document_title: Liverpool F.C. in European football

question_text: when did liverpool last win the league counter

text: Liverpool F.C. in European football

text: Background[edit]

text: Club competitions between teams from different European countries can trace their origins as far back as 1897, when the Challenge Cup was created for clubs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, who did not meet under normal circumstances. The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy, named after entrepreneur and sportsman Thomas Lipton, was established in 1909 and was contested between clubs from Italy, Great Britain, Germany and Switzerland; the competition lasted for two years.[1] The earliest attempt to create a cup for national champion clubs of Europe was made by Swiss club FC Servette. Founded in 1930, the Coupe des Nations featured clubs of ten major European football leagues and was deemed a success. Due to financial reasons, the competition was abandoned.[2]

text: The first continental competition organised by UEFA was the European Cup in 1955. Conceived by Gabriel Hanot, the editor of L'Équipe, as a competition for winners of the European national football leagues, it is considered the most prestigious European football competition.[3][4] When the European Cup was first played, Liverpool were in the Second Division, following relegation from the First Division after the 1953–54 season, and thus were ineligible for the competition.[5] During their time in the Second Division, two further competitions were created: the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. Established in 1955, the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was later re-branded as the UEFA Cup when it came under the auspices of UEFA in 1971.[6] Since the 2009–10 season, the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League.[7] The UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was inaugurated in 1960 for the winners of domestic cup competitions.[6]

text: In 1962 Liverpool were promoted to the First Division. Two years later, they won the Football League championship, thus making their European debut in the 1964–65 European Cup. In the following years, further European competitions were inaugurated. The first, the UEFA Super Cup, was originally a match played between the winners of the European Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup. First established in 1973, it changed formats in 2000; since then, it has been contested between the winners of the Champions League (formerly the European Cup) and the Europa League (formerly the UEFA Cup), following the Cup Winners' Cup amalgamation into the latter.[8] The Intercontinental Cup was a competition for the winners of the European Cup (later, the UEFA Champions League) and the South American equivalent, the Copa Libertadores. Established in 1960, the Intercontinental Cup was jointly organised by UEFA and the Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL). It ran until 2004, when the FIFA Club World Cup, which includes the winners of all six confederations' regional championships replaced it.[9]

text: History[edit]

text: First steps in Europe – the Shankly years (1965–74)[edit]

text: Bill Shankly began managing Liverpool in 1959, and it was under him that the team first competed in European competition in 1964–65, qualifying for the European Cup by winning the First Division championship the previous season.[10] The club's first opponents were Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur of Iceland, who they played in the preliminary round. Liverpool won 11–1 on aggregate. The next round, against Belgian club Anderlecht, was the first time in Liverpool's history that they wore their now common all-red strip. The decision was made to change from red shirts, white shorts and socks by Shankly, who wanted his players to make more of a psychological impact on opponents.[11] They beat Anderlecht and progressed to the semi-finals, where they met Italian team Internazionale. Before the first leg at Anfield, Shankly asked two injured players to parade the FA Cup, which Liverpool had won the previous week, to intimidate the Italians.[12] The team won the match 3–1,[13] but Inter won the second leg 3–0, securing a 4–3 aggregate victory. The second leg was controversial; Shankly described it as "a war".[14] He felt that the referee, Jose Maria Ortiz de Mendibel, had shown bias towards Internazionale,[15] and the Liverpool players felt cheated by his decisions.[14] The club's 1964–65 FA Cup victory ensured qualification for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup the following season, and in that competition, they reached their first European final. Borussia Dortmund, Liverpool's opponents, employed counter-attacking tactics that had paid dividends in previous rounds and did so again, with the West Germans beating Liverpool 2–1 after extra time.[16]

text: In the next four seasons, they competed in the European Cup and Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, but failed to progress past the third round in either competition.[17] A tie against Dutch team Ajax during the 1966–67 European Cup was to prove pivotal in the history of Liverpool in European competition.[18] Ajax beat Liverpool 7–3 on aggregate. However, the style of football that Ajax played – a patient passing game, inspired by Johann Cruyff – convinced Shankly that Liverpool had to replicate this style to be successful in Europe.[19] Liverpool reached the semi-finals of the 1970–71 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, losing 1–0 on aggregate to Leeds United.[20] They competed in the 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup, despite losing the 1971 FA Cup Final, as the FA Cup winners, Arsenal, had also qualified for the European Cup by winning the league championship. Liverpool were eliminated in the second round by Bayern Munich of Germany, losing 3–1 on aggregate.[21]

text: The changes made to Liverpool's tactics came to fruition during the 1972–73 UEFA Cup. The club reached their second European final, where they faced Borussia Mönchengladbach of Germany. Liverpool won the first leg 3–0 as a result of two goals from Kevin Keegan and one from Larry Lloyd. Victory in this first leg meant Liverpool only needed to avoid losing by three or more goals in order to win the final. This influenced their tactics – The Times reported that Liverpool employed a "holding action" against the "attacking Germans".[22] The tactics worked, allowing Mönchengladbach only two goals, granting Liverpool a 3–2 aggregate victory.[23] Liverpool also won the First Division championship that season, and as a result qualified for the 1973–74 European Cup, where they were eliminated in the second round by Red Star Belgrade of Yugoslavia. At the end of that season, Shankly retired.[24]

text: European domination – the Paisley years (1974–83)[edit]

text: Shankly was succeeded by his assistant, Bob Paisley, in 1974.[25] Liverpool competed in the Cup Winners' Cup during Paisley's first season and defeated Strømsgodset of Norway 11–0 at Anfield. This remains the club's largest margin of victory in all matches.[26] They lost in the next round to Hungarian side Ferencváros on the away goals rule. In 1975–76 the club entered the UEFA Cup after a second-place finish in the First Division. Victories over Hibernian (Scotland), Real Sociedad (Spain), Śląsk Wrocław (Poland), Dynamo Dresden (East Germany) and Barcelona (Spain) took Liverpool to their third European final. Crucial to their progress was goalkeeper Ray Clemence, who made two important penalty saves against Hibernian and Dresden, saving Liverpool from elimination on the away goals rule on both occasions.[27] Their opponents in the final were Club Brugge of Belgium. Liverpool recovered from a two-goal deficit to win the first leg at Anfield 3–2, with Ray Kennedy, Jimmy Case, and Keegan scoring a goal each in a span of six minutes. A 1–1 draw at the Jan Breydel Stadion in Bruges meant Liverpool won 4–3 on aggregate, earning their second UEFA Cup.[28]

text: As the 1975–76 league champions, the club entered the 1976–77 European Cup. They defeated Crusaders of Northern Ireland and Trabzonspor of Turkey to reach the quarter-finals, where they faced the runners-up from the previous season, Saint-Étienne. The French team won the first leg 1–0. The second leg at Anfield began well for Liverpool when Keegan scored in the first two minutes. Saint-Étienne equalised to make the score 2–1 on aggregate in their favour. Kennedy scored for Liverpool, but the away goals rule meant they still needed another goal to win the tie. With six minutes remaining, David Fairclough was brought on to replace John Toshack; he immediately scored in front of the Kop, ensuring a 3–2 aggregate victory for Liverpool.[29] In the semi-finals, they defeated FC Zürich of Switzerland 6–1 on aggregate to reach the final, where they met their opponents from the 1973 UEFA Cup Final, Borussia Mönchengladbach. The final was held in Rome, four days after the club had lost the 1977 FA Cup Final to Manchester United. Before the match, Paisley announced that striker Toshack would be fit to start. However, he was not named in the matchday squad. This change upset the Germans' game plan and allowed Keegan to torment his marker, Berti Vogts.[30] Liverpool won 3–1 to become European champions for the first time.[31]

text: By winning the European Cup, they qualified for the European Super Cup and played the winners of the Cup Winners' Cup, German team Hamburg, who had just signed Keegan.[32] Liverpool won the tie 7–1 on aggregate.[33] Liverpool entered the 1977–78 European Cup as champions and received a bye in the first round. They defeated Dynamo Dresden and Portuguese team Benfica in the second round and quarter-finals, respectively. In the semi-final, the club again met Borussia Mönchengladbach, who won the first leg 2–1. Liverpool won the second leg 3–0, progressing to a second successive European Cup final, this time against Club Brugge at Wembley Stadium in London. In the final Kenny Dalglish, who had been signed to replace Keegan, scored the winning goal after receiving the ball from a Graeme Souness pass. The 1–0 victory meant Liverpool became the first British team to retain the European Cup.[34] They faced Anderlecht in the 1978 European Super Cup, but failed to retain the trophy, losing 4–3 on aggregate against the Belgian side.[35] Liverpool were eliminated in the first round of the 1978–79 European Cup by English champions Nottingham Forest. Nottingham Forest won the tie 2–0 on aggregate, and went on to win the competition.[36] Liverpool entered the 1979–80 European Cup as English champions but were again eliminated in the first round, this time beaten 4–2 on aggregate by Dinamo Tbilisi of the Soviet Union.[37]

