document_title: Chevrolet

question_text: what is the origin of the word chevrolet

question_tokens: what is the origin of the word chevrolet

text: Chevrolet

text: History

text: On November 3, 1911, Swiss race car driver and automotive engineer Louis Chevrolet co-founded the Chevrolet Motor Company in Detroit with William C. Durant and investment partners William Little (maker of the Little automobile), former Buick owner James H. Whiting, [6] Dr. Edwin R. Campbell (son-in-law of Durant) and in 1912 R. S. McLaughlin CEO of General Motors in Canada.

text: Durant was cast out from the management of General Motors in 1910, a company which he had founded in 1908. In 1904 he had taken over the Flint Wagon Works and Buick Motor Company of Flint, Michigan. He also incorporated the Mason and Little companies. As head of Buick, Durant had hired Louis Chevrolet to drive Buicks in promotional races.[7] Durant planned to use Chevrolet's reputation as a racer as the foundation for his new automobile company. The first factory location was in Flint, Michigan at the corner of Wilcox and Kearsley Street, now known as "Chevy Commons" at coordinates  43°00′31″N 83°42′36″W / 43.0086339°N 83.7099114°W / 43.0086339; -83.7099114 (Chevy Commons), along the Flint River, across the street from Kettering University.

text: Actual design work for the first Chevy, the costly Series C Classic Six, was drawn up by Etienne Planche, following instructions from Louis. The first C prototype was ready months before Chevrolet was actually incorporated. However the first actual production wasn't until the 1913 model. So in essence there were no 1911 or 1912 production models, only the 1 pre-production model was made and fine tuned throughout the early part of 1912. Then in the fall of that year the new 1913 model was introduced at the New York auto show.

text: Chevrolet first used the "bowtie emblem"[8] logo in 1914 on the H series models (Royal Mail and Baby Grand) and The L Series Model (Light Six). It may have been designed from wallpaper Durant once saw in a French hotel room.[9] More recent research by historian Ken Kaufmann presents a case that the logo is based on a logo of the "Coalettes" coal company.[10][11] An example of this logo as it appeared in an advertisement for Coalettes appeared in the Atlanta Constitution on November 12, 1911.[12]   Others claim that the design was a stylized Swiss cross, in tribute to the homeland of Chevrolet's parents.[13] Over time, Chevrolet would use several different iterations of the bowtie logo at the same time, often using blue for passenger cars, gold for trucks, and an outline (often in red) for cars that had performance packages. Chevrolet eventually unified all vehicle models with the gold bowtie in 2004, for both brand cohesion as well as to differentiate itself from Ford (with its blue oval logo) and Dodge (who has often used red for its imaging), its two primary domestic rivals.[14]

text: Louis Chevrolet had differences with Durant over design and in 1914 sold Durant his share in the company. By 1916, Chevrolet was profitable enough with successful sales of the cheaper Series 490 to allow Durant to repurchase a controlling interest in General Motors. After the deal was completed in 1917, Durant became president of General Motors, and Chevrolet was merged into GM as a separate division. In 1919, Chevrolet's factories were located at Flint, Michigan; branch assembly locations were located in Tarrytown, N.Y., Norwood, Ohio, St. Louis, Missouri, Oakland, California, Ft. Worth, Texas, and Oshawa, Ontario General Motors of Canada Limited. McLaughlin's were given GM Corporation stock for the proprietorship of their Company article September 23, 1933 Financial Post page 9.[15] In the 1918 model year, Chevrolet introduced the Series D, a V8-powered model in four-passenger roadster and five-passenger tourer models.  Sales were poor and it was dropped in 1919.

text: Beginning also in 1919, GMC commercial grade trucks were rebranded as Chevrolet, and using the same chassis of Chevrolet passenger cars and building light-duty trucks. GMC commercial grade trucks were also rebranded as Chevrolet commercial grade trucks, sharing an almost identical appearance with GMC products.

text: Chevrolet continued into the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s competing with Ford, and after the Chrysler Corporation formed Plymouth in 1928, Plymouth, Ford, and Chevrolet were known as the "Low-priced three".[16] In 1929 they introduced the famous "Stovebolt" overhead-valve inline six-cylinder engine, giving Chevrolet a marketing edge over Ford, which was still offering a lone flathead four ("A Six at the price of a Four").  In 1933 Chevrolet launched the Standard Six, which was advertised in the United States as the cheapest six-cylinder car on sale.[17]

text: Chevrolet had a great influence on the American automobile market during the 1950s and 1960s. In 1953 it produced the Corvette, a two-seater sports car with a fiberglass body. In 1957 Chevy introduced its first fuel injected engine,[18] the Rochester Ramjet option on Corvette and passenger cars, priced at $484.[19] In 1960 it introduced the Corvair, with a rear-mounted air-cooled engine. In 1963 one out of every ten cars sold in the United States was a Chevrolet.[20]

text: During the 1960s and early 1970s, the standard Chevrolet, particularly the deluxe Impala series, became one of America's best selling lines of automobiles in history.

text: The basic Chevrolet small-block V8 design has remained in continuous production since its debut in 1955, longer than any other mass-produced engine in the world, although current versions share few if any parts interchangeable with the original. Descendants of the basic small-block OHV V8 design platform in production today have been much modified with advances such as aluminium block and heads, electronic engine management, and sequential port fuel injection. Depending on the vehicle type, Chevrolet V8s are built in displacements from 4.3 to 9.4 litres with outputs ranging from 111 horsepower (83 kW) to 994 horsepower (741 kW) as installed at the factory. The engine design has also been used over the years in GM products built and sold under the Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick, Hummer, Opel (Germany), and Holden (Australia) nameplates.

text: In 2005, General Motors re-launched the Chevrolet marque in Europe, using rebadged versions of the Daewoo cars produced by GM Korea.[21]

text: The Chevrolet division has largely recovered from the economic downturn of 2007–2010 through launching new vehicles and improving existing lines. GM began developing more fuel efficient cars and trucks to compete with foreign automakers. In late 2010 General Motors began production of the plug-in hybrid Chevrolet Volt, sold as the Opel/Vauxhall Ampera in Europe,[23] which received multiple awards including the 2012 North American Car of the Year, European Car of the Year, and World Green Car of the Year. The Volt/Ampera family was the world's best selling plug-in electric car in 2012 with 31,400 units sold.[24] The Opel/Vauxhall Ampera was Europe's top selling plug-in electric car in 2012 with 5,268 units, representing a market share of 21.5% of the region's plug-in electric passenger car segment.[25][26] Combined global Volt/Ampera sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone in October 2015.[27] As of  June 2016[update], the Volt family of vehicles ranks as the world's all-time top selling plug-in hybrid, and it is also the third best selling plug-in electric car ever, after the Nissan Leaf and the Tesla Model S.[28] Volt sales in the American market passed the 100,000 milestone in July 2016.[22]

text: In October 2016, GM began production of the Chevrolet Bolt EV, the first ever affordable mass market all-electric car with a range over 200 mi (320 km).[29][30][31] The Chevrolet Bolt won several awards including the 2017 Motor Trend Car of the Year award, the 2017 AutoGuide.com Reader’s Choice Green Car of the Year, Green Car Reports Best Car To Buy 2017, Green Car Journal's 2017 Green Car of the Year, and was listed in Time Magazine Best 25 Inventions of the Year of 2016.[32]

text: International operations

text:
Top ten Chevrolet sales markets2011[33]

Rankin GM

Location

Vehiclesales

Marketshare (%)

1

 United States
1,175,812
36.9%

2

 Brazil
632,201
13.3%

3

 China
595,068
12.5%

4

 Russia
173,485
3.6%

5

 Mexico
162,461
3.4%

6

 Canada
150,540
3.2%

7

 Argentina
133,491
2.8%

8

 Kazakhstan
121,584
2.6%

9

 India
111,056
2.3%

10

 Colombia
105,783
2.2%

text: As of  2010[update] Chevrolet had operations in over 140 countries, and global sales in 2011 set a record with 4.76 million vehicles sold worldwide.[33]

text: North America

text: Canada

text: Mexico

text:
Mexico has a mix of Chevrolet models from different GM brands and platforms branded as Chevrolet. The models come from Chevrolet USA, GM Korea, Mexico and other origins.
Examples of Opel-sourced vehicles are Vectra, Astra, Corsa, Meriva, Zafira and Captiva (Opel Antara). Mexico also has some cars of its own, such as the Chevy C2, which is a reworked older-generation Corsa B. Vehicles based on US platforms are the Avalanche, the Suburban, the Equinox, the Tahoe, the Cheyenne (which is similar to the Silverado), the Aveo, the HHR, the Traverse, the Malibu, the Camaro and the Corvette. The Chevrolet Optra, assembled in South Korea by GM Korea, was also sold in Mexico. The European Epica was sold as a business-only vehicle. GM also manufactures Chevrolet vehicles such as the Suburban and Avalanche in Mexico for export to other markets, chiefly the US and Canada; those vehicles are no longer assembled in Mexico.

text: Asia

text: China

text:
In 2009 China became Chevrolet's third largest market, with sales of 332,774 vehicles, behind only the United States and Brazil (1,344,629 and 595,500 vehicles respectively).[34]
By 2010, Chevy sold just over half a million, with the Cruze being its best seller there.[35]

text: India

text: Launched by GM's India operations, Chevrolet is among the more recent auto brands. Until 2003, GM India—originally a joint venture with Hindustan Motors, sold the Opel Corsa, Opel Astra and the Opel Vectra. Chevrolet officially began business in India on June 6, 2003. The Corsa and Astra were built at a plant in Halol, Gujarat.

text: Chevrolet sold the Chevrolet Cruze, Chevrolet Spark, Chevrolet Optra, Chevrolet Aveo, Chevrolet Tavera, Chevrolet Captiva, Chevrolet SRV, Chevrolet Beat, Chevrolet Sail and Chevrolet Aveo U-VA. The Chevrolet Forester, a rebadged Subaru, was imported directly from Fuji Heavy Industries in Japan until 2005. The Cruze and Tavera were built at the Halol plant. Chevrolet also was the sole Engine supplier for the Formula Rolon single seater series in India. In May 2017, GM announced that it would cease the production and sale of Chevrolet cars in India, but will continue to run service centers.

text: Japan

text: From 1995 to 2000 Toyota in an agreement with GM sold the third generation model Chevrolet Cavalier as the Toyota Cavalier in Japan in exchange for the Geo/Chevrolet Prism in an effort to avoid additional restrictions on their exports to the US. In the mid-2000s, Suzuki imported and marketed the Chevrolet TrailBlazer and the Chevrolet Optra wagon in Japan. Suzuki, a GM partner, also assembled and marketed the Chevrolet MW microvan. The MW was originally a rebadged Suzuki Wagon R+ and later a rebadged Suzuki Solio. Suzuki had also marketed the Chevrolet Cruze subcompact in the past.

text: Earlier efforts during the 1970s and 1980s saw a partnership with Isuzu and Suzuki, with the Chevrolet Chevette in the 1970s from Isuzu, and the Suzuki Cultus from Suzuki during the 1980s, which was rebadged as the Geo Metro.

