document_title: Tiny Dancer

question_text: meaning of song tiny dancer by elton john

text: Tiny Dancer

text: Background and writing[edit]

text: The song's lyrics were written by Bernie Taupin to capture the spirit of California in 1970 encapsulated by the many beautiful women he met there.  The song was dedicated to Maxine Feibelman—Taupin's first wife—on the album Madman Across the Water.[4][5]

text: History[edit]

text: The song features piano-based accompaniment during verses.  The arrangement start features pedal steel guitar, light percussion, Paul Buckmaster's strings and a very quiet choir.

text: Due to the song lacking a hook, "Tiny Dancer" was initially a non-starter as a single in the US, reaching only #41 on the U.S. pop chart, and was not even released as a single in the UK.  The song fared better in Canada, where John had much of his early commercial breakthrough success, peaking at #19.  It was also a hit in Australia, peaking at #13.  Eventually, the song slowly became one of John's most popular songs even in the territories that initially failed to embrace it, and the full-length version is now a fixture on North American, UK and Australian adult contemporary and rock radio stations.

text: It was ranked No. 387 on the 2010 List of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[6]

text: Music video[edit]

text: In May 2017, an official music video for "Tiny Dancer" premiered at the Cannes Film Festival as a winner of Elton John: The Cut, a competition organized in partnership with AKQA, Pulse Films, and YouTube in honour of the fiftieth anniversary of his songwriting relationship with Bernie Taupin. The competition called upon independent filmmakers to submit treatments for music videos for one of three Elton John songs from the 1970s, with each song falling within a specific concept category. "Tiny Dancer" was designated for the live-action category, with the competition won by Max Welland. The video was filmed in Los Angeles, and features scenes of various residents driving around the city.[7][8]

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1972)

Peakposition

Australia

13

Canadian RPM Top Singles[9]

19

Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary[10]

20

UK

70

U.S. Billboard Hot 100

41

U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary[11]

35

U.S. Cash Box Top 100[12]

29

text: Other versions[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: "Tiny Dancer" has been covered by Lani Hall in the 1970s, by the Red Hot Chili Peppers with John Frusciante on vocals since the early 1990s, and by Dave Grohl on The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn.[13][14]

text: In 2002, Ben Folds covered "Tiny Dancer" for his live album, Ben Folds Live. The song was later released as a promo single.

text: Country music artist Tim McGraw covered the song on his 2002 album Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors. McGraw also performed the song, with Elton John, at the American Music Awards.

text: In 2009, DJ Ironik and Chipmunk created a remix of the song, featuring John singing the chorus, which peaked at No.3 in the UK Singles Chart.[15]

text: A version featuring Mary Black, Paddy Casey and Declan O'Rourke was recorded in Galway, Ireland in 2012 as a charity single. This version reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart.[16][17]

text: Florence and the Machine covered the song on the 2018 tribute album Revamp: Reimagining the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin.[18]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information. Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information. (September 2017)

text: In 1971, Elton John performed the song on the first series of The Old Grey Whistle Test. The performance has been released as part of The Old Grey Whistle Test - Volumes 1-3 Box Set.[19]

text: It featured in the rock film Almost Famous in the year 2000 in a scene where the cast sing the song while on a bus.[3]

text: Joseph Gordon-Levitt performed the song in a lip-syncing competition against Jimmy Fallon and Stephen Merchant on Fallon's Late Night show.[20]

text: A brief parody version of the song was broadcast on Saturday Night Live (Season 39, Episode 17, 5 April 2014), in which Kate McKinnon appeared as Angela Merkel and sang, to the tune of "Tiny Dancer," "Hold me closer, German Chancellor"[21]

text: The UK based department store chain John Lewis, use the song on their August 2015 insurance advert.[22]

text: Donald Trump has used the song during his 2016 presidential rallies as his entrance and exit song.[23]

text: In his 2017 single, "Castle on the Hill", Ed Sheeran references the song.[24]

text: On her 2017 studio album Lust for Life, Lana Del Rey referenced the song on her track "Tomorrow Never Came" featuring Sean Ono Lennon.


