document_title: Second Battle of Bull Run

question_text: who won the first and second battle of bull run

question_tokens: who won the first and second battle of bull run

text: Second Battle of Bull Run

text: Background[edit]

text: Military situation[edit]

text: After the collapse of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign in the Seven Days Battles of June 1862, President Abraham Lincoln appointed John Pope to command the newly formed Army of Virginia. Pope had achieved some success in the Western Theater, and Lincoln sought a more aggressive general than McClellan.[17]

text: Plans[edit]

text: Pope's mission was to fulfill two basic objectives: protect Washington and the Shenandoah Valley; and draw Confederate forces away from McClellan by moving in the direction of Gordonsville.[18] Based on his experience fighting McClellan in the Seven Days, Robert E. Lee perceived that McClellan was no further threat to him on the Virginia Peninsula, so he felt no compulsion to keep all of his forces in direct defense of Richmond. This allowed him to relocate Jackson to Gordonsville to block Pope and protect the Virginia Central Railroad.[19]

text: Lee had larger plans in mind. Since the Union Army was split between McClellan and Pope and they were widely separated, Lee saw an opportunity to destroy Pope before returning his attention to McClellan. He committed Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill to join Jackson with 12,000 men.

text: Initial movements in the Northern Virginia Campaign[edit]

text: On August 3, General-in-Chief Henry W. Halleck directed McClellan to begin his final withdrawal from the Peninsula and to return to Northern Virginia to support Pope. McClellan protested and did not begin his redeployment until August 14.[20]

text: On August 9, Nathaniel Banks's corps attacked Jackson at Cedar Mountain, gaining an early advantage, but a Confederate counterattack led by A.P. Hill drove Banks back across Cedar Creek. Jackson's advance was stopped, however, by the Union division of Brig. Gen. James B. Ricketts. By now Jackson had learned that Pope's corps were all together, foiling his plan of defeating each in separate actions. He remained in position until August 12, then withdrew to Gordonsville.[21] On August 13, Lee sent Longstreet to reinforce Jackson.

text: Prelude to battle[edit]

text: From August 22 to 25, the two armies fought a series of minor actions along the Rappahannock River. Heavy rains had swollen the river and Lee was unable to force a crossing. By this time, reinforcements from the Army of the Potomac were arriving from the Peninsula. Lee's new plan in the face of all these additional forces outnumbering him was to send Jackson and Stuart with half of the army on a flanking march to cut Pope's line of communication, the Orange & Alexandria Railroad. Pope would be forced to retreat and could be defeated while moving and vulnerable. Jackson departed on August 25 and reached Salem (present-day Marshall) that night.[22]

text: On the evening of August 26, after passing around Pope's right flank via Thoroughfare Gap, Jackson's wing of the army struck the Orange & Alexandria Railroad at Bristoe Station and before daybreak August 27 marched to capture and destroy the massive Union supply depot at Manassas Junction. This surprise movement forced Pope into an abrupt retreat from his defensive line along the Rappahannock. During the night of August 27–28, Jackson marched his divisions north to the First Bull Run (Manassas) battlefield, where he took position behind an unfinished railroad grade below Stony Ridge.[23] The defensive position was a good one. The heavy woods allowed the Confederates to conceal themselves, while maintaining good observation points of the Warrenton Turnpike, the likely avenue of Union movement, only a few hundred yards to the south. There were good approach roads for Longstreet to join Jackson, or for Jackson to retreat to the Bull Run Mountains if he could not be reinforced in time. Finally, the unfinished railroad grade offered cuts and fills that could be used as ready-made entrenchments.[24]

text: In the Battle of Thoroughfare Gap on August 28, Longstreet's wing broke through light Union resistance and marched through the gap to join Jackson. This seemingly inconsequential action virtually ensured Pope's defeat during the coming battles because it allowed the two wings of Lee's army to unite on the Manassas battlefield.[25]

text: Opposing forces[edit]

text: Union[edit]

text:
Key commanders (Union Forces)

Maj. Gen.
John Pope, Army of Virginia (Commanding), USA

Maj. Gen.
Franz Sigel (I Corps, Army of Virginia), USA

Maj. Gen.
Nathaniel P. Banks (II Corps, Army of Virginia), USA

Maj. Gen.
Irvin McDowell (III Corps, Army of Virginia), USA

Maj. Gen.
Samuel P. Heintzelman (III Corps, Army of the Potomac), USA

Maj. Gen.
Fitz John Porter (V Corps, Army of the Potomac), USA

Maj. Gen.
Jesse L. Reno (IX Corps, Army of the Potomac), USA

text: Gen. Pope's Army of Virginia of approximately 51,000 men was divided into three army corps:

text:
I Corps, under Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel;
II Corps, Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks;
III Corps, Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell, who had led the losing Union army at First Bull Run.

text: The Kanawha Division (detachment) and parts of three army corps of Gen. McClellan's Army of the Potomac, eventually joined Pope for combat operations, raising his strength to 77,000:[7]

text:
III Corps (Maj. Gen. S. P. Heintzelman);
V Corps (Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter);
VI Corps (Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin);[5]
IX Corps (Maj. Gen. Jesse L. Reno)

text: Confederate[edit]

text:
Key commanders (Army of Northern Virginia)

Gen.
Robert E. Lee, (Commanding), CSA

Maj. Gen.
James Longstreet, (Right Wing), CSA

Maj. Gen.
Stonewall Jackson, (Left Wing), CSA

Maj. Gen.
J.E.B. Stuart, (Cavalry Division), CSA

text: On the Confederate side, Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia was organized into two "wings" or "commands" totaling about 55,000 men:

text:
The right wing was commanded by Maj. Gen. James Longstreet;
The left wing was commanded by Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jackson;
The Cavalry Division, under Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart was attached to Jackson's wing.[26]

text: An exact estimate of both armies' strength at the battle is not possible as different reports and returns provide differing figures. The total strength of the Army of Northern Virginia, cavalry and artillery included, was slightly less than 55,000 men. Factoring in only infantry, the effective Confederate strength was probably about 50,000 men, possibly as low as 47,000. Union strength was around 63,000 men if Banks's corps is excluded as it was not present at the battle aside from a few detachments. The total Union strength with Banks added in was approximately 70,000 men.

text: Battle[edit]

text: August 28: Brawner's Farm (Groveton) [edit]

text: The Second Battle of Bull Run began on August 28 as a Federal column, under Jackson's observation just outside Gainesville, near the farm of the John Brawner family, moved along the Warrenton Turnpike. It consisted of units from Brig. Gen. Rufus King's division: the brigades of Brig. Gens. John P. Hatch, John Gibbon, Abner Doubleday, and Marsena R. Patrick, marching eastward to concentrate with the rest of Pope's army at Centreville. King was not with his division because he had suffered a serious epileptic attack earlier that day.[27]

text: Jackson, who had been relieved to hear earlier that Longstreet's men were on their way to join him, displayed himself prominently to the Union troops, but his presence was disregarded. Concerned that Pope might be withdrawing his army behind Bull Run to link up with McClellan's arriving forces, Jackson determined to attack. Returning to his position behind the tree line, he told his subordinates, "Bring out your men, gentlemen." At about 6:30 p.m., Confederate artillery began shelling the portion of the column to their front, John Gibbon's Black Hat Brigade (later to be named the Iron Brigade). Gibbon, a former artilleryman, responded with fire from Battery B, 4th U.S. Artillery. The artillery exchange halted King's column. Hatch's brigade had proceeded past the area and Patrick's men, in the rear of the column, sought cover, leaving Gibbon and Doubleday to respond to Jackson's attack. Gibbon assumed that, since Jackson was supposedly at Centreville (according to Pope), and having just seen the 14th Brooklyn of Hatch's Brigade reconnoiter the position, that these were merely horse artillery cannons from Jeb Stuart's cavalry.[28] Gibbon sent aides out to the other brigades with requests for reinforcements, and sent his staff officer Frank A. Haskell to bring the veteran 2nd Wisconsin Infantry up the hill to disperse the harassing cannons. Gibbon met the 2nd in the woods saying, "If we can get you up there quietly, we can capture those guns."[29]

text:
Our men on the left loaded and fired with the energy of madmen, and the 6th worked with equal desperation. This stopped the rush of the enemy and they halted and fired upon us their deadly musketry. During a few awful moments, I could see by the lurid light of the powder flashes, the whole of both lines. The two ... were within ... fifty yards of each other pouring musketry into each other as fast as men could load and shoot.

Maj. Rufus R. Dawes, 6th Wisconsin[30]

tag: div

text:
In a few moments our entire line was engaged in a fierce and sanguinary struggle with the enemy. As one line was repulsed another took its place and pressed forward as if determined by force of numbers and fury of assault to drive us from our positions.

Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jackson[31]

text: The 2nd Wisconsin, under the command of Col. Edgar O'Connor, advanced obliquely back through the woods the Federal column was passing through. When the 430 men emerged from the woods on John Brawner's farm they were quietly formed and advanced up the hill. Upon reaching the plateau, they deployed skirmishers who drove back Confederate skirmishers. They soon received a heavy volley into their right flank by 800 men of the fabled Stonewall Brigade, commanded by Col. William S. Baylor. Absorbing the volley from 150 yards (140 m), the 2nd Wisconsin did not waver, but replied with a devastating volley at the Virginians in Brawner's orchard. The Confederates returned fire when the lines were only 80 yards (73 m) apart. As units were added by both sides, the battle lines remained close together, a standup fight with little cover, trading mass volleys for over two hours. Jackson described the action as "fierce and sanguinary." Gibbon added his 19th Indiana. Jackson, personally directing the actions of his regiments instead of passing orders to the division commander, Maj. Gen. Richard S. Ewell, sent in three Georgia regiments belonging to Brig. Gen. Alexander R. Lawton's brigade. Gibbon countered this advance with the 7th Wisconsin. Jackson ordered Brig. Gen. Isaac R. Trimble's brigade to support Lawton, which met the last of Gibbon's regiments, the 6th Wisconsin.[32]

text: After Trimble's brigade entered the action, Gibbon needed to fill a gap in his line between the 6th Wisconsin and the rest of the Iron Brigade regiments. Doubleday sent in the 56th Pennsylvania and the 76th New York, who advanced through the woods and checked the new Confederate advance. These men arrived at the scene after dark and both Trimble and Lawton launched uncoordinated assaults against them. Horse artillery under Captain John Pelham was ordered forward by Jackson and fired at the 19th Indiana from less than 100 yards (91 m). The engagement ended around 9 p.m., with Gibbon's men slowly retreating backwards still firing, making their line at the edge of the woods. Doubleday's regiments retired to the turnpike in an orderly fashion. The fight was essentially a stalemate, but at a heavy cost, with over 1,150 Union and 1,250 Confederate casualties. The 2nd Wisconsin lost 276 of 430 engaged. The Stonewall Brigade lost 340 out of 800. Two Georgia regiments—Trimble's 21st and Lawton's 26th—each lost more than 70%. In all, one of every three men engaged in the fight was shot. Confederate Brig. Gen. William B. Taliaferro wrote, "In this fight there was no maneuvering and very little tactics. It was a question of endurance and both endured." Taliaferro was wounded, as was Ewell, whose left leg was shattered by a Minié ball and had to be amputated, removing him from action for the next ten months.[33]

