document_title: Chrisley Knows Best

question_text: who is the star of chrisley knows best

question_tokens: who is the star of chrisley knows best

text: Chrisley Knows Best

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Todd Chrisley, a father who has made all of his money in real estate. He can sometimes get quite angry, especially at his son Chase. He is a germophobe and tries to avoid things like dirt and animals.
Julie Chrisley, Todd's wife. She enjoys cooking.
Chloe Chrisley, Todd's infant granddaughter, she did not appear after the Chrisleys moved to Nashville
Kyle Chrisley, Chloe's father. Kyle has previously had a drug problem, and did not appear outside of the first season.
Lindsie Chrisley Campbell, Todd's daughter with Therese, and mother of Jackson.
Chase Chrisley, Todd and Julie's son. He is often made fun of and humiliated by Todd. Chase and his friend Parker are often up to some sort of mischief that they think will get them rich. He is a germophobe, like Todd.
Savannah Chrisley, Todd and Julie's daughter, a beauty pageant competitor. She often gets in car crashes, which once resulted in her not getting a new car.
Grayson Chrisley, Todd and Julie's youngest child. Grayson will often do things to make Todd mad, like opening up a can of pop without Todd's permission.
Jackson Campbell, the son of Lindsie and her husband, Will, from whom she is separated.
Faye Chrisley, Todd's mother. Faye enjoys to just stay home most of the time. She used to live with a woman named Catherine, who passed away in 2016 at the age of 96.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series is executive produced by Adam Greener, Jim Sayer, and Stephanie Chambers.[5] Maverick TV and All3Media America are the production companies behind the series.[6] On April 14, 2014, the USA Network ordered a 12-episode second season of Chrisley Knows Best.[7] It is also USA Network's youngest-skewing[clarification needed] original series.[7] On October 20, 2014, the series was renewed for a 12-episode third season.[8] On February 5, 2015, the episode order was increased by 6 episodes for a total of 18 for season 3.[9] On July 7, 2016, USA renewed the show for a fifth season. That same day, the network announced that the second half of season 4 will premiere in August bringing it to a total of 26 episodes. On July 25th, 2017, a sixth season was picked up of Chrisley Knows Best, and on that same day it was confirmed that Season 5 will start back airing on September 12, 2017, and a sixth season will begin filming in November 2017.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
8
March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)
April 22, 2014 (2014-04-22)

2
12
October 14, 2014 (2014-10-14)
December 16, 2014 (2014-12-16)

3
19
June 2, 2015 (2015-06-02)
December 23, 2015 (2015-12-23)

4
26
March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)
November 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)

5
26
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
2017 (2017)

text: Season 1 (2014)[edit]

text: The first season averaged 1.16 million viewers.

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
US viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Patriarch of Perfection"
March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)
1.03[10]

2
2
"Not So Sweet Sixteen"
March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)
0.94[11]

3
3
"Jugs and Ammo"
March 18, 2014 (2014-03-18)
1.03[12]

4
4
"Two Men and a Baby"
March 25, 2014 (2014-03-25)
1.13[13]

5
5
"Todd-tervention"
April 1, 2014 (2014-04-01)
0.93[14]

6
6
"Big Apple Blowup"
April 8, 2014 (2014-04-08)
1.25[15]

7
7
"Date Night"
April 15, 2014 (2014-04-15)
1.47[16]

8
8
"Hey Chloe, It's Your Birthday!"
April 22, 2014 (2014-04-22)
1.47[17]

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text: The second season averaged 1.49 million viewers.

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
US viewers
(millions)

9
1
"Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter"
October 14, 2014 (2014-10-14)
1.62[18]

10
2
"Misadventures in Babysitting"
October 14, 2014 (2014-10-14)
1.61[18]

11
3
"Father's Day"[19]
October 21, 2014 (2014-10-21)
1.57[20]

12
4
"Confessions of a Beauty Queen"[19]
October 21, 2014 (2014-10-21)
1.58[20]

13
5
"Chase Turns 18"[19]
October 28, 2014 (2014-10-28)
1.25[21]

14
6
"Anger Management"[19]
November 4, 2014 (2014-11-04)
1.42[22]

15
7
"California Chrisleys"
November 11, 2014 (2014-11-11)
1.45[23]

16
8
"Workin' for a Livin'"
November 18, 2014 (2014-11-18)
1.35[24]

17
9
"The Great Outdoors"
November 25, 2014 (2014-11-25)
1.14[25]

18
10
"Marriage Redux"
December 2, 2014 (2014-12-02)
1.78[26]

19
11
"Houseguest From Hell"
December 9, 2014 (2014-12-09)
1.69[27]

20
12
"Still Chrisley After All These Years"
December 16, 2014 (2014-12-16)
1.47[28]

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text: The third season averaged 1.61 million viewers.