text: General Motors Japan Limited currently distributes and markets the Sonic, Captiva, Camaro, and Corvette in limited numbers through an agreement with Yanase Co., Ltd. dealerships. In the 2000s, General Motors Asia Pacific (Japan) had distributed and marketed the TrailBlazer also.  As of  2010[update], Mitsui Bussan Automotive distributes and markets the Chevrolet Tahoe, Chevrolet Express, Chevrolet HHR, Silverado, and Traverse.

text: Previously, it had also marketed the Starcraft versions of the G-Van and Chevrolet Trailblazer. Mitsui Bussan Automotive had been importing and distributing certain GM models since 1992, but will cease their GM import business in November 2011, as GM Japan wants to consolidate the distribution channels.  The Chevrolet models that have been imported by Mitsui will no longer be sold once existing inventories are depleted.  Thus there were three distinct distribution channels for Chevrolet-branded vehicles at one time in Japan.

text: Malaysia

text: Chevrolet entered Malaysian market in 2003, replacing Opel. Between 2003 and 2009, a joint-venture between GM and DRB-HICOM called Hicomobil, marketed the Chevrolet Aveo, Chevrolet Optra, Chevrolet Nabira and Chevrolet Lumina.[36] The joint venture was ended and Naza was taking over Chevrolet's dealership as Naza Quest Auto Sdn.Bhd in 2010. The lineup of Chevrolet cars available were Chevrolet Sonic, Chevrolet Cruze, Chevrolet Malibu, Chevrolet Captiva, Chevrolet Orlando and Chevrolet Colorado.

text: Middle East

text: In the Middle East, Chevrolet-badged cars, trucks, SUV's, and crossovers are sourced from GM Korea (in South Korea), GM in North America, and GM Holden (in Australia). The Middle East market has a separate division called Chevrolet Special Vehicles, which (as of December 2007) sources the high-performance 400 bhp (300 kW) CR8 sedan from Holden Special Vehicles. The Holden Commodore is badged as the Chevrolet Lumina in the Middle East, as well as South Africa. The longer wheelbase Holden Caprice was sold as the Chevrolet Caprice in the Middle East. The Middle East fleet (particularly Saudi Arabia) also includes the likes of Cruze, Malibu and Sonic in the Sedan category, Captiva in the SUV category, Tahoe and Traverse in the Wagon category and Avalanche and Silverado in the Truck category.[37]

text: Pakistan

text: In Pakistan, Chevrolet introduced its cars in collaboration with a local automobile manufacturer called Nexus Automotive. The lineup from Chevrolet Pakistan included the Chevrolet Optra, Chevrolet Spark, Chevrolet Joy, Chevrolet Aveo, Chevrolet Cruze, and Chevrolet Colorado.

text: Philippines

text: Chevrolet's Philippine operations are under the control of The Covenant Car Company Inc.[38] The company was officially incorporated on July 1, 2009 and assumed business operations on October 1, 2009.[39] 19 dealerships have been established around the country as of 2012.[39] Its current lineup include the Chevrolet Aveo, Chevrolet Camaro, Chevrolet Captiva, Chevrolet Colorado, Chevrolet Cruze, Chevrolet Orlando, Chevrolet Spark, Chevrolet Sonic, Chevrolet Suburban, Chevrolet Tahoe, Chevrolet TrailBlazer, Chevrolet Malibu, Chevrolet Traverse, and after its 2014 introductions, Chevrolet Silverado, Chevrolet Impala, Chevrolet Trax and Chevrolet Express Van.

text: South Korea

text: Many global-market Chevrolet vehicles are designed and manufactured by GM Korea of South Korea, but they had been sold under the Daewoo Motors brand in South Korea until February 2011. The Daewoo brand was fully replaced by Chevrolet in March 2011. All Daewoo products relaunched under the Chevrolet brand, with the release of the Chevrolet Camaro, Chevrolet Orlando and Chevrolet Aveo. In 2015, the Impala was added to the lineup as Chevrolet began importing the American-built sedan to South Korea for the first time.[40]In 2018,Gunsan plant was shut down in May 31 and VIDAMCO plant in Hanoi,Vietnam was sold by Vinfast in June.Chevrolet Cruze and Chevrolet Orlando was discontinued in May 31.Also Chevrolet Captiva discontinued in July 2018.Their Best-Selling vehicle is Chevrolet Spark and Chevrolet Malibu.

text: Thailand

text: The American-built Chevrolet Colorado pickup is also manufactured in Rayong, Thailand. Starting in 2003, the Holden Commodore was badged as the Chevrolet Lumina in Thailand for the VY and VZ model series. Exports lasted until 2005.[41]

text: General Motors is currently exploring cost cutting options as part of its restructuring plan. One of these options involve expanding the Rayong, Thailand plant to add additional capacity to export Colorados to the U.S. This would allow the Shreveport, Louisiana plant to be closed (where the Colorado is also produced). This scenario is plausible only if a free-trade agreement is signed between the U.S. and Thailand, as the American tariff on imported pickup trucks from non-FTA countries is currently 25%. The United Auto Workers is the most vocal opponent to a change in the tariff structure.

text: In addition to the Colorado pickup trucks, General Motors began assembling Chevrolet Captiva sport utility vehicle in its Rayong plant during June 2007. The Thai-assembled Captiva is based on THETA platform under the program code C100. Also produced at the General Motors' Rayong plant are the Chevrolet Aveo (launched in September 2009 under the platform T100) and Chevrolet Cruze (launched in November 2010 under the platform GLOBAL DELTA).[42]

text: Production, Retail Sales and Registration of Chevrolet brand in Thailand during 2011 (Units)[43]

text:
Model
Production
Retail Sales
Registration

Aveo
10,918
8,344
6,536

Captiva
7,912
6,095
6,071

Colorado
13,014
8,768
9,184

Cruze
13,554
8,296
6,129

text: Uzbekistan

text: General Motors Uzbekistan, or GM Uzbekistan, became the new name of Uz-Daewoo Auto in March 2008 as part of a new joint venture owned by Uzavtosanoat JSC (75%) and General Motors Corporation (25%) with a factory in Asaka producing a variety of Chevrolet models.[44] Currently, in Uzbekistan producing models, such as, Damas (N150), Matiz (M150), Nexia (N150), Spark (M300), Epica, Malibu and Captiva (SUV).

text: Australia

text: Even though the Australian market of today mainly consists of Australia's own automotive companies alongside Asian automobile brands, Australia once had its fair share of American cars as well.

text:
Bodies for the local assembly of Chevrolets were built in Australia as early as 1918[45]:11 and by 1926 the newly created General Motors (Australia) Pty Ltd had established assembly plants in five Australian states to produce Chevrolet and other GM vehicles using bodies supplied by Holden Motor Body Builders.[46]
The merger of General Motors (Australia) Pty Ltd with the troubled Holden Motor Body Builders in 1931 saw the creation of General Motors – Holden's[47] and the ongoing production of various GM products including Chevrolet. GMH departed from traditional US body styles with the release of the Chevrolet Coupe Utility in 1934[45]:4 and the Chevrolet "Sloper" Coupe in 1935.[45]:5 Post-war production recommenced in 1946.[48] From 1949 Australian Chevrolets were to be locally assembled from components imported from Chevrolet in Canada although local production of the Coupe Utility body continued until 1952.[49] 1968 was the last full year of Chevrolet assembly in Australia.[50]

text: Classic Chevrolet models such as Bel Air, Biscayne, Impala etc., are still found in many states around Australia. From the early 1970s to the early 1980s the Chevrolet name was also used on various light commercials in Australia. These ranged from the LUV (a rebadged Isuzu KB) to the third generation C-series trucks. From 1998 to 2001 the Chevrolet Suburban was sold in Australia as the Holden Suburban.

text: Chevrolet and Holden share a number of models and model names including Malibu, Caprice, Colorado, Volt, Spark/Barina Spark, Sonic/Barina, Cruze, Equinox, and VF Commodore/Chevrolet SS. The Holden VF Commodore was exported from Australia to the United States as the Chevrolet SS until Holden ended production in May 2017 during its transition to a distribution platform of vehicles that are sourced from GM's American and international plants that is expected to badge as Holden vehicles.[51]

text: In December 2017, GM announced that Chevrolet will officially return to Australia and New Zealand  with the launch of the Camaro 2SS Coupe and the Silverado 2500HD/3500HD; the vehicles went on sale in the region in 2018. These vehicles retained the Chevrolet badge and nameplate, and converted to RHD in Australia. In addition to the announced relaunch, Holden Special Vehicles confirmed in December 2017 that it will add the Camaro and Silverado to their performance lineup.[52]

text: South Africa

text:
External audio
 1974 Braaivleis, rugby, sunny skies and Chevrolet advert at the Springbok Radio preservation society.

text: In South Africa, Chevrolet was GM's main brand name until 1982, with a number of Vauxhall Motors and Holden derivatives being built under the Chevy name from 1965. In the 1970s, the advertising jingle "braaivleis, rugby, sunny skies and Chevrolet"[53] (adapted from the US "Baseball, Hot Dogs, Apple Pies and Chevrolet") came to epitomise the ideal lifestyle of white male South Africans. Holden in Australia used the jingle "Football, Meat Pies, Kangaroos and Holden cars". Originally, Chevrolets were CKD kits of US models assembled in their plant in Port Elizabeth. However, since South Africa was right-hand drive and the US was left-hand drive, along with encouragement by the South African government to use local content, Chevrolets such as the Biscayne were eventually made entirely in South Africa, along with GM's "own car for South Africa": the Ranger.

text: By the 1970s, larger South African Chevrolets were based on Australian General Motors-Holden's models, the Kommando being based on the Holden Kingswood[54] and the Constantia on the Statesman,[55] while the smaller Firenza was based on the Vauxhall Viva. The Chevrolet Nomad sold in South Africa was entirely different from the Nomad sold in America; whereas the American Nomad was originally conceived as a station wagon version of the Corvette and eventually became the station wagon version of the Bel Air, the South African Nomad was an SUV of truck proportions before SUVs were popular. Due to local content laws the cars usually received different engines than in their home markets.

text: However, these were replaced by Opel models like the Rekord, Commodore, and Senator, and in 1982 the Chevrolet brand name was dropped in favour of Opel. Because of the political climate at the time, GM decided to divest from South Africa in 1986, and a local group eventually bought out GM's South African operations (including the Port Elizabeth plant) and renamed the company Delta Motor Corporation, which concentrated on Opels, Isuzus, and Suzukis, built under licence.

text: However, thanks to an improved political climate in the 1990s, GM decided to reenter South Africa, eventually buying out the whole of Delta. In 2001, the Chevrolet name made a comeback, used on the Lumina, a rebadged Holden Commodore, and later on, on the Daewoo range of cars. Current Chevrolets (2013) include the Spark Lite (a rebadged Daewoo Matiz), Spark (a third generation Matiz based on the 2007 Chevrolet Beat), Aveo Sedan and Hatch, the Sonic Sedan and Hatch (the second generation Aveo), Cruze Sedan and Hatch (underpinned by the front-wheel drive GM Delta II platform), the Lumina Sedan (including the Ute model), the Chevrolet Orlando (a five-door, seven-seat compact MPV manufactured by GM Korea under the Chevrolet division for worldwide markets), the Chevrolet Captiva a mid-size sport utility vehicle (SUV) developed by GM Daewoo (now GM Korea) the South Korean subsidiary of General Motors (GM) and sold under the Chevrolet brand, the Chevrolet Trailblazer (a mid-size sport utility vehicle produced by the Chevrolet division of American automaker General Motors and based on a pickup truck chassis in this case the 2012 Chevrolet Colorado), and a pick-up version which was previously based on the Opel Corsa known as the Corsa Ute; but the current model which in collaboration with GM Brazil who developed it, is the Chevrolet Utility which is based on the Chevrolet Agila platform (a vehicle developed in Brazil and built in Argentina).

