document_title: Hutchinson, Kansas

question_text: how far is wichita ks from hutchinson ks

text: Hutchinson, Kansas

text: History[edit]

text: The city of Hutchinson was founded in 1871, when Indian Agent Clinton "C.C." Hutchinson contracted with the Santa Fe Railway to make a town at the railroad's crossing over the Arkansas River. The community earned the nickname "Temperance City" due to the prohibition of alcohol set by its founder.[6] Hutchinson was incorporated as a city in August, 1872.[7]

text: In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a main line from Herington through Hutchinson to Pratt.[8] In 1888, this line was extended to Liberal. Later, it was extended to Tucumcari, New Mexico and El Paso, Texas. It foreclosed in 1891 and taken over by Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway, which shut down in 1980 and reorganized as Oklahoma, Kansas and Texas Railroad, merged in 1988 with Missouri Pacific Railroad, merged in 1997 with Union Pacific Railroad. Most locals still refer to this railroad as the "Rock Island".

text: In 1943, German and Italian prisoners of World War II were used in Kansas and other Midwest states as a means of solving the labor shortage caused by American men serving in the war effort. Large prisoner-of-war camps were established in Kansas: Camp Concordia, Camp Funston (at Fort Riley), Camp Phillips (at Salina under Fort Riley). Fort Riley established 12 smaller branch camps, including Hutchinson.[9][10]

text: On January 17, 2001, 143 million cubic feet (4,000,000 m3) of compressed natural gas leaked from the nearby Yaggy storage field.[11] It sank underground, then rose to the surface through old brine, or salt wells making around 15 gas blowholes. An explosion in the downtown area at 10:45 a.m. destroyed 2 businesses and damaged 26 others. An explosion the next day in a mobile-home park took the lives of two people. The Kansas National Guard was called in to help evacuate parts of the city because of the gas leaks, and a team of specialists looked over all the city for leaks after the event. These events were broadcast on nationally televised news stations across the country.[12][13][14]

text: Geography[edit]

text: Hutchinson is located at 38°3′39″N 97°55′47″W / 38.06083°N 97.92972°W / 38.06083; -97.92972 (38.0608445, -97.9297743) at an elevation of 1,535 feet (468 m).[1] Located in south-central Kansas at the intersection of U.S. Route 50 and Kansas Highway 96 (K-96), Hutchinson is 39 miles (63 km) northwest of Wichita, 200 mi (320 km) west-southwest of Kansas City, and 395 miles (636 km) east-southeast of Denver.[15][16]

text: The city lies on the northeast bank of the Arkansas River in the Great Bend Sand Prairie region of the Great Plains.[17] Cow Creek, a tributary of the Arkansas, runs southeast through the city.[18]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 22.75 square miles (58.92 km2), of which, 22.69 square miles (58.77 km2) is land and 0.06 square miles (0.16 km2) is water.[2]

text: Climate[edit]

text: Lying in the transition zone between North America's humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) and humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa), Hutchinson experiences hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters. The average temperature for the year is 56 °F (13 °C), and the average relative humidity is 65%. Temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) an average of 65 days a year and drop below 32 °F (0 °C) an average of 121 days a year. On average, Hutchinson experiences 46 rainy days a year. Snowfall averages 14.1 inches (35 cm) per year.[19] Total precipitation averages 30.3 inches (770 mm) per year. On average, January is the coolest month, July is the warmest month, and May is the wettest month. The hottest temperature recorded in Hutchinson was 111 °F (44 °C) in 1964; the coldest temperature recorded was -19 °F (-28 °C) in 1982.[20]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Hutchinson, Kansas

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
79
(26)
84
(29)
89
(32)
98
(37)
102
(39)
110
(43)
110
(43)
111
(44)
108
(42)
95
(35)
88
(31)
76
(24)
112
(44)

Average high °F (°C)
40
(4)
47
(8)
56
(13)
66
(19)
75
(24)
87
(31)
93
(34)
91
(33)
82
(28)
70
(21)
54
(12)
43
(6)
67
(19.4)

Average low °F (°C)
17
(−8)
22
(−6)
32
(0)
41
(5)
52
(11)
62
(17)
67
(19)
65
(18)
56
(13)
43
(6)
31
(−1)
21
(−6)
42.4
(5.7)

Record low °F (°C)
−16
(−27)
−19
(−28)
−6
(−21)
16
(−9)
28
(−2)
42
(6)
46
(8)
46
(8)
29
(−2)
12
(−11)
1
(−17)
−18
(−28)
−19
(−28)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.70
(17.8)
1.08
(27.4)
2.70
(68.6)
2.83
(71.9)
4.36
(110.7)
3.97
(100.8)
3.70
(94)
2.97
(75.4)
3.02
(76.7)
2.43
(61.7)
1.56
(39.6)
1.00
(25.4)
30.32
(770)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
3.5
(8.9)
2.9
(7.4)
2.5
(6.4)
0.6
(1.5)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
1.6
(4.1)
2.1
(5.3)
13.2
(33.5)

Source: Weatherbase[21]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1880
1,540

—

1890
8,682

463.8%

1900
9,379

8.0%

1910
16,364

74.5%

1920
23,298

42.4%

1930
27,085

16.3%

1940
30,013

10.8%

1950
33,575

11.9%

1960
37,574

11.9%

1970
36,885

−1.8%

1980
40,284

9.2%

1990
39,308

−2.4%

2000
40,787

3.8%

2010
42,080

3.2%

Est. 2016
41,310
[4]
−1.8%

U.S. Decennial Census[22]

text: 2010 census[edit]

text: As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 42,080 people, 16,981 households, and 10,352 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,854.6 inhabitants per square mile (716.1/km2). There were 18,580 housing units at an average density of 818.9 per square mile (316.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 87.9% White, 4.3% African American, 0.7% American Indian, 0.6% Asian, 3.4% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 10.6% of the population.[3]

text: There were 16,981 households of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.1% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.0% were non-families. 33.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.93.[3]

text: The median age in the city was 37.8 years. 23.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.4% were from 25 to 44; 25.4% were from 45 to 64; and 16.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.3% male and 49.7% female.[3]

text: The median income for a household was $38,880, and the median income for a family was $47,336. Males had a median income of $39,442 versus $26,600 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,050. About 12.9% of families and 15.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.0% of those under age 18 and 6.9% of those age 65 or over.[3]

text: 2000 census[edit]

text: As of the census[23] of 2000, there were 40,787 people, 16,335 households, and 10,340 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,932.6 inhabitants per square mile (746.2/km2). There were 17,693 housing units at an average density of 838.3 per square mile (323.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 88.57% White, 4.28% African American, 0.65% Native American, 0.59% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 3.65% from other races, and 2.21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.67% of the population.

text: There were 16,335 households out of which 28.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.91.

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.5 males.

text: As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $32,645, and the median income for a family was $40,094. Males had a median income of $30,994 versus $21,190 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,964. About 9.8% of families and 12.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.5% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.

text: Economy[edit]

text: Salt was discovered in Reno County by Benjamin Blanchard on September 26, 1887.[24] This gave rise to the first salt-processing plants west of the Mississippi River. Salt was originally extracted using the evaporation method by pumping water into brine wells. In 1923, the Carey Salt[25] Company opened the only salt mine in Hutchinson, which then produced rock salt. That mine is still in use today and is now operated by Hutchinson Salt Company. Cargill and Morton Salt also have evaporative salt plants in Hutchinson.

text: Excavated portions of the mine are used for archival storage of movie and television masters, data tapes, and permanent business records. Underground Vaults & Storage[26] currently houses the masters for The Wizard of Oz (1939), Gone with the Wind (1939), and Star Wars, (1977) among many others.[27]

text: The world's longest grain elevator was built in Hutchinson in 1961.

text: Dillon's grocery stores was established in Hutchinson by J.S. Dillon in the 1920s (originated in Sterling, Kansas). Dillon's was bought out by The Kroger Co. in 1983. The company still operates a distribution center and headquarters for Dillons and Kwik Shop in town.

text: The Eaton Corporation operates a hydraulics plant in Hutchinson. On August 22, 2006, Eaton announced it would keep the Hutchinson plant open because of a $1 million economic incentive from the City of Hutchinson and a $2 million incentive from the State of Kansas. 155 assembly jobs were moved to the Reynosa, Mexico plant in June 2007.[28]

text: On September 2, 2008, The Hutchinson Hospital changed its name to Promise Regional Medical Center. And in 2012, changed its name again to Hutchinson Regional Medical Center.[29]

text: Lowen Corporation[30] was started in 1950 in a converted garage behind Mike Lowen's house in Hutchinson. Today Lowen Corporation has 2 operating divisions, Lowen Sign Company, the nation's largest manufacturer of signage for the real estate industry, and Lowen Color Graphics, the leading U.S. manufacturer of fleet, commercial, event and OEM graphics with manufacturing facilities in 3 states.

text: Collins Bus Corporation resides just outside Hutchinson, and is the leading[citation needed] small school bus manufacturer in North America.

text: StraightLine HDD, a leading directional drill tooling manufacturer, has a 70,000 sq ft (6,500 m2). manufacturing plant in Hutchinson.

text: In May 2009, Siemens announced it would open its American wind turbine nacelle assembly facility in Hutchinson. The facility will begin producing late in 2010 and create 400 jobs in Hutchinson.[31]

text: Kuhn-Krause operates a huge manufacturing plant in Hutchinson, manufacturing agricultural equipment and housing one of 2 Kuhn factories in North America.

text: Government[edit]

text: Hutchinson is a city of the first class with a council-manager form of government.[32] The city council consists of five members. For purposes of representation in the council, the city is divided into four districts with one council member elected to a four-year term from each district. The fifth council member is elected at-large to a two-year term. Every year, the council selects one member to serve as mayor and another as vice-mayor. Council members are term limited and may not serve for more than one partial term plus two consecutive four-year terms. The council sets policy for the city and oversees the city manager who executes those policies. Hired by the council, the city manager serves as the city's chief administrative officer, administers the city budget, and conducts daily city business. Council meetings occur on the first and third Tuesday of each month, broadcast live on local cable channel 7.[33]

text: As the county seat, Hutchinson is the administrative center of Reno County. The county courthouse is located downtown, and all departments of the county government base their operations in the city.[34]

text: Hutchinson lies within Kansas's 1st U.S. Congressional District. For the purposes of representation in the Kansas Legislature, the city is located in the 34th district of the Kansas Senate and the 102nd, 104th, and 114th districts of the Kansas House of Representatives.[32]

text: Education[edit]

text: Primary and secondary education[edit]

text: Hutchinson Public Schools (USD 308) operates twelve schools in the city:[35]

text:
Avenue A Elementary School (Grades Pre-K-6)
Faris Elementary School (K-6)
Graber Elementary School (K-6)
Lincoln Elementary School (K-6)
Magnet School at Allen (K-6)
McCandless Elementary School (K-6)