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
US viewers
(millions)

21
1
"Savannah's Big Id-ea"
June 2, 2015 (2015-06-02)
2.10[29]

22
2
"Life's A Pitch"
June 2, 2015 (2015-06-02)
2.25[29]

23
3
"Getting Testy"
June 9, 2015 (2015-06-09)
1.71[30]

24
4
"My Chrisley Valentine"
June 9, 2015 (2015-06-09)
1.74[30]

25
5
"Dollars & Sense"
June 16, 2015 (2015-06-16)
1.29[31]

26
6
"Chrisleys On Campus"
June 16, 2015 (2015-06-16)
1.45[31]

27
7
"Nurse Todd"
June 23, 2015 (2015-06-23)
1.40[32]

28
8
"College Bootcamp"
June 30, 2015 (2015-06-30)
1.29[33]

29
9
"Rules of Engagement"
July 7, 2015 (2015-07-07)
1.59[34]

30
10
"Failure To Launch"
July 14, 2015 (2015-07-14)
1.53[35]

31
11
"Midlife Chrisley"
July 21, 2015 (2015-07-21)
1.77[36]

32
12
"Dude Ranch"
July 21, 2015 (2015-07-21)
1.88[36]

33
13
"Chrisleys Take London"
November 10, 2015 (2015-11-10)
1.86[37]

34
14
"Lord Chrisley"
November 17, 2015 (2015-11-17)
1.60[38]

35
15
"Love and Marriage"
November 24, 2015 (2015-11-24)
1.37[39]

36
16
"Sports Day"[40]
December 1, 2015 (2015-12-01)
1.27[41]

37
17
"Hometown Hero"[40]
December 8, 2015 (2015-12-08)
1.69[42]

38
18
"The Graduates"[40]
December 15, 2015 (2015-12-15)
1.33[43]

39
19
"Leaving the Nest"[40]
December 23, 2015 (2015-12-23)
1.48[44]

text: Season 4 (2016)[edit]

text: The fourth season averaged 1.62 million viewers.

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
US viewers
(millions)

40
1
"Crowning Achievements"
March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)
1.43[45]

41
2
"The Wrath of Todd"
March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)
1.50[46]

42
3
"Todd Unleashed"
March 22, 2016 (2016-03-22)
1.51[47]

43
4
"Lights, Camera, Chase"
March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)
1.41[48]

44
5
"Runaway Faye"
April 5, 2016 (2016-04-05)
1.42[49]

45
6
"Moving On"
April 12, 2016 (2016-04-12)
1.46[50]

46
7
"Too Close for Comfort"
May 10, 2016 (2016-05-10)
1.69[51]

47
8
"Smoothie Operator"
May 17, 2016 (2016-05-17)
1.51[52]

48
9
"Chase in Charge"
May 24, 2016 (2016-05-24)
1.20[53]

49
10
"Family Matters"
May 31, 2016 (2016-05-31)
1.44[54]

50
11
"Goat Farm Yourself"
June 7, 2016 (2016-06-07)
1.50[55]

51
12
"Todd Goes Country"
June 14, 2016 (2016-06-14)
1.27[56]

52
13
"Hawaii Love You So"
August 23, 2016 (2016-08-23)
1.85[57]

53
14
"Don't Kale Yourself"
August 23, 2016 (2016-08-23)
1.79[57]

54
15
"Todd's Not Dead"
August 30, 2016 (2016-08-30)
1.94[58]

55
16
"Colon All Cards"
September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)
1.82[59]

56
17
"You Can't Handle the Truce"
September 13, 2016 (2016-09-13)
1.92[60]

57
18
"Review and Renew"
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
1.72[61]

58
19
"Go Flip Yourself"
September 27, 2016 (2016-09-27)
1.83[62]

59
20
"Message in a Bottle Rocket"
October 4, 2016 (2016-10-04)
1.71[63]

60
21
"Crowning Around"
October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)
1.84[64]

61
22
"Pretty in Print"
October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)
1.72[64]

62
23
"Truth or Chair"
October 18, 2016 (2016-10-18)
1.88[65]

63
24
"Rent Controlled"
October 25, 2016 (2016-10-25)
1.57[66]

64
25
"A Very Grisly Chrisley"
November 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)
1.68[67]

65
26
"The House That Built Todd"
November 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)
1.60[67]

text: Season 5 (2017)[edit]

text: The 5th season averaged 1.95 million viewers so far.