text: On May 19, 2017, GM announced that they will withdraw from South Africa, with its truck division and its plant changing hands to Isuzu while at the same time ending all sales and the dealership network of the Chevrolet brand at the end of 2017. GM will work with both Isuzu and PSA (the new owners of Opel, which GM spun off the division to) to ensure existing customers receive parts and technical support during and after the company exit the country.[56][57]

text: Europe

text: Chevrolet Europe GmbH is a Swiss-based firm (in Zürich) that mainly sells cars produced by GM Korea.

text: Until 2005, Chevrolet Europe sold a few models, mostly United States domestic market (USDM) models modified to suit European regulations. Among them were the Chevrolet Alero (which was a rebadged Oldsmobile Alero) and the Chevrolet Trans Sport (which was a Chevrolet Venture with the front end of the Pontiac Trans Sport). Among other models sold by Chevrolet Europe were the Camaro, the Corsica/Beretta, the Corvette, the Blazer, and the TrailBlazer. The current generation of North American–built Chevrolet Impala V8 sedans has also been available in Europe in recent years, marketed as both large family sedans and more economically priced alternatives to Jaguars and BMWs as high performance executive cars.

text: From 2005 all the mainstream models from GM Daewoo were rebranded as Chevrolet in Europe. (The ownership of the SUV models in the former Daewoo range had reverted to ownership of SsangYong Motor Company by this time.) However the Daewoo name was retained in South Korea and Vietnam until 2011. In the rest of the world, most Daewoo models have worn the Chevrolet badge since 2003. Exceptions include the use of the Suzuki badge in the United States and Canada, the Pontiac badge in Canada, the Holden badge in Australia and New Zealand, and the Buick badge in China.

text: During the mid-2000s, the Corvette and Cadillac range were marketed in Europe through a separate distribution channel operated by Netherlands-based Kroymans Corporation Group[58] but following its bankruptcy in 2010,[59] General Motors established a new Swiss based subsidiary to relaunch Chevrolet in Europe and add the Corvette, Camaro and Malibu models to the European range.[60]

text: In December 2013, General Motors announced that from the beginning of 2016 it will reduce its presence in Europe only to its iconic models, such as the Corvette, in order to strengthen its Opel and Vauxhall brands. Although announcing that they will maintain a broad presence in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States,[61] General Motors later announced that they will reduce their line-up to the iconic models in Russia, and more, the Opel division will also exit the Russian market by the end of 2015, while also abandoning production at their Saint Petersburg plant.[62] As of March 2016, only the US-built Corvette Stingray and Tahoe,[63] as well as the Russian-built Niva,[64] were being offered on the Russian market.

text: Chevrolet sales in Western and Central Europe[nb 1] ranged around 200,000 units per year since 2005, peaking at 216,160 units in 2007, while the market share achieved its highest of 1.28 percent in 2012.[67] In Russia, sales grew constantly over the same period, from 67,000 units in 2005 to 205,040 units in 2012,[68] Chevrolet holding a market share of 6.84 percent and being the top import car brand.[69] In 2012, the top markets for Chevrolet in Europe, by the number of registrations, were Italy (31,150), Germany (29,694), France (24,613), Turkey (18,492) and Spain (15,165).[67] The best selling model during the same year was the Aveo (54,800), followed by the Spark (47,600) and the Cruze (40,500).[67]

text: Poland

text: During World War II in Poland, the Home Army of the Polish resistance movement built an improvised armoured car – Kubuś which was based on the chassis of a civilian Chevrolet 157 truck, license-built in pre-war Poland by the Lilpop, Rau i Loewenstein company. The car was used against the German army in Warsaw during the Warsaw Uprising in 1944.[70] The damaged Kubuś survived the war and in 1945 was towed to the Polish Army Museum where it is currently on exhibition. A full-scale operational replica was created in 2004 by Juliusz Siudziński and is, as of 2009, on exhibition at the Warsaw Uprising Museum.

text: Between the autumn of 2007 and the beginning of 2011, the Chevrolet Aveo was produced at the FSO plant in Warsaw, in collaboration with the Ukrainian company UkrAVTO, in both hatchback and sedan body styles.[71] Between 2005 and 2014 GM sold some 60,000 cars under Chevrolet brand that represented 0.5–1% market share compere to Opel's 7% market share each year.[72]

text: Russia

text: GM-AvtoVAZ is a joint venture between GM and the Russian company AvtoVAZ established in 2001, which produces the Chevrolet Niva, an SUV especially designed for the Russian market and conditions.

text: General Motors also operated the GM Avto factory, located in Saint Petersburg and opened in 2008.[73] It was upgraded in 2012 and has produced the Opel Antara and Chevrolet Captiva SUVs, the Chevrolet Cruze from late 2009,[74] and the Trailblazer from semi-knocked down kits.[75] It ceased production in July 2015,[76] before Chevrolet's exit from the Russian market at the end of the year.

text: In collaboration with the Russian company GAZ, the second generation Chevrolet Aveo was produced at the plant in Nizhny Novgorod for the Russian market, starting from the beginning of 2013,[77] until 2015.[78]

text: Chevrolet vehicles were also produced at the Avtotor plant, located in Kaliningrad. The models produced here were the Lacetti, Aveo, Epica, Captiva, Orlando and Tahoe.[79]

text: Currently (as of December 2017), the Chevrolet Tahoe, Chevrolet Camaro, Chevrolet Corvette, and Chevrolet Niva are officially available for sale in Russia.

text: South America

text: Historically, many Latin American-market vehicles from GM were modified derivatives of older models from GM's North American and European operations. The current S10 and Blazer exemplify this strategy. However, more modern vehicles are now being marketed as market conditions change and competition increases. Besides those older models made in Mexico, Ecuador, Colombia, and Mercosur countries, Korean sourced cars from former Daewoo factories some markets also get Korean and U.S. made Chevrolet on top of their local line-ups.

text: Argentina

text: In 1924, General Motors started importing Chevrolet Double Phaeton models and were welcomed with great demand. In 1925, in order to reduce costs in the Argentine market, General Motors decided to manufacture in Argentina and started producing a sedan, a roadster, a truck chassis and the Chevrolet Double Phaeton, now called "Especial Argentino", a model exclusively designed for the Argentinean market. Sales increased and soon the Oldsmobile, Oakland and Pontiac units were incorporated to the assembly line.

text:
When the Second World War broke out the operations were complicated. In 1941 the Chevrolet 250.000 was made, but the shortage of products made car production impossible.
The last Chevrolet went out of the plant in August 1942. In order to avoid the total stoppage, the company made electrical and portable refrigerators and car accessories amongst other items. After the war, GM started producing the Oldsmobile and Pontiac lines and later Chevrolet is added.

text:
In 1959, manufacturing plants are enlarged and set up to produce cars, pick ups and trucks. On January 25, 1960 the first Argentinean Chevrolet pick-up was introduced. The following year the national government approves the investment plan for 45 million dollars which included a plant of 12,000 m2.
On March 12, 1962 the first Chevrolet 400 was made based on the North American Chevy II. The original plan considered a national integration of 50% during the first year of production; this amount had to be 90% in 1964 with a production of 15,000 units. By 1969, the Chevy line, derived from the American Chevy Nova, was presented.

text: In the middle of the seventies, General Motors market share was reduced sharply from 9% in 1976 to 2% in 1978. Losses exceeded $30 million and the head company in the USA decided to halt production activities in Argentina.

text: The Chevrolet trademark reappeared in 1985 for the production of the pick-up in its versions C-20 and D-20. In 1995, a plan for the manufacturing destined for export specially to Brazil and other countries of Mercosur materialized with the building of a new facility near Rosario, Santa Fe, for the production of the Opel-based Chevrolet Corsa and the Suzuki-based Chevrolet Grand Vitara 4x4.[80]

text: By 2010, the range was based on a variety of GM Korea based cars, together with the Brazilian Chevrolet Prisma.[81]

text: Brazil

text:
In Brazil, the Chevrolet Opala was based on the German Opel Rekord and American Chevrolet Nova from the late 1960s, continuing in production until the early 1990s, when it was replaced by a version of the Opel Omega. In the basic version had 151 four-cylinder engine with 82 hp and 143.2 lbft. The top of the line version was called Opala SS and used the GM engine 250-S inline six-cylinder and possessed solid lifters with 171 hp and 278.5 lbft, which led to the record breaking South American speed road cars in 1976, with 118.36 mph (190.47 km / h), beating the Puma GTB (which also used the GM 250 engine inline six-cylinder, but without solid lifters) and the Brazilian version of the Dodge Charger R / T 318 and Ford Maverick V8 302 quadrijet.
Other smaller Chevrolets in Brazil, such as the Kadett and Monza, were based on the Opel Kadett and Ascona respectively.

text: Chevrolet's product line-up in Brazil comprised some exclusive designs like the Corsa "B" based Celta, which was sold in Argentina under the Suzuki brand, the Astra, and a Brazilian designed Vectra based on the Opel Astra H. The passenger car range currently includes the Cruze, the Captiva, the Agile hatchback, Chevrolet Onix. The latest home-grown product is the Chevrolet Prisma MKII, released in 2013.

text: Utility and four wheel drive vehicles line-up includes the S10, the Blazer, and the Montana. The Montana is a compact pickup truck, based on the Agile, that is also sold in other Latin American markets. From the 1960s to the mid-1980s, there was also a large station wagon, derived from the C10 truck (somewhat similar to the Suburban), called the Veraneio.

text: Chile

text: Chile has a mix of Chevrolet models from different GM brands and platforms branded as Chevrolet. The models come for Chevrolet USA, GM Korea, Mexico, India and other origins. Chevrolet production in Chile began in 1962, although at first through local partners (in this case, Avayu with the Nova II). The Chevrolet C/K truck was manufactured in Chile between 1975-88.

text: Ecuador

text: Chevrolet has been operating in Ecuador for 80 years. GM Ecuador sells US Chevrolets alongside GM Korea sourced models. It also sells the 1983 Suzuki Supercarry under the Chevrolet name, and the Isuzu Rodeo was sold as the Chevrolet Rodeo throughout the 1990s.

text: Venezuela

text: In Venezuela, Chevrolet has been operating since 1948, when truck production began in Caracas. In 1979 production moved to a plant in Valencia that was purchased from Chrysler. Chevrolet assembled more than 1,500,000 vehicles in its first 50 years in Venezuela.

text: Colombia

text: The Colombian Automotive Factory SA (Colmotores) was founded in 1956 and initially produced vehicles in Austin; in the '60s, Simca and Dodge automobiles (its first car manufactured was a Coronet 440); and then, in 1980, began producing Chevrolet cars. Currently Colmotores has more than 75% of the domestic market, with models from GM Korea and Suzuki. Particularly worthy of mention is the Aveo, Optra and the Spark.