Morgan Elementary School (K-6)
Wiley Elementary School (K-6)
Hutchinson Middle School 7 (7)
Hutchinson Middle School 8 (8)
Hutchinson High School (9-12)
Hutchinson Career & Technical Educational Academy

text: The Hutchinson High School football team (the Salthawks) has had seven straight appearances, including six straight wins, in the 6A & 5A State Championship Game. In 2011-2012 school year, all Hutchinson High School athletics are 6A.

text: Buhler USD 313 operates four schools in and around Hutchinson:[36]

text:
Obee Elementary School (K-6) Closed*
Union Valley Elementary School (K-3)
Plum Creek Elementary (k - 5)
Prosperity Elementary School (4-6) Closed*
Prairie Hills Middle School (7-8)

text: USD 309 South Hutchinson operates one school just outside Hutchinson, Reno Valley Middle School (7-8).[37]

text: There are also three private schools in Hutchinson:[38]

text:
Central Christian School (K-12)
Holy Cross Catholic School (Pre-K-6)
Trinity Catholic High School (7-12)

text: Colleges and universities[edit]

text: The main campus of Hutchinson Community College, a two-year public college, is located in the city.[39]

text: Infrastructure[edit]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: U.S. Route 50 runs east–west south of the city. K-96 approaches Hutchinson from the south, bypasses it to the west, and then turns northwest. Coming from the west, K-61 runs concurrently with U.S. 50, turns north and runs through the eastern part of the city, and then exits to the northeast.

text: Reno County Area Transit (RCAT) provides local public transport bus service. The agency operates three bus routes colored Red, Blue, and Yellow.[40] Greyhound Lines offers long-distance bus service on its route through Hutchinson from Wichita to Pueblo. Bus service is provided daily towards Wichita and Salina by BeeLine Express (subcontractor of Greyhound Lines).[41][42]

text: Hutchinson Municipal Airport is located on the eastern side of the city. The airport is primarily utilized for general aviation.

text: Three railroads serve Hutchinson. One is the La Junta Subdivision of the BNSF Railway which runs east–west through the city.[43] Amtrak uses the La Junta Subdivision to provide passenger rail service. Hutchinson is a stop on the Southwest Chief, which provides daily train service between Chicago and Los Angeles. Another railroad serving Hutchinson is the Tucumcari Line of the Union Pacific Railroad, which runs northeast–southwest through the city.[44] Lastly, Hutchinson is the terminus of two lines of the Kansas and Oklahoma Railroad: the Hutchinson Subdivision, which enters the city from the south, and the Great Bend Subdivision, which enters the city from the northwest.

text: Health care[edit]

text: There are two hospitals in Hutchinson.[45] The larger of the two, Hutchinson Regional Medical Center, is a not-for-profit general medical and surgical facility that offers a range of services including emergency care.[46] The other hospital is Summit Surgical, a specialized corporate surgical facility.[47]

text: Media[edit]

text: The Hutchinson News is the city's primary newspaper, published daily.[48] Hutchinson Community College publishes a weekly student newspaper, the Collegian.[49]

text: Hutchinson is a center of broadcast media for south-central Kansas. One AM and 12 FM radio stations are licensed to and/or broadcast from the city.[50] Hutchinson is also the second principal city of the Wichita-Hutchinson, Kansas television market.[51] The market's primary CBS, MyNetworkTV, and PBS affiliates are licensed to the city, but all three stations broadcast from Wichita.[52][53][54]

text: Parks and recreation[edit]

text: Hutchinson is home to the Prairie Dunes Country Club, a golf course frequently ranked among the best golf courses in the U.S., and has hosted several United States Golf Association national championship tournaments. The club was founded by Emerson Carey and his four sons in the mid-1930s. The course was designed by Perry Maxwell and the first nine holes opened on September 13, 1937. Twenty years later in 1957 a second 9 holes were opened, designed by J. Press Maxwell (Perry's son). Prairie Dunes was host of the 2002 U.S. Women's Open and 2006 U.S. Senior Open golf championships.

text: Culture[edit]

text: Points of Interest[edit]

text:
Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center
Strataca, formerly known as Kansas Underground Salt Museum
Kansas State Fair
Carey Park,[55] home of the Hutchinson Zoo, Carey Park Golf Course, and Salt City Splash outdoor aquatic center

text: In popular culture and the arts[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Wait till the Sun Shines, Nellie (1952 film), directed by Henry King, is set in Hutchinson.
Picnic (1955 film), directed by Joshua Logan and winner of two Academy Awards, was partially shot in Hutchinson (grain elevator scene).
Mysterious Skin (2004 film), directed by Gregg Araki and based on a 1996 Scott Heim book of the same name, is set in Hutchinson.
Salvation (2014 Film), Directed by Brett Donowho, Bernie Van De Yacht, was shot in Hutchinson.

text: Television[edit]

text:
Dirty Jobs, Season 2 Episode 42, an episode in Hutchinson focusing on mining salt.
Modern Marvels, Season 17 Episode 7, (time code: 29:40 - 34:26, first aired 12/10/2010), contained a segment on The Hutchinson Salt Mine.[56]
Rocket Power, Samuel "Squid" Dullard is said to have moved from Hutchinson to Ocean Shores, California.
So Weird, season 2, an episode takes place in Hutchinson where Molly is performing for a charity benefit.
How Stuff Works Salt Episode, Mining salt

text: Literature[edit]

text:
Sprout, a 2009 novel by Dale Peck, is set in Hutchinson and surrounding areas.
Mysterious Skin, a 1996 novel by Scott Heim (adapted into a film in 2004 starring Joseph Gordon-Levitt), is set in Hutchinson and nearby towns.

text: Sports[edit]

text: Roller Derby Central Kansas Roller Girls - All Female Flat Track Roller Derby League. Formed in 2012. In 2016 the team became a coed team and were renamed Central Kansas Roller Derby. In 2017 they added a junior team which has not yet been named.

text: Notable people[edit]


document_title: Mickey and the Roadster Racers

question_text: what is mickey's mode of transportation in mickey and the roadster racers

question_tokens: what is mickey 's mode of transportation in mickey and the roadster racers

root

text: Mickey and the Roadster Racers

text: Plot[edit]

text: Mickey and the Roadster Racers is about the Sensational Six (Mickey, Minnie, Goofy, Donald, Daisy, and Pluto) as they race around their town of Hot Dog Hills and around the world. Unlike the previous series, this show contains 2 11-minute stories as opposed to 1 22-minute story.

tag: p

text: The second segment has Minnie and Daisy working as the Happy Helpers alongside a new character named Cuckoo-Loca where they help out different civilians of Hot Dog Hills.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Mickey Mouse (voiced by Bret Iwan) - The leader of the Roadster Racers. He drives the Hot Rod, which turns into Mickey's car.
Minnie Mouse (voiced by Russi Taylor) - One of the Happy Helpers. She drives Pink Thunder which turns into the Happy Helper van.
Goofy (voiced by Bill Farmer) - He drives the Turbo Tubster which turns into his car. Goofy also owns the Hot Diggity hot dog trailer that is frequented by Pete.
Donald Duck (voiced by Daniel Ross) - He drives the Cabin Cruiser which turns into Donald's car.
Daisy Duck (voiced by Tress MacNeille) - One of the Happy Helpers. She drives Snapdragon.
Pluto (vocal effects provided by Bill Farmer) - Mickey's pet dog.
Cuckoo-Loca (voiced by Nika Futterman) - A wind-up cuckoo who tags along with the Happy Helpers.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Chip and Dale (voiced by Tress MacNeille and Corey Burton respectively) - Two chipmunks who are mechanics for the racers.
Pete (voiced by Jim Cummings) - Hot Dog Hills' residential tow truck driver. He drives the Super Crusher when he gets involved in the races. In addition to having some relatives that gets involved, Pete appears in various alter egos throughout the series.
Clarabelle Cow (voiced by April Winchell) - She owns her own baking business in Hot Dog Hills and is often seen operating the racing flags. In addition, Clarabelle Cow also seen hosting several international events on the show.
Clara Cluck (vocal effects provided by Russi Taylor) - A resident of Hot Dog Hills who mostly speaks chicken language.
Horace Horsecollar (voiced by Bill Farmer) - In addition to being a resident of Hot Dog Hills, Horace appears in various alter egos throughout the series.
Ludwig Von Drake (voiced by Corey Burton) - Hot Dog Hills' residential inventor.
Figaro (vocal effects provided by Frank Welker) - Minnie's pet tuxedo cat.
Butch (vocal effects provided by Frank Welker) - Pete's pet bulldog and Pluto's rival.
Millie and Melody Mouse (voiced by Avalon Robbins and Grace Kaufman respectively) - Minnie's nieces.
Billy Beagle (voiced by Jay Leno) - The announcer and sports commentator of the races and other events. He is also shown to have a collection of roadsters.
Susie Beagleman (voiced by Natalie Coughlin) - A little beagle girl that the Happy Helpers tend to help out on occasion.
Mrs. Beagleman (voiced by Tress MacNeille) - Susie's mother.
Hilda (voiced by April Winchell) - A hippopotamus.
Pearl McSnorter (voiced by Stella Edwards) - A pig who is the sister of Puck McSnorter.
Puck McSnorter (voiced by August Maturo) - A pig who is the brother of Pearl McSnorter.
Mayor McBeagle (voiced by Bill Farmer) - The Mayor of Hot Dog Hills.
Mr. Bigby (voiced by Bill Farmer) - A rich pig.
Commander Heist (voiced by Steve Valentine) - An infamous British international thief who is a recurring villain in the series.

Lazlo (vocal effects provided by Dee Bradley Baker) - Commander Heist's pet cat.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The first season will consist of 34 episodes.[citation needed]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Storyboards by
Original air date
Prod.
code [2]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1a
"Mickey's Wild Tire!"
Phil Weinstein
Brian Swenlin
Dave Bennett
January 15, 2017 (2017-01-15)
101
2.03[3]

Mickey surprises Jiminy Johnson (Jimmie Johnson), a racing champion, with the tire from his first roadster. Displeased that his own gift for Jiminy won't impress him, Pete plans to be the one to give Jiminy the tire.