text: Liverpool participated in the 1980–81 European Cup as English league champions, defeating Finnish champions Oulun Palloseura, Scottish club Aberdeen and CSKA Sofia of Bulgaria to qualify for the semi-finals, where they faced three-time champions Bayern Munich. The first leg at Anfield finished goalless. In the second leg at the Olympiastadion in Munich, Ray Kennedy scored in the 83rd minute and, although the German side equalised, Liverpool went through to the final on the away goals rule.[38] They faced Spanish side Real Madrid in the final, held at the Parc des Princes in Paris. Alan Kennedy scored the only goal to give Liverpool a 1–0 victory, which secured the club's—and Paisley's—third European Cup. As champions of Europe, Liverpool competed in the Intercontinental Cup against South American champions Flamengo of Brazil. Liverpool lost the match 3–0.[39] The club's defence of the European Cup in 1981–82 was ended by CSKA Sofia in the quarter-finals.[40] Another quarter-final exit occurred in the 1982–83 European Cup when Polish club Widzew Łódź eliminated Liverpool 4–3 on aggregate.[41] Paisley retired as manager at the end of the season and was succeeded by his assistant, Joe Fagan.[42]

text: Triumph and tragedy – the Fagan years (1983–85)[edit]

text: Liverpool entered the 1983–84 European Cup as league champions for the fourth time in five seasons. Victories over Odense of Denmark and Spanish champions Athletic Bilbao brought Liverpool to face Portuguese champions Benfica in the quarter-finals.[43] Liverpool won the first leg at Anfield 1–0. In the second leg, their tactic of withdrawing Dalglish into midfield put Benfica's game plan into disarray,[44] leading to a 4–1 match victory and a 5–1 aggregate victory. Their opponents in the semi-finals were Dinamo București of Romania. The tie proved a brutal encounter, characterised by Souness breaking the jaw of the Bucharest captain Lică Movilă, and was won 3–1 on aggregate by Liverpool.[44]

text: Fagan's first season in charge of Liverpool had been a successful one. When they reached their fourth European Cup final, they had already won the Football League Cup and the league championship;[45] victory in the European final against Italian side Roma would complete an unprecedented treble. The final was played at Rome's Stadio Olimpico, and Liverpool went ahead in the 13th minute when Phil Neal scored, though Roma equalised towards the end of the first half. The score remained the same throughout full and extra time; Liverpool won the subsequent penalty shoot-out, with Alan Kennedy scoring the winning penalty after goalkeeper Bruce Grobbelaar had put off Francesco Graziani, causing him to place his penalty over the crossbar.[46] After the game, gangs of Roma fans assaulted Liverpool supporters travelling back to their hotels.[47] Success in the European Cup entitled Liverpool to compete in the 1984 Intercontinental Cup. However, they were unable to beat the winners of the Copa Libertadores, Independiente of Argentina, who claimed a 1–0 victory.[48]

text: Liverpool entered the 1984–85 European Cup as champions, and once again progressed to the final, where their opponents were Juventus of Italy. They aimed to win their fifth European Cup and keep the trophy. The 1985 European Cup Final was held at the Heysel Stadium in Brussels. The choice of venue had been criticised due to the dilapidated state of the stadium, and the club tried to persuade UEFA to change the venue.[49] Before the kick-off, Liverpool fans breached a fence separating the two groups of supporters and charged the Juventus fans. The resulting weight of people caused a retaining wall to collapse, killing 39 people and injuring hundreds more.[50] Despite calls for an abandonment, the match was played, as it was felt that further trouble would be caused otherwise.[51]

text: Juventus won the match 1–0; Michel Platini scored from the penalty spot to give Juventus their first European Cup.[52] UEFA laid the blame for the incident solely on the Liverpool fans: the official UEFA observer stated, "Only the English fans were responsible. Of that there is no doubt".[53] Three days after the final, UEFA banned all English clubs from European competition for an indefinite period. Liverpool were initially given an additional three-year ban.[52] Fagan retired after the 1984–85 season and was succeeded by Dalglish, who took over as player-manager.[54]

text: The ban on English clubs in European competitions ultimately lasted for five years, and even when the ban was lifted in 1990, Liverpool were not re-admitted; they had to serve an extra year. The ban prevented them qualifying for the European Cup in 1986 (as league champions and FA Cup winners), the UEFA Cup in 1987 (as league runners-up), the European Cup in 1988 (as league champions), the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1989 (as FA Cup winners) and the European Cup in 1990 (as league champions).[55]

text: Return to Europe (1991–2004)[edit]

text: Liverpool were allowed to return to European competition in the 1991–92 season, a year later than other English clubs. They qualified for the UEFA Cup as runners-up in the English league. Their manager by this stage was Graeme Souness, who had taken over towards the end of the previous season following Dalglish's resignation.[56]

text: Their first match, in the UEFA Cup, was against Finnish side Kuusyi Lahti, which they won 6–1.[57] A 6–2 aggregate victory set up a tie against Auxerre of France in the second round who they beat 3–2 on aggregate.[58] The club defeated Swarovski Tirol of Austria in the third round 6–0 on aggregate before losing to Genoa (Italy) 4–1 over two legs in the quarter finals.[59]

text: Liverpool's victory over Sunderland in the 1992 FA Cup Final qualified them for the 1992–93 European Cup Winners' Cup, but this campaign was short-lived, as they were eliminated in the second round by Russian side Spartak Moscow.[60] Liverpool finished no higher than sixth in the Premier League during the next two seasons, thus failing to qualify for European competition. In the 1995–96 season, they entered the UEFA Cup, but again progressed no further than the second round, this time losing to Brøndby of Denmark.[61]

text: As runners-up to League champions Manchester United in the 1996 FA Cup Final, Liverpool were able to compete in the 1996–97 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. This proved the club's most successful campaign since their return to European competition, as they reached the semi-finals, where they were eliminated 3–2 on aggregate by Paris Saint–Germain.[62] In the next two seasons, Liverpool played in the UEFA Cup but were eliminated at an early stage of the competition, by Strasbourg and Celta de Vigo, respectively.[63][64] A seventh-place finish in the 1998–99 FA Premier League meant the club did not qualify for Europe in 1999–2000.[65]

text:
Having finished fourth in the 1999–2000 FA Premier League, Liverpool qualified for the 2000–01 UEFA Cup. Their victory in this competition marked a third win for a club. The entire season was the club's most successful since the 1983–84 season, as they won a cup treble consisting of the UEFA Cup, the FA Cup and the League Cup. Their opponents in the final in Dortmund were Alavés of Spain. The match was tied at 4–4 in extra time when Alavés defender Delfí Geli scored an own goal to give Liverpool victory on the golden goal rule.[66]
The performance of Gary McAllister, whose free-kick resulted in the winning goal, was praised as "outstanding" by Trevor Brooking.[67] This was the club's first European trophy since their European Cup victory in 1984.[68] As UEFA Cup winners, Liverpool played in the 2001 UEFA Super Cup against Champions League winners Bayern Munich and won 3–2.[69]

text: In the 2001–02 season, Liverpool returned to the European Cup, now called the UEFA Champions League, for the first time since the Heysel disaster. A 2–0 victory over Roma in the second group stage meant they progressed to the quarter-finals.[70] They faced German club Bayer Leverkusen and won the first leg 1–0. The outlook for the second leg appeared to be to Liverpool's advantage, as their counter-attacking style of play had served them well during away matches throughout the season;[71] however, they lost the second leg 4–2 and were eliminated 4–3 on aggregate.[72]

text: A second-place finish in the 2001–02 FA Premier League entitled Liverpool to participate in the Champions League for a second successive season, but they only finished third in their group and were eliminated from the competition.[73] The third-place finish meant they entered the 2002–03 UEFA Cup. Liverpool beat Dutch team Vitesse Arnhem and Auxerre to set up an all-British tie with Scottish team Celtic. A 1–1 draw in the first leg meant Liverpool would progress to the semi-finals if they did not concede a goal in the second leg at Anfield. However, Celtic scored before half-time and again in the second half to win 3–1 on aggregate.[74]

text: Liverpool entered the UEFA Cup for the 2003–04 season, after Chelsea beat them on the final day of the previous league season to claim the fourth place needed to qualify for the Champions League.[75] Liverpool were eliminated in the fourth round by eventual runners-up Marseille of France. At the end of the season, manager Gérard Houllier was replaced by Rafael Benítez.[76]

text: Renewed European success – the Benítez years (2004–10)[edit]