text: Trinidad and Tobago

text: Since the early 1920s, Chevrolet cars and trucks were marketed in this country. The Master Deluxe Sedan of the late 1930s was considered to be a pinnacle of luxury. All cars sold through the local dealer, Neal and Massey (also franchisee for Vauxhall and Buick), were right-hand-drive, and imported from Canada and Australia. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, GM maintained a market presence with the Bel Air, Impala and Fleetline. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Australian Holden DeVilles badged as Chevrolet Caprices were sold, though a few "Islander" limited edition American Chevrolet Caprices were imported. Neal and Massey gave up the GM franchise in 1974 and the brand left the market.

text: During the period 1998–2001, Southern Sales Ltd. imported the Chevy Monza and Joy. Based on the Opel Corsa platform and assembled in Mexico, these were the cheapest new cars available. Poor build quality, unprofessional dealer service, and a limited spare parts supply saw these cars exit the market with only a few units being sold. In 2003, the local Renault dealer marketed the Aveo sedan and hatchback, as well as the Optra sedan (a rebadged Suzuki Forenza), with limited success.

text: A more intensive marketing campaign by the latest Chevrolet dealer, Lifestyle Motors, has met more success. The models available are the Chevrolet Colorado (Isuzu D-Max twin), Spark (micro-car based on the Daewoo Matiz), Aveo sedan and hatchback, Optra sedan, hatchback and wagon, the Captiva SUV, and the Epica large saloon. In March 2011, the Cruze was added to the lineup and features a 1.8 litre gasoline engine. It bridges the gap between Optra and Epica models. Once the Optra is phased out, a 1.6 litre Cruze will be made available.

text: Vehicle models

text: Sport

text: Chevrolet enters a variety of cars in sporting events around the world and is particularly well known in NASCAR, IndyCar, and the FIA World Touring Car Championship.

text: NASCAR

text: Major teams include Hendrick Motorsports, Richard Childress Racing, and Chip Ganassi Racing, who all drive Chevy SS themed cars. Hendrick has eleven championships, Childress has six championships, and Stewart-Haas has two championships. Chevrolet is the most successful manufacturer to be involved in NASCAR with thirty-nine manufacturer's titles and the most recorded wins by manufacturer. Previously the Chevy Monte Carlo, Impala and the SS were used in both the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series and Xfinity Series. They are now using the Camaro in Cup And Xfinity Series, and the Silverado in the Camping World Truck Series.

text: IndyCar

text: Chevrolet claimed six consecutive Indianapolis 500 wins from 1986 to 1993 and five consecutive CART World Series wins from 1986 to 1992, with notable drivers such as Rick Mears, Al Unser Jr., Michael Andretti, Danny Sullivan, Arie Luyendyk, Emerson Fittipaldi, and Bobby Rahal.

text: Chevrolet replaced Oldsmobile as the General Motor brand at the IndyCar Series from 2002 to 2005. Hélio Castroneves won the Indianapolis 500 and Sam Hornish Jr. the championship, but the American brand had little success the next years.

text: Chevrolet returned to IndyCar in 2012.  After several years of Honda being the only engine provider, Chevrolet rejoined the series in 2012. Major teams include Team Penske, KV Racing, Chip Ganassi Racing and CFH Racing who all use Chevy engines. Chevrolet won several races including the 2013 and 2015 Indianapolis 500, as well as three drivers championships.

text: Tudor United SportsCar Championship

text:
The Corvette runs in the GT LeMans class for Tudor United SportsCar Championship, which was, until 2014, the American Le Mans Series in the GT class, when ALMS merged with Grand-Am to form Tudor United SportsCar Championship. Corvette Racing started in 1999 at the Daytona 24-hour race and has since won eight consecutive ALMS GT1 manufacturers and team championships and seven ALMS GT1 drivers' titles.[82] The Corvette also takes part in the French
24 Hours of Le Mans race.[83]

text: FIA World Touring Car Championship

text: In 2005, when the Chevrolet brand was re-launched in Europe, Chevrolet took part in the WTCC with a version of the Lacetti, developed by the UK-based Ray Mallock Ltd (RML). In 2009 the Cruze replaced the Lacetti[84] and won the Drivers' and Manufacturers' championship from 2010 to 2012.

text: British Touring Car Championship

text: Chevrolet participated in the BTCC with the Cruze between 2010 and 2011.[85]

text: British football

text: In May 2012, Chevrolet replaced Audi as the official automotive sponsor of the English football team Manchester United.[86] From the start of the 2014–15 season Chevrolet became the team's principal shirt sponsor.[87] The deal is contracted to run for seven years, worth a world-record $560 million USD.[88]

text: In July 2012, Chevrolet and English Premier League football team Liverpool F.C. announced a four-year partnership which would see Chevrolet become the official automotive partner of the club.  The deal ended two years prematurely, in 2014, following GM pulling the Chevrolet brand out of Europe.  GM's subsidiary in the UK, Vauxhall Motors, took over from Chevrolet as the club's automotive sponsor.

text: Marketing

text: Chevrolet bowtie logo

text: The Chevrolet bowtie logo was introduced by company co-founder William C. Durant in late 1913. According to an official company publication titled The Chevrolet Story of 1961, the logo originated in Durant's imagination when, as a world traveler in 1908, he saw the pattern marching off into infinity as a design on wallpaper in a French hotel. He tore off a piece of the Sport Wallpapers and kept it to show friends, with the thought that it would make a good nameplate for a car. However, in an interview with Durant's widow, Catherine, published in a 1986 issue of Chevrolet Pro Management Magazine, Catherine recalled how she and her husband were on holiday in Hot Springs, Virginia, in 1912. While reading a newspaper in their hotel room, Durant spotted a design and exclaimed, "I think this would be a very good emblem for the Chevrolet." Unfortunately, at the time, Mrs. Durant didn't clarify what the motif was or how it was used. Ken Kaufmann, historian and editor of The Chevrolet Review, discovered in a November 12, 1911, edition of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper, an advertisement from the Southern Compressed Coal Company for "Coalettes", a refined fuel product for fires. The Coalettes logo, as published in the ad, had a slanted bowtie form, very similar to the shape that would soon become the Chevrolet icon. The date of the paper was just nine days after the incorporation of the Chevrolet Motor Co. One other explanation attributes the design to a stylized version of the cross of the Swiss flag. Louis Chevrolet was born in Switzerland at La Chaux-de-Fonds, Canton of Neuchâtel, to French parents, on Christmas Day 1878. An October 2, 1913, edition of The Washington Post seems, so far, to be the earliest known example of the symbol being used to advertise the brand.[89][90]

text: The first bowtie logo without embedded text first appeared in 1985, as part of the Heartbeat of America ad campaign.[91] In 2004, Chevrolet began to phase-in the gold bowtie that serves as the brand identity for all of its cars and trucks marketed globally, where previously the logo was blue for passenger cars and gold for trucks.[92]

text: Typography

text: The Klavika Condensed font was designed by type design studio Process Type Foundry under the art direction of Aaron Carámbula for General Motors marketer FutureBrand as part of Chevrolet's 2006 redesign. After the expiry of the exclusivity period, the commercial version of the font (Klavika Condensed) was released to the public in the fall of 2008.[93] In the Young Creative Chevrolet corporate identity guidelines, Klavika is listed for use in all communication materials.[94] Klavika was phased out beginning in 2012 and replaced by Knockout (from Hoefler & Frere-Jones[95]) while the campaign was still ongoing.  Currently, Goodby, Silverstein & Partners is utilizing the typeface families Louis, a group of simplified, legible grotesque gothics named after co-founder Louis Chevrolet, and Durant, a roman group, just as simplified and legible, named after co-founder William Durant, on print, television and Chevrolet's website advertisements.[96]

text: 100th anniversary

text: As part of Chevrolet's 100th anniversary in 2011, a dedicated channel was created by the American internet based Pandora Radio station, playing the Top 100 songs mentioning the brand.[97] Beginning on November 3, 2011, Chevrolet celebrated the countdown to its 100th birthday by encouraging its customers and fans to tell their Chevy stories, vote for their favorite Chevrolet cars and trucks, and take the birthday party to their communities with the help of Chevrolet and its dealers.[98] A feature-length documentary titled 'Chevy100, An American Story', produced by Roger Sherman, was premiered on November 3 at Detroit Institute of Arts in downtown Detroit, features drivers, collectors, restorers, racers and journalists who live and breathe cars and trucks.[99] In honor of the 100th birthday of Chevrolet, Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Chevrolet and Indianapolis businessman David Ring have arranged to properly mark the grave of Arthur Chevrolet, brother of Chevrolet co-founder Louis Chevrolet.[100][101]

text: Advertising

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Earlier marketing efforts touted efficiency combined with savings – ("enormous buying power," 1914; "Quality at low cost," 1923, ""A Six for the Price of a Four," 1929),[102] interspersed with what could be described as "loftier" messages (positioning the automobile –and Chevy by extension—as "Man's conquest of time," 1923).[103] Of the marketing campaigns from more recent decades, "See the U.S.A. in Your Chevrolet" (used in the 50s and 60s) was one of the longest lasting.[104] In 1949 Chevy sponsored "Inside USA" on CBS; while this was a short-lived show, the tune created for it got new life in 1951, when Chevy began sponsoring the Dinah Shore show and Shore sang it at the close of every show.

text: A selection of Chevrolet's more recent marketing campaigns includes the following:

