document_title: Climate of San Diego

question_text: when does it start getting hot in san diego

text: Climate of San Diego

text: Temperatures[edit]

text: Average monthly temperatures range from 57.3 °F (14.1 °C) in January to 72 °F (22 °C) in August.[citation needed] On average, 344 days a year are hotter than 60 °F (16 °C), but only 25 days are hotter than 80 °F (27 °C).[3]

text: Late summer and early autumn are typically the hottest times of the year with and average high of 78 °F (26 °C) in August and 77 °F (25 °C) in September.[4] Temperatures occasionally reach 90 °F (32 °C) or higher.[5] Snow and ice are rare in the wintertime, typically occurring only inland from the coast when present.

text: San Diego experiences marine layer clouds, most often between May and August, which cause cool temperatures, cloudy weather and fog in the morning. Marine layer conditions linger until the heat of the sun becomes strong enough to evaporate the clouds. The local sayings "May gray" and "June gloom" refer to the way in which San Diego has the most trouble shaking off the early morning fog during those months, and cool, cloudy conditions often last into the afternoon or even all day.[6][7]

text: Temperatures soar to very high readings only on rare occasions, chiefly when easterly winds (known as the "Santa Ana winds") bring hot, dry air from the inland deserts. Although confusing to tourists, newcomers, and out-of-the-region newscasters, this makes October the fire season for San Diego and the rest of Southern California due to low precipitation and sporadic heat waves that the average monthly temperatures do not immediately show. For example, the months with the highest record high temperatures are September at 111 °F (44 °C) and October at 107 °F (42 °C).[4]

text: The record high temperature at the National Weather Service office in San Diego of 111 °F (44 °C) was on September 26, 1963. The record low temperature was 25 °F (−4 °C) on January 7, 1913.[8] The record high temperature was tied only once and happened on September 27, 2010, 47 years and two days after the set record. Several cities near San Diego broke their all-time records that day.[9]

text: Precipitation[edit]

text: San Diego has  on average 146 sunny days and 117 partly cloudy days a year. The average annual precipitation is less than 12 inches (300 mm), resulting in a borderline arid climate. Rainfall is strongly concentrated in the cooler half of the year, particularly the months December through March, although precipitation is lower than any other part of the U.S. west coast. The summer months are virtually rainless, although subtropical moisture from the North American Monsoon usually results in increased humidity and thunderstorms for at least a few days each summer. Rainfall is highly variable from year to year and from month to month, and San Diego is subject to both droughts and floods. Hurricanes are very rare, although San Diego receives more tropical storms and remnants of tropical storms than anywhere else in California. Famous examples include the 1858 San Diego Hurricane and the 1939 California tropical storm, as well as the remnants of Hurricane Kathleen in 1976, all of which brought several inches of rain and high winds to San Diego. Inland areas like El Cajon can receive over 20 inches per year on average; further inland at higher elevations in the Cleveland National Forest receive more yet, and some areas like Palomar Mountain average more than 40 inches of rainfall per year.

text: At the National Weather Service office, there are an average of 41 days with measurable precipitation.  The wettest year was 1941 with 24.93 inches (63.3 cm) and the driest year was 1953 with 3.23 inches (8.2 cm).  The most rainfall in one month was 9.09 inches (23.1 cm) in January 1993.  The most rainfall in 24 hours was 3.23 inches (8.2 cm) on April 5, 1926.[10]

text: Snow[edit]

text: Snow has been recorded falling on lowland San Diego communities only five times in over 125 years of record-keeping.[11]  Snow flurries were last seen in San Diego on February 14, 2008 around 1,700 to 1,800 feet (520 to 550 m), and the last measurable snowfall to hit various neighborhoods and suburbs around the city fell on December 13, 1967. In winter, light snow is common in mountainous regions of east and north San Diego County above 3,000–4,000 feet (910–1,220 m).[12]

text: Lake Cuyamaca Campground experienced a light dusting of snow in 2017.

text: Variation[edit]

text: Climate in the San Diego area often varies dramatically over short geographical distances, due to the city's topography (the Bay, and the numerous hills, mountains, and canyons), thus exhibiting microclimate: frequently, particularly during the "May gray / June gloom" period, a thick "marine layer" cloud cover will keep the air cool and damp within a few miles of the coast, but will yield to bright cloudless sunshine between about 5 and 15 miles (8.0 and 24.1 km) inland—the cities of El Cajon and Santee for example, rarely experience the cloud cover.

text: Compared to national averages[edit]

text: On average San Diego sees 21 days with some precipitation while the rest of the country sees about 110.  The national average for mostly sunny days is 213 while San Diego's is 267. San Diego's annual snowfall is 0 inches per year while the nation usually sees an average of 24.2 inches (610 mm) per year. The United States average for days above 90 °F (32 °C) is 37.9 days while San Diego's is only 2.5 days, and there are, on average 0 days below 32 °F (0 °C) in San Diego, while the national average is 88 days. The average low temperature in January for the country is 26.5 °F (−3.1 °C), and for San Diego it is 50 °F (10 °C). The average high temperature in July for San Diego is 76 °F (24 °C). The national average is 86.8 °F (30.4 °C).[10]

text: Monthly averages[edit]

text:
showClimate data for San Diego Int'l Airport (1981–2010 normals,[a] extremes 1874–present)[b]

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °F (°C)

88 (31)

90 (32)

99 (37)

98 (37)

98 (37)

101 (38)

100 (38)

98 (37)

111 (44)

107 (42)

100 (38)

88 (31)

111 (44)

Mean maximum °F (°C)

78.4 (25.8)

79.2 (26.2)

79.8 (26.6)

82.8 (28.2)

79.0 (26.1)

81.2 (27.3)

83.2 (28.4)

85.4 (29.7)

89.5 (31.9)

86.8 (30.4)

82.9 (28.3)

76.6 (24.8)

94.1 (34.5)

Average high °F (°C)

65.1 (18.4)

65.0 (18.3)

65.6 (18.7)

67.5 (19.7)

68.5 (20.3)

70.8 (21.6)

74.6 (23.7)

76.4 (24.7)

75.9 (24.4)

72.8 (22.7)

69.0 (20.6)

64.7 (18.2)

69.7 (20.9)

Average low °F (°C)

49.0 (9.4)

50.7 (10.4)

53.2 (11.8)

55.9 (13.3)

59.4 (15.2)

62.0 (16.7)

65.4 (18.6)

66.7 (19.3)

65.2 (18.4)

60.6 (15.9)

53.6 (12)

48.4 (9.1)

57.5 (14.2)

Mean minimum °F (°C)

41.9 (5.5)

44.6 (7)

47.1 (8.4)

50.7 (10.4)

55.0 (12.8)

59.1 (15.1)

62.5 (16.9)

63.3 (17.4)

60.4 (15.8)

54.4 (12.4)

45.8 (7.7)

41.4 (5.2)

40.3 (4.6)

Record low °F (°C)

25 (−4)

34 (1)

36 (2)

39 (4)

45 (7)

50 (10)

54 (12)

54 (12)

50 (10)

43 (6)

36 (2)

32 (0)

25 (−4)

Average rainfall inches (mm)

1.98 (50.3)

2.27 (57.7)

1.81 (46)

0.78 (19.8)

0.12 (3)

0.07 (1.8)

0.03 (0.8)

0.02 (0.5)

0.15 (3.8)

0.57 (14.5)

1.01 (25.7)

1.53 (38.9)

10.34 (262.6)

Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in)

6.7

7.1

6.5

4.0

1.4

0.8

0.7

0.4

1.2

2.8

4.1

5.8

41.5

Average relative humidity (%)

63.1

65.7

67.3

67.0

70.6

74.0

74.6

74.1

72.7

69.4

66.3

63.7

69.0

Mean monthly sunshine hours

239.3

227.4

261.0

276.2

250.5

242.4

304.7

295.0

253.3

243.4

230.1

231.3

3,054.6

Percent possible sunshine

75

74

70

71

58

57

70

71

68

69

73

74

69

Source: NOAA (sun and relative humidity 1961–1990)[14][15][16]

text: Sea temperatures[edit]

text: Average annual temperature of sea is 65 °F (18 °C), from 59 °F (15 °C) in January to 72 °F (22 °C) in August.[17] Water temperatures have risen since 1950 as measured at Scripps Pier.[18]

text:
Average sea temperature[17]

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

59 °F (15 °C)

61 °F (16 °C)

61 °F (16 °C)

62 °F (17 °C)

64 °F (18 °C)

67 °F (19 °C)

70 °F (21 °C)

72 °F (22 °C)

70 °F (21 °C)

68 °F (20 °C)

65 °F (18 °C)

62 °F (17 °C)

text: Santa Anas[edit]

text: The months of September through February bring warm winds from the desert called "Santa Anas". Occurring about 10 days out of the year, these winds bring sometimes hot, but always dry conditions. Inland, and in mountain passes and canyons, they can burst out in gusts of 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) and can lower relative humidity to single digits, although by the coast they rarely see gusts of over 40 miles per hour (64 km/h). They can spread and worsen wildfires. Because these winds blow from east to west, common perception is that they are pulling hot air from the desert. However, it is not uncommon during a Santa Ana condition for the coast to be even hotter than the desert regions. The Santa Ana winds are actually warm due to barometric pressure increases: As the air is pulled down to sea level from the higher altitudes of the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains to the east, it is compressed and its temperature rises.[19]

text: Hurricanes[edit]

text: Since the track of most hurricanes is well to the south of San Diego, and the cold California Current (normally sea temperatures are only in the upper 60's F off the CA coast) keeps ocean water significantly colder than in the Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic (often sea temperatures over 82 F), tropical cyclones rarely impact San Diego. Most northwestward moving tropical cyclones dissipate over Baja California and fail to bring any precipitation to San Diego. The only tropical cyclone known to impact San Diego as a hurricane in around 200 years of record-keeping was the 1858 San Diego Hurricane. Two more cyclones managed to bring tropical storm-force winds to Southern California: the 1939 California tropical storm and the Hurricane Kathleen (1976). Average surface temperature of the water at Scripps Pier in the California Current has increased by almost 3 degrees since 1950, according to scientists at Scripps Institution of Oceanography.[18]

text: May and June clouds[edit]

text: During the months of May and June, a common natural occurrence brings a thin layer of clouds that covers coastal and inland communities. Some call it "May Gray", or "June Gloom".

text: Southern Oscillation[edit]

text: San Diego's wet winter season is influenced by the El Niño Southern Oscillation. During the El Niño phase, San Diego receives more winter storms with warmer and more humid conditions. During the La Niña phase, San Diego becomes drier with cooler and less humid conditions.


document_title: Vande Mataram

question_text: who rendered the english translation of the indian national song

root

text: Vande Mataram

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The root of the Sanskrit word Vande is Vand, which appears in Rigveda and other Vedic texts.[16][note 1] According to Monier Monier-Williams, depending on the context, vand means "to praise, celebrate, laud, extol, to show honour, do homage, salute respectfully", or "deferentially, venerate, worship, adore", or "to offer anything respectfully to".[16][17] The word Mātaram has Indo-European roots in mātár- (Sanskrit), méter (Greek), mâter (Latin) which mean "mother".[18][19]

tag: p

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: Lyrics of the National Song[edit]

text: The first two verses of Vande Mataram adopted as the "National Song" read as follows:

text:
Bengali script[20]
Bengali phonemic transcription
Devnagari script
NLK transliteration[9][21]

বন্দে মাতরম্৷
সুজলাং সুফলাং
মলয়জশীতলাম্
শস্যশ্যামলাং
মাতরম্!
বন্দে মাতরম্৷.