text: Liverpool had finished fourth in the 2003–04 season, which qualified them to compete in the Champions League in the 2004–05 season. A poor start in the group stages, with two losses in their first five games, had the club facing elimination. A 3–1 victory over Greek side Olympiacos, however, eventually ensured their passage to the knock-out rounds. Liverpool beat Bayer Leverkusen and Juventus to reach the semi-finals, and progressed to the final after they beat Chelsea 1–0 on aggregate; the goal scored by Luis García was referred to as a "ghost goal" by Chelsea manager José Mourinho, as it was unclear whether the ball crossed the goal line.[77] Liverpool's performances in Europe contrasted strongly with their league form, where they struggled to finish in the top-four and thus ensure qualification for the next Champions League season.[78]

text: Liverpool faced six-time European champions Milan in the final at the Atatürk Stadium in Istanbul on 25 May 2005. Trailing 3–0 at half-time, they scored three goals in a six-minute spell in the second half to level the score at 3–3. There were no goals during extra time, so the match was decided by a penalty shoot-out. With the shoot-out score at 3–2, Liverpool goalkeeper Jerzy Dudek saved Andriy Shevchenko's penalty to give Liverpool victory.[79] The nature of Liverpool's comeback victory has led to the match being referred to as the "miracle of Istanbul."[80] As this was the club's fifth European Cup victory, Liverpool were allowed to keep the European Champion Clubs' Cup permanently, and a new trophy was commissioned for the following year's competition.[81] The victory also entitled Liverpool to compete in the 2005 UEFA Super Cup at Stade Louis II, Monaco in August. They defeated UEFA Cup winners CSKA Moscow of Russia 3–1(aet.) to win their third Super Cup.[82] Their success in the Champions League meant Liverpool also qualified for the 2005 FIFA Club World Championship, where they lost 1–0 in the final to Brazilian team São Paulo.[83]

text: A fifth-place finish in the Premier League in 2004–05 meant Liverpool were not guaranteed entry into the Champions League, and faced the prospect of not being able to defend their European title. UEFA eventually ruled that they would be allowed to do so, but would be required to start in the first qualifying round, with no country protection, meaning they could face a team from England in the group stages.[84] This turned out to be the case—Liverpool advanced through three qualifying rounds and were drawn with Chelsea in the group stages. They progressed from their group as winners but were beaten by Benfica in the first knock-out round.[85]

text: In the 2006–07 Champions League, Liverpool progressed from the group stages and beat holders Barcelona, PSV and Chelsea to face Milan in a rematch of the 2005 final.[86] The Liverpool team, which contained only five players from the 2005 final, enjoyed more possession than in 2005,[87] but two goals from Filippo Inzaghi gave Milan their seventh European Cup in a 2–1 win.[88]

text: Liverpool were eliminated from the 2007–08 Champions League in the semi-finals by Chelsea, who they had beaten in the semi-finals in 2005 and 2007. A fourth-place finish in the 2007–08 Premier League secured their entry into the 2008–09 Champions League. Liverpool reached the quarter-finals and again faced Chelsea, but lost 7–5 on aggregate.[89]

text: A second-place finish in the 2008–09 Premier League entitled Liverpool to compete in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League, but their campaign was short-lived; they finished third in their group, and were eliminated from the competition. They entered the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League, progressing to the semi-finals, where they were eliminated by eventual winners Atlético Madrid of Spain on the away goals rule after the tie finished 2–2 on aggregate.[90]

text: Decline and Resurgence (2010–present)[edit]

text: Rafael Benítez left the club at the end of the 2009–10 season and was replaced by Roy Hodgson.[91] A seventh-place finish in the 2009–10 Premier League meant Liverpool would be competing in the 2010–11 Europa League. They beat Rabotnički of Macedonia and Trabzonspor of Turkey to progress to the group stage, where Liverpool were drawn alongside Napoli, FC Utrecht and Steaua București. They won two games and drew four to finish top of their group with ten points and progress to the round of 32.[92] They were drawn against Sparta Prague in the next round. Before the tie was played, however, Hodgson was replaced by former manager Kenny Dalglish, who initially served as a caretaker manager.[93] A 1–0 aggregate victory ensured progression to the round of 16, in which Liverpool lost 1–0 on aggregate to eventual runners-up Braga.[94] A sixth-place finish in the 2010–11 Premier League meant the club failed to qualify for European competition for the first time since 1999.[95] On the following season, victory in the League Cup final ensured Liverpool a place in the 2012–13 Europa League.[96]

text: Liverpool qualified for the knockout phase of the 2012–13 Europa League after winning their group at the group stage, but were eliminated from the competition at the round of 32 by Zenit Saint Petersburg on the away goals rule after a 0–2 loss away and a 3–1 win at home.[97] A seventh-place finish in the 2012–13 Premier League and a failure to secure qualification via domestic cups meant Liverpool failed to qualify for any European competition in the 2013–14 season. A second-placed finish in the 2013–14 Premier League, ensured Liverpool qualified for the group stage of the 2014–15 Champions League.[98] One win out of six in the group stage meant they were eliminated and entered into the knockout phase of the 2014–15 Europa League.[99] The campaign was short-lived, as Liverpool eliminated by Beşiktaş in the round of 32.[100]

text:
Finishing sixth in the 2014–15 Premier League qualified Liverpool directly to the group stage of the 2015–16 Europa League, where they faced Sion, Bordeaux and for the first time, Russian side Rubin Kazan.[101] During the group stage, manager Brendan Rodgers was replaced by Jürgen Klopp.[102]  After winning the group, Liverpool qualified for the knockout phase, beating FC Augsburg in the round of 32 before facing bitter rivals Manchester United in the round of 16, the two clubs' first meeting in Europe.[103][104] Liverpool defeated them 3–1 on aggregate and victory led to a quarter-final tie with Klopp's former team Borussia Dortmund.[105][106] After a 1–1 draw in the first leg at Signal Iduna Park, Dortmund went 3–1 up in the return leg at Anfield with 33 minutes remaining, requiring Liverpool to score three goals due to the Away goals rule. Goals from Philippe Coutinho, Mamadou Sakho and a last minute winner from Dejan Lovren, however, saw Liverpool complete the comeback and qualify for their first European semi-final since 2010.[107] There they faced Villarreal, completing a second comeback after overturning a 1–0 defeat in the first leg at El Madrigal to qualify for the final with a 3–1 aggregate win.[108][109] Liverpool played Sevilla in the final at St. Jakob-Park, Basel, on 18 May, losing 3–1. A 4th-place finish in the 2016–17 Premier League qualified Liverpool for the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League and a return to Europe's premier club tournament for only the second time in 8 years during the 2010s.
On 17 October 2017, Liverpool won 7-0 away to Maribor in the third round of matches of the group stage of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League. The win was a record away win for Liverpool in European competitions and also the biggest away win by an English team in the history of the European Cup.[110][111] After qualifying top of their group, they proceeded to defeat Porto 5-0 at the Estadio de Dragao, before holding them to a 0-0 draw on the return leg, then defeated domestic rivals Manchester City 3-0 and 2-1, and in the semi-finals, defeated Roma 5-2 at Anfield, before a 4-2 loss led to a 7-6 aggregate win, taking them to the final, against holders Real Madrid. Liverpool lost the final by 3-1 but finished 4th in the 2017–18 Premier League to qualify for the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League.[112]

text: Records[edit]

text:
Most appearances in European competition: Jamie Carragher, 150[113]
Most goals in European competition: Steven Gerrard, 41[114]
First European match: Liverpool 6–0 Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur, European Cup, first round, 17 August 1964[115]
First goal scored in Europe: Gordon Wallace, against KR Reykjavik[116]
Biggest win: Liverpool 11–0 Strømsgodset, in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, 17 September 1974[115]
Biggest defeat: Liverpool 1–5 Ajax, in the European Cup, 7 December 1966[117]
Highest European home attendance: 55,104, against Barcelona in the 1975–76 UEFA Cup, 14 April 1976[118][119]
Lowest European home attendance: 12,021 against Dundalk in the 1982–83 European Cup[118]

text: By season[edit]

text: Key

text:
P = Played
W = Games won
D = Games drawn
L = Games lost
F = Goals for
A = Goals against
GD = Goal difference
Grp = Group stage

R1 = First round
R2 = Second round
R3 = Third round
R4 = Fourth round
R16 = Round of 16
R32 = Round of 32
QF = Quarter-final
SF = Semi-final

Key to colours:

Gold
Winners

Silver
Runners-up

text:
Liverpool F.C. record in European football by season[120][121][122]

