document_title: List of Xbox One X enhanced games

question_text: xbox one x games that support dolby atmos

text: List of Xbox One X enhanced games

text: Game enhancement descriptors[edit]

text:
4K Ultra HD – The game has 2160p frame buffer output. That includes native 4K, checkerboarding and dynamic resolution.
HDR – The game supports HDR10 high dynamic range color on Xbox One S or Xbox One X consoles.
Xbox One X Enhanced – A developer has done special work to take advantage of the Xbox One X's six teraflops of power. Specific enhancements will vary by game.
Dolby Atmos – The game supports Dolby Atmos surround sound.

text: List of enhanced titles[edit]

text:
Game title
Known enhancements
Enhanced
patch
availability
Notes/references

4K
HDR
FPS
Dolby
Atmos

Other

A Way Out

Available
[1]

Aaero

60

Available
[2]

Agents of Mayhem

30

1440p
Available
"You’ll be seeing larger amounts (sic) of vehicles and pedestrians, along with upping the resolution and look of the city and the game as a whole. The game will be running at at least 30 frames per second"[3]

Anthem

30

CBR

[4][2]

AO Tennis

Available
[5]

Ark: Survival Evolved

30/60

1080/60p or 1440/30p
Available
[6][7][2][8][1]

The Artful Escape of Francis Vendetti

[9][2]

Ashen

[2][10] As seen in E3 2017 trailer

Ashes Cricket

Available
[1]

Assassin's Creed

Available
Xbox 360 game[11]

Assassin's Creed: Origins

30

Dynamic resolution[12]
Available
[13][2]

Assassin's Creed: Rogue Remastered

Available
[14]

Assault Android Cactus

60

Available
[15]

Astroneer

Available
[2][7][1][16]

Away: Journey to the Unexpected

[2]

Battlefield 1

[17]

Battlerite

[18]

Below

[18]

Biomutant

[1]

Black Desert

[2]

Brawlout

[2]

Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare

Available
[19][20]

Call of Duty: WWII

60

Available
[21]

Chess Ultra

60

Available
[22][7][2]

Code Vein

[23]

Conan Exiles

Available
[24]

Crackdown

30

Original Xbox game[25]

Crackdown 3

30

[26][27][2]

Cuphead

60

[28][29][30]

The Crew 2

[18]

Crossout

Available
[1]

Danger Zone

Available
[18][2]

Dark and Light

[2]

Darksiders Warmastered Edition

[1]

Darksiders 2

[1]

Darksiders 3

[18][1]

The Darwin Project

[31][2]

Dead Rising 4

Available
[1]

Deep Rock Galactic

[32][2]

Dark Souls: Remastered

25/05/2018
[33]

Deus Ex: Mankind Divided

[7]

Destiny 2

Available
[34]

Diablo III: Reaper of Souls – Ultimate Evil Edition

60

Dynamic resolution
Available
[18][1]

Dishonored 2

30

Available
[2][7][35]

Dishonored: Death of the Outsider

Available
[18][1]

Disneyland Adventures

Available
[18][2]

DOOM

60

Dynamic resolution
Available
[7][36][2][37]

Dovetail Games Euro Fishing

[2][7]

Dragon Ball FighterZ

Available
[38]

Dynasty Warriors 9

Available
[18]

The Elder Scrolls Online

30

Available
[39][7]

The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion

30

Available
Xbox 360 game[11]

The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim - Special Edition

Up to 4K with dynamic resolution
Available
[2][7][40]

Elex

Available
[18]

Elite Dangerous

30/60

Available
[41]

Everspace

Available
[2][7]

The Evil Within 2

Available

F1 2017

60

"Other graphical improvements"
Available
[42]

Fable Anniversary

Xbox 360 game[43]

Fable Fortune

[2]

Fallout 3

30

Available
Xbox 360 game[11]

Fallout 4

4K with dynamic resolution, further draw distance and enhanced godray effects
Available
[2][7][40]

Far Cry 5

[1][44]

Farming Simulator 17

30

Available
[9][2]

Farming Simulator 18

[7]

Fe

Available
[1]

FIFA 18

60

Available
[45][46]

Final Fantasy 15

30

Available
[9][47][7][2][1]

Firewatch

[18]

For Honor

30

Available
[9][7][2]

Fortnite

60

Available
[2][48]

Forza Horizon

Available
Xbox 360 game[49]

Forza Horizon 3

30

Available
[9][50][2][51][52]

Forza Motorsport 7

60

Available
[53][54]

Gears of War 3

Also has SBS 3DTV support (making this the only 3D+4K console game in existence?)
Available
Xbox 360 game[55]

Gears of War 4

30/60

30FPS for Campaign/Horde and 60FPS for Versus
Available
1080p owners get higher resolution textures, fully dynamic shadows, improved reflections[56][7]

Ginger: Beyond The Crystal

[2]

Gravel

Available
[18]

Greedfall

[1]

GRIDD: Retroenhanced

Available
[1]

Gwent: The Witcher Card Game

[45]

Halo 3

Available
Xbox 360 game[11]

Halo 5: Guardians

60

Available
[57][2]

Halo: Master Chief Collection

[1]

Halo Wars 2

Available
[9][7]

Hand of Fate 2

Available
[18]

Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice

30/60

[58]

Hello Neighbor

Available
[9][2]

Hitman

30/60

Available
[9][7][2]

Homefront: The Revolution

30

1800p
Available
[59]

theHunter: Call of the Wild

Available
[15]

Immortal: Unchained

[1]

The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing III

Available
[60]

Injustice 2

Available
[9][7]

Jurassic World Evolution

[18]

Killer Instinct

60

Available
[9][2]

Killing Floor 2

1800p
Available
[2][61] "We don’t have a specific frame rate target for XBox One X, although the game does run at higher frame rates than the base Xbox One, even at 1800p resolution. We will be using Ultra textures on Xbox One X. We are also increasing the resolution of our shadow maps and shadow draw distance."

Kingdom Come: Deliverance

Available
[18]

L.A. Noire

Available
[2]

The Last Night

[9][2]

Life is Strange: Before the Storm

Available
[2][62]

The Long Dark

[18]

Madden NFL 18

Available
[9][7][63][35]

Mafia III

Available
[18]

Mantis Burn Racing

60

Available
[9][64][7][2]

Marble Void

Available
[65]

Marvel Heroes

[2]

Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite

Available
[18]

Mass Effect: Andromeda

[7]

METAL GEAR SURVIVE

[18][66]

Metro Exodus

[9][2]

Middle Earth: Shadow of War

30

Available
[67][2]

Minecraft

60

"4K resolution, high dynamic range, sharper textures and loads of special effects (including light rays and fancier water)"[9][68]

Minion Masters

[18]

Mirror's Edge

Available
Xbox 360 game[55]

Monster Energy Supercross: The Official Videogame

30

Available
[2]

Monster Hunter: World

Available
[18]

Morphite

Available
[2]

MX vs ATV All Out

Available
[2]

NBA 2K17

[7]

NBA 2K18

Available
[7]

NBA Live 18

Available
[1]

Need for Speed Payback

Available
[9][7]

NHL 18

Available
[1]

Nine Parchments

Available
[1][69]

Observer

[2]

OKAMI HD

Available
[1][70]

Ooblets

[18]

Ori and the Will of the Wisps

[2]

Outcast – Second Contact

[18]

Outlast 2

Available
[9][7][35]

Overwatch

Available
[45]

Paladins: Champions of the Realm

Available
[71][7]

Path of Exile

60

Available
[72]

A Plague Tale: Innocence

[18]

Playerunknown's Battlegrounds

30

Available
[9][2]

Portal Knights

Available
[9][7]

Pro Evolution Soccer 2018

Available
[18]

Project Cars 2

60

Available
[73][2]

Quantum Break

Available
[18][2]

Raiders of the Broken Planet

Improved visuals
Available
[2]

Railway Empire

Available
[18][2]

Real Farm

Available
[18]

ReCore: Definitive Edition

1440p
Available
[7][74]

Redout: Lightspeed Edition

60

Available
[1]

Resident Evil 7

Available
[9][7][2]

RiME

[9][7]

Rise of the Tomb Raider

30/60

A choice of "enriched visuals", "native 4K" or "high frame rate"
Available
[18][2][75]

Roblox

[18]

Robocraft Infinity

[18][2]

Riverbond

[2]

Rocket League

60

[2][7]

Rugby 18

Available
[1]

Rush: A Disney Pixar Adventure

Available
[18][2]

Sea of Thieves

[9][76]

Skate 3

60

Available
Xbox 360 game[55]

Slime Rancher

Available
[9][2][77]

Smite

Available
[71][35]

Sniper Ghost Warrior 3

[7]

Sonic Forces

Available
[78]

Star Wars Battlefront II

Available
[79][7]

Star Wars: KOTOR

60

2560x1920
Available
Original Xbox game[80]

State of Decay 2

[9][81]

STEEP

Available
[18]

Strange Brigade

[82][2]

Super Lucky's Tale

60

Available
[83][84]