1b
"Sittin' Kitty"
Broni Likomanov
Thomas Hart
Dave Williams
January 15, 2017 (2017-01-15)
101
2.03[3]

Minnie and Daisy are petsitting Hilda's pet Snowpuff. When they find a cat there, they think it's Snowpuff and pursue it when it escapes from the house.

2a
"Goofy Gas!"
Broni Likomanov
Mark Seidenberg
Dave Williams
January 15, 2017 (2017-01-15)
102
1.98[3]

Goofy invents the fuel that makes the roadsters go faster.

2b
"The Little Big Ape"
Broni Likomanov
Jennifer Muro
Rossen Varbanov
January 15, 2017 (2017-01-15)
102
1.98[3]

The Happy Helpers catch the loose gorilla in Clarabelle Cow's house. They soon discover that there are two gorillas consisting of a mother and a baby who are attracted to Clarabelle's banana breads.

3a
"Race for the Rigatoni Ribbon!"
Phil Weinstein
Mark Seidenberg
Tom Morgan
January 16, 2017 (2017-01-16)
103
1.85[4]

The Roadster Racers compete against Piston Pietro (Pete) in Rome. During this time, Goofy encounters the largest meatball in Rome.

3b
"Roaming Around Rome"
Phil Weinstein
Mark Drop
Tom Morgan
January 16, 2017 (2017-01-16)
103
1.85[4]

Assisting a tour guide named Luigi (Tony Shalhoub) when he falls sick, the Happy Helpers helps the travel writer Robbie Roberts (Tim Gunn) about the tour around in Rome alongside Mr. Bigby and the Beagleman family.

4a
"Agent Double-O-Goof"
Broni Likomanov
Mark Drop
Kirk Hanson and Rossen Varbanov
January 16, 2017 (2017-01-16)
105
1.81[4]

Goofy is mistaken for the secret agent Chauncey Chips (Peter Serafinowicz) by Lord Beaglethwait while the Queen of England (Jane Leeves) comes for tea. He must keep a briefcase that is to be delivered to the Queen of England from falling into the clutches of Commander Heist and his pet cat Lazlo.

4b
"Egg-xasperating!"
Phil Weinstein
Kim Duran
Dave Bennett
January 16, 2017 (2017-01-16)
105
1.81[4]

The Happy Helpers and Pluto hold Clara Cluck's egg while she is out running her errands. When it starts to crack, Minnie and Cuckoo Loca go to find Clara while Daisy and Pluto work to keep the egg from cracking further.

5a
"Mickey's Perfecto Day!"
Broni Likomanov
Ashley Mendoza
Rossen Varbanov
January 20, 2017 (2017-01-20)
104
0.88[5]

A playful baby bull named Francisco interrupts Mickey's perfect day for Minnie in Madrid. Meanwhile, Donald Duck reunites with the Three Caballeros while Goofy competes in a dance contest against El Horace Horsecollar.

5b
"Running of the Roadsters!"
Phil Weinstein
Mark Drop
Tom Morgan
January 20, 2017 (2017-01-20)
104
0.88[5]

Minnie and Daisy bet with Mickey and Donald over the race when Daisy's Snapdragon gets wrecked and the loser will have to clean all the roadsters. They get into some antics along the way which includes ending up losing the hoop that El Toro Pete's bull jumps through. Meanwhile, El Horace Horsecollar plans to beat Goofy in the race.

6a
"It's Wiki Wiki Time"
Broni Likomanov
Don Gillies
Dave Williams
January 27, 2017 (2017-01-27)
106
1.19[6]

The Roadster Racers attends the big relay race when Donald is on the Hawaiian vacation. Though the Roadster Racers' racing against Team Pete (consisting of Pau Hana Pete, Pineapple Patty, Pu Pu Platter Pete, and Puhi Pete) keeps disrupting Donald's relaxation.

6b
"Happy Hula Helpers!"
Phil Weinstein
Kim Duran
Dave Bennett
January 27, 2017 (2017-01-27)
106
1.19[6]

The Happy Helpers teach the hula dance for the birthday celebrations and help Leilani find a birthday present for her Grandpa Kei who is getting picked up by her Auntie Olina (Tia Carrere). Meanwhile, Mickey and Goofy set up for the luau while Donald works to keep his sandwiches from being eaten by Leilani's pet pig Pekona.

7a
"Ye Olde Royal Heist"
Phil Weinstein
Brian Swenlin
Phil Mosness
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
107
0.92[7]

Mickey and Minnie celebrates their raceversary in London where an upcoming roadster race will be held. They soon get caught up in a heist where a dancing star named Sir Lord Pete plans to steal a ruby from the Tower of London and end up helping Officer Copper to catch him where they chase him all around London.

7b
"Tea Time Trouble!"
Broni Likomanov
Jennifer Muro and Thomas Hart
Kirk Hanson
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
107
0.92[7]

After helping to apprehend Sir Lord Pete and asking a favor from the Queen of England for a raceversary gift for Minnie, the Happy Helpers are invited to have tea with the Queen of England where Queen's Guard member Beefeater Pete deems Mickey, Donald, and Goofy not worthy gentlemen to enter Buckingham Palace upon them not being able to pass the tea test. Due to Big Ben's royal clock fixers being on holiday when Big Ben breaks down, Minnie, Daisy, and Cuckoo Loca work to get it tuned up so that it can strike 4:00 in time for tea time. Meanwhile, Mickey, Donald, and Goofy take gentleman lessons from Dr. Waddleton Crutchley (Peter Serafinowicz).

8a
"Abra-ka-Goof!"
Broni Likomanov
Don Gillies
Dave Williams and Dave Bennett
February 10, 2017 (2017-02-10)
109
0.99[8]

Upon obtain a magical cabinate from Omar's Magic Mart, Goofy as the Great Goofini thinks he used his magician skills to turn Gordon Gear (Jeff Gordon) into the rabbit at the time when the Hot Dog Cafe is planning to name a hot dog after him. What he doesn't know is that the rabbit is Omar's pet rabbit Thurston as Mickey, Donald, and Goofy pursue it where even Bitsy Beagleberg wants him as a pet. Meanwhile, Minnie, Daisy, and Cuckoo Loca give Gordon Gear a makeover.

8b
"Happy Birthday Helpers!"
Phil Weinstein
Kim Duran
Dave Bennett
February 10, 2017 (2017-02-10)
109
0.99[8]

It's Susie Beagleman's birthday and the Happy Helpers must prepare a birthday cake for her birthday party that Mrs. Beagleman wants delivered by the time the Great Goofini is done with his magic tricks. They soon go on the wild ride when they chase down the wagon carrying the birthday cake. Meanwhile, Pete tries his hand at roller skating.

9a
"Guru Goofy"
Phil Weinstein
Mark Drop
Tom Morgan
February 24, 2017 (2017-02-24)
108
1.24[9]

Goofy tries to teach Donald mindfulness in order to relax before the Roadster Games where he will compete against Pete.

9b
"Bed, Breakfast and Bungled!"
Phil Weinstein
Kim Duran
Phil Mosness and Rossen Varbanov
February 24, 2017 (2017-02-24)
108
1.24[9]

Clarabelle assists the Happy Helpers in running the Snoozy Doozy Bed and Breakfast outside of Hot Dog Hills while it's manager Mr. Doozy (Fred Willard) takes his mother on a day cruise, but her eagerness creates and mess up the problems when giving services to the guests like the Thunderboom family and Mr. McSnorter (Patton Oswalt).

10a
"Going Upppppppppp!"
Broni Likomanov
Brian Swenlin
Rossen Varbanov
March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10)
110
1.21[10]

The Roadster Racers compete in the first ever Hot Dog Hills hot air balloon race. Though they would also have to compete against Pete's foreign cousin and stunt pilot Sky Commander Peterlovsky.

10b
"Gone Fishin'!"
Broni Likomanov
Kim Duran (story)
Mark Drop
Dave Williams
March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10)
110
1.21[10]

The Happy Helpers and Donald tag along with Mickey and Goofy for the fishing trip.

11a
"Goof Luck Charm"[11]
Phil Weinstein
Sherri Stoner and Kim Duran (story)
Dave Bennett and Rossen Varbanov
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)
TBA
1.19[12]

Goofy credits the good luck to his rubber duck and Daisy decides to borrow it for a dangerous race course that Daisy has never won.

11b
"Teed Off!"[11]
Broni Likomanov
Don Gillies
Rossen Varbanov
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)
TBA
1.19[12]

The Happy Helpers work as caddies for the big golf tournament at a golf course that was opened by Mr. Bigby. While Minnie is the caddy for Pete, Daisy becomes the caddy for Donald while Mickey and Goofy are caddies for Hilda. Though there is some interference by a groundhog.

12a
"The Impossible Race"[13]
Phil Weinstein
Don Gillies
Tom Morgan
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)
111
1.51[14]

Cuckoo Loca participates in her first ever roadster event called the Impossible Race where her car is constructed by Chip and Dale. As she participates in the Impossible Race, she gains Donald as her main rival as the racers work to avoid the traps placed along the course.

12b
"The Happiest Helpers Cruise!"[13]
Broni Likomanov
Kim Duran
Dave Williams
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)
111
1.51[13]

The Happy Helpers work as cruise directors upon being hired by Captain Peterson (Pete) to help out on the Hot Dogs Hills Harbor Cruise during it Valentine's Day Cruise event. They help the first mate/cruise janitor Emmy Lou (Kate Micucci) to win the disco dance contest upon being partnered up with Mr. Doozy after his previous partner Fiona Featherstone (Leigh-Allyn Baker) drops out due to a dancing accident.

13a
"Smarty Goof"[15]
Broni Likomanov
Sherri Stoner and Mark Drop (story)
Kirk Hanson and Rossen Varbanov
May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12)
115
.99[16]

Goofy and Mickey compete with the Hot Dog Hills Invention Competition with the help of Professor Ludwig Von Drake where his helmet has made Goffy smart.

13b
"Adventures in Buddysitting!"[15]
Phil Weinstein
Kim Duran
Phil Mosness
May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12)
115
.99[15]

The Happy Helpers help the babysit kids like Clara Cluck's chicks Cleo and Clifford, Elray Thunderboom, Mrs. McSnorter's children Pearl and Puck, and a shy goat named Buddy McBilly when the Hot Dog Hills Play Center is closed.

14a
"Daredevil Goofy!"[17]
TBA
TBA
TBA
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)
114
1.43[18]

Goofy gets a chance to compete against the movie hero Morty McCool (Mortimer Mouse) in a daredevil race alongside Pete, Hilda, and El Horace Horsecollar.

14b
"The Big Broadcast"[17]
TBA
TBA
TBA
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)
114
1.43

The Happy Helpers cover for Billy Beagle as the race announcers while he competes against the Roadster Racers in the off-road race.