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
US viewers
(millions)

66
1
"50 Shades of Faye"
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
1.97[68]

67
2
"Client-Hell"
February 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)
1.83[69]

68
3
"Bunions, Bulldogs and Hedgehogs, Oh My!"
March 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)
2.01[70]

69
4
"Market Crash"
March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)
1.95[71]

70
5
"Mannequin Challenge"
March 21, 2017 (2017-03-21)
1.80[72]

71
6
"O Grayson, Where Art Thou?"
March 28, 2017 (2017-03-28)
2.01[73]

72
7
"Matchmakers and Batchbakers"
April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)
2.07[74]

73
8
"Dancing Tween"
April 11, 2017 (2017-04-11)
1.95[75]

74
9
"Moms Just Wanna Have Fun"
September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)
1.87[76]

75
10
"Twisted Sisters"
September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)
1.53[77]

76
11
"Prank Master"
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
TBA

text: Specials[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original air date
US viewers
(millions)

1
"A Very Chrisley Christmas"
December 17, 2014 (2014-12-17)
1.57[78]

A holiday special featuring never before seen footage from season two.

2
"A Very Chrisley Christmas 2"[40]
December 22, 2015 (2015-12-22)
1.84[79]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The show has received mixed reviews. Tom Gliatto of People gave the show a rating of 75% and gave a positive review, saying "This is the best 'family' reality series since Honey Boo Boo or even The Osbournes from several eons ago".[80] Hillary Busis of Entertainment Weekly gave a mixed review, saying "If you can get past the canned lines and sub-sitcom storylines, the Chrisley crew can be fun".[80] Brian Lowry of Variety gave a mixed review, saying "As intriguing in the details as it is uncomfortable to watch, 'Chrisley Knows Best,' a self-consciously sitcom-like reality show, initially seems to be just another knockoff designed to cash in on the 'Duck Dynasty' demo. Cut through the deep-fried window dressing, though, and this USA series is almost entirely devoted to its subtext, intended to elicit sniggering regarding that which goes unsaid about the show's wealthy father of five, whom his son-in-law understandably dubs 'flamboyant.' Played as epic farce, the skein should have a disparate range of appeal, but let's hope the Chrisleys don't mind being laughed at, not with".[81]

text: Broadcast and streaming[edit]

text: Chrisley Knows Best is broadcast on USA Network in the United States. In the UK, it airs on ITVBe.


document_title: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

question_text: where does the story the boy in the striped pajamas take place

root

text: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

text:
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

UK first edition book cover

Author
John Boyne

Country
Ireland

Language
English

Genre
Historical / post modern

Publisher
David Fickling Books

Publication date

5 January 2006

Media type
Print (hard cover & paper back)

Pages
216

ISBN
0-385-60940-X

OCLC
62132588

Dewey Decimal

823.914 22

LC Class
CS 2006/45764

tag: table

text: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is a 2006[1] Holocaust novel by Irish novelist John Boyne. Unlike the months of planning Boyne devoted to his other books, he said that he wrote the entire first draft of The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas in two and a half days, barely sleeping until he got to the end.[1] As of March 2010, the novel had sold more than five million copies around the world.[2] In both 2007 and 2008, it was the best selling book of the year in Spain, and it has also reached number one on the New York Times bestseller list,[3] as well as in the UK, Ireland, and Australia.[not verified in body] The book was adapted in 2008 as a film of the same name.

tag: p

text: Plot[edit]

text: Bruno is a 9-year-old boy growing up during World War II in Berlin. He lives with his parents, his 12-year-old sister Gretel and maids, one of whom is called Maria. After a visit by Adolf Hitler, Bruno's father is promoted to Commandant, and the family has to move to "Out-With" because of the orders of "The Fury" (Bruno's naïve interpretation of the word 'Führer'). Bruno is initially upset about moving to Out-With (in actuality, Auschwitz)[4] and leaving his friends, Daniel, Karl, and Martin. From the house at Out-With, Bruno sees a camp in which the prisoners wear striped pyjamas. One day, Bruno decides to explore the strange wire fence. As he walks along the fence, he meets a Jewish boy named Shmuel, who he learns shares his birthday. Shmuel says that his father, grandfather, and brother are with him on this side of the fence, but he is separated from his mother. Bruno and Shmuel talk and become very good friends, although Bruno still does not understand very much about Shmuel and his side of the fence. Nearly every day, unless it's raining, Bruno goes to see Shmuel and sneaks him food. As the meetings go on, and Shmuel gets more and more skinny, Bruno's naïveté is proved, as he never realizes he is living beside a death camp.

text: When lice eggs are discovered in Bruno's hair he is forced to get all of his hair shaved off. Bruno comments that he looks like Shmuel, and Shmuel agrees, except that Bruno is fatter. Bruno's mother eventually persuades his father to take them back to Berlin and stay at Out-With without them.