document_title: Badge of the Royal Air Force

question_text: what is the bird on the raf badge

question_tokens: what is the bird on the raf badge

root

text: Badge of the Royal Air Force

text: The badge of the Royal Air Force is the heraldic emblem used to represent the RAF which features an Eagle superimposed on a circlet which is surmounted by a crown.

tag: p

text: The badge was based on a design by a tailor at Gieves Ltd of Savile Row. It was first used in August 1918 and the original circlet showed a garter and buckle. The present plain circlet dates from 26 January 1923 when the badge was registered at the College of Arms and, it being noted that the garter and buckle were heraldically incorrect, a substitution was made.[1]

text: In heraldic terms it is: "In front of a circle inscribed with the motto Per Ardua Ad Astra and ensigned by the Imperial Crown an eagle volant and affronty Head lowered and to the sinister."[2] Although there have been debates among airmen over the years whether the bird was originally meant to be an albatross or an eagle, the consensus is that it was always an eagle.[3]

text: The badge is depicted on the iron gates at the ceremonial entrance to the Royal Air Force College Cranwell; at the entrance to the Air Forces Memorial in Surrey; and on the Polish War Memorial in London.

text:
The RAF Badge on Cranwell's gates

The RAF badge at the Air Forces Memorial

The RAF Badge on the Polish War Memorial

tag: ul

text: Other air forces[edit]

text: Other Commonwealth air forces have adopted badges which are based on the RAF badge. Several are shown below:

text:
Royal Australian Air Force badge

Indian Air Force badge

Nigerian Air Force badge


document_title: NCAA Division I men's lacrosse records

question_text: who has the most goals in college lacrosse

text: NCAA Division I men's lacrosse records

text: Career leaders[edit]

text: Points[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Years
Games
Goals
Assists
Points

Lyle Thompson
Albany
2012–15
70
175
225
400

Connor Fields
Albany
2015–18
69
199
165
364

Rob Pannell
Cornell
2009–13
72
150
204
354

Matt Danowski
Duke
2004–08
80
170
183
353 [a]

Zack Greer
Duke / Bryant
2005–08 / 2009
82
248
105
353 [b]

Justin Guterding
Duke
2015–18
76
212
139
351

Joe Vasta
Air Force
1983–86
56
173
170
343

Tim Nelson
NC St. / Syracuse
1982 / 1983–85
57
99
221
320

Dylan Molloy
Brown
2014–17
63
197
121
318

Darren Lowe
Brown
1989–92
61
111
205
316

Ben Reeves
Yale
2015-18
67
174
142
316

Chris Cameron
Lehigh
1986–89
55
122
186
308 [c]

Mike Powell
Syracuse
2001–04
66
150
157
307

Tony Asterino
Siena
1978–81
47
168
136
304

Jordan Wolf
Duke
2011–14
81
184
120
304

Mike French
Cornell
1974–76
47
191
105
296

Miles Thompson
Albany
2011–14
61
190
105
295

Casey Powell
Syracuse
1995–98
58
158
129
287

Ryan Powell
Syracuse
1997–00
61
137
150
287

Scott Montgomery
Vermont
1983–86
54
78
205
283

Tim O’Hara
Syracuse
1977–80
56
124
158
282

Stan Cockerton
North Carolina St.
1977–80
44
193
87
280

Jeff Spooner
Massachusetts
1974–77
53
134
141
275

Randy Colley
Notre Dame
1992–95
55
173
100
273

Brian LaMastro
Hartford
1999–02
61
140
129
269

Steele Stanwick
Virginia
2009–12
69
126
143
269

John Zulberti
Syracuse
1986–89
60
109
158
267

Jim McAleavey
Massachusetts
1988–91
57
95
171
266

Pat Spencer
Loyola
2016-
51
100
166
266

Connor Cannizzaro
Maryland / Denver
2014 / 2015–17
69
171
88
259

Tom Marechek
Syracuse
1989–92
58
182
76
258

Matt Rambo
Maryland
2014–17
75
155
102
257

Eamon McEneaney
Cornell
1975–77
46
92
164
256

Wesley Berg
Denver
2012–15
73
188
67
255

Kieran McArdle
Saint John's
2011–14
56
125
129
254

tag: table

text: Points per game[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Years
Games
Goals
Assists
Points
PPG