Super Night Riders

Available
[15]

SUPERHOT

[45][7]

The Surge

Available
[9][7][2]

Surviving Mars

[18][85]

Tacoma

Available
[2]

Tekken 7

[45]

Tennis World Tour

[18]

Thumper

Available
[15]

Titanfall 2

60

60FPS with dynamic scaling
Available
[9][7][2]

Tom Clancy's The Division

[18]

Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Wildlands

Available
[9][7][2]

Train Sim World

[18]

Transcripted

Available
[15]

TT Isle of Man – Ride on the Edge

Available
[18][86]

UFC 3

Available
[1]

Unruly Heroes

[2]

The Vanishing of Ethan Carter

Available
[87]

War Thunder

[15]

Warframe

[18]

Warhammer: End Times - Vermintide

Available
[9][7]

We Happy Few

[9]

The Witcher 2: Assassins of Kings

Available
Xbox 360 game[88]

The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt

30/60

60fps/dynamic res. in performance mode, 30fps in 4K mode
Available
[9][7]

Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus

Available
[2][89]

World of Tanks

30

"extra bells and whistles"
Available
[90][7][18][2]

WRC 7 FIA World Rally Championship

Available
[18][91]

WWE 2K18

Available
[35]

Zoo Tycoon

Available
[18][2]


document_title: Microscope

question_text: who is credited with producing the strongest early microscope

root

text: Microscope

text: History

text: Although objects resembling lenses date back 4000 years and there are Greek accounts of the optical properties of water-filled spheres (5th century BC) followed by many centuries of writings on optics, the earliest known use of simple microscopes (magnifying glasses) dates back to the widespread use of lenses in eyeglasses in the 13th century.[2][3][4] The earliest known examples of compound microscopes, which combine an objective lens near the specimen with an eyepiece to view a real image, appeared in Europe around 1620.[5] The inventor is unknown although many claims have been made over the years. Several revolve around the spectacle-making centers in the Netherlands including claims it was invented in 1590 by Zacharias Janssen (claim made by his son) and/or Zacharias' father, Hans Martens,[6][7] claims it was invented by their neighbor and rival spectacle maker, Hans Lippershey (who applied for the first telescope patent in 1608),[8] and claims it was invented by expatriate Cornelis Drebbel who was noted to have a version in London in 1619.[9][10] Galileo Galilei (also sometimes cited as compound microscope inventor) seems to have found after 1610 that he could close focus his telescope to view small objects and, after seeing a compound microscope built by Drebbel exhibited in Rome in 1624, built his own improved version.[11][12][13] Giovanni Faber coined the name microscope for the compound microscope Galileo submitted to the Accademia dei Lincei in 1625[14] (Galileo had called it the "occhiolino" or "little eye").

tag: p

text: Rise of modern light microscopes

text: The first detailed account of the microscopic anatomy of organic tissue based on the use of a microscope did not appear until 1644, in Giambattista Odierna's L'occhio della mosca, or The Fly's Eye.[15]

text: The microscope was still largely a novelty until the 1660s and 1670s when naturalists in Italy, the Netherlands and England began using them to study biology, both organisms and their ultrastructure. Italian scientist Marcello Malpighi, called the father of histology by some historians of biology, began his analysis of biological structures with the lungs. Robert Hooke's Micrographia had a huge impact, largely because of its impressive illustrations. A significant contribution came from Antonie van Leeuwenhoek who achieved up to 300 times magnification using a simple single lens microscope. He sandwiched a very small glass ball lens between the holes in two metal plates riveted together, and with an adjustable-by-screws needle attached to mount the specimen.[16] Then, Van Leeuwenhoek re-discovered red blood cells (after Jan Swammerdam) and spermatozoa, and helped popularise the use of microscopes to view biological ultrastructure. On 9 October 1676, van Leeuwenhoek reported the discovery of micro-organisms.[15]

text: The performance of a light microscope depends on the quality and correct use of the condensor lens system to focus light on the specimen and the objective lens to capture the light from the specimen and form an image.[5] Early instruments were limited until this principle was fully appreciated and developed from the late 19th to very early 20th century, and until electric lamps were available as light sources. In 1893 August Köhler developed a key principle of sample illumination, Köhler illumination, which is central to achieving the theoretical limits of resolution for the light microscope. This method of sample illumination produces even lighting and overcomes the limited contrast and resolution imposed by early techniques of sample illumination. Further developments in sample illumination came from the discovery of phase contrast by Frits Zernike in 1953, and differential interference contrast illumination by Georges Nomarski in 1955; both of which allow imaging of unstained, transparent samples.

text: Electron microscopes

text: In the early 20th century a significant alternative to the light microscope was developed, an instrument that uses a beam of electrons rather than light to generate an image. The German physicist, Ernst Ruska, working with electrical engineer Max Knoll, developed the first prototype electron microscope in 1931, a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The transmission electron microscope works on similar principles to an optical microscope but uses electrons in the place of light and electromagnets in the place of glass lenses. Use of electrons, instead of light, allows for much higher resolution.

text: Development of the transmission electron microscope was quickly followed in 1935 by the development of the scanning electron microscope by Max Knoll.[17] Although TEMs were being used for research before WWII, and became popular afterwards, the SEM was not commercially available until 1965.

text: Transmission electron microscopes became popular following the Second World War. Ernst Ruska, working at Siemens, developed the first commercial transmission electron microscope and, in the 1950s, major scientific conferences on electron microscopy started being held. In 1965, the first commercial scanning electron microscope was developed by Professor Sir Charles Oatley and his postgraduate student Gary Stewart, and marketed by the Cambridge Instrument Company as the "Stereoscan".

text: One of the latest discoveries made about using an electron microscope, is the ability to identify a virus.[18] Since this microscope reflects a visible, clear image of small organelles, then in an electron microscope there will no need for reagents to see the virus or harmful cells, resulting with more efficient way for pathogen detection.

text: Scanning probe microscopes

text: From 1981 to 1983 Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer worked at IBM in Zurich, Switzerland to study the quantum tunnelling phenomenon and eventually create a practical instrument, a scanning probe microscope from quantum tunnelling theory that read very small forces exchanged between a probe and the surface of a sample. The probe almost meets the surface so closely that the electrons for an experiment are able to have a continuous flow of electrons, making a current from surface to the probe. The microscope was not initially well received due to the complex nature of the underlying theoretical explanations. In 1984 Jerry Tersoff and D.R. Hamann while at AT&T's Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey began publishing articles that tied the theoretical with the experimental results obtained by the instrument. This was closely followed in 1985 with functioning commercial instruments, and in 1986 with Gerd Binnig, Quate, and Gerber's invention of the atomic force microscope, then Binnig's and Rohrer's Nobel Prize in Physics for the SPM.[19]

text: Scanning probe microscope types have continued to be developed as the ability to machine ultra fine probes and tips has advanced.

text: Fluorescence microscopes

text: The most recent developments in light microscope largely centre on the rise of fluorescence microscopy in biology.[20] During the last decades of the 20th century, particularly in the post-genomic era, many techniques for fluorescent staining of cellular structures were developed.[20] The main groups of techniques involve targeted chemical staining of particular cell structures, for example, the chemical compound DAPI to label DNA, use of antibodies conjugated to fluorescent reporters, see immunofluorescence, and fluorescent proteins, such as green fluorescent protein.[21] These techniques use these different fluorophores for analysis of cell structure at a molecular level in both live and fixed samples.

text: The rise of fluorescence microscopy drove the development of a major modern microscope design, the confocal microscope. The principle was patented in 1957 by Marvin Minsky, although laser technology limited practical application of the technique. It was not until 1978 when Thomas and Christoph Cremer developed the first practical confocal laser scanning microscope and the technique rapidly gained popularity through the 1980s.

text: Super resolution microscopes

text: Much current research (in the early 21st century) on optical microscope techniques is focused on development of superresolution analysis of fluorescently labelled samples. Structured illumination can improve resolution by around two to four times and techniques like stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy are approaching the resolution of electron microscopes.[22] This occurs because the diffraction limit is occurred from light or excitation, which makes the resolution must be doubled to become super saturated. Stefan Hell was awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the development of the STED technique, along with Eric Betzig and William Moerner who adapted fluorescnence microscopy for single-molecule viusalization.[23]

text: X-ray microscopes

text: X-ray microscopes are instruments that use electromagnetic radiation usually in the soft X-ray band to image objects. Technological advances in x-ray lens optics in the early 1970s made the instrument a viable imaging choice.[24] They are often used in tomography (see micro-computed tomography) to produce three dimensional images of objects, including biological materials that have not been chemically fixed. Currently research is being done to improve optics for hard x-rays which have greater penetrating power.[24]

text: Types

text: Microscopes can be separated into several different classes. One grouping is based on what interacts with the sample to generate the image, i.e., light or photons (optical microscopes), electrons (electron microscopes) or a probe (scanning probe microscopes). Alternatively, microscopes can be classed on whether they analyze the sample via a scanning point (confocal optical microscopes, scanning electron microscopes and scanning probe microscopes) or analyze the sample all at once (wide field optical microscope and transmission electron microscopes).