শুভ্র-জ্যোৎস্না
পুলকিত-যামিনীম্
ফুল্লকুসুমিত
দ্রুমদলশোভিনীম্,
সুহাসিনীং
সুমধুরভাষিণীম্
সুখদাং বরদাং
মাতরম্৷৷
বন্দে মাতরম্৷

bônde matôrôm
sujôlang suphôlang
môlôyôjôshitôlam
shôsyô shyamôlang
matôrôm
bônde matôrôm

shubhrô jyotsna
pulôkitô jaminim
phullô kusumitô
drumôdôlôshobhinim
suhasining
sumôdhurôbhashini
sukhôdang bôrôdang
matôrôm
bônde matôrôm

वन्दे मातरम्।
सुजलाम् सुफलाम्
मलयजशीतलाम्
शस्यश्यामला मातरम्।
वन्दे मातरम्।

शुभ्रज्योत्स्नाम्
पुलकितयामिनीम्
फुल्लकुसुमित
द्रुमदलशोभिनीम्
सुहासिनीम्
सुमधुर भाषिणीम्
सुखदाम् वरदाम्
मातरम्।।
वन्दे मातरम्।

vande mātaram
sujalāṃ suphalāṃ
malayajaśītalām
śasya śyāmalāṃ
mātaram
vande mātaram

śubhra jyotsnam
pulakita yāminīm
phulla kusumita
drumadalaśobhinīm
suhāsinīṃ
sumadhura bhāṣiṇīm
sukhadāṃ varadāṃ
mātaram
vande mātaram

tag: table

text: The original lyrics[edit]

text: The complete original lyrics of the Vande Mataram song including the first two verses forming the National Song are as follows.[22]

text:
Bengali script
সুজলাং সুফলাং মলয়জশীতলাম্
শস্যশ্যামলাং মাতরম্॥
শুভ্রজ্যোত্স্না পুলকিতযামিনীম্
ফুল্লকুসুমিত দ্রুমদলশোভিনীম্
সুহাসিনীং সুমধুর ভাষিণীম্
সুখদাং বরদাং মাতরম্॥
সপ্ত কোটি কণ্ঠ কলকলনিনাদ করালে
দ্বিসপ্ত কোটি ভুজৈর্ধৃতখরকরবালে
কে বলে মা তুমি অবলে
বহুবলধারিণীং নমামি তারিণীম্
রিপুদলবারিণীং
তুমি বিদ্যা তুমি ধর্ম, তুমি হৃদি তুমি মর্ম
ত্বং হি প্রাণ শরীরে
বাহুতে তুমি মা শক্তি
হৃদয়ে তুমি মা ভক্তি
তোমারৈ প্রতিমা গড়ি মন্দিরে মন্দিরে॥
ত্বং হি দুর্গা দশপ্রহরণধারিণী
কমলা কমলদল বিহারিণী
বাণী বিদ্যাদায়িনী ত্বাম্
নমামি কমলাং অমলাং অতুলাম্
সুজলাং সুফলাং মাতরম্॥ শ্যামলাং সরলাং সুস্মিতাং ভূষিতাম্ ধরণীং ভরণীং মাতরম্॥

Devanagari script

वन्दे मातरम्
सुजलां सुफलाम्
मलयजशीतलाम्
शस्यश्यामलाम्
मातरम्।

शुभ्रज्योत्स्नापुलकितयामिनीम्
फुल्लकुसुमितद्रुमदलशोभिनीम्
सुहासिनीं सुमधुर भाषिणीम्
सुखदां वरदां मातरम्।। 1।।

सप्त[22]-कोटि-कण्ठ-कल-कल-निनाद-कराले
द्विसप्त-कोटि-भुजैर्धृत-खरकरवाले,
अबला केन मा एत बले।
बहुबलधारिणीं
नमामि तारिणीं
रिपुदलवारिणीं
मातरम्।। 2।।

तुमि विद्या, तुमि धर्म
तुमि हृदि, तुमि मर्म
त्वम् हि प्राणा: शरीरे
बाहुते तुमि मा शक्ति,
हृदये तुमि मा भक्ति,
तोमारई प्रतिमा गडी मन्दिरे-मन्दिरे।।। 3।।

त्वम् हि दुर्गा दशप्रहरणधारिणी
कमला कमलदलविहारिणी
वाणी विद्यादायिनी,
नमामि त्वाम्
नमामि कमलाम्
अमलां अतुलाम्
सुजलां सुफलाम्
मातरम्।। 4।।

वन्दे मातरम्
श्यामलाम् सरलाम्
सुस्मिताम् भूषिताम्
धरणीं भरणीं
मातरम्।। 5।।

text: Translation into English[edit]

text: The first translation of Bankim Chandra Chatterji's novel Anandamath, including the poem Vande Mataram, into English was by Nares Chandra Sen-Gupta, with the fifth edition published in 1906 titled "The Abbey of Bliss".[23]

text: Here is the translation in prose of the above two stanzas rendered by Sri Aurobindo Ghosh. This has also been adopted by the Government of India's national portal.[9] The original Vande Mataram consists of six stanzas and the translation in prose for the complete poem by Shri Aurobindo appeared in Karmayogin, 20 November 1909.[24]

text:
Mother, I praise thee!
Rich with thy hurrying streams,
bright with orchard gleams,
Cool with thy winds of delight,
Dark fields waving Mother of might,
Mother free.

Glory of moonlight dreams,
Over thy branches and lordly streams,
Clad in thy blossoming trees,
Mother, giver of ease
Laughing low and sweet!
Mother I kiss thy feet,
Speaker sweet and low!
Mother, to thee I praise thee. [Verse 1]

Who hath said thou art weak in thy lands
When the swords flash out in seventy million hands
And seventy million voices roar
Thy dreadful name from shore to shore?
With many strengths who art mighty and stored,
To thee I call Mother and Lord!
Thou who savest, arise and save!
To her I cry who ever her foeman drove
Back from plain and Sea
And shook herself free. [Verse 2]

Thou art wisdom, thou art law,
Thou art heart, our soul, our breath
Thou art love divine, the awe
In our hearts that conquers death.
Thine the strength that nerves the arm,
Thine the beauty, thine the charm.
Every image made divine
In our temples is but thine. [Verse 3]

Thou art Durga, Lady and Queen,
With her hands that strike and her swords of sheen,
Thou art Lakshmi lotus-throned,
And the Muse a hundred-toned,
Pure and perfect without peer,
Mother lend thine ear,
Rich with thy hurrying streams,
Bright with thy orchard gleems,
Dark of hue O candid-fair [Verse 4]

In thy soul, with bejeweled hair
And thy glorious smile divine,
Loveliest of all earthly lands,
Showering wealth from well-stored hands!
Mother, mother mine!
Mother sweet, I praise thee,
Mother great and free! [Verse 5]

text: Apart from the above prose translation, Sri Aurobindo also translated Vande Mataram into a verse form known as Mother, I praise thee!.[25] Sri Aurobindo commented on his English translation of the poem that "It is difficult to translate the National Song of India into verse in another language owing to its unique union of sweetness, simple directness and high poetic force."[26]

text: Translation into other languages[edit]

text: Vande Mataram has inspired many Indian poets and has been translated into numerous Indian languages, such as Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Assamese, Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Punjabi and others.[27][note 2]

text: History and significance[edit]

text: Composition[edit]

text: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay was one of the earliest graduates of the newly established Calcutta University. After his BA, he joined the British Indian government as a civil servant, becoming a District Magistrate and later a District Collector. Chattopadhyay was very interested in recent events in Indian and Bengali history, particularly the Revolt of 1857 and the previous century's Sanyasi Rebellion.[29] Around the same time, the administration was trying to promote "God Save the Queen" as the anthem for Indian subjects, which Indian nationalists disliked. It is generally believed that the concept of Vande Mataram came to Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay when he was still a government official, around 1876.[30] He wrote Vande Mataram at Chinsurah, there is a white colour house of Adhya Family near river Hooghly (near Mallik Ghat).[citation needed]

text: Chattopadhyay wrote the poem in a spontaneous session using words from Sanskrit and Bengali. The poem was published in Chattopadhyay's book Anandamatha (pronounced Anondomôţh in Bengali) in 1882, which is set in the events of the Sannyasi Rebellion.[29][30] Jadunath Bhattacharya was asked to set a tune for this poem just after it was written.[30]

text: Indian independence movement[edit]

text: "Vande Mataram" was the whole nation's thought and motto for independence [from British rule] during the Indian independence movement. Large rallies, fermenting initially in Bengal, in the major metropolis of Calcutta, would work themselves up into a patriotic fervour by shouting the slogan "Vande Mataram", or "I praise the Mother(land)!" The British, fearful of the potential danger of an incited Indian populace, banned the book and made the recital of the song a crime.[11] The British colonial government imprisoned many independence activists for disobeying the order, but workers and general public repeatedly violated the ban many times by gathering together before British officials and singing it.[11] Rabindranath Tagore sang Vande Mataram in 1896 at the Calcutta Congress Session held at Beadon Square. Dakhina Charan Sen sang it five years later in 1901 at another session of the Congress at Calcutta. Poet Sarala Devi Chaudurani sang the song in the Benares Congress Session in 1905. Lala Lajpat Rai started a journal called Vande Mataram from Lahore.[30] Hiralal Sen made India's first political film in 1905 which ended with the chant. Matangini Hazra's last words as she was shot to death by the Crown police were Vande Mataram.[31]

text: In 1907, Bhikaiji Cama (1861–1936) created the first version of India's national flag (the Tiranga) in Stuttgart, Germany, in 1907. It had Vande Mataram written on it in the middle band.[32]

text: A book titled Kranti Geetanjali published by Arya Printing Press (Lahore) and Bharatiya Press (Dehradun) in 1929 contains first two stanzas of this lyric on page 11[33] as Matra Vandana and a ghazal (Vande Mataram) composed by Bismil was also given on its back, i.e. page 12.[34] The book written by the famous martyr of Kakori Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil was proscribed by the then British government of India.

text: Mahatama Gandhi supported adoption and the singing of the Vande Mataram song. In January 1946, in a speech in Gauhati (Assam), he urged that "Jai Hind should not replace Vande-mataram". He reminded everyone present that Vande-mataram was being sung since the inception of the Congress. He supported the "Jai Hind" greeting, but remanded that this greeting should not be to the exclusion of Vande Mataram. Gandhi was concerned that those who discarded Vande Mataram given the tradition of sacrifice behind it, one day would discard “Jai Hind” also.[35][note 3]

text: Adoption as "national song"[edit]

text: Parts of the Vande Mataram was chosen as the "national song" in 1937 by the Indian National Congress as it pursued independence of India from the British colonial rule, after a committee consisting of Maulana Azad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhash Bose, Acharya Deva and Rabrindanath Tagore recommended the adoption.[37] The entire song was not selected by Hindu leaders in order to respect the sentiments of non-Hindus, and the gathering agreed that anyone should be free to sing an alternate "unobjectionable song" at a national gathering if they do not want to sing Vande Mataram because they find it "objectionable" for a personal reason.[37] According to the gathered leaders, including the Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore, though the first two stanzas began with an unexceptionable evocation of the beauty of the motherland, in later stanzas there are references to the Hindu goddess Durga. The Muslim League and Muhammad Ali Jinnah opposed the song. Thereafter, with the support of Mahatma Gandhi and Jawahar Lal Nehru, the Indian National Congress decided to adopt only the first two stanzas as the national song to be sung at public gatherings, and other verses that included references to Durga and Lakshmi were expunged.[2][38]

text: Rajendra Prasad, who was presiding the Constituent Assembly on 24 January 1950, made the following statement which was also adopted as the final decision on the issue:

text: ...The composition consisting of words and music known as Jana Gana Mana is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations as the Government may authorise as occasion arises, and the song Vande Mataram, which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have equal status with it. (Applause) I hope this will satisfy members.