15a
"The Haunted Hot Rod"[19]
Phil Weinstein
Mark Drop
Phil Mosness
October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06)
TBA
0.96[20]

On Halloween, Mickey decorates his roadster for Hot Dog Hills' first Race Around Ragged Peak where Mickey tells his friends about the Haunted Hot Rod that looks for a race to compete in. Pete and Butch plan to pose as the Haunted Hot Rod's ghost driver in order to win the Jack-o'-lantern filled with candy. Unfortunately for Pete, the real driver shows up when Mickey is the only competitor left.

15b
"Pete's Ghostly Gala"[19]
Broni Likomanov
Don Gillies
Rossen Varbanov
October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06)
TBA
0.96

The Happy Helpers help Pete get things ready for his Halloween Party at the haunted house at Spooky View Lane. As Minnie, Daisy, and Cuckoo Loca work to help Pete set up the Halloween Party, they are stalked by three ghosts that reside at the haunted house. This leads to Minnie, Daisy, Cuckoo Loca, and Pete working to catch the ghosts before the Halloween Party.

16a
"Stop That Heist!"
Phil Weinstein
Mark Drop
Dave Bennett
July 14, 2017 (2017-07-14)
TBA
1.09[21]

As Mickey drives Billy Beagle's Rumble Seat Roadster for the Hot Dog Hill Founders Day parade, it becomes the latest target of Commander Heist's roadster heist. Mickey and his friends must work to keep Commander Heist from making off with the Rumble Seat Roadster.

16b
"Lights, Camera, HELP!"
Broni Likomanov
Don Gillies (story)
Sherri Stoner
Rossen Varbanov
July 14, 2017 (2017-07-14)
TBA
1.09

The Happy Helpers are hired by film director Peteroni Leone (Pete) to become assistants to a famous movie star named Portia DeHound (Leigh-Allyn Baker) during the production of her musical movie called "My Fair Doggy" that Peteroni is filming in Hot Dog Hills. Minnie and Daisy soon discover that Portia DeHound hasn't taken any singing lessons and is only good at singing in the shower.

17a
"Mouse Vs. Machine!"
Phil Weinstein
Brian Swenlin (story)
Mark Seidenberg
Tom Morgan
July 28, 2017 (2017-07-28)
117
1.13[22]

Mickey competes against an A.I. roadster named the Self-Racing Racer (or S.R.R. for short) who was created by Ludwig von Drake. When it malfunctions during it's race with him upon being pelted by water balloons, Mickey must help Ludwig get it back under control.

17b
"Grandpa Beagle's Day Out"
Broni Likomanov
Mark Drop and Kim Duran (story)
Dave Williams
July 28, 2017 (2017-07-28)
117
1.13

The Happy Helpers help Grandpa Beagle (Héctor Elizondo) and Billy Beagle have family time at the X-Treme Games.

18a
"Donald's Garage"
Broni Likomanov
Don Gillies
Roger Dondis
August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11)
TBA
1.14[23]

While Mickey goes to secure a bull hood ornament as part of a refurbishing of a limousine owned by Mr. Bigby, Donald is left in charge of the garage until Mickey returns.

18b
"Artful Helpers"
Broni Likomanov
Brian Swenlin and Thomas Hart (story)
Roger Dondis
August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11)
TBA
1.14

With the museum's security guards having a day off, the Happy Helpers are hired by curator Babette Beagle (Jane Leeves) to cover for them and to keep the Mona Goof that donated to the Hot Dog Hills Museum by Goofy from being stolen by Commander Heist.

19a
"Ready, Get Pet... Go Pluto!"
Phil Weinstein
Mark Drop
Tom Morgan
August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25)
120
0.86[24]

The first ever Pets and Pistons Race is started upon the suggestion of Danni Sue (Danica Patrick) and her pet dog Dallas as she has many friends with pets where the racers and their pets must complete three different challenges that Daisy and Cuckoo Loca help set up. Mickey races with Pluto, Pete races with Butch, Donald races with Francisco, Minnie races with Figaro, and Goofy races with his pet goldfish Goldie. During this time, Pluto competes with Butch for the attention of Dallas.

19b
"Figaro's New Friend!"
Broni Likomanov
Kim Duran and Mark Drop (story)
Rossen Varbanov
August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25)
120
0.86

Mickey has to put a custom engine into Mr. Bigby's roadster and wants Minnie, Daisy, and Cuckoo Loca to watch over Pluto while he is busy. Figaro must put up with Pluto as he compets with him for Minnie and Daisy's attention at home and at the park.

20a
"Garage Alone"[2]
Phil Weinstein
Mark Drop
Roger Dondis and Phil Mosness
September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15)
121
0.73

While everyone is attending the drive-in movie, Goofy and Pluto stay behind to watch the TV series Action Ashton where the titular character makes traps to get out of a situation. Officer Schnauzer of the Hot Dog Hills Police Department announces on TV that a thief named Sticky Fingers Fred is on the loose causing Goofy to set traps around the garage just in case Sticky Fingers Fred shows up.

20b
"Camp Happy Helpers"[2]
Broni Likomanov
Kim Duran
Roger Dondis
September 15, 2017 (2017-09-15)
121
0.73[25]

Minnie, Daisy, and Cuckoo Loca are hired to be camp counselors when all the camp counselors came down with the summer hiccough. As camp counselors for Susie Beagleman and Minnie's nieces Millie and Melody, Daisy is suspicious when Susie plans to investigate the legend of the Bigfoot Beast as it's stalking is similar to the Squidrilla horror movie that she just saw.

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2017)

text: Mickey and the Roadster Racers was renewed for a second season on March 15, 2017.[26]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Mickey and the Roadster Racers premiered on Disney Junior in Canada on January 21,[27] and Portugal and Spain on March 4,[28][29] the UK and Ireland on April 19 and premiered in Hungary and Romania on April 22,[30] in Japan on April 4,[31] in Poland in April,[32] and in, Greece, Latin America and Turkey in 2017.[33][34][35][36][37][38]

text: It premiered on March 24, 2017 on Disney Junior (Asia) and premiered on April 22 on Disney Junior (Southern Africa). In Australia, the series premiered on March 17 on Disney Junior.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The first few episodes of Mickey and the Roadster Racers were released on DVD and high-def Blu-ray Disc on March 7, 2017.[39] Minnie's Happy Helpers will be released on July 25, 2017, with the release themed around the Minnie and Daisy subplots.[40]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Mickey and the Roadster Racers received mixed to positive reviews. Common Sense Media rated the series a 3 out of 5 stars, stating "Mickey and the Roadster Racers is set in a bustling town filled with race cars and favorite Disney characters and special guests voiced by racing stars such as Jimmie Johnson and Jeff Gordon. The characters' experiences represent for kids how communities and their residents work, and their interactions have subtle reminders about building and sustaining friendships. There's always ample opportunity for the characters to race around the town to the delight of young fans in the audience."[41]


document_title: Concurrent List

question_text: subjects transferred from state list to concurrent list

text: Concurrent List

text: Items on the list[edit]

text: The 52 items currently on the list are:[4][5]

text: Transferred Subjects[edit]

text: Through the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 Five subjects were transferred from State to Concurrent List. They are:[6]

text:
Education
Forests
Weights & Measures
Protection of Wild Animals and Birds
Administration of Justice

tag: ol


document_title: Delhi Airport metro station

question_text: nearest metro station to indira gandhi international airport delhi

text: Delhi Airport metro station

text:
Airport
विमानपत्तन

Delhi Metro station

Line(s)
Airport Express

Construction

Structure type
Underground

History

Opened
23 February 2011

Services

Preceding station

Delhi Metro

Following station

Delhi Aerocity
toward New Delhi

Orange Line

Dwarka Sector 21
Terminus

text: The Airport Metro Station is located on the Delhi Airport Express Line of the Delhi Metro. This station is linked to the Indira Gandhi International Airport terminal 3. The station was inaugurated on 23 February 2011, after numerous delays.[1]

text: Alternate rail access to the airport[edit]

text: The closest Indian Railways station is Shahabad Mohammadpur (SMDP).[2] Also within distance is Palam Railway Station (PM).[3]


document_title: Gold standard

question_text: when did us stop being backed by gold

question_tokens: when did us stop being backed by gold

text: Gold standard

text: History

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Origin

text: The gold specie standard arose from the widespread acceptance of gold as currency.[5] Various commodities have been used as money; typically, the one that loses the least value over time becomes the accepted form.[6] Chemically, gold is of all major metals the one most resistant to corrosion.

text: The use of gold as money began thousands of years ago in Asia Minor.[7]

text: During the early and high Middle Ages, the Byzantine gold solidus, commonly known as the bezant, was used widely throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. However, as the Byzantine Empire's economic influence declined, so too did the use of the bezant.[8] In its place, European territories chose silver as their currency over gold, leading to the development of silver standards.

text: Silver pennies based on the Roman denarius became the staple coin of Mercia in Great Britain around the time of King Offa, circa CE 757–796.[9] Similar coins, including Italian denari, French deniers, and Spanish dineros circulated in Europe. Spanish explorers discovered silver deposits in Mexico in 1522 and at Potosí in Bolivia in 1545.[10] International trade came to depend on coins such as the Spanish dollar, the Maria Theresa thaler, and later, the United States trade dollar.

text: In modern times, the British West Indies was one of the first regions to adopt a gold specie standard. Following Queen Anne's proclamation of 1704, the British West Indies gold standard was a de facto gold standard based on the Spanish gold doubloon. In 1717, Sir Isaac Newton, the master of the Royal Mint, established a new mint ratio between silver and gold that had the effect of driving silver out of circulation and putting Britain on a gold standard.[11][self-published source]

text: A formal gold specie standard was first established in 1821, when Britain adopted it following the introduction of the gold sovereign by the new Royal Mint at Tower Hill in 1816. The United Province of Canada in 1853, Newfoundland in 1865, and the United States and Germany (de jure) in 1873 adopted gold. The United States used the eagle as its unit, Germany introduced the new gold mark, while Canada adopted a dual system based on both the American gold eagle and the British gold sovereign.

text: Australia and New Zealand adopted the British gold standard, as did the British West Indies, while Newfoundland was the only British Empire territory to introduce its own gold coin. Royal Mint branches were established in Sydney, Melbourne and Perth for the purpose of minting gold sovereigns from Australia's rich gold deposits.

text: The gold specie standard came to an end in the United Kingdom and the rest of the British Empire with the outbreak of World War I.