text: Wide field optical microscopes and transmission electron microscopes both use the theory of lenses (optics for light microscopes and electromagnet lenses for electron microscopes) in order to magnify the image generated by the passage of a wave transmitted through the sample, or reflected by the sample. The waves used are electromagnetic (in optical microscopes) or electron beams (in electron microscopes). Resolution in these microscopes is limited by the wavelength of the radiation used to image the sample, where shorter wavelengths allow for a higher resolution.[20]

text: Scanning optical and electron microscopes, like the confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope, use lenses to focus a spot of light or electrons onto the sample then analyze the signals generated by the beam interacting with the sample. The point is then scanned over the sample to analyze a rectangular region. Magnification of the image is achieved by displaying the data from scanning a physically small sample area on a relatively large screen. These microscopes have the same resolution limit as wide field optical, probe, and electron microscopes.

text: Scanning probe microscopes also analyze a single point in the sample and then scan the probe over a rectangular sample region to build up an image. As these microscopes do not use electromagnetic or electron radiation for imaging they are not subject to the same resolution limit as the optical and electron microscopes described above.

text: Optical

text:
The most common type of microscope (and the first invented) is the optical microscope. This is an optical instrument containing one or more lenses producing an enlarged image of a sample placed in the focal plane. Optical microscopes have refractive glass and occasionally of plastic or quartz, to focus light into the eye or another light detector. Mirror-based optical microscopes operate in the same manner. Typical magnification of a light microscope, assuming visible range light, is up to 1250x with a theoretical resolution limit of around 0.250 micrometres or 250 nanometres.[20] This limits the practical magnification limit to ~1500x. Specialized techniques (e.g., scanning confocal microscopy, Vertico SMI) may exceed this magnification but the resolution is diffraction limited. The use of shorter wavelengths of light, such as the ultraviolet, is one way to improve the spatial resolution of the optical microscope, as are devices such as the near-field scanning optical microscope.
Sarfus, a recent optical technique increases the sensitivity of standard optical microscope to a point it becomes possible to directly visualize nanometric films (down to 0.3 nanometre) and isolated nano-objects (down to 2 nm-diameter). The technique is based on the use of non-reflecting substrates for cross-polarized reflected light microscopy.

text: Ultraviolet light enables the resolution of microscopic features, as well as to image samples that are transparent to the eye. Near infrared light can be used to visualize circuitry embedded in bonded silicon devices, since silicon is transparent in this region of wavelengths.

text: In fluorescence microscopy, many wavelengths of light, ranging from the ultraviolet to the visible can be used to cause samples to fluoresce to allow viewing by eye or with the use of specifically sensitive cameras.

text: Phase contrast microscopy is an optical microscopy illumination technique in which small phase shifts in the light passing through a transparent specimen are converted into amplitude or contrast changes in the image.[20] The use of phase contrast does not require staining to view the slide. This microscope technique made it possible to study the cell cycle in live cells.

text: The traditional optical microscope has more recently evolved into the digital microscope. In addition to, or instead of, directly viewing the object through the eyepieces, a type of sensor similar to those used in a digital camera is used to obtain an image, which is then displayed on a computer monitor. These sensors may use CMOS or charge-coupled device (CCD) technology, depending on the application.

text: Digital microscopy with very low light levels to avoid damage to vulnerable biological samples is available using sensitive photon-counting digital cameras. It has been demonstrated that a light source providing pairs of entangled photons may minimize the risk of damage to the most light-sensitive samples. In this application of ghost imaging to photon-sparse microscopy, the sample is illuminated with infrared photons, each of which is spatially correlated with an entangled partner in the visible band for efficient imaging by a photon-counting camera.[26]

text: Electron

text: The two major types of electron microscopes are transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) and scanning electron microscopes (SEMs).[20][21] They both have series of electromagnetic and electrostatic lenses to focus a high energy beam of electrons on a sample. In a TEM the electrons pass through the sample, analogous to basic optical microscopy.[20] This requires careful sample preparation, since electrons are scattered strongly by most materials.[21] The samples must also be very thin (50-100 nm) in order for the electrons to pass through it.[20][21] Cross-sections of cells stained with osmium and heavy metals reveal clear organelle membranes and proteins such as ribosomes.[21] With a 0.1 nm level of resolution, detailed views of viruses (20-300 nm) and a strand of DNA (2 nm in width) can be obtained.[21] In contrast, the SEM has raster coils to scan the surface of bulk objects with a fine electron beam. Therefore, the specimen do not necessarily need to be sectioned, but require coating with an substance such as a heavy metal.[20] This allows three-dimensional views of the surface of samples.[20][21]

text: Scanning probe

text: The different types of scanning probe microscopes arise from the many different types of interactions that occur when a small probe of some type is scanned over and interacts with a specimen. These interactions or modes can be recorded or mapped as function of location on the surface to form a characterization map. The three most common types of scanning probe microscopes are atomic force microscopes (AFM), near-field scanning optical microscopes (MSOM or SNOM, scanning near-field optical microscopy), and scanning tunneling microscopes (STM).[27] An atomic force microscope has a fine probe, usually of silicon or silicon nitride, attached to a cantilever; the probe is scanned over the surface of the sample, and the forces that cause an interaction between the probe and the surface of the sample are measured and mapped. A near-field scanning optical microscope is similar to an AFM but its probe consists of a light source in an optical fiber covered with a tip that has usually an aperture for the light to pass through. The microscope can capture either transmitted or reflected light to measure very localized optical properties of the surface, commonly of a biological specimen. Scanning tunneling microscopes have a metal tip with a single apical atom; the tip is attached to a tube through which a current flows.[28] The tip is scanned over the surface of a conductive sample until a tunneling current flows; the current is kept constant by computer movement of the tip and an image is formed by the recorded movements of the tip.[27]

text: Other types

text: Scanning acoustic microscopes use sound waves to measure variations in acoustic impedance. Similar to Sonar in principle, they are used for such jobs as detecting defects in the subsurfaces of materials including those found in integrated circuits. On February 4, 2013, Australian engineers built a "quantum microscope" which provides unparalleled precision.[29]


document_title: Chief physician

question_text: who is the person in charge of a hospital

text: Chief physician

text: A chief physician, also called a head physician, physician in [1]chief, senior consultant, or chief of medicine, is a physician in a senior management position at a hospital or other institution. In many institutions, it is the title of the most senior physician, but it may also be used as the title of the most senior physician of a particular department within a larger institution. A chief physician generally is in charge of medical matters and often is the superior of other physicians (including consultants and attending physicians), but may also be in charge of other professional groups and areas of responsibility.


document_title: Big Brother 7 (U.S.)

question_text: who wins veto on big brother week 7

question_tokens: who wins veto on big brother week 7

text: Big Brother 7  (U.S.)

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In September 2003, following the ratings success of Big Brother 4, Entertainment Weekly confirmed that CBS had renewed the series leading up until 2006,[4] ensuring three more seasons to air during the Summer time period.[5] This meant that Big Brother: All-Stars was the last of these three seasons. The season was officially greenlit in October 2005, the first time a Big Brother season had been renewed before the Winter time period.[6][7] Rumors of an All-Stars season had been circulating for quite some time, with much speculation believing the previous season was going to feature an All-Star cast.[8] Big Brother 6 HouseGuest Kaysar Ridha confirmed shortly after the finale of his season that he had been approached about joining the season.[9] Despite this, TMZ later reported that a Celebrity edition of the series would be airing instead, though CBS never confirmed or denied this.[10] In April 2006, it was officially confirmed that the seventh season would be an All-Star season.[11] It was also confirmed that the viewers would be able to vote for some of the contestants to be featured in this season.[12] 20 potential HouseGuests were revealed, and it was confirmed that a total of twelve HouseGuests would be competing in this season, and that the viewers would select half of this cast.[13] The candidates for this season were revealed during a special casting episode aired on June 21, 2006.[14] It was reported that more than 2.4 million votes were cast within the first 18 hours of the poll to select the HouseGuests being opened.[15] Voting ended on June 28, 2006.[16]

text: Prizes[edit]

text: The 14 HouseGuests this season were competing for the main prize of $500,000.[17] The winner of the series, determined by the previously evicted HouseGuests, would win the $500,000 prize, while the Runner-Up would receive a $50,000 prize.[18] Other than the main prize, various luxuries and prizes were given out throughout the season.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Big Brother: All-Stars was broadcast on CBS from July 6, 2006 to September 12, 2006.[19] This season lasted for a total of 72 days, making it the shortest season at the time. This season featured a slight change to the schedule that was used in the previous edition, with episodes airing on Tuesdays, Thursday, and Sunday each week.[20] This was a change from the previous season, which aired on Saturdays instead of Sundays.[21] The Thursday episode, which aired at 8 PM Eastern time, featured the live eviction and subsequent Head of Household competition taking place. During the live eviction, the show was hosted by Julie Chen. The Sunday episode, which aired at 8 PM Eastern time, featured the food competition and nomination ceremony, as well as some highlights from the previous days. The Tuesday episode, which aired at 8 PM Eastern time, featured the Power of Veto competition and the Power of Veto ceremony, along with more highlights of recent events in the game. Some changes to the scheduling format were made. The season premiere, for example, featured both the Head of Household competition and the nomination ceremony.