text: The Supreme Court of India has declared that there is no national song of India as per the Constitution.[39]

text: Performances and interpretations[edit]

text: The poem has been set to a large number of tunes. The oldest surviving audio recordings date to 1907, and there have been more than a hundred different versions recorded throughout the 20th century. Many of these versions have employed traditional South Asian classical ragas. Versions of the song have been visualised on celluloid in a number of films, including Leader, Amar Asha, and Anand Math. It is widely believed that the tune set for All India Radio station version was composed by Ravi Shankar.[30] Hemant Kumar composed music for the song in the movie Anand Math in 1952 and this version of the Vande Mataram sung by Lata Mangeshkar became a cult success.[40] In 2002, BBC World Service conducted an international poll to choose ten most famous songs of all time. Around 7000 songs were selected from all over the world. Vande Mataram, from the movie Anand Math, was ranked second.[41] All India Radio's version and some other versions are in Desh raga.[42]

text: In July 2017, the Madras High Court ruled that the Vande Mataram shall be sung or played at least once a week in all schools, universities and other educational institutions of Tamil Nadu. The Court also ruled that the song should be played or sung in government offices and industrial facilities at least once a month.[43]


document_title: List of FA Cup Finals

question_text: who has appeared in the most fa cup finals

text: List of FA Cup Finals

text: History[edit]

text: The winners of the first tournament were Wanderers, a team of former public schoolboys based in London, who went on to win the competition five times in its first seven seasons. The early winners of the competition were all teams of wealthy amateurs from the south of England,[5] but in 1883, Blackburn Olympic became the first team from the north to win the cup, defeating Old Etonians. Upon his team's return to Blackburn, Olympic captain Albert Warburton proclaimed: "The Cup is very welcome to Lancashire. It'll have a good home and it'll never go back to London."[6]

text: With the advent of professionalism at around the same time, the amateur teams quickly faded from prominence in the competition.[5] The leading professional clubs formed The Football League in 1888.[7] Since then, one non-league team has won the cup. Tottenham Hotspur, then of the Southern League, defeated Sheffield United of The Football League to win the 1901 final.[8] A year later Sheffield United returned to the final and won the cup, which then remained in the hands of Northern and Midland clubs until Tottenham won it again in 1921.[2] In 1927, Cardiff City, a team which plays in the English football league system despite being based in Wales, won the cup, the only non-English club to do so.[9] Scottish club Queens Park reached the final twice in the early years of the competition.[2]

text: Newcastle United enjoyed a brief spell of FA Cup dominance in the 1950s, winning the trophy three times in five years,[2] and in the 1960s, Tottenham Hotspur enjoyed a similar spell of success, with three wins in seven seasons. This marked the start of a successful period for London-based clubs, with 11 wins in 22 seasons.[10] Teams from the second tier of English football, at the time called the Second Division, experienced an unprecedented run of cup success between 1973 and 1980.[10] Sunderland won the cup in 1973, Southampton repeated the feat in 1976, and West Ham United won in 1980, the most recent victory by a team from outside the top division.[2][8]

text: Finals[edit]

text: Until 1999, a draw in the final would result in the match being replayed at a later date;[11] since then the final has always been decided on the day, with a penalty shootout as required.[12] As of 2017 a penalty shoot-out has been required on only two occasions, in the 2005 and 2006 finals. The competition did not take place during the First and Second World Wars, other than in the 1914–15 season, when it was completed, and the 1939–40 season, when it was abandoned during the qualifying rounds.[2]

text: Key[edit]

text:
Key to list of winners

(R)
Replay

*
Match went to extra time

Match decided by a penalty shoot-out after extra time

Winning team won the Double

Italics
Team from outside the top level of English football
(since the formation of The Football League in 1888)

text: All teams are English, except where marked  (Scottish) or   (Welsh).

text: Results[edit]

text:
FA Cup winners

Season
Winners[2]
Score[2]
Runners–up[2]
Venue[13]
Attendance[13]

1871–72 FA Cup (1) !1871–72
Wanderers
1–0
Royal Engineers
Kennington Oval
2,000

1872–73 FA Cup (1) !1872–73
Wanderers
2–0
Oxford University
Lillie Bridge
3,000

1873–74 FA Cup (1) !1873–74
Oxford University
2–0
Royal Engineers
Kennington Oval
2,000

1874–75 FA Cup (1) !1874–75
Royal Engineers
1–1 !* 1–1 *
Old Etonians
Kennington Oval
2,000

1874–75 FA Cup (2) !1874–75 (R)
Royal Engineers
2–0
Old Etonians
Kennington Oval
3,000

1875–76 FA Cup (1) !1875–76
Wanderers
1–1 !* 1–1 *
Old Etonians
Kennington Oval
3,500

1875–76 FA Cup (2) !1875–76 (R)
Wanderers
3–0
Old Etonians
Kennington Oval
1,500

1876–77 FA Cup (1) !1876–77
Wanderers
2–1 !* 2–1 *
Oxford University
Kennington Oval
3,000

1877–78 FA Cup (1) !1877–78
Wanderers
3–1
Royal Engineers
Kennington Oval
4,500

1878–79 FA Cup (1) !1878–79
Old Etonians
1–0
Clapham Rovers
Kennington Oval
5,000

1879–80 FA Cup (1) !1879–80
Clapham Rovers
1–0
Oxford University
Kennington Oval
6,000

1880–81 FA Cup (1) !1880–81
Old Carthusians
3–0
Old Etonians
Kennington Oval
4,000

1881–82 FA Cup (1) !1881–82
Old Etonians
1–0
Blackburn Rovers
Kennington Oval
6,500

1882–83 FA Cup (1) !1882–83
Blackburn Olympic
2–1 !* 2–1 *
Old Etonians
Kennington Oval
8,000

1883–84 FA Cup (1) !1883–84
Blackburn Rovers
2–1
 Queen's Park
Kennington Oval
4,000

1884–85 FA Cup (1) !1884–85
Blackburn Rovers
2–0
 Queen's Park
Kennington Oval
12,500

1885–86 FA Cup (1) !1885–86
Blackburn Rovers
0–0
West Bromwich Albion
Kennington Oval
15,000

1885–86 FA Cup (2) !1885–86 (R)
Blackburn Rovers
2–0
West Bromwich Albion
Racecourse Ground !Racecourse Ground
12,000

1886–87 FA Cup (1) !1886–87
Aston Villa
2–0
West Bromwich Albion
Kennington Oval
15,500

1887–88 FA Cup (1) !1887–88
West Bromwich Albion
2–1
Preston North End
Kennington Oval
19,000

1888–89 FA Cup (1) !1888–89
Preston North End
3–0
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Kennington Oval
22,000

1889–90 FA Cup (1) !1889–90
Blackburn Rovers
6–1
The Wednesday
Kennington Oval
20,000

1890–91 FA Cup (1) !1890–91
Blackburn Rovers
3–1
Notts County
Kennington Oval
23,000

1891–92 FA Cup (1) !1891–92
West Bromwich Albion
3–0
Aston Villa
Kennington Oval
32,810

1892–93 FA Cup (1) !1892–93
Wolverhampton Wanderers
1–0
Everton
Fallowfield Stadium
45,000

1893–94 FA Cup (1) !1893–94
Notts County
4–1
Bolton Wanderers
Goodison Park
37,000

1894–95 FA Cup (1) !1894–95
Aston Villa
1–0
West Bromwich Albion
Crystal Palace
42,560

1895–96 FA Cup (1) !1895–96
The Wednesday
2–1
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Crystal Palace
48,836

1896–97 FA Cup (1) !1896–97
Aston Villa
3–2
Everton
Crystal Palace
65,891

1897–98 FA Cup (1) !1897–98
Nottingham Forest
3–1
Derby County
Crystal Palace
62,017

1898–99 FA Cup (1) !1898–99
Sheffield United
4–1
Derby County
Crystal Palace
73,833

1899–1900 FA Cup (1) !1899–1900
Bury
4–0
Southampton
Crystal Palace
68,945

1900–01 FA Cup (1) !1900–01
Tottenham Hotspur
2–2
Sheffield United
Crystal Palace
110,820

1900–01 FA Cup (2) !1900–01 (R)
Tottenham Hotspur
3–1
Sheffield United
Burnden Park
20,470

1901–02 FA Cup (1) !1901–02
Sheffield United
1–1
Southampton
Crystal Palace
76,914

1901–02 FA Cup (2) !1901–02 (R)
Sheffield United
2–1
Southampton
Crystal Palace
33,068

1902–03 FA Cup (1) !1902–03
Bury
6–0
Derby County
Crystal Palace
63,102

1903–04 FA Cup (1) !1903–04
Manchester City
1–0
Bolton Wanderers
Crystal Palace
61,374

1904–05 FA Cup (1) !1904–05
Aston Villa
2–0
Newcastle United
Crystal Palace
101,117

1905–06 FA Cup (1) !1905–06
Everton
1–0
Newcastle United
Crystal Palace
75,609

1906–07 FA Cup (1) !1906–07
The Wednesday
2–1
Everton
Crystal Palace
84,594

1907–08 FA Cup (1) !1907–08
Wolverhampton Wanderers
3–1
Newcastle United
Crystal Palace
74,697

1908–09 FA Cup (1) !1908–09
Manchester United
1–0
Bristol City
Crystal Palace
71,401

1909–10 FA Cup (1) !1909–10
Newcastle United
1–1
Barnsley
Crystal Palace
77,747

1909–10 FA Cup (2) !1909–10 (R)
Newcastle United
2–0
Barnsley
Goodison Park
69,000

1910–11 FA Cup (1) !1910–11
Bradford City
0–0
Newcastle United
Crystal Palace
69,068

1910–11 FA Cup (2) !1910–11 (R)
Bradford City
1–0
Newcastle United
Old Trafford
58,000

1911–12 FA Cup (1) !1911–12
Barnsley
0–0
West Bromwich Albion
Crystal Palace
54,556

1911–12 FA Cup (2) !1911–12 (R)
Barnsley
1–0 !* 1–0 *
West Bromwich Albion
Bramall Lane
38,555

1912–13 FA Cup (1) !1912–13
Aston Villa
1–0
Sunderland
Crystal Palace
121,919

1913–14 FA Cup (1) !1913–14
Burnley
1–0
Liverpool
Crystal Palace
72,778

1914–15 FA Cup (1) !1914–15
Sheffield United
3–0
Chelsea
Old Trafford
49,557

1919–20 FA Cup (1) !1919–20
Aston Villa
1–0 !* 1–0 *
Huddersfield Town
Stamford Bridge
50,018

1920–21 FA Cup (1) !1920–21
Tottenham Hotspur
1–0
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Stamford Bridge
72,805

1921–22 FA Cup (1) !1921–22
Huddersfield Town
1–0
Preston North End
Stamford Bridge
53,000

1922–23 FA Cup (1) !1922–23
Bolton Wanderers
2–0
West Ham United
Wembley Stadium (original)
126,047[A]