text:
See the U.S.A. in Your Chevrolet (1950s–1960s)
Putting you first keeps us first (1960s)[105]
It's Exciting! (mid-1960s)
Building a better way to see the U.S.A. (early 1970s)[105]
Baseball, Hotdogs, Apple Pie & Chevrolet (1975; 2006)[105]
Now that's more like it (late 1970s)
Chevy makes good things happen (1982)[105]
USA-1 Taking Charge (1983)[105]
Today's Chevrolet—Live It (1985)[105]
The Heartbeat of America (1987–1994)[105]
Rock, Flag and Eagle (1985–1987)
From the country that invented Rock and roll (1993-1997; Chevrolet Camaro)
Genuine Chevrolet (1994–1999)[105]
Tried, Tested, and True (1996–2004 in Canada)
We'll Be There (1999–2004 in United States)[105]
Like a Rock (1991–2004; Chevrolet Trucks) Featuring the Bob Seger song of the same name[105]
An American Revolution (2004–2009)[105]
For All Life's Roads (2004–2006; Canada)
Our Country, My Truck (2006–2007; Chevrolet Trucks)[105]
America's Best Trucks (2007–present; Chevrolet Trucks)
Let's Go (2007–2009; Canada)
May the Best Car Win (2009–2010; United States and Canada)
Excellence for Everyone (2010–present)[106]
Chevy Runs Deep (2010–2013; United States):[105] A series of TV commercials were produced with Goodby, Silverstein and Partners, and was unveiled during the week of 2010 MLB World Series. Early commercials include 'Chevrolet: Anthem', 'Chevrolet: Dogs and Pickups', 'First Car', 'Chevrolet: Coming Home', 'Chevrolet Volt: Anthem', which positioned Chevy as a brand that is part of the American fabric in song, culture and in most of our pasts in one way or another.[107] In 2011, General Motors announced the campaign would continue.[108] Most television commercials run in this ongoing campaign feature voice-over by television and film star Tim Allen.
Chevrolet is the Car (2011–2012; South Korea, Japan)
Driving Our World Forward/I'm proud (2011-; Canada):[109] Chevrolet Sonic and Chevrolet Orlando ads were produced by Toronto-based production company Holiday Films.[110] In Quebec, the brand introduced a new tag line: 'I'm proud'. The campaign included commercials in Mandarin, Cantonese, Tamil, Punjabi and Hindi languages.[111] French version of the Antham ad also uses alternate slogan 'Chevrolet, et fier de l'être.'[112] The fully integrated campaign includes TV, print and outdoor elements as well as extensive social media. The General Motors brand also held live events, including a concert in Toronto, presentations by parenting expert Nanny Robina and 'mompreneur' Erica Ehm, and a live yoga session. Mike Speranzini, director of advertising and communications for General Motors Canada, claimed that by leveraging the fact that Chevrolet is a global brand, consumers are seeing it in a more favourable light.[113] Slogan in other languages include: 'Driving me (and) your world' (驅動你我的世界) (Mandarin Chinese,[114] Cantonese Chinese[115])
LOVE. LIFE. CHEVROLET (2012–present; South Korea, Japan)[116] As part of the Cruze campaign (in association with MacLaren McCann, Canada), outdoor vinyl materials, recycled seatbelts and bicycle inner tubes were made into messenger bags, laptop sleeves, and oversize totes.[117][118][119]
Live Better. (2012–present; United States)
What do you #playfor (2012–present; Global Campaign): Chevrolet sponsors Manchester United replacing Aon as the shirt sponsor. The campaign slogan, "What do you #playfor?" attempts to engage users on social media. Chevrolet also launched multiple sites across the globe under the main Chevrolet Football Club website.[120]
Find New Roads (2013–; United States, Canada, Latin America): The slogan replaced the previous Chevy Runs Deep tag line, after Chevy Runs Deep campaign had been criticized as ineffectual. External applications of 'Find New Roads' was set to begin globally later in the first quarter of 2013.[121][122][123] The first Find New Roads commercial, a 90-second commercial titled 'Dog & Doe' (produced by Commonwealth) featuring Chevrolet Volt, Spark, Sonic, Impala, Corvette Stingray, was premiered during 2013 Grammy Awards.[124][125] The campaign was expected to cover 13 product launches for 2013 in the U.S. and 20 introductions throughout the world.[126]In 2018 South Korea added a new slogon called 'Find New Roads'+'다시 힘차게 달리다.'But now,They use 'Find New Roads' again.

text: Marketing agency

text: FutureBrand, an Interpublic Group of Companies company, has been working with General Motors since 2000,[127] who also involved the commissioning of a font that would later sold as Klavika Condensed, as part of re-design of Chevrolet in 2006.

text: In 2010, General Motors replaced the advertising agency Campbell-Ewald, also of Interpublic Group of Companies, with Publicis Worldwide. Campbell-Ewald had served Chevrolet since 1919.[128] In May 2010 Chevrolet's advertising account was awarded to Goodby, Silverstein and Partners.[129]

text: As part of the attempt to attract 18- to 24-year-old drivers, General Motors hired MTV Scratch.[130] Some of the collaboration results include Chevy ads showing their cars skydiving, bungee jumping, doing other stunts.[131] The commercial was produced with consultations from students from UCLA, Pepperdyne and high schools.[132] Some of the footage was later used in Chevrolet Sonic ad titled 'Stunt Anthem' during Super Bowl XLVI.[133]

text: In March 2012, General Motors announced two competing agencies, San Francisco-based Goodby, Silverstein and Partners (part of Omnicom Group), and New York-based McCann Erickson Worldwide (part of Interpublic Group), will join to form an equal joint venture company called Commonwealth to handle most of Chevrolet's ads. Prior to the joint venture, Goodby, Silverstein and Partners performed marketing in the U.S., including the "Chevy Runs Deep" campaign; McCann handled Chevrolet ads in China, Latin America, Mexico, Canada and other markets. Commonwealth would handle and supervise creative work worldwide out of Detroit for all markets except China, India and Uzbekistan, where GM has joint auto-making ventures. McCann would continue to handle ads in China and India, and Uzbekistan will be contracted as needed.[134] MacLaren McCann continued on as AOR for the entire GM brand in Canada, but the Chevrolet brand will act as a “spoke” to Detroit’s creative hub, with content and messaging flowing through Commonwealth, but adapted for the Canadian market.[135]

text: Performance Marketing Group Incorporated manages Chevrolet Racing’s experiential marketing properties for its at-track activation platforms in conjunction with the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, the IZOD IndyCar Series, and the American Le Mans Series with Team Corvette.[136]

text: Chevrolet-only naming attempt

text: In 2010, a memo signed by Chevrolet sales and service vice president Alan Batey and General Motors marketing division vice president Jim Campbell was sent to Chevrolet employees at its Detroit headquarters, instructing employees to only use Chevrolet when addressing the brand, in order to present a consistent brand message. A postscript to the memo says a sort of cuss jar - a plastic "Chevy" can - has been placed in the hallway. "Every time someone uses 'Chevy' rather than Chevrolet," the note said, the employee is expected to put a quarter in the can. The proceeds were to be spent on "a team building activity." Paul Worthington, head of strategy for Wolff Olins, noted that the branding effort ran counter to a trend in which corporate names had become more casual.[137] Ian Beavis of Nielsen Automotive Group noted that marketers cannot control what consumers call their products, but nicknames do not work in new markets where Chevrolet is trying to get a start.[138] Following the release of the memo, General Motors published a statement claiming the note was in no way discouraging customers or fans from using the Chevy name.[139][140][141] Following the 2010 memo incident, Chevy Runs Deep campaign remains to use the 'Chevy' name, while Driving Our World Forward and Find New Roads campaigns uses the 'Chevrolet' name.

text: Watches

text: In 2007, General Motors allowed AJS-Production SA to register the Louis Chevrolet trademark for a line of premium quality Swiss watches watch marketed under the Louis Chevrolet brand name. Although the watches bear the name of Louis Chevrolet, they are not marketed or produced in association with General Motors.[142]

text: The watch brand pays tribute to Louis Chevrolet, co-founder of the Chevrolet automobile company, whose father was a watchmaker and in his childhood helped his father at the workbench. The collection was called Frontenac, the name inherited from the race car company founded by Louis Chevrolet. The Chevrolet watch collection comprises automatic, manually wound and quartz models, equipped with ETA and Ronda movements.

text: The Louis Chevrolet Frontenac watches, manufactured in Porrentruy, the Swiss Jura region, feature the styling cues suggested by the Chevrolet cars. The collection was developed while applying the same materials as used in the car industry. Pearled appliques on the Chevrolet watches' dials remind the metal forms of the old dashboards. The number "8", Chevrolet's racing number, is sported on the case back.[143]


document_title: Bridge to Terabithia (2007 film)

question_text: who plays leslie in the movie bridge to terabithia

root

text: Bridge to Terabithia (2007 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Jesse "Jess" Aarons (Josh Hutcherson) is a 12-year-old aspiring artist living with his financially struggling family in Lark Creek. He rides the bus to school with his little sister May Belle (Bailee Madison), where he avoids the school bully Janice Avery (Lauren Clinton). In class, Jess is teased by classmates Scott Hoager (Cameron Wakefield) and Gary Fulcher (Elliot Lawless), and meets new student Leslie Burke (AnnaSophia Robb). At recess, Jess enters a running event, for which he had been training at home. Leslie also enters and manages to beat all the boys, much to Jess' irritation. On the way home, Jess and Leslie learn that they are next-door neighbors.

tag: p

text: Later in the evening Jess becomes frustrated when he finds that May Belle has drawn in his notebook, but his strict yet caring father (Robert Patrick) sides with her. He later watches them gardening together, disappointed that his father does not spend time with him. Moreover, his mother cherishes her daughter more than him. The next day at school, Leslie compliments Jess' drawing ability, and they soon become friends. After school, they venture into the woods and swing across a creek on a rope. Jess and Leslie find an abandoned tree house on the other side, and invent a new world, which they call Terabithia. The fantasy world, which is a reflection on their lives, comes to life through their eyes as they explore the surroundings. For the next few days, Jess and Leslie spend their free time in the tree house getting to know each other.

text: Leslie gives Jess an art kit on his birthday, much to his delight. Jess becomes angry with his father's attitude to him, and refuses the existence of Terabithia the next day at school. Afterwards, Jess apologizes to Leslie by giving her a puppy, whom she names Prince Terrien. Once in Terabithia, they fight with various creatures, including a troll resembling Janice, and a squirrel-like creature resembling Hoager, whom they name the 'Sqoager'. At school, Leslie becomes frustrated by Janice's fee for using the toilet. Jess and Leslie play a prank on Janice, and she becomes the laughing stock of everyone on the bus. Once Leslie's parents finish their book, she and Jess help paint their house. Jess is impressed by her parents' happiness, and smiles as he watches their family. At school, Leslie discovers from an upset Janice that her bullying is due to her abusive father, and the two become friends, with Janice later befriending Jess as well. Jess and Leslie take P.T. to Terabithia, where they fight off several creatures resembling students at their school. When it starts raining, they decide to go home, and Jess looks on smiling as Leslie runs away.

text: The next morning, Ms. Edmunds (Zooey Deschanel), Jess' music teacher, calls to invite him on a one-on-one field trip to an art museum. Jess tries to ask his mother's permission; however, she is half-asleep and he takes her mumbling as approval. Jess doesn't ask Leslie to accompany him, and merely looks at her house as they drive by. When he returns home, Jess finds that his father and mother were worried sick since they didn't know where he was. His father reveals to Jess that Leslie had died that morning by drowning in the rain-swollen creek after the rope she used to cross it broke. Jess, being traumatized by this shocking news, first denies it, then runs out of his house to check on Leslie, but he discovers the emergency vehicles surrounding her house, and has no choice but to accept Leslie's death.

text: The following day, Jess and his parents visit the Burke family home to pay their respects. Leslie's father, Bill Burke (Latham Gaines), tells Jess that she loved him, and thanks him for being a very good friend to her, since she had trouble making friends at her old school. Jess feels overwhelming guilt for Leslie's death, even lashing out at both Scott and May Belle, and imagining that a dark spirit from Terabithia is chasing after him, but his father eventually consoles him to keep their friendship alive for her sake.

text: Jess decides to re-imagine Terabithia and builds a bridge across the river to welcome a new ruler. He invites May Belle to Terabithia; she is delighted because she was previously denied any opportunity to enter. They bring back Terabithia in even greater splendor, with Jess as king and May Belle as princess. Shortly after their kingdom is brought upon jess notices a shadow whisp by in a familiar fashion. it is revealed later in the second book "Terrabithia Trembles[4]" that this shadow of a creature is none other than the recently deceased Leslie.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Josh Hutcherson as Jess Aarons
AnnaSophia Robb as Leslie Burke
Bailee Madison as May Belle Aarons
Robert Patrick as Jack Aarons
Kate Butler as Mary Aarons
Zooey Deschanel as Ms. Edmunds
Latham Gaines as Bill Burke
Judy McIntosh as Judy Burke
Lauren Clinton as Janice Avery
Cameron Wakefield as Scott Hoager
Elliot Lawless as Gary Fulcher
Isabelle Kircher as Carla
Carly Owen as Madison
Patricia Aldersley as Grandma Burke (on Leslie's funeral)
Jen Wolfe as Mrs. Myers (Teacher)
James Gaylyn as Principal Turner
Ian Harcourt as Kenny (bus driver)
Devon Wood as Brenda Aarons
Emma Fenton as Ellie Aarons
Grace Brannigan as Joyce Aarons
Paddy as Prince Terrien