text: Silver

text: From 1750 to 1870, wars within Europe as well as an ongoing trade deficit with China (which sold to Europe but had little use for European goods) drained silver from the economies of Western Europe and the United States. Coins were struck in smaller and smaller numbers, and there was a proliferation of bank and stock notes used as money.

text: United Kingdom

text: In the 1790s, the United Kingdom suffered a silver shortage. It ceased to mint larger silver coins and instead issued "token" silver coins and overstruck foreign coins. With the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Bank of England began the massive recoinage programme that created standard gold sovereigns, circulating crowns, half-crowns and eventually copper farthings in 1821. The recoinage of silver after a long drought produced a burst of coins. The United Kingdom struck nearly 40 million shillings between 1816 and 1820, 17 million half crowns and 1.3 million silver crowns.

text: The 1819 Act for the Resumption of Cash Payments set 1823 as the date for resumption of convertibility, which was reached by 1821. Throughout the 1820s, small notes were issued by regional banks. This was restricted in 1826, while the Bank of England was allowed to set up regional branches. In 1833 however, Bank of England notes were made legal tender and redemption by other banks was discouraged. In 1844, the Bank Charter Act established that Bank of England notes were fully backed by gold and they became the legal standard. According to the strict interpretation of the gold standard, this 1844 act marked the establishment of a full gold standard for British money.

text: United States

text: In the 1780s, Thomas Jefferson, Robert Morris and Alexander Hamilton recommended to Congress the value of a decimal system. This system would also apply to monies in the United States. The question was what type of standard: gold, silver or both.[12] The United States adopted a silver standard based on the Spanish milled dollar in 1785.

text: International

text: From 1860 to 1871 various attempts to resurrect bi-metallic standards were made, including one based on the gold and silver franc; however, with the rapid influx of silver from new deposits, the expectation of scarce silver ended.

text: The interaction between central banking and currency basis formed the primary source of monetary instability during this period. The combination of a restricted supply of notes, a government monopoly on note issuance and indirectly, a central bank and a single unit of value produced economic stability. Deviation from these conditions produced monetary crises.

text: Devalued notes or leaving silver as a store of value caused economic problems. Governments, demanding specie as payment, could drain the money out of the economy. Economic development expanded need for credit. The need for a solid basis in monetary affairs produced a rapid acceptance of the gold standard in the period that followed.

text: Japan

text: Following Germany's decision after the 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War to extract reparations to facilitate a move to the gold standard, Japan gained the needed reserves after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895. For Japan, moving to gold was considered vital for gaining access to Western capital markets.[13]

text: Bimetallic standard

text: US: Pre-Civil War

text: In 1792, Congress passed the Mint and Coinage Act. It authorized the federal government's use of the Bank of the United States to hold its reserves, as well as establish a fixed ratio of gold to the U.S. dollar. Gold and silver coins were legal tender, as was the Spanish real. In 1792 the market price of gold was about 15 times that of silver.[12] Silver coins left circulation, exported to pay for the debts taken on to finance the American Revolutionary War. In 1806 President Jefferson suspended the minting of silver coins. This resulted in a derivative silver standard, since the Bank of the United States was not required to fully back its currency with reserves. This began a long series of attempts by the United States to create a bi-metallic standard.

text: The intention was to use gold for large denominations, and silver for smaller denominations. A problem with bimetallic standards was that the metals' absolute and relative market prices changed. The mint ratio (the rate at which the mint was obligated to pay/receive for gold relative to silver) remained fixed at 15 ounces of silver to 1 ounce of gold, whereas the market rate fluctuated from 15.5 to 1 to 16 to 1. With the Coinage Act of 1834, Congress passed an act that changed the mint ratio to approximately 16 to 1. Gold discoveries in California in 1848 and later in Australia lowered the gold price relative to silver; this drove silver money from circulation because it was worth more in the market than as money.[14] Passage of the Independent Treasury Act of 1848 placed the U.S. on a strict hard-money standard. Doing business with the American government required gold or silver coins.

text: Government accounts were legally separated from the banking system. However, the mint ratio (the fixed exchange rate between gold and silver at the mint) continued to overvalue gold. In 1853, the US reduced the silver weight of coins to keep them in circulation and in 1857 removed legal tender status from foreign coinage. In 1857 the final crisis of the free banking era began as American banks suspended payment in silver, with ripples through the developing international financial system. Due to the inflationary finance measures undertaken to help pay for the US Civil War, the government found it difficult to pay its obligations in gold or silver and suspended payments of obligations not legally specified in specie (gold bonds); this led banks to suspend the conversion of bank liabilities (bank notes and deposits) into specie. In 1862 paper money was made legal tender. It was a fiat money (not convertible on demand at a fixed rate into specie). These notes came to be called "greenbacks".[14]

text: US: Post-Civil War

text: After the Civil War, Congress wanted to reestablish the metallic standard at pre-war rates. The market price of gold in greenbacks was above the pre-War fixed price ($20.67 per ounce of gold) requiring deflation to achieve the pre-War price. This was accomplished by growing the stock of money less rapidly than real output. By 1879 the market price matched the mint price of gold. The coinage act of 1873 (also known as the Crime of ‘73) demonetized silver. This act removed the 412.5 grain silver dollar from circulation. Subsequently silver was only used in coins worth less than $1 (fractional currency). With the resumption of convertibility on June 30, 1879 the government again paid its debts in gold, accepted greenbacks for customs and redeemed greenbacks on demand in gold. Greenbacks were therefore perfect substitutes for gold coins. During the latter part of the nineteenth century the use of silver and a return to the bimetallic standard were recurrent political issues, raised especially by William Jennings Bryan, the People's Party and the Free Silver movement. In 1900 the gold dollar was declared the standard unit of account and a gold reserve for government issued paper notes was established. Greenbacks, silver certificates, and silver dollars continued to be legal tender, all redeemable in gold.[14]

text: Fluctuations in the US gold stock, 1862–1877

text:
US gold stock

1862
59 tons

1866
81 tons

1875
50 tons

1878
78 tons

text: The US had a gold stock of 1.9 million ounces (59 t) in 1862. Stocks rose to 2.6 million ounces (81 t) in 1866, declined in 1875 to 1.6 million ounces (50 t) and rose to 2.5 million ounces (78 t) in 1878. Net exports did not mirror that pattern. In the decade before the Civil War net exports were roughly constant; postwar they varied erratically around pre-war levels, but fell significantly in 1877 and became negative in 1878 and 1879. The net import of gold meant that the foreign demand for American currency to purchase goods, services, and investments exceeded the corresponding American demands for foreign currencies. In the final years of the greenback period (1862–1879), gold production increased while gold exports decreased. The decrease in gold exports was considered by some to be a result of changing monetary conditions. The demands for gold during this period were as a speculative vehicle, and for its primary use in the foreign exchange markets financing international trade. The major effect of the increase in gold demand by the public and Treasury was to reduce exports of gold and increase the Greenback price of gold relative to purchasing power.[15]

text: Gold exchange standard

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Towards the end of the 19th century, some silver standard countries began to peg their silver coin units to the gold standards of the United Kingdom or the United States. In 1898, British India pegged the silver rupee to the pound sterling at a fixed rate of 1s 4d, while in 1906, the Straits Settlements adopted a gold exchange standard against sterling, fixing the silver Straits dollar at 2s 4d.

text: Around the start of the 20th century, the Philippines pegged the silver peso/dollar to the U.S. dollar at 50 cents. This move was assisted by the passage of the Philippines Coinage Act by the United States Congress on March 3, 1903.[16] Around the same time Mexico and Japan pegged their currencies to the dollar. When Siam adopted a gold exchange standard in 1908, only China and Hong Kong remained on the silver standard.

text: When adopting the gold standard, many European nations changed the name of their currency, for instance from Daler (Sweden and Denmark) or Gulden (Austria-Hungary) to Crown, since the former names were traditionally associated with silver coins and the latter with gold coins.

text: Impact of World War I

text: Governments with insufficient tax revenue suspended convertibility repeatedly in the 19th century. The real test, however, came in the form of World War I, a test which "it failed utterly" according to economist Richard Lipsey.[5]

text: By the end of 1913, the classical gold standard was at its peak but World War I caused many countries to suspend or abandon it.[17] According to Lawrence Officer the main cause of the gold standard’s failure to resume its previous position after World War 1 was “the Bank of England's precarious liquidity position and the gold-exchange standard.” A run on sterling caused Britain to impose exchange controls that fatally weakened the standard; convertibility was not legally suspended, but gold prices no longer played the role that they did before.[18] In financing the war and abandoning gold, many of the belligerents suffered drastic inflations. Price levels doubled in the US and Britain, tripled in France and quadrupled in Italy. Exchange rates changed less, even though European inflations were more severe than America’s. This meant that the costs of American goods decreased relative to those in Europe. Between August 1914 and spring of 1915, the dollar value of US exports tripled and its trade surplus exceeded $1 billion for the first time.[19]

text: Ultimately, the system could not deal quickly enough with the large balance of payments deficits and surpluses; this was previously attributed to downward wage rigidity brought about by the advent of unionized labor, but is now considered as an inherent fault of the system that arose under the pressures of war and rapid technological change. In any case, prices had not reached equilibrium by the time of the Great Depression, which served to kill off the system completely.[5]

text: For example, Germany had gone off the gold standard in 1914, and could not effectively return to it because War reparations had cost it much of its gold reserves. During the Occupation of the Ruhr the German central bank (Reichsbank) issued enormous sums of non-convertible marks to support workers who were on strike against the French occupation and to buy foreign currency for reparations; this led to the German hyperinflation of the early 1920s and the decimation of the German middle class.

text: The US did not suspend the gold standard during the war. The newly created Federal Reserve intervened in currency markets and sold bonds to “sterilize”[vague] some of the gold imports that would have otherwise increased the stock of money.[citation needed] By 1927 many countries had returned to the gold standard.[14] As a result of World War 1 the United States, which had been a net debtor country, had become a net creditor by 1919.[20]

text: Abandonment of the gold standard

text: The gold specie standard ended in the United Kingdom and the rest of the British Empire at the outbreak of World War I, when Treasury notes replaced the circulation of gold sovereigns and gold half sovereigns. Legally, the gold specie standard was not repealed. The end of the gold standard was successfully effected by the Bank of England through appeals to patriotism urging citizens not to redeem paper money for gold specie. It was only in 1925, when Britain returned to the gold standard in conjunction with Australia and South Africa that the gold specie standard was officially ended.