Season

Competition

P

W

D

L

F

A

Round

1964–65

European Cup

9

5

3

1

18

5

SF

1965–66

European Cup Winners' Cup

9

5

1

3

12

6

Runners-up

1966–67

European Cup

4

1

1

2

6

8

R2

1967–68

Inter-Cities Fairs Cup

6

3

0

3

13

5

R3

1968–69

Inter-Cities Fairs Cup

1

3

0

1

3

3

R1

1969–70

Inter-Cities Fairs Cup

4

3

0

1

17

3

R2

1970–71

Inter-Cities Fairs Cup

10

5

4

1

13

4

SF

1971–72

European Cup Winners' Cup

4

1

1

2

4

5

R2

1972–73

UEFA Cup

12

8

2

2

17

6

Winners

1973–74

European Cup

4

1

1

2

5

5

R2

1974–75

European Cup Winners' Cup

4

2

2

0

12

1

R2

1975–76

UEFA Cup

12

8

3

1

25

8

Winners

1976–77

European Cup

9

7

0

2

22

5

Winners

1977

European Super Cup

2

1

1

0

7

1

Winners

1977–78

European Cup

7

5

0

2

17

7

Winners

1978

European Super Cup

2

1

0

1

3

4

Runners-up

1978–79

European Cup

2

0

1

1

0

2

R1

1979–80

European Cup

2

1

0

1

2

4

R1

1980–81

European Cup

9

6

3

0

24

4

Winners

1981

Intercontinental Cup

1

0

0

1

0

3

Runners-up

1981–82

European Cup

6

4

1

1

14

6

QF

1982–83

European Cup

6

4

0

2

13

6

QF

1983–84

European Cup

9

7

2

0

16

3

Winners

1984

European Super Cup

1

0

0

1

0

2

Runners-up

1984

Intercontinental Cup

1

0

0

1

0

1

Runners-up

1984–85

European Cup

9

6

1

2

18

5

Runners-up

1991–92

UEFA Cup

8

4

0

4

16

8

QF

1992–93

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup

4

2

0

2

10

8

R2

1995–96

UEFA Cup

4

1

2

1

2

2

R2

1996–97

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup

8

6

1

1

18

9

SF

1997–98

UEFA Cup

4

1

2

1

4

5

R2

1998–99

UEFA Cup

6

2

2

2

11

5

R3

2000–01

UEFA Cup

13

8

4

1

19

9

Winners

2001

UEFA Super Cup

1

1

0

0

3

2

Winners

2001–02

UEFA Champions League

14

5

7

2

14

11

QF

2002–03

UEFA Champions League

6

2

2

2

12

8

Grp

2002–03

UEFA Cup

6

4

1

1

6

3

QF

2003–04

UEFA Cup

8

4

3

1

14

7

R4

2004–05

UEFA Champions League

15

8

3

4

14

11

Winners

2005

UEFA Super Cup

1

1

0

0

3

1

Winners

2005

FIFA Club World Cup

2

1

0

1

3

1

Runners-up

2005–06

UEFA Champions League

14

8

3

3

20

7

R16

2006–07

UEFA Champions League

15

8

4

3

23

12

Runners-up

2007–08

UEFA Champions League

14

8

3

3

34

11

SF

2008–09

UEFA Champions League

12

7

4

1

22

12

QF

2009–10

UEFA Champions League

6

2

1

3

5

7

Grp

2009–10

UEFA Europa League

8

5

0

3

14

8

SF

2010–11

UEFA Europa League

14

7

6

1

16

5

R16

2012–13

UEFA Europa League

12

7

2

3

20

13

R32

2014–15

UEFA Champions League

6

1

2

3

5

9

Grp

2014–15

UEFA Europa League

2

1

0

1

1

1

R32

2015–16

UEFA Europa League

15

6

7

2

19

13

Runners-up

2017–18

UEFA Champions League

15

9

4

2

47

19

Runners-up

2018–19

UEFA Champions League

3

2

0

1

7

3

text: By competition[edit]

text:
Liverpool F.C. record in European football by competition[123]

Competition

P

W

D

L

F

A

European Cup/UEFA Champions League

199

113

43

43

376

175

UEFA Cup Winners' Cup

29

16

5

8

57

29

UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League

124

66

34

24

186

94

Inter-Cities Fairs Cup

22

12

4

6

46

15

UEFA Super Cup

7

4

1

2

16

10

Intercontinental Cup

2

0

0

2

0

4

FIFA Club World Cup

2

1

0

1

3

1

Total

385

212

87

86

684

328

text: By country[edit]

text:
Liverpool F.C. record in Continental football by country[124]

Country[a]