text: The website for the series featured a "Love 'Em or Leave 'Em" poll, in which fans could monitor the popularity of the HouseGuests each week.[22][23] Much like the previous editions, the live feeds were also available again for this season. HouseGuests enter the house a few days before the premiere, and the feeds are not live for the first few days.[24] They later go live after the broadcast of the launch episode. This season saw the return of the spin-off series House Calls: The Big Brother Talk Show.[25] Due to being in the house, Marcellas Reynolds did not co-host this season, thus different co-hosts were used throughout the season. The web series aired thirty-minute episodes on weeknights, and allowed fans to call in and express their opinions on the events of the game.[26] Evicted HouseGuests were also interviewed on the series following their eviction.[27] Additionally, a mobile package was introduced this season. Fans could text a code to a number displayed during the show to become "Mobile Pack" subscribers. For a small fee, they would receive daily video and text alerts about events in the house as well as exclusive "Diary Room" interview footage not available anywhere else. They also were able to download ringtones and wallpapers for their phones. This service, titled "Big Brother Goes Mobile." was an Emmy finalist for Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Television. It was also revealed after the finalists had been determined that a member of the Jury, as decided by America, would win an additional prize of $25,000.[28] Though not being included in the eighth edition, this prize (or a slight variation including all evicted HouseGuests, not just jurors) would be featured in all other subsequent seasons.

text: House[edit]

text: The house theme for Big Brother: All Stars was "A House of Extremes". There are large neon flames in the lounge, gothic design features such as gargoyles, and in one bedroom, there is a tarantula cage. For the first time, the house has a billiards table. Definitions of the words love, hate, honesty, deceit, loyalty, and betrayal are printed on the walls. The house keeps Big Brother 6's two-story idea, with a large Head of Household room. In a twist only featured during this season, the Head of Household room's decor changed depending on who held the title that week. The spy screen has also been saved, though there has not been much discussion of its use or usefulness. Famous Big Brother artifacts hang on the walls, such as the Ringer Washing Machine from Big Brother 1, Hardy's toothbrush, with which Shannon scrubbed the toilet in Big Brother 2, the Power of Veto Marcellas infamously chose not to use in Big Brother 3, Marcellas's gnome "Boo", the shirt of the mime from Big Brother 4, the "X-Factor" statue from Big Brother 4, a portrait of Adria to represent Big Brother 5's "twin twist", broken fragments of Jase's piggy bank from Big Brother 5's "This Little Piggy Won The Veto" competition, Howie's lightsaber from Big Brother 6, and the nomination keys of all the previous winners. A key for Big Brother 1 winner Eddie McGee had to be produced, as the first season did not have keys.

text: Format[edit]

text: The format remains largely unchanged from previous seasons. HouseGuests are sequestered in the Big Brother House with no contact to or from the outside world. Each week, the HouseGuests take part in several compulsory challenges that determine who will win food, luxuries, and power in the House.[29] The winner of the weekly Head of Household competition is immune from nominations and must nominate two fellow HouseGuests for eviction. After a HouseGuest becomes Head of Household, he or she is ineligible to take part in the next Head of Household competition.[30][31] HouseGuests also take part in competitions to earn food for the week. The losing team will be forced to eat Big Brother Slop for the week. This was the first season to feature Slop as the punishment food, as it was originally peanut butter and jelly. The winner of the Power of Veto competition wins the right to save one of the nominated HouseGuests from eviction. If the Veto winner exercises the power, the Head of Household must then nominate another HouseGuest for eviction.[31][32]

text: On eviction night, all HouseGuests except for the Head of Household and the two nominees vote to evict one of the two nominees.[31] This compulsory vote is conducted in the privacy of the Diary Room by the host Julie Chen. In the event of a tie, the Head of Household must cast the deciding vote, announcing it in front of the other HouseGuests.[33] Unlike other versions of Big Brother, the HouseGuests may discuss the nomination and eviction process openly and freely.[31] The nominee with the greater number of votes will be evicted from the House on the live Thursday broadcast, exiting to an adjacent studio to be interviewed by Chen.[33] HouseGuests may voluntarily leave the House at any time and those who break the rules may be expelled from the house by Big Brother.[34][35] The final seven HouseGuests evicted during the season will vote for the winner on the season finale. These "Jury Members" will be sequestered in a separate house and will not be allowed to watch the show except for competitions and ceremonies that include all of the remaining HouseGuests. The jury members will not be shown any Diary Room interviews or any footage that include strategy or details regarding nominations.[36]

text: Though the majority of the format stayed the same for Big Brother: All Stars, there were some differences from previous seasons. One of the main changes was the departure of the peanut butter and jelly diet that had been used since Big Brother 2. In its place, the contestants who lost the food competition would be required to eat Big Brother Slop for the week, which has an oatmeal like texture to it. Big Brother Slop has been used in all subsequent seasons following its debut. A second twist occurred in which a new special power was brought into the game. The HouseGuests were given clues to a secret phrase that referenced the game of Big Brother. The first clue was of a sheep, and the second was an oversized needle and thread being found in the house. The final clue was a grim reaper. The correct answer was the phrase "You reap what you sew", and Mike was the first person to correctly guess it in the Diary Room. He therefore won the Coup d'État, giving him the ability to overturn the Head of Household's nominations and replace them with two HouseGuests of his choosing. He could not nominate the reigning Head of Household or the Power of Veto winner during the week he decided to use it. If the power was used, that week's Head of Household would be allowed to compete in the following Head of Household competition. Ultimately, Mike chose not to use the power. The Coup d'État was later brought into the game during Big Brother 11, in which viewers chose one HouseGuest to obtain the power.

text: HouseGuests[edit]

text: Twenty potential candidates were revealed on June 21, 2006, in a special telecast on CBS. After the special aired the public were invited to vote for their favorite former HouseGuest to return to the House. Originally twelve HouseGuests would compete; the top three male and female candidates that received the highest amount of public votes would become HouseGuests while the production team chose the remaining six HouseGuests. During the season premiere Julie Chen revealed that due to the high volume of voting there would be fourteen HouseGuests; the top four male and female candidates from the public vote and six HouseGuests chosen by the producers.

text:
Name
Season
Original season
finish
Age on entry
Hometown
Choice

Alison Irwin
Big Brother 4
Runner-Up - 2nd Place
25
Pennsylvania, Meadville,Meadville, Pennsylvania
Producer

Danielle Reyes
Big Brother 3
Runner-Up - 2nd Place
34
California, Vacaville,Vacaville, California
Producer

Diane Henry
Big Brother 5
Evicted - 3rd Place
24
Ohio, Cincinnati,Cincinnati, Ohio
Public

Erika Landin
Big Brother 4
Evicted - 4th Place
36
Illinois, Chicago,Chicago, Illinois
Public

George Boswell
Big Brother 1
Banished - 5th Place
47
Illinois, Rockford,Rockford, Illinois
Producer

Howie Gordon
Big Brother 6
Evicted - 5th Place
35
Illinois, Chicago,Chicago, Illinois
Public

James Rhine
Big Brother 6
Evicted - 7th Place
30
Florida, Miami,Miami, Florida
Public

Janelle Pierzina
Big Brother 6
Evicted - 3rd Place
26
Minnesota, Grand Rapids,Grand Rapids, Minnesota
Public

Jase Wirey
Big Brother 5
Evicted - 10th Place
30
Illinois, Taylorville,Taylorville, Illinois
Public

Kaysar Ridha
Big Brother 6
Evicted - 10th Place
25
California, Irvine,Irvine, California
Public

Marcellas Reynolds
Big Brother 3
Evicted - 5th Place
36
Illinois, Chicago,Chicago, Illinois
Producer

Mike "Boogie" Malin
Big Brother 2
Evicted - 8th Place
36
New Hampshire, Concord,Concord, New Hampshire
Producer

Nakomis Dedmon
Big Brother 5
Evicted - 4th Place
23
Texas, San Antonio,San Antonio, Texas
Public

Will Kirby
Big Brother 2
Winner - 1st Place
33
Florida, Miami,Miami, Florida
Producer

tag: table

text: Candidates[edit]

text: Out of the twenty candidates selected to participate in the show, six former HouseGuests were not chosen by the public or the producers to enter the House.

text:
Name
Season
Status
Age on entry
Hometown

Bill "Bunky" Miller
Big Brother 2
Evicted - 5th Place
41
North Carolina, Harrisburg,Harrisburg, North Carolina

Dana Varela
Big Brother 4
Evicted - 9th Place
31
New York, Queens,Queens, New York

Ivette Corredero
Big Brother 6
Runner-Up - 2nd Place
26
Florida, Miami Beach,Miami Beach, Florida

