document_title: Buddhism in Sri Lanka

question_text: when was buddhism introduced in sri lanka who introduced it

text: Buddhism in Sri Lanka

text: History[edit]

text: Introduction of Buddhism[edit]

text: According to traditional Sri Lankan chronicles, such as the Dipavamsa, Buddhism was introduced into Sri Lanka in the third century BCE after the Third Buddhist council by Mahinda Bhikkhu, son of Emperor Ashoka, during the reign of Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura. At the time of Mahinda arrival, he brought a sapling of the Bodhi Tree(where Lord Buddha was enlightened) to Sri Lanka and the first Buddhist monastery ,monuments and monk were introduced Among these, the Isurumuniya and the Vessagiriya remain important centers of worship. He is also credited with the construction of the Pathamaka cetiya, the Jambukola vihāra and the Hatthālhaka vihāra and the refectory. The Pali Canon, having previously been preserved as an oral tradition, was first converted into writing in Sri Lanka around 30 BCE. Along with Mahinda came his sibling Sanghamitra. Who is also important as Mahinda.She gave the nun ordinace to women devotees.

text: Mahavamsa §29[5] records that during the rule of the Greco-Bactrian King Menander I, a Yona head monk named Mahadharmaraksita led 30,000 Buddhist monks from "the Greek city of Alasandra" (v, around 150 kilometres (93 mi) north of modern Kabul, Afghanistan) to Sri Lanka for the dedication of the Ruwanwelisaya in Anuradhapura, indicating that Greco-Buddhism contributed to early Sri Lankan Buddhism. See also the Milinda Panha.

text: Center of Pali literature[edit]

text: As a result of the work of Buddhaghosa and other compilers such as Dhammapala, Sri Lanka developed a strong tradition of written textual transmission of the Pali Canon. The compilation of the Atthakatha (commentaries) along with the Nikāyas and other Pitakas were committed to writing for the first time in the Aluvihare Rock Temple during the first century BCE.[4] Buddhist literature in Sinhalese also thrived and by 410, Sri Lankan monks traveled widely throughout India and Asia introducing their works.

text: Theravāda subdivisions[edit]

text: Over much of the early history of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, three subdivisions of Theravāda existed in Sri Lanka, consisting of the monks of the three mahaviharas, Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya, Abhayagiri vihāra and Jetavanaramaya.[6] The Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya was the first tradition to be established while Abhayagiri vihāra and Jetavanaramaya were established by monks who had broken away from the Maha Viharaya tradition.[6] According to A.K. Warder, the Indian Mahīśāsaka established itself in Sri Lanka alongside the Theravadas, into which they were later absorbed.[6] Northern regions of Sri Lanka also seem to have been ceded to sects from India at certain times.[6]

text: In the 7th century, Xuanzang wrote of two major divisions of Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lanka, referring to the Abhayagiri tradition as the "Mahayana Sthaviras," and the Mahāvihāra tradition as the "Hinayana Sthaviras."[7] Abhayagiri appears to have been a center for Mahayana and Vajrayana teachings;[8] Xuanzang writes, "The Mahāvihāravāsins reject the Mahāyāna and practice the Hīnayāna, while the Abhayagirivihāravāsins study both Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna teachings and propagate the Tripiṭaka.[9]

text: In the 8th century, both Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism were being practiced in Sri Lanka, and two Indian monks responsible for propagating Vajrayana Buddhism in China, Vajrabodhi and Amoghavajra, visited the island during this time.[10]

text: In Pali commentaries, terms used for the Mahayanins of Abhayagiri were Vaitulya, Vaipulya and Vaidalya. According to HR Perera, the Theravada commentaries considered them heretical and their doctrines included:

text: They held the view that the Buddha, having been born in the Tusita heaven, lived there and never came down to earth and it was only a created form that appeared among men. This created form and Ānanda, who learned from it, preached the doctrine. They also held that nothing whatever given to the Order bears fruit, for the Sangha, which in the ultimate sense of the term meant only the path and fruitions, does not accept anything. According to them any human pair may enter upon sexual intercourse by mutual consent.[4]

text: Accounts of Chinese pilgrims[edit]

text: In the 5th century, Faxian visited Sri Lanka and lived there for two years with the monks. Faxian obtained a Sanskrit copy of the Vinaya of the Mahīśāsaka at the Abhayagiri vihāra c. 406. The Mahīśāsaka Vinaya was then translated into Chinese in 434 by Buddhajiva and Zhu Daosheng.[11] This translation of the Mahīśāsaka Vinaya remains extant in the Chinese Buddhist canon as Taishō Tripiṭaka 1421.[12]

text: The 7th century pilgrim Xuanzang first learned for several years at Nalanda and then intended to go to Sri Lanka to seek out further instruction. However, after meeting Sri Lankan monks in the Chola capital who were refugees, he decided not to visit:

text: At the time of Hiuen Tsang's visit the capital was visited by 300 Bhikshus of Ceylon who had left the island in consequence of famine and revolution there. On the pilgrim telling them of his intended visit to Ceylon for instruction, they told him that there were no Brethren there superior to them. Then the pilgrim discussed some Yoga texts with them and found that their explanations could not excel those given to him by Śīlabhadra at Nālandā.[13]

text: Decline and revival[edit]

text: From the 5th century to the eleventh century, the island of Sri Lanka saw continuous warfare between local kings, pretenders and foreign invaders such as the South Indian Chola and Pandyan dynasties. This warfare saw the sacking of viharas and made the situation for difficult for Buddhism.[4] In 1070, Vijayabahu I of Polonnaruwa conquered the island and set about repairing the monasteries. The state of Sri Lankan Buddhism was so bad at this time that he could not find five bhikkhus in the whole island to ordain more monks and restore the monastic tradition; therefore, he sent an embassy to Burma, which sent back several eminent elders with Buddhist texts.[4] The king oversaw the ordination of thousands of monks. The royal reforming of Sri Lankan Buddhism continued under Parakramabahu I (c. 1153), who restored many stupas and monasteries. During this period, Sri Lankan Buddhist literature thrived once again and the three greats writers Mahākassapa Thera of Dimbulagala Raja Maha Vihara, Moggallana Thera and Sāriputta Thera compiled Pali commentaries and sub-commentaries. Parakramabahu II of Dambadeniya (from c. 1236) was a learned king and wrote several Sinhalese Buddhist texts.

text: Abolition of other Theravada traditions[edit]

text: Before the 12th century, more rulers of Sri Lanka gave support and patronage to the Abhayagiris, and travelers such as Faxian saw the Abhayagiris as the main Buddhist tradition in Sri Lanka.[14][15] The trend of Abhayagiri being the dominant sect changed in the 12th century, when the Maha Viharaya gained the political support of Parakramabahu I (1153–1186), who completely abolished the Abhayagiri and Jetavanaya traditions.[16][17] The monks of these two traditions were then defrocked and given the choice of either returning to the laity permanently or attempting reordination under the Maha Viharaya tradition as sāmaṇeras.[17][18] Parakkamabāhu also appointed a saṅgharāja "King of the Sangha," a monk who would preside over the Sangha and its ordinations in Sri Lanka with the assistance of two deputies.[19]

text: Mahayana legacy[edit]

text: Veneration of Avalokiteśvara has continued to the present day in Sri Lanka, where he is called Nātha.[20] In more recent times, some western-educated Theravādins have attempted to identify Nātha with Maitreya. However, traditions and basic iconography, including an image of Amitābha on his crown, identify Nātha as Avalokiteśvara.[21]

text: It is clear from sculptural evidence alone that the Mahāyāna was fairly widespread throughout [Sri Lanka], although the modern account of the history of Buddhism on the island presents an unbroken and pure lineage of Theravāda. (One can only assume that similar trends were transmitted to other parts of Southeast Asia with Sri Lankan ordination lineages.) Relics of an extensive cult of Avalokiteśvara can be seen in the present-day figure of Nātha.[22]

text: Early reports by Europeans from the 18th century describe the Buddhist monks of Sri Lanka as being engaged in the recitation of mantras and using Buddhist prayer beads for counting as practiced in Mahayana Buddhism.[22]

text: Lineage continuity[edit]

text: Sri Lanka has the longest continuous history of Buddhism of any Buddhist nation, with the Sangha having existed in a largely unbroken lineage since its introduction in the 3rd century BCE. During periods of decline, the Sri Lankan monastic lineage was revived through contact with Burma and Thailand.

text: Colonialism and Christianity[edit]

text: From the 16th century onward, missionaries and Portuguese, Dutch and British colonizers of Sri Lanka have attempted to convert the local population to Christianity. The wars with the Portuguese and their allies weakened the Sangha. In 1592, Vimaladharmasuriya I of Kandy sought aid from Burma in order to ordain Buddhist monks on the island as there was hardly a single properly ordained monk left.[4] From 1612 to 1658, the Dutch and the Portuguese fought over the island with the Sinhalese caught in the middle, the Dutch won and occupied the maritime sections of the island that had been occupied by the Portuguese until 1796 when they surrendered their territories to the British. The Dutch were less zealous than the Portuguese in their religious proselytizing, though they still discriminated against Buddhists which were not allowed to register with the local authorities therefore many Sinhalese pretended to be Protestant.[4] During this period many religiously inclined Sinhalese rulers of the interior such as Vira Narendra Sinha of Kandy (1706-1739) and Sri Vijaya Rajasinha of Kandy (1739-1747) continued to patronize Buddhism, restoring temples and monasteries.

text: In the mid 18th century the higher ordination of Buddhist monks known as upasampada, which was defunct at the time, was revived with the help of Thai Buddhist monks on the initiatives taken by Weliwita Sri Saranankara Thero during the reign of king Kirthi Sri Rajasinghe.[23]

text: In 1813 the American Ceylon Mission (Protestant) was established in Jaffna. In 1815 a British army captured Kandy and deposed the Sinhalese king ending a line of Buddhist kings lasting 2301 years, they retained Sri Lanka until 1948. Like the Dutch, the British refused to register unbaptized infants and to accept non-Christian marriages. They also always preferred Christians in government administration. The British also supported various Christian missionary groups who established schools on the island. Education in these schools (which disparaged Buddhism) were a requirement for government office. Missionaries also wrote tracts in Sinhalese attacking Buddhism and promoting Christianity[4]

text: Buddhist revival[edit]

text: In the 19th century, a national Buddhist movement began as a response to Christian proselytizing, and was empowered by the results of the Panadura debate between Christian priests and Buddhist monks such as Migettuwatte Gunananda Thera and Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera which was widely seen as a victory for the Buddhists.[24] In 1880 Henry Steel Olcott arrived in Sri Lanka with Madame Blavatsky of the Theosophical Society; he had been inspired when he read about the Panadura debate and after learning about Buddhism converted to the religion. Olcott and the Sinhalese Buddhist leaders established the Buddhist Theosophical Society in 1880, with the goal of establishing Buddhist schools (there were only three at the time, by 1940, there were 429 Buddhist schools on the island).[4] The society also had its own publications to promote Buddhism; the Sinhalese newspaper, Sarasavisandarasa, and its English counterpart, The Buddhist. As a result of their efforts, Vesak became a public holiday, Buddhist registrars of marriage were allowed, and interest in Buddhism increased. Another important figure in the revival is Anagarika Dharmapala, initially an interpreter for Olcott, who traveled around the island preaching and writing. After traveling to India, he established the Maha Bodhi Society in 1891 whose goal was to revive Buddhism in India, and restore the ancient Buddhist shrines at Bodh Gaya, Sarnath and Kushinara.[25] His efforts saw the restoration of these sites and a renewal of interest in Buddhism among some Indians. The associations of the Buddhist revival also contributed much to the publication of Buddhist texts, and promotion of Buddhist scholarship. Revivalist Buddhist scholars include Sir D. B. Jayatilaka, F. R. Senanayake, Walisinghe Harischandra and W. A. de Silva.[4] Several Buddhist shrines were also rebuilt. Buddhist leaders were also active in the movement for Sri Lankan independence. Since independence, Buddhism has continued to thrive on the island.