Pld

W

D

L

F

A

GD

Win%

 Argentina

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

7000100000000000000♠1

−1

005000000000000000000♠0.00

 Austria

7000600000000000000♠6

7000400000000000000♠4

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

7001130000000000000♠13

7000300000000000000♠3

+10

07001666700000000000♠66.67

 Belarus

7000200000000000000♠2

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000400000000000000♠4

5000000000000000000♠0

+4

7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Belgium

7001130000000000000♠13

7001100000000000000♠10

7000200000000000000♠2

7000100000000000000♠1

7001220000000000000♠22

7000900000000000000♠9

+13

07001769200000000000♠76.92

 Brazil

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

7000400000000000000♠4

−4

005000000000000000000♠0.00

 Bulgaria

7001100000000000000♠10

7000700000000000000♠7

7000100000000000000♠1

7000200000000000000♠2

7001200000000000000♠20

7001100000000000000♠10

+10

07001700000000000000♠70.00

 Costa Rica

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000300000000000000♠3

5000000000000000000♠0

+3

7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Cyprus

7000200000000000000♠2

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000800000000000000♠8

7000200000000000000♠2

+6

7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Czech Republic

7000400000000000000♠4

7000300000000000000♠3

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

7000500000000000000♠5

7000200000000000000♠2

+3

07001750000000000000♠75.00

 Denmark

7000400000000000000♠4

7000200000000000000♠2

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

7000600000000000000♠6

7000100000000000000♠1

+5

07001500000000000000♠50.00

 England

7001220000000000000♠22

7000700000000000000♠7

7000900000000000000♠9

7000600000000000000♠6

7001250000000000000♠25

7001210000000000000♠21

+4

07001318200000000000♠31.82

 Finland

7001120000000000000♠12

7000900000000000000♠9

7000200000000000000♠2

7000100000000000000♠1

7001430000000000000♠43

7000700000000000000♠7

+36

07001750000000000000♠75.00

 France

7001270000000000000♠27

7001160000000000000♠16

7000200000000000000♠2

7000900000000000000♠9

7001410000000000000♠41

7001220000000000000♠22

+19

07001592600000000000♠59.26

 Germany

7001420000000000000♠42

7001210000000000000♠21

7001140000000000000♠14

7000700000000000000♠7

7001760000000000000♠76

7001370000000000000♠37

+39

07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Georgia

7000200000000000000♠2

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

7000100000000000000♠1

7000200000000000000♠2

7000400000000000000♠4

−2

07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Greece

7000800000000000000♠8

7000600000000000000♠6

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

7001180000000000000♠18

7000500000000000000♠5

+13

07001750000000000000♠75.00

 Hungary

7001100000000000000♠10

7000400000000000000♠4

7000400000000000000♠4

7000200000000000000♠2

7000700000000000000♠7

7000400000000000000♠4

+3

07001400000000000000♠40.00

 Iceland

7000200000000000000♠2

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7001110000000000000♠11

7000100000000000000♠1

+10

7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Ireland

7000400000000000000♠4

7000400000000000000♠4

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7001190000000000000♠19

7000100000000000000♠1

+18

7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Israel

7000200000000000000♠2

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

7000300000000000000♠3

7000200000000000000♠2

+1

07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Italy

7001280000000000000♠28

7001100000000000000♠10

7000700000000000000♠7

7001110000000000000♠11

7001340000000000000♠34

7001350000000000000♠35

−1

07001357100000000000♠35.71

 Lithuania

7000200000000000000♠2

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000500000000000000♠5

7000100000000000000♠1

+4

7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Luxembourg

7000200000000000000♠2

7000100000000000000♠1

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

7000300000000000000♠3

7000100000000000000♠1

+2

07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Macedonia

7000200000000000000♠2

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000400000000000000♠4

5000000000000000000♠0

+4

7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Netherlands

7001140000000000000♠14

7000800000000000000♠8

7000500000000000000♠5

7000100000000000000♠1

7001220000000000000♠22

7001120000000000000♠12

+10

07001571400000000000♠57.14

 Northern Ireland

7000200000000000000♠2

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000700000000000000♠7

5000000000000000000♠0

+7

7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Norway

7000400000000000000♠4

7000300000000000000♠3

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

7001160000000000000♠16

7000100000000000000♠1

+15

07001750000000000000♠75.00

 Poland

7000600000000000000♠6

7000500000000000000♠5

5000000000000000000♠0

7000100000000000000♠1

7001130000000000000♠13

7000500000000000000♠5

+8

07001833300000000000♠83.33

 Portugal

7001220000000000000♠22

7001100000000000000♠10

7000600000000000000♠6

7000600000000000000♠6

7001360000000000000♠36

7001190000000000000♠19

+17

07001454500000000000♠45.45

 Romania

7001150000000000000♠15

7001100000000000000♠10

7000400000000000000♠4

7000100000000000000♠1

7001240000000000000♠24

7000900000000000000♠9

+15

07001666700000000000♠66.67

 Russia

7001130000000000000♠13

7000700000000000000♠7

7000200000000000000♠2

7000400000000000000♠4

7001270000000000000♠27

7001140000000000000♠14

+13

07001538500000000000♠53.85

 Scotland

7001140000000000000♠14

7000700000000000000♠7

7000400000000000000♠4

7000300000000000000♠3

7001180000000000000♠18

7000900000000000000♠9

+9

07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Serbia

7000300000000000000♠3

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

7000200000000000000♠2

7000600000000000000♠6

7000400000000000000♠4

+2

07001333300000000000♠33.33

 Slovakia

7000200000000000000♠2

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000800000000000000♠8

5000000000000000000♠0

+8

7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Slovenia

7000400000000000000♠4

7000300000000000000♠3

7000100000000000000♠1

5000000000000000000♠0

7001140000000000000♠14

7000100000000000000♠1

+13

07001750000000000000♠75.00

 Spain

7001400000000000000♠40

7001150000000000000♠15

7001120000000000000♠12

7001130000000000000♠13

7001500000000000000♠50

7001440000000000000♠44

+6

07001375000000000000♠37.50

 Sweden

7000200000000000000♠2

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000400000000000000♠4

7000100000000000000♠1

+3

7002100000000000000♠100.00

  Switzerland

7001130000000000000♠13

7000600000000000000♠6

7000500000000000000♠5

7000200000000000000♠2

7001290000000000000♠29

7001180000000000000♠18

+11

07001461500000000000♠46.15

 Turkey

7001120000000000000♠12

7000600000000000000♠6

7000200000000000000♠2

7000400000000000000♠4

7001220000000000000♠22

7001110000000000000♠11

+11

07001500000000000000♠50.00

 Ukraine

7000200000000000000♠2

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000300000000000000♠3

7000100000000000000♠1

+2

7002100000000000000♠100.00

 Wales

7000200000000000000♠2

7000200000000000000♠2

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0

7000600000000000000♠6

5000000000000000000♠0

+6

7002100000000000000♠100.00

text: Honours[edit]

text:
Liverpool F.C. honours in European competition

Honour

No.

Years

European Cup/UEFA Champions League

5

1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005

UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League

3

1973, 1976, 2001

UEFA Super Cup

3

1977, 2001, 2005

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The table excludes former nations such as East Germany and the Soviet Union.


document_title: President of India

question_text: how many years make up one term of the president of india

question_tokens: how many years make up one term of the president of india

root

text: President of India

text: Origin

text: India achieved independence from the British on 15 August 1947, initially as a dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations with George VI as king, represented in the country by a governor-general.[3] Still, following this, the Constituent Assembly of India, under the leadership of B.R.Ambedkar, undertook the process of drafting a completely new constitution for the country. The Constitution of India was eventually enacted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950,[4]:26 making India a republic.[5]:9 The offices of monarch and governor-general were replaced by the new office of President of India, with Rajendra Prasad as its first incumbent.[5]:1

tag: p

text: The Indian constitution accords with the president, the responsibility and authority to defend and protect the Constitution of India and its rule of law.[6] Invariably, any action taken by the executive or legislature entities of the constitution shall become law only after the President's assent. The president shall not accept any actions of the executive or legislature which are unconstitutional. The president is the foremost, most empowered and prompt defender of the constitution (Article 60), who has pre-emptive power for ensuring constitutionality in the actions of the executive or legislature. The role of the judiciary in upholding the Constitution of India is the second line of defence in nullifying any unconstitutional actions of the executive and legislative entities of the Indian Union.

text: Powers and duties

text: Duty

text: The primary duty of the president is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law of India as made part of his oath (Article 60 of Indian constitution).[6] The president is the common head of all independent constitutional entities. All his actions, recommendations (Article 3, Article 111, Article 274, etc.) and supervisory powers (Article 74(2), Article 78 c, Article 108, Article 111, etc.) over the executive and legislative entities of India shall be used in accordance to uphold the constitution.[7] There is no bar on the actions of the president to contest in the court of law.[8][9]

text: Legislative powers

text: Legislative power is constitutionally vested by the Parliament of India of which the president is the head, to facilitate the lawmaking process per the constitution (Article 78, Article 86, etc.). The president summons both the houses (The House of the People and 'The Council of States') of the parliament and prorogues them. He can dissolve the Lok Sabha.[4]:147

text: The president inaugurates parliament by addressing it after the general elections and also at the beginning of the first session every year per Article 87(1). The Presidential address on these occasions is generally meant to outline the new policies of the government.[10]:145

text: All bills passed by the parliament can become laws only after receiving the assent of the president per Article 111. After a bill is presented to him, the president shall declare either that he assents to the Bill, or that he withholds his assent from it.  As a third option, he can return a bill to parliament, if it is not a money bill, for reconsideration. President may be of the view that a particular bill passed under the legislative powers of parliament is violating the constitution, he can send back the bill with his recommendation to pass the bill under the constituent powers of parliament following the Article 368 procedure. When, after reconsideration, the bill is passed accordingly and presented to the president, with or without amendments, the president cannot withhold his assent from it. The president can also withhold his assent to a bill when it is initially presented to him (rather than return it to parliament) thereby exercising a pocket veto on the advice of prime minister or council of ministers per Article 74 if it is inconsistent to the constitution.[9] Article 143 gave power to the president to consult the supreme court about the constitutional validity of an issue. The president shall assent to constitutional amendment bills without power to withhold the bills per Article 368 (2).

text: When either of the two Houses of the Parliament of India is not in session, and if the government feels the need for an immediate procedure, the president can promulgate ordinances which have the same force and effect as an act passed by parliament under its legislative powers. These are in the nature of interim or temporary legislation and their continuance is subject to parliamentary approval. Ordinances remain valid for no more than six weeks from the date the parliament is convened unless approved by it earlier.[11] Under Article 123, the president as the upholder of the constitution shall be satisfied that immediate action is mandatory as advised by the union cabinet and he is confident that the government commands majority support in the parliament needed for the passing of the ordinance into an act and parliament can be summoned to deliberate on the passing of the ordinance as soon as possible. The promulgated ordinance is treated as an act of parliament when in force and it is the responsibility of the president to withdraw the ordinance as soon as the reasons for promulgation of the ordinance are no longer applicable. Bringing laws in the form of ordinances has become a routine matter by the government and President, but the provisions made in Article 123 are meant for mitigating unusual circumstances where immediate action is inevitable when the extant provisions of the law are inadequate. Re-promulgation of an ordinance after failing to get approval within the stipulated time of both houses of parliament is an unconstitutional act by the president.[12] The President should not incorporate any matter in an ordinance which violates the constitution or requires an amendment to the constitution. The president should take moral responsibility when an ordinance elapses automatically or is not approved by the parliament or violates the constitution.[13]

text: Executive powers

text: Per Article 53, the executive power of the country is vested in the president and is exercised by President either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with the constitution. When parliament thinks fit it may accord additional executive powers to the president per Article 70 which may be further delegated by the president to the governors of states per Article 160. Union cabinet with prime minister as its head, should aid and advice the president in performing his functions. Per Article 74 (2), the council of ministers or prime minister are not accountable legally to the advice tendered to the president but it is the sole responsibility of the president to ensure compliance with the constitution in performing his duties. President or his subordinate officers is bound by the provisions of the constitution notwithstanding any advice by union cabinet.[14]

text: Per Article 142, it is the duty of President to enforce the decrees of the supreme court.

text: Judicial powers

text: The primary duty of the president is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law of India per Article 60. The president appoints the Chief Justice of India and other judges on the advice of the chief justice. He dismisses the judges if and only if the two Houses of the parliament pass resolutions to that effect by a two-thirds majority of the members present.[15]

text: Attorney General for India—who is the Indian government's chief legal adviser—is appointed by the President of India under Article 76(1) and holds office during the pleasure of the president. If the president considers a question of law or a matter of public importance has arisen, he can also ask for the advisory opinion of the supreme court per Article 143. Per Article 88, President can ask the Attorney General to attend the parliamentary proceedings and report to him any unlawful functioning if any.[16]

text: Appointment powers

text: The president appoints as prime minister, the person most likely to command the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha (usually the leader of the majority party or coalition). the president then appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers, distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the prime minister.[17]:72 The Council of Ministersa remains in power at the 'pleasure' of the president.