Lisa Donahue
Big Brother 3
Winner - 1st Place
30
California, Los Angeles,Los Angeles, California

Michael "Cowboy" Ellis
Big Brother 5
Runner-Up - 2nd Place
25
Oklahoma, Durant,Durant, Oklahoma

Monica Bailey
Big Brother 2
Evicted - 3rd Place
45
New York, Brooklyn,Brooklyn, New York

text: Future appearances[edit]

text: Mike "Boogie" Malin and Janelle Pierzina later returned for Big Brother 14, initially as coaches to the new HouseGuests and later as regular players. Pierzina placed 12th and Malin placed 10th. Jase Wirey was one of four international Big Brother alumni up for a public vote to compete in the fourth season of Big Brother Canada, but was not selected to enter the house.

text: Summary[edit]

text: On Day 1, the fourteen HouseGuests entered the house for a second chance at winning the game.[37] Following their entrance, HouseGuests competed in the "Falling Stars" Head of Household competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests competed in two groups. One group, consisting of seven HouseGuests, stood on a spinning platform, while the other group threw an over-sized boulder at them in an attempt to knock them off of the platform. When only one remained on the platform, the groups switched places. The process was then repeated until only one remained from the second group. This competition resulted in two people winning the title of Head of Household, those being the two people not to be knocked off;[39] Janelle and Jase became joint Head of Household.[40] They learned that if they failed to agree on who to nominate, then they would become the nominees themselves. Due to Janelle's position of power and their large numbers, Howie, James, Janelle, and Kaysar became quick targets for the others.[41] This led Alison and Danielle to come up with a plan to evict Janelle from the house, in which they wanted Jase to disagree with her nominations and thus nominating both himself and Janelle; this would ensure Janelle's eviction.[42] Despite this plan, Jase and the "Season Six" alliance later discussed the plan with one another, and he agreed to help them out in the game. On Day 3, Jase and Janelle chose to nominate Alison and Danielle for eviction.[43] This made it the first time Danielle had been nominated for eviction, as she had never been nominated in her previous season.

text: Following the nominations, both Janelle and Jase expressed a difference of opinion in terms of whom should be evicted; Jase wanted Danielle to go, while Janelle wanted Alison evicted. When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, the HouseGuests learned of the new twist, in which the three players selected to play would now be randomly selected, as opposed to the Head of Household and nominees deciding.[44] This prevented the backdooring strategy that had been started by Nakomis in her initial season, as all HouseGuests were eligible to compete for the Power of Veto. Kaysar and George were selected to play, while Mike was selected to host. On Day 5, HouseGuests competed in the "One Man's Trash Is Another Man's Veto" Power of Veto competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests were required to dig through trash in the backyard taken from the first six seasons of the series, including items from old competitions. Hidden in the garbage were numerous Veto symbols, and the first HouseGuest to find six symbols would be the winner. Janelle was the winner of the competition.[45][46] On Day 7, Janelle made the decision to leave Alison and Danielle on the block.[45] Mike and Will later began campaigning for Alison to stay, and had convinced Diane and Nakomis to vote the same way. Upon learning that Janelle, as the Veto winner, would break the tie, the two decided against the plan. They failed to tell Diane and Nakomis, however, and they voted in the minority. On Day 11, Alison became the first HouseGuest evicted from the house in a vote of eight to two.[47][48][49]

text: Following Alison's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Alison Rules" Head of Household competition.[38] For this competition, the competing HouseGuests were asked a question, while Alison answered the same question with Julie Chen.[50] The HouseGuests had to attempt to answer each question the same way as Alison, and failure to do so resulted in their elimination. Kaysar was the winner of this competition.[51][52] On Day 12, HouseGuests competed in the "Slop 'Til You Drop" food competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests split into two groups of six, with a pair from each team being chained together at the hip. They were required to dig through slop without using their hands in an attempt to find rubber rats.[53] The team who had the most rats at the end of the competition were the winners, while the losing team would be on Big Brother Slop for the week. The team of Danielle, Howie, James, Janelle, Marcellas, and Nakomis lost the competition.[54] That same day, Kaysar chose to nominate Diane and Nakomis for eviction, with Nakomis being his target.[55] In doing so, Kaysar made a deal with Mike and Will for them to take out floaters in the game rather than Kaysar's alliance.[56] When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Will, Erika, and James were selected to compete; George was selected to host. On Day 13, HouseGuests competed in the "Big Brother Golf Classic" Power of Veto competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests had to hit over-sized golf balls in the backyard, and earned a certain amount of golf balls depending on where their ball landed in the backyard. There was also a section which would allow a HouseGuest to give someone a ball, thus hindering them. When a HouseGuest received seven golf balls, they were eliminated; the last HouseGuest remaining was the winner. Erika was the winner of the competition.[57] On Day 18, Nakomis became the second HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of eight to two.[58][59][60]

text: Following Nakomis' eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Pay Attention" Head of Household competition.[38] Prior to the competition, HouseGuests were shown still photos from previous competitions, and the HouseGuests were later quizzed about these images during the competition. James was the winner of the competition.[61] On Day 19, HouseGuests competed in the "Balanced Diet" food competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests paired up and were required to maneuver a bowling ball up an incline ramp with holes at the top. If a pair's ball made it to the top of the ramp, the team had won food for the house on that day, as well as a catered meal. If a ball fell on the way to the top, the HouseGuests ate whatever area their ball fell into that day. Four of the pairs managed to earn full food for the week. Later that day, James chose to nominate George and Will for eviction, with George being his main target.[62] When picking players for the Power of Veto, Jase, Mike, and Kaysar were selected compete; Janelle was selected to host. On Day 20, HouseGuests competed in the "How Bad Do You Want It?" Power of Veto competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests were required to take punishments in exchange for remaining in the competition; the last HouseGuest remaining was the winner. George was the winner of the competition.[63] Shortly before the Power of Veto ceremony, Jase found out he was a potential replacement nominee and began throwing things around the backyard and engaging in numerous verbal arguments.[64] On Day 22, George chose to use the Power of Veto to remove himself from the block, with Jase being nominated as the replacement nominee.[65] On Day 25, Jase became the third HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a unanimous vote of nine to zero.[66][67][68]

text: Following Jase's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Define & Dismiss" Head of Household competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests were asked questions about the quotes and definitions that were hanging as decorations around the house. If a HouseGuest answered correctly, they eliminated someone of the competition; an incorrect answer resulted in their own elimination.[69] Janelle was the winner, making her the first person to have Head of Household twice this season.[70][71] On Day 26, HouseGuests competed in the "Food Fight" food competition.[38] For this competition, numerous balls fell into the backyard, and HouseGuests attempted to be the first to grab the ball with a star on it. The HouseGuest who grabbed this ball each round would have food privileges for the week, but were required to select one HouseGuest to eliminate from the competition, thus putting them on slop for the week. Ultimately, Marcellas, Will, Diane, and Erika were the losers, thus were on the slop diet for the week.[72] Later that day, Janelle chose to nominate Erika and Mike for eviction, hoping to eliminate a "floater" from the game.[73][74] On Day 27, HouseGuests competed in the "Torture Test" Power of Veto competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests attempted to read Big Brother phrases spelled backwards in an attempt to guess what the correct phrase was. If a HouseGuest answered correctly, they could give a punishment to another HouseGuest, thus hindering their chances at winning. The first HouseGuest to get three phrases correctly would be the winner of the competition; Mike was the winner.[75] Following his win, Mike kicked a pair of glass goggles, believing them to be plastic, and cut his foot open; the wound required stitches, though did not impact the game in any form.[76] On Day 28, HouseGuests competed in the "Pit Stop" luxury competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests split into teams and assemble a car in the fastest time. Mike could not compete due to his injury, thus had to select the team he felt would win. The winning team, which consisted of Diane, Janelle, Will, Mike, Danielle, and James were the winners, and won an advanced screening of the film Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby.[38] On Day 29, Mike chose to use the Power of Veto to remove himself from the block, with Diane being nominated as the replacement nominee.[77] This decision upset numerous HouseGuests, such as Marcellas, Danielle, and James, and led to Danielle, James, Mike, and Will forming the "Legion of Doom" alliance with the hope of evicting Janelle.[78][79] On Day 32, Diane became the fourth HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of seven to one.[80][81][82]

text: Following Diane's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Caught In a Web" endurance Head of Household competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests were required to lay upon a large "spider web" suspended in the air; the goal was to be the last HouseGuest remaining on the web. The first five HouseGuests to fall from the web were able to open an "egg", which could feature a reward or be empty.[83] Danielle was the winner of the competition, making it the first time that someone outside of the "Season Six" alliance won; James won the right to nullify an eviction vote, Mike won $10,000, and Marcellas won a slop pass.[84][85] Due to the endurance Head of Household competition, there was no food competition this week. On Day 33, Danielle chose to nominate James and Janelle for eviction, with Janelle being her main target.[86][87][88] When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Will, Marcellas, and Mike were selected to play; Erika was selected to host the competition. On Day 34, HouseGuests competed in the "Grave Mistakes" Power of Veto competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests were placed in personal graves and were offered luxuries and punishments; they would gain points for each punishment they took, and lost points for each luxury they took. The HouseGuest with the most points at the end of the competition was the winner; Janelle was the winner of the Power of Veto.[89][90] On Day 36, Janelle chose to use the Power of Veto to remove herself from the block, with Kaysar being nominated in her place.[91][92] For this week's eviction, James chose to use the power he had earned during the Head of Household competition and nullified Janelle's vote. On Day 39, Kaysar became the fifth HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of five to one.[93][94][95]