text: Jackson had not been able to achieve a decisive victory with his superior force (about 6,200 men against Gibbon's 2,100),[34] due to darkness, his piecemeal deployment of forces, the loss of two of his division commanders, and the tenacity of the enemy. But he had achieved his strategic intent, attracting the attention of John Pope. Pope wrongly assumed that the fight at the Brawner Farm occurred as Jackson was retreating from Centreville. Pope believed he had "bagged" Jackson and sought to capture him before he could be reinforced by Longstreet. Pope's dispatch sent that evening to Maj. Gen. Philip Kearny stated, in part, "General McDowell has intercepted the retreat of the enemy and is now in his front ... Unless he can escape by by-paths leading to the north to-night, he must be captured." Gibbon conferred with King, Patrick, and Doubleday as to the next move, because McDowell was "lost in the woods." The division was in an exposed position with two of its brigades badly cut up, and facing Stonewall Jackson's entire corps. Although the Union generals did not know exactly how many men Jackson had with him, it was almost certainly a far greater number than the 4000 men in King's division. Moreover, Confederate prisoners taken in the fighting around Brawner's Farm claimed that Jackson's command numbered between 60,000-70,000 men and were poised to strike at first light the next morning. Reynolds and Sigel were some miles away and would not be on the scene until morning, by which time Jackson could easily crush King. Ricketts was closer, but had Longstreet following far behind. Since staying in place at Groveton was clearly unacceptable, the only other options were retreating either to Manassas Junction or Centreville. Gibbon recommended the former since the exact disposition of the enemy was unknown and going to Centreville risked a disastrous march across his front. King finally agreed, and the division formed up into column and moved south to Manassas Junction. At the same time, Ricketts had arrived at a similar conclusion and marched south and away from Jackson as well, in his case towards Bristoe Station.[35]

text: Pope issued orders to his subordinates to surround Jackson and attack him in the morning, but Jackson was not where Pope thought he was, nor were Pope's own troops where he assumed. He believed that McDowell and Sigel were blocking Jackson's retreat west across the Bull Run Mountains when in fact King and Ricketts had both retreated southward, while Sigel and Reynolds were south and east of Jackson, who had no intention at all of retreating and was well dug-in and awaiting Longstreet's arrival, which Pope refused to believe was a possibility.[36]

text: August 29: Jackson defends Stony Ridge[edit]

text: Jackson had initiated the battle at Brawner's farm with the intent of holding Pope until Longstreet arrived with the remainder of the Army of Northern Virginia. Longstreet's 25,000 men began their march from Thoroughfare Gap at 6 a.m. on August 29; Jackson sent Stuart to guide the initial elements of Longstreet's column into positions that Jackson had preselected. While he waited for their arrival, Jackson reorganized his defense in case Pope attacked him that morning, positioning 20,000 men in a 3,000-yard (2,700 m) line to the south of Stony Ridge. Noticing the buildup of I Corps (Sigel's) troops along the Manassas-Sudley Road, he ordered A.P. Hill's brigades behind the railroad grade near Sudley Church on his left flank. Aware that his position was geographically weak (because the heavy woods in the area prevented effective deployment of artillery), Hill placed his brigades in two lines, with Brig. Gen. Maxcy Gregg's South Carolina brigade and Brig. Gen. Edward L. Thomas's Georgia brigade in the front. In the center of the line, Jackson placed two brigades from Ewell's division (now under the command of Brig. Gen. Alexander Lawton), and on the right, William B. Taliaferro's division, now commanded by Brig. Gen. William E. Starke. Jackson's position straddled a railroad grade which had been dug out by the Manassas Gap Railroad Company in the 1850s and abandoned on the eve of the war. While some parts of the railroad grade were a good defensive position, others were not, moreover the heavily wooded terrain largely precluded the use of artillery aside from the right end of the line, which faced open fields. Fitz Lee's cavalry along with a battery of horse artillery were anchoring the left flank of the Confederate line, in case any Union troops attempted to cross Sudley Ford (as McDowell had done during the battle here 13 months earlier) and get in Jackson's rear. The Confederate right flank was potentially vulnerable, as it was held by Taliaferro's (now Starke's) division, the smallest of Jackson's three divisions and which had also taken significant casualties in the fighting at Brawner's Farm. Jackson thus placed the brigades of Early and Forno on the right end of the line, both large brigades that had not been engaged the previous evening and were fresh. Aside from bolstering Starke's understrength division, they were to watch and give notice of Longstreet's arrival.[37]

text: At daybreak on the 29th, Pope had learned to his surprise and annoyance that Ricketts and King had both withdrawn south. In addition, John Gibbon arrived at Centreville and informed Pope that the retreat from Groveton was a mistake, ignoring the fact that he had recommended it in the first place. Gibbon also stated that he had no idea what had become of McDowell, to which an infuriated Pope replied "God damn McDowell! He's never where he's supposed to be!" Gibbon rode down to Manassas where he encountered Porter's troops resting and drawing rations. In addition, King, exhausted and ill from epileptic attacks, had turned over command of the division to John Hatch. McDowell was there as well, after spending most of the previous day wandering aimlessly around Prince William County, and not happy to learn of Pope's orders. In effect, King would accompany Porter, while Reynolds was temporarily attached to Sigel's corps, and Ricketts was still some miles away at Bristoe Station in effect leaving McDowell without any command. Pope on the 29th remained firmly wedded to the idea that Jackson was in a desperate situation and almost trapped, not only an incorrect assumption, but one that also depended on the coordination of all the corps and divisions under his command, none of which were where he intended them to be.[38]

text: The end result was that Pope's complicated attack plans for August 29 ended up as a simple frontal assault by Sigel's corps, the only troops in position that morning. They were widely considered one of the army's weak links; with Sigel, though being a trained and experienced military officer, being seen as an inept political general. Also a large portion of the men being German immigrants, suffering from prejudices, they had performed poorly in battles against Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley during the spring. Moreover, until Pope himself arrived, Sigel was the ranking officer on the field and would be in overall charge of the battle.

text: Pope's intention was to move against Jackson on both flanks. He ordered Fitz John Porter to move toward Gainesville and attack what he considered to be the Confederate right flank. He ordered Sigel to attack Jackson's left at daybreak. Sigel, unsure of Jackson's dispositions, chose to advance along a broad front, with Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck's division, supported by Brig. Gen. John F. Reynolds's division (McDowell's III Corps) on the left, Brig. Gen. Robert H. Milroy's independent brigade in the center, and Brig. Gen. Carl Schurz's division on the right. Schurz's two brigades, moving north on the Manassas-Sudley Road, were the first to contact Jackson's men, at about 7 a.m.[39]

text: The actions in Sigel's attack against A.P. Hill's division were typical of all the battles near Stony Ridge that day. Although the unfinished railroad grade provided natural defensive positions in some places, in general the Confederates eschewed a static defense, absorbing the Union blows and following up with vigorous counterattacks. (These were the same tactics that Jackson would employ at the Battle of Antietam a few weeks later.) Schurz's two brigades (under Brig. Gen. Alexander Schimmelfennig and Col. Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski) skirmished heavily with Gregg and Thomas, with both sides committing their forces piecemeal. Hand-to-hand combat ensued in the woods to the west of Sudley Road as Krzyzanowski's brigade clashed with Gregg's. As Milroy heard the sound of battle to his right, he ordered his brigade forward, the 82nd Ohio and 5th West Virginia in front and the 2nd West Virginia and 4th West Virginia in the rear as support troops. The two forward regiments were immediately met with volleys of Confederate musket fire, in the confusion, the 82nd Ohio found an undefended ravine in the middle of the railroad embankment known as "The Dump" and got in the rear of Isaac Trimble's Confederate brigade. However, Trimble was quickly reinforced by part of Bradley Johnson's Virginia brigade and the 82nd Ohio was forced to retreat. Its commander, Col. James Cantwell, was shot dead and the regiment fled in panic, causing the 5th West Virginia behind them to also retreat in disorder. In just 20 minutes of fighting, Milroy's brigade had taken 300 casualties. Schenck and Reynolds, subjected to a heavy artillery barrage, answered with counterbattery fire, but avoided a general advance of their infantry, instead merely deploying skirmishers which got into a low-level firefight with Jubal Early's brigade. While this was going on, Meade's brigade came across wounded men from King's division, who had been abandoned by their comrades and left on the field all night. Medical personnel attempted to evacuate as many of the wounded as possible under the ongoing firefight. With his brigade in shreds, Milroy attempted to rally the survivors. He then came across Brig. Gen Julius Stahel, one of Schneck's brigadiers, and ordered him to defend against any Confederate counterattack coming from the woods. Although a hundred or so Confederates came bounding out of the woods in pursuit of Milroy, they were quickly driven back by artillery fire and Stahel returned to his original position south of the turnpike.[40]

text: Assuming that Kearny's division of the III Corps was poised to support him, Schurz ordered another assault against Hill around 10 a.m., now that Schimmelfennig's brigade, plus the 1st New York from Kearny's division, had come up to reinforce Krzyzanowski. The fighting in the woods west of Sudley Road resumed and it came down to a standstill until the 14th Georgia came down to reinforce the South Carolinans. They let loose multiple volleys of musket fire that sent Krzyzanowski's men running in panic. The Confederates came charging after the disorganized mass of Union troops, clubbing, bayoneting, and knifing resisters, but as they exited the woods and came out onto open ground, Union artillery positioned on Dogan's Ridge opened fire on them and forced them to retreat. To the north, Schimmelfennig's three regiments, the 61st Ohio, 74th Pennsylvania, and 8th West Virginia, engaged part of Gregg and Branch's brigades, but were forced to retreat. Kearny however did not move forward. His three brigades instead marched to the banks of Bull Run Creek, where Orlando Poe's brigade forded the creek. The arrival of Poe's brigade aroused panic at Jackson's headquarters, as the dreaded scenario of Union troops getting in the Confederate rear seemed to turning to reality. Jackson ordered his wagons evacuated from the area and Maj. John Pelham's horse artillery wheeled into position. The horse artillery and several companies of the 1st Virginia Cavalry engaged in a firefight with Poe's brigade for several minutes. Nobody on the Union side realized that they were getting in the rear of the Confederate line, and the sight of grayclad infantry in the distance was enough to discourage Poe from advancing any further, so he pulled back across the creek. Robinson's brigade remained in positioned along the banks of the creek while Birney's seven regiments scattered. One was directed to support the corps artillery on Matthews Hill, another held idly in reserve, and the remaining three accompanied Poe to the banks of the creek until Confederate artillery fire became too hot for them and they pulled south into the woods where they joined in skirmishing with A.P. Hill's troops. Historians have faulted Kearny for his actions that day, blaming a personal grudge that Kearny held against Sigel.[41]