text: The president appoints 12 members of the Rajya Sabha from amongst persons who have special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art and social service. President may nominate not more than two members of Anglo Indian community as Lok Sabha members per Article 331

text: Governors of states are also appointed by the president who shall work at the pleasure of the president. Per Article 156, President is empowered to dismiss a governor who has violated the constitution in his acts.

text: The president is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. These include:[17]:72

text:
The chief justice and other judges of the Supreme Court of India and state/union territory high courts.
The Chief Minister of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (Article 239 AA 5 of the constitution).
The Comptroller and Auditor General.
The Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners.
The Chairman and other Members of the Union Public Service Commission.
The Attorney General.
Ambassadors and High Commissioners to other countries (only through the list of names given by the prime minister)[18][19]:48.
Officers of the All India Services (IAS, IPS and IFoS), and other Central Civil Services in Group 'A'.

tag: ul

text: Financial powers

text:
A money bill can be introduced in the parliament only with the President’s recommendation.
The president lays the Annual Financial Statement, i.e. the Union budget, before the parliament.
The president can take advances out of the Contingency Fund of India to meet unforeseen expenses.
The president constitutes a Finance commission after every five years to recommend the distribution of the taxes between the centre and the States.[20][21]:48

text: Diplomatic powers

text: All international treaties and agreements are negotiated and concluded on behalf of the president.[22]:18 However, in practice, such negotiations are usually carried out by the prime minister along with his Cabinet (especially the Foreign Minister). Also, such treaties are subject to the approval of the parliament. The president represents India in international forums and affairs where such a function is chiefly ceremonial. The president may also send and receive diplomats, i.e. the officers from the Indian Foreign Service.[10]:143 The president is the first citizen of the country.[18]

text: Military powers

text: The president is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces. The president can declare war or conclude peace,[18] on the advice of the Union Council of Ministers headed by the prime minister. All important treaties and contracts are made in the President's name.[23]

text: Pardoning powers

text: As mentioned in Article 72 of the Indian constitution, the president is empowered with the powers to grant pardons in the following situations:[18]

text:
Punishment is for an offence against Union law.
Punishment is by a military court.
A sentence that is of death.[23]

text: The decisions involving pardoning and other rights by the president are independent of the opinion of the prime minister or the Lok Sabha majority. In most cases, however, the president exercises his executive powers on the advice of the prime minister and the cabinet.[17]:239[24]

text: Emergency powers

text: The president can declare three types of emergencies: national, state and financial, under articles 352, 356 & 360 in addition to promulgating ordinances under article 123.[22]:12

text: National emergency

text: A national emergency can be declared in the whole of India or a part of its territory for causes of war or armed rebellion or an external aggression. Such an emergency was declared in India in 1962 (Indo-China war), 1971 (Indo-Pakistan war),[25] and 1975 to 1977 (declared by Indira Gandhi).[see main]

text: Under Article 352 of the India constitution, the president can declare such an emergency only on the basis of a written request by the cabinet of ministers headed by the prime minister. Such a proclamation must be approved by the parliament with an at least two-thirds majority within one month. Such an emergency can be imposed for six months. It can be extended by six months by repeated parliamentary approval-there is no maximum duration.[22][page needed]

text: In such an emergency, Fundamental Rights of Indian citizens can be suspended.[4]:33 The six freedoms under Right to Freedom are automatically suspended. However, the Right to Life and Personal Liberty cannot be suspended (Article 21).[26]:20.6

text: The president can make laws on the 66 subjects of the State List (which contains subjects on which the state governments can make laws).[27] Also, all money bills are referred to the president for approval.[21]:88 The term of the Lok Sabha can be extended by a period of up to one year, but not so as to extend the term of parliament beyond six months after the end of the declared emergency.[17]:223

text: National Emergency has been proclaimed 3 times in India till date. It was declared first in 1962 by President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, during the Sino-Indian War. This emergency lasted through the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and up to 1968. It was revoked in 1968. The second emergency in India was proclaimed in 1971 by President V. V. Giri on the eve of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The first two emergencies were in the face of external aggression and War. They were hence external emergencies. Even as the second emergency was in progress, another internal emergency was proclaimed by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, with Indira Gandhi as prime minister in 1975. In 1977, the second and the third emergencies were together revoked.

text: State emergency

text: If the president is fully satisfied, on the basis of the report of the governor of the concerned state or from other sources that the governance in a state cannot be carried out according to the provisions in the constitution, he can proclaim under Article 356 a state of emergency in the state.[6] Such an emergency must be approved by the parliament within a period of 2 months.

text: Under Article 356 of the Indian constitution, it can be imposed from six months to a maximum period of three years with repeated parliamentary approval every six months. If the emergency needs to be extended for more than three years, this can be achieved by a constitutional amendment, as has happened in Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir.

text: During such an emergency, the president can take over the entire work of the executive, and the governor administers the state in the name of the president. The Legislative Assembly can be dissolved or may remain in suspended animation. The parliament makes laws on the 66 subjects of the state list[28] (see National emergency for explanation).

text: A State Emergency can be imposed via the following:

text:
By Article 356 – If that state failed to run constitutionally, i.e. constitutional machinery has failed. When a state emergency is imposed under this provision, the state is said to be under "President's rule.[29]:159
By Article 365 – If that state is not working according to the direction of the Union government issued per the provisions of the constitution.[30]

tag: ol

text: This type of emergency needs the approval of the parliament within 2 months. It can last up to a maximum of three years via extensions after each 6-month period. However, after one year it can be extended only if

text:
A state of National Emergency has been declared in the country or in the particular state.
The Election Commission finds it difficult to organise an election in that state.

text: The Sarkaria Commission held that presidents have unconstitutionally misused the provision of Article 356 many times for achieving political motives, by dismissing the state governments although there was no constitutional break down in the states.[31] During 2005, President's rule was imposed in Bihar state, misusing Article 356 unconstitutionally to prevent the democratically elected state legislators to form a government after the state elections.

text: There is no provision in the constitution to re-promulgate president's rule in a state when the earlier promulgation ceased to operate for want of parliaments approval within two months duration. During 2014 in Andhra Pradesh, president's rule was first imposed on 1 March 2014 and it ceased to operate on 30 April 2014. President's rule was promulgated after being fully aware that the earliest parliament session is feasible at the end of May 2014 after the general elections. It was reimposed again unconstitutionally on 28 April 2014 by the president.[32][33]

text: Financial emergency

text: Article 282 accords financial autonomy in spending the financial resources available with the states for public purpose.[6][34] Article 293 gives liberty to states to borrow without any limit to its ability for its requirements within the territory of India without any consent from the Union government. However, Union government can insist for compliance of its loan terms when a state has outstanding loan charged to the consolidated fund of India or an outstanding loan in respect of which a guarantee has been given by the Government of India under the liability of consolidated fund of India.[35]

text: Under article 360 of the constitution, President can proclaim a financial emergency when the financial stability or credit of the nation or of any part of its territory is threatened.[6] However, until now no guidelines defining the situation of financial emergency in the entire country or a state or a union territory or a panchayat or a municipality or a corporation have been framed either by the finance commission or by the central government.

text: Such an emergency must be approved by the parliament within two months by a simple majority. It has never been declared.[36]:604 A state of financial emergency remains in force indefinitely until revoked by the president.[17]:195

text: The president can reduce the salaries of all government officials, including judges of the supreme court and high courts, in cases of a financial emergency. All money bills passed by state legislatures are submitted to the president for approval. He can direct the state to observe certain principles (economy measures) relating to financial matters.[37]

text: Selection process

text: Eligibility

text: Article 58 of the constitution sets the principal qualifications one must meet to be eligible to the office of the president. A President must be:

text:
a citizen of India
of 35 years of age or above
qualified to become a member of the Lok Sabha

text: A person shall not be eligible for election as President if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Governments.

text: Certain office-holders, however, are permitted to stand as presidential candidates. These are:

text:
The current vice-president
The governor of any state
A Minister of the Union or of any state (including prime minister and chief ministers)[17]:72

text: In the event that the vice-president, a state governor or a minister is elected President, they are considered to have vacated their previous office on the date they begin serving as President.

text: A member of parliament or of a State Legislature can seek election to the office of the president but if he is elected as President, he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in parliament or State Legislature on the date on which he enters upon his office as President [Article 59(1)].

text: Article 57 provides that a person who holds, or who has held, office as President shall, subject to the other provisions of this constitution, be eligible for re-election to that office.