Tony Asterino
Siena
1978–81
47
168
136
304
6.47

Stan Cockerton
North Carolina St.
1977–80
44
193
87
280
6.36

Mike French
Cornell
1974–76
47
191
105
296
6.30

James Trenz
Penn State / Cornell
1971–72 / 1974
34
117
94
211
6.21

Joe Vasta
Air Force
1983–86
56
173
170
343
6.13 [a]

Dennis Fink
Drexel
1976–78
35
80
126
206
5.89

Tim Goldstein
Cornell
1987–88
29
46
122
168
5.79

Lyle Thompson
Albany
2012–15
70
175
225
400
5.71

Tim Nelson
NC St. / Syracuse
1982 / 1983–85
57
99
221
320
5.61

Jack Thomas
Johns Hopkins
1972–74
40
103
121
224
5.60

Chris Cameron
Lehigh
1986–89
55
122
185
307
5.58

Eamon McEneaney
Cornell
1975–77
46
92
164
256
5.57

John Grant, Jr.
Delaware
1998–99
32
96
81
177
5.53

Scott Montgomery
Vermont
1983–86
53
78
205
283
5.34

Connor Fields
Albany
2015–18
69
199
165
364
5.28

Jeff Spooner
Massachusetts
1974–77
53
134
141
275
5.18

Darren Lowe
Brown
1989–92
61
111
205
316
5.18

Frank Urso
Maryland
1973–76
41
130
79
209
5.10 [a]

Tom Baldwin
Siena
1978–81
47
142
96
238
5.06

Dylan Molloy
Brown
2014–17
63
197
121
318
5.05

Tim O’Hara
Syracuse
1977–80
56
124
158
282
5.04

Jimmy Lewis
Navy
1964–66
34
78
91
169
4.97 [a]

Randy Colley
Notre Dame
1992–95
55
173
100
273
4.96

Casey Powell
Syracuse
1995–98
58
158
129
287
4.95

Rob Pannell
Cornell
2009–13
72
150
204
354
4.92

Pete von Hoffmann
Bucknell
1976–79
45
82
138
220
4.89

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Years
Games
Goals

Zack Greer
Duke / Bryant
2005–08 / 2009
82
248 [a]

Justin Guterding
Duke
2015–18
74
209

Max Quinzani
Duke
2007–10
78
199

Connor Fields
Albany
2015–18
69
199

Dylan Molloy
Brown
2014-17
63
197

Stan Cockerton
North Carolina St.
1977–80
44
193

Gary Gait
Syracuse
1987–90
56
192

Mike French
Cornell
1974–76
47
191

Miles Thompson
Albany
2011–14
61
190

Merrick Thomson
Albany
2004–07
65
188

Wesley Berg
Denver
2012–15
73
188

Jordan Wolf
Duke
2011–14
81
184

Terry Riordan
Hopkins
1992–95
56
184

Tom Marechek
Syracuse
1989–92
58
182

Brody Eastwood
Stony Brook
2013–16
66
182

Sam Englehart
Washington and Lee
1970–73
53
180 [b]

John DiMento
Air Force
1987–90
62
176

Lyle Thompson
Albany
2012–15
70
175

Jordan McBride
Stony Brook
2008–11
60
175

Jeff Reh
Adelphi
1987–90
53
175

Ben Reeves
Yale
2015-18
68
174

Randy Colley
Notre Dame
1992–95
55
173

Joe Vasta
Air Force
1983–86
56
173

Cort Knodel
Canisius
1994–97
58
172

Connor Cannizzaro
Maryland / Denver
2014–17
69
171

Matt Danowski
Duke
2004–08
80
170

Tony Asterino
Siena
1978–81
47
168

Joseph Radin
Marist
2013–16
63
166

Doug Knight
Virginia
1994–97
60
165

Peter Baum
Colgate
2010–13
61
164

text: Goals per game[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Years
Games
Goals
GPG