text: Sigel for his part was satisfied with the progress of the battle so far, assuming he was merely supposed to perform a holding action until Pope arrived. By 1 p.m., his sector was reinforced by the division of Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker (III Corps) and the brigade of Brig. Gen. Isaac Stevens (IX Corps). Pope also arrived on the battlefield, where Sigel graciously ceded command to him. He expected to see the culmination of his victory, but instead, he found that Sigel's attack had failed completely with Schurz and Milroy's troops shot up, disorganized, and incapable of further action. Reynolds and Schneck's divisions were fresh, but they were committed to guarding the army's left flank. However, Heintzelman's corps and the two divisions of Reno were also available, giving a total of eight fresh brigades, but Pope also assumed that McDowell would be on the field and that McClellan would come down from Washington DC with the II and VI Corps. Instead, there was no sign of any of these troops anywhere. Pope momentarily considered withdrawing to Centreville, but became worried of the political fallout that would result if he was seen as insufficiently aggressive. Around this time, a messenger arrived and delivered Pope a note announcing that McDowell's corps was close up and would soon be on the field. Pope thus decided that he would drive at Jackson's center. By this time, Longstreet's initial units were in position to Jackson's right. Brig. Gen. John Bell Hood's division straddled the turnpike, loosely connected with Jackson's right flank. To Hood's right were the divisions of Brig. Gens. James L. Kemper and David R. "Neighbor" Jones. Brig. Gen. Cadmus M. Wilcox's division arrived last and was placed into reserve.[42]

text: Stuart's cavalry encountered Porter, Hatch, and McDowell moving up the Manassas-Gainesville Road and a brief firefight halted the Union column. Then a courier arrived with a message for Porter and McDowell, a controversial document from Pope that has become known as the "Joint Order." Historian John J. Hennessy described the order as a "masterpiece of contradiction and obfuscation that would become the focal point of decades of wrangling." It described the attacks on Jackson's left, which were already underway, but was unclear about what Porter and McDowell were supposed to do. Rather than moving "to" Gainesville and striking Jackson's supposedly unprotected right flank, it described a move "toward" Gainesville and "as soon as communication is established [with the other divisions] the whole command shall halt. It may be necessary to fall back behind Bull Run to Centreville tonight." Nowhere in the order did Pope explicitly direct Porter and McDowell to attack and he concluded the order with, "If any considerable advantages are to be gained from departing from this order it will not be strictly carried out," rendering the document virtually useless as a military order.[43]

text: Meanwhile, Stuart's cavalry under Col. Thomas Rosser deceived the Union generals by dragging tree branches behind a regiment of horses to simulate great clouds of dust from large columns of marching soldiers. At this time, McDowell received a report from his cavalry commander, Brig. Gen. John Buford, who reported that 17 regiments of infantry, one battery, and 500 cavalry were moving through Gainesville at 8:15 a.m. This was Longstreet's wing arriving from Thoroughfare Gap, and it warned the two Union generals that trouble lay to their front. The Union advance was again halted. For some reason, McDowell neglected to forward Buford's report to Pope until about 7 p.m., so the army commander was operating under two severe misconceptions: that Longstreet was not near the battlefield and that Porter and McDowell were marching to attack Jackson's right flank.[44]

text: As Longstreet's men were placed into their final positions, General Lee ordered an offensive against the Union left. (Longstreet later remembered that Lee "was inclined to engage as soon as practicable, but did not order.") Longstreet, however, saw that the divisions of Reynolds and Schenck extended south of the Warrenton Turnpike, overlapping half of his line, and he argued against making the attack at that time. Lee eventually relented when Jeb Stuart reported that the force on the Gainesville–Manassas Road (Porter and McDowell) was formidable.[45]

text: Pope, assuming that the attack on Jackson's right would proceed as he thought he had ordered, authorized four separate attacks against Jackson's front with the intent of diverging the Confederates' attention until Porter delivered the fatal blow. Brig. Gen. Cuvier Grover's brigade attacked at 3 p.m., expecting to be supported by Kearny's division. With Isaac Stevens's division behind him as support, Grover moved his brigade into the woods and charged right at Edward Thomas's Georgia brigade. Grover's men got all the way to the railroad embankment and unleashed a volley of near point-blank fire on Thomas's regiments, followed by a bayonet charge. Taken by surprise, the Georgians fell back and fierce hand-to-hand combat ensued. Maxcy Gregg's South Carolinans came to reinforce them, followed by Dorsey Pender's brigade of North Carolinans. Pender hit Grover's brigade in the flank and sent the men fleeing in panic with over 350 casualties. Pender's brigade then surged out of the woods in pursuit of Grover, but once again the Union artillery on Dogan Ridge was too powerful; a strong barrage forced Pender to retreat. Meanwhile, to the north, Joseph Carr's brigade had been engaged in a low-level firefight with Confederate troops, in the process wounding Isaac Trimble, one of Jackson's most dependable brigadiers since the Valley Campaign the previous spring. With Nelson Taylor's brigade of Hooker's division in support, James Nagle's brigade of Reno's division surged forward and slammed into Trimble's brigade, temporarily leaderless. Trimble's men were routed and began to retreat in disorder, but like all the previous Union attacks during the day, Nagle was unsupported and had no chance against overwhelming enemy numbers. Henry Forno's Louisiana brigade counterattacked and drove Nagle back. Bradley Johnson and Col. Leroy Stafford's 9th Louisiana joined in the assault. To the south, John Hood's division had just arrived on the field, forcing back Milroy and Nagle. Milroy's already exhausted brigade fell apart and started to run from the onslaught. To check the Confederate counterattack, Pope pulled Schneck from south of the turnpike and with artillery support, forced the Confederates back to the shelter of the railroad embankment. While all this was going on, Kearny still remained out of the action.[46]

text: Reynolds was ordered to conduct a spoiling attack south of the turnpike and encountered Longstreet's men, causing him to call off his demonstration. Pope dismissed Reynolds's concern as a case of mistaken identity, insisting that Reynolds had run into Porter's V Corps, preparing to attack Jackson's flank. Jesse Reno ordered a IX Corps brigade under Col. James Nagle to attack the center of Jackson's line again. This time Brig. Gen. Isaac R. Trimble's brigade was driven back from the railroad embankment, but Confederate counterattacks restored the line and pursued Nagle's troops back into the open fields until Union artillery halted their advance.[47]

text: At 4:30 p.m., Pope finally sent an explicit order to Porter to attack, but his aide (his nephew) lost his way and did not deliver the message until 6:30 p.m. In any event, Porter was in no better position to attack then than he had been earlier in the day. But in anticipation of the attack that would not come, Pope ordered Kearny to attack Jackson's far left flank, intending to put strong pressure on both ends of the line. At 5 p.m. Kearny sent Robinson and Birney's brigades surging forward into A.P. Hill's exhausted division. The brunt of the attack fell on Maxcy Gregg's brigade, which had defended against two major assaults over eight hours that day and was nearly out of ammunition in addition to having lost most of its officers. As they fell back onto the edge of a hillside, Gregg lopped some wildflowers with his old Revolutionary War scimitar and remarked, "Let us die here my men, let us die here." With both Thomas's and Gregg's brigades on the verge of disintegrating, A.P. Hill sent a message to Jackson calling for help. Meanwhile, Daniel Leasure's brigade of Isaac Stevens's division crept around to the south and forced back James Archer's Tennessee brigade. Jubal Early's brigade, which had begun the day on the extreme right of the Confederate line, and Lawrence O'Bryan Branch's brigade, which had thus far been held in reserve, counterattacked and drove back Kearny's division. During the fighting, one of Hill's brigadiers, Charles W. Field, was severely wounded and command of his brigade, which had also taken a beating over the course of the day, fell to Col. John M. Brockenbrough of the 40th Virginia.[48]

text: On the Confederate right, Longstreet observed a movement of McDowell's force away from his front; the I Corps was moving divisions to Henry House Hill to support Reynolds. This report caused Lee to revive his plan for an offensive in that sector. Longstreet once again argued against it, this time due to inadequate time before dusk. He suggested instead that a reconnaissance in force could feel the position of the enemy and set up the Confederates for a morning attack. Lee agreed and Hood's division was sent forward. As soon as McDowell arrived at Pope's headquarters, the latter urged him to move King's division forward. McDowell then informed Pope that King had fallen ill and relinquished command of the division to Brig. Gen John P. Hatch, whom Pope had taken a considerable disliking to early in the campaign. Hatch had originally led a cavalry brigade and failed to carry out an order from Pope to raid down into the Richmond outskirts. Displeased at this, Pope reassigned Hatch to infantry command. He now ordered Hatch to go up the Sudley Road and attack, but Hatch protested that the road was clogged with Kearny's troops, it would not be possible to clear them out of the way before darkness. Exasperated, Pope repeated his order for Hatch to advance on the Confederate right, but was soon distracted by actions going on the other side of the line. John Hood's division had arrived on Jackson's left and McDowell ordered Hatch to reinforce Reynolds despite Hatch's protests that two of his three brigades (Gibbon and Doubleday's) were exhausted from the fight at Brawner's Farm the previous day. Hatch deployed Doubleday's brigade out in front. Hood's division forced Hatch and Reynolds back to a position on Bald Hill, overrunning Chinn Ridge in the process. As night fell, Hood pulled back from this exposed position. Longstreet and his subordinates again argued to Lee that they should not be attacking a force they considered to be placed in a strong defensive position, and for the third time, Lee cancelled the planned assault.[49]

text: Hood's withdrawal from Chinn Ridge only reinforced Pope's belief that the enemy was retreating. When Pope learned from McDowell about Buford's report, he finally acknowledged that Longstreet was on the field, but he optimistically assumed that Longstreet was there only to reinforce Jackson while the entire Confederate army withdrew; Hood's division had in fact just done that. Pope issued explicit orders for Porter's corps to rejoin the main body of the army and planned for another offensive on August 30. Historian A. Wilson Greene argues that this was Pope's worst decision of the battle. Since he no longer had numerical superiority over the Confederates and did not possess any geographical advantage, the most prudent course would have been to withdraw his army over Bull Run and unite with McClellan's Army of the Potomac, which had 25,000 men nearby.[50]

text: That evening, Pope wired Halleck with a report of the day's fighting, describing it as "severe" and estimating his losses at 7000-8000 men. He estimated Confederate losses at twice this many, an extremely incorrect estimation given that Jackson had been fighting a mostly defensive battle. Although Confederate casualties were lower, their officer losses had been high; aside from the loss of two division commanders on August 28, three brigade commanders, Trimble, Field, and Col. Henry Forno, had been wounded. For comparison, only one Union brigade commander had been wounded so far, Col. Daniel Leasure, and no general officers.

text: One of the historical controversies of the battle involves George B. McClellan's cooperation with John Pope. In late August, two full corps of the Army of the Potomac (William B. Franklin's VI Corps and Edwin V. Sumner's II Corps) had arrived in Alexandria, but McClellan would not allow them to advance to Manassas because of what he considered inadequate artillery, cavalry, and transportation support. He was accused by his political opponents of deliberately undermining Pope's position, and he did not help his case in history when he wrote to his wife on August 10, "Pope will be badly thrashed within two days & ... they will be very glad to turn over the redemption of their affairs to me. I won't undertake it unless I have full & entire control." He told Abraham Lincoln on August 29 that it might be wise "to leave Pope to get out of his scrape, and at once use all our means to make the capital perfectly safe."[51]

text: August 30: Longstreet counterattack, Union retreat[edit]

text: The final element of Longstreet's command, the division of Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson, marched 17 miles (27 km) and arrived on the battlefield at 3 a.m., August 30. Exhausted and unfamiliar with the area, they halted on a ridge east of Groveton. At dawn, they realized they were in an isolated position too close to the enemy and fell back. Pope's belief that the Confederate army was in retreat was reinforced by this movement, which came after the withdrawal of Hood's troops the night before.

