and after a period of time the contests became a prominent element in Greek culture. The victor in religious athletic contests, though he gained no material prize other than a wreath, was rewarded with the honour and respect of his fellow citizens. Training of competitors for the greater contests was a huge matter of public concern and special buildings were provided by the state for such use, with management entrusted to public officials. A victory in the great religious festivals was counted an honour for the whole state.

text: The regulation of the Athenian gymnasium is attributed by Pausanias (i. 39. 3) to Theseus. Solon made several laws on the subject; according to Galen these were reduced to a workable system of management in the time of Cleisthenes (late 6th century and early 5th century BC). While the origins of physical exercise regimes cannot be pinpointed, the practice of exercising in the nude had its beginnings in the 7th century BC. The same purpose is frequently attributed to the tradition of oiling the body, a custom so costly that it required significant public and private subsidies (the practice was the largest expense in gymnasia).

text: Historical development[edit]

text: The ancient Greek gymnasium soon became a place for more than exercise. This development arose through recognition by the Greeks of the strong relation between athletics, education and health. Accordingly, the gymnasium became connected with education on the one hand and medicine on the other. Physical training and maintenance of health and strength were the chief parts of children's earlier education. Except for time devoted to letters and music, the education of young men was solely conducted in the gymnasium, where provisions were made not only for physical pedagogy but for instruction in morals and ethics.[citation needed] As pupils grew older, informal conversation and other forms of social activity took the place of institutional, systematic discipline. Since the gymnasia were favorite resorts of youth, they were frequented by teachers, especially philosophers.[8] Philosophers and sophists frequently assembled to hold talks and lectures in the gymnasia; thus the institution became a resort for those interested in less structured intellectual pursuits in addition to those using the place for training in physical exercises.

text: In Athens there were three great public gymnasia: the Academy, the Lyceum and the Cynosarges,[8][9] each of which was dedicated to a deity whose statue adorned the structure. Each of the three was rendered famous by association with a celebrated school of philosophy.[10] Antisthenes founded a school at the Cynosarges, from which some say the name Cynic derives;[11] Plato founded a school that gathered at the Academy, after which the school was named, making the gymnasium famous for hundreds of years;[12] and at the Lyceum,[13] Aristotle founded the Peripatetic school.

text: Plato considered gymnastics to be an important part of education (see Republic iii. and parts of Laws) and according to him it was the sophist Prodicus who first pointed out the connection between gymnastics and health. Having found gymnastic exercises beneficial to his own weak constitution, Prodicus formulated a method that became generally accepted and was subsequently improved by Hippocrates. Galen also put great stress on the proper and frequent use of gymnastics. Throughout other ancient Greek medical writings special exercises are prescribed as cures for specific diseases, showing the extent to which the Greeks considered health and fitness connected. The same connection is commonly suggested by experts today.[14]

text: Organization in Athens[edit]

text: In Athens ten gymnasiarchs were appointed annually, one from each tribe. These officials rotated through a series of jobs, each with unique duties. They were responsible for looking after and compensating persons training for public contests, conducting the games at the great Athenian festivals, exercising general supervision over competitor morale, and decorating and maintaining the gymnasium. Beneath them in the organisational structure were ten sophronistae responsible for observing the conduct of the youths and (especially) for attending all their games.

text: Paedotribae and gymnastae were responsible for teaching the methods involved in the various exercises, as well as choosing suitable athletics for the youths. The gymnastae were also responsible for monitoring the constitution of the pupils and prescribing remedies for them if they became unwell. The aleiptae oiled and dusted the bodies of the youths, acted as surgeons, and administered any drugs prescribed. According to Galen, there also existed a teacher specifically devoted to instruction in ball games.

text: Construction[edit]

text: Gymnasia were typically large structures containing spaces for each type of exercise as well as a stadium, palaistra, baths, outer porticos for practice in bad weather, and covered porticos where philosophers and other "men of letters" gave public lectures and held disputations. Most Athenian gymnasia were located in suburban areas due to the large amount of level space required for construction. Additionally, these areas tended to be cooler and closer to a good water supply than similar areas in central Athens. [15]