Stan Cockerton
North Carolina St.
1977–80
44
193
4.39

Mike French
Cornell
1974–76
47
191
4.06

Brooks Sweet
Massachusetts
1978–79
27
106
3.93

Tony Asterino
Siena
1978–81
47
168
3.57

Oliver Marti
Brown
1991–93
41
144
3.51

Jim Trenz
Penn St. / Cornell
1971–72 / 1974
34
117
3.44

Gary Gait
Syracuse
1987–90
56
192
3.43

Sam Englehart
Washington and Lee
1970–73
53
180
3.40 [a]

Frank Garahan
Massachusetts
1973, 1975
27
91
3.37

Jeff Reh
Adelphi
1987–90
53
175
3.30

Terry Riordan
Hopkins
1992–95
56
184
3.29

Jeff Miller
Drexel
1974–77
46
147
3.20

Randy Colley
Notre Dame
1992–95
55
173
3.15

Tom Marechek
Syracuse
1989–92
58
182
3.14

Dylan Molloy
Brown
2014–17
63
197
3.13

text: Assists[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Years
Games
Assists

Lyle Thompson
Albany
2012–15
70
225

Tim Nelson
NC St. / Syracuse
1982 / 1983–85
57
221

Scott Montgomery
Vermont
1983–86
54
205

Darren Lowe
Brown
1989–92
61
205

Rob Pannell
Cornell
2009–13
72
204

Chris Cameron
Lehigh
1986–89
55
186 [a]

Matt Danowski
Duke
2004–08
80
183 [b]

Kevin Lowe
Princeton
1991–94
57
174

John Howard
Washington College
1952–55

173 [c]

James MacAleavy
Massachusetts
1988–91
57
171

Joe Vasta
Air Force
1983–86
56
170

Pat Spencer
Loyola
2016-
51
166

Connor Fields
Albany
2015-2018
69
165

Eamon McEneaney
Cornell
1975–77
46
164

Ryan Boyle
Princeton
2001–04
57
162

Tim Whiteley
Virginia
1993–96
63
159

Tim O’Hara
Syracuse
1977–80
56
158

John Zulberti
Syracuse
1986–89
60
158

Mike Powell
Syracuse
2001–04
66
157

Anthony DiMarzo
Delaware
1992–95
58
153

text: Assists per game[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Years
Games
Assists
APG

Tim Goldstein
Cornell
1987-88
29
122
4.21

Tim Nelson
NC St. / Syracuse
1982; 1983-85
57
221
3.88

Scott Montgomery
Vermont
1983-86
54
205
3.80

Dennis Fink
Drexel
1976-78
35
126
3.60

Eamon McEneaney
Cornell
1975-77
46
164
3.57

Chris Cameron
Lehigh
1986-89
55
185
3.36

Darren Lowe
Brown
1989-92
61
205
3.36

Kris Snider
Virginia
1975-78
43
144
3.35

Pat Spencer
Loyola
2016-
49
162
3.31

Jay Connor
Virginia
1971-72
27
88
3.26

Lyle Thompson
Albany
2012–15
70
225
3.21

Pete von Hoffmann
Bucknell
1976-79
45
138
3.07

Jack Thomas
Johns Hopkins
1972-74
40
121
3.03

Jim McAleavey
Massachusetts
1988-91
57
171
3.00

Kevin Lowe
Princeton
1991-94
60
174
2.90

Tony Asterino
Siena
1978-81
47
136
2.89

Tom Aiello
Adelphi
1989-92
52
150
2.88

Ryan Boyle
Princeton
2001-04
57
162
2.84

Rob Pannell
Cornell
2009-13
72
204
2.83

Tim O’Hara
Syracuse
1977-80
56
158
2.82

text: Single-season leaders[edit]

text: Points[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Year
Games
Goals
Assists
Points