text: The Buddhist revival also resulted in Sinhala Buddhists carrying the torch of Buddhism and igniting it on foreign shores. Anagarika Dharmapala and Asoka Weeraratna are two such leading pioneers among many others. They pioneered the establishment of Buddhist Viharas in Europe. Anagarika founded the London Buddhist Vihara in 1926 while Asoka Weeraratna opened a new chapter for the spread of Buddhism in Germany and Europe by establishing the Berlin Buddhist Vihara in Dr. Paul Dahlke’s Das Buddhistische Haus in 1957 with monks from Sri Lanka stationed on a long-term footing to spread the Dhamma. This was the first Theravada Buddhist Vihara in Germany and continental Europe.

text: Since the Buddhist revival Sri Lanka has also been an important center of Western Buddhist scholarship. One of the first western bhikkhus, Nyanatiloka Mahathera studied in Sri Lanka, established the Island Hermitage there and ordained several western monks. Western monks who studied in the island hermitage such as Nanamoli Bhikkhu and Ven. Nyanaponika (who established the Buddhist Publication Society along with Bhikkhu Bodhi) were responsible for many important translations of the Pali Canon and other texts on Buddhism in English and German.

text: Bhikkhuni ordination[edit]

text: A few years after the arrival of Mahinda, Bhikkhuni Sanghamitta, who is also believed to be the daughter of Emperor Ashoka, came to Sri Lanka. She started the first nun's order in Sri Lanka, but this order of nuns died out in Sri Lanka in the 11th century.

text: Many women have been ordained in Sri Lanka since 1996.[26][full citation needed] In 1996 through the efforts of Sakyadhita, an International Buddhist Women Association, Theravada bhikkhuni order was revived, when 11 Sri Lankan women received full ordination in Sarnath, India, in a procedure held by Ven. Dodangoda Revata Mahāthera and the late Ven. Mapalagama Vipulasāra Mahāthera of the Mahābodhi Society in India with assistance from monks and nuns of Korean Chogyo order.[27] [28][29][30] Some bhikkhuni ordinations were carried out with the assistance of nuns from the East Asian tradition;[31][full citation needed] others were carried out by the Theravada monk's Order alone.[32][full citation needed] Since 2005, many ordination ceremonies for women have been organized by the head of the Dambulla chapter of the Siyam Nikaya in Sri Lanka.[32][full citation needed]

text: Buddhist monastic groups[edit]

text: The different sects of the Sri Lankan Buddhist clergy are referred to as Nikayas, and three main Nikayas are:

text:
Siam Nikaya, founded in the 18th century by Ven. Upali Thera, a Siamese monk who was invited by the King Kirti Sri Rajasinha of Kandy, and on the initiative of Weliwita Sri Saranankara Thero.
Amarapura Nikaya, founded in 1800 with higher ordination obtained from Myanmar (Burma)
Ramanna Nikaya, founded in 1864 by Ambagahawatte Saranankara.

text: Within these three main divisions there are numerous other divisions, some of which are caste based. There are no doctrinal differences among any of them.

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Buddhism in Sri Lanka is predominantly practised by the Sinhalese, however the 2012 Sri Lanka Census revealed a Buddhist population of 22,254, including eleven monks, amongst the Sri Lankan Tamil population, accounting to roughly 1% of all Sri Lankan Tamils in Sri Lanka.[33] In 1988 almost 93% of the Sinhalese speaking population in Sri Lanka were Buddhist.[34]


document_title: Kaa

question_text: whats the name of the snake in the jungle book

root

text: Kaa

text: Kipling's Mowgli Stories[edit]

text: First introduced in the story "Kaa's Hunting" in The Jungle Book, Kaa is a huge and powerful snake, more than 100 years old and still in his prime. Kipling describes him as an In "Kaa's Hunting", Bagheera and Baloo enlist Kaa's help to rescue Mowgli when the man-cub is kidnapped by Bandar-log (monkeys) and taken to an abandoned human city. Kaa breaks down the wall of the building in which Mowgli is imprisoned in and uses his serpentine hypnosis to draw the monkeys toward his waiting jaws. Bagheera and Baloo are also hypnotized, but Mowgli is immune because he is human and breaks the spell on his friends.

tag: p

text: In The Second Jungle Book, Kaa appears in the first half of the story "The King's Ankus". After he and Mowgli spend some time relaxing, bathing and wrestling, Kaa persuades Mowgli to visit a treasure chamber guarded by an old cobra beneath an ancient city. The cobra tries to kill Mowgli but its poison has dried up. Mowgli takes a jeweled item away as a souvenir, not realizing the trouble it will cause them, and Kaa departs.

text: In "Red Dog", Mowgli asks Kaa for help when his wolf pack is threatened by rampaging dholes (the red dogs of the title). Kaa goes into a trance so that he can search his century-long memory for a stratagem to defeat the dogs:

text:
“
For a long hour Mowgli lay back among the coils, while Kaa, his head motionless on the ground, thought of all that he had seen and known since the day he came from the egg.
The light seemed to go out of his eyes and leave them like stale opals, and now and again he made little stiff passes with his head, right and left, as though he were hunting in his sleep. Mowgli dozed quietly, for he knew that there is nothing like sleep before hunting, and he was trained to take it at any hour of the day or night. Then he felt Kaa's back grow bigger and broader below him as the huge python puffed himself out, hissing with the noise of a sword drawn from a steel scabbard;
"I have seen all the dead seasons," Kaa said at last, "and the great trees and the old elephants, and the rocks that were bare and sharp-pointed ere the moss grew. Art thou still alive, Manling?"

”

tag: table

text: With Kaa's help Mowgli tricks the dholes into attacking prematurely. Kaa takes no part in the resulting battle (obliquely citing his loyalty to the boy rather than to the wolves, who often caused Mowgli grief) but Mowgli and the wolves finally kill all the dholes, though not without grievous losses.

text: In "The Spring Running", as the teenage Mowgli reluctantly prepares to leave the jungle for the last time, Kaa tells Mowgli that "it is hard to cast the skin," but Mowgli knows he must cast the skin of his old life in order to grow a new one. Kaa, Baloo and Bagheera sing for Mowgli in "The Outsong", a poem and the ending of "The Spring Running".

text: Disney films[edit]

text: Disney animated films[edit]

text: In the 1967 Disney film, Kaa is markedly different from the Kipling character. Rather than being a mentor, he appears as a minor antagonist who twice manages to trap Mowgli in his coils in an attempt to eat him. He does this through the use of hypnotic eyes as opposed to the original version, in which he uses a serpentine dance to control his prey. Both of his attempts to eat Mowgli end in comical failure because he is interrupted right before he can swallow him. Kaa is depicted as cowardly, attempting to curry favor with Shere Khan whenever he is around.

text: Voice actor Sterling Holloway decided to give Kaa a lisp, a condition that composers the Sherman Brothers brought into the character's song in The Jungle Book, "Trust in Me".[1]

text: This particular version of Kaa drew inspiration from previous Disney characters that followed a similar trope, such as Tick-Tock the Crocodile from Peter Pan and the Wolf from The Sword in the Stone. Both are fixated on a specific character (namely Captain Hook and Wart, respectively) as food and comically attempt to eat them throughout the film, without success.

text: In The Jungle Book 2, Kaa - now voiced by Jim Cummings - reappears in a smaller role. He is first seen attempting to eat the man-cub as Baloo and Mowgli reprise "The Bare Necessities", but is thwarted each time. He eventually gives up, swearing he will "never again associate with man-cubs". Kaa then comes across Shanti, who is lost in the jungle in search for Mowgli. He successfully hypnotizes her and attempts to eat her, but is stopped by Ranjan. He is last seen being interrogated by Shere Khan about Mowgli's whereabouts, lying to the tiger that the boy is heading for the swamp.

text: 1994 live-action film[edit]

text: A far more menacing incarnation of the character appeared in the 1994 live-action adaptation. He was brought to life using an actual anaconda, but the bulk of his appearances were made using a mixture of CGI and animatronics. In the film, Kaa seems to serve King Louie, killing any intruders to the city when Louie summons him. Kaa attacks Mowgli inside the monkey city by tackling him into the moat and attempting to drown him, but Mowgli wounds him with a bejewelled dagger, forcing the python to flee in a pool of his own blood.

text: By the time Mowgli returns to the city with Captain William Boone (the main villain of the film) and Kitty, Kaa has fully healed from their prior confrontation. After defeating Boone, Mowgli flees with Kitty when he hears King Louie summoning the python. Boone starts gathering as much treasure as he can, but notices that the monkeys have gone silent; Kaa suddenly appears, then scares the injured Boone into the moat, where the heavy load of treasure he is carrying weighs him straight to the bottom. Desperately trying to struggle free, Boone sees the skeletal remains of Kaa's past victims just seconds before the villain finally meets his death by the python.

text: 2016 live-action film[edit]

text: Kaa appeared in Walt Disney Pictures' live-action adaptation of the animated film, directed by Jon Favreau. This version of Kaa is female and is voiced by Scarlett Johansson. This film's Kaa (like the previous Disney incarnations voiced by Sterling Holloway, Hal Smith, and Jim Cummings) desires to eat Mowgli. Luring him in by promising to keep him safe, she hypnotizes him and reveals that the boy came to live in the jungle when Shere Khan killed his father as they were travelling between villages and Bagheera found him. She also reveals to him the power of the "Red Flower" (fire) and its dangers in her vision. During her storytelling, she attempts to devour him, but Baloo spots and rescues Mowgli, denying her of her meal. She is not seen again for the rest of the film, though during the end credits, she is heard singing "Trust in Me".