text: Pope thus directed McDowell to move his entire corps up the Sudley Road and hit the Confederate right flank. McDowell however protested this order, stating that he had no idea what was happening down on the Confederate left and he would much prefer to have his troops on Chinn Ridge. He then said that it would make more sense to attack the Confederate right with Heintzelman's troops, since they were closer to this area. Pope gave in, but decided to detach King's division to support Heintzelman.

text: At an 8 a.m. council of war at Pope's headquarters, his subordinates attempted to convince their commander to move cautiously. Probes of the Confederate line on Stony Ridge around 10 a.m. indicated that Stonewall Jackson's men were still firmly in their defensive positions. John F. Reynolds indicated that the Confederates were in great strength south of the turnpike. Fitz John Porter arrived later with similar intelligence. However, Heintzelman and McDowell conducted a personal reconnaissance that somehow failed to find Jackson's defensive line, and Pope finally made up his mind to attack the retreating Southerners.[52]

text: While Porter was bringing his corps up, a further mix-up in orders resulted in the loss of two brigades. Abram Sanders Piatt's small brigade, which had been detached from the defenses of Washington D.C. and temporarily attached to the V Corps, and Charles Griffin's brigade both pulled out of Porter's main column, marched back down to Manassas Junction, and then up to Centreville. Morell, using an outdated set of orders from a day earlier, had assumed Pope was at Centreville and he was expected to join him there. Piatt eventually realized that something was amiss and turned back around towards the battlefield, arriving on Henry House Hill at about 4 p.m. Griffin and his division commander Maj. Gen George W. Morell however stayed at Centreville despite their discovery that Pope was not there. Eventually, at 4 p.m., Griffin began moving his brigade towards the action, but by this point, Pope's army was in full retreat and a mass of wagons and stragglers were blocking the roadway, in addition the bridge over Cub Run was broken, making it impossible for him to move any further west.[53]

text: As Ricketts's division approached the Confederate lines, it became clear that the enemy was still there in force and was showing no sign of retreating. Pope, unnerved by these reports, contemplated waiting for McClellan to arrive with the II and VI Corps, but then worried that McClellan would take credit for any victory in the battle, so he decided to attack immediately rather than wait. Shortly after noon, Pope issued orders for Porter's corps, supported by Hatch and Reynolds, to advance west along the turnpike. At the same time, Ricketts, Kearny, and Hooker were to advance on the Confederate right. This dual movement would potentially crush the retreating Confederates. But the Confederates were not retreating, and were in fact hoping to be attacked. Lee was still waiting for an opportunity to counterattack with Longstreet's force. Although he was not certain that Pope would attack that day, Lee positioned 18 artillery pieces under Col. Stephen D. Lee on high ground northeast of the Brawner Farm, ideally situated to bombard the open fields in front of Jackson's position.[54]

text: Porter's corps was actually not in position to pursue west on the turnpike, but was in the woods north of the turnpike near Groveton. It took about two hours to prepare the assault on Jackson's line, ten brigades numbering roughly 10,000 men, with 28 artillery pieces on Dogan Ridge to support them. On the right, Ricketts' division would support Heintzelman while Sigel's corps remained in reserve to the rear. Reynolds' division was stationed near Henry House Hill, with King's division on its right. Porter would strike Jackson's left flank with his 1st Division. Since General Morell was AWOL, command of the remaining troops fell to Brig. Gen Daniel Butterfield, the ranking brigadier in the division. George Sykes' division of regular army troops was held in reserve. As noon approached and the sun climbed high up in the sky, temperatures on the battlefield topped 90 °F.[55]

text: The Confederates however attempted to strike the first blow. Elements of Hill's and Ewell's divisions came charging out of the woods and surprised some of Ricketts' men with a volley or two, but once again the Union artillery on Dogan Ridge was too much for them and after being blasted by shellfire, they withdrew back to the line of the unfinished railroad.

text: The Union men faced a formidable task. Butterfield's division had to cross 600 yards (550 m) of open pasture, land owned by widow Lucinda Dogan, the final 150 yards (140 m) of which were steeply uphill, to attack a strong position behind the unfinished railroad. Porter then ordered John Hatch's division to support Butterfield's right flank. Hatch formed his four brigades into a line of battle, the attack being spearheaded by his own brigade, now commanded by Col. Timothy Sullivan since he assumed division command the day earlier. Hatch's division had only 300 yards (270 m) to traverse, but was required to perform a complex right wheel maneuver under fire to hit the Confederate position squarely in its front. They experienced devastating fire from Stephen Lee's batteries and then withering volleys from the infantrymen in the line. In the confusion, Hatch was knocked from his horse by an artillery shell and taken off the field unconscious. Nevertheless, they were able to break the Confederate line, routing the 48th Virginia Infantry. The Stonewall Brigade rushed in to restore the line, taking heavy casualties, including its commander, Col. Baylor. In what was arguably the most famous incident of the battle, Confederates in Col. Bradley T. Johnson's and Col. Leroy A. Stafford's brigades fired so much that they ran out of ammunition and resorted to throwing large rocks at the 24th New York, causing occasional damage, and prompting some of the surprised New Yorkers to throw them back. To support Jackson's exhausted defense, which was stretched to the breaking point, Longstreet's artillery added to the barrage against Union reinforcements attempting to move in, cutting them to pieces. Hatch's brigade fell back in confusion, the men running into Patrick's brigade and causing them to also panic. The mob quickly contacted Gibbon's brigade, which remained some distance to the rear, while Doubleday's brigade had inexplicably wandered away from the field of action. Meanwhile, Butterfield's hard-pressed division was buckling under heavy Confederate musketry and artillery blasts and coming near to disintegrating.[56]

text: Trying to shore up Butterfield's faltering attack, Porter ordered Lt. Col Robert C. Buchanan's brigade of regulars into action, but Longstreet's attack on the Union left interrupted him. The withdrawal was also a costly operation. Some of the jubilant Confederates in Starke's brigade attempted a pursuit, but were beaten back by the Union reserves posted along the Groveton-Sudley Road. Overall, Jackson's command was too depleted to counterattack, allowing Porter to stabilize the situation north of the turnpike. Concerned about Porter's situation, however, Irvin McDowell ordered Reynolds's division to leave Chinn Ridge and come to Porter's support. This may have been the worst tactical decision of the day because it left only 2,200 Union troops south of the turnpike, where they would soon face ten times their number of Confederates.[57]

text: Lee and Longstreet agreed that the time was right for the long-awaited assault and that the objective would be Henry House Hill, which had been the key terrain in the First Battle of Bull Run, and which, if captured, would dominate the potential Union line of retreat. Longstreet's command of 25,000 men in five divisions stretched nearly a mile and a half from the Brawner Farm in the north to the Manassas Gap Railroad in the south. To reach the hill, they would have to traverse 1.5 to 2 miles (3.2 km) of ground containing ridges, streams, and some heavily wooded areas. Longstreet knew that he would not be able to project a well-coordinated battle line across this terrain, so he had to rely on the drive and initiative of his division commanders. The lead division, on the left, closest to the turnpike, was John Bell Hood's Texans, supported by Brig. Gen. Nathan G. "Shanks" Evans's South Carolinians. On Hood's right were Kemper's and Jones's divisions. Anderson's division was held in reserve. Just before the attack, Lee signaled to Jackson: "General Longstreet is advancing; look out for and protect his left flank."[58]

text: Realizing what was happening down on the left, Porter told Buchanan to instead move in that direction to stem the Confederate onslaught and then also sent a messenger to find the other regular brigade, commanded by Col. Charles W. Roberts and get it into action. The Union defenders south of the turnpike consisted of only two brigades, commanded by Cols. Nathaniel C. McLean (Schenck's division, Sigel's I Corps) and Gouverneur K. Warren (Sykes's division, Porter's V Corps). McLean held Chinn Ridge, Warren was near Groveton, about 800 yards (730 m) further west. Hood's men began the assault at 4 p.m., immediately overwhelming Warren's two regiments, the 5th New York (Duryée's Zouaves) and 10th New York (the National Zouaves). Within the first 10 minutes of contact, the 500 men of the 5th New York had suffered almost 300 casualties, 120 of them mortally wounded. This was the largest loss of life of any infantry regiment in a single battle during the entire war. The Zouave regiments had been wearing bright red and blue uniforms, and one of Hood's officers wrote that the bodies lying on the hill reminded him of the Texas countryside when the wildflowers were in bloom.[59]

text: While all this was going on, Pope was at his headquarters behind Dogan Ridge, oblivious to the chaos unfurling to the south. Instead, he was focused on a message he had just received from Henry Halleck announcing that the II and VI Corps, plus Brig. Gen Darius Couch's division of the IV Corps, were on the way to reinforce him, and moreover, McClellan had been ordered to stay behind in Washington DC. This would give Pope 41 brigades, all of them completely under his command and with no interference from McClellan whatsoever. Only after Warren had collapsed and McLean was being driven from the field did Pope finally realize what was happening.

text: McDowell ordered Ricketts' division to disengage from its attack on the Confederate left, which had also failed to achieve any breakthrough, and reinforce the Union left. McDowell rode out with Reynolds to supervise the construction of the new line of defense on Chinn Ridge, just as Porter's shattered troops came running out of the woods to the west. Reynolds protested the order to move to Chinn Ridge, arguing that his division was needed to prevent a Confederate attack from the woods. McDowell however told Reynolds that the Confederate attack was not coming from that direction, but from the south and to move his division there immediately. Even before this happened, one of Reynolds' brigade commanders, Col. Martin Hardin (commanding Brig. Gen Conrad F. Jackson's brigade after Jackson had called in sick the previous day), took the initiative by himself and marched down to stem the Confederate onslaught. Taking with him Battery G of the 1st Pennsylvania Artillery, Hardin's brigade unleashed a volley of musket fire that stunned the 1st and 4th Texas regiments, but the 5th Texas to the right kept coming on and quickly shot down most of the gunners of Battery G. Nathan Evans' South Carolina brigade now arrived to reinforce the Texans and got in the rear of Hardin's brigade. Hardin fell wounded and command of the brigade devolved on Col. James Kirk of the 10th Pennsylvania Reserves. Kirk was shot down within minutes and a lieutenant colonel took over. The crumbling remains of the brigade fell back, some soldiers pausing to take shots as the oncoming Confederates. Nathaniel McLean's brigade of Ohioans arrived on the scene, but was assailed on three sides by the brigades of Law, Wilcox, and Evans, and soon joined the survivors of Hardin's brigade in a disorganized mob on Henry House Hill.[60]

text: The first two Union brigades to arrive were from Ricketts's division, commanded by Brig. Gen. Zealous B. Tower and Col. Fletcher Webster, temporarily commanding Col. John Stiles' brigade. James Ricketts had been at the same battlefield a year earlier, at First Bull Run, where he had commanded a regular gun battery and had been captured at the fight for Henry Hill. Tower's brigade slammed Wilcox's Alabamians in the flank and sent them reeling, but was then immediately confronted with the fresh Confederate division of David R. Jones. Webster lined up his four regiments to face the Confederate attackers, but was struck by an artillery shell and collapsed dead on the field. Disheartened by Webster's death, his men began to fall back. Meanwhile, Tower was shot from his horse and carried off the field unconscious. Robert Schneck then ordered Col. John Koltes' brigade, which had been held in reserve during Sigel's attack on the Confederate left the previous day and was fresh, into action, along with Wlodzimierz Krzyzanowski's brigade, which had been heavily engaged and was tired. Koltes however was quickly struck by an artillery shell and killed. Overall command devolved onto Col. Richard Coulter of the 11th Pennsylvania, the highest-ranking officer remaining on the field, and a Mexican War veteran. Although Koltes and Krzyzanowski's six regiments held their ground for a little while, they were quickly overwhelmed by yet more fresh Confederates in the brigades of Lewis Armistead, Montgomery Corse, and Eppa Hunton and started to fall back in disorder.[61]

text:
R.H. Anderson failed to avail himself of the most significant advantage three hours of fighting on Chinn Ridge and Henry Hill had forged. Because he did not, the Confederates' last opportunity to destroy Pope's army dwindled with the day's light.