text: The next day Bruno concocts a plan with Shmuel to sneak into the camp to look for Shmuel's father. Shmuel brings a set of prison clothes (which look to Bruno like striped pyjamas), and Bruno leaves his own clothes outside the fence. As they search the camp, both children are rounded up along with a group of prisoners on a "march". They are forced to remove their clothing and are led into a gas chamber. In the gas chamber, Bruno apologizes to Shmuel for not finding his father and tells Shmuel that he is Bruno's best friend for life. Shmuel does not answer, as at that moment the door of the gas chamber is closed, it becomes dark, and all is chaos.

text: Critics' reviews[edit]

text: Kathryn Hughes, writing in The Guardian, calls the novel "a small wonder of a book". While she comments on "the oddness of Auschwitz security being so lax that a child prisoner could make a weekly date with the commandant's son without anyone noticing", she describes the novel as "something that borders on fable", arguing that "Bruno's innocence comes to stand for the willful refusal of all adult Germans to see what was going on under their noses".[5]

text: Nicholas Tucker, writing in The Independent, calls the novel "a fine addition to a once taboo area of history, at least where children's literature is concerned. It provides an account of a dreadful episode short on actual horror but packed with overtones that remain in the imagination. Plainly and sometimes archly written, it stays just ahead of its readers before delivering its killer punch in the final pages."[6]

text: Ed Wright, writing in The Age of Melbourne, calls the novel "a touching tale of an odd friendship between two boys in horrendous circumstances and a reminder of man's capacity for inhumanity." He felt that "Bruno's friendship with Shmuel is rendered with neat awareness of the paradoxes between children's naive egocentricity, their innate concept of fairness, familial loyalty and obliviousness to the social conventions of discrimination." He concludes by observing that "The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is subtitled A Fable and, as in other modern fables such as Antoine de St Exupery's The Little Prince, Boyne uses Bruno to reveal the flaws in an adult world."[7]

text: A.O. Scott, writing in The New York Times, questioned the author and publisher's choice to intentionally keep the Holocaust setting of the book vague in both the dust jacket summary and the early portion of the novel, writing: "Boyne’s reluctance to say as much can certainly be defended, not least on the grounds that the characters in a story about the Holocaust are themselves most likely unaware of the scale and historical importance of their experiences. To recreate those experiences faithfully might require undoing some of the readers’ preconceptions." However Scott felt this undermined the work, saying: "A young reader who knows little or nothing about the mass murder of European Jews by the Nazis will not know much more after reading “The Boy in the Striped Pajamas,” while one who has read other books on the topic — Jerry Spinelli’s “Milkweed,” say, or Anne Frank’s diary — may be irritated by the book’s evasions and euphemisms. There is something awkward about the way Boyne manages to disguise, and then to disclose, the historical context." Scott concludes that "To mold the Holocaust into an allegory, as Boyne does here with perfectly benign intent, is to step away from its reality."[8]

text: Rabbi Benjamin Blech offered a historical criticism, contending that the premise of the book and subsequent film – that there could be a child of Shmuel's age in Auschwitz – was impossible, writing of the book: "Note to the reader: There were no 9-year-old Jewish boys in Auschwitz – the Nazis immediately gassed those not old enough to work."[9] Rabbi Blech affirmed the opinion of a Holocaust survivor friend that the book is "not just a lie and not just a fairytale, but a profanation". Blech acknowledges the objection that a "fable" need not be factually accurate; he counters that the book trivializes the conditions in and around the death camps and perpetuates the "myth that those [...] not directly involved can claim innocence", and thus undermines its moral authority. Students who read it, he warns, may believe the camps "weren't that bad" if a boy could conduct a clandestine friendship with a Jewish captive of the same age, unaware of "the constant presence of death".[10]

text: Holocaust scholar Henry Gonashk rebuts Blech's historical contention in his book "Hollywood and the Holocaust", writing that "The rabbi found implausible Shmuel's very existence in the camp," but stating that "Blech is factually incorrect. In fact, there were male (though apparently not female) children at Auschwitz. In 1944, for example, according to the Nazis' meticulous records, there were 619 male children at the camp, ranging in age from one month to fourteen years old. Some of the boys sere employed by the Nazis as camp messengers, while others were simply kept around as mascots and curiosities. Probably some of these children were sexually abused by the guards. Of course, thousands of other children at Auschwitz (including all the girls who arrived at the camp) were gassed."[11]


document_title: History of South African wine

question_text: when was the first wine made in south africa

text: History of South African wine

text: Settlement of the Cape of Good Hope[edit]

text: When Bartolomeu Dias and other Portuguese explorers first encountered the Cape of Good Hope in the 15th century, they found little motivation to colonize the sparse and empty land around the Cape. In the early 17th century, the Dutch trading port of Batavia, in what is now Indonesia, grew to such a size that trading vessels were regularly dispatched on the long voyage from the Netherlands to Asia. The managers of the Dutch East India Company began looking for a logical midway point on the voyage to build a supply station that would serve the sailors making the voyage to and from Asia. In 1652, a Dutch surgeon named Jan van Riebeeck was commissioned with the task of building both a fort and farming community in the Cape.[5]