text: In an interview, Johansson elaborated on Kaa, saying that she uses both her voice and hypnotic gaze to entrance Mowgli so that he cannot resist her embrace. She also says Kaa uses her story-telling to seduce and entrap Mowgli and describes Kaa as a "window into Mowgli's past". She notes that the way Kaa moves is "very alluring", describing it as "almost coquettish".[2] Johansson also sings the song "Trust in Me" in the film; she described her thoughts on the song: "It's a strange melody. We wanted it to be a lullaby, but it has a very mysterious sound."[3]

text: Other appearances[edit]

text:
In the 1967 Adventures of Mowgli Soviet cartoons, Kaa was voiced by Vladimir Ushakov. This version of the serpent, like the cartoons in general, is faithful to the original books.
In the 1989 Japanese anime series Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli, Kaa's personality is closer to the books than the Disney series.
Kaa appeared in the short-lived 1996 animated TV series Jungle Cubs, this time seen as a friend of the other animals when they were cubs. He was voiced by Jim Cummings, who reprised this role in episodes of the animated television series Disney's House of Mouse, the 2002 direct-to-video animated film Mickey's House of Villains, and The Jungle Book 2.
Kaa also made an appearance as the snake charmer Karait's pet python in the 1997 live-action film The Second Jungle Book: Mowgli & Baloo.
Ubisoft and Disney Interactive Studios released the 2000 video game The Jungle Book Groove Party for the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 video game consoles. The game featured Kaa as a character and also featured Kaa singing "A Mood for Food".
In the 2010 cgi animated television series, Kaa is given a more ferocious personality than in the books, but at the same time he is friends and allies with Mowgli, Bagheera, and Baloo.
A mentor-like and heroic version will be voiced by Cate Blanchett in the upcoming live-action film, Jungle Book, directed by Andy Serkis.

tag: ul


document_title: A Star Is Born (2018 film)

question_text: who is lady gaga father in a star is born

text: A Star Is Born (2018 film)

text: Plot

text: Jackson Maine, a famous country music singer privately battling an alcohol and drug addiction, plays a concert in California. His main support is Bobby, his manager and significantly older half-brother. After the show, Jackson happens upon a drag bar where he witnesses a performance by Ally, a waitress and singer-songwriter. Jackson is amazed by her talent; they spend the night speaking to each other, where Ally discloses to him the troubles she has faced in pursuing a professional music career.

text: Jackson invites Ally to his next show. Despite her initial refusal she attends and, with Jackson's encouragement, sings on stage with him. Jackson invites Ally to go on tour with him, and they form a romantic relationship. In Arizona, Ally and Jackson visit the ranch where Jackson grew up and where his father is buried, only to discover that Bobby sold the land. Angered at his betrayal, Jackson punches Bobby, who subsequently quits as his manager. Before doing so, Bobby reveals that he did inform Jackson about the sale, but the latter was too inebriated to notice.

text: While on tour Ally meets Rez, a record producer who offers her a contract. Although visibly bothered, Jackson still supports her decision. Rez refocuses Ally away from country music and towards pop. Jackson misses one of Ally's performances after he passes out drunk in public; he recovers at the home of his friend Noodles, and later makes up with Ally. There he proposes to Ally with a ring made from a loop of guitar string, and they are married that same day.

text: During Ally's performance on Saturday Night Live, Bobby reconciles with Jackson. Later, Jackson and Ally fight after he drunkenly voices his disapproval of Ally's new image and music, which is nominated for Grammy Awards. At the Grammys, a visibly intoxicated Jackson performs in a tribute to Roy Orbison, and Ally wins the Best New Artist award. When she goes up on stage to receive her award, Jackson follows her, where he wets himself and passes out. Ally's father Lorenzo berates Jackson and Ally helps him sober up. Jackson joins a drug rehabilitation program shortly thereafter.

text: Jackson recovers in rehab, where he discloses to his counselor that he attempted suicide as a teenager. He tearfully apologizes to Ally for his behavior, and returns home. Ally wishes to bring Jackson to perform with her on the European leg of her tour; Rez refuses, prompting Ally to cancel the remainder of the tour so she can care for Jackson.

text: Rez later confronts Jackson, informing him of Ally's decision to cancel her tour and accusing him of holding Ally back. That evening, Ally lies to Jackson, and tells him that her record label has cancelled her tour so she can focus on her second album. Jackson promises that he will come to her concert that night, but after Ally leaves, he hangs himself in their garage.

text: Ally becomes inconsolable after Jackson's death. She is visited by Bobby, who explains Jackson's death was his own fault and not hers. Ally takes a song that Jackson had written but never performed and sings it at a tribute concert, introducing herself as Ally Maine.

text: Cast

text:
Bradley Cooper as Jackson Maine, an established singer-songwriter and alcoholic. He is Ally's mentor and love interest.
Lady Gaga as Ally Campana-Maine, a nightclub singer-songwriter who is discovered by Jackson.
Sam Elliott as Bobby Maine, Jackson's older brother and manager.
Dave Chappelle as George "Noodles" Stone, Jackson's close friend, himself a retired musician.
Andrew Dice Clay as Lorenzo Campana, Ally's father.
Anthony Ramos as Ramon, Ally's friend.
Michael Harney as Wolfie, a limo driver and friend of Lorenzo.
Rafi Gavron as Rez Gavron, a music producer and Ally's manager.

text: Additionally, Rebecca Field appears as Gail, Shangela Laquifa Wadley as the drag bar emcee, Willam Belli as drag queen Emerald, Greg Grunberg as Jackson's driver Phil, and Ron Rifkin as Carl. Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real appear as Jackson's band,  Eddie Griffin appears as a local preacher and Luenell appears as a cashier. Marlon Williams, Brandi Carlile, Halsey, Alec Baldwin, and Don Roy King cameo as themselves.

text: Production

text: Development

text: In January 2011, it was announced that Clint Eastwood was in talks to direct Beyoncé in a third American remake of the 1937 film A Star Is Born; however, the project was delayed due to Beyoncé's pregnancy.[10] In April 2012, writer Will Fetters told Collider that the script was inspired by Kurt Cobain.[11] Talks with Christian Bale, Leonardo DiCaprio, Tom Cruise, Johnny Depp, and Will Smith to play the male lead failed to come to fruition. On October 9, 2012, Beyoncé left the project, and it was reported that Bradley Cooper was in talks to star. Eastwood was interested in Esperanza Spalding to play the female lead.[12]

text: On March 24, 2015, Warner Bros. announced that Cooper was in final talks to make his directorial debut with the film, and potentially to star with Beyoncé, who was again in talks to join;[13] Cooper did become the male lead.[14][15][16] On August 16, 2016, it was reported that Lady Gaga had officially become attached and the studio had green-lit the project to begin production early 2017.[17] It marks the fourth remake of the original 1937 film, after the 1954 musical, the 1976 rock musical and the 2013 Bollywood romance film.[18] On November 9, 2016, it was reported that Ray Liotta was in talks to join the film in the role of the manager to Cooper's character, though he ultimately was not involved.[19] On March 17, 2017, Sam Elliott joined the film,[20] with Andrew Dice Clay entering negotiations to play Lorenzo, the father of Lady Gaga's character.[21] Clay was selected over Robert De Niro, John Turturro and John Travolta.[22] In April 2017, Rafi Gavron, Michael Harney, and Rebecca Field also joined the cast.[23]

text: Filming began on April 17, 2017.[2] In May, Dave Chappelle was cast in the film.[24] In April 2018, it was announced that Halsey would have a small role.[25]

text: Music

text: After seeing him perform at Desert Trip festival, Cooper approached Lukas Nelson (son of country music singer Willie Nelson) and asked him to help work on the film. Nelson agreed and wrote several songs, which he sent to the producers.[26] Nelson subsequently met Lady Gaga and began writing songs with her and she, in turn, provided backing vocals on two tracks on his self-titled 2017 album.[27] The soundtrack, performed by Gaga and Cooper, was released on October 5, 2018, by Interscope Records. The studio announced that the album "features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film."[28]

text: Release

text: A Star Is Born had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on August 31, 2018.[29][30] It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival,[31] the San Sebastián International Film Festival, and the Zurich Film Festival in September 2018.[32][33] The film was theatrically released in the United States on October 5, 2018,[34] distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, after initially having been set for September 28, 2018, and May 18, 2018, releases.[35][36]

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: As of  October 29, 2018[update], A Star Is Born has grossed $149.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $106 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $255.9 million, against a production budget of $36–40 million.[9]

text: In the United States and Canada, A Star Is Born grossed $1.35 million from select Tuesday and Wednesday night screenings, and $15.8 million on its first day, including $3.2 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $42.9 million for the weekend and finished second at the box office, behind fellow newcomer Venom.[8] The film remained in second place in its second, third and fourth weekends, grossing a respective $28 million, $19.3 million and $14.1 million.[37][38][39]

text: Outside North America, the film was released day-and-date with the U.S. in 31 other countries, and made $14.2 million in its opening weekend; its largest markets were the United Kingdom ($5.3 million), France ($2.1 million) and Germany ($1.9 million).[40]

text: Critical response

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, A Star Is Born holds an approval rating of 90% based on 394 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "With appealing leads, deft direction, and an affecting love story, A Star Is Born is a remake done right—and a reminder that some stories can be just as effective in the retelling."[43] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 88 out of 100, based on 60 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[44] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale,[45] while PostTrak reported film-goers gave it a 90% positive score.[8]

text: Alonso Duralde of TheWrap gave the film a positive review, saying, "Cooper and Lady Gaga are dynamite together; this is a story that lives and dies by the central relationship and the instant chemistry that must blossom between them, and these two have it in spades," and praised the musical numbers, describing them as "electrifying".[46] Owen Gleiberman of Variety lauded Cooper's directing, co-writing, and acting, and called the film "a transcendent Hollywood movie".[47] Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+, singling out Gaga's performance, saying, "she deserves praise for her restrained, human-scale performance as a singer whose real-girl vulnerability feels miles away from the glittery meat-dress delirium of her own stage persona."[41] Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine found the film superior to its previous iterations and similarly praised Cooper's direction, the writing, as well the performances and chemistry of Cooper and Gaga. She stated: "You come away feeling something for these people, flawed individuals who are trying to hold their cracked pieces of self together–or to mend the cracks of those they love," also describing Gaga's performance as a "knockout."[48]

text: In his review for Los Angeles Times, Justin Chang called the film "remarkable," and praised Cooper for his fresh take on the well-worn formula of 1937 film, as well his direction, the performances, writing, and the cinematography.[42] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 4.5 out of five stars, and deemed it as a "modern classic," hailing the performances of Cooper and Gaga, and Cooper's direction. He found the film's screenplay and the original songs "seamless" and "terrific," and also called the film a major Oscar contender of the year and one of the year's best films.[49] The Washington Post's Ann Hornaday described the film as "lavishly delightful" and "earthly convincing," and added that it "offers a suitably jaundiced glimpse of starmaking machinery at its most cynical, but also its most thrilling and gratifying." She similarly praised Cooper's direction, the performances and chemistry of Cooper and Gaga, and the supporting performances, particularly Andrew Dice Clay and Sam Elliott.[50]

text: While praising the direction, acting, and writing, Michael Phillips in the Chicago Tribune argues that a A Star is Born's formula has always been very seductive to audiences, even when it has been written poorly, and Cooper's few missteps include being a bit of a scene hog.[51]  Admitting audiences love it, and he just liked it, Phillips drew attention to a skeptical review by Lindsey Romaine of Medium.com who criticized the story's marginalization of the Gaga character in dealing with Cooper's manipulative addict.  She at least wanted a scene where Gaga's character processed her behavior of letting the addict boyfriend get away with it.  Phillips argued that it is in part the skillful musicianship which gets audiences to blow past such flaws.[52]

text: Accolades

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref(s)