John J. Hennessy, Return to Bull Run[62]

text: During the first two hours of the Confederate assault, McDowell had constructed a new line of defense consisting of Reynolds' and Sykes' divisions. Longstreet's last fresh troops, Richard Anderson's division, now took the offensive. The regulars of George Sykes's division along with Meade and Seymour's brigades, plus Piatt's brigade, formed a line on Henry House Hill that held off this final Confederate attack long enough to give the rest of the army time to withdraw across Bull Run Creek to Centreville.

text: Stonewall Jackson, under relatively ambiguous orders from Lee to support Longstreet, launched an attack north of the turnpike at 6 p.m., probably as soon as his exhausted forces could be mustered. Historian John J. Hennessy called Jackson's delays "one of the battle's great puzzles" and "one of the most significant Confederate failures" of the battle, greatly reducing the value of his advance.[63] The attack coincided with Pope's ordered withdrawal of units north of the turnpike to assist in the Henry House Hill defense and the Confederates were able to overrun a number of artillery and infantry units in their fierce assault. By 7 p.m., however, Pope had established a strong defensive line that aligned with the units on Henry House Hill. At 8 p.m., he ordered a general withdrawal on the turnpike to Centreville. Unlike the calamitous retreat at the First Battle of Bull Run, the Union movement was quiet and orderly. The Confederates, weary from battle and low on ammunition, did not pursue in the darkness. Although Lee had won a great victory, he had not achieved his objective of destroying Pope's army.[64]

text: The final significant action of the battle occurred around 7:00 PM as Lee directed J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry to go around the Union flank and cut off their retreat. Brig. Gen Beverly Robertson's cavalry brigade, accompanied by Col. Thomas Rosser's 5th Virginia Cavalry headed for Lewis Ford, a crossing in Bull Run Creek that would enable them to get in the rear of the Union army. However, Robertson and Rosser found the crossing blocked by John Buford's cavalry and after a short, but fierce engagement, Buford's superior numbers won out and the Confederate horsemen pulled back. The cavalry clash lasted only about ten minutes, but resulted in Col. Thomas Munford of the 2nd Virginia Cavalry being wounded. Col. Thornton Brodhead of the 1st Michigan Cavalry was shot dead, and John Buford was also wounded. The Union army's retreat however had been safeguarded.

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Casualties[edit]

text: The Second Battle of Bull Run, like the First (July 21, 1861), was a significant tactical victory for the Confederates and was another blow to Union morale, despite proportional losses (16–17%). Union casualties were about 14,000 killed and wounded out of 62,000 engaged; the Confederates lost about 1,000 killed and 7,000 wounded out of 50,000.[65]

text: Chantilly[edit]

text: As the Union Army concentrated on Centreville, Lee planned his next move. He sent Jackson on another flanking march in an attempt to interpose his army between Pope and Washington. Pope countered the move and the two forces clashed a final time at the Battle of Chantilly (also known as Ox Hill) on September 1. Lee immediately began his next campaign on September 3, when the vanguard of the Army of Northern Virginia crossed the Potomac River, marching toward a fateful encounter with the Army of the Potomac in the Maryland Campaign and the Battle of Antietam.[66]

text: Pope relieved of command[edit]

text:
A splendid army almost demoralized, millions of public property given up or destroyed, thousands of lives of our best men sacrificed for no purpose. I dare not trust myself to speak of this commander [Pope] as I feel and believe. Suffice to say ... that more insolence, superciliousness, ignorance, and pretentiousness were never combined in one man. It can in truth be said of him that he had not a friend in his command from the smallest drummer boy to the highest general officer.

Brig. Gen. Alpheus S. Williams (II Corps division commander)[67]

text: Pope was relieved of command on September 12, 1862, and his army was merged into the Army of the Potomac as it marched into Maryland under McClellan. He spent the remainder of the war in the Department of the Northwest in Minnesota, dealing with the Dakota War of 1862. Pope sought scapegoats to spread the blame for his defeat. On November 25, 1862, Fitz John Porter was arrested and court-martialed for his actions on August 29. Porter was found guilty on January 10, 1863, of disobedience and misconduct, and he was dismissed from the Army on January 21. He spent most of the remainder of his life fighting against the verdict. In 1878, a special commission under General John M. Schofield exonerated Porter by finding that his reluctance to attack Longstreet probably saved Pope's Army of Virginia from an even greater defeat. Eight years later, President Chester A. Arthur reversed Porter's sentence.[68]

text: Longstreet criticized[edit]

text: James Longstreet was criticized for his performance during the battle and the postbellum advocates of the Lost Cause claimed that his slowness, reluctance to attack, and disobedience to Gen. Lee on August 29 were a harbinger of his controversial performance to come on July 2, 1863, at the Battle of Gettysburg. Lee's biographer, Douglas Southall Freeman, wrote: "The seeds of much of the disaster at Gettysburg were sown in that instant—when Lee yielded to Longstreet and Longstreet discovered that he would."[69]

text: Battlefield preservation[edit]

text: Part of the site of the battle is now Manassas National Battlefield Park. Located north of Manassas, in Prince William County, Virginia, it preserves the site of two major American Civil War battles: the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861, and the Second Battle of Bull Run which was fought between August 28 and August 30, 1862 (also known as the First Battle of Manassas and the Second Battle of Manassas, respectively). The peaceful Virginia countryside bore witness to clashes between the armies of the North (Union) and the South (Confederacy), and it was there that Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson acquired his nickname "Stonewall." [70] The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved 370 acres (1.5 km2) of the Second Battle of Bull Run battlefield in more than 10 transactions since 2000.[71]

text: Historic photographs[edit]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Soldiers stand next to a completely destroyed Henry House in 1862.

Virginia, Bull Run. Ruins of Stone Bridge, 1862.

A group of men stand near the Manassas Railroad Junction railroad tracks in 1862 with a train in the background.

A group of men near Manassas Railroad Junction in 1862.

A group of men near Manassas Railroad Junction in 1862.

Men sit near the Manassas Junction railroad in 1862.

Picking up debris of trains after Pope's retreat. Second Battle of Bull Run, 1862.

Bull Run, Va. Dedication of the battle monument; Judge Abram B. Olin of the District of Columbia Supreme Court, who delivered the address, stands by the rail.


document_title: Governor-General of the Philippines

question_text: who was the first spanish governor general of the philippines

root

text: Governor-General of the Philippines

text: Under New Spain (1565–1761)[edit]

text: From 1565 to 1898, the Philippines was under Spanish rule. From 1565–1821, The governor and captain-general was appointed by the Viceroy of New Spain upon recommendation of the Spanish Cortes and governed on behalf of the Monarch of Spain. When there was a vacancy (e.g. death, or during the transitional period between governors), the Real Audiencia in Manila appoints a temporary governor from among its members.

tag: p

text: After 1821, the country was no longer under the Viceroyalty of New Spain (present-day Mexico) and administrative affairs formerly handled by New Spain were transferred to Madrid and placed directly under the Spanish Crown.

text: Ad interim   Real Audiencia

text:
#
Picture
Name
From
Until
Monarch

1

Miguel López de Legazpi
April 27, 1565
August 20, 1572

Philip II
(25 July 1554 – 13 September 1598)

2

Guido de Lavezaris
August 20, 1572
August 25, 1575

3

Francisco de Sande
August 25, 1575
April 1580

4

Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa
April 1580
March 10, 1583

5

Diego Ronquillo
March 10, 1583
May 16, 1584

6

Santiago de Vera
May 16, 1584
May 1590

7

Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas
June 1, 1590
October 25, 1593

8

Pedro de Rojas
October 1593
December 3, 1593

9

Luís Pérez Dasmariñas
December 3, 1593
July 14, 1596

10

Francisco de Tello de Guzmán
July 14, 1596
May 1602

Philip III
(13 September 1598 – 31 March 1621)

11

Pedro Bravo de Acuña
May 1602
June 24, 1606

12

Cristóbal Téllez de Almanza
(Real Audiencia)
June 24, 1606
June 15, 1608

13

Rodrigo de Vivero y Aberrucia
June 15, 1608
April 1609

14

Juan de Silva
April 1609
April 19, 1616

15

Andrés Alcaraz
(Real Audiencia)
April 19, 1616
July 3, 1618

16

Alonso Fajardo de Entenza
July 3, 1618
July 1624

Philip IV
(31 March 1621 – 17 September 1665)

17

Jeronimo de Silva
(Real Audiencia)
July 1624
June 1625

18

Fernándo de Silva
July 1624
June 29, 1626

19

Juan Niño de Tabora
June 29, 1626
July 22, 1632

20

Lorenzo de Olaza y Lecubarri
(Real Audiencia)
July 22, 1632
1633

21

Juan Cerezo de Salamanca
August 29, 1633
June 25, 1635

22

Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera
June 25, 1635
August 11, 1644

23

Diego Fajardo Chacón
August 11, 1644
July 25, 1653

24

Sabiniano Manrique de Lara
July 25, 1653
September 8, 1663

25

Diego de Salcedo
September 8, 1663
September 28, 1668

Charles II
(17 September 1665 – 1 November 1700)

26

Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz
September 28, 1668
September 24, 1669

27

Manuel de León
September 24, 1669
September 21, 1677

28

Francisco Coloma y Maceda
(Real Audiencia)
April 11, 1677
September 25, 1677

29

Francisco Sotomayor y Mansilla
(Real Audiencia)
September 21, 1677
September 28, 1678