text: The British Gold Standard Act 1925 both introduced the gold bullion standard and simultaneously repealed the gold specie standard. The new standard ended the circulation of gold specie coins. Instead, the law compelled the authorities to sell gold bullion on demand at a fixed price, but "only in the form of bars containing approximately four hundred ounces troy [12 kg] of fine gold".[21][22] John Maynard Keynes, citing deflationary dangers, argued against resumption of the gold standard.[23] By fixing the price at the pre-war rate of $4.86, Churchill is argued to have made an error that led to depression, unemployment and the 1926 general strike. The decision was described by Andrew Turnbull as a "historic mistake".[24]

text: Many other countries followed Britain in returning to the gold standard, this was followed by a period of relative stability but also deflation.[25] This state of affairs lasted until the Great Depression (1929–1939) forced countries off the gold standard. In September 19, 1931, speculative attacks on the pound forced Britain to abandon the gold standard. Loans from American and French Central Banks of £50,000,000 were insufficient and exhausted in a matter of weeks, due to large gold outflows across the Atlantic.[26][27][28] The British benefited from this departure. They could now use monetary policy to stimulate the economy. Australia and New Zealand had already left the standard and Canada quickly followed suit.

text: The interwar partially backed gold standard was inherently unstable, because of the conflict between the expansion of liabilities to foreign central banks and the resulting deterioration in the Bank of England's reserve ratio. France was then attempting to make Paris a world class financial center, and it received large gold flows as well.[29]

text: In May 1931 a run on Austria's largest commercial bank caused it to fail. The run spread to Germany, where the central bank also collapsed. International financial assistance was too late and in July 1931 Germany adopted exchange controls, followed by Austria in October. The Austrian and German experiences, as well as British budgetary and political difficulties, were among the factors that destroyed confidence in sterling, which occurred in mid-July 1931. Runs ensued and the Bank of England lost much of its reserves.

text: Depression and World War II

text: Great Depression

text: Some economic historians, such as Barry Eichengreen, blame the gold standard of the 1920s for prolonging the economic depression which started in 1929 and lasted for about a decade.[31] In the United States, adherence to the gold standard prevented the Federal Reserve from expanding the money supply to stimulate the economy, fund insolvent banks and fund government deficits that could "prime the pump" for an expansion. Once off the gold standard, it became free to engage in such money creation. The gold standard limited the flexibility of the central banks' monetary policy by limiting their ability to expand the money supply. In the US, the central bank was required by the Federal Reserve Act (1913) to have gold backing 40% of its demand notes.[32] Others including former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke and Nobel Prize-winner Milton Friedman place the blame for the severity and length of the Great Depression at the feet of the Federal Reserve, mostly due to the deliberate tightening of monetary policy even after the gold standard.[33] They blamed the US major economic contraction in 1937 on tightening of monetary policy resulting in higher cost of capital, weaker securities markets, reduced net government contribution to income, the undistributed profits tax and higher labor costs.[34] The money supply peaked in March 1937, with a trough in May 1938.[35]

text: Higher interest rates intensified the deflationary pressure on the dollar and reduced investment in U.S. banks. Commercial banks converted Federal Reserve Notes to gold in 1931, reducing its gold reserves and forcing a corresponding reduction in the amount of currency in circulation. This speculative attack created a panic in the U.S. banking system. Fearing imminent devaluation many depositors withdrew funds from U.S. banks.[36] As bank runs grew, a reverse multiplier effect caused a contraction in the money supply.[37] Additionally the New York Fed had loaned over $150 million in gold (over 240 tons) to European Central Banks. This transfer contracted the US money supply. The foreign loans became questionable once Britain, Germany, Austria and other European countries went off the gold standard in 1931 and weakened confidence in the dollar.[38]

text: The forced contraction of the money supply resulted in deflation. Even as nominal interest rates dropped, inflation-adjusted real interest rates remained high, rewarding those who held onto money instead of spending it, further slowing the economy.[39] Recovery in the United States was slower than in Britain, in part due to Congressional reluctance to abandon the gold standard and float the U.S. currency as Britain had done.[40]

text: In the early 1930s, the Federal Reserve defended the dollar by raising interest rates, trying to increase the demand for dollars. This helped attract international investors who bought foreign assets with gold.[36]

text: Congress passed the Gold Reserve Act on 30 January 1934; the measure nationalized all gold by ordering Federal Reserve banks to turn over their supply to the U.S. Treasury. In return the banks received gold certificates to be used as reserves against deposits and Federal Reserve notes. The act also authorized the president to devalue the gold dollar. Under this authority the president, on 31 January 1934, changed the value of the dollar from $20.67 to the troy ounce to $35 to the troy ounce, a devaluation of over 40%.

text: Other factors in the prolongation of the Great Depression include trade wars and the reduction in international trade caused by barriers such as Smoot–Hawley Tariff in the US and the Imperial Preference policies of Great Britain,[41] the failure of central banks to act responsibly,[42] government policies designed to prevent wages from falling, such as the Davis–Bacon Act of 1931, during the deflationary period resulting in production costs dropping slower than sales prices, thereby injuring business profits[43] and increases in taxes to reduce budget deficits and to support new programs such as Social Security. The US top marginal income tax rate went from 25% to 63% in 1932 and to 79% in 1936,[44] while the bottom rate increased over tenfold, from .375% in 1929 to 4% in 1932.[45] The concurrent massive drought resulted in the US Dust Bowl.

text: The Austrian School asserted that the Great Depression was the result of a credit bust.[46] Alan Greenspan wrote that the bank failures of the 1930s were sparked by Great Britain dropping the gold standard in 1931. This act "tore asunder" any remaining confidence in the banking system.[47] Financial historian Niall Ferguson wrote that what made the Great Depression truly 'great' was the European banking crisis of 1931.[48] According to Fed Chairman Marriner Eccles, the root cause was the concentration of wealth resulting in a stagnating or decreasing standard of living for the poor and middle class. These classes went into debt, producing the credit explosion of the 1920s. Eventually the debt load grew too heavy, resulting in the massive defaults and financial panics of the 1930s.[49]

text: World War II

text: Under the Bretton Woods international monetary agreement of 1944, the gold standard was kept without domestic convertibility. The role of gold was severely constrained, as other countries’ currencies were fixed in terms of the dollar. Many countries kept reserves in gold and settled accounts in gold. Still they preferred to settle balances with other currencies, with the American dollar becoming the favorite. The International Monetary Fund was established to help with the exchange process and assist nations in maintaining fixed rates. Within Bretton Woods adjustment was cushioned through credits that helped countries avoid deflation. Under the old standard, a country with an overvalued currency would lose gold and experience deflation until the currency was again valued correctly. Most countries defined their currencies in terms of dollars, but some countries imposed trading restrictions to protect reserves and exchange rates. Therefore, most countries' currencies were still basically inconvertible. In the late 1950s, the exchange restrictions were dropped and gold became an important element in international financial settlements.[14]

text: Bretton Woods

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: After the Second World War, a system similar to a gold standard and sometimes described as a "gold exchange standard" was established by the Bretton Woods Agreements. Under this system, many countries fixed their exchange rates relative to the U.S. dollar and central banks could exchange dollar holdings into gold at the official exchange rate of $35 per ounce; this option was not available to firms or individuals. All currencies pegged to the dollar thereby had a fixed value in terms of gold.[5]

text: Starting in the 1959–1969 administration of President Charles de Gaulle and continuing until 1970, France reduced its dollar reserves, exchanging them for gold at the official exchange rate, reducing US economic influence. This, along with the fiscal strain of federal expenditures for the Vietnam War and persistent balance of payments deficits, led U.S. President Richard Nixon to end international convertibility of the U.S. dollar to gold on August 15, 1971 (the "Nixon Shock").

text: This was meant to be a temporary measure, with the gold price of the dollar and the official rate of exchanges remaining constant. Revaluing currencies was the main purpose of this plan. No official revaluation or redemption occurred. The dollar subsequently floated. In December 1971, the "Smithsonian Agreement" was reached. In this agreement, the dollar was devalued from $35 per troy ounce of gold to $38. Other countries' currencies appreciated. However, gold convertibility did not resume. In October 1973, the price was raised to $42.22. Once again, the devaluation was insufficient. Within two weeks of the second devaluation the dollar was left to float. The $42.22 par value was made official in September 1973, long after it had been abandoned in practice. In October 1976, the government officially changed the definition of the dollar; references to gold were removed from statutes. From this point, the international monetary system was made of pure fiat money.

text: Production of gold

text: An estimated total of 174,100 tonnes of gold have been mined in human history, according to GFMS as of 2012. This is roughly equivalent to 5.6 billion troy ounces or, in terms of volume, about 9,261 cubic metres (327,000 cu ft), or a cube 21 metres (69 ft) on a side. There are varying estimates of the total volume of gold mined. One reason for the variance is that gold has been mined for thousands of years. Another reason is that some nations are not particularly open about how much gold is being mined. In addition, it is difficult to account for the gold output in illegal mining activities.[50]

text: World production for 2011 was circa 2,700 tonnes. Since the 1950s, annual gold output growth has approximately kept pace with world population growth (i.e. a doubling in this period)[51] although it has lagged behind world economic growth (approximately 8-fold increase since the 1950s[52], and 4x since 1980[53]).

text: Theory

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Commodity money is inconvenient to store and transport in large amounts. Furthermore, it does not allow a government to manipulate the flow of commerce with the same ease that a fiat currency does. As such, commodity money gave way to representative money and gold and other specie were retained as its backing.

text: Gold was a preferred form of money due to its rarity, durability, divisibility, fungibility and ease of identification,[54] often in conjunction with silver. Silver was typically the main circulating medium, with gold as the monetary reserve. Commodity money was anonymous, as identifying marks can be removed. Commodity money retains its value despite what may happen to the monetary authority. After the fall of South Vietnam, many refugees carried their wealth to the West in gold after the national currency became worthless.[citation needed]

text: Under commodity standards currency itself has no intrinsic value, but is accepted by traders because it can be redeemed any time for the equivalent specie. A US silver certificate, for example, could be redeemed for an actual piece of silver.

text: Representative money and the gold standard protect citizens from hyperinflation and other abuses of monetary policy, as were seen in some countries during the Great Depression. Commodity money conversely led to deflation and bank runs.