Hollywood Music in Media Awards

November 14, 2018

Best Original Song – Feature Film

"Shallow" by Lady Gaga, Mark Ronson, Anthony Rossomando, and Andrew Wyatt

Pending

[53]

Outstanding Music Supervision – Film

Julianne Jordan and Julia Michels

Pending

Best Soundtrack Album

A Star Is Born

Pending

Venice Film Festival

September 8, 2018

Smithers Foundation Award

A Star Is Born

Won

[54]


document_title: Maleficent (film)

question_text: who is the girl who plays young maleficent

text: Maleficent (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Maleficent is a powerful fairy living in the Moors, a magical forest realm bordering a human kingdom. As a young girl, she meets and falls in love with a human peasant boy named Stefan, whose love for Maleficent is overshadowed by his ambition. As they become older, the two grow apart, and Maleficent becomes protector of the Moors. When King Henry tries to conquer the Moors, Maleficent mortally wounds him and forces him to retreat. As he lies dying, he declares that whoever kills Maleficent will be named his successor and marry his daughter, Princess Leila. Stefan visits Maleficent in the Moors. He drugs her, but cannot bring himself to kill her. Instead, he cuts off her wings with iron (which is lethal to fairies) and presents them to the king. Devastated by Stefan's betrayal, Maleficent turns the Moors into a dark kingdom. She finds a raven named Diaval to act as her wings, spy and confidant. She transforms him into different forms as needed, including human.

text: After some time, Diaval informs Maleficent that Stefan, now king, is hosting a christening for his newborn daughter, Aurora. Bent on revenge, Maleficent arrives uninvited and curses the infant princess: on her sixteenth birthday, she will prick her finger on the spindle of a spinning wheel and fall into a deep sleep from which she will never awaken. When Stefan begs for mercy, Maleficent mocks him and offers an antidote: the curse can be only broken by true love's kiss. Fearing for his daughter's safety, Stefan sends Aurora to live with three pixies - Knotgrass, Thistlewit, and Flittle - until the day after her sixteenth birthday, while he destroys all the spinning wheels in the kingdom and hides their remnants in the castle dungeon. He sends his armies to find and kill Maleficent, but she surrounds the Moors with an impenetrable wall of thorns. King Stefan slips into madness and paranoia, trying to prevent the curse, even neglecting to see his wife on her deathbed.

text: Despite her initial dislike for Aurora, Maleficent begins to care for her when the bumbling and neglectful pixies fail to do so. After a brief meeting with the young Aurora, Maleficent watches over her from afar. When Aurora is fifteen, she encounters Maleficent. Knowing that she is being watched over, she calls Maleficent her "fairy godmother." Maleficent tries desperately to undo the curse but is unsuccessful, as the curse proves to be unbreakable by any means other than true love's kiss. In the forest, Aurora meets Prince Philip, and the two are attracted to each other. On the day before Aurora's sixteenth birthday, Aurora tells Maleficent that she would like to live with her in the Moors. When Aurora returns to the cottage, the pixies inadvertently tell Aurora of her past. Having learned of Maleficent's true identity, Aurora runs to her father's castle.

text: After a brief reunion with his daughter, Stefan locks her away in a room for her own safety while setting up a plan to kill Maleficent. However, the power of the curse draws Aurora to the dungeon, where a spinning wheel magically reassembles itself. She pricks her finger and falls into a deep sleep, fulfilling the curse. Maleficent, intent on saving Aurora, abducts Phillip and infiltrates Stefan's castle, but Phillip's kiss fails to awaken Aurora. At her bedside, Maleficent apologizes to Aurora and kisses her forehead. Aurora awakens, as Maleficent's motherly feelings towards her count as true love. However, as Maleficent and Aurora attempt to leave, they trigger an ambush by Stefan and his guards, with an iron net dropping on her. Maleficent transforms Diaval into a dragon, and he battles Stefan's guards, but he is eventually caught as well. Stefan beats and taunts Maleficent, his former love for her fully gone, but before he can deliver a killing blow, Aurora finds her wings and releases them. They fly to Maleficent and reattach themselves. Maleficent carries Stefan to the top of the castle's highest tower and beats him, but cannot bring herself to kill him. Stefan attacks her as she turns away, however, and both plummet from the tower. Maleficent is able to break away, and Stefan falls to his death.

text: In the end, Maleficent returns the Moors to its former glory, and Aurora is crowned queen with Phillip by her side to unify the two kingdoms.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Angelina Jolie as Maleficent

Isobelle Molloy as Young Maleficent
Ella Purnell as Teen Maleficent

Sharlto Copley as King Stefan[5]

Michael Higgins as Young Stefan
Jackson Bews as Teen Stefan

Elle Fanning as Princess Aurora, the Sleeping Beauty

Vivienne Jolie-Pitt as Little Aurora
Eleanor Worthington Cox as Pre-teen Aurora
Janet McTeer as Elderly Aurora/Narrator

Sam Riley as Diaval[5]
Imelda Staunton as Knotgrass[5]
Juno Temple as Thistlewit[6]
Lesley Manville as Flittle[5]
Brenton Thwaites as Prince Phillip[7]
Kenneth Cranham as King Henry[5][8]
Hannah New as Queen Leila

text: Production[edit]

text: Angelina Jolie had long been attached to the project since March 2010, when Tim Burton, who had tentatively planned to direct, chose not to pursue it.[9][10] Jolie's desire to play this role stemmed from her love of the character when she was a little girl.[11] Linda Woolverton was commissioned to write the script for the film.[12] On January 6, 2012, Disney announced that Robert Stromberg, the production designer of Alice in Wonderland and Oz the Great and Powerful, would direct the film.[13] Joe Roth, Don Hahn, and Richard D. Zanuck were hired as producers, although Zanuck died later that year.[14] Roth said the film would not have been made if Jolie had not agreed to take the title role: "She seemed like the only person who could play the part. There was no point in making the movie if it wasn't her."[15]

text: In March 2012, Elle Fanning was reported to be in talks for the role of Princess Aurora, the Sleeping Beauty.[16][17] Her casting was officially announced in May 2012, along with Sharlto Copley as the male lead, King Stefan, Princess Aurora's father, then described as the half-human, half-fairy son of a human king, along with Imelda Staunton; Miranda Richardson as Queen Ulla, then described as a fairy queen who is Maleficent's aunt with a dislike of her niece; Kenneth Cranham as a king; Sam Riley as Diaval, a raven who changes into human form and is Maleficent's right hand; and Lesley Manville.[5]

text: Director Stromberg highlighted the "wonderful" contrast between the two lead actresses, Elle Fanning and Angelina Jolie, calling the character of Aurora the "beacon of light" that he was looking forward to blending with the darkness of Maleficent.[18]

text: Writing[edit]

text:
"I was really moved by the script from first reading. It was like uncovering a great mystery. We all know the story of Sleeping Beauty and we all know Maleficent and what happened at the christening because we've all grown up with that. But what we've never known is, what happened before?"

—Angelina Jolie[19]

tag: div

text: Linda Woolverton's screenplay went through at least 15 versions as the film progressed in the production.[20] Director Robert Stromberg said: "I met many times with Linda Woolverton, the writer. We did lots of roundtable discussions and sort of cut out the fat as much as we could and sort of purified the storyline as much as we could".[21] In some earlier versions of the story, Stefan was the half-human, half-fairy bastard son of King Henry. The version of the screenplay which went into shooting originally included two characters called Queen Ulla and King Kinloch, the fairy queen and the fairy king of the Moors, and the aunt and uncle of Maleficent.[5] Miranda Richardson and Peter Capaldi were cast and shot the Queen Ulla and King Kinloch scenes, but their roles were cut in the editing process together with more than 15 minutes of the first act of the film. Stromberg said: "We spent a bit more time originally in the fairy world before we got into the human side of things ... we wanted to get it [the film] under two hours. So we cut about fifteen minutes out of the first act, and then that had to be seamed together with some pretty basic reshoots."[22]

text: Stromberg later claimed in an interview that he employed an "age-old" emotional storytelling for the film and called it "the biggest thrill" against all technology advances.[18] "And the way we play with that is we have somebody who's perhaps in love but betrayed and doesn't believe that true love exists. So the moral to it is we can all feel dark ourselves but not to lose hope because there is light in places where we might not be expecting", he explained.[18]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on June 13, 2012.[23] Some filming took place in the Buckinghamshire countryside.[24]

text: Re-shoots[edit]

text: John Lee Hancock assisted Stromberg with re-shoots for the film. Hancock, who had just finished overseeing the final post-production stages of Saving Mr. Banks, was approached by producer Joe Roth, with whom he had worked on Snow White and the Huntsman. Roth said: "He's not directing. He wrote pages, and I hired a first-time director, and it's good to have him on set." Roth was asked why a "film of this magnitude was entrusted to a novice director", and he noted that Stromberg won Academy Awards for production design on Avatar and Alice in Wonderland. Roth said: "The movie is gorgeous to look at, and the last 75 minutes are really entertaining. The issue was the opening, which was re-shot over eight days."[25]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: As a previous production designer, Stromberg sought to balance the use of practical and computer-generated effects. For example, while Maleficent's horns were created by makeup artist Rick Baker, Digital Domain took facial capture of Imelda Staunton, Lesley Manville, and Juno Temple for the three pixies to be generated with high authenticity with the help of special rigging by Disney Research in Zurich.[18] For the visuals, Stromberg wanted to make it "a bit more grounded" and "not too surreal" because it could be distracting from the simplicity of the story.[18] He also regretted not employing bigger sets and allowing actors to work in a more tangible environment, on "real sets with real lights".[18]

text: Music[edit]

text: James Newton Howard was hired to score the film in October 2012.[26] On January 23, 2014, it was announced that recording artist Lana Del Rey would be covering the song "Once Upon a Dream", from the 1959 film Sleeping Beauty as the title song for Maleficent. The song "Once Upon a Dream" is based on the Grand Waltz from ballet "Sleeping Beauty" written by Russian composer Tchaikovsky. [27][28]

text: Del Rey was handpicked by Angelina Jolie to perform the song.[29] The single was released on January 26 and was made available for free for a limited time through Google Play.[30][31]

text:
Maleficent (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Film score by James Newton Howard

Released
May 27, 2014

Studio
Abbey Road Studios

Genre
Orchestral

Length
1:11:46

Label
Walt Disney

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by James Newton Howard (Tracks 1–22).

text:
Maleficent (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Maleficent Suite"

6:38

2.
"Welcome to the Moors"

1:05

3.
"Maleficent Flies"

4:39

4.
"Battle of the Moors"

4:58

5.
"Three Peasant Women"

1:04

6.
"Go Away"

2:26

7.
"Aurora and the Fawn"

2:28

8.
"The Christening"

5:30

9.
"Prince Philip"

2:29

10.
"The Spindle's Power"

4:35

11.
"You Could Live Here Now"

2:26

12.
"Path of Destruction"

1:47

13.
"Aurora in Faerieland"

4:41

14.
"The Wall Defends Itself"

1:06

15.
"The Curse Won't Reverse"

1:21

16.
"Are You Maleficent?"