1923–24 FA Cup (1) !1923–24
Newcastle United
2–0
Aston Villa
Wembley Stadium (original)
91,695

1924–25 FA Cup (1) !1924–25
Sheffield United
1–0
 Cardiff City
Wembley Stadium (original)
91,763

1925–26 FA Cup (1) !1925–26
Bolton Wanderers
1–0
Manchester City
Wembley Stadium (original)
91,447

1926–27 FA Cup (1) !1926–27
 Cardiff City
1–0
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium (original)
91,206

1927–28 FA Cup (1) !1927–28
Blackburn Rovers
3–1
Huddersfield Town
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,041

1928–29 FA Cup (1) !1928–29
Bolton Wanderers
2–0
Portsmouth
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,576

1929–30 FA Cup (1) !1929–30
Arsenal
2–0
Huddersfield Town
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,488

1930–31 FA Cup (1) !1930–31
West Bromwich Albion
2–1
Birmingham
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,406

1931–32 FA Cup (1) !1931–32
Newcastle United
2–1
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,298

1932–33 FA Cup (1) !1932–33
Everton
3–0
Manchester City
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,950

1933–34 FA Cup (1) !1933–34
Manchester City
2–1
Portsmouth
Wembley Stadium (original)
93,258

1934–35 FA Cup (1) !1934–35
Sheffield Wednesday
4–2
West Bromwich Albion
Wembley Stadium (original)
93,204

1935–36 FA Cup (1) !1935–36
Arsenal
1–0
Sheffield United
Wembley Stadium (original)
93,384

1936–37 FA Cup (1) !1936–37
Sunderland
3–1
Preston North End
Wembley Stadium (original)
93,495

1937–38 FA Cup (1) !1937–38
Preston North End
1–0 !* 1–0 *
Huddersfield Town
Wembley Stadium (original)
93,497

1938–39 FA Cup (1) !1938–39
Portsmouth
4–1
Wolverhampton Wanderers
Wembley Stadium (original)
99,370

1945–46 FA Cup (1) !1945–46
Derby County
4–1 !* 4–1 *
Charlton Athletic
Wembley Stadium (original)
98,000

1946–47 FA Cup (1) !1946–47
Charlton Athletic
1–0 !* 1–0 *
Burnley
Wembley Stadium (original)
99,000

1947–48 FA Cup (1) !1947–48
Manchester United
4–2
Blackpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
99,000

1948–49 FA Cup (1) !1948–49
Wolverhampton Wanderers
3–1
Leicester City
Wembley Stadium (original)
99,500

1949–50 FA Cup (1) !1949–50
Arsenal
2–0
Liverpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1950–51 FA Cup (1) !1950–51
Newcastle United
2–0
Blackpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1951–52 FA Cup (1) !1951–52
Newcastle United
1–0
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1952–53 FA Cup (1) !1952–53
Blackpool
4–3
Bolton Wanderers
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1953–54 FA Cup (1) !1953–54
West Bromwich Albion
3–2
Preston North End
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1954–55 FA Cup (1) !1954–55
Newcastle United
3–1
Manchester City
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1955–56 FA Cup (1) !1955–56
Manchester City
3–1
Birmingham City
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1956–57 FA Cup (1) !1956–57
Aston Villa
2–1
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1957–58 FA Cup (1) !1957–58
Bolton Wanderers
2–0
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1958–59 FA Cup (1) !1958–59
Nottingham Forest
2–1
Luton Town
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1959–60 FA Cup (1) !1959–60
Wolverhampton Wanderers
3–0
Blackburn Rovers
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1960–61 FA Cup (1) !1960–61
Tottenham Hotspur
2–0
Leicester City
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1961–62 FA Cup (1) !1961–62
Tottenham Hotspur
3–1
Burnley
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1962–63 FA Cup (1) !1962–63
Manchester United
3–1
Leicester City
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1963–64 FA Cup (1) !1963–64
West Ham United
3–2
Preston North End
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1964–65 FA Cup (1) !1964–65
Liverpool
2–1 !* 2–1 *
Leeds United
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1965–66 FA Cup (1) !1965–66
Everton
3–2
Sheffield Wednesday
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1966–67 FA Cup (1) !1966–67
Tottenham Hotspur
2–1
Chelsea
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1967–68 FA Cup (1) !1967–68
West Bromwich Albion
1–0 !* 1–0 *
Everton
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1968–69 FA Cup (1) !1968–69
Manchester City
1–0
Leicester City
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1969–70 FA Cup (1) !1969–70
Chelsea
2–2 !* 2–2 *
Leeds United
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1969–70 FA Cup (2) !1969–70 (R)
Chelsea
2–1 !* 2–1 *
Leeds United
Old Trafford
62,078

1970–71 FA Cup (1) !1970–71
Arsenal
2–1 !* 2–1 *
Liverpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1971–72 FA Cup (1) !1971–72
Leeds United
1–0
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1972–73 FA Cup (1) !1972–73
Sunderland
1–0
Leeds United
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1973–74 FA Cup (1) !1973–74
Liverpool
3–0
Newcastle United
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1974–75 FA Cup (1) !1974–75
West Ham United
2–0
Fulham
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1975–76 FA Cup (1) !1975–76
Southampton
1–0
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1976–77 FA Cup (1) !1976–77
Manchester United
2–1
Liverpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1977–78 FA Cup (1) !1977–78
Ipswich Town
1–0
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1978–79 FA Cup (1) !1978–79
Arsenal
3–2
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1979–80 FA Cup (1) !1979–80
West Ham United
1–0
Arsenal
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1980–81 FA Cup (1) !1980–81
Tottenham Hotspur
1–1 !* 1–1 *
Manchester City
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1980–81 FA Cup (2) !1980–81 (R)
Tottenham Hotspur
3–2
Manchester City
Wembley Stadium (original)
92,000

1981–82 FA Cup (1) !1981–82
Tottenham Hotspur
1–1 !* 1–1 *
Queens Park Rangers
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1981–82 FA Cup (2) !1981–82 (R)
Tottenham Hotspur
1–0
Queens Park Rangers
Wembley Stadium (original)
90,000

1982–83 FA Cup (1) !1982–83
Manchester United
2–2 !* 2–2 *
Brighton & Hove Albion
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1982–83 FA Cup (2) !1982–83 (R)
Manchester United
4–0
Brighton & Hove Albion
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1983–84 FA Cup (1) !1983–84
Everton
2–0
Watford
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1984–85 FA Cup (1) !1984–85
Manchester United
1–0 !* 1–0 *
Everton
Wembley Stadium (original)
100,000

1985–86 FA Cup (1) !1985–86
Liverpool
3–1
Everton
Wembley Stadium (original)
98,000

1986–87 FA Cup (1) !1986–87
Coventry City
3–2 !* 3–2 *
Tottenham Hotspur
Wembley Stadium (original)
98,000

1987–88 FA Cup (1) !1987–88
Wimbledon
1–0
Liverpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
98,203

1988–89 FA Cup (1) !1988–89
Liverpool
3–2 !* 3–2 *
Everton
Wembley Stadium (original)
82,500

1989–90 FA Cup (1) !1989–90
Manchester United
3–3 !* 3–3 *
Crystal Palace
Wembley Stadium (original)
80,000

1989–90 FA Cup (2) !1989–90 (R)
Manchester United
1–0
Crystal Palace
Wembley Stadium (original)
80,000

1990–91 FA Cup (1) !1990–91
Tottenham Hotspur
2–1 !* 2–1 *
Nottingham Forest
Wembley Stadium (original)
80,000

1991–92 FA Cup (1) !1991–92
Liverpool
2–0
Sunderland
Wembley Stadium (original)
80,000

1992–93 FA Cup (1) !1992–93
Arsenal
1–1 !* 1–1 *
Sheffield Wednesday
Wembley Stadium (original)
79,347

1992–93 FA Cup (2) !1992–93 (R)
Arsenal
2–1 !* 2–1 *
Sheffield Wednesday
Wembley Stadium (original)
62,267

1993–94 FA Cup (1) !1993–94
Manchester United
4–0
Chelsea
Wembley Stadium (original)
79,634

1994–95 FA Cup (1) !1994–95
Everton
1–0
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (original)
79,592

1995–96 FA Cup (1) !1995–96
Manchester United
1–0
Liverpool
Wembley Stadium (original)
79,007

1996–97 FA Cup (1) !1996–97
Chelsea
2–0
Middlesbrough
Wembley Stadium (original)
79,160

1997–98 FA Cup (1) !1997–98
Arsenal
2–0
Newcastle United
Wembley Stadium (original)
79,183

1998–99 FA Cup (1) !1998–99
Manchester United
2–0
Newcastle United
Wembley Stadium (original)
79,101

1999–2000 FA Cup (1) !1999–2000
Chelsea
1–0
Aston Villa
Wembley Stadium (original)
78,217

2000–01 FA Cup (1) !2000–01
Liverpool
2–1
Arsenal
Millennium Stadium
72,500

2001–02 FA Cup (1) !2001–02
Arsenal
2–0
Chelsea
Millennium Stadium
73,963

2002–03 FA Cup (1) !2002–03
Arsenal
1–0
Southampton
Millennium Stadium
73,726

2003–04 FA Cup (1) !2003–04
Manchester United
3–0
Millwall
Millennium Stadium
71,350

2004–05 FA Cup (1) !2004–05
Arsenal
0–0 ! 0–0
Manchester United
Millennium Stadium
71,876

2005–06 FA Cup (1) !2005–06
Liverpool
3–3 ! 3–3
West Ham United
Millennium Stadium
71,140

2006–07 FA Cup (1) !2006–07
Chelsea
1–0 !* 1–0 *
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (new)
89,826

2007–08 FA Cup (1) !2007–08
Portsmouth
1–0
 Cardiff City
Wembley Stadium (new)
89,874

2008–09 FA Cup (1) !2008–09
Chelsea
2–1
Everton
Wembley Stadium (new)
89,391

2009–10 FA Cup (1) !2009–10
Chelsea
1–0
Portsmouth
Wembley Stadium (new)
88,335

2010–11 FA Cup (1) !2010–11
Manchester City
1–0
Stoke City
Wembley Stadium (new)
88,643

2011–12 FA Cup (1) !2011–12
Chelsea
2–1
Liverpool
Wembley Stadium (new)
89,041

2012–13 FA Cup (1) !2012–13
Wigan Athletic
1–0
Manchester City
Wembley Stadium (new)
86,254

2013–14 FA Cup (1) !2013–14
Arsenal
3–2 !* 3–2 *
Hull City
Wembley Stadium (new)
89,345

2014–15 FA Cup (1) !2014–15
Arsenal
4–0
Aston Villa
Wembley Stadium (new)
89,283

2015–16 FA Cup (1) !2015–16
Manchester United
2–1 !* 2–1 *
Crystal Palace
Wembley Stadium (new)
88,619

2016–17 FA Cup (1) !2016–17
Arsenal
2–1
Chelsea
Wembley Stadium (new)
89,472

2017–18 FA Cup (1) !2017–18
Chelsea
1–0
Manchester United
Wembley Stadium (new)
87,647

text: A. ^ The official attendance for the 1923 final was reported as 126,047, but the actual figure is believed to be anywhere between 150,000 and 300,000.[14][15]

text: Results by team[edit]

text: Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence. Additionally, Queen's Park ceased to be eligible to enter the FA Cup after a Scottish Football Association ruling in 1887.[16]

text:
Results by team

Club
Wins
First final won
Last final won
Runners-up
Last final lost
Total final appearances