30

Juan de Vargas y Hurtado
September 28, 1678
August 24, 1684

31

Gabriel de Curuzealegui y Arriola
August 24, 1684
April 1689

32

Alonso de Avila Fuertes
(Real Audiencia)
April 1689
July 1690

33

Fausto Cruzat y Gongora
July 25, 1690
December 8, 1701

Philip V
November 1700 – 15 January 1724

34

Domingo Zabálburu de Echevarri
December 8, 1701
August 25, 1709

35

Martín de Urzúa y Arizmendi, count of Lizárraga
August 25, 1709
February 4, 1715

36

José Torralba
(Real Audiencia)
February 4, 1715
August 9, 1717

37

Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda
August 9, 1717
October 11, 1719

-

Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta
(acting)
October 11, 1719
August 6, 1721

38

Toribio José Cosio y Campo
August 6, 1721
August 14, 1729

Louis I
(15 January – 31 August 1724)

Philip V
(6 September 1724 – 9 July 1746)

39

Fernándo Valdés y Tamon
August 14, 1729
July 1739

40

Gaspar de la Torre
July 1739
September 21, 1745

-

Archbishop Juan Arrechederra
(acting)
September 21, 1745
July 20, 1750

 Ferdinand VI
(9 July 1746 – 10 August 1759)

41

Francisco José de Ovando, 1st Marquis of Brindisi
July 20, 1750
July 26, 1754

42

Pedro Manuel de Arandía Santisteban
July 26, 1754
May 31, 1759

-

Bishop Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta
(acting)
June 1759
May 31, 1761

Charles III
(10 August 1759 – 14 December 1788)

-

Archbishop Manuel Rojo del Río y Vieyra
(acting)
July 1761
October 6, 1762

Charles III

tag: table

text: British Occupation of Manila (1761–1764)[edit]

text: Great Britain occupied Manila and the naval port of Cavite as part of the Seven Years' War.

text:
#
Picture
Name
From
Until
Monarch

43

Simón de Anda y Salazar
(Provisional Government in Bacolor, Pampanga)
October 6, 1762
February 10, 1764

Charles III

44

Dawsonne Drake
November 2, 1762
May 31, 1764

George III

text: Under New Spain (1764–1821)[edit]

text: After the British Government replaced their incumbent Governor General of the Philippines and they have given the nation to Spain Once more time, Spanish Governor General Francisco Javier de la Torre ascended to the Seat.

text:
#
Picture
Name
From
Until
Monarch

45

Francisco Javier de la Torre
March 17, 1764
July 6, 1765

Charles III

46

José Antonio Raón y Gutiérrez
July 6, 1765
July 1770

(43)

Simón de Anda y Salazar
July 1770
October 30, 1776

47

Pedro de Sarrio
October 30, 1776
July 1778

48

José Basco y Vargas
July 1778
September 22, 1787

(47)

Pedro de Sarrio
September 22, 1787
July 1, 1788

49

Félix Berenguer de Marquina
July 1, 1788
September 1, 1793

Charles IV

50

Rafael María de Aguilar y Ponce de León
September 1, 1793
August 7, 1806

51

Mariano Fernández de Folgueras
August 7, 1806
March 4, 1810

Ferdinand VII

Joseph Bonaparte

52
|
Manuel Gonzalez de Aguilar
March 4, 1810
September 4, 1813

53

José Gardoqui Jaraveitia
September 4, 1813
December 10, 1816

Ferdinand VII

(51)

Mariano Fernández de Folgueras
December 10, 1816
September 15, 1821

text: Direct Spanish control (1821–1898)[edit]

text: After the 1821 Mexican War of Independence, Mexico became independent and was no longer part of the Spanish Empire. The Viceroyalty of New Spain ceased to exist. The Philippines, as a result, was directly governed from Madrid, under the Crown.

text:
#
Picture
Name
From
Until
Monarch

(51)

Mariano Fernández de Folgueras
September 16, 1821
October 30, 1822

Ferdinand VII

54

Juan Antonio Martínez
October 30, 1822
October 14, 1825

55

Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca
October 14, 1825
December 23, 1830

56

Pasqual Enrile y Alcedo
December 23, 1830
March 1, 1835

Isabella II

57

Gabriel de Torres
March 1, 1835
April 23, 1835

58

Joaquín de Crámer
April 23, 1835
September 9, 1835

59

Pedro Antonio Salazar Castillo y Varona
September 9, 1835
August 27, 1837

60

Andrés García Camba
August 27, 1837
December 29, 1838

61

Luis Lardizábal
December 29, 1838
February 14, 1841

62

Marcelino de Oraá
February 14, 1841
June 17, 1843

63

Francisco de Paula Alcalá de la Torre
June 17, 1843
July 16, 1844

64

Narciso Clavería, 1st Count of Manila
July 16, 1844
December 26, 1849

65

Antonio María Blanco
December 26, 1849
July 29, 1850

66

Antonio de Urbistondo y Eguía
July 29, 1850
December 20, 1853

67

Ramón Montero y Blandino
December 20, 1853
February 2, 1854

68

Manuel Pavía, 1st Marquis of Novaliches
February 2, 1854
October 28, 1854

(67)

Ramón Montero y Blandino
October 28, 1854
November 20, 1854

69

Manuel Crespo y Cebrían
November 20, 1854
December 5, 1856

(67)

Ramón Montero y Blandino
December 5, 1856
March 9, 1857

70

Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero
March 9, 1857
January 12, 1860

71

Ramón María Solano y Llanderal
January 12, 1860
August 29, 1860

72

Juan Herrera Dávila
August 29, 1860
February 2, 1861

73

José Lemery e Ibarrola Ney y González
February 2, 1861
July 7, 1862

74

Salvador Valdés
July 7, 1862
July 9, 1862

75

Rafaél de Echagüe y Bermingham
July 9, 1862
March 24, 1865

76

Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez
March 24, 1865
April 25, 1865

77

Juan de Lara e Irigoyen
April 25, 1865
July 13, 1866

78

José Laureano de Sanz y Posse
July 13, 1866
September 21, 1866

79

Juan Antonio Osorio
September 21, 1866
September 27, 1866

(76)

Joaquín del Solar e Ibáñez
September 27, 1866
October 26, 1866

80

José de la Gándara y Navarro
October 26, 1866
June 7, 1869

No Monarch

81

Manuel Maldonado
June 7, 1869
June 23, 1869

82

Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada
June 23, 1869
April 4, 1871

Amadeo I
(December 16, 1870 – February 11, 1873)

83

Rafael de Izquierdo y Gutíerrez
April 4, 1871
January 8, 1873

84

Manuel MacCrohon
January 8, 1873
January 24, 1873

85

Juan Alaminos y Vivar
January 24, 1873
March 17, 1874

No Monarch

-

Manuel Blanco Valderrama
(acting)
March 17, 1874
June 18, 1874

86

José Malcampo y Monje
June 18, 1874
February 28, 1877

Alfonso XII
(December 29, 1874 – November 25, 1885)

87

Domingo Moriones y Murillo
February 28, 1877
March 20, 1880

88

Rafael Rodríguez Arias
March 20, 1880
April 15, 1880

89

Fernando Primo de Rivera, 1st Marquis of Estella
April 15, 1880
March 10, 1883

-

Emilio Molíns 1st term,
(acting)
March 10, 1883
April 7, 1883

90

Joaquín Jovellar
April 7, 1883
April 1, 1885

-

Emilio Molíns 2nd term,
(acting)
April 1, 1885
April 4, 1885

91

Emilio Terrero y Perinat
April 4, 1885
April 25, 1888

Alfonso XIII (May 17, 1886)

-

Antonio Moltó y Díaz Berrio
(acting)
April 25, 1888
June 4, 1888

-

Federico Lobatón y Prieto
(acting)
June 4, 1888
June 5, 1888

92

Valeriano Wéyler
June 5, 1888
November 17, 1891

93

Eulogio Despujol
November 17, 1891
March 1, 1893

-

Federico Ochando
(acting)
March 1, 1893
May 4, 1893

94

Ramón Blanco, 1st Marquis of Peña Plata
May 4, 1893
December 13, 1896

-

Camilo de Polavieja, 1st Marquis of Polavieja
(acting)
December 13, 1896
April 15, 1897

-

José de Lachambre
(acting)
April 15, 1897
April 23, 1897

95

Fernando Primo de Rivera, 1st Marquis of Estella
April 23, 1897
April 11, 1898

96

Basilio Augustín[1]
April 11, 1898
July 24, 1898

-

Fermín Jáudenes[1]
(acting)
July 24, 1898
August 13, 1898

-

Francisco Rizzo[1]
(acting)
August 13, 1898
September 1898

-

Diego de los Rios[1]
(acting)
September 1898
June 3, 1899

text: United States Military Government (1898–1902)[edit]

text: The city of Manila was captured by American expeditionary forces on 13 August 1898.[2] On 14 August 1898 the terms of the Spanish capitulation were signed. From this date, American government in the Philippines begins.[3] General Wesley Merritt, in accordance with the instructions of the United States President, issued a proclamation announcing the establishment of United States military rule.[4]

text: During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor.

text:
#
Picture
Name
From
Until
President

1

Wesley Merritt
August 14, 1898[5]
August 30, 1898[6]

William McKinley

2

Elwell S. Otis
August 28, 1898
May 5, 1900

3

Arthur MacArthur, Jr.
May 5, 1900
July 4, 1901

4

Adna Chaffee [7]
July 4, 1901
July 4, 1902

text: Insular Government (1901–1935)[edit]

text: On July 4, 1901, executive authority over the islands was transferred to the president of the Second Philippine Commission who had the title of Civil Governor, a position appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate. For the first year, a Military Governor, Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the country still resisting the American rule, concurrent with Civil Governor, William Howard Taft.[8] Disagreements between the two were not uncommon.[9] The following year, on July 4, 1902, Taft became the sole executive authority.[7] Chaffee remained as commander of Philippine Division until September 30, 1902.[10]

text: After his retirement as Civil Governor, Governor Taft was appointed Secretary of War and he secured for his successor the adoption by Congress[11] of the title Governor-General of the Philippine Islands thereby "reviving the high designation used during the last period of Spanish rule and placing the office on a parity of dignity with that of other colonial empires of first importance".[12] The term "insular" (from insulam, the Latin word for island)[13] refers to U.S. island territories that are not incorporated into either a state or a federal district. All insular areas was under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs, a division of the US War Department.[14][15]

text:
#
Picture
Name
From
Until
President

1

William Howard Taft
July 4, 1901
February 1, 1904

William McKinley
To September 1901

Theodore Roosevelt
From September 1901

2

Luke Edward Wright
February 1, 1904
November 3, 1905

Theodore Roosevelt

3

Henry Clay Ide
November 3, 1905
September 19, 1906

4

James Francis Smith
September 20, 1906
November 11, 1909

5

William Cameron Forbes
November 11, 1909
September 1, 1913

William Howard Taft

-

Newton W. Gilbert
(Acting Governor-General)
September 1, 1913
October 6, 1913

Woodrow Wilson

6

Francis Burton Harrison
October 6, 1913
March 5, 1921

-

Charles Yeater
(Acting Governor-General)
March 5, 1921
October 14, 1921

Warren G. Harding
To September 1923

Calvin Coolidge

7

Leonard Wood
October 14, 1921
August 7, 1927

-

Eugene Allen Gilmore
(Acting Governor-General)
August 7, 1927
December 27, 1927

Calvin Coolidge

8

Henry L. Stimson
December 27, 1927
February 23, 1929

-

Eugene Allen Gilmore
(Acting Governor-General)
February 23, 1929
July 8, 1929

Herbert Hoover

9

Dwight F. Davis
July 8, 1929
January 9, 1932

-

George C. Butte
(Acting Governor-General)
January 9, 1932
February 29, 1932

10

Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.
February 29, 1932
July 15, 1933