2:10

17.
"The Army Dances"

1:28

18.
"Phillip's Kiss"

2:20

19.
"The Iron Gauntlet"

1:35

20.
"True Love's Kiss"

2:33

21.
"Maleficent Is Captured"

7:42

22.
"The Queen of Faerieland"

3:25

23.
"Once Upon a Dream"
Jack Lawrence, Sammy Fain
Lana Del Rey
3:20

Total length:
1:11:46

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was originally slated for a March 2014 release, before it was changed to July 2, 2014. On September 18, 2013, the film's release date was bumped up from July 2, 2014 to May 30, due to Pixar's The Good Dinosaur having production problems and delays.[32] In the UK, the film was released on May 28.[33]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On August 10, 2013, as part of the live action motion picture panel of the 2013 Disney D23 Expo in the Anaheim Convention Center at Anaheim, California, Disney unveiled its first look of Maleficent by revealing the new logo of the film's title and one-minute clip from the film. Angelina Jolie made a surprise visit to the expo and talked with the attendees about her fascination with Disney's Sleeping Beauty as a child, her working experience with the filmmakers on the film, and her love of Disney. She also remarked on how she scared little girls when she was in costume, makeup, and acting during shooting; this led to the decision of hiring her own daughter, Vivienne Jolie-Pitt, for the role of the young Princess Aurora, since she would not be scared of her own mother during principal photography.[34]

text: Walt Disney Pictures released the teaser poster for Maleficent on November 12, 2013, featuring Jolie in costume and makeup, akin to the character's depiction in the original film.[35][36] The first trailer was released the following day, on November 13. The first teaser trailer was attached to Thor: The Dark World, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, Frozen, and Vampire Academy: Blood Sisters.[37] Two more trailers were released in January 2014, revealing Maleficent's appearance. A third trailer featured Lana Del Rey singing "Once Upon a Dream".[38] The final trailer was released on March 18, 2014.[39]

text: Starting April 18, 2014, Disney's Hollywood Studios and Disney California Adventure previewed the film inside the ABC Sound Studio and It's Tough to Be a Bug! theaters, respectively.[40] Disney Infinity 2.0 featured Maleficent as a playable figure utilizing the look from the movie.

text: Novel[edit]

text: A tie-in novel was published alongside the movie's release in 2014, written by Elizabeth Rudnick. The novel elaborates on the movie, utilizing a brief prologue detailing Maleficent's birth, early childhood and parentage The movie never fully elaborates on how the intense hatred amongst men and fairfolk during King Henry's reign came to be, a void the novel fills. The novel also features some different versions of key moments in the film, for example, Stefan angrily smothers King Henry on his deathbed after he declares that he's still unfit to rule even after having brought Maleficent's severed wings to him. Later, Stefan forges a Royal Proclamation declaring himself as the late monarch's chosen successor. Maleficent's encounter with the infant Princess Aurora in the forest also differs from the one in the film, since Aurora does feel afraid of Maleficent after she frightens her away. Some of these ideas had originally been filmed but were either cut or altered during post-production while others may have been dramatic license on the part of the author.[citation needed]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Maleficent was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu-ray Disc, DVD, and digital download on November 4, 2014.[41] The film topped the home video sales chart in its first week of release.[42] As of February 2015, Maleficent has made over $74 million in total home video sales.[43]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Maleficent earned a gross of $241.4 million in the USA & Canada, and $517.1 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $758.5 million against a budget of $180 million.[3] Calculating in all expenses, Deadline.com estimated that the film made a profit of $190.77 million.[44] Worldwide, in its opening weekend, the film earned $175.5 million,[45][46] $9 million of which was from IMAX locations.[47] It is also the biggest debut among films starring Angelina Jolie,[47] and the actress' highest-grossing film of all time worldwide,[48][49] as well as the fourth-highest-grossing 2014 film (behind Transformers: Age of Extinction, The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, and Guardians of the Galaxy), and the 15th Disney-distributed film to surpass the $700 million mark at the worldwide box office.[50] The film is also one of four Walt Disney Studios releases in 2014 to gross over $500 million; the other titles being Guardians of the Galaxy, Captain America: The Winter Soldier, and Big Hero 6.[51]

text: In North America, Maleficent earned $4.2 million in Thursday night showings, surpassing the midnight or late-night grosses of previous live-action fantasy films, Alice in Wonderland, Oz the Great and Powerful[52][53] and Snow White and the Huntsman. By the end of its opening day (including late-night Thursday earnings), the film earned $24.3 million, similar to Oz, but ahead of Snow White and the Huntsman and behind Alice.[54] Maleficent finished its debut weekend at first place with $69.4 million[45] ($6.7 million of which was earned from IMAX locations and 35% of which was earned from 3D showings),[55][56] which exceeded Disney's expectations of a $60 million opening[57] and making it the largest opening-weekend performance for a live-action film starring Jolie (a record previously held by her 2008 film Wanted),[55] as well as the third-highest opening weekend for a solo female star (behind the first two films in The Hunger Games series).[58] Disney reported that 46% of ticket buyers in Thursday previews were male,[52] while weekend reports said family audiences accounted for 45% of the film's total audience, and couples and teens accounted for 38% and 18% respectively.[55][57] Female audiences and moviegoers over 25 years old held respective proportions of 60% and 51%.[55] Dave Hollis, head of Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, attributed this success to "some momentum and great word-of-mouth."[57] During its first week, the film earned a total of $93.8 million, ahead of Snow White yet behind Oz and Alice.[59] In its second weekend, Maleficent dropped by 50.6% to $34.3 million, finishing in second place.[45] It experienced a smaller second-weekend drop than Snow White,[60][61] yet still bigger than Oz and Alice.[62] In North America, Maleficent is the eighth-highest-grossing 2014 film.[63]

text: Maleficent opened outside North America on the same weekend as North America, earning $20.1 million from 35 territories in its first two days (May 28–29, 2014).[64] During its opening weekend, the film topped the box office with $106.1 million from 47 territories.[46] Its largest opening weekends were in China ($22.2 million),[65] Mexico ($14.0 million) and Russia and the CIS ($13.0 million).[47] On the second weekend of release, Maleficent fell to $61.7 million, earning from 52 markets.[66][67] It was in first place at the box office outside North America on three weekends, its first, third ($39.2 million)[68][69] and fourth ($47.9 million).[70]

text: Maleficent is the fourth-highest-grossing 2014 film,[71] and Angelina Jolie's highest-grossing live-action film.[48] In total earnings, the film's top markets after North America are Japan ($57.6 million), China ($47.7 million), Mexico ($46.2 million), Russia ($37.7 million), Brazil ($33.2 million), the United Kingdom ($31.7 million), Venezuela ($24.5 million) and Italy ($19.1 million).[72] It was also the most watched film at the Maltese box office in 2014, enjoying an eighteen-week run.[73]

text: Commercial analysis[edit]

text: Dave Lewis, writing for HitFix, predicted that although Disney fairy tales and Angelina Jolie's performance might attract audiences, Maleficent would not gross even as much as Oz the Great and Powerful, explaining that the film was released on the same time frame with competitive releases like X-Men: Days of Future Past, Godzilla and A Million Ways to Die in the West,[74] even though it outperformed those films later on. Boxoffice wrote that Maleficent had a successful marketing campaign, featured Jolie in the title role, and its "female-driven" themes and plot aimed at women. However, the site also noted that the film would have to compete with other summer releases, and the character of Maleficent may not attract young children.[75] Todd Cunningham of The Wrap shared the same opinion, writing that "[the film's] connecting with parents and that Jolie's considerable star power is having a big impact."[76][77] Wells Fargo's Marci Ryvicker predicted that Maleficent might be "too dark and scary to be profitable" and was likely to force Disney "into a write-down", as reported by The New York Times; while RBC Capital Markets' David Bank commented that "It's definitely in the 'not a sure thing' bucket."[78][79][80] Wall St. Cheat Sheet explained that the film approached to a more "grown-up" and "sinister" aspect of the classic, and targeted for an older audience like young adults. "It's just too scary for younger children," the site wrote.[81] ScreenRant added that the PG rating of the film would "fill a void in the marketplace, which is currently without a traditional "family friendly" option."[82] Box Office Mojo primarily compared the film with 2012's Snow White and the Huntsman (another film that also focused on a fairy tale villain), predicting that Maleficent "has a good chance" of matching Snow White's gross in North America box office.[83] The film however, ended up grossing double the amount projected.

text: Variety wrote that the film's opening weekend outperforming initial box-office projections was later attributed by analysts in part to Disney's successful marketing to the "potent demographic" (female audiences) much like the studio accomplished with Frozen, in which both films feature a strong female lead.[84] Disney argued that a lack of family-friendly options in the marketplace would "bode well for Maleficent's [box office] performance" in its two first weeks of release.[84]

text: The cost of the film was offset by a rebate from the UK in the amount of £23,535,108 ($37 million in 2012, the period in which it was shot).[85]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Maleficent received mixed reviews from critics. The film holds a 50% approval rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 202 reviews, with an average score of 5.7/10. The site's consensus reads, "Angelina Jolie's magnetic performance outshines Maleficent's dazzling special effects; unfortunately, the movie around them fails to justify all that impressive effort."[86] On Metacritic, the film has a rating of 56 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[87] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an "A" grade on a scale of A+ to F.[88][89] Angelina Jolie's performance in the film has been repeatedly singled out for praise by critics.