Arsenal
13
1930
2017
7
2001
20

Manchester United
12
1909
2016
8
2018
20

Chelsea
8
1970
2018
5
2017
13

Tottenham Hotspur
8
1901
1991
1
1987
9

Liverpool
7
1965
2006
7
2012
14

Aston Villa
7
1887
1957
4
2015
11

Newcastle United
6
1910
1955
7
1999
13

Blackburn Rovers
6
1884
1928
2
1960
8

Everton
5
1906
1995
8
2009
13

Manchester City
5
1904
2011
5
2013
10

West Bromwich Albion
5
1888
1968
5
1935
10

Wanderers
5
1872
1878
0
–
5

Wolverhampton Wanderers
4
1893
1960
4
1939
8

Bolton Wanderers
4
1923
1958
3
1953
7

Sheffield United
4
1899
1925
2
1936
6

Sheffield Wednesday[A]
3
1896
1935
3
1993
6

West Ham United
3
1964
1980
2
2006
5

Preston North End
2
1889
1938
5
1964
7

Old Etonians
2
1879
1882
4
1883
6

Portsmouth
2
1939
2008
3
2010
5

Sunderland
2
1937
1973
2
1992
4

Nottingham Forest
2
1898
1959
1
1991
3

Bury
2
1900
1903
0
–
2

Huddersfield Town
1
1922
1922
4
1938
5

Derby County
1
1946
1946
3
1903
4

Leeds United
1
1972
1972
3
1973
4

Oxford University
1
1874
1874
3
1880
4

Royal Engineers
1
1875
1875
3
1878
4

Southampton
1
1976
1976
3
2003
4

Blackpool
1
1953
1953
2
1951
3

Burnley
1
1914
1914
2
1962
3

Cardiff City
1
1927
1927
2
2008
3

Charlton Athletic
1
1947
1947
1
1946
2

Barnsley
1
1912
1912
1
1910
2

Clapham Rovers
1
1880
1880
1
1879
2

Notts County
1
1894
1894
1
1891
2

Blackburn Olympic
1
1883
1883
0
–
1

Bradford City
1
1911
1911
0
–
1

Coventry City
1
1987
1987
0
–
1

Ipswich Town
1
1978
1978
0
–
1

Old Carthusians
1
1881
1881
0
–
1

Wigan Athletic
1
2013
2013
0
–
1

Wimbledon[B]
1
1988
1988
0
–
1

Leicester City
0

4
1969
4

Birmingham City
0

2
1956
2

Crystal Palace
0

2
2016
2

Queen's Park
0

2
1885
2

Brighton & Hove Albion
0

1
1983
1

Bristol City
0

1
1909
1

Fulham
0

1
1975
1

Hull City
0

1
2014
1

Luton Town
0

1
1959
1

Middlesbrough
0

1
1997
1

Millwall
0

1
2004
1

Queens Park Rangers
0

1
1982
1

Stoke City
0

1
2011
1

Watford
0

1
1984
1

text:
Jump up ^ Sheffield Wednesday's total includes two wins and one defeat under the earlier name of The Wednesday.
Jump up ^ Wimbledon relocated in 2004 from south London to Milton Keynes rebranding the club as Milton Keynes Dons, but the current incarnation of the club considers that it was founded in 2004 and does not lay claim to the history or honours (including the FA Cup win) of Wimbledon.[17]

tag: ol


document_title: Tell Asmar Hoard

question_text: where were the statuettes of worshippers from tel asmar found

text: Tell Asmar Hoard

text: Discovery[edit]

text: In the late 1920s antique dealers in Baghdad were acquiring large quantities of unusual, high quality artifacts from the desert east of the Diyala River, just north of its confluence with the Tigris.[2] In 1929 the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago obtained a concession to excavate the area.[2] James Henry Breasted (1865–1935), the founder of the institute, invited the Dutch Archeologist Henri Frankfort (1897–1954) to lead the expedition. Between 1930 and 1937 Frankfort and his team conducted extensive horizontal and vertical excavations on four mounds: Khafajah, Tell Asmar (ancient Eshnunna), Tell Agrab, and Ishchali.[2] They uncovered temples, palaces, administrative buildings, and houses ranging in date from about 3100 to 1750 B.C. The hundreds of artifacts recovered from the stratified ruins of these ancient civic structures greatly enhanced understanding of Early Dynastic periodization.[3]

text: Among the most well-known and best preserved objects are the twelve statues known collectively as the Tell Asmar Hoard. The hoard was found during the 1933-34 excavation season at Tell Asmar beneath the floor of a temple dedicated to the god Abu. The statues were neatly stacked in an oblong cavity beside an altar in the sanctuary. The careful placement suggests that they were buried intentionally. However, the reason for the burial and person(s) responsible for doing so remains unclear. Frankfort, who wrote extensively on the subject, suggests that a priest periodically buried old or badly damaged statues in order to make room in the temple for their replacements.[4]:16

text: The statues[edit]

text: The statues of the Tell Asmar Hoard range in height from 21 cm (8.2 in.) to 72 cm (28.3 in.). Of the twelve statues found ten are male and two are female. Eight of the figures are made from Gypsum, two from limestone, and one (the smallest) from alabaster.[4]:57–59 All the figures, with the exception of one that is kneeling, are rendered in a standing position. Thin circular bases were used as supports and large wedge shaped feet provided the larger statues with added durability. The males wear kilts with a patterned hem that covers the midsection and thighs. Their broad shoulders and thick, circular arms frame the bare chest, which is partially covered by a black, stylized beard. All the males, with the exception of one that is bald and clean shaven, have long hair rendered in two symmetrical halves that frames the smooth surfaces of the cheeks and forehead. The large eyes, which are undoubtedly the most striking stylistic feature that the statues share in common, are made from inlays of white shell and black limestone; one figure has pupils of lapis lazuli.[4]:57–59 These materials are secured to the head with bitumen, which was also used as a pigment to give the beard and hair its characteristic black color. Both the hair and the clothing, though abstracted, accurately reflect Sumerian styles of the Early Dynastic period.[4]:49–52

text: The hoard was discovered in a temple dedicated to Abu, the ancient Near Eastern god of fertility. Evidence from Early Dynastic ruins at Khafajah suggests that the statues may have been arranged along the walls of the sanctuary either on the floor or on a low mud brick bench before they were buried.[4]:10 Some of the statues are inscribed on the back and bottom with a name and personalized supplicatory message, while others simply state “one who offers prayers.” These inscriptions indicate that the statues functioned as a surrogate for male and female worshipers who wished to leave their prayers with the god. In the 3rd millennium B.C. the price for a votive statue likely depended on its size, and possibly what stone was used.

text: Frankfort argued that the largest figure in the hoard is not an effigy of a human worshiper, but rather a representation of the patron deity Abu.[5] He calls attention to a number of features that set this particular statue apart from the rest including: the size, the unnaturally large eyes, especially the pupils, and the emblematic carving of an eagle with outstretched wings flanked by two recumbent mountain goats carved on the base.[5]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Standing male worshiper | Sumerian | Early Dynastic I-II | The Met". The Metropolitan Museum of Art, i.e. The Met Museum. Retrieved 2017-11-08.

^ Jump up to: a b c Karen L. Wilson, Excavations in the Diyala Region, in Art Of The First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus, ed. Joan Aruz (New York and London: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Yale University Press, 2003), 58.

Jump up ^ Jean M. Evans, "The Square Temple at Tell Asmar and the Construction on Early Dynastic Mesopotamia ca. 2900-2350 B.C.E.", American Journal of Archaeology 11 (2007): 600.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Henri Frankfort, Sculpture of the Third Millennium B.C. from Tell Asmar and Khafãjah" (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939).

^ Jump up to: a b Thorkild Jacobsen, "God of Worshipper". In Essays in Ancient Civilizations Presented to Helene J. Kantor, (Chicago: Oriental Institute of Chicago, 1989) 125.


document_title: The Karate Kid Part III

question_text: who played the girl in karate kid 3

question_tokens: who played the girl in karate kid 3

text: The Karate Kid Part III

text: Plot[edit]

text: Cobra Kai instructor John Kreese is now broke and destitute after losing all his students, who left the Cobra Kai dojo following his attack on Johnny Lawrence and subsequent humiliation at the hands of Mr. Miyagi. In the present day, Kreese visits his Vietnam War comrade Terry Silver, the wealthy businessman who founded the Cobra Kai and now owns a toxic-waste disposal business. Silver vows to help him gain revenge on Daniel and Mr. Miyagi and re-establish Cobra Kai. Silver sends Kreese on vacation to Tahiti to rest and get his life back in order while he plans to avenge him.

text: Upon their return to Los Angeles, Daniel and Miyagi discover that the South Seas apartment has been razed, leaving Miyagi unemployed and Daniel homeless. They also learn that Daniel's mother, Lucille, is in New Jersey taking care of her ill uncle. Miyagi allows Daniel to stay at his house. Daniel uses his college funds to realize Miyagi's dream of opening a bonsai shop. Miyagi thanks Daniel and makes him a partner at the bonsai business. When Daniel visits a pottery store across the street, he meets and befriends Jessica Andrews. Though Daniel has a brief crush on her, she tells him that she has a boyfriend back home at Columbus, Ohio, but they remain friends.

text: Meanwhile, Silver hires Mike Barnes, a vicious karate fighter nicknamed "Karate's Badboy", to defeat Daniel at the next All Valley Karate Tournament. Silver later sneaks into Miyagi's house to gather information and overhears Daniel telling Miyagi that he will not defend his title this year at the tournament. Later, Barnes and Silver's neighbors attempt to coerce Daniel to enter the tournament. Daniel refuses and Barnes departs in a heated rage. The next morning, as Daniel and Miyagi are practicing kata, Silver interrupts and tells them a tall tale of John Kreese suffering a fatal heart attack after losing his students and asks for forgiveness for Kreese's behavior. Later, Barnes and his friends attempt to make Daniel sign up for the tournament. When Daniel again refuses to enter the tournament, a skirmish ensues until Miyagi arrives and fends off the three men. After driving Jessica home, Daniel and Miyagi return to find their stock of bonsai trees stolen, with a tournament application hanging in their place.

text: Daniel and Jessica decide to dig up a valuable bonsai tree that Miyagi brought from Okinawa and planted halfway down a cliff with the hope of selling it and using the money to replace the other stolen trees. As they retrieve it, Barnes and his men appear and retract their climbing ropes, leaving Daniel no choice but to sign up for the tournament. They get pulled back up, but Barnes breaks the valuable tree. Daniel returns to the shop with Miyagi's damaged bonsai, which Miyagi attempts to mend. Miyagi tells Daniel both that he has sold his truck to buy a new stock of trees and that now he cannot train Daniel for the tournament.

text: Silver offers to "train" Daniel for the tournament at the Cobra Kai dojo with a series of brutal, offensive techniques. Under the guise of tough training, Silver pressures Daniel to destroy a wooden practice dummy, injuring his hands in the process. Throughout his training, Daniel's frustration alienates himself from his closest friends. While Daniel and Jessica are at a nightclub, Silver bribes a man into provoking a fight with Daniel, who punches the man using Silver's techniques, breaking his nose and leading Jessica to storm out in disgust. Shocked by his aggressive behavior, Daniel apologizes and makes amends with Miyagi and Jessica.

text: Daniel visits Silver to inform him that he will not compete at the tournament. But Silver reveals his true agenda to Daniel, with Barnes and a very-much alive Kreese entering the room. After Barnes viciously assaults Daniel, Miyagi intervenes, saves Daniel, and agrees to train him. They train and replant the now-healed bonsai.