text: One of van Riebeeck's tasks include planting a vineyard, falsely believing the consumption of grapes and the wine produced from them is effective in avoiding scurvy among sailors on long sea voyages.[6] In 1654, the Dutch East India Company sent van Riebeeck grapevine cuttings from the Rheingau. These vines were packaged in damp pieces of sailcloth which negatively affected their ability to take root in the Cape's vineyards. During the following year a larger quantity of cuttings arrived from Bohemia, the Canary Islands, France, Germany and Spain. Among these were the Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains (known as "French Muscadel") and Muscat of Alexandria, known variously as "Hanepoot", "Hanepop" and "Hanepoot Spanish". In 1659 the first South African wine made from French Muscadel grapes was successfully produced.[5]

text: As production was small, the wine produced in the Cape settlement was initially intended solely for export to the trading port of Batavia. Gradually the Dutch East India Company allowed freed Company employees or vrijburghers, released from service to the Company, to buy land and grow wine grapes for their own consumption. As the market for Cape wine grew, the Company brought in a winemaker from Alsace along with winemaking equipment and a cooper to make oak wine barrels. A makeshift winery was built on the Company-owned farm of Rustenberg as the South African wine industry took root.[5]

text: Founding of Constantia[edit]

text: In 1679 Simon van der Stel was appointed to succeed van Riebeeck as governor of the Cape Colony. Against Dutch East India Company regulations he orchestrated a deal for a land grant near Table Mountain for a 750-hectare (1,900-acre) estate – a grant 15 times larger than the Company's normal provision. He named this estate Constantia. Legend has it he named the estate after his wife, although her name was actually Johanna. Other theories are that the name derives from one of the Dutch East India Company ships or possibly in honor of the virtues of constancy and faithfulness. Van der Stel took a keen interest in the wine production of the Cape and recruited more French winemakers to the colony. Around his estate and vineyards he planted rows of European oak trees that would shield the vines from the strong gale-force winds of the Cape Doctor. Records show that van der Stel imported many grape varieties to his estate, among them Spanish Sherry grape Palomino (known locally as "White French"), Chenin blanc (Known as "Steen") and Semillon (known as "Green Grape"). He also had a variety of Muscat grapes planted, including the Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains (which ranged in color from white to brown), Muscat of Alexandria and a red Muscat variety that was most likely Muscat Hamburg.[5]

text: Throughout the Cape, van der Stel set high standards for wine production. He issued official decrees that imposed a high penalty on growers harvesting grapes before they were ripe or fermenting wine in dirty barrels.[6] Van der Stel's dedication to quality soon garnered the wines of Constantia – and by association the Cape – a reputation for quality across Europe. Wine expert Hugh Johnson has described Constantia as the first New World wine to enjoy international acclaim. The early tasting notes from Batavia in 1692 remarked that the Cape wines of Constantia were the highest quality that had ever been exported there. In his 1705 work, Description of the Cape of Good Hope, the Dutch writer Françcois Valentijn noted that the red wines of Constantia were on the same scale of quality as the best Persian wines or Lachryma Christi from Italy. He also went on to praise the quality of the Chenin blanc Steenwyn produced at the estate.[5]

text: Decline and revival[edit]

text: Following the death of Simon van der Stel in 1712 the estate was divided into three parts – Groot (Great) Constantia, Klein (Little) Constantia and Bergvliet. Under the ownership of Johannes Colijn Klein Constantia continued to be a standard bearer for Cape wine. In the 1770s, Groot Constantia was sold to a businessman from Stellenbosch named Hendrik Cloete, who replanted the vineyards and rebuilt the cellars in an attempt to revive the reputation of the estate. He employed nearly 100 slaves and stationed them throughout the vineyard, charged with ensuring that not a single insect landed on the vines. It was Cloete's dedication (and later that of his son, also named Hendrik) that raised the prestige of the estate and led to its prompt discovery by the invading British. In his 1816 work, Topographie de Tous les Vignobles Connus, the French oenologist André Jullien included the wines of Constantia in the highest category of his expansive quality classification of the world's wine. Ranking it just below the wines of Tokay, Jullien described the dessert wine of Constantia as "...among the finest liqueur wines of the world...".[5]

text: French and Dutch influence on winemaking[edit]