text: The New York Times stated, with two shorn wings and an astonishing maternal kiss, "Maleficent" demolishes stereotypes that were only tweaked in "Frozen". [90] Kate Taylor of The Globe and Mail was very positive about the film, writing that "[it] surprises not for its baroque visions of a colourful woodland enlivened by joyous fairies and a forbidding castle peopled by unhappy humans, but rather for the thematic richness of its story gloriously personified by Angelina Jolie in the title role." While criticizing the overuse of CGI and 3D effects, she particularly praised the positive message of the film and Jolie's performance. She concluded her review with "Long live the feminist revisionist backstory."[91] On the contrary, Keith Staskiewicz, writing for the Entertainment Weekly, awarded the film a "B-" and wrote that "there's a lot of levitating cliffs and odd flora. But despite their bleeding-edge digital design, the backgrounds have all the depth of the old matte-painted backgrounds of the analog days," which made the film "[feel] classical in nature." He further commented that "The characters are boiled down to their essentials, the humor is timelessly broad."[92] Michael Philips of Chicago Tribune gave the film two and a half stars, commenting that the recent "formula" that "a new angle on a well-known fairy tale appears in the light" "works" with Maleficent. He also said that the film "is all about second thoughts", as Maleficent "spends much of the film as Aurora's conflicted fairy godmother." Phillips particularly praised Jolie and Elle Fanning's acting, Rick Baker's makeup (for Jolie's "angular, serrated look"), but criticized James Newton Howard's "sloshy, pushy" musical score.[93] Robbie Collin of The Telegraph wrote, "This Disney reimagining of Sleeping Beauty lacks true enchantment, but Angelina Jolie saves the day."[94] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a positive review, writing "This is Jolie's film because of the Maleficent she makes. Everyone else, even Aurora, fades in her presence."[95] J.C. Maçek III of PopMatters wrote, "Even at its silliest, Maleficent is a well-acted film, with Sharlto Copley turning in a memorable performance and Elle Fanning proving to be an inspired choice for Aurora/Sleeping Beauty. Jolie manages to steal her own show in most every scene. Jolie is excellent as the hopeful fairy, enjoying the world she flies through. She is also brilliant as the Dark Lady, who could be a perfect counterpart to any Darth Vader, as she malevolently takes her revenge on those who have wronged her."[96]

text: Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post awarded the film three-and-a-half out of four stars, commenting that "Still, for all its limitations, "Maleficent" manages to be improbably entertaining to watch, due solely to its title character."[97] Writing for Roger Ebert's website, Matt Zoller Seitz awarded Maleficent three out of four stars, praising the themes of the film and the acting of Jolie. Seitz also called the scene in which Maleficent discovers the loss of her wings "the most traumatizing image I've seen in a Hollywood fairy tale since the Christ-like sacrifice of Aslan in 2005's The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe."[98] The review on The Globe and Mail further explained that "in the simple context of a fairy tale, Jolie does make both the terrifying horned creature and her gradual awakening heartfelt," extolling the "emotional richness" behind her physical acts.[91] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times felt more negatively, assigning it a D. Although Roeper praised the visuals, he criticized the acting and writing, stating that "the story itself might well put you into the same type of coma that befalls the heroine."[99] However, some such as Stella Morabito of The Federalist, criticized the film for its negative portrayal of men. According to Morabito, "Maleficent lacks a single complex male character". Morabito also criticized the film for portraying Maleficent as a hero.[100]

text: Mary Costa, who voiced Aurora in the 1959 animated motion picture, called the film, "a very good movie". She added that “the concept and perspective are totally different than the original film’s, which makes it new and interesting." As for Jolie's performance, she said "No one could have played the part of Maleficent better," concluding that "she was absolutely magnificent!”[101]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award / Film Festival
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

87th Academy Awards[102]
Best Costume Design
Anna B. Sheppard
Nominated

Broadcast Film Critics Association[103]
Best Costume Design
Anna B. Sheppard

Best Hair & Makeup

Heartland Film Festival[104]
Truly Moving Picture Award
Robert Stromberg
Won

Hollywood Film Awards[105]
Hollywood Production Design
Dylan Cole and Gary Freeman

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
Original Score - SI-FI/Fantasy Film
James Newton Howard
Nominated

Nickelodeon Mexico Kids' Choice Awards[106]
Favorite movie

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Movie

Won

Favorite Family Movie

Favorite Movie Actress
Angelina Jolie
Nominated

Favorite Action Movie Actress

Phoenix Film Critics Society[107]
Best Live Action Family Film

Best Costume Design
Anna B. Sheppard

Satellite Awards
Best Costume Design
Anna B. Sheppard

Best Art Direction & Production Design
Dylan Cole, Frank Walsh, Gary Freeman

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Action

Choice Movie Actress: Action
Angelina Jolie

Elle Fanning

45th Annual British Academy Children's Awards[108]
BAFTA Kid's Vote - Film in 2014

Children's Feature Film

Saturn Award[109]
Best Fantasy Film

Best Actress
Angelina Jolie

Best Performance by a Younger Actor
Elle Fanning

Best Costume
Anna B. Sheppard

Kids' Choice Award
Favorite Movie

Favorite Actress
Angelina Jolie

Favorite Villain
Angelina Jolie
Won

Favorite Actress
Elle Fanning
Nominated

Visual Effects Society Awards (VES Awards)[110]
Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects-Driven Photoreal/Live Action Feature Motion Picture
Carey Villegas, Barrie Hemsley, Adam Valdez, Kelly Port, Michael Dawson

Outstanding Performance of an Animated Character in a Photoreal/Live Action Feature Motion Picture
Darren Hendler, Matthias Wittmann, Jeremy Buttell, Elliot Rosenstein

Hollywood Post Alliance Awards (HPA Awards)[111]
Outstanding Visual Effects – Feature Film
Carey Villegas, Adam Valdez, Seth Maury, Kevin Hahn, David Seager // MPC

text: Themes[edit]

text: Multiple reviewers and commentators have opined that an early scene in the movie, in which Stefan drugs Maleficent and removes her wings from her unconscious body, is a metaphor for rape. Hayley Krischner of The Huffington Post interpreted the scene as an important reference to rape culture: "This is the horrific side of rape culture. We're so enmeshed in it that it's impossible to ignore a metaphoric rape that occurs in a Disney movie". She went on to praise the film for giving a positive and hopeful message to rape victims, ultimately allowing "the woman to recover. It gives her agency. It gives her power. It allows her to reclaim the story".[112] Monika Bartyzel of The Week noted the scene's implications in her review: "In its first act, Maleficent offers a dark, surprisingly adult exploration of rape and female mutilation". However, Bartyzel went on to opine that the film portrayed Maleficent's actions as "a rape revenge fantasy" and criticized the film for not following through on its early subtext, ultimately calling it less feminist and reductive compared to its 1959 counterpart: "In Maleficent, Aurora is the product of a cold and loveless marriage and a vengeful, unhinged rapist. Her safety relies on a trio of clueless and dangerously careless fairies, and her Godmother is the woman who cursed her — and who had, in turn, been violated by her own father".[113] Angelina Jolie addressed the issue during an interview with BBC Radio 4 on the Woman's Hour programme and claimed that the subtext was intentional: "The question was asked: 'What could make a woman become so dark and lose all sense of her maternity, her womanhood, and her softness?' [...] We were very conscious, the writer and I, that [the scene] was a metaphor for rape". She further explained that the answer to the question "What could bring her back?" was still "an extreme Disney, fun version [of the story]", but "at the core it is abuse, and how the abused then have a choice of abusing others or overcoming and remaining loving, open people".[114][115]

text: Jordan Shapiro of Forbes argued that the film's main subtext was the detrimental effects of ultimatums between capitalist and socialist societies. He pointed out that the Moors represented a socialist, nature-oriented, democratic society while the human kingdom was one of capitalism, industry and absolute monarchy. Shapiro further commented that the character of Stefan, his theft of the Moors' riches (the jewel) and his mutilation of Maleficent's wings for the sake of his ambition were references to the American Dream. He conceived the wing-tearing scene as "a social commentary that any hierarchical rise to power inherently happens through the exploitation of others", explaining that it was the reason why "without her wings, Maleficent also becomes an oppressive ruler of the Moors. Everything she represents, believes and stands for has been grounded", and "like most victims of oppression", "she takes it out on those who are smaller and weaker". He concluded that through the merge of the two kingdoms at the end of the film, it sought to weave together capitalism and socialism and let go oppositions: "It is time to leave the kingdom of familiar partisan oppositions: let's replace either/or with neither/nor or both/and".[116]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: On June 3, 2014, Angelina Jolie hinted about the possibility of a sequel.[117] On June 15, 2015, Disney announced the sequel with Linda Woolverton returning to write the screenplay and Joe Roth to produce the film.[118] On April 26, 2016, it was confirmed that Jolie will reprise her role as Maleficent.[119] On August 30, 2017, Disney hired screenwriter Jez Butterworth to re-write the initial script by Woolverton.[120] On October 3, 2017, it was reported that Joachim Rønning (Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales) is in talks on directing the sequel.[121]


document_title: Backboard shattering

question_text: who broke the first backboard in the nba

text: Backboard shattering

text: A backboard shattering is an accident or stunt in basketball. It occurs when a player slam dunks the ball hard enough to break the 1/2" tempered safety glass of the backboard. The stunt has caused games to be canceled or delayed, serious injuries to occur and expensive costs of cleanup and replacement. Shattering a backboard is extremely dangerous, sending shards of glass flying over the players and fans. In the National Basketball Association (NBA), shattering a backboard during a game is penalized with a non-unsportsmanlike conduct technical foul and a possible fine towards the player. The player may not be ejected, nor shall the foul count towards a player's total towards either ejection or suspension. [1]

text: Backboard shattering has altered the game in many different ways. In 1967, the dunk was banned in high school and college basketball. The rule-makers claimed the dunk was outlawed to prevent injury and equipment damage. After multiple issues with the new rule, nine years later they allowed the slam dunk to be legal again due to the invention of the breakaway rim.[2] The NBA began using them after Darryl Dawkins shattered two backboards with his slam dunks during the 1979–80 season.[3]

text: Throughout the history of basketball there have always been athletes with the size and strength to slam dunk the ball through the rim. However, the first NBA player to shatter a backboard, Chuck Connors (who would become far more famous as an actor), did not do so with a dunk. When playing for the Boston Celtics in 1946, Connors took a set shot during pregame warmups, hitting the front of the rim. Because an arena worker had failed to place a protective piece between the rim and backboard, the backboard shattered.[4] All-star power forward Gus Johnson of the Baltimore Bullets became famous as a backboard breaker in the NBA, shattering three during his career in the 1960s and early 1970s.[5] In the ABA, Charlie Hentz shattered two backboards in the same game on November 6, 1970, resulting in the game being cancelled.

text: Darryl Dawkins became famous for shattering backboards, and is credited for being the one person to cause the NBA to introduce "breakaway rims". Shaquille O'Neal slam dunked so hard that he broke the supports holding two backboards during games against the New Jersey Nets and the Phoenix Suns during the 1992–93 NBA season.

text: Chris Morris, a former NBA star with the New Jersey Nets, shattered a backboard during a game in 1993;[6] Jerome Lane shattered a backboard during a game in 1988 while playing for the University of Pittsburgh;[7] Blue Edwards shattered a backboard during a Midnight Madness event while he was playing at East Carolina.[8] Bryant Reeves shattered a backboard during team practice/warm-ups prior to their 1995 NCAA tourney game against UCLA.[9] Following the 1992–93 season the NBA increased steel brace strength and increased stability of the backboard to prevent the hoop from falling down after Shaquille O'Neal broke two goal standards the previous season (although the glass remained intact, welds in the goal standard failed). The aforementioned technical foul was also introduced at the time.[10][1] During the NCAA tournament in 1996, Darvin Ham shattered a backboard while playing for Texas Tech against North Carolina.[11] South Korean Basketball Player Hyun Joo-yup shattered a backboard In 1997 FIBA Asia All-star game.[12] In 2012, during a preseason exhibition game held in Sassari, Italy, Olympiacos starter and former NBA player Joey Dorsey ended up breaking the glass of a backboard against Dinamo Sassari.[13]


document_title: Coelom

question_text: when is the coelom said to be a true coelom

text: Coelom

text: Structure[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Coelom formation begins in the gastrula stage. The developing digestive tube of an embryo forms as a blind pouch called the archenteron.