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Overview[edit]

text: Production for the film began on February 20, 2006,[5] with a budget of $20–25 million.[2][3] Principal photography for the film was shot in Auckland, New Zealand within sixty days.[2][6] Film editing took ten weeks, while post-production, music mixing, and visual effects took a few months. The film was finished by November 2006, because the crew "had to rush" to meet the February 16 deadline.[2] The film was directed by Nickelodeon's Rugrats co-creator and former Hanna-Barbera animator Gábor Csupó, who was first recommended for the job by Walden Media President Cary Granat. Although Csupó had never worked on a live-action film before, it "didn't worry Granat in the least".[7] Csupó stated that he was interested in making the film because he "had the ambition to do a live-action film for a long time", but that he "didn't like anything until I read this book". He described the book as "beautiful" and said that it "moved [him]".[8] Bridge to Terabithia was cinematographer Michael Chapman's final film before his retirement. Chapman mentioned in the film's DVD commentary that he retired after shooting this film because he wanted his last film to be a good one; "this is such a beautiful story, and it's exactly the kind of movie I want to do at this time in my life".[9]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Director Csupó stated that they had no actors initially in mind for the film. The first actor cast was AnnaSophia Robb as Leslie Burke. Robb wrote Csupó "such a beautiful, heartwarming letter" that expressed her love for the book and the character. Csupó said that he cast her because of "her letter, her enthusiasm, and her love of the material". Robb also conversed with producer Lauren Levine before casting even began, and "their conversation convinced her that, without a doubt, AnnaSophia was meant for this role". Levine said that "it was just so clear in talking to her about all this fantasy that I was basically talking to Leslie, that she had that same kind of spark and magical presence. She might be physically different from Leslie in the book, but the spirit of Leslie and the spirit of AnnaSophia are nearly identical. It was a match made in heaven."[9] With regard to the character, Robb said "[Leslie]'s one of those people who's just always lit up, who has this glow about her, and no one can bring her down. Leslie's such a lively and energetic character, it was really fun for me to become her."[10]

text: Levine stated that "looking for Jesse was a really tough hunt. We needed someone who could go from an introverted boy in an isolated world to someone who completely taps into his imagination and becomes a confident, brave leader in Terabithia. That's a heck of a range for such a young actor."[9] Josh Hutcherson was not their first choice for the role of Jesse Aarons, but they settled with him because they "felt the chemistry between AnnaSophia Robb and him".[7] Hutcherson said that the project appealed to him because of "the real life day-to-day drama as well as the arc of the character Jesse".[11]

text: The filmmakers cast Robert Patrick as Jess's hardworking and strict father based on his previous roles in the films Walk the Line, Flags of Our Fathers, and the television series The Unit. Patrick explained that he related to the story because he was "constantly creating imaginary worlds as a kid" himself, and that the film's setting reminded him of where he grew up. He also said that he took on the role because he wanted to star in a film that his children could watch.[9]

text: Csupó said that they cast Bailee Madison as May Belle Aarons after weeks of searching for an actress to play the part. He went on to say that "she had such a charm, even before the camera, she was just like a little sweetheart. She was very confident, she showed up, shook hands with everybody, totally sweet and perky. I said 'WOW!' — she was just stealing everybody's heart on the spot."[2]

text: Design and effects[edit]

text: Csupó explained that "it was a very conscious decision from the very beginning that we're not going to overdo the visual effects because of the story's integrity and the book's integrity", because there was only a brief mention of Jess and Leslie fighting imaginary creatures in the forest in the novel. With that in mind, they "tried to do the absolute minimum, which would be required to put it into a movie version".[7]

text: In designing the fantasy creatures found in Terabithia, Csupó wanted to make creatures that were "little more artsy, imaginative, fantastical creatures than the typical rendered characters you see in other movies", and drew inspiration from Terry Gilliam and Ridley Scott. Dima Malanitchev came up with the drawings for the creatures with Csupó's guidance.[8] Csupó chose to have Weta Digital render the 3D animation because he "was impressed with their artistic integrity, the teamwork, the [fact that] people were really nice, and also they responded to our designs very positively". Weta modified some of the creature designs, but ultimately remained faithful to Csupó's original designs.[8]

text: There were around 100 crew members from Weta working on the effects for the film. Weta was already working on animating the creatures while the film was being shot, and Weta crew members were on-set for all the scenes that involved special effects during the filming. Weta visual effects supervisor Matt Aitken explained that process involved in interpreting the creatures was "split into two steps". First, natural-looking creatures were created based on pencil sketches by Csupó and Malanitchev, and this was done mostly through Photoshop collages done by visual effects art director Michael Pangrazio. The second step was to figure out animation or motion styles that best suited these creatures.[5]

text: Leslie's costumes in the film were designed to look as if the character "might have made some of them herself", and they were updated from those described in the book to reflect what would currently be considered eccentric.[12]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Producer and screenwriter David L. Paterson is the novel's author's son, and his name was featured on its dedication page. The story was based on his real life best friend, Lisa Hill, who was struck by lightning and killed when they were both eight years old.[13][14] Paterson had asked his mother, Katherine Paterson, if he could write a screenplay of the novel, and she agreed "not only because he's [her] son, but also because he's a very good playwright". Paterson had difficulty marketing the screenplay, mostly because of Leslie's death; "if you can believe this, I did meet with some companies that asked if I could just 'hurt' Leslie a little bit—put her in a light coma and then bring her out".[15]

text: The most important thing for Paterson was to keep the spirit of the book alive while finding a way to transform it from "a novel that takes place mostly in the characters' heads to a dynamic visual medium". Paterson knew that the film had to be about friendship and imagination.[9] While Paterson focused on "bringing out the emotions of the story," he admitted to having difficulty writing about Terabithia "because it was too close". He credited fellow screenwriter Jeff Stockwell for recreating Terabithia for the film. "What Jeff was able to do as an outsider who wasn't so attached to the story was to really let his imagination go free and make up this world in a wonderful way", David said. Csupó noted that the two main characters are a little bit older in the film than they are in the book. Csupó reasons that the movie "deals with so many issues including friendship, and maybe first innocent love, things like that", so it "made more sense" to make the characters older.[7]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Bridge to Terabithia

Soundtrack album by Aaron Zigman

Released
February 13, 2007

Recorded
2006

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
23:28

Label
Hollywood

Producer
Aaron Zigman

Aaron Zigman film scores chronology

Flicka
(2006)
Bridge to Terabithia
(2007)
Pride
(2006)

Singles from Bridge to Terabithia

"Keep Your Mind Wide Open"
Released: February 13, 2007

tag: table

text: The film features a musical score by Aaron Zigman, who was hired after Alison Krauss backed out of the job.[16] Zigman mentioned that there are similarities between the music he composed for Bridge to Terabithia and the film Flicka in that "...at times there's a bit of a Celtic influence but not much", but he also went on to say that there was a more modern feel to the music he composed for Bridge to Terabithia.[17] He did so as Csupó requested him to not compose "your typical Hollywood Score"; he then mixed up orchestral melody with "a bit of a modern flavor."[18] The score he composed for the film is described as "very large" compared to his other work, and Zigman commented that "Aside from the minimalist stuff and coloring that I love to do, I also like big orchestral stuff, and want to do more of that, and this film enabled me to spread my wings out a bit." The official soundtrack for the film was released as Music from and Inspired by Bridge to Terabithia by Hollywood Records on February 13, 2007.[17]

text:
Track listing

No.
Title
Length

1.
"I Learned from You" (performed by Miley Cyrus; written by Matthew Gerrard and Steve Diamond)
3:24

2.
"Try" (performed by Hayden Panettiere; written by Gerrard, Robbie Nevil and Mike Krompass)
3:19

3.
"Keep Your Mind Wide Open" (performed by AnnaSophia Robb; written by Dave Bassett and Michelle Featherstone)
3:36

4.
"A Place for Us" (performed by Leigh Nash and Tyler James; written by Bryan Adams, Eliot Kennedy, and Aaron Zigman)
4:01

5.
"Another Layer" (performed by Jon McLaughlin; written by Adams, Kennedy, and Zigman)
3:30

6.
"Shine" (performed by The Skies of America; written by Robert Bonfiglio)
3:52

7.
"Look Through My Eyes" (performed by Everlife; written by Phil Collins)
3:11

8.
"Right Here" (performed by Jeremy Camp)
4:13

9.
"When You Love Someone" (performed by Bethany Dillon; written by Dillon and Ed Cash)
3:30

10.
"Seeing Terabithia" (written by Zigman)
1:07

11.
"Into the Forest" (written by Zigman)
5:59

12.
"The Battle" (written by Zigman)
6:12

13.
"Jesse's Bridge" (written by Zigman)
1:34

Total length:
23:28

text: Notes[edit]

text:
"I Learned from You" is originally sung with Billy Ray Cyrus from the Hannah Montana soundtrack. This is a new version without Billy Ray Cyrus and with different lyrics.
"Look Through My Eyes," "Right Here" and "When You Love Someone" are not heard in the film. "Look Through My Eyes" is originally from Disneymania 4, "Right Here" is from Camp's album Stay and "When You Love Someone" is from Bethany Dillon's album So Far: The Acoustic Sessions.

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing and promotion[edit]

text: The promotion and advertising for the film was met with criticism and controversy. The filmmakers distanced themselves from the advertising campaign for the film, saying that it was deliberately misleading and made the film seem to be about, or occurring in, a fantasy world.[19] David Paterson was surprised by the trailer, but understood the marketing reasoning behind it, saying:

text:
“
Although there is a generation that is very familiar with the book, if you are over 40, then you probably haven't, and we need to reach them. [...] Everyone who read the book and sees the trailer says, 'What is this? This is nothing like the book. What are you doing, Dave?' And I say, 'You know what you're seeing is 15 seconds of a 90-minute film. Give me a little leeway and respect. Go see it, and then tell me what you think.[19]
”

text: Critics commented on the film's misleading advertisement campaign. One critic said the film was actually "grounded in reality far more than in fantasy",[20] while another thought, "far from a computer generated escapist fantasy, this film is an unpretentious and touching tale of preteen companionship and loss".[21]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: The film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on February 16, 2007.[22] Paterson, an alumnus of The Catholic University of America, held a special advance screening of the film for members of the CUA community at the AFI Silver Theatre in Silver Spring, Maryland on February 1, 2007.[23] The film opened in the United Kingdom on May 4, 2007, and in New Zealand June 7, 2007.[24] The film had a strong second place domestic opening over the Presidents' Day weekend, grossing "a higher-than-expected" $28,536,717 from 2,284 screens, earning an average of $9,885 per screen.[25] The opening Friday box office was $6.3 million.[26] The film has a worldwide gross of US$137 million, taking in $82 million in the US and Canada.[3]