text: Following Kaysar's eviction, HouseGuests competed in "The Ghost of Big Brother Past" Head of Household competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests were asked questions based on a seance the group had held earlier in the week. HouseGuests attempted to answer the true or false questions without being the last one to buzz in; being the last to buzz in would result in a HouseGuests elimination. Erika was the winner of the competition.[96][97] Following the Head of Household competition, the HouseGuests learned that a new special power could impact the game, and that the first HouseGuest to correctly guess a secret phrase would be the winner.[98] To solve the phrase, they were given their first hint, which was a sheep.[99] Following numerous complaints of equipment malfunctions, it was decided that a new competition would be held.[100] That night, HouseGuests competed in a new version of the competition, in which they answered using a movable block; Janelle became the new Head of Household for the third time this season.[101][102] On Day 40, HouseGuests competed in the "Big Brother Bakery" food competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests had to make a three course meal out of slop and serve it to the three judges of the competition. The judges were later revealed to be former Big Brother HouseGuests Nicole Schaffrich, Jun Song, and Marvin Latimer. The HouseGuests earned food for everyday of the week excluding Wednesday, as well as a barbecue. Later that day, Janelle chose to nominate Danielle and Erika for eviction.[103][104] HouseGuests were later given their second clue for the secret power, which was an over-sized thread and needle.[105] When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Will, Marcellas, and James were selected to play; Janelle was not able to compete as she had given up the right to play in the previous Power of Veto competition. On Day 41, HouseGuests competed in the "Anything You Can Do, I Can Do Veto" Power of Veto competition.[38] For this competition, the competing HouseGuests participated in competitions taken from previous seasons. Former HouseGuest Nicole hosted the competition, while fellow former HouseGuests April Lewis, Jack Owens, Hardy Ames-Hill, and Scott Long returned to participate in the competitions.[106] The competing HouseGuests wagered how quickly they could perform a task, and failure to do so resulted in their elimination. Danielle was the winner of the Power of Veto.[107] On Day 43, Danielle chose to use the Power of Veto to remove herself from the block, with Marcellas being nominated in her place.[108] HouseGuests were later given the third and final clue, which was a figure of a Grim Reaper entering the house. It was later revealed that Mike had won the Coup d'État, which he could use at any of the next three evictions.[109] He could overthrow the HoH, and nominate two of his own HouseGuests for eviction; the HoH and PoV winner could not be nominated.[110] On Day 46, Marcellas became the sixth HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a unanimous vote of six to zero.[111][112][113] He became the first member of the Jury of Seven.

text: Following Marcellas's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Prom Night" Head of Household competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests were asked questions based on a poll that fans had been voting on over the previous week. For each question a HouseGuest answered correctly, they were able to step forward once; the HouseGuest with the most correct answers was the winner. The viewers also voted for the Prom King or Queen, with this winner getting an advantage in the competition; Janelle was selected, however, could not compete as outgoing Head of Household. George was the winner of this competition.[114][115] Immediately following this, the HouseGuests learned that it was a Double Eviction Week, and that George was required to make his nominations on the spot.[116] He chose to nominate Erika and James for eviction.[117] When picking players for the Power of Veto, Howie, Danielle, and Will were selected to compete; Janelle was selected to host the competition. That same night, HouseGuests competed in the "Gnome Is Where the Veto Is" Power of Veto competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests had to make a device that would get them the keys off of a gnome in the backyard; James was the winner.[118] James chose to remove himself from the block, with Howie being nominated in his place. On Day 47, Howie became the seventh HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of three to two.[119][120][121] He became the second member of the Jury of Seven. Following Howie's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Revenge of the Gnomes" Head of Household competition.[38] For this, HouseGuests answered multiple choice questions, and would be hit in the face with pie by "gnomes" if they answered incorrectly; Mike was the winner.[122] On Day 48, Mike chose to nominate James and Janelle for eviction.[123] When picking players for the Power of Veto competition, Will, Danielle, and Erika were selected to play; George hosted the competition. On Day 49, HouseGuests competed in the "Voo Voo Dolls" Power of Veto competition.[38] For this, HouseGuests had to find voodoo dolls in the likeness of the previously evicted HouseGuests who were described in the riddles. The last HouseGuest to bring a doll each round was eliminated, and the last remaining HouseGuest was the winner; Janelle won the Power of Veto.[124] Janelle later chose to use the Power of Veto to remove herself from the block, with George being nominated in her place.[125] On Day 53, James became the eighth HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a vote of three to one.[126][127][128] He became the third member of the Jury of Seven.

text: Following James's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "But First" Head of Household competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests were given an order of two events which happened throughout this season, and had to determine if host Julie Chen was being honest with the order of these events. Erika was the winner of the competition.[129][130][131] On Day 54, HouseGuests competed in the "Birds and the Bees" food competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests attempted to earn food and prizes by transferring nectar across the backyard by soaking it into their outfits. The HouseGuests earned some foods for the week, with George earning a slop pass and the HouseGuests winning a trampoline and a "Christmas in August" luxury prize. Later that day, Erika chose to nominate George and Janelle for eviction.[132][133][134] Neil Patrick Harris later entered the house to participate in the "Christmas in August" prize.[135] On Day 55, all of the remaining HouseGuests competed in the "Two Faced" Power of Veto competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests had to correctly figure out which two faces of the HouseGuests made up a set of faces. The HouseGuest who finished the competition in the fastest amount of time was the winner; Janelle won the Power of Veto.[136] On Day 57, Janelle chose to use the Power of Veto to remove herself from the block, with Danielle being nominated in her place.[137][138] On Day 60, Danielle became the ninth HouseGuest to be evicted in a vote of three to zero.[139][140][141] HouseGuests then began competing in the Big Brother Fast Forward week, in which the events of an entire week happened within an hour, meaning that two HouseGuests would be evicted that night. The HouseGuests then competed in the "Battle of the Sexes" Head of Household competition.[38] For this, HouseGuests had to determine whether a male or female HouseGuest was referenced in a given quote; Janelle was the winner.[142] Janelle was immediately required to make her nominations, and she nominated Erika and George for eviction. The HouseGuests then competed in the "I'm Knots About You" Power of Veto competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests had to untangle a rope in an attempt to be the first to get a Veto symbol tangled in the rope. Erika was the winner of the competition.[143] During the competition, Will broke his left thumb in an attempt to get his Veto symbol. Erika chose to use the Power of Veto to remove herself from the block, with Mike being nominated in her place.[143] Moments later, George became the tenth HouseGuest to be evicted from the house in a unanimous vote of two to zero.[144]

text: Following George's eviction, HouseGuests competed in the "Big Brother Bowl" Head of Household competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests were given a significant event in the game, and they had to determine what day this event happened. For each day off from the correct answer they were, the HouseGuests would take that many steps back. The HouseGuest who was closest to the end zone at the end of the competition was the winner; Mike was the winner.[145] On Day 61, Mike chose to nominate Erika and Janelle for eviction.[146] On Day 62, the HouseGuests competed in the "When the Stars Align" Power of Veto competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests were required to solve the pattern of HouseGuests based on clues given in a puzzle. There are more than one answers to the questions, however, there is only one correct combination. Janelle was the winner of the Power of Veto, making it the fifth time she had won the power.[147] This made Janelle the first HouseGuest to achieve this feat in the history of the series; Janelle still holds the record for most Power of Veto wins.[148] On Day 65, Janelle chose to use the Power of Veto to remove herself from the block, with Will being the only HouseGuest eligible to be nominated. She then cast the sole vote to evict Will from the game. He became the sixth member of the Jury of Seven.[149][150][151]

text: Following Will's eviction, the HouseGuests competed in the "Mount HoH" endurance portion of the final Head of Household competition.[38] For this competition, HouseGuests stood on a large boulder in the backyard while holding onto their house keys; letting go of their key was not permitted. The last HouseGuest remaining on the boulder would be the winner. Minutes after the competition began, Mike chose to drop out of the competition. Janelle, confused by this, accidentally let go of her key. This led to Erika becoming the winner of the competition only a few minutes after it began. Mike and Janelle then competed against one another in the "Fly By Night" competition.[38] Mike was the winner of this competition, and also won a Pontiac Solstice Convertible.[152] On Day 67, Erika and Mike competed in the "Jury Statements" final Head of Household competition, which Mike won.[38] He then cast the sole vote to evict Janelle from the house, making he and Erika the Final Two.[153][154] On Day 72, Mike became the winner of Big Brother: All-Stars in a jury vote of six to one.[155][156][157][158]

text: Voting history[edit]

text:
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
Week 9
Week 10
(Finale)