text: At the tournament, Barnes reaches the final round to face Daniel. Silver and Kreese instruct Barnes to inflict pain on Daniel, keep the score a tie, and finally beat him in the sudden death round. During the fight, Barnes constantly gets the upper hand, taunting him each time. When the initial round concludes, a severely beaten Daniel tells Miyagi that he cannot continue, but Miyagi encourages him to carry on. In the sudden death round, Daniel performs the kata. When a confused Barnes lunges toward Daniel, Daniel flips him to the ground and strikes him to win the tournament. Disgusted and humiliated, Silver walks away from Kreese and the crowd throws their Cobra Kai shirts back at him, implying that Cobra Kai has been closed down forever. Miyagi bows to Daniel, but an over-excited Daniel tells him, "Forget about it!", and the two embrace in celebration.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ralph Macchio as Daniel LaRusso
Pat Morita (Noriyuki "Pat" Morita) as Keisuke Miyagi
Robyn Lively as Jessica Andrews
Thomas Ian Griffith as Terry Silver
Martin Kove as John Kreese
Sean Kanan as Mike Barnes
Jonathan Avildsen as Snake
Randee Heller as Lucille LaRusso
Pat E. Johnson as Referee
Rick Hurst as Announcer
Frances Bay as Mrs. Milo
Joseph V. Perry as Uncle Louie
Jan Tříska as Milos
Glenn Medeiros as Himself
Gabriel Jarret (Gabe Jarret) as Rudy

tag: ul

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film maintains an approval rating of 16% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 32 reviews. The film's consensus reads: "Inspiration is in short supply in this third Karate Kid film, which recycles the basic narrative from its predecessors but adds scenery-chewing performances and a surprising amount of violence".[3] It did significantly less business than the first two films, grossing $39 million at the box office.[citation needed] It was dismissed by critics, including Roger Ebert, who praised the first two films.[4][5][6][7] Criticism often mentioned the rehashing of elements in the former two movies, including a tournament against Cobra Kai and a romance side-story.[8]

text: At the 1989 Golden Raspberry Awards, this entry received five nominations but did not win any of them.[citation needed] They are for Worst Picture (Jerry Weintraub; lost to Star Trek V: The Final Frontier), Worst Screenplay (Robert Mark Kamen; lost to Harlem Nights by Eddie Murphy), Worst Director (John G. Avildsen; lost to William Shatner for Star Trek V: The Final Frontier), Worst Actor (Ralph Macchio; lost to William Shatner in Star Trek V: The Final Frontier), and Worst Supporting Actor (Pat Morita; lost to Christopher Atkins in Listen to Me).[citation needed]

text: In 2015, director John G. Avildsen himself called the film "a poor imitation of the first one" and "a horrible movie".[9]


document_title: A Dog's Purpose (film)

question_text: when did a dog's purpose take place

question_tokens: when did a dog 's purpose take place

text: A Dog's Purpose (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the 1950s, a feral puppy named Toby is whisked away to the dog pound and quickly euthanized, wondering if "fun" truly is life's purpose.

text: His strong spirit is reborn and reincarnated as a newborn Retriever puppy in 1961, Toby leaves his cage at a puppy mill and is found by two garbage men who plan to sell him for their own profit. They leave to drink and Toby is spotted locked inside their pick-up truck by a young boy named Ethan and his mother, who rescue him from the brink of death by heatstroke. After they convince Ethan's father, the dog is allowed to stay and renamed Bailey.

text: Bailey and Ethan bond quickly, especially over the summer when the family visits Ethan's maternal grandparents' farm, and Bailey now believes Ethan alone is his purpose. Years pass and after several attempts at advancing in his job failed, Ethan's father has become a deadbeat alcoholic, though teenage Ethan still tries to respect him - inviting him to a football game now that he has been named starting quarterback.

text: Over the summer, Ethan goes to a fair with Bailey and meets Hannah, who he quickly begins dating, with Bailey referring to her as "part of the pack". Ethan and Hannah spend their summer happy together though their senior years are upcoming, but they plan to go to the same school; popular Ethan getting a football scholarship and Hannah following him on an academic one. When he goes home one night though, Ethan's father is drunk and shouting at Ethan's mother. He turns on Ethan then and when his mother tries to keep them separated, he shoves her to the ground. Ethan orders his father to leave and never come back, and becomes "the leader of the pack."

text: Later, at a game watched by scouts, Ethan is offered a full 4-year scholarship to Michigan State, but that night a vindictive classmate named Todd throws a lit firecracker into Ethan's house as a prank, which unintentionally results in a house fire. Bailey alerts Ethan, who goes to save his mother. Unable to get out of the door, they head out through his mother's bedroom window upstair. Ethan first lowers her with her sheets to the neighbors below, then Bailey — but when trying to jump himself, Ethan badly fractures his leg, ending his dreams of an athletic scholarship. Bailey attacks Todd, who is apprehended by the police. Instead Ethan must go to an agricultural school where he will learn to take over his grandparents' farm. Falling into depression, self-pity and bitterness, he grudgingly breaks off his romance with Hannah before leaving for college. Sometime afterwards, an aged Bailey slowly expires at the veterinarian's office after sharing an eleventh-hour teary goodbye with Ethan.

text: Bailey reincarnates into another dog life, a female German Shepherd Police dog named Ellie, sometime in the late 1970s/early 1980s, while possessing full memories and experiences of his past lives. Ellie is partnered with a widowed officer named Carlos from the Chicago Police Department, and works hard at "showing" and "finding", now seeing the job as life's purpose. The two form a close relationship which ends after Ellie jumps into a rushing river and saves a kidnapped girl from drowning, and is then fatally shot during a struggle with the armed kidnapper who was a moment away from killing an unsuspecting Carlos.

text: Reborn again in the mid-1980s as a Pembroke Welsh Corgi, he forms a bond with an Atlanta college student named Maya who names him Tino. Maya is lonely, which Tino, having bonded closely with the girl, realizes, and makes his purpose to find her some happiness. She starts a relationship with another classmate named Al who she begins seeing after Tino falls for Al's dog, a black and white Landseer named Roxie, and allows her to open up to him. Maya and Al marry and have 3 children who all love the Corgi. In love with Roxie (though she does not seem to reciprocate the romance), Tino is permanently heartbroken when one day she does not return from the vet. As he lies dying of old age in the late 1990s, Tino thanks Maya for giving him one of his best lives.

text: Bailey is again reborn and reincarnated, this time, as a St. Bernard-Australian Shepherd mix, sometime during the next decade, only to be taken in by an abusive and neglectful urban couple who name him Waffles. Waffles is eventually dumped in an abandoned lot and reluctantly sets off in search of a new life. Walking past a dog park and remembering how long it had been since he played, Waffles meets a dog and her human who hold a familiar scent to him, though he knows neither of them. He gradually makes his way to the country area where he spent summers as Bailey without even realizing at first where he is headed. He joyfully reunites with his old master Ethan, who is now somewhere in his 50s, living a lonely life and apparently broken in spirit at his Grandparents' old farm, which he now owns and runs. Ethan, of course, initially has no idea who this wandering dog really is and hands him over to the local animal shelter. But he soon has a change of heart and reclaims him, naming him Buddy. Buddy, sensing that he has finally found the true purpose of life that has long evaded him, finds a way to reunite Ethan with a widowed Hannah, and they eventually get married.

text: Buddy finally convinces Ethan that he is his beloved childhood pet by performing some tricks and responding to key phrases that were known only to the two of them all those many, many long years ago.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Josh Gad as the voice of Toby, Bailey, Ellie, Tino, Waffles and Buddy.
Dennis Quaid as Ethan Montgomery (adult)[8]

KJ Apa as teenage Ethan Montgomery[8]
Bryce Gheisar as eight-year old Ethan Montgomery

Juliet Rylance as Elizabeth Montgomery, Ethan's mother.[8]
Peggy Lipton as Hannah (adult)[8]

Britt Robertson as young Hannah[8]

John Ortiz as Carlos Ruiz
Kirby Howell-Baptiste as Maya
Pooch Hall as Al[9]
Luke Kirby as Jim Montgomery, Ethan's father
Michael Bofshever as Bill, Ethan's grandfather
Gabrielle Rose as Fran, Ethan's grandmother
Logan Miller as Todd, the vindictive classmate

text: Production[edit]

text: In 2015, DreamWorks acquired the film rights for Cameron's novel.[10] On May 8, 2015, it was announced Lasse Hallström would direct the film.[11] On August 5, 2015, Britt Robertson and Dennis Quaid joined the cast.[8] On September 18, 2015, Pooch Hall was cast in the film.[9] On October 15, 2015, Bradley Cooper joined the cast to play the dog's inner voice.[12] He was eventually replaced by Josh Gad.[13] Principal photography began on August 17, 2015.[14]

text: Release[edit]

text: In December 2015, the film switched from a DreamWorks Pictures release to under the Amblin Entertainment banner as per Amblin Partners' newly enacted branded strategy.[15] The film was released by Universal Pictures on January 27, 2017.[16] Universal also distributed it overseas, except for countries where Mister Smith Entertainment handled international sales.

text: Box office[edit]

text: A Dog's Purpose has grossed $64.3 million in the United States and Canada and $130.6 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $194.9 million, against a production budget of $22 million.[3]

text: In North America was released alongside Resident Evil: The Final Chapter and Gold, and was projected to gross $18–22 million from 3,050 theaters in its opening weekend, slightly lower than initial $27 million tracking had the film debuting to before boycotts against the film were called for.[4] It made $466,000 from Thursday night previews and $5.3 million on its first day. It ended up debuting to $18.2 million, finishing second at the box office behind the second weekend of Universal's own Split.[17] The film dropped 40.6% in its second weekend, grossing $10.8 million and finishing third at the box office.[18]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 30% based on 121 reviews, and an average rating of 4.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A Dog's Purpose offers an awkward blend of sugary sentiment and canine suffering that tugs at animal-loving audiences' heartstrings with shameless abandon."[19] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score 43 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[20] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[21]

text: Home media[edit]

text: A Dog's Purpose was released on digital HD on April 18, 2017, and was followed by a release on Blu-ray and DVD on May 2, 2017, from Universal Studios Home Entertainment.[22][23] The film topped the home video sales chart for the week ending on May 7, 2017.[24]

text: Animal abuse allegations[edit]

text: Initial reaction[edit]

text: On January 18, 2017, a video surfaced on TMZ showing footage taken from the set of the film, which shows a German Shepherd named Hercules being dragged and dipped into rushing water while visibly resisting.[25] After a cut in the video, the next clip shows the dog being submerged in the water at the other end of the tank while a voice on set can be heard shouting "CUT IT!", and various people are then seen rushing towards the dog.[26] The American Humane Association, which ensures that animals are not harmed in entertainment productions, announced that its representative on set had been suspended over the incident, and that the incident is under further investigation.[27][28] PETA called for a boycott of the film.[29] Actor Josh Gad, who voices the dog in the movie, was not on set during the making of the film, but stated that he was "shaken and sad to see any animal put in a situation against its will".[30] Due to the release of the video, Universal Pictures cancelled the film's scheduled January 19 Los Angeles premiere.[31]

text: Director Lasse Hallström stated on Twitter that he "did not witness" the actions in the video, and was "very disturbed" by the footage.[32]

text: Validity of the video[edit]

text: Amblin Entertainment released a statement in regards to the incident, saying that "on the day of the shoot, Hercules did not want to perform the stunt portrayed on the tape so the Amblin production team did not proceed with filming that shot", and that "Hercules is happy and healthy".[33]

text: Dennis Quaid also came out against the TMZ video, stating that the video did not tell the whole story, saying:

text: My experience is that the animals were treated great. There was no animal abuse. That video that someone took and sold for money and held on to for a year and a half until right before the film's coming out, does not tell the whole story. First of all, it's been edited and manipulated. And I think it's a scam, to tell you the truth. What they (the viewers of the video) saw was completely out of context. It was edited...and all of the footage I saw, the dog was going into the water happily and had to be restrained, actually, from going into the water many times during that day.