text: Under The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952,[38] a candidate to be nominated for the office of president needs 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders for his name to appear on the ballot.[39]

text: Time of election

text:
Article 56(1) of the constitution provides that the president shall hold office
for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office. According to Article 62, an election to fill a vacancy caused by the expiration
of the term of office of President shall be completed before the expiration of the term. An election to fill a vacancy in the office of President occurring by reason of
his death, resignation or removal, or otherwise shall be held as soon as possible
after, and in no case later than six months from, the date of occurrence of the vacancy; and the person elected to fill the vacancy shall, subject to the provisions of Article 56, be entitled to hold office for the full term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office. To meet the contingency of an election to the office of President not being completed in time due to unforeseen circumstances like countermanding of election
due to death of a candidate or on account of postponement of the poll for any valid
reason, Article 56(1)(c) provides that the president shall, notwithstanding the
expiration of his term, continue to hold office until his successor enters upon his office.

text: Conditions for the presidency

text: Certain conditions, per Article 59 of the Indian constitution, debar an otherwise eligible citizen from contesting the presidential elections. The conditions are:

text:
The president shall not be a member of either house of the parliament or of a house of the legislature of any state, and if a member of either house of the parliament or of a house of the legislature of any state be elected President, he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in that house on the date on which he enters upon his office as President.
The president shall not hold any other office of profit.
The president shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of his official residences and shall be also entitled to such emoluments, allowances and privileges as may be determined by parliament by law and until provision in that behalf is so made, such emoluments, allowances and privileges as are specified in the Second Schedule.
The emoluments and allowances of the president shall not be diminished during his term of office.[36]:170

text: Election process

text: Whenever the office becomes vacant, the new President is chosen by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of parliament (M.P.s), the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies (Vidhan Sabha) of all States and the elected members of the legislative assemblies (MLAs) of two union territories, i.e., National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi and Union Territory of Puducherry. The election process of President is more extensive process than prime minister who is also elected indirectly (not elected by people directly) by the Lok Sabha members only. Whereas President being the constitutional head with duties to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and rule of law in a constitutional democracy with constitutional supremacy, is elected in an extensive manner by the members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and state legislative assemblies in a secret ballot procedure.

text: The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the president must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. Each candidate has to make a security deposit of ₹15,000 (US$210) in the Reserve Bank of India.[40] The security deposit is liable to be forfeited in case the candidate fails to secure one-sixth of the votes polled.

text: The election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation (PR) by means of the single transferable vote (STV) method. The voting takes place by a secret ballot system. The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the constitution.[41]

text: Each elector casts a different number of votes. The general principle is that the total number of votes cast by Members of parliament equals the total number of votes cast by State Legislators. Also, legislators from larger states cast more votes than those from smaller states. Finally, the number of legislators in state matters; if a state has few legislators, then each legislator has more votes; if a state has many legislators, then each legislator has fewer votes.

text: The actual calculation for votes cast by a particular state is calculated by dividing the state's population by 1000, which is divided again by the number of legislators from the State voting in the electoral college. This number is the number of votes per legislator in a given state. Every elected member of the parliament enjoys the same number of votes, which may be obtained by dividing the total number of votes assigned to the members of legislative assemblies by the total number of elected representatives of the parliament.

text: Although Indian presidential elections involve actual voting by MPs and MLAs, they tend to vote for the candidate supported by their respective parties.[42]

text: Oath or affirmation

text: The president is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the Chief Justice of India—or in his absence, the senior-most judge of the supreme court—an oath or affirmation that he/she shall protect, preserve and defend the constitution as follows:[43]

text: I, (name), do swear in the name of God (or solemnly affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President (or discharge the functions of the President) of the Republic of India, and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law, and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being of the people of the Republic of India.

text: Emoluments

text:
Presidential pay

Date updated
Salary (per month)

1 February 2018
₹5 lakh (US$7,000)

Sources:[44]

tag: table

text: The President of India used to receive ₹10,000 (US$100) per month per the Second Schedule of the constitution.  This amount was increased to ₹50,000 (equivalent to ₹160,000 or US$2,200 in 2017) in 1998. On 11 September 2008, the Government of India increased the salary of the president to ₹1.5 lakh (equivalent to ₹3.0 lakh or US$4,100 in 2017). This amount was further increased to ₹5 lakh (US$7,000) in the 2018 Union budget of India. However, almost everything that the president does or wants to do is taken care of by an annual ₹225 million (equivalent to ₹450 million or US$6.2 million in 2017) budget that the Government allots for his or her upkeep.[45] Rashtrapati Bhavan, the president's official residence, is the largest presidential palace in the world.[46][47] The Rashtrapati Nilayam at Bolarum, Hyderabad and Retreat Building at Chharabra, Shimla are the official Retreat Residences of the President of India.[48] The official state car of the president is a custom-built heavily armoured Mercedes Benz S600 (W221) Pullman Guard.

text: The former presidents and spouses of deceased Presidents are eligible for pension, furnished accommodation, security, various allowances, etc.[49]

text:
Presidential amenities

Rashtrapati Bhavan, the official residence of the president, located at New Delhi

Rashtrapati Nilayam is the official retreat of the president located in Hyderabad.

The President's Bodyguards is an elite household cavalry regiment of the Indian Army.

Air India One is the call sign of any aircraft carrying the president. The aircraft are operated as VIP flights by the Indian Air Force.

A chopper of IAF's special VIP fleet meant for carrying the President of India

text: Impeachment

text: Supreme court shall inquire and decide regarding all doubts and disputes arising out of or in connection with the election of a president per Article 71(1) of the constitution. supreme court can remove the president for the electoral malpractices or upon being not eligible to be Lok Sabha member under the Representation of the People Act, 1951.[50] Subject to Article 71 (3), parliament made applicable rules/procedure to petition the supreme court for resolving the disputes only that arise during the election process of the president but not the doubts that arise from his unconstitutional actions/deeds or changing Indian citizenship during the tenure of president which may violate the requisite election qualifications.[51]

text: The president may also be removed before the expiry of the term through impeachment for violating the Constitution of India by the Parliament of India. The process may start in either of the two houses of the parliament. The house initiates the process by levelling the charges against the president. The charges are contained in a notice that has to be signed by at least one-quarter of the total members of that house. The notice is sent up to the president and 14 days later, it is taken up for consideration.

text: A resolution to impeach the president has to be passed by a two-thirds majority of the total number of members of the originating house. It is then sent to the other house. The other house investigates the charges that have been made. During this process, the president has the right to defend oneself through an authorised counsel. If the second house also approves the charges made by special majority again, the president stands impeached and is deemed to have vacated their office from the date when such a resolution stands passed. No president has faced impeachment proceedings so the above provisions have never been used.[52]

text: Under Article 361 of the constitution, though the president cannot be summoned for questioning except on his voluntary willingness to testify in the court in support of his controversial deeds, the unconstitutional decisions taken by the president would be declared invalid by the courts. The case would be decided by the courts based on the facts furnished by the Union government for the president's role. As clarified by the supreme court in the case Rameshwar Prasad & Ors vs Union Of India & Anr on 24 January 2006; though the president cannot be prosecuted and imprisoned during his term of office, he can be prosecuted after he/she steps down from the post for the guilty committed during the term of presidency as declared earlier by the courts.[53] No president has resigned on impropriety to continue in office for declaring and nullifying his unconstitutional decisions by the courts till now. No criminal case at least on the grounds of disrespecting constitution is lodged till now against former presidents to punish them for their unconstitutional acts; though many decisions taken during the term of a president have been declared by the supreme court as unconstitutional, mala fides, void, ultra vires, etc.[54]

text: Succession

text: The Office of the president falls vacant in the following scenarios:

text:
On the expiry of their term.
By reason of death.
By reason of resignation.
Removal by supreme court.
Removal by impeachment.

text: Article 65 of the Indian constitution says that the Vice-President of India will have to discharge the duties, if the office falls vacant due to any reason other than the expiry of the term.[26]:20.10 The vice-president reverts to their office when a new President is elected and enters office. When the president is unable to act because of absence, illness or any other cause, the vice-president discharges the President's functions until the president resumes the duties.

text: A vice-president who acts as or discharges the functions of the president has all the powers and immunities of the president and is entitled to the same emoluments as the president. When a vice-president discharges the duties of the president, he/she does not function as the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.

text: The Indian parliament has enacted the law—The President (Discharge of Functions) Act, 1969 —[55] for the discharge of the functions of the president when vacancies occur in the offices of the president and of the vice-president simultaneously, owing to removal, death, resignation of the incumbent or otherwise. In such an eventuality, the chief justice—or in his absence, the senior most judge of the Supreme Court of India available—discharges the functions of the president until a newly elected President enters upon his office or a newly elected Vice-president begins to act as President under Article 65 of the constitution, whichever is the earlier.[19]:96 For example, in 1969, when President Zakir Husain died in Office, Vice-President V. V. Giri served as the acting President of India. However, later, V.V Giri resigned from both posts (Acting President of India and Vice-President of India) as he became a candidate in the 1969 Presidential election in India. In this event, the then Chief Justice of India, Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah served as the acting President of India until the next President was elected.

text: President versus chief justice

text:
President versus Chief Justice of India

President
Chief Justice of India / judiciary

The duties of President under his oath is to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and the law
Similar to President to uphold the constitution and the laws (Third Schedule of the constitution)[6]

The oath is taken in the presence of the chief justice
The oath is taken in the presence of the president

Impeachment by parliament with a majority of not less than a two-thirds of the total membership of each house of the parliament for violation of the constitution as per Article 61.
Impeachment by each house of the parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that house and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that house present and voting on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity as per Article 124(4)

President can be removed by the supreme court per Article 71(1) for committing electoral malpractices and upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be president.
President cannot remove judges once appointed by him without impeachment process per Article 124.