text: Between 1688 and 1690s the Cape Colony experienced an influx of French Huguenots, driven to leave France following the Edict of Fontainebleau, which effectively revoked the Edict of Nantes. After initially forcing their integration among Dutch and German immigrant communities the Cape Governor, Simon van der Stel, eventually gave the settlers land near Boschendal in what is now Franschhoek, known as the "French corner". The Huguenots brought with them their viticulture and winemaking experience from their homeland. The descendants of these settlers still play a vital role in the South African wine industry, marrying an Old World winemaking philosophy to the technological advances of New World wine.[6]

text: Detail notes from visitors to the Constantia estate in the 18th century give evidence of the Dutch influence on South African winemaking. As they did for the French centuries earlier, the Dutch introduced the technique of adding sulphur to halt fermentation before all the residual sugar has been completely converted into alcohol. This allowed the wine to maintain its sweetness without increasing the alcohol level, similar to adding brandy in the production of fortified sweet wines; another technique pioneered by the Dutch. To keep an eye on the ongoing process of fermentation, Cape winemakers would listen near the bunghole of the wine barrel for noise and irritation in the barrel, described as sounding like the barrel was full of crabs. When the barrel was completely quiet and no longer making crab-like noises the wine would finally be racked for clarification and stabilization.[5]

text: Under British rule[edit]

text: Having consolidated their rule over South Africa in 1815, the British found a ready supply of wine now firmly within their control. Since losing control of the Aquitaine and Bordeaux nearly 350 years earlier, securing a steady stream of wine for the British market had been a pressing concern for the British. By this point the wines of Constantia had become world-renowned; enthusiastic patrons across the globe included Napoleon (who requested several cases for his exile on St-Helena[6]) and the restored French King Louis-Philippe I. American merchants gladly traded their slaves for the famous South African wine. The British public were greatly encouraged by a reduction in import duty on South African wine to a third of that imposed on Portuguese wine, which had enjoyed favorable duty rates due to the Methuen Treaty. With easy access to the lucrative British market, the South African wine industry experienced a period of prosperity that would last until the middle of the 19th century.[5]

text: The mid 19th century brought a succession of calamities that crippled the South African wine industry. In 1859 oidium first appeared and quickly spread through the Cape.[5] This was followed by a series of agreements made in 1860s (most notably the Cobden-Chevalier Treaty) between the Gladstone government and France that reduced the preferential tariffs which had benefited South African wine in favor of French wine exports.[3] In 1866, the phylloxera epidemic reached the Cape, causing widespread devastation that would take more than 20 years to recover from.[4]

text: Wine lake effect and the rise of the KWV[edit]

text: Following the devastation of the phylloxera epidemic many growers gave up on winemaking, choosing instead to plant orchards and alfalfa fields to feed the growing ostrich feather industry. The growers that did replant with grapevines chose high-yielding grape varieties such as Cinsaut. By the early 1900s more than 80 million vines had been replanted, creating a wine lake effect. Some producers poured unsaleable wine into local rivers and streams. To compound matters the entire worldwide wine market was in the midst of a downturn, exacerbated by World War I.[6] Depressed prices caused by this imbalance in supply and demand prompted the South African government to fund the formation of the Koöperatieve Wijnbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika Bpkt (KWV) in 1918. Initially started as a co-operative, the KWV soon grew in power and prominence until it was able to set policies and prices for the entire South African wine industry. To deal with the wine glut, the KWV restricted yields and set minimum prices that encouraged the production of brandy and fortified wines.[4]

text: By 1924, nearly 95% of all vineyard owners belonged to the KWV, allowing it to exert enormous power on the pricing structure and direction of the South African wine industry. The KWV was able to regulate planting rights for new vineyard properties, specify permitted grape varieties, limit harvest yields, regulate production methods and impose quotas on how much wine needed to be distilled for fortified wine production. While the activities of the KWV was able to stabilize the South African industry, it also stagnated the industry by limiting innovation and improvements in quality. This stagnation was compounded by the isolation South Africa experienced during the Apartheid era.[6]

text: Apartheid and emergence from isolation[edit]

text: Wine expert Jancis Robinson notes that the history of the South African wine industry in the 20th century shows how intimately wine mirrors social and political change.[7] For much of the 20th century, the wine industry of South Africa received very little attention on the worldwide stage. Its isolation was further deepened by boycotts of South African produce in protest at the country's system of Apartheid. It wasn't till the late 1980s and 1990s when Apartheid was ended and the world's export market opened up that South African wines began to experience a renaissance. With a steep learning curve, many producers in South Africa quickly adopted new viticultural and winemaking technologies. The presence of flying winemakers from abroad brought international influences and focus on well known varieties such as Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay. The reorganization of the powerful KWV co-operative into a private business further sparked innovation and improvement in quality. Vineyard owners and wineries that previously relied on the price-fixing structure to buy their excess grapes for distillation had to shift their focus to quality wine production in order to compete. In 1990, less than 30% of all the grapes harvested was used for wine production meant for the consumer market with the remaining 70% being discarded, distilled into brandy or sold as table grapes and juice. By 2003 the numbers had switched with more than 70% of the grapes harvested that year reaching the consumer market as wine.[4]