text: In Protostomes, the coelom forms by a process known as schizocoely. The archenteron initially forms, and the mesoderm splits into two layers: the first attaches to the body wall or ectoderm, forming the parietal layer and the second surrounds the endoderm or alimentary canal forming the visceral layer. The space between the parietal layer and the visceral layer is known as the coelom or body cavity. Examples of protostome coelomates include earthworms, snails, clams, slugs and octopuses. [4]

text: In Deuterostomes, the coelom forms by enterocoely: mesoderm buds from the walls of the archenteron and hollows to become the coelomic cavities. Some examples of deuterostome coelomates are sea urchins, fish, sea stars and humans.

text: Origins[edit]

text: The evolutionary origin of the coelom is uncertain. The oldest known animal to have had a body cavity was the Vernanimalcula. Current hypothesis include:[citation needed]

text:
The acoelomate theory, which states that coelom evolved from an acoelomate ancestor.
The enterocoel theory, which states that coelom evolved from gastric pouches of cnidarian ancestors. This is supported by research on flatworms and small worms recently discovered in marine fauna ("coelom")

text: Functions[edit]

text: A coelom can absorb shock or provide a hydrostatic skeleton. It can also support an immune system in the form of coelomocytes that may either be attached to the wall of the coelom or may float about in it freely. The coelom allows muscles to grow independently of the body wall — this feature can be seen in the digestive tract of tardigrades (also known as water bears) which is suspended within the body in the mesentery derived from a mesoderm-lined coelom.

text: Coelomic fluid[edit]

text: The fluid inside the coelom is known as coelomic fluid. This is circulated by mesothelial cilia or by contraction of muscles in the body wall which are themselves of mesin.[5] The coelomic fluid serves several functions; it acts as a hydroskeleton, it allows free movement and growth of internal organs, it serves for transport of gases, nutrients and waste products between different parts of the body, it allows storage of sperm and eggs during maturation and it acts as a reservoir for waste.[6]

text: Classification in zoology[edit]

text: In the past, some zoologists grouped bilaterian animal phyla based on characteristics related to the coelom for practical purposes, knowing, and explicitly stating, that these groups were not phylogenetically related. Animals were classified in three informal groups according to the type of body cavity they possess, in a non-taxonomic, utilitarian way, as the Acoelomata, Pseudocoelomata, and Coelomata. These groups were never intended to represent related animals, or a sequence of evolutionary traits.

text: However, this scheme was followed by a number of college textbooks and some general classifications , but is now almost totally abandoned as a formal classification. Indeed, as late as 2010, one author of a molecular phylogeny study mistakenly called this classification scheme the "traditional, morphology-based phylogeny".[7]

text:
Coelomate animals or Coelomata (also known as eucoelomates — "true coelom") have a body cavity called a coelom with a complete lining called peritoneum derived from mesoderm (one of the three primary tissue layers). The complete mesoderm lining allows organs to be attached to each other so that they can be suspended in a particular order while still being able to move freely within the cavity. Most bilateral animals, including all the vertebrates, are coelomates.
Pseudocoelomate animals have a pseudocoelom (literally “false cavity”), which is a fluid filled body cavity. Tissue derived from mesoderm partly lines the fluid filled body cavity of these animals. Thus, although organs are held in place loosely, they are not as well organized as in a coelomate. All pseudocoelomates are protostomes; however, not all protostomes are pseudocoelomates. An example of a Pseudocoelomate is the roundworm. Pseudocoelomate animals are also referred to as Hemocoel and Blastocoelomate.
Acoelomate animals, like flatworms, have no body cavity at all. Semi-solid mesodermal tissues between the gut and body wall hold their organs in place.

text: Coelomates[edit]

text: Coeloms developed in triploblasts but were subsequently lost in several lineages. The lack of a coelom is correlated with a reduction in body size. Coelom is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to any developed digestive tract. Some organisms may not possess a coelom or may have a false coelom (pseudocoelom). Animals having coeloms are called coelomates, and those without are called acoelomates. There are also subtypes of coelom:[citation needed]

text:
schizocoelom: develops from split in mesoderm found in annelids, arthropods and molluscs
haemocoelom: true coelom reduced & cavity filled with blood found from arthropoda and mollusca
enterocoelom: develops from wall of embryonic gut found from echinodermata to chordata

text: Coelomate phyla[edit]

text: According to Brusca and Brusca,[8] the following bilaterian phyla possess a coelom:

text:
Nemertea, traditionally viewed as acoelomates
Priapulida
Annelida
Sipuncula
Echiura
Onychophora
Tardigrada
Arthropoda
Mollusca
Phoronida
Ectoprocta
Brachiopoda
Echinodermata
Chaetognatha
Hemichordata
Chordata

text: For others, the coelomate phyla excludes Nemertea but also comprises Entoprocta, Pentastoma, Pogonophora (i.e., from tiny sessile aquatic animals to great whales and everything in between).[9][unreliable source?]

text: Pseudocoelomates[edit]

text: In some protostomes, the embryonic blastocoele persists as a body cavity. These protostomes have a fluid filled main body cavity unlined or partially lined with tissue derived from mesoderm.

text: This fluid-filled space surrounding the internal organs serves several functions like distribution of nutrients and removal of waste or supporting the body as a hydrostatic skeleton.

text: A pseudocoelomate or blastocoelomate is any invertebrate animal with a three-layered body and a pseudocoel. The coelom was apparently lost or reduced as a result of mutations in certain types of genes that affected early development. Thus, pseudocoelomates evolved from coelomates.[10] "Pseudocoelomate" is no longer considered a valid taxonomic group, since it is not monophyletic. However, it is still used as a descriptive term.

text: Important characteristics:

text:
lack a vascular blood system

diffusion and osmosis circulate nutrients and waste products throughout the body.

lack a skeleton

hydrostatic pressure gives the body a supportive framework that acts as a skeleton.

no segmentation
body wall

epidermis and muscle
often syncytial
usually covered by a secreted cuticle

most are microscopic
parasites of almost every form of life (although some are free living)
eutely in some
loss of larval stage in some
possibly pedomorphism

text: Pseudocoelomate phyla[edit]

text: According to Brusca and Brusca,[8] bilaterian pseudocoelomate phyla include:

text:
Rotifera
Kinorhyncha
Nematoda
Nematomorpha
Acanthocephala
Loricifera

text: Some authors list the following phyla as pseudocoelomates:[citation needed]

text:
Nematoda (roundworms)
Rotifera (rotifers)
Kinorhyncha
Nematomorpha (nematomorphs or horsehair worms)
Gastrotricha
Loricifera
Priapulida
Acanthocephala (spiny-headed worms)
Aschelminthes
Entoprocta

text: Acoelomates[edit]

text: Acoelomates lack a fluid-filled body cavity between the body wall and digestive tract. This can present some serious disadvantages. Fluid compression is negligible, while the tissue surrounding the organs of these animals will compress. Therefore, acoelomate organs are not protected from crushing forces applied to the animal’s outer surface. The coelom can be used for diffusion of gases and metabolites etc. These creatures do not have this need, as the surface area to volume ratio is large enough to allow absorption of nutrients and gas exchange by diffusion alone, due to dorso-ventral flattening.

text:
Platyhelminthes
Gastrotricha, traditionally viewed as blastocoelomates
Entoprocta, traditionally viewed as blastocoelomates
Gnathostomulida, traditionally viewed as blastocoelomates
Cycliophora[11]

text: According to others, acoelomates include the cnidarians (jellyfish and allies), and the ctenophores (comb jellies), platyhelminthes (flatworms including tapeworms, etc.), Nemertea, and Gastrotricha.[citation needed]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word Coelom comes from Greek: κοῖλος[12] koîlos (hollow, cavity)


document_title: List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders

question_text: who has the most home runs in the mlb in 2018

text: Key[edit]

text:
Rank
Rank amongst leaders in career home runs. A blank field indicates a tie.

Player (2018 HRs)
Number of home runs hit during the 2018 Major League Baseball season.

HR
Total career home runs hit.

*

denotes elected to National Baseball Hall of Fame.

Bold

denotes active player.[a]

text: List[edit]

text: Stats updated as of August 28, 2018.

text:
Rank

Player (2018 HRs)

HR

1

Barry Bonds

762

2

Hank Aaron *

755

3

Babe Ruth *

714

4

Alex Rodriguez

696

5

Willie Mays *

660

6

Albert Pujols (19)

633

7

Ken Griffey, Jr. *

630

8

Jim Thome*

612

9

Sammy Sosa

609

10

Frank Robinson *

586

11

Mark McGwire

583

12

Harmon Killebrew *

573

13

Rafael Palmeiro

569

14

Reggie Jackson *

563

15

Manny Ramirez

555

16

Mike Schmidt *

548

17

David Ortiz

541

18

Mickey Mantle *

536

19

Jimmie Foxx *

534

20

Willie McCovey *

521

Frank Thomas *

521

Ted Williams *

521

23

Ernie Banks *

512

Eddie Mathews *

512

25

Mel Ott *

511

26

Gary Sheffield

509

27

Eddie Murray *

504

28

Lou Gehrig *

493

Fred McGriff

493

30

Stan Musial *

475

Willie Stargell *

475

32

Carlos Delgado

473

33

Adrian Beltre (7)

469

34

Chipper Jones*

468

35

Miguel Cabrera (3)

465

Dave Winfield *

465

37

José Canseco

462

Adam Dunn

462

39

Carl Yastrzemski *

452

40

Jeff Bagwell *

449

Vladimir Guerrero*

449

42

Dave Kingman

442

43

Jason Giambi

440

44

Paul Konerko

439

45

Andre Dawson *

438

46

Carlos Beltrán

435

47

Juan González

434

Andruw Jones

434

49

Cal Ripken, Jr. *

431

50

Mike Piazza *

427

51

Billy Williams *

426

52

Darrell Evans

414

53

Alfonso Soriano

412

54

Mark Teixeira

409

55

Duke Snider *

407

56

Andrés Galarraga

399

Al Kaline *

399

58

Dale Murphy

398

59

Joe Carter

396

60

Jim Edmonds

393

61

Graig Nettles

390

62

Johnny Bench *

389

63

Aramis Ramírez

386

64

Dwight Evans

385

65

Harold Baines

384

66

Larry Walker

383

67

Frank Howard

382

Ryan Howard

382

Jim Rice *

382

70

Albert Belle

381

71

Orlando Cepeda *

379

Tony Pérez *

379

73

Matt Williams

378

74

Norm Cash

377

Jeff Kent

377

text:
Rank

Player (2018 HRs)

HR

76

Edwin Encarnación (28)

376

Carlton Fisk *

376

78

Rocky Colavito

374

79

Gil Hodges

370

80

Todd Helton

369

Ralph Kiner *

369

82

Lance Berkman

366

83

Joe DiMaggio *

361

84

Gary Gaetti

360

85

Johnny Mize *

359

86

Yogi Berra *

358

Carlos Lee

358

88

Nelson Cruz (32)