Day 46
Day 47
Day 53
Day 60
Day 61
Day 67

Head(s) of Household
Janelle
Jase
Kaysar
James
Janelle
Danielle
Janelle
George
Mike
Erika
Janelle
Mike
Mike
(none)

Nominations
(pre-veto)
Alison
Danielle
Diane
Nakomis
George
Will
Erika
Mike
James
Janelle
Danielle
Erika
Erika
James
James
Janelle
George
Janelle
Erika
George
Erika
Janelle
Erika
Janelle

Veto Winner
Janelle
Erika
George
Mike
Janelle
Danielle
James
Janelle
Janelle
Erika
Janelle
(none)

Nominations
(post-veto)
Alison
Danielle
Diane
Nakomis
Jase
Will
Diane
Erika
James
Kaysar
Erika
Marcellas
Erika
Howie
George
James
Danielle
George
George
Mike
Erika
Will

Mike
Alison
Nakomis
Jase
Diane
Kaysar
Marcellas
Howie
Head of Household
Danielle
Nominated
Head of
Household
Janelle
Winner
(Day 72)

Erika
Alison
Nakomis
Jase
Nominated
Kaysar
Nominated
Nominated
James
Head of Household
George
Nominated
Nominated
Runner-Up
(Day 72)

Janelle
Co-Head of
Household
Diane
Jase
Head of Household
James
Head of Household
Erika
James
Danielle
Head of Household
Will
Evicted
(Day 67)
Mike

Will
Alison
Diane
Nominated
Erika
Kaysar
Marcellas
Howie
James
Danielle
George
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 65)
Mike

George
Alison
Nakomis
Jase
Diane
Kaysar
Marcellas
Head of Household
Nominated
Nominated
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 60)
Mike

Danielle
Nominated
Nakomis
Jase
Diane
Head of Household
Marcellas
Howie
George
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 60)
Mike

James
Alison
Nakomis
Head of Household
Diane
Nominated
Marcellas
Erika
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 53)
Mike

Howie
Alison
Nakomis
Jase
Diane
James
Marcellas
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 47)
Mike

Marcellas
Alison
Nakomis
Jase
Diane
Kaysar
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 46)
Erika

Kaysar
Alison
Head of Household
Jase
Diane
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 39)

Diane
Danielle
Nominated
Jase
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 32)

Jase
Co-Head of Household
Nakomis
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 25)

Nakomis
Danielle
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 18)

Alison
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 11)

Notes
1
none
2
3, 4
4, 5
6
none
7

Evicted
Alison
8 of 10 votes
to evict
Nakomis
8 of 10 votes
to evict
Jase
9 of 9 votes
to evict
Diane
7 of 8 votes
to evict
Kaysar
5 of 6 votes
to evict
Marcellas
6 of 6 votes
to evict
Howie
3 of 5 votes
to evict
James
3 of 4 votes
to evict
Danielle
3 of 3 votes
to evict
George
2 of 2 votes
to evict
Will
Janelle's choice
to evict
Janelle
Mike's choice
to evict
Erika
1 vote
to win

Mike
6 votes
to win

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^Note 1 : During Week 1, there were two Heads of Household, Janelle and Jase. Both had to agree on two people to nominate for eviction. If the two Heads of Household failed to agree, they would be stripped of their duties and would become the nominees for eviction themselves.
^Note 2 : During Week 5's Head of Household competition, James won the right to nullify another HouseGuests eviction vote. He nullified Janelle's vote, which was a vote for James to be evicted.
^Note 3 : On Day 39, following Kaysar's eviction, Erika won the live Head of Household competition. However, due to technical faults with some of the equipment, the competition was re-done later during the day. Janelle won the second HoH competition, and was therefore crowned Head of Household for Week 6.
^Note 4 : During Week 6, a HouseGuest could win the Coup d'État power - the right to overthrow the Head of Household and replace the nominations just before the vote. Mike won the power, which was good for one of the next three evictions, but it was never used.
^Note 5 : Week 7 was a double eviction week. Following Marcellas' eviction, the remaining HouseGuests played a week's worth of game — including HoH and Veto competitions, and Nomination, Veto, and Eviction ceremonies — in only 24 hours. A second eviction for the week took place on Day 53.
^Note 6 : Week 8 was a fast forward week. Following Danielle's eviction, the remaining HouseGuests played a week's worth of game – including HoH and Veto competitions, and Nomination, Veto, and Eviction ceremonies – during the remainder of the live show, culminating in a second eviction for the week.
^Note 7 : Votes in the finale are cast for the HouseGuests choice to win, not for who to evict. Only the last seven HouseGuests evicted can vote.

tag: ul

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Big Brother: All-Stars had an average of 7.56 million viewers, a slight increase from the previous edition. This season premiered to a total of 7.69 million viewers, the lowest-rated premiere at the time. The Thursday, July 27 edition of the series featured a total of 7.2 million viewers, winning in its time slot.[159] For that week, the series averaged 7.3 million viewers.[160] The Thursday, August 3 edition also had an audience of 7.2 million viewers, making it the second week in a row.[161] The Tuesday, August 8 episode featured an average of 7.6 million viewers.[162] The Tuesday, August 22 episode averaged a total of eight million viewers.[163]


document_title: History of Buffalo, New York

question_text: where did buffalo new york get its name

question_tokens: where did buffalo new york get its name

text: History of Buffalo, New York

text: Origin of name[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1830
8,668

—

1840
18,213

110.1%

1850
42,261

132.0%

1860
81,129

92.0%

1870
117,714

45.1%

1880
155,134

31.8%

1890
255,664

64.8%

1900
352,387

37.8%

1910
423,715

20.2%

1920
506,775

19.6%

1930
573,076

13.1%

1940
575,901

0.5%

1950
580,132

0.7%

1960
532,759

−8.2%

1970
462,768

−13.1%

1980
357,870

−22.7%

1990
328,123

−8.3%

2000
292,648

−10.8%

2010
261,310

−10.7%

source:[1]

text: The City of Buffalo, formerly known as Buffalo Creek, received its name from the creek that flows through it. However, the origin of the creek's name is unclear, with several unproven theories existing. Early French explorers reported the abundance of buffalo on the Eastern shore of Lake Erie, but their presence on the banks of Buffalo Creek is still a matter of debate, although American Bison did range into western NY state at one time. Neither the Native American name Teyohoseroron (the Place of the Basswoods) nor the French name Riviere aux Chevaux (River of Horses) survived, so the current name likely dates to the British occupation which began with the capture of Fort Niagara in 1759.

text: Another theory holds that a Seneca Indian lived there, either whose name meant buffalo, or who had the physical characteristics of a buffalo, and was translated as such by the English settlers. The stream where he lived became Buffalo's Creek. Unlike other nearby creeks such as Scajaquada Creek and Smoke's Creek which were named after actual historic figures, there is no known reference to any Native American named Buffalo. Also given credence by local historians at one time was the possibility that an interpreter mistranslated the Native American word for "beaver" as "buffalo," the words being very similar, at a treaty-signing at present-day Rome, New York in 1784. The theory assumes that because there were beaver here, the creek was probably called Beaver Creek rather than Buffalo Creek.

text: Another theory holds that the name is an anglicized form of the French name Beau Fleuve (beautiful river), which was supposedly an exclamation uttered by Louis Hennepin when he first saw the Niagara River. This is a relatively recently proposed theory (1909) and is unlikely, as no period sources contain this quote. The earliest known name origin theory is an anecdote told to Captain Daniel Dobbins by Cornelius Winney in 1795 and also found with variations in Sheldon Ball's History of Buffalo (1825) and other sources, about a party of hunters whose guide shoots a horse and passes it off as bison meat, thereafter the origin of the term "buffaloed."

text: Despite many years of speculation and garbling of previous debate, more recently available sources indicate that the name Buffalo Creek was in common use on the Niagara Frontier by 1764, as John Montresor referenced 'Buffalo Creek' in his journal of that year.[3] The name may have originated with an English speaking person sometime between 1759 and 1764, possibly after seeing animal bones, thought to be bison but possibly elk or moose or domesticated cattle, at the salt lick called Sour Springs located at the head of navigation about 6 miles up the creek.