text: During the 21st century the growing influence of blacks in the wine industry brought a significant change in the South African wine industry. Through various Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) programs, black ownership and involvement in vineyards and wineries has been steadily increasing.[7] In 1997, the first winery with significant black involvement, New Beginnings was founded in Paarl and was followed by Thandi in Elgin.[6] In 2001 Mont Rochelle Mountain Winery in the Franschhoek Valley became the first wholly black-owned winery in South Africa when it was purchased by Miko Rwayitare, a businessman from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[8]


document_title: History of the United States Virgin Islands

question_text: when did the virgin islands became part of the us

text: Overview[edit]

text: The USVI is located in the Lesser Antilles of the Eastern Caribbean (between the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea), the USVI are actually approximately 50 islands and cays (pronounced "keys"), the largest of which are St. Croix, St. Thomas and St. John, respectively.[1]

text: The population of the USVI forms a complex society with multiple diverse ethnic groups:Virgin Islanders, Eastern Caribbean islanders, Puerto Ricans, Dominicans (Dominican Republic), French, Americans (locally known as "continentals"), white Arabs and Asians. At least one writer feels the ethnic cultural practices and institutions that remain, migration, and the influence of the mainland United States have made the society more pluralistic than given it any common Virgin Islands identity.[2]

text: Early inhabitants of the Virgin Islands included the Ciboney, Arawaks, and Island Caribs.

text: The first documented Europeans to visit the islands arrived with Christopher Columbus. The islands were occupied by several nations over the next century, including England, the Dutch Republic, France, and Denmark.[citation needed] In 1733, the Danish West India Company purchased Saint Croix from the French and brought together Saint Thomas, Saint Croix, and Saint John as the Danish West Indies.

text: Danish trading posts were set up on the islands, trading in sugar, slaves and other goods. Sugar cane cultivation was a major economic activity for many years, with slaves used as one of the labor sources. However, following increasing humanitarian awareness, laws against slavery and a slave rebellion in 1848, the governor Peter von Scholten officially freed the last slaves the same year.

text: The islands were purchased from the Danish by the United States in 1917 under the Treaty of the Danish West Indies.

text: Early history[edit]

text: The Guanahatabey[edit]

text: Although not much is known about the Guanahatabey people who inhabited the islands during the Stone Age, archaeological evidence seems to indicate that they were hunter-gatherers. They made tools of stone and flint but left few other artifacts behind.

text: The Arawaks[edit]

text: Experts at canoe building and seamanship, the Arawaks migrated from the Amazon River Valley and Orinoco regions of Venezuela and Brazil, settling on the islands near coasts and rivers. These peaceful people excelled at fishing and farming. They grew cotton, tobacco, maize, yuca, and guava as well as a variety of other fruits and vegetables.

text: The Arawaks developed intricate social and cultural lives. For recreation, they held organized sporting events. They also valued artistic endeavors, such as cave painting and rock carving, some of which have survived to the present. Religion played a large role in their daily lives, and through ceremonial rituals they asked their gods for advice to help them through troubled times. Their civilization flourished for several hundred years until the Caribs invaded.

text: Caribs[edit]

text: While the Caribs came from the same area as the Arawaks and may have been distantly related, they did not share the Arawaks' friendly nature. Not only were they fierce warriors, they supposedly feasted on their adversaries. Their bloodthirsty reputation spawned the English word cannibal, derived from the name the Spanish gave them, Caribal.

text: Whether or not they actually ate their victims, the Caribs did destroy numerous Arawak villages. By the mid-15th century, the Caribs had slashed the Arawak population from several million to a few thousand. But even the Caribs were no match for the Europeans who came.

text: Spanish period[edit]

text: Blown off course during his 1493–1496 voyage, Christopher Columbus landed on Saint Croix, then continued his explorations on Saint Thomas and Saint John. He gave the islands their original Spanish names (Santa Cruz, San Tomas, and San Juan), focusing on religious themes. The collection of tiny islets, cays, and rocks dotting the sea around them reminded Columbus of Saint Ursula and her 11,000 virgin martyrs, inspiring the name Las Once Mil Virgenes.

text: The first encounter Columbus had with the Caribs quickly erupted into a battle. When Columbus and his crew decided to move on to other islands, they kidnapped six Arawaks to guide them. Although Columbus left without founding a colony, many more battles between the Spanish and Caribs followed over the next century.

text: French period[edit]

text: For the French colonisation see French West Indies, Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique and the Hospitaller colonization of the Americas.