text: The DVD and Blu-ray Disc were released on June 19, 2007 in the US. The DVD and high definition Blu-ray version shared the same special features; including: "Digital Imagination: Bringing Terabithia to Life", "Behind the Book: The Themes of Bridge to Terabithia", "Keep Your Mind Wide Open" music video by Robb, and two audio commentaries, the first with director Gabor Csupo, writer Jeff Stockwell, and producer Hal Lieberman, and the second with producer Lauren Levine and actors Hutcherson and Robb.[27]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Bridge to Terabithia received positive reviews from film critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 85% based on 157 reviews, with an average score of 7.2/10. The site's consensus is, that the film is "a faithful adaptation of a beloved children's novel and a powerful portrayal of love, loss, and imagination through children's eyes. Dynamic visuals and natural performances further enhance the imaginative film".[29] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 74% based on 25 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[30]

text: James Berardinelli of ReelViews called Bridge to Terabithia "easily the best family feature of the early year".[31] Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post praised the script for being "utterly recognizable and authentic", and thought Robb and Hutcherson were "perfectly cast". Hornaday wrote that although the final five minutes succumbed to "oversweet sentiment", viewers would remember the film's "warmth and respect with which it pays homage to first love".[32] Jessica Grose of The Village Voice commended director Csupó for omitting "cutesy tween stereotypes", and felt Jess's relationship with his father elevated Bridge to Terabithia from "a good kids movie to a classic contender".[21] The New York Times critic Jeannette Catsoulis believed that the fantasy was kept in the background "to find magic in the everyday", and thought Csupó directed "like someone intimate with the pain of being different, allowing each personality more than a single characteristic". The reviewer praised all the leads for their strong performances, especially Deschanel and Madison. Catsoulis found the film was able to handle adult topics "with nuance and sensitivity", and being consistently smart and "delicate as a spider web", it was the kind of children's movie "rarely seen nowadays".[20] Miriam di Nunzio of the Chicago Sun-Times praised Hutcherson and Robb's performances, saying that "the film's heart and soul rests on the abilities of its young lead characters to make us really see the world through children's eyes. The dynamic duo of Hutcherson and Robb do not disappoint."[33]

text: Despite the critical acclaim, not all reviews were as positive. Claudia Puig of USA Today wrote that "for a movie about the power of imagination, Bridge to Terabithia is not as clever as you would hope". Puig called the film a "serviceable translation" of the novel, but thought the adult characters were caricatured. The reviewer found the real-life portions of the movie were "derivative and simplistic", but found Jess's emotional tumult felt "powerfully authentic, and this is where the film finds its truth and soul".[28] The Wall Street Journal critic Joe Morgenstern felt that despite the occasional misuse of enchantment—"brief spasms of overproduced fantasy"—the novel's screen adaptation was told with "agreeable simplicity in between computer-generated monsters". Morgenstern was disappointed with the performances by the young members of the cast, which he described as "appealing but unpolished". Morgenstern thought Csupó lacked experience directing actors, and that although Deschanel was the best adult performer, she seemed self-directed.[34] Entertainment Weekly's Gregory Kirschling was confused by the main characters' lack of excitement towards Terabithia, and felt the film could not decide if it was "a fantasy or a coming-of-age story".[35]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Bridge to Terabithia was nominated for seven awards, of which it won five. Josh Hutcherson was nominated at the 2008 Saturn Awards for "Best Performance by a Younger Actor".[36] AnnaSophia Robb was nominated for a Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for "Best Young Actress".[37] The film won five awards at the Young Artist Awards, including "Best Family Feature Film (Fantasy or Musical)". Hutcherson won "Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor", Robb won "Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actress", and Bailee Madison won "Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Actress Age Ten or Younger". The cast won the award for "Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Ensemble Cast", which included Hutcherson, Robb, Madison, Wakefield, Clinton, Lawless, Isabelle Rose Kircher, Carly Owen, Devon Wood, Emma Fenton and Grace Brannigan.[38]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Name
Outcome

2007
Critics' Choice Movie Award[37]
Best Young Actress
AnnaSophia Robb
Nominated

2008
Saturn Award[36]
Best Performance by a Younger Actor
Josh Hutcherson
Nominated

2008
Young Artist Awards[38]
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actor
Josh Hutcherson
Won

Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Ensemble Cast
Josh Hutcherson, AnnaSophia Robb, Bailee Madison, Cameron Wakefield, Isabelle Rose Kircher, Lauren Clinton, Elliot Lawless, Carly Owen, Devon Wood, Emma Fenton and Grace Brannigan
Won

Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actress
AnnaSophia Robb
Won

Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actress Ten and Under
Bailee Madison
Won

Best Family Feature Film (Fantasy or Musical)

Won


document_title: List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha

question_text: which state has the least number of seats in lok sabha

text: List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha

text: Delimitation of constituencies[edit]

text:
Under the Delimitation Act of 2002, the Delimitation Commission of India has redefined the list of parliamentary constituencies, their constituent assembly segments and reservation status (whether reserved for Scheduled castes (SC) candidates or Scheduled tribes (ST) candidates or unreserved). Karnataka Legislative Assembly election, 2008, which took place in May 2008, was the first state election to use newly demarcated assembly constituencies.[1]
Consequently, all assembly elections scheduled in 2008, viz. in the states of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, NCT of Delhi, Mizoram and Rajasthan are based on newly defined assembly constituencies.[2]

text: The size and shape of the Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies are determined, according to section 4 of the Representation of the People Act, 1950, by an independent Delimitation Commission. Under a constitutional amendment of 1976,[3] delimitation was suspended until after the census of 2001. However, certain amendments to the Constitution made in 2001 and 2003 have, while putting a freeze on the total number of existing seats as allocated to various States in the House of People and the State Legislative Assemblies on the basis of 1971 census until the first census to be taken after the year 2026,[3] provided that each State shall be delimited into territorial Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies on the basis of 2001 census and the extent of such constituencies as delimited shall remain frozen until the first census to be taken after the year 2026.[3] The number of seats to be reserved for SC/ ST shall be re-worked out on the basis of 2001 census. The constituency shall be delimited in a manner that the population of each Parliamentary and Assembly Constituency in a State so far as practicable be the same throughout the State.[3]

text: List of constituencies by States/Union Territories[edit]

text:
State/Union Territory
Lok Sabha seats

Andhra Pradesh
25

Arunachal Pradesh
2

Assam
14

Bihar
40

Chhattisgarh
11

Goa
2

Gujarat
26

Haryana
10

Himachal Pradesh
4

Jammu and Kashmir
6

Jharkhand
14

Karnataka
28

Kerala
20

Madhya Pradesh
29

Maharashtra
48

Manipur
2

Meghalaya
2

Mizoram
1

Nagaland
1

Odisha
21

Punjab
13

Rajasthan
25

Sikkim
1

Tamil Nadu
39

Telangana
17

Tripura
2

Uttar Pradesh
80

Uttarakhand
5

West Bengal
42

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
1

Chandigarh
1

Dadra and Nagar Haveli
1

Daman and Diu
1

Lakshadweep
1

NCT of Delhi
7

Puducherry
1

text: Andhra Pradesh (25)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.

Constituency Name

Reserved for
(SC/ST/None)

1
Araku
ST

2
Srikakulam
None

3
Vizianagaram
None

4
Visakhapatnam
None

5
Anakapalli
None

6
Kakinada
None

7
Amalapuram
SC

8
Rajahmundry
None

9
Narasapuram
None

10
Eluru
None

11
Machilipatnam
None

12
Vijayawada
None

13
Guntur
None

14
Narasaraopet
None

15
Bapatla
SC

16
Ongole
None

17
Nandyal
None

18
Kurnool
None

19
Anantapur
None

20
Hindupur
None

21
Kadapa
None

22
Nellore
None

23
Tirupati
SC

24
Rajampet
None

25
Chittoor
SC

text: Arunachal Pradesh (2)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Arunachal West
None

2
Arunachal East
None

text: Assam (14)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Karimganj
SC

2
Silchar
None

3
Autonomous District
ST

4
Dhubri
None

5
Kokrajhar
ST

6
Barpeta
None

7
Gauhati
None

8
Mangaldoi
None

9
Tezpur
None

10
Nowgong
None

11
Kaliabor
None

12
Jorhat
None

13
Dibrugarh
None

14
Lakhimpur
None

text: Bihar (40)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Valmiki Nagar
None

2
Paschim Champaran
None

3
Purvi Champaran
None

4
Sheohar
None

5
Sitamarhi
None

6
Madhubani
None

7
Jhanjharpur
None

8
Supaul
None

9
Araria
None

10
Kishanganj
None

11
Katihar
None

12
Purnia
None

13
Madhepura
None

14
Darbhanga
None

15
Muzaffarpur
None

16
Vaishali
None

17
Gopalganj
SC

18
Siwan
None

19
Maharajganj
None

20
Saran
None

21
Hajipur
SC

22
Ujiarpur
None

23
Samastipur
SC

24
Begusarai
None

25
Khagaria
None

26
Bhagalpur
None

27
Banka
None

28
Munger
None

29
Nalanda
None

30
Patna Sahib
None

31
Pataliputra
None

32
Arrah
None

33
Buxar
None

34
Sasaram
SC

35
Karakat
None

36
Jahanabad
None

37
Aurangabad
None

38
Gaya
SC

39
Nawada
None

40
Jamui
SC

text: Chhattisgarh (11)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Sarguja
ST

2
Raigarh
ST

3
Janjgir
SC

4
Korba
None

5
Bilaspur
None

6
Rajnandgaon
None

7
Durg
None

8
Raipur
None

9
Mahasamund
None

10
Bastar
ST

11
Kanker
ST

text: Goa (2)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
North Goa
None

2
South Goa
None

text: Gujarat (26)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Kachchh
SC

2
Banaskantha
None

3
Patan
None

4
Mahesana
None

5
Sabarkantha
None

6
Gandhinagar
None

7
Ahmedabad East
None

8
Ahmedabad West
SC

9
Surendranagar
None

10
Rajkot
None

11
Porbandar
None

12
Jamnagar
None

13
Junagadh
None

14
Amreli
None

15
Bhavnagar
None

16
Anand
None

17
Kheda
None

18
Panchmahal
None

19
Dahod
ST

20
Vadodara
None

21
Chhota Udaipur
ST

22
Bharuch
None

23
Bardoli
ST

24
Surat
None

25
Navsari
None

26
Valsad
ST

text: Haryana (10)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Ambala
SC

2
Kurukshetra
None

3
Sirsa
SC

4
Hissar
None

5
Karnal
None

6
Sonepat
None

7
Rohtak
None

8
Bhiwani–Mahendragarh
None

9
Gurgaon
None

10
Faridabad
None

text: Himachal Pradesh (4)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Kangra
None

2
Mandi
None

3
Hamirpur
None

4
Shimla
SC

text: Jammu and Kashmir (6)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Baramulla
None

2
Srinagar
None

3
Anantnag
None

4
Ladakh
None

5
Udhampur
None

6
Jammu
None

text: Jharkhand (14)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Rajmahal
ST

2
Dumka
ST

3
Godda
None

4
Chatra
None

5
Kodarma
None

6
Giridih
None

7
Dhanbad
None

8
Ranchi
None

9
Jamshedpur
None

10
Singhbhum
ST

11
Khunti
ST

12
Lohardaga
ST

13
Palamau
SC

14
Hazaribagh
None

text: Karnataka (28)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Chikkodi
None