text: Quaid also said that the video was shot

text: towards the end of the day and I would not say, in real context, that the dog was frightened. The dog was acting like a dog who was kind of tired of taking a bath and was ready to get out. And, in fact, that's what happened. They took the dog out.[34]

text: On February 4, 2017, the American Humane Association reported that an independent third-party animal-cruelty expert had concluded that safety measures on the set of the film were in place and the video had been deliberately edited to mislead the public.[5]

text: The film was released with AHAD approval number 06202.


document_title: Pascal (given name)

question_text: what is the meaning of the name pascal

question_tokens: what is the meaning of the name pascal

text: Pascal (given name)

text:
Pascal

Pronunciation
pahs-KALL

Gender
masculine

Origin

Word/name
Latin

Meaning
"associated with Easter (Passover)"

Other names

Related names
Pascale, Pascalle, Paschal, Paskal, Paschalis, Pascaline, Pasquale, Pascoale, Pascoal, Pasqual, Pascual, Pascoe, Pasco

text: Pascal is a common masculine Francophone given name, cognate of Italian name Pasquale, Spanish name Pascual, Catalan name Pasqual.

text: Pascal is common in French-speaking countries, Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands. Derived feminine forms include Pascale, Pascalle or Pascalina. Pascal is also common as a surname [1] in France, and in Italy (in Piedmont, Aosta Valley and, as De Pascal, in Friuli-Venezia Giulia).

text: Pascal derives from the Latin paschalis or pashalis, which means "relating to Easter", from the Latin term for "Easter", pascha, Greek Πάσχα, from the Aramaic pasḥā (Hebrew pesach) "Passover" (since the Hebrew holiday Passover coincides closely with the later Christian holiday of Easter, the Latin word came to be used for both occasions). The Christian given name is in origin from the meaning "one born on Easter day", or "born on Pentecost" (see below).

text: Variations of the given name include: Paschal, Pasqual, Pasquale, Paskal, Pascoal, Pascale, Pascha, Paschalis, Pascual, Pascoe, and Pasco.

text: The name arises in the early medieval period, in Latin spelled Paschalis. An early bearer is Antipope Paschal (fl. 687), and Pope Paschal I (d. 824). A variant Latin form of the name is Paschasius; this is the name of the 9th-century Frankish saint Paschasius Radbertus. Peter Pascual (Petrus Paschasius, d. 1299) was a bishop and martyr of medieval Andalusia. Saint Pascal (or San Pasqual) refers to Paschal Baylon (1540–1592), a Spanish friar and mystic. Baylon was born on 24 May 1540 to Aragonese peasants. His parents named him Pasqual because he was born on the day of the feast of Pentecost (not Easter), because Pentecost in Spain was known as "the Pasch (or Passover) of the Holy Ghost" at the time.[2] After Pascual Baylon's beatification (1618) and canonization (1690), it became common to give the name Pascal to children born on the feast day of Saint Pascal (17 May) rather than on Easter or Pentecost, or independently of the child's date of birth.


document_title: Steve Urkel

question_text: when did steve urkel become a regular on family matters

text: Steve Urkel

text: Character development[edit]

text: In syndication, Steve Urkel first appeared on the 4th episode of the first season, "Rachel's First Date" (as the show staff wanted to more naturally introduce him to audiences upon repeated viewings). On the 12th episode of the first season, "Laura's First Date", he reappears as a nerdy young boy who takes Laura Winslow out on a date. While he is madly in love with her, Laura finds Steve grating and doesn't return his affection. While intended as a minor character, Urkel became very popular for his oddball antics. He soon became a recurring character, and joined the main cast beginning with the season two premiere "Rachel's Place".[8]

text: Family Matters co-creator Michael Warren named the character after his friend, writer and director Steve Erkel. Due to the show and the character's tremendous popularity during the early 1990s, Erkel encountered difficulties using his own name; he received many prank phone calls from "Laura" asking for "Steve", and businesses found his name to be suspicious. Warren stated that had he known that the character would reappear for years he would not have named him after his friend.[8]

text: Portrayal[edit]

text: An archetypal nerd, Steve Urkel is characterized as kind and well-meaning, but bungling and a meddler. He is fiercely protective of and obsessed with his unrequited love Laura Winslow, and this admiration extends to the rest of the Winslow family. However, Steve is comically clumsy and inept and his attempts to help the Winslows usually go awry. This puts him at odds with the family patriarch Carl, who routinely throws Urkel out of his house.

text: Later episodes suggest that Steve's attachment to the Winslows stems from his bad relationship with his own family. Urkel often hints that most of his relatives, including his (unseen) parents, despise him and refuse to associate with him. This culminates in the two moving to Russia without him, whereupon he moves in with the Winslows.

text: Urkel dresses unfashionably for someone his age (he is most commonly seen wearing suspenders, brightly colored shirts, and high water pants) and has a number of eccentric hobbies and interests, including Polka dancing and accordion playing. Unlike his friends, he has little interest in popular culture and athletic endeavors.

text: While he is unpopular with his schoolmates, Urkel is a brilliant student and is on a first-name basis with his teachers. He is a genius inventor as well, and his fantastical but unreliable gadgets (including a transformation device and a time machine) are central to many Family Matters plots and gags.

text: Stefan Urquelle[edit]

text: During the season five episode "Dr. Urkel and Mr. Cool," in a takeoff on The Nutty Professor films, Urkel devises a plan to win Laura's heart: transforming his DNA using a serum, which suppresses his "nerd genes" and brings out his "cool" genes. This results in the alter ego known as Stefan Urquelle, played by Jaleel White in more casual attire. Initially, Laura is enamored with the smoother Stefan, but asks that he turn back into Steve when Stefan's self-centeredness makes itself apparent.

text: Steve improves the formula in the season five episode "Stefan Returns" to reduce its negative effects on his personality, and invents a "transformation chamber" allowing him to become Stefan at will. He would change into Stefan several times – even while dating Myra – but some circumstance would force Steve to turn into his normal self again. With his narcissistic tendencies toned down, Laura falls deeply in love with Steve's alter-ego.

text: In the seventh-season finale "Send in the Clones," Steve creates a cloning machine and winds up creating a perfect duplicate of himself. Myra is initially excited, but eventually realizes that two Steves are just too much. To clear up the situation, Laura proposes that one of the Steves be permanently turned into Stefan, so that she and Myra can both be with the one they love. This Stefan becomes a recurring character and eventually proposes to Laura in the ninth season. After weighing her choices in the flashback episode "Pop Goes the Question," Laura chooses Steve over Stefan. Stefan departs and is not seen again.

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Steve had been in love with Laura since they were in kindergarten. However, she did not always reciprocate the feelings that he had for her and would date other guys more to her taste. Unlike Greta's successful warding off of Myrtle, Laura's would-be boyfriends would often bully Steve, but it always ends with him warding them off, especially when he knows most of them would end up hurting her in the end and refused to allow them to take advantage of her. Steve has shown that, unlike Myrtle, he does respect Laura's personal space. However, she has shown appreciation for Steve when he selflessly risked himself to not only protect her, but also has saved her father's life. In the ninth-season episode "Out With the Old," he finally gets himself a makeover in time for Laura's charity bachelor auction, and, though it was not a success, her feelings for him finally changed, and they eventually become engaged to be married by "Pop Goes the Question" later that season.

text: Steve had a short and brief relationship with Susie in season two, but their relationship ended when he introduced her to the president of the chess club. In the season three episode "The Love God," Vonda Mahoney also became interested in him after he tutored her for a class. Fearing that she wants to make herself "easy" for Eddie to date, Steve teaches her the dangers of it and helps her have love and self-respect for herself. Although Vonda felt better about herself, this did not sit well with Eddie, who wanted to pound Steve for it.

text: In season four's "A Thought In The Dark", Steve was set up with Ted's cousin, Myra Monkhouse (played by Michelle Thomas) so Laura could have some space from his infatuation. Although he was initially attracted to Myra because of her intelligence and sweet personality, he was soon disgusted by her jealous and possessive nature by the end of "Buds 'N Buns". This was explored in both seasons five and nine, when Steve finally saw what life was like in not only Laura's shoes, but in sense the Winslows as well. Though in love with him, Myra was also frustrated with Steve and asked him why he even loves Laura. When he agrees to go steady with her in season six's "Paradise Bluff", she did somewhat revert to the sweet, intelligent girl he was originally attracted to. By season nine, he grows apart from her as he matures and Laura started to return the feelings he had for her. In "Breaking Up Is Hard To Do," during their date at the restaurant Amour, it became clear to Steve that Myra hated his makeover and demanded that he return to the sexy nerd she loved so much. When he refused, she broke up with him first, although it later turned out to be a ploy so she could get him to renounce his love for Laura and stay with her. When that failed, Myra resorted to stalking and spying on him with illegal surveillance gear in her room with a spy cam attached to his glasses. In "Crazy For You," she teamed up with Stefan to stop Steve and Laura's date. Although initially successful, Laura still wanted to date him and Myra vowed never to stop stalking him until he took her back. In the following episode "Crazier For You," Steve has learned that Myra was spying on him and confronted her about it. He orders her to stop stalking him and renounce her love for him because he will never take her back and reaffirms his love for Laura. She refused and got Laura falsely arrested for stealing her watch. However, Steve was able to drop the charges when he exposed Myra for stalking him with illegal spy gear and the police pursued criminal charges against her. When she learned of his engagement to Laura, she continued to carry the torch even when he went into space. However, when she tried to pretend to be Urkel's fiancée, she is caught by an unseen Stefan.