An individual heads the autonomous institution of President.
Judiciary/supreme court is also an autonomous institution represented by a team of supreme court judges with chief justice as its chief.

President being head of parliament, Executive and supreme commander of armed forces is fully empowered by the constitution to fulfil his judicial responsibility. He can also take the expert advise of the Attorney General and also chief justice in performing his judicial role. It is President's duty to ensure that every state's governance is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution under Articles 355 and 356.
Chief justice/supreme court is also empowered by the constitution to repeal the unconstitutional activities of parliament and executive only after a fair trial.

President's prime duty is to prevent unconstitutional decisions of union and state governments and parliament or state assemblies by denying his compulsory assent for making them into applicable laws. He is the foremost defender of the constitution who can pre-empt the unconstitutional activities of executive and legislatures. The other duties of President are just ceremonial as head of the country which are attached to him for being protector, defender and preserver of the constitution. The institution of President becomes redundant if the president is confining to other ceremonial duties only.
Can intervene or nullify the unlawful actions of union/state governments and unconstitutional laws enacted by the parliament or a state legislative after presidential assent only.

President has constitutional immunity for his unconstitutional, mala fides activities during their tenure but liable for judicial action/punishment for his unconstitutional activity after the term of presidency. However, per Article 361 (1), President is answerable to a court designated by either house of the parliament with a two-thirds majority for the investigation of a charge against him under article 61.
Chief justice/judges of supreme court are also immune from punishment for not delivering correct judgements or for their incompetence and mala fides. However, Judges' verdict can be repealed by a higher level bench of other judges.

President cannot be recalled by the people of India for not fulfilling his constitutional duties in case parliament is not impeaching the president or removed by the supreme court.
Chief justice/judges of supreme court also cannot be recalled by the people of India in case parliament is not impeaching the judges.

text: President versus Prime minister

text:
President of India versus Prime Minister of India

President
Prime minister / Union cabinet

The duties of President under his oath is to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and the law
Swears allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, swears to uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India and swears to do right to all manner of people without fear or favour, affection or ill-will (Third Schedule of the constitution)[6]

The oath is taken in the presence of the chief justice
The oath is taken in the presence of the president

Elected in an extensive manner indirectly by the members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, and state legislative assemblies in a secret ballot conducted by the Election Commission
Elected indirectly by the Lok Sabha members and secret ballot is not mandatory.

Impeachment by parliament with majority of not less than two-thirds of the total membership of each house of the parliament for violation of the constitution as per Article 61
Steps down upon losing majority support in Lok Sabha.

President can be removed by the supreme court per Article 71(1) for committing electoral malpractices and upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be president
Similar to prime minister and ministers also.

An individual heads the autonomous institution of President
Union cabinet with Prime minister as its chief is collectively responsible.

President being head of parliament, Executive and supreme commander of armed forces is fully empowered by the constitution to fulfil his judicial responsibility. He can also take the expert advise of the Attorney General and also chief justice in performing his judicial role. It is the President's duty to ensure that every state's governance is carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution under Articles 355 and 356
Rest of the governance of the union and reporting to the president on all important matters. Being the leader of the majority/ ruling party in the parliament, union cabinet takes lead in lawmaking by the parliament needed for policy finalisation on various aspects, annual budgets finalisation, planning and implementation, etc.

President's prime function is to prevent unconstitutional decisions of union and state governments and parliament or state assemblies by denying his compulsory assent/government orders (GO) for making them into applicable laws. He is the foremost defender of the constitution who can pre-empt the unconstitutional activities of executive and legislatures.
Prime minister/Union cabinet shall aid and advise the president who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice as long as not unconstitutional. prime minister shall communicate to the president all decisions of the Council of Ministers relating to the administration of the affairs of the Union and proposals for legislation and on President's desire submit related information. No minister shall decide on any matter without the council of ministers/ union cabinet approval per Article 78.

President has constitutional immunity for his unconstitutional, mala fides activities during their tenure but liable for judicial action / punishment for his unconstitutional activity after the term of presidency
The union cabinet has constitutional immunity from legal proceedings in any court for their mala fide and unconstitutional advice tendered by union ministers to the president per Article 74 (2).

President cannot escape from his constitutional duty by citing constitutional amendment to Article 74  (para 2 of 1) which makes him abide by the Union cabinet's advice after sending for reconsideration. As clarified by the supreme court, the object of Article 74 (2) is only to make the question whether the president had followed the advice of the union cabinet or acted contrary thereto, non-justiciable. Refer page Article 74#Court cases for more clarity
The union cabinet may escape from the punishment or responsibility for implementing unconstitutional laws citing Article 74 (2).

President cannot be recalled by the people of India for not fulfilling his constitutional duties in case parliament is not impeaching the president or removed by the supreme court or resigns on his own on moral grounds
Prime minister/ union cabinet cannot be recalled by the people of India till the end of his term in case he is not losing majority support in Lok Shaba or resigns on his own on moral grounds.

text: Important presidential interventions in the past

text: The President's role as defender of the constitution and the powers as Head of State, especially in relation to those exercised by the prime minister as leader of the government, have changed over time. In particular, Presidents have made a number of interventions into government and lawmaking, which have established and challenged some conventions concerning Presidential intervention.

text: Proving majority in the parliament

text: In 1979, Prime Minister Charan Singh, did not enjoy a parliamentary majority. He responded to this by simply not advising the president to summon parliament.[18] Since then, Presidents have been more diligent in directing incoming Prime Ministers to convene parliament and prove their majority within reasonable deadlines (2 to 3 weeks). In the interim period, the Prime Ministers are generally restrained from making policy decisions.

text: Proof of Majority to form a Government

text: Since the 1990s, Parliamentary elections have generally not resulted in a single party or group of parties having a distinct majority, until the 2014 Lok Sabha elections when BJP received a clear majority. In such cases, Presidents have used their discretion and directed Prime Ministerial aspirants to establish their credentials before being invited to form the government. Typically, the aspirants have been asked to produce letters from various party leaders, with the signatures of all the MPs who are pledging support to their candidature. This is in addition to the requirement that a prime minister prove he has the support of the Lok Sabha (by a vote on the floor of the house) within weeks of being sworn into office.[56][57]

text: Vetoing of a Bill

text: Since the Indian constitution does not provide any time limit within which the president is to declare his assent or refusal, the president could exercise a "pocket veto" by not taking any action for an indefinite time. The veto was used in 1986 by President Zail Singh over the Postal Bill. the president did not give assent to the bill, arguing that its scope was too sweeping and would give the government arbitrary powers to intercept postal communications indiscriminately.[52][58][59]

text: Rashtrapati Bhavan communiqués

text: In the late 1990s, President K. R. Narayanan introduced explaining to the nation (by means of Rashtrapati Bhavan communiqués), the thinking that led to the various decisions he took while exercising his discretionary powers; this has led to openness and transparency in the functioning of the president.[60]

text: Return of a Bill

text: The constitution gives the president the power to return a bill unsigned but it circumscribes the power to send it back only once for reconsideration. If the parliament sends back the bill with or without changes, the president is obliged to sign it. In mid-2006, President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam sent back a controversial bill regarding the exclusion of certain offices from the scope of 'offices of profit', the holding of which would disqualify a person from being a member of parliament.[61] The combined opposition, the NDA, hailed the move. The UPA chose to send the bill back to the president without any changes and, after 17 days, Kalam gave his assent on 18 August 2006.[62][63]

text: Sacking state governors

text: Arunachal Pradesh governor who was earlier appointed by the ruling party at the centre, has been sacked by the president after the supreme court has quashed his unconstitutional acts.[64]

text: Living former Presidents

text: There are two living former Indian presidents:

text:
Pratibha Patil(2007–2012) (1934-12-19) December 19, 1934 (age 83)

Pranab Mukherjee(2012–2017) (1935-12-11) December 11, 1935 (age 82)