11

Frank Murphy
July 15, 1933
November 14, 1935
Became High Commissioner to the Philippines

Franklin D. Roosevelt

text: High Commissioner to the Philippines (1935–42 and 1945–46)[edit]

text: On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence. The office of President of the Philippine Commonwealth replaced the Governor-General as the country's chief executive. The Governor-General became the High Commissioner of the Philippines with Frank Murphy, the last governor-general, as the first high commissioner. The High Commissioner exercised no executive power but rather represented the colonial power, the United States Government, in the Philippines. The high commissioner moved from Malacañang Palace to the newly built High Commissioner's Residence, now the Embassy of the United States in Manila.

text: After the Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, the last High Commissioner, Paul McNutt, became the first United States Ambassador to the Philippines.

text:
#
Picture
Name
From
Until
President

1

Frank Murphy
November 14, 1935
1937

Franklin D. Roosevelt

2

Paul V. McNutt
1937
1939

3

Francis Bowes Sayre, Sr.
1939
1942

4

Paul V. McNutt
1945
1946
Following Philippine independence became
1st U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines

Harry S Truman

text: Japanese military governors (1942–1945)[edit]

text: In December 1941, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was invaded by Japan as part of World War II. The next year, the Empire of Japan sent a military governor to control the country during wartime, followed by the formal establishment of the puppet second republic.[16]

text:
#
Picture
Name
From
Until
Emperor

1

Masaharu Homma
January 3, 1942
June 8, 1942

Emperor Hirohito

2

Shizuichi Tanaka
June 8, 1942
May 28, 1943

3

Shigenori Kuroda
May 28, 1943
September 26, 1944

4

Tomoyuki Yamashita
September 26, 1944
September 2, 1945

text: On September 2, 1945, the Governor-General position of the Philippines has now been abolished and the Philippines' independence had been proclaimed helped by the United States on the 4th of July 1945 on the presidency of Manuel Roxas. The 5th President of the Philippines.

text: Timelines[edit]


document_title: List of highest paid film actors

question_text: who is the highest paid actor of hollywood

text: List of highest paid film actors

text: Salaries for the world's highest paid film actors currently range from $20–30 million, but an actor can earn substantially more by deferring all or part of their salary against a percentage of the film's gross, known within the industry as a "profit participation" deal. Since not all salaries are made public, this is a non-definitive list of actors who have received $30 million or more as compensation for their services. The figures are given at their nominal value, since earnings from profit based deals are accumulated over many years, making it unfeasible to adjust for inflation.

text:
Highest-earning actors in films

Actor
Film
Year
Salary
Total income
Ref

Reeves, KeanuKeanu Reeves
Matrix Reloaded, TheThe Matrix Reloaded
The Matrix Revolutions
2003
$30,000,000
$156,000,000
[1]

Willis, BruceBruce Willis
Sixth Sense, TheThe Sixth Sense
1999
$14,000,000
$100,000,000
[1]

Cruise, TomTom Cruise
Mission Impossible 2Mission: Impossible 2
2000

$100,000,000
[1]

Cruise, TomTom Cruise
War of the Worlds
2005

$100,000,000
[1]

Smith, WillWill Smith
Men in Black 3
2012

$100,000,000
[2]

Bullock, SandraSandra Bullock
Gravity
2013
$20,000,000
$70,000,000+
[3]

Hanks, TomTom Hanks
Forrest Gump
1994

$70,000,000
[1]

Cruise, TomTom Cruise
Mission Impossible 1Mission: Impossible
1996

$70,000,000
[1]

Ford, HarrisonHarrison Ford
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull
2008

$65,000,000
[4]

Nicholson, JackJack Nicholson
Batman
1989
$6,000,000
$60,000,000
[1][5]

DiCaprio, LeonardoLeonardo DiCaprio
Inception
2010

$59,000,000
[6]

Depp, JohnnyJohnny Depp
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
2011
$35,000,000
$55,000,000
[6][7]

Downey, Jr., RobertRobert Downey, Jr.
Avengers, TheThe Avengers
2012

$50,000,000
[8]

Diaz, CameronCameron Diaz
Bad Teacher
2011

$42,000,000
[9]

DiCaprio, LeonardoLeonardo DiCaprio
Titanic
1997

$40,000,000
[1]

Hanks, TomTom Hanks
Saving Private Ryan
1998

$40,000,000
[1]

Depp, JohnnyJohnny Depp
Alice in Wonderland
2010

$40,000,000
[6]

Khan, AamirAamir Khan
Dangal
2016

$37,000,000+
[nb 1][10][11]

Carrey, JimJim Carrey
Yes Man
2008

$35,000,000
[12]

Schwarzenegger, ArnoldArnold Schwarzenegger
Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines
2003
$29,250,000
$30,000,000+
[nb 2][1]

Gibson, MelMel Gibson
Lethal Weapon 4
1998
$30,000,000
$30,000,000
[1]

Pitt, BradBrad Pitt
Ocean's Eleven
2001
$10,000,000
$30,000,000
[1]

text:
Jump up ^ ₹257 crore ($37–41 million at 2017 exchange rates).
Jump up ^ Arnold Schwarzenegger received a $29,250,000 salary for Terminator 3 plus a 20% royalty on the worldwide box office gross over $380 million. The film ultimately had a global gross of $433 million.

tag: ol


document_title: America's Team

question_text: when did the dallas cowboys become americas team

text: America's Team

text: History[edit]

text: Bob Ryan, now Vice President and editor-in-chief of NFL Films, coined this for the Cowboys while preparing and editing the team’s 1978 season highlight film.[6] He was quoted as saying:

text: I wanted to come up with a different twist on their team highlight film. I noticed then, and had noticed earlier, that wherever the Cowboys played, you saw people in the stands with Cowboys jerseys and hats and pennants. Plus, they were always the national game on television.

text: Ryan told the NFL Network for their Top Ten Nicknames show:

text: I saw all these fans in away stadiums. Hey, they're the most popular team in the country. How can I use that? Why don't we call them "America's Team"? [1]

text: During the Cowboys' first game of the 1979 season, a nationally televised game against the St. Louis Cardinals (Dallas won 22-21), the television announcer for CBS introduced the Cowboys as America’s Team and the name just stuck.

text: Dallas' Hall of Fame coach Tom Landry originally did not approve of the appellation of America's Team. He felt that it would give opposing teams extra incentive to play harder. Eventually he gave in and actually came to like the name.[7] The nickname was coined at the height of Landry's then-NFL record 20 consecutive winning season streak, during which Dallas appeared in 12 conference championship games (counting the 1966-67 league championships) and five Super Bowls, and was exemplified on the field by the iconic Hall of Fame quarterback Roger Staubach, but the team's popularity has continued over the decades during periods of both mediocrity and dynastic success.[8]

text: Records and media[edit]

text:
NFL Films The Dallas Cowboys

The Dallas Cowboys: The Complete History of America's Team 1960-2003 DVD Cover

Directed by
NFL Films

Starring
The Dallas Cowboys

Distributed by
Warner Home Video

Release date

November 25, 2003

Running time

73:00

Language
English

text: In 2003, NFL Films released a DVD collection chronicling the Dallas Cowboys franchise entitled The Dallas Cowboys: The Complete History of America's Team 1960-2003. In 2008, NFL Films would release an updated DVD of The History of the Dallas Cowboys.

text: The popularity of the Cowboys as America's Team has been supported by such NFL records as "Team with Most Consecutive Sold Out Games", a streak of 160 home and away games (including playoffs) that began on December 23, 1990, at Philadelphia's Veterans Stadium and came to an end on December 24, 1999, in a Christmas Eve game against the New Orleans Saints in the Louisiana Superdome.[9] Other examples are the NFL games featuring the Cowboys that result in record-breaking ratings at the time of broadcast, such as 7 of the 8 Super Bowl games featuring the Cowboys and the NFC Championship Game between the Cowboys and 49ers, the only non-Super Bowl NFL game to be ranked in the Top 45 Primetime Telecasts of All Time. Dallas is the only NFL team that distributes its own merchandise, which remains among the league's top selling even during losing seasons. As of 2012 the Cowboys were the most valuable American sports franchise at $2.1 billion.[10] Among the many Cowboys innovations that have contributed to their distinct reputation are their professional, overtly beautiful, all female cheerleader squad, nicknamed "America's Sweethearts", that has since been copied around the NFL but still stands out as singularly iconic, and has been the subject of multiple movies, has made numerous national television appearances, routinely tours with the USO, makes other appearances around the world, and has been featured in its own long running reality show on CMT.

text: In 2012 an ESPN poll found that the Cowboys are the most popular NFL team, a result consistently echoed in annual Harris polling.[11]

text: Other uses[edit]

text: Franchises with long successful histories and large nationwide fan bases are occasionally referred to as America's Team.

text: The Atlanta Braves laid claim to the name due to their games being broadcast on cable television systems nationwide on WTBS, building a fan base in areas of the United States far removed from a Major League Baseball team. A 1982 issue of Sports Illustrated had referred to the Braves as "America's Team II".[12]

text: As a jab against the Cowboys before Super Bowl XXVII, Buffalo Bills coach Marv Levy proclaimed his team to be America's Team because they would be "wearing red, white, and blue".[13] The Cowboys, which wear white, silver, and blue, went on to defeat the Bills 52-17.

text: Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney dismissed the suggestion that the Steelers were "America's Team." "'We didn't want that,' Rooney said. 'We're Pittsburgh's team. We feel strongly about that.'"[14]

text: In an ESPN.com article titled, "The Great Debate: 'America's Team'," four sports writers stated their case as to why three other teams besides the Cowboys could lay claim to the nickname of America's Team.[15]

text:
James Walker said the name should be given to the Pittsburgh Steelers since they have the most Super Bowl wins at six.
Kevin Seifert said that the Green Bay Packers could be considered America's Team due to their unique ownership situation. They "are now owned by 112,120 shareholders who possess about 4.75 million shares of stock. A seven-member executive committee, elected by the board of directors and comprised mostly of local residents, operates the team."
Tim Graham said the New England Patriots have a right at the name since they dominated the NFL for the entire first decade of the new millennium, by virtue of their team name and colors (red, white and blue) and having been formed in Boston, the "Cradle of Liberty".

tag: ul

text: Following their win in Super Bowl XLIV, a few media writers referred to the New Orleans Saints as "America's Team", as their successful bid to win the Super Bowl was seen by many to represent the city's resurgence after the devastation of Hurricane Katrina ("for one game, the Saints are America's Team").[16]

text: After several "Cinderella" runs in the NCAA tournament, the Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball team has been called "America's Team" as well.[17][18][19]

text: During their ArenaBowl XXII championship run in 2008, Philadelphia Soul owner Ron Jaworski referred to the Soul as "America's Team" of the Arena Football League.[20]


document_title: Jeepers Creepers 3

question_text: how many jeepers creepers movies did they make

text: Jeepers Creepers 3

text: Plot[edit]

text: A shuriken flies through the air and hits a wooden post as a man runs for his life. When the man reaches the road, the Creeper drops from the sky and flies off with him, while Kenny Brandon watches from his truck. When he gets out to investigate, he looks up in the air and sees a machete fall from the sky, followed by a severed hand.