355

Greg Vaughn

355

90

Luis Gonzalez

354

Lee May

354

92

Torii Hunter

353

93

Ellis Burks

352

94

Dick Allen

351

95

Chili Davis

350

96

George Foster

348

97

José Bautista (11)

342

Ron Santo *

342

99

Jack Clark

340

100

Tino Martinez

339

Dave Parker

339

Boog Powell

339

103

Don Baylor

338

104

Joe Adcock

336

105

Darryl Strawberry

335

106

Moisés Alou

332

Bobby Bonds

332

108

Hank Greenberg *

331

Derrek Lee

331

110

Curtis Granderson (11)

330

111

Shawn Green

328

Mo Vaughn

328

113

Jermaine Dye

325

Willie Horton

325

115

Gary Carter *

324

Lance Parrish

324

117

Ron Gant

321

118

Vinny Castilla

320

Troy Glaus

320

120

Cecil Fielder

319

Prince Fielder

319

122

Roy Sievers

318

123

Adrian Gonzalez (6)

317

George Brett *

317

125

Ryan Braun (14)

316

Ron Cey

316

Scott Rolen

316

128

Jeromy Burnitz

315

Matt Holliday (1)

315

130

Reggie Smith

314

131

Iván Rodríguez *

311

132

Jay Buhner

310

133

Edgar Martínez

309

134

Greg Luzinski

307

Al Simmons *

307

Miguel Tejada

307

137

Robinson Canó (5)

306

Fred Lynn

306

Richie Sexson

306

Rubén Sierra

306

141

Raúl Ibañez

305

David Justice

305

Reggie Sanders

305

144

Steve Finley

304

145

Rogers Hornsby *

301

146

Chuck Klein *

300

147

Giancarlo Stanton (32)

299

Tim Salmon

299

149

Rickey Henderson *

297

150

Magglio Ordóñez

294

text:
Rank

Player (2018 HRs)

HR

Robin Ventura

294

152

Kent Hrbek

293

Mark Reynolds (12)

293

154

Pat Burrell

292

Rusty Staub

292

156

Craig Biggio *

291

Jimmy Wynn

291

158

Bobby Abreu

288

Del Ennis

288

Bob Johnson

288

Hank Sauer

288

162

Garret Anderson

287

Bobby Bonilla

287

Brian Giles

287

Bernie Williams

287

166

Carlos Peña

286

Frank Thomas

286

168

Will Clark

284

Eric Karros

284

170

Chris Davis (16)

283

171

Ken Boyer

282

Eric Davis

282

Ryne Sandberg *

282

Justin Upton (26)

282

175

Jay Bruce (4)

281

Paul O'Neill

281

177

Ted Kluszewski

279

178

Mike Cameron

278

Ryan Klesko

278

180

Matt Kemp (18)

277

Rudy York

277

182

Brian Downing

275

Evan Longoria (14)

275

Roger Maris

275

Dean Palmer

275

Jorge Posada

275

187

Dante Bichette

274

188

Steve Garvey

272

189

Tom Brunansky

271

Raúl Mondesí

271

George Scott

271

192

Vernon Wells

270

193

Hanley Ramírez (6)

269

194

Brian McCann (5)

268

Joe Morgan *

268

Brooks Robinson *

268

Gorman Thomas

268

198

George Hendrick

267

Mike Napoli (0)

267

200

Vic Wertz

266

Joey Votto (9)

266

202

George Bell

265

Matt Stairs

265

204

Adam Jones (13)

264

Bobby Thomson

264

206

Ryan Zimmerman (12)

263

207

Danny Tartabull

262

208

Eric Chavez

260

Derek Jeter

260

Javy López

260

Tim Wallach

260

212

Chase Utley (1)

259

213

Bob Allison

256

Larry Parrish

256

Vada Pinson

256

216

Kirk Gibson

255

Adam LaRoche

255

John Mayberry

255

John Olerud

255

220

Larry Doby *

253

Joe Gordon *

253

Andre Thornton

253

Todd Zeile

253

224

Bret Boone

252

Bobby Murcer

252

text:
Rank

Player (2018 HRs)

HR

Joe Torre *

252

226

Tony Armas

251

Tony Clark

251

Cy Williams

251

Robin Yount *

251

231

José Valentín

249

232

Goose Goslin *

248

Ted Simmons

248

234

Ian Kinsler (13)

247

Justin Morneau

247

Vern Stephens

247

237

Ken Singleton

246

238

Deron Johnson

245

Nick Swisher

245

Mickey Tettleton

245

241

Lou Whitaker

244

Hack Wilson *

244

243

Víctor Martínez (6)

243

244

Dusty Baker

242

Sal Bando

242

Wally Berger

242

Roy Campanella *

242

J. D. Drew

242

Aubrey Huff

242

David Wright

242

251

Jesse Barfield

241

Cecil Cooper

241

Rick Monday

241

254

Jeff Burroughs

240

Roberto Clemente *

240

256

Dolph Camilli

239

Ken Caminiti

239

258

Earl Averill *

238

Ray Lankford

238

260

Doug DeCinces

237

Gus Zernial

237

262

Gabby Hartnett *

236

263

Johnny Damon

235

Bill Nicholson

235

Ben Oglivie

235

Dan Uggla

235

267

Gary Matthews

234

Kevin Mitchell

234

Paul Molitor *

234

270

Cliff Floyd

233

271

Mike Trout (31)

232

272

Jimmy Rollins

231

273

Rob Deer

230

Carlos González (15)

230

275

Nomar Garciaparra

229

Jayson Werth

229

277

Howard Johnson

228

Dick Stuart

228

Hal Trosky

228

280

Marquis Grissom

227

281

Johnny Callison

226

282

Bobby Grich

224

Troy Tulowitzki (0)

224

284

Bobby Doerr *

223

Travis Fryman

223

Mike Lowell

223

287

Jason Bay

222

Don Mattingly

222

Hunter Pence (2)

222

290

Tony Batista

221

Geoff Jenkins

221

292

Tony Oliva

220

293

Jim Bottomley *

219

Al Oliver

219

Joe Pepitone

219

296

Bob Horner

218

Andrew McCutchen (15)

218

Mark Trumbo (17)

218

299

Benito Santiago

217

300

Ron Fairly

215

Pedro Guerrero

215

Chet Lemon

215

Mike Sweeney

215


document_title: Mnet Asian Music Award for Artist of the Year

question_text: who won artist of the year at mama 2017

question_tokens: who won artist of the year at mama 2017

text: Winners and nominees[edit]

text:
Year[I]
Winner(s)
Nominee(s)

2006
(8th)
TVXQ

Baek Ji-young
Buzz
Rain
SG Wannabe

2007
(9th)
Super Junior

BIGBANG
Yangpa
Wonder Girls
SG Wannabe

2008
(10th)
BIGBANG

TVXQ
Seo Taiji
Wonder Girls
Lee Hyori

2009
(11th)
2PM

2010
(12th)
2NE1

2AM
2PM
Miss A
Girls' Generation

2011
(13th)
Girls' Generation

2NE1
Beast
BIGBANG
IU

2012
(14th)
BIGBANG

Busker Busker
Super Junior
Psy
Sistar

[show]
initial nominees

2NE1
AOA
B.A.P
EXO-K
G-Dragon
G.NA
K.Will
Gain
TVXQ
JYP
Baek Ji Young
BoA
Beast
Se7en
f(x)
Spica
Shinhwa
IU
Ailee
Ulala Session
John Park
Juniel
Kara
T-ara
Hello Venus

2013
(15th)
G-Dragon

EXO
Girls' Generation
Psy
Cho Yong-pil

[show]
initial nominees

2NE1
Kim YeLim (Two Months)
LADIES' CODE
Roy Kim
Baek Ji Young
Bumkey
SHINee
Sun Mi
Shinhwa
SISTAR
IU
Ailee
f(x)
Yoo SungEun
Yoo SeungWoo
Lee SeungGi
Lee SeungChul
Lee Hi
Lee HyoRi
INFINITE
Jung JoonYoung
Crayon Pop
TEEN TOP
4minute

2014
(16th)
EXO

IU
Girls' Generation
2ne1
Taeyang

[show]
initial nominees

2NE1
Ailee
Akdong Musician
A Pink
B1A4
Beast
Block B
Eddy Kim
Girl's Day
Girls' Generation
Got7
Hyolyn
Hyuna
IU
Lim Chang-jung
Park Bo-ram
Rain
Roy Kim
Sistar
Seo Taiji
Sunmi
Super Junior
Taeyang
WINNER

2015
(17th)
BIGBANG

Zion.T
SHINee
EXO
Girls' Generation

[show]
initial nominees

AOA
Apink
CLC
iKON
Miss A
N.Flying
Twice
Kyuhyun
Lovelyz
Monsta X
Park Jin Young
BoA
Seventeen
Super Junior
Shinhwa
Sistar
IU
UP10TION
Ailee
GFriend
Oh My Girl
Wonder Girls
Jung Yong Hwa
Jonghyun
Taeyeon
Hyuna

2016
(18th)
BTS

EXO
Twice
GFriend
Taeyeon

[show]
initial nominees

Lim Chang Jung
Infinite
SHINee
BLACKPINK
iKON
Red Velvet
I.O.I
MAMAMOO
Baek A-yeon
NCT 127
Wonder Girls
SF9
Park Hyo Shin
Jeong Eun-ji
ASTRO
Block B
WJSN
gugudan
Bolbbalgan4
Ailee
KNK
Zico
Psy
Lee Hi
Crush
Pentagon

2017
(19th)
BTS

EXO
Twice
Wanna One
IU

[show]
initial nominees

Seventeen
GOT7
Nu'est W
G-Dragon
Mamamoo
GFriend
Black Pink
Red Velvet
Sunmi
Taeyeon
Heize
Suzy
Bolbbalgan4
Golden Child
Jeong Se-woon
Weki Meki
The East Light
Kim Chung-ha
Pristin
Dreamcatcher
Momoland
Zico
Samuel
Heize
Yoon Jong-shin

text: ^[I] Each year is linked to the article about the Mnet Asian Music Awards held that year.

text: Multiple awards for Artist of the Year[edit]

text: Throughout the history of Mnet Asian Music Awards only 2 recipients received the award more than once.

text:
Artist(s)
Record Set
First year awarded
Recent year awarded

BIGBANG
3
2008
2015

BTS
2
2016
2017

text: Additionally, 2013's winner G-Dragon is a member of BIGBANG.

text: BTS is also the first kpop artists/group to win this award two times in a row.

text: Gallery of recipients[edit]

text:
TVXQ, (2006)

Super Junior, (2007)

BIGBANG, (2008-2012-2015)

2PM, (2009)

2NE1, (2010)

Girls' Generation, (2011)

G-Dragon, (2013)

BTS, (2016-17)

EXO, (2014)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "2006 M.net Korean Music Festival Winners list". MAMA. Retrieved 2014-06-13.
Jump up ^ But In 2016 Its Change Into HotelsCombined UnionPay in the spotlight of 2014 Mnet Asia Music Awards

tag: ol