text: Countries that left the gold standard earlier than other countries recovered from the Great Depression sooner. For example, Great Britain and the Scandinavian countries, which left the gold standard in 1931, recovered much earlier than France and Belgium, which remained on gold much longer. Countries such as China, which had a silver standard, almost entirely avoided the depression (due to the fact it was then barely integrated into the global economy). The connection between leaving the gold standard and the severity and duration of the depression was consistent for dozens of countries, including developing countries. This may explain why the experience and length of the depression differed between national economies.[55]

text: Variations

text: A full or 100%-reserve gold standard exists when the monetary authority holds sufficient gold to convert all the circulating representative money into gold at the promised exchange rate. It is sometimes referred to as the gold specie standard to more easily distinguish it. Opponents of a full standard consider it difficult to implement, saying that the quantity of gold in the world is too small to sustain worldwide economic activity at or near current gold prices; implementation would entail a many-fold increase in the price of gold.[citation needed] Gold standard proponents have said, "Once a money is established, any stock of money becomes compatible with any amount of employment and real income."[56] While prices would necessarily adjust to the supply of gold, the process may involve considerable economic disruption, as was experienced during earlier attempts to maintain gold standards.[57]

text: In an international gold-standard system (which is necessarily based on an internal gold standard in the countries concerned),[58] gold or a currency that is convertible into gold at a fixed price is used to make international payments. Under such a system, when exchange rates rise above or fall below the fixed mint rate by more than the cost of shipping gold, inflows or outflows occur until rates return to the official level. International gold standards often limit which entities have the right to redeem currency for gold.

text: Advantages

text:
Long-term price stability has been described as one of the virtues of the gold standard.[59] The gold standard makes it difficult for governments to inflate prices through expanding the money supply. Under the gold standard, significant inflation is rare, and hyperinflation is essentially impossible because the money supply can only grow at the rate that the gold supply increases. High inflation under a gold standard is seen only when warfare destroys a large part of an economy, reducing the production of goods, or when a major new gold source becomes available.[60] In the U.S., inflation occurred during the Civil War, which destroyed the economy of the South.[61] Inflation also followed the California Gold Rush that made large amounts of gold available for minting.[62] Historical data shows that the magnitude of short run swings in prices were far higher under the gold standard.[63][59]
The gold standard provides fixed international exchange rates between participating countries and thus reduces uncertainty in international trade. Historically, imbalances between price levels were offset by a balance-of-payment adjustment mechanism called the "price–specie flow mechanism".[60] Gold used to pay for imports reduces the money supply of importing nations, causing deflation, which makes them more competitive, while the importation of gold by net exporters serves to increase their money supply, causing inflation, making them less competitive.[64]
A gold standard does not allow some types of financial repression.[65] Financial repression acts as a mechanism to transfer wealth from creditors to debtors, particularly the governments that practice it. Financial repression is most successful in reducing debt when accompanied by inflation and can be considered a form of taxation.[66][67] In 1966 Alan Greenspan wrote "Deficit spending is simply a scheme for the confiscation of wealth. Gold stands in the way of this insidious process. It stands as a protector of property rights. If one grasps this, one has no difficulty in understanding the statists' antagonism toward the gold standard."[68]

text: Disadvantages

text:
The unequal distribution of gold deposits makes the gold standard more advantageous for those countries that produce gold.[69] In 2010 the largest producers of gold, in order, were China, Australia, U.S., South Africa and Russia.[70] The country with the largest unmined gold deposits is Australia.[71]
Some economists believe that the gold standard acts as a limit on economic growth. "As an economy's productive capacity grows, then so should its money supply. Because a gold standard requires that money be backed in the metal, then the scarcity of the metal constrains the ability of the economy to produce more capital and grow."[72]
Mainstream economists believe that economic recessions can be largely mitigated by increasing the money supply during economic downturns.[73] A gold standard means that the money supply would be determined by the gold supply and hence monetary policy could no longer be used to stabilize the economy.[74] The gold standard is often blamed for prolonging the Great Depression, as under the gold standard, central banks could not expand credit at a fast enough rate to offset deflationary forces.[75]
Although the gold standard brings long-run price stability, it is historically associated with high short-run price volatility.[59][76] It has been argued by Schwartz, among others, that instability in short-term price levels can lead to financial instability as lenders and borrowers become uncertain about the value of debt.[76]
Deflation punishes debtors.[77][78] Real debt burdens therefore rise, causing borrowers to cut spending to service their debts or to default. Lenders become wealthier, but may choose to save some of the additional wealth, reducing GDP.[79]
The money supply would essentially be determined by the rate of gold production. When gold stocks increase more rapidly than the economy, there is inflation and the reverse is also true.[59][80] The consensus view is that the gold standard contributed to the severity and length of the Great Depression.[81][82]
Hamilton contended that the gold standard is susceptible to speculative attacks when a government's financial position appears weak. Conversely, this threat discourages governments from engaging in risky policy (see moral hazard). For example, the U.S. was forced to contract the money supply and raise interest rates in September 1931 to defend the dollar after speculators forced the UK off the gold standard.[82][83][84][85]
Devaluing a currency under a gold standard would generally produce sharper changes than the smooth declines seen in fiat currencies, depending on the method of devaluation.[86]
Most economists favor a low, positive rate of inflation of around 2%. This reflects fear of deflationary shocks and the belief that active monetary policy can dampen fluctuations in output and unemployment. Inflation gives them room to tighten policy without inducing deflation.[87]
A gold standard provides practical constraints against the measures that central banks might otherwise use to respond to economic crises.[88] Creation of new money reduces interest rates and thereby increases demand for new lower cost debt, raising the demand for money.[89]

text: Gold standard and Bitcoin

text: According to research produced by the Bank of Canada, the emerging Bitcoin economy has many similarities with the economy based on gold standard, in particular:[90][91]

text:
limited and predictable supply of the anchor of the monetary system
no central bank or monetary authority controls the supply
low or non-existent inflation
virtually no arbitrage costs for international transactions
Governments have less control over their domestic economies
Governments lose seigniorage revenues that they obtain from the ability to almost costlessly create money

text: Edward Hadas and Michael Hiltzik noted that monetary systems based on Bitcoin and gold have some similar disadvantages:

text:
independence from government[92][93]
price declines[92]
less spending during crisis times[92]

text: George Gilder, a proponent of gold standard, proposed breaking "the government monopoly on money" by using a combination of Bitcoin for the internet and treating gold in tax terms as currency.[94][95]

text: Advocates

text: A return to the gold standard was considered by the US Gold Commission back in 1982, but found only minority support.[96] In 2001 Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamad proposed a new currency that would be used initially for international trade among Muslim nations, using the Islamic gold dinar, defined as 4.25 grams of pure (24-carat) gold. Mahathir claimed it would be a stable unit of account and a political symbol of unity between Islamic nations. This would purportedly reduce dependence on the US dollar and establish a non-debt-backed currency in accord with Sharia law that prohibited the charging of interest.[97] As of 2013[update] the global monetary system continued to rely on the US dollar as the main reserve currency.[98]

text: Former U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman, Alan Greenspan acknowledged he was one of "a small minority" within the central bank that had some positive view on the gold standard.[99] In a 1966 essay he contributed to a book by Ayn Rand, titled "Gold and Economic Freedom", Greenspan argued the case for returning to a 'pure' gold standard; in that essay he described supporters of fiat currencies as "welfare statists" intending to use monetary policy to finance deficit spending.[100] More recently he claimed that by focusing on targeting inflation "central bankers have behaved as though we were on the gold standard", rendering a return to the standard unnecessary.[101]

text: Similarly, economists like Robert Barro argued that whilst some form of "monetary constitution" is essential for stable, depoliticized monetary policy, the form this constitution takes—for example, a gold standard, some other commodity-based standard, or a fiat currency with fixed rules for determining the quantity of money—is considerably less important.[102]

text: The gold standard is supported by many followers of the Austrian School of Economics, free-market libertarians and some supply-siders.[103]

text: US politics

text: In the United States, strict constitutionalists object to the government issuing fiat currency through central banks. Some gold-standard advocates also call for a mandated end to fractional-reserve banking. Many similar alternatives have been suggested, including energy-based currencies, collections of currencies or commodities, with gold as one component.

text: Former congressman Ron Paul is a long-term, high-profile advocate of a gold standard, but has also expressed support for using a standard based on a basket of commodities that better reflects the state of the economy.[104]

text: In 2011 the Utah legislature passed a bill to accept federally issued gold and silver coins as legal tender to pay taxes.[105] As federally issued currency, the coins were already legal tender for taxes, although the market price of their metal content currently exceeds their monetary value. Similar legislation is under consideration in other US states.[106] The bill was initiated by newly elected Republican Party legislators associated with the Tea Party movement and was driven by anxiety over the policies of President Barack Obama.[107]

text: In 2013, the Arizona Legislature passed SB 1439, which would have made gold and silver coin a legal tender in payment of debt, but the bill was vetoed by the Governor.[108]

text: In 2015, some candidates for the 2016 presidential election advocated for a gold standard, based on concern that the Federal Reserve’s attempts to increase economic growth may create inflation. Economic historians did not agree with candidate's assertions that the gold standard would benefit the US economy.[109]

text: Critics

text: In 2012 a poll of 40 U.S. economists in the IGM Economic Experts Panel found that none of them agreed with a claim that a return to the gold standard would result in "price-stability and employment outcomes [that] would be better for the average American." The panel of polled economists included past Nobel Prize winners, former economic advisers to both Republican and Democratic presidents, and senior faculty from Harvard, Chicago, Stanford, MIT, and other well-known research universities. (The specific question posed to the economists was: "If the US replaced its discretionary monetary policy regime with a gold standard, defining a 'dollar' as a specific number of ounces of gold, the price-stability and employment outcomes would be better for the average American.") [3]

text: The economist Allan H. Meltzer of Carnegie Mellon University presented arguments against Ron Paul's advocacy of the gold standard since the 1970s. He sometimes summarizes his opposition by stating simply, "[W]e don’t have the gold standard. It’s not because we don’t know about the gold standard, it’s because we do."[110]


document_title: Temperance movement in the United States

question_text: who was the leader of the temperance movement

text: Early Temperance: 1784-1861[edit]

text: In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century, various factors contributed to an epidemic of alcoholism that went hand-in-hand with spousal abuse, family neglect, and chronic unemployment. Americans used to drinking lightly alcoholic beverages like cider "from the crack of dawn to the crack of dawn" began ingesting far more alcohol as they drank more of strong, cheap beverages like rum (in the colonial period) and whiskey (in the post-Revolutionary period).[1] Popular pressure for cheap and plentiful alcohol led to relaxed ordinances on alcohol sales.