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: In 2010, Westside Middle School in Memphis, Tennessee outlined its dress code policy on sagging pants, asking students to pull them up or get "Urkeled", a reference to the character. In this practice, teachers would forcibly pull students' pants up and attach them to their waist using zip ties. Students would also have their photo taken and posted on a board in the hallway, for all of their classmates to view. In an interview with NBC affiliate WMC-TV, Principal Bobby White stated that the general idea is to fight pop culture with pop culture.[9] One teacher at the school claimed to have "Urkeled" up to 80 students per week, although after five weeks the number dropped to 18.[10]

text: Ratings effect[edit]

text: In syndication, Steve is incorporated into the teaser scene of "Rachel's First Date"; his first appearance in the original broadcasts is in the 1989 episode "Laura's First Date", in which Carl and Eddie separately set up dates for Laura for a dance or party (both terms are used in the episode), and the first thing known about him is that he allegedly ate a mouse, and he later makes reference to a mouse when speaking to Carl, implying that it might be true. Prior to Steve Urkel's introduction, the show was on the brink of cancellation due to mediocre ratings. After Urkel was introduced, several scripts had to be hastily rewritten to accommodate the character, while several first-season episodes that had been completed had new opening gag sequences filmed featuring Steve trying to push open the Winslows' front door while the family holds it shut. The addition of Steve immediately helped the show boost its modest ratings. White was credited as a guest star in the first season and became a regular member of the cast in season two.

text: The Urkel Dance[edit]

text: The Urkel Dance was a novelty dance that originated in the season two episode "Life of the Party". It was based around the character of Steve Urkel and essentially incorporated movements which made the dancer's posture more like his. The lyrics instructed the dancer how to pose:

text:
"If you want to do the Steve Urkel dance,
All you have to do is hitch up your pants,
Bend your knees, and stick out your pelvis;
(I'm telling you, baby, it's better than Elvis!)".

text: The dance was popular enough to appear on another show, Step by Step, when the Steve Urkel character appeared in a crossover in the season one episode "The Dance".

text: Jaleel White also performed the song, in character as Steve Urkel, on the 5th Annual American Comedy Awards. Bea Arthur (from Maude & The Golden Girls) joined him on stage to "Do The Urkel,[11]" after which she said, "Hey MC Hammer, try and touch that!"[12]

text: A promotional cassette single of the song that accompanies the dance was pressed and distributed in limited numbers. A T-shirt was also produced featuring lyrics and Urkel's likeness.

text: Rick Sanchez pays some form of homage to The Urkel Dance with "The Rick Dance" in the Rick and Morty episode Ricksy Business.

text: Appearances on other shows[edit]

text:
Full House – In the 1991 episode, "Stephanie Gets Framed", Steve is called in to help Stephanie Tanner (Jodie Sweetin) deal with her anxieties after she has to get glasses. He was cousin to a friend of D. J.. Incidentally, Family Matters did not air on the night of the episode's original airdate (January 25, 1991). It is implied that he found himself in San Francisco in the Full House universe before paying a visit to the Lambert household from Step by Step.
Step by Step – In the series' second episode, "The Dance", Steve lands in the Lambert-Foster family's backyard after launching himself with a rocket pack from the living room of the Winslows' house in the Family Matters episode "Brain Over Brawn" (the two scenes being shown in uninterrupted sequence, as Family Matters and Step by Step aired back to back on ABC's TGIF lineup at the time). He then helps his science-fair pen pal, Mark Foster (Christopher Castile), and lifts Alicia "Al" Lambert (Christine Lakin)'s spirits after her potential date dumps her just before a school dance. White reprises his "Do the Urkel" dance in the scene where Al gives the boy that dumped her his comeuppance. White also makes a brief two-second cameo as Steve in the 1997 episode "A Star Is Born", snapping a clapperboard on the set of the movie that Al was cast in over her two sisters.
Meego – In this short-lived series, Steve makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the second episode "Love and Money," where he angrily retrieves a television set stolen by Meego. He then appears in the third episode "The Truth About Cats and Dogs" helping out at a model car derby competition.
Additionally, in the Family Matters episode "Beauty and the Beast," Steve sends a chain letter to his friend Cory Matthews, who lived in Philadelphia. The reference is to Ben Savage's character from Boy Meets World, but there were no on-screen crossovers. In an episode of Boy Meets World, Cory says he receives a chain letter from his friend Steve.
Fuller House - In the Season 3 finale, Urkel was mentioned by D.J.. In an interview with TVLine’s Andy Swift, series creator Jeff Franklin mentioned he is friends with White and they have talked about White reprising the role and that they had some ideas for the character if White decides to reprise the role.[13]

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: At the height of his popularity, Urkel's name was branded to several products including a short-lived fruit flavored cereal known as Urkel-Os and a Steve Urkel pullstring doll. There was also a T-shirt line that was created in 2002, but was discontinued shortly after its inception.[14]

text: Reception[edit]

text: In 1999, TV Guide ranked Urkel #27 on its list of the "50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time".[15] In 2004, he was listed at #98 in Bravo's 100 Greatest TV Characters.[16]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Carter, Bill (1997-02-05). "Steve Urkel Is a Hit Notes - Did He Do That? - Review". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
Jump up ^ Horowitz, Joy (1991-04-17). "Snookums! Steve Urkel Is a Hit". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
Jump up ^ Zoglin, Richard (1998-05-18). "Television: Another Teary Farewell". Time. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
Jump up ^ "Is Uncool Urkel the '90s Answer to the Fonz?". Los Angeles Times. 1991-01-04. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
Jump up ^ "Will the Real Steve Please Stand Up?". Los Angeles Times. 1992-02-04. Retrieved 2010-08-22.
Jump up ^ Bellafante, Ginia (1996-12-09). "Revenge of The Nerd". Time. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
Jump up ^ "Television: Yes, Urkel Still Lives". Time. 1991-04-01. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Pool, Bob (1992-02-04). "Will the Real Steve Please Stand Up?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bruce, Becky (December 7, 2010). "Threat of 'Urkel' solves sagging pants problem". KSL.com. Retrieved December 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Students get 'Urkeled' for baggy pants". ABC2. December 7, 2010. Archived from the original on December 10, 2010. Retrieved July 20, 2014.  External link in |publisher= (help)CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ Do The Urkel(.com) - The Website
Jump up ^ The House of Diabolique vs. Bea Arthur & Urkel
Jump up ^ Swift, Andy. "Fuller House Boss Explains Steve Urkel Shout-Out: 'We Have Some Fun Ideas'". TVLine. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Family Matters: 1989-1998". People. 2000-06-26. Retrieved 2011-08-15.
Jump up ^ TV Guide Guide to TV. Barnes and noble. 2004. p. 651. ISBN 0-7607-5634-1.
Jump up ^ "Bravo > 100 Greatest TV Characters". Bravo. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2006.

text: Fictional American people of Kenyan descentFictional astronautsFictional characters from ChicagoFictional musiciansFictional characters introduced in 1989Fictional characters with multiple personalitiesFictional geneticistsFictional inventorsFictional modelsComedy charactersComedy television charactersChild characters in televisionFamily Matters

text: CS1 errors: external linksCS1 maint: Unfit urlArticles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2013All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fictionWikipedia articles needing style editing from March 2017All articles needing style editingArticles with multiple maintenance issues


document_title: Coco Palms Resort

question_text: where did elvis get married in blue hawaii

text: Coco Palms Resort

text: History[edit]

text: Originally opened on January 25, 1953, the Coco Palms Resort had 24 rooms, two guests and four employees. Under the management of Grace Guslander, the Resort grew to contain 416 rooms by the mid-1970s. However, by 1984, the number of rooms had been reduced to 393. In August 1985, Wailua Associates acquired the resort from the Guslander/Amfac group. Guslander was well known for her ability to embellish and create myths, stories and facts surrounding her resort. Under her expanded interpretation of the Hawaiian practice of "akua", or replenishment, many noteworthy people took part in the planting of new coconut trees in akua ceremonies to replenish the grove.

text: Some of these included Hawaiian Olympic swimming champion Duke Kahanamoku, the von Trapp Family Singers, Bing Crosby, and the Prince and Princess of Japan. These and many other trees are marked throughout the property with name and dated plaques. Grace helped foster the belief that the loko iʻa (fish ponds) on Coco Palms were once the "Royal" fish ponds of the Kauai Rulers.

text: The Coco Palms Resort achieved early exposure and fame in the 1961 Elvis Presley movie Blue Hawaii. Most of the last twenty minutes of the movie was shot on and near the grounds of the Coco Palms.

text: The ceremonial torch lighting ceremony "Call to Feast," which took place every evening at 7:30pm, for forty years (until September 11 1992, when the devastation of Hurricane Iniki struck the island of Kauaʻi), was featured in the film. This torch lighting ceremony was the original such event, copied in recent years by many other resorts and hotels in Hawaiʻi. An additional scene was the conch shell-blowing doorman greeting them upon check in at the lobby (which was modeled after an ancient Hawaiian Canoe Lodge).

text: The wedding ceremony, portrayed in the final scene where Elvis croons "The Hawaiian Wedding Song" to Joan Blackman as they ride their flower-bedecked double-hulled canoe through the lagoon to the Wedding Chapel, is credited with creating a high demand for weddings at the Coco Palms Resort. Prior to its close in 1992, the Resort hosted over 500 wedding ceremonies annually. The Shah of Iran visited the resort in 1958 and planted a palm tree in the grove as part of a special ceremony to honor his visit.[1]

text: The Wedding Chapel was donated by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to Coco Palms in the mid-1950s after using it in the film Miss Sadie Thompson, which starred Rita Hayworth. Former Kauaʻi mayor, Maryanne Kusaka, was married at the Coco Palms.

text: Closure[edit]

text: The resort has been closed since being hit by Hurricane Iniki in 1992. It is scheduled to be restored and reopened as a Hyatt resort in 2017.[2]

text: On July 4, 2014 the resort caught fire.[3] No one was injured and the fire was controlled by early afternoon.

text: Demolition of the existing buildings began in June 2016.[4]

text: Redevelopment and Native Land Title Controversy[edit]

text: In 2016, GreeneWaters LLC, operating as the Coco Palms Hui in conjunction with Hyatt Development's Unbound program, began demolition of the old structures in preparation for construction of anew resort. Tyler Greene, the lead developer, was quoted as saying, "Our mantra on this has been to honor the past and celebrate the future.[5]."

text: Around the same time, a group led by two lineal descendants of the area, Noa Mau-Espirito and Kapule o Kamehameha (descendants of the prominent Kauaʻi Kaumualiʻi and Kapule lines, respectively), accompanied by extended family members and supporters, moved on to the land. They began to plant taro and other traditional plants, care for burials and nearby heiau, and clear trash and post-hurricane debris, with the goal of "living self-sustainably" on the land[6][7].

text: An attempt was made by the Coco Palms Hui to evict them and ban them from entering the property, calling them "squatters", and filing trespass complaints with the Kauaʻi Police Department on February 11 and March 11, 2017[8]. However, on May 17, Judge Michael Soong of the Fifth Circuit Court denied Coco Palms Hui's ex-parte motion to remove the families, ruling that property ownership had not yet been fully determined[9]. Court proceedings have been complex, due to the sovereignty issues involved in the case.

text: This situation closely follows arrests in Wainiha on Kauaʻi's Northern Coast, involving similar land claim assertions[10], and Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg's attempt to clear hundreds of ancient land titles from his 700-acre Pilaʻa, Kauaʻi compound, which angered Hawaiians greatly, triggering international attention to the land issues on Kauaʻi, and Hawaiʻi as a whole[11][12].

text: Setting[edit]

text: Within the resort is the 2,000-tree coconut grove, which is the largest of only three similar groves in the entire state of Hawaiʻi. The grove was originally planted with coconut tree nuts imported from Samoa by William Lindeman in 1896.

text: The Wailuā area in which the property is located is culturally, spiritually and historically significant. The property is significant with many on Kauaʻi because it is in very close proximity to three of the most important historical heiau on Kauaʻi.

text: The ancestral home of Kauaʻi's aliʻi (royalty) since the 13th century, the area encompassing the Coco Palms Resort was the home of Kauaʻi's last reigning queen, Queen Deborah Kapule, in the mid-19th century.

text: Nearby is the beginning point of the legendary walk of the aliʻi spirits on their path up the mountainside and around the island ("King's Trail"). The "Royal" Bell Stone, significant as the "blessing place" for over 1,000 years of Kauaʻi rulers, prior to their births is less than one mile from the corner of the property. There are also important ancient burial sites throughout the area, including on the grounds of the property. In fact some believe the proper translation of Wailua is "spirits".

text: A Kauaʻi tour operator, Hollywood Movie Tours, stops daily with a van of tourists interested in seeing the grounds, lagoons, coconut grove and the #56 King's Cottage of the Coco Palms Resort.