text: The French and Danish colonizers finished the job the Spanish had begun. They tried to convert the Caribs and Arawaks to Catholicism and Lutheranism, which largely failed. They also enslaved the native populations to work on plantations. With tobacco having already been cultivated on the islands, it made a good cash crop. Later on, coffee, sugar, and cotton also were grown.

text: The Danish West Indies period[edit]

text: Diseases, coupled with murder and slavery, took a large toll on both the Arawaks and the Caribs. Several groups of Arawaks committed mass suicide rather than submit to foreign rule.[citation needed] By the late 17th century, the Arawaks had been completely exterminated and few Caribs remained.[citation needed] The Virgin Islands were raided by Spanish from Puerto Rico seeking slaves.

text: With only a small population on the islands, there was a great demand for labor. The trans-Atlantic slave trade to the islands began in 1673. The difficult conditions and inhumane treatment slaves were subjected to bred discontent. Moravian Brethren missionaries from Herrnhut Saxony, arrived in St. Thomas in December 1732. Distrusted by the slave holders, they lived with the slaves and won their confidence.

text: In 1733 a long drought followed by a devastating hurricane pushed slaves in St. John to the breaking point. Members of the Akwamu tribe from modern Ghana staged a massive rebellion, seizing control of the island for six months. The Danes, who controlled the island at that point, enlisted the help of French authorities from Martinique to regain control (see St. John Slave Revolt).

text: A non-violent slave revolt in 1848 proved more successful. The governor at the time, Peter von Scholten, faced with thousands of enslaved Africans with burning torches threatening to burn down the town of Frederiksted, freed the slaves, even though the Danish Crown had so far intended that the last slaves would be emancipated in 1859. Von Scholten would later be summoned before a commission of enquiry for his action and deprived of his pension but he was eventually exonerated by the Supreme Court.[citation needed]

text: American rule[edit]

text: The United States' first secretary in London, Henry White attempted to purchase the islands from Denmark in 1899 to resist European incursions into the Americas. The sale was unsuccessful and White attributed the failure to the influence of Kaiser Wilhelm II of the ascendent German Empire.[3] During World War I, the fear of rising German influence in the Caribbean region prompted the President Woodrow Wilson to assert the Roosevelt Corollary in Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

text: In 1917 a treaty was concluded in which the United States purchased the islands for $25,000,000 (about $390,000,000 in 2010 dollars)[citation needed]. After the United States bought what is now known as the United States Virgin Islands from the Danish, the islands became an unincorporated U.S. territory. Most residents were granted U.S. citizenship in 1936, and an act of 1932 provided that all natives of the Virgin Islands who on the date of the act were residing in the continental United States or any of its insular possessions or territories were U.S. citizens. The islands remained under the direct control of the U.S. government until 1968, when residents were first allowed to elect their own Governor (previously, governors had been appointed first by the navy, then by the interior department). In 1972, residents elected their first non-voting delegate to congress.

text: 1917–1931: U.S. Navy control[edit]

text: Under Rear Admiral Kitten, a yeoman named Percival Wilson Sparks (married to St. Thomas native, Grace Itah Maria Joseph Sparks) was ordered to design a new flag for the territory, since Kitten knew of Sparks' interest in graphic design. Sparks designed the flag and had his wife and her sister, Blanche Joseph Sasso, sew the first flag for the U.S.V.I. as the professionally made flags had to be manufactured in the states and would take weeks to arrive by ship. The sisters from St. Thomas were then known as the Betsy Rosses of the Virgin Islands.

text: 1930s and 1940s[edit]

text: The 1930s represented a watershed as the economy reversed itself because of two external stimuli: The repeal of prohibition in the U.S., which greatly increased the demand for plantation workers, and the wartime decision to construct a submarine base on the Islands of St. Thomas. Because of habitual out-migration to the U.S. and the historical absence of a peasant agricultural tradition, the indigenous labor supply was inadequate. This vacuum created the demand for West Indian Labor from the Eastern Caribbean for the first of several immigrant waves.[4]

text: The Organic Act of the Virgin Islands of the United States of 1936 (Pub.L. 74–749, 49 Stat. 1807, enacted June 22, 1936) established a government for the U.S. Virgin Islands, replacing previous temporary provisions (Pub.L. 64–389, 39 Stat. 1132, enacted March 3, 1917).

text: Since the 1950s[edit]

text: The Virgin Islands Government set a new policy of export diversification via tourism and light industry. People continued to immigrate in substantial numbers — some legally and others illegally. They benefited from a series of loose interpretations and favorable revisions of immigration law which reduced occupational restrictions and generally lax enforcement.[4]

text: In 1954, the Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands repealed and replaced the previous Organic Act of the Virgin Islands.