text: The Temperance movement sparked to life with Benjamin Rush's 1784 tract, An Inquiry Into the Effects of Ardent Spirits Upon the Human Body and Mind, which judged the excessive use of alcohol injurious to physical and psychological health. Apparently influenced by Dr. Rush's Inquiry, about 200 farmers in a Connecticut community formed a temperance association in 1789 to ban the making of whiskey. Similar associations were formed in Virginia in 1800, and New York State in 1808.[2] Over the next decade, other temperance organizations were formed in eight states, some being statewide organizations. The young movement advocated temperance or levelness rather than abstinence. Many leaders of the movement expanded their activities and took positions on observance of the Sabbath and other moral issues, and by the early 1820s political in-fighting had stalled the movement.

text: Some leaders persevered in pressing their cause forward. Americans such as Lyman Beecher, who was a Connecticut minister, had started to lecture his fellow citizens against all use of liquor in 1825. The American Temperance Society was formed in 1826 and benefited from a renewed interest in religion and morality. Within 12 years it claimed more than 8,000 local groups and over 4,500,000 members. By 1839, 18 temperance journals were being published. Simultaneously, some Protestant and Catholic church leaders were beginning to promote temperance. The movement split along two lines in the late 1830s: between moderates allowing some drinking and radicals demanding total abstinence, and between voluntarists relying on moral suasion alone and prohibitionists promoting laws to restrict or ban alcohol. Radicals and prohibitionists dominated many of the largest temperance organizations after the 1830s, and temperance eventually became synonymous with prohibition.

text: The Civil War dealt the movement a crippling blow. Temperance groups in the South were then weaker than their Northern counterparts and too voluntarist to gain any statewide prohibition law, and the few prohibition laws in the North were repealed by the war's end. Both sides in the war made alcohol sales a part of the war effort by taxing brewers and distillers to finance much of the conflict. The issue of slavery crowded out temperance and temperance groups petered out until they found new life in the 1870s.[3]

text: Temperance Theatre[edit]

text: Temperance birthed an entire genre of theatre. This was first seen in 1895[citation needed], as The Forgers, a dramatic poem written by John Blake White, premiered at the Charleston Theatre in Charleston, South Carolina. The next significant temperance drama to debut was titled "Fifteen Years of a Drunkard's Life", written by Douglas Jerrold in 1841. As the movement began to grow and prosper, these dramas became more popular among the general public. The Drunkard by W.H. Smith premiered in 1841 in Boston, running for 144 performances before being produced at P.T. Barnum's American Museum on lower Broadway. The play was wildly popular and is often credited with the entrance of the temperance narrative into mainstream American theatre. It continued to be a staple of New York's theatre scene all the way until 1875. "The Drunkard" follows the typical format of a temperance drama: the main character has an alcohol-induced downfall, and he restores his life from disarray once he denounces drinking for good at the play's end. Temperance drama continued to grow as a genre of theatre, fostered by the advent of the railroad as a form of transportation. This enabled theatre companies to be much more mobile, traveling from city to city. Temperance drama would even reach as far as the West Coast, as David Belasco's adaptation of Émile Zola's novel "Drink" premiered at the Baldwin Theatre in San Francisco in 1879. The image titled The Drunkards Progress shown in the top of the article, gives us a representation of the temperance movement. This image depicts the progress of a drunk man, slowly the woman disappears, and the mans night ends in death. This picture shows us that drinking is social but also brings poverty upon people as well as death and loneliness.

text: Early victories in Maine[edit]

text: Maine was an early hotbed of the temperance movement. The world's first Total Abstinence Society was formed in Portland in 1815, and a statewide temperance group formed in 1834.[4] These groups won a major victory in 1838 when they pressured the state legislature to pass the Fifteen Gallon Law, which prohibited the sale of spirits in quantities of less than that amount.[5] Its practical effect was to make hard liquor available to the wealthy, who were the only ones who could afford such quantities.[5] It was repealed within two years.[5] However, in 1851 the so-called Maine law passed, which banned the production and sale of alcoholic beverages.[4] Thus Maine became the first "dry" state. However, the law's exception for “medicinal, mechanical and manufacturing purposes” meant that liquor was still available for some.[4]

text: Second Wave Temperance: 1872-1893[edit]

text: As Reconstruction came to a close in the 1870s, most white reformers grew uninterested in racial equality and invested more energy into temperance.[6] This period produced various temperance organizations including the prohibitionist Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU, f. 1874) and the voluntarist Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America (CTAU, f. 1872). Prohibitionist temperance grew popular in the South as it embraced the "Southern" values of racial hierarchy, gender roles, and honor.[7] The national movement enlisted more religious support throughout the country, especially from evangelicals.

text: Temperance education[edit]

text: In 1873, the WCTU established a Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction in Schools and Colleges, with Mary Hunt as National Superintendent. The WCTU was an influential organization with a membership of 120,000 by 1879.[citation needed] Frances Willard led the group under the motto "Do Everything" to protect women and children. Some of the changes the WCTU sought included property and custody rights for women, women's suffrage, raising the age of consensual sex, peace arbitration, women's education, and advocacy for working rights of women.[8]

text: Because of the correlation between drinking and domestic violence—many drunken husbands abused family members—the temperance movement existed alongside various women's rights and other movements, including the Progressive movement, and often the same activists were involved in multiple movements. Many notable voices of the time, ranging from Lucy Webb Hayes to Susan B. Anthony, were active in temperance. In Canada, Nellie McClung was a longstanding advocate of temperance. As with most social movements, there was a gamut of activists running from violent (Carrie Nation) to mild (Neal S. Dow).

text: The American Temperance University opened in 1893 in the planned town of Harriman, Tennessee, which was developed as a community with no alcoholic beverages permitted. In its second year of operation the institution enrolled 345 students from 20 states. However, it closed in 1908.

text: Temperance fountains[edit]

text: Muddied and ill-tasting drinking water encouraged many Americans to drink alcohol for health purposes, so temperance groups constructed public drinking fountains throughout the United States following the Civil War. The National Woman's Christian Temperance Union (NWCTU)'s organizing convention of 1874 strongly encouraged its attendees to erect the fountains in the places that they had come from. The NWCTU advocated public temperance fountains as a means to discourage males from entering drinking establishment for refreshment.[9]

text: Cast-stone statues of Hebe were marketed for use in temperance fountains. In Union Square Park{[10] (New York City) the James Fountain (1881), is a Temperance fountain with the figure of Charity who empties her jug of water, aided by a child; it was donated by Daniel Willis James and sculpted by Adolf Donndorf. In Washington DC "the" Temperance Fountain was donated to the city in 1882 by Temperance crusader Henry D. Cogswell. This fountain was one of a series of fountains he designed and commissioned in a belief that easy access to cool drinking water would keep people from consuming alcohol. Under its stone canopy the words "Faith," "Hope," "Charity," and "Temperance" are chiseled. Atop this canopy is a life-sized heron, and the centerpiece is a pair of entwined heraldic scaly dolphins. Originally, visitors were supposed to freely drink ice water flowing from the dolphins' snouts with a brass cup attached to the fountain and the overflow was collected by a trough for horses, but the city tired of having to replenish the ice in a reservoir underneath the base and disconnected the supply pipes. Other Cogswell fountains include one still standing in New York City's Tompkins Square Park.[11][12]

text: Simon Benson, an Oregon lumberman, was a tee-totaler who wanted to discourage his workers from drinking alcohol in the middle of the day. In 1912, Benson gave the City of Portland USD$10,000 for the installation of twenty bronze drinking fountains. As of May, 2012, these fountains, known as "Benson Bubblers", continue to be used as functional public drinking devices in downtown Portland; two Portland "Benson Bubbler" locations are Eastbank Esplanade and the corner of "3rd and Burnside".[13][14]

text: Third Wave Temperance: 1893-1933[edit]

text: The last wave of temperance in the United States saw the rise of the Anti-Saloon League (ASL), which successfully pushed for National Prohibition from its enactment in 1920 to its repeal in 1933. This heavily prohibitionist wave attracted a diverse coalition: doctors, pastors, and eugenicists; Klansmen and liberal internationalists; business leaders and labor radicals; conservative evangelicals and liberal theologians.[15]

text: Anti-Saloon League[edit]

text: Rev. Howard Hyde Russell founded the Anti-Saloon League (ASL) in 1893. Under the leadership of Wayne Wheeler the ASL stressed political results and perfected the art of pressure politics. It did not demand that politicians change their drinking habits, only their votes in the legislature. Other organizations like the Prohibition Party and the WCTU soon lost influence to the better-organized and more focused ASL.

text: The ASL's motto was "the Church in action against the saloon," and it mobilized its religious coalition to pass state (and local) legislation (establishing dry states and dry counties).

text: By the late nineteenth century, most Protestant denominations and the American wing of the Catholic Church supported the movement to legally restrict the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages. These groups believed that alcohol consumption led to corruption, prostitution, spousal abuse and other criminal activities. Brewers and distillers resisted the reform movement, which threatened to ruin their livelihood, and also feared women having the vote, because they expected women to vote for prohibition.[8]

text: Energized by the anti-German sentiment during World War I, the ASL achieved its main goal of passage on December 18, 1917—the 18th Amendment. Upon ratification by three-fourths of the state legislatures by January 16, 1919, established National Prohibition. (the Amendment came into effect on January 16, 1920) Prohibition banned "the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States and its possessions." However, Prohibition did not outlaw the purchase or consumption of alcohol products.

text: Temperance organizations[edit]

text: Temperance organizations of the United States played an essential role in bringing about ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution establishing national prohibition of alcohol. They included:

text:
The American Issue Publishing House
The American Temperance Society
The Anti-Saloon League
The British Women's Temperance Association
The Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America
The Committee of Fifty (1893)
The Daughters of Temperance[16]
The Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction
The Flying Squadron of America
The IOGT-USA (active)
The Knights of Father Matthew
The Lincoln-Lee Legion
The Methodist Board of Temperance, Prohibition, and Public Morals
The National Temperance Society and Publishing House
The Pioneer Total Abstinence Association (active)
The Prohibition Party (active)
The Salvation Army (active)
The Scientific Temperance Federation
The Sons of Temperance
The Templars of Honor and Temperance
The Abstinence Society
The Total Abstinence Society, formed in Portland, Maine in 1815.[4]
The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (active)
The Woman's New York State Temperance Society, founded in 1852 by Susan B. Anthony and Mary C. Vaughn[17]
The National Temperance Council
The World League Against Alcoholism (a pro-prohibition organization)

text: There was often considerable overlap in membership in these organizations, as well as in leadership. Prominent temperance leaders in the United States included Bishop James Cannon, Jr., James Black, Ernest Cherrington, Neal S. Dow, Mary Hunt, William E. Johnson (known as "Pussyfoot" Johnson), Carrie Nation, Howard Hyde Russell, John St. John, Billy Sunday, Father Mathew, Andrew Volstead and Wayne Wheeler.