text: Pre-colonization[edit]

text: Amerindian Crossroads[edit]

text: The societies of the Native Forest dwellers we know as Native Americans, Amerindians, or First Nations made highways of the Great Lakes, streams and were far more social than their reputed penchant for warfare, cruelty, and collecting scalps would suggest. Their canoes were built from lightweight birch bark, or far more often, Elm, the farther south the tribe, the more likely Elm was the material used for many purposes including the canoes. Buffalo, near the throat of the Niagara River, was a popular campsite for voyaging tribesmen, in a culture which often went on walk-abouts, touring neighboring lands and conducting the widespread practice of boy-meets-girl, trading of regional commodities.[a]

text: Prior to European colonization by French settlers, the region's inhabitants were an Iroquoian-speaking tribal offshoot called the Wenro people or 'Wenrohronon', who lived along the south shore of Lake Ontario and east end of Lake Erie and a bit of its southern shore. The population of the Wenro was small by comparison to other Iroquoian tribes the French encountered and reported upon, possibly because they'd only recently split off from other groups or because they'd suffered the misfortunes of war. They were possibly (most likely) a sub-group of the main Neutral Confederacy which had colonized the opposite shore, or possibly relatives of the great abutting neighboring Erie Nation,[b] which extended southwesterly through most of present-day Ohio, Western Pennsylvania and West Virginia.

text: The American Heritage Book of Indians points out there are opposing (on the surface) contradictory theories[c] of the origination and the migration of the Iroquois and Iroquoian peoples that came to inhabit the region around Buffalo and the Niagara River.[d]

text: The French found the Neutral groups helpful in mediating disputes with other tribes—in particular the League of the Iroquois which became sworn enemies of the French from their first meeting in 1609.[e] By comparison, the Huron also an Iroquoian people, were often at odds with the Iroquois once European traders offered highly desired goods for furs, especially water proof Beaver pelts[f] About 1651 the Iroquois Confederacy declared war on the Neutrals; by 1653, the Confederacy, particularly the Senecas, had practically annihilated the Neutrals[4][5] and the splinter tribe of Wenro people. The Wenro's area was subsequently populated by the Seneca tribe.

text: Also in 1653 the large and populous Erie tribe, having taken in survivors of the Huron, Neutral, Wenro, and Tabacco peoples—Iroquoian peoples one and all, with traditions of adopting outsiders—received demands to send Neutrals to the Iroquois and instead launched an preemptive attack on the League, kicking off three years of desperate warfare that eventually shattered the Erie and bled the Iroquois of much of their strength.[g] Ohio and Western Pennsylvania became nearly vacant Iroquois hunting grounds, exploited for furs, but ten years later the Iroquois, having also adopted tribal members of peoples they'd recently thrashed, found themselves in a new war with the Susquehannocks who lived down below the Allegheny Front, the escarpment above most of today's central Pennsylvania along the Susquehanna River valleys—another people believed to have significantly outnumbered the Iroquois[h] —so warring along the Susquehanna Valley from lower New York to Maryland through central Pennsylvania. In 1667-68 the Susquehannocks nearly wiped out two of the Five Iroquois people. At that point the Susquehannock's suffered one or more horrendous plagues, losing up to 90% of their population and military capabilities, and by 1672 the Iroquois became the proverbial 'Last Man Standing' in the Northern Beaver Wars.

text: First Europeans[edit]

text: Most of western New York was granted by Charles II of England to the Duke of York (later King James II & VII), but the first European settlement in what is now Erie County was by the French, at the mouth of Buffalo Creek in 1758. Its buildings were destroyed a year later by the evacuating French after the British captured Fort Niagara. The British took control of the entire region in 1763, at the conclusion of the French and Indian War. In 1764, British military engineer John Montresor made an inspection tour of Buffalo Creek before determining on a site for a fortification on the opposite shore. After the 1779 Sullivan Expedition, the British settled Seneca refugees in several villages on Buffalo Creek in the spring of 1780.

text: The first permanent settlers in present-day Buffalo were Cornelius Winney and "Black Joe" Hodges, who set up a log cabin store there in 1789 for trading with the Native American community. British interpreter William Johnston was another early settler. The British retained control of the area and prevented further settlement by Americans until their evacuation of Fort Niagara in 1796.

text: Dutch investors purchased the area from the Seneca Indians as part of the Holland Purchase. Although other Senecas were involved in ceding their land, the most famous today is Red Jacket, who died in Buffalo in 1830. His grave is in Forest Lawn Cemetery. Starting in 1801, parcels were sold through the Holland Land Companies office in Batavia, New York. The settlement was initially called Lake Erie, then Buffalo Creek, soon shortened to Buffalo. Holland Land Company agent Joseph Ellicott christened it New Amsterdam, but the name did not catch on.[6] In 1808, Niagara County was established with Buffalo as its county seat. Erie County was formed out of Niagara County in 1821, retaining Buffalo as the county seat.

text: The 19th century[edit]

text: In 1804, Joseph Ellicott, a principal agent of the Holland Land Company, designed a radial street and grid system that branches out from downtown like bicycle spokes, and is one of only three radial street patterns in the US[citation needed]. In 1810, the Town of Buffalo was formed from the western part of the Town of Clarence. On December 30, 1813, during the War of 1812, British troops and their Native American allies first captured the village of Black Rock, and then the rest of Buffalo, burning most of both to the ground. Buffalo gradually rebuilt itself and by 1816 had a new courthouse. In 1818, the eastern part of the town was lost to form the Town of Amherst.

text: Upon the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, Buffalo became the western end of the 524-mile waterway starting at New York City. At the time, Buffalo had a population of about 2,400 people. With the increased commerce of the canal, the population boomed and Buffalo was incorporated as a city in 1832.[7] On 1 June 1843, the world's first steam-powered grain elevator was put into service by a local merchant, Joseph Dart, Jr., and an engineer, Robert Dunbar. The "Dart Elevator" would remain standing until 1862, when it burned down. During the 1840s and 1850s, more than a dozen grain elevators were built in Buffalo's harbor, most of them designed by Dunbar.[8]

text: In 1853, Buffalo annexed Black Rock, which had been Buffalo's fierce rival for the canal terminus. During the 19th century, thousands of pioneers going to the western United States debarked from canal boats to continue their journey out of Buffalo by lake or rail transport. During their stopover, many experienced the pleasures and dangers of Buffalo's notorious Canal district.

text: Buffalo was a terminus of the Underground Railroad, an informal series of safe houses for African-Americans escaping slavery in the mid-19th century. Buffalonians helped many fugitives cross the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada and freedom.

text: U.S. Presidents and Buffalo[edit]

text: Several U.S. presidents have had connections with Buffalo.

text:
Millard Fillmore took up permanent residence in Buffalo in 1822 before he became America's 13th president. He was also the first chancellor of the University of Buffalo, now known as SUNY University at Buffalo.
Grover Cleveland, the 22nd and 24th President of the United States, lived in Buffalo from 1854 until 1882, and served as Buffalo's mayor from 1882 until 1883.
William McKinley was shot by Leon Czolgosz on September 6, 1901 at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, and died in Buffalo on the 14th.
Theodore Roosevelt was then sworn in on September 14, 1901 at the Ansley Wilcox Mansion, now the Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site, becoming one of the few presidents to be sworn in outside of Washington, D.C..

text: The 20th century[edit]

text: Around the start of the 20th century, Buffalo was a growing city with a burgeoning economy. Immigrants came from Ireland, Italy, Germany, and Poland to work in the steel and grain mills which had taken advantage of the city's critical location at the junction of the Great Lakes and the Erie Canal. Hydroelectric power harnessed from nearby Niagara Falls made Buffalo the first American city to have widespread electric lighting yielding it the nickname, the "City of Light". Electricity was used to dramatic effect at the Pan-American Exposition in 1901. The Pan-American was also notable for being the scene of the aforementioned assassination of President William McKinley.

text: The opening of the Peace Bridge linking Buffalo with Fort Erie, Ontario on August 7, 1927 was an occasion for significant celebrations.

text: The Great Depression of 1929-39 saw severe unemployment, especially among working class men. The New Deal relief programs operated full force. The city became a stronghold of labor unions and the Democratic Party.[9] Buffalo's City Hall, an Art Deco masterpiece, was dedicated on July 1, 1932.

text: The city's importance declined in the later half of the 20th century for several reasons, perhaps the most devastating being the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1957. Goods which had previously passed through Buffalo could now bypass it using a series of canals and locks, reaching the ocean via the St. Lawrence River. Another major toll was suburban migration, a national trend at the time. Race riots rocked the city in 1967.[10] The city, which boasted over half a million people at its peak, has seen its population decline by some 50%, as industries shut down and people left the Rust Belt for the employment opportunities of the South and West. Erie County has lost population in every census year since 1970.

text: The 21st century[edit]

text: On July 3, 2003, at the climax of a fiscal crisis, the Buffalo Fiscal Stability Authority was established[11] to oversee the finances of the city. As a "hard control board," they have frozen the wages of city employees and must approve or reject all major expenditures. After a period of severe financial stress, Erie County, where Buffalo resides, was assigned a Fiscal Stability Authority on July 12, 2005. As a "soft control board," however, they act only in an advisory capacity.[12] Both Authorities were established by New York State. In November 2005, Byron Brown was elected Mayor of Buffalo. He is the first African-American to hold this office.

text: Economic development in the city was marked at $3.5 billion in 2006 compared to the ten year previous average of $50 million[citation needed]. New proposals and renovations were numerous, especially in the downtown area. Buffalo ranked 83rd on the Forbes best cities for jobs list, an increase from the previous year, beating out cities like New York City, Cleveland, and Detroit.