text: Twenty-three years later, shortly after the events of the first film, the police discover the Creeper's truck filled with dead bodies. The truck has been rigged with several booby-traps, including spikes that emerge from the bed of the truck, and a spear that shoots out from the tail-pipe. When Sheriff Dan Tashtego arrives, Sergeant Davis Tubbs tells him what happened and Tashtego informs him that the Creeper has been around for thousands of years and must be stopped. They then rush to get the Creeper's truck back after learning it is headed for the impound.

text: As Frank and Deputy Lang transport the vehicle, the Creeper lands on the tow truck and severs the cables. They then watch as the truck drives off seemingly on its own, while the Creeper stands on top of it. When the truck returns, the Creeper abducts Frank while Lang stands frozen in fear. The next day, Gaylen Brandon sees a vision of her son Kenny, who was killed by the Creeper twenty-three years earlier. He warns her that the Creeper will return soon to uncover something buried on the property and will kill anyone who is still there, including her and her granddaughter, Addison, when it does.

text: Meanwhile, Tashtego informs Tubbs that he has put together a small team to hunt down the Creeper and kill it once and for all. Later, a group of teenagers discover the Creeper's truck in a field. After finding the bodies, they take off on dirt bikes, but Kirk is shot in the leg with the spear. As two of the other boys try to free him, the Creeper returns and kills them both with another spear. The last boy is abducted by the Creeper as he tries to escape after peeing on the Creeper's truck.

text: Later, Addison goes into town to buy hay for her horse. When she can't pay for it, her friend Buddy helps her out and the two drive to a plantation house to deliver more hay. There they find the owner and a couple of men hiding under cars, but before they can get help the Creeper arrives and abducts Addison, leaving Buddy traumatized. Gaylen discovers a sack containing the Creeper's severed hand buried in her front yard, and when she touches it she goes into a hypnotic state.

text: When Tashtego and Tubbs arrive with the team, she reveals that the hand contains secrets about the Creeper's origins, and Tashtego decides to touch it to uncover a way to kill it. Addison wakes up in the Creeper's truck with Kirk, and together they try to find a way out, but when Kirk reaches for the door handle a metal pipe shoots out and impales him in the head.

text: Meanwhile, Tashtego and Tubbs discover the Creeper's location, and they head off to find him, along with Michael (who has a mini gun attached to his truck). They find the Creeper driving down the highway in his truck, but when they shoot at it, the bullets deflect, and Michael is killed. A small explosive is ejected from the bottom of the Creeper's truck, and when it goes off, Tashtego and Tubbs' car lands in a field. Tubbs gets out and tries to shoot the Creeper, but all of his attempts fail. However, before the Creeper can kill Tubbs, Tashtego calls him and he goes for him instead. When the Creeper jumps into the air, Tashtego shoots him several times with the machine gun, but the bullets have no effect and he is tackled to the ground and struck in the head with an axe.

text: That night, the Creeper discovers that Addison is still alive, but before he can kill her, she causes the metal pipe to shoot out and impale him in the head. She quickly escapes and runs through a field, and the Creeper throws a shuriken which barely misses her head. He then throws a spear at her, which also barely misses her. He tries one last time to hit her with an axe, but he is hit by a truck. The axe lands directly at her feet and Addison runs away, leaving the weapon on the ground. When the truck driver gets out to see what happened, he is killed by the Creeper. Addison runs and hides in a field where she is found by Gaylen and Buddy and the three leave together. The Creeper later returns to Gaylen's house where he finds a sign that says 'We know what you are', along with the hand, and yells out in anger.

text: The next day, Addison says goodbye to Buddy before he leaves for a high school basketball game in the same bus that is attacked by the Creeper in the second movie. Twenty-three years later, Trish Jenner is seen reading a letter she presumably wrote on a computer calling for people to fight against the Creeper when it returns, and vows to get revenge on The Creeper for the death of her brother, Darry.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jonathan Breck as The Creeper
Stan Shaw as Sheriff Dan Tashtego
Meg Foster as Gaylen Brandon
Brandon Smith as Sergeant Davis Tubbs
Gabrielle Haugh as Addison "Addi" Brandon
Ryan Moore as Kirk Mathers
Meg Wright as Gracie Mathers
Chester Rushing as Buddy Hooks
Jordan Salloum as Kenny Brandon
Gina Philips as Trisha “Trish” Jenner (cameo)
Michael Sirow as Michael Miller
Joyce Giraud as Deputy Dana Lang
Jason Bayle as Cal Hooks
Michael Papajohn as Frank
Thomas Francis Murphy as Mr. Bernardi
Carrie Lazar as Beth Mathers

text: Production[edit]

text: The third film was in talks even before Jeepers Creepers 2 was released back in 2003. In 2006, the movie was "announced" and was tentatively called Jeepers Creepers 3: The Creeper Walks Among Us. MGM had originally planned to release the movie direct to DVD, but was unable to find proper financing. The movie's script was written by director Victor Salva, with the new title Jeepers Creepers 3: Cathedral, with Gina Philips returning as Trish Jenner from the first film. For nine more years, the film faced many false starts and setbacks, with Victor Salva saying "the film has come close many times to going before the cameras, and I hope someone sees the wisdom in shooting this".[2]

text: Officially on September 11, 2015, the movie got the green light to start filming from Myriad Pictures, and was to begin filming in early 2016. However, before filming could begin in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canadian talent agencies sent out an alert to warn others about Victor Salva's criminal past, and then the casting calls were removed, which halted the production. However, producer Stan Spry assured a fan on Twitter that the movie was not cancelled.[3]

text: On the special edition Blu-ray release of Jeepers Creepers 2, Victor Salva stated that he has written a new script for Jeepers Creepers 3 set between the days of Jeepers Creepers and Jeepers Creepers 2, where the Creeper terrorizes a farming community. Plans changed yet again, as Gina Philips was brought in to reprise her role as Trish in a cameo. The film's plot is set in between the first two films, in the year 2001, although the original Cathedral storyline had the film take place 23 years after the first two films. Actor Stan Shaw, who plays a sheriff in this film, confirmed to a fan on Twitter that the Cathedral storyline was scrapped as that material was more than 12 years old.[4]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In January 2017, it was confirmed the film was back in pre-production and that filming would begin in February 2017 in Louisiana, instead of Canada as originally planned (more closely duplicating the Florida setting of the original film). Principal photography finally began on February 15, 2017 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. On April 4, one of the cameramen of the production revealed in their social networks that the filming was already finished.[5]

text: Release[edit]

text: During an interview for the Edmond Sun, Justin Hall specifically revealed that the film would be released on September 4, but nothing was confirmed by Victor Salva or the movie studio.[6] On August 16, the AMC Theatres website stated Jeepers Creepers 3 opens on September 26, 2017. On August 29, selected theaters began selling tickets along with the official poster, revealing that the film would be on display for only one night. Fathom Events then announced that the film's premiere would also feature never-before-seen bonus pictures and an interview with Jonathan Breck, who plays the Creeper in all three franchise films.[7] A second showing in theaters on October 4 was later added.[8] Fandango updated the brief film synopsis shortly after, "this Fall, the Creeper returns. See the next film in the iconic horror franchise when Jeepers Creepers 3 returns for a special encore event in movie theaters nationwide for only one night on Wednesday, October 4."[9] Other participating theaters included Marcus Theaters[10] and Galaxy Theaters[11]

text: The film's Facebook account announced that the film would have its television premiere on the Syfy network on October 28, 2017.[12] The channel aired an encore showing on October 29.[citation needed]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 26, 2017.[13]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Since the announcement of the final filming, several photos began to appear on the internet implying that they were photos leaked from the post-production of Jeepers Creepers 3, mainly for presenting the actor Stan Shaw that had already been confirmed in the film. The photos ended up being confirmed and shortly after it was released a Behind the Scenes video of the film in social networks.[14]

text: The first teaser trailer for 30 seconds was released on September 6 and the official trailer for the movie was released on September 15 on various YouTube trailer channels.[15]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Jeepers Creepers 3 sparked controversy over using child molestation as a plotline, which resulted in criticism of the film due to director Victor Salva's 1988 incarceration for sexual abuse of a 12-year-old and possession of child pornography.[16] The dialogue “Can you blame him though? I mean look at her, the heart wants what it wants, am I right?”, in reference to the film's character of a sexual abuse victim, was singled out for criticism, ultimately being removed from the theatrical cut, although it was present in the screened version delivered to critics.[16][17]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: During its limited two-day run, Jeepers Creepers 3 grossed $2.2 million in the United States and $1.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $3.6 million. The film opened in 635 theaters for one day and debuted in #3 in Tuesday box office rankings, alongside Kingsman: The Golden Circle and It.[18]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a negative approval rating of 17% based on 6 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 3.8/10.[19]

text: Film critic Steve Pulaski gave the film a mixed review, saying that "through all its shortcomings, some admittedly due to what the wonders the passing of time does to one's expectations, I did find some enjoyment in Jeepers Creepers 3. All of these films have been a tad different from their predecessor, and this one is no exception. It clearly wants to give fans something they can appreciate, it just doesn't always know the best route."[20] Steve Barton in review to Dread Central gave the film three and a half out of five stars and said, "at the end of the day if you're a fan of the franchise, you'll be happy with this latest entry… which for my tastes is better than the second but just falls short of the goodness and quality of the original experience. The door has been left open for Jeepers Creepers 4, and whether or not that will happen remains to be seen".[21]

text:
However, Robert Yaniz, Jr. from We Got This Covered said that "lacking in imagination or genuine scares, Jeepers Creepers 3 falls tragically short on just about every front".[22] Adam Dileo from IGN gave his verdict saying that being "an unremarkable entry in a cult favorite franchise, Jeepers Creepers 3 offers fans too little to get excited about. While the monster still rules its slice of country highway and the skies above it, the rest of the film crashes in the cornfields".[23]
Ernie Trinidad gave the film two out of five stars, stating that the film "didn't deliver the story fans were anticipating nor provide enough incentive to want to return for the inevitable sequel". Trinidad also felt that the film's daytime setting only managed to draw attention to its low quality CGI and make-up effects.[24]

text: Sequel[edit]

text:
In an interview for Diabolique, actress Gina Philips revealed that Victor Salva has a plot ready for a fourth installment. She said "Victor has written what happens from the second after the conclusion of Jeepers Creepers 3. I think that's all I'm allowed to say about it, but he wrote in such detail and he had a lot of flashbacks to what happened over the years that it made it very easy for me. I got to see what will eventually happen to the character and he put enough flashbacks in there that I got to see what happened to her over the last 15 years. Let's just say, there's more to come."[25]
As of July 2018, there have been no updates on a 4th film.