2
Belagavi
None

3
Bagalkot
None

4
Bijapur
SC

5
Kalaburagi
SC

6
Raichur
ST

7
Bidar
None

8
Koppal
None

9
Bellary
ST

10
Haveri
None

11
Dharwad
None

12
Uttara Kannada
None

13
Davanagere
None

14
Shimoga
None

15
Udupi Chikmagalur
None

16
Hassan
None

17
Dakshina Kannada
None

18
Chitradurga
SC

19
Tumkur
None

20
Mandya
None

21
Mysore
None

22
Chamarajanagar
SC

23
Bangalore Rural
None

24
Bangalore North
None

25
Bangalore Central
None

26
Bangalore South
None

27
Chikballapur
None

28
Kolar
SC

text: Kerala (20)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Kasaragod
None

2
Kannur
None

3
Vatakara
None

4
Wayanad
None

5
Kozhikode
None

6
Malappuram
None

7
Ponnani
None

8
Palakkad
None

9
Alathur
SC

10
Thrissur
None

11
Chalakudy
None

12
Ernakulam
None

13
Idukki
None

14
Kottayam
None

15
Alappuzha
None

16
Mavelikara
SC

17
Pathanamthitta
None

18
Kollam
None

19
Attingal
None

20
Thiruvananthapuram
None

text: Madhya Pradesh (29)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Morena
None

2
Bhind
SC

3
Gwalior
None

4
Guna
None

5
Sagar
None

6
Tikamgarh
SC

7
Damoh
None

8
Khajuraho
None

9
Satna
None

10
Rewa
None

11
Sidhi
None

12
Shahdol
ST

13
Jabalpur
None

14
Mandla
ST

15
Balaghat
None

16
Chhindwara
None

17
Hoshangabad
None

18
Vidisha
None

19
Bhopal
None

20
Rajgarh
None

21
Dewas
SC

22
Ujjain
SC

23
Mandsaur
None

24
Ratlam
ST

25
Dhar
ST

26
Indore
None

27
Khargone
ST

28
Khandwa
None

29
Betul
ST

text: Maharashtra (48)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Nandurbar
ST

2
Dhule
None

3
Jalgaon
None

4
Raver
None

5
Buldhana
None

6
Akola
None

7
Amravati
SC

8
Wardha
None

9
Ramtek
SC

10
Nagpur
None

11
Bhandara–Gondiya
None

12
Gadchiroli–Chimur
ST

13
Chandrapur
None

14
Yavatmal–Washim
None

15
Hingoli
None

16
Nanded
None

17
Parbhani
None

18
Jalna
None

19
Aurangabad
None

20
Dindori
ST

21
Nashik
None

22
Palghar
ST

23
Bhiwandi
None

24
Kalyan
None

25
Thane
None

26
Mumbai North
None

27
Mumbai North West
None

28
Mumbai North East
None

29
Mumbai North Central
None

30
Mumbai South Central
None

31
Mumbai South
None

32
Raigad
None

33
Maval
None

34
Pune
None

35
Baramati
None

36
Shirur
None

37
Ahmednagar
None

38
Shirdi
SC

39
Beed
None

40
Osmanabad
None

41
Latur
SC

42
Solapur
SC

43
Madha
None

44
Sangli
None

45
Satara
None

46
Ratnagiri–Sindhudurg
None

47
Kolhapur
None

48
Hatkanangle
None

text: Manipur (2)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Inner Manipur
None

2
Outer Manipur
ST

text: Meghalaya (2)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Shillong
ST

2
Tura
ST

text: Mizoram (1)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Mizoram
ST

text: Nagaland (1)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Nagaland
None

text: Odisha (21)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Bargarh
None

2
Sundargarh
ST

3
Sambalpur
None

4
Keonjhar
ST

5
Mayurbhanj
ST

6
Balasore
None

7
Bhadrak
SC

8
Jajpur
SC

9
Dhenkanal
None

10
Bolangir
None

11
Kalahandi
None

12
Nabarangpur
ST

13
Kandhamal
None

14
Cuttack
None

15
Kendrapara
None

16
Jagatsinghpur
SC

17
Puri
None

18
Bhubaneswar
None

19
Aska
None

20
Berhampur
None

21
Koraput
ST

text: Punjab (13)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Gurdaspur
None

2
Amritsar
None

3
Khadoor Sahib
None

4
Jalandhar
SC

5
Hoshiarpur
SC

6
Anandpur Sahib
None

7
Ludhiana
None

8
Fatehgarh Sahib
SC

9
Faridkot
SC

10
Firozpur
None

11
Bathinda
None

12
Sangrur
None

13
Patiala
None

text: Rajasthan (25)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Ganganagar
SC

2
Bikaner
SC

3
Churu
None

4
Jhunjhunu
None

5
Sikar
None

6
Jaipur Rural
None

7
Jaipur
None

8
Alwar
None

9
Bharatpur
SC

10
Karauli–Dholpur
SC

11
Dausa
ST

12
Tonk–Sawai Madhopur
None

13
Ajmer
None

14
Nagaur
None

15
Pali
None

16
Jodhpur
None

17
Barmer
None

18
Jalore
None

19
Udaipur
ST

20
Banswara
ST

21
Chittorgarh
None

22
Rajsamand
None

23
Bhilwara
None

24
Kota
None

25
Jhalawar–Baran
None

text: Sikkim (1)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for (SC/ST/None)

1
Sikkim
None

text: Tamil Nadu (39)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for (SC/ST/None)

1
Thiruvallur
SC

2
Chennai North
None

3
Chennai South
None

4
Chennai Central
None

5
Sriperumbudur
None

6
Kancheepuram
SC

7
Arakkonam
None

8
Vellore
None

9
Krishnagiri
None

10
Dharmapuri
None

11
Tiruvannamalai
None

12
Arani
None

13
Villupuram
SC

14
Kallakurichi
None

15
Salem
None

16
Namakkal
None

17
Erode
None

18
Tiruppur
None

19
Nilgiris
SC

20
Coimbatore
None

21
Pollachi
None

22
Dindigul
None

23
Karur
None

24
Tiruchirappalli
None

25
Perambalur
None

26
Cuddalore
None

27
Chidambaram
SC

28
Mayiladuturai
None

29
Nagapattinam
SC

30
Thanjavur
None

31
Sivaganga
None

32
Madurai
None

33
Theni
None

34
Virudhunagar
None

35
Ramanathapuram
None

36
Thoothukudi
None

37
Tenkasi
SC

38
Tirunelveli
None

39
Kanyakumari
None

text: Telangana (17)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Adilabad
ST

2
Peddapalle
SC

3
Karimnagar
None

4
Nizamabad
None

5
Zahirabad
None

6
Medak
None

7
Malkajgiri
None

8
Secunderabad
None

9
Hyderabad
None

10
Chevella
None

11
Mahbubnagar
None

12
Nagarkurnool
SC

13
Nalgonda
None

14
Bhongir
None

15
Warangal
SC

16
Mahabubabad
ST

17
Khammam
None

text: Tripura (2)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Tripura West
None

2
Tripura East
ST

text: Uttar Pradesh (80)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Saharanpur
None

2
Kairana
None

3
Muzaffarnagar
None

4
Bijnor
None

5
Nagina
SC

6
Moradabad
None

7
Rampur
None

8
Sambhal
None

9
Amroha
None

10
Meerut
None

11
Baghpat
None

12
Ghaziabad
None

13
Gautam Buddha Nagar
None

14
Bulandshahr
SC

15
Aligarh
None

16
Hathras
SC

17
Mathura
None

18
Agra
SC

19
Fatehpur Sikri
None

20
Firozabad
None

21
Mainpuri
None

22
Etah
None

23
Badaun
None

24
Aonla
None

25
Bareilly
None

26
Pilibhit
None

27
Shahjahanpur
SC

28
Kheri
None

29
Dhaurahra
None

30
Sitapur
None

31
Hardoi
SC

32
Misrikh
SC

33
Unnao
None

34
Mohanlalganj
SC

35
Lucknow
None

36
Rae Bareli
None

37
Amethi
None

38
Sultanpur
None

39
Pratapgarh
None

40
Farrukhabad
None

41
Etawah
SC

42
Kannauj
None

43
Kanpur Urban
None

44
Akbarpur
None

45
Jalaun
SC

46
Jhansi
None

47
Hamirpur
None

48
Banda
None

49
Fatehpur
None

50
Kaushambi
SC

51
Phulpur
None

52
Allahabad
None

53
Barabanki
SC

54
Faizabad
None

55
Ambedkar Nagar
None

56
Bahraich
SC

57
Kaiserganj
None

58
Shrawasti
None

59
Gonda
None

60
Domariyaganj
None

61
Basti
None

62
Sant Kabir Nagar
None

63
Maharajganj
None

64
Gorakhpur
None

65
Kushi Nagar
None

66
Deoria
None

67
Bansgaon
SC

68
Lalganj
SC

69
Azamgarh
None

70
Ghosi
None

71
Salempur
None

72
Ballia
None

73
Jaunpur
None

74
Machhlishahr
SC

75
Ghazipur
None

76
Chandauli
None

77
Varanasi
None

78
Bhadohi
None

79
Mirzapur
None

80
Robertsganj
SC

text: Uttarakhand (5)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Tehri Garhwal
None

2
Garhwal
None

3
Almora
SC

4
Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar
None

5
Haridwar
None

text: West Bengal (42)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Cooch Behar
SC

2
Alipurduars
ST

3
Jalpaiguri
SC

4
Darjeeling
None

5
Raiganj
None

6
Balurghat
None

7
Maldaha Uttar
None

8
Maldaha Dakshin
None

9
Jangipur
None

10
Baharampur
None

11
Murshidabad
None

12
Krishnanagar
None

13
Ranaghat
SC

14
Bangaon
SC

15
Barrackpur
None

16
Dum Dum
None

17
Barasat
None

18
Basirhat
None

19
Jaynagar
SC

20
Mathurapur
SC

21
Diamond Harbour
None

22
Jadavpur
None

23
Kolkata Dakshin
None

24
Kolkata Uttar
None

25
Howrah
None

26
Uluberia
None

27
Srerampur
None

28
Hooghly
None

29
Arambag
SC

30
Tamluk
None

31
Kanthi
None

32
Ghatal
None

33
Jhargram
ST

34
Medinipur
None

35
Purulia
None

36
Bankura
None

37
Bishnupur
SC

38
Bardhaman Purba
SC

39
Bardhaman–Durgapur
None

40
Asansol
None

41
Bolpur
SC

42
Birbhum
None

text: Constituencies in the Union Territories[edit]

text:
Constituencies of Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Constituencies of Chandigarh

Constituencies of Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Constituencies of Daman and Diu

Constituencies of Lakshadweep

Constituencies of National Capital Territory of Delhi

Constituencies of Puducherry

text: Andaman and Nicobar Islands (1)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
None

text: Chandigarh (1)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Chandigarh
None

text: Dadra and Nagar Haveli (1)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
ST

text: Daman and Diu (1)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Daman and Diu
None

text: Lakshadweep (1)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Lakshadweep
ST

text: NCT of Delhi (7)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Chandni Chowk
None

2
North East Delhi
None

3
East Delhi
None

4
New Delhi
None

5
North West Delhi
SC

6
West Delhi
None

7
South Delhi
None

text: Puducherry (1)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Puducherry
None

text: Nominated (2)[edit]

text:
Constituency  No.
Constituency
Reserved for  (SC/ST/None)

1
Anglo-Indian reserved seats
None

2
None