Lyle Thompson
Albany
2014
18
51
77
128

Lyle Thompson
Albany
2015
19
52
69
121

Miles Thompson
Albany
2014
18
82
37
119

Connor Fields
Albany
2017
18
55
62
117

Dylan Molloy
Brown
2016
18
62
54
116

Ben Reeves
Yale
2018
20
62
53
115

Steve Marohl
UMBC
1992
15
37
77
114

Lyle Thompson
Albany
2013
17
50
63
113

Justin Guterding
Duke
2018
20
66
47
113

Mike Rooney
Stony Brook
2015
18
48
63
111

John Grant Jr.
Delaware
1999
17
56
54
110

Joe Vasta
Air Force
1986
17
33
75
108

Mike French
Cornell
1976
16
65
40
105

Tim Nelson
Syracuse
1984
16
36
67
103

Jordan Wolf
Duke
2014
20
64
39
103

Darren Lowe
Brown
1992
16
36
66
102

Rob Pannell
Cornell
2013
18
47
55
102

Chet Nowak
Air Force
1981
13
51
50
101

Tim Goldstein
Cornell
1987
14
27
73
100

Jason O’Neill
Yale
1990
18
26
73
99

George Paletta Jr.
Holy Cross
1984
18
52
46
98

Bill Woolford
Air Force
1975
9
51
47
98

Jim Weller
Massachusetts
1981
15
62
36
98

Dennis Fink
Drexel
1978
12
35
63
98

Mike French
Cornell
1975
17
63
34
97

Jon Reese
Yale
1990
18
82
15
97

Joe Vasta
Air Force
1985
14
39
58
97

text: Points per game[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Year
Games
Goals
Assists
Points
PPG

Bill Woolford
Air Force
1975
9
51
47
98
10.89 [a]

Dennis Fink
Drexel
1978
12
35
63
98
8.17

Tony Asterino
Siena
1980
11
47
42
89
8.09

Steve Marohl
UMBC
1992
15
37
77
114
7.60

Tony Asterino
Siena
1979
11
49
34
83
7.55

Tony Asterino
Siena
1981
12
43
47
90
7.50

Tim Goldstein
Cornell
1987
14
27
73
100
7.14

Kris Snider
Virginia
1977
9
22
42
64
7.11

Lyle Thompson
Albany
2014
18
51
77
128
7.11

Peter Cleary
Marist
1986
13
47
45
92
7.08

James Trenz
Penn St.
1972
10
42
28
70
7.00

Joe Vasta
Air Force
1985
14
39
58
97
6.93 [a]

Stan Cockerton
North Carolina St.
1979
11
51
25
76
6.91

Walter Bajkowski
Drexel
1972
14
36
60
96
6.86 [a]

Mike French
Cornell
1974
14
63
31
94
6.71

Brooks Sweet
Massachusetts
1979
13
45
42
87
6.69

Lyle Thompson
Albany
2013
17
50
63
113
6.65

Chris Cameron
Lehigh
1986
14
40
53
93
6.64

Chet Nowak
Air Force
1981
11
37
36
73
6.64

Miles Thompson
Albany
2014
18
82
37
119
6.61

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Year
Games
Goals

Jon Reese
Yale
1990
18
82

Miles Thompson
Albany
2014
18
82

Mike McDonald
Air Force
1978
13
74

John DiMento
Air Force
1990
16
71

Gary Gait
Syracuse
1988
15
70

Max Quinzani
Duke
2010
19
68

Zack Greer
Duke
2007
20
67

Peter Baum
Colgate
2012
18
67

Connor Fields
Albany
2015
19
66

Mike French
Cornell
1976
16
65

Zack Greer
Duke
2008
19
65

Don Swan
Delaware
1951
13
65 [a]

Jordan Wolf
Duke
2014
20
64

Mike French
Cornell
1974
14
63

Mike French
Cornell
1975
17
63

Justin Zackey
Bucknell
1993
15
63

Kylor Bellistri
Brown
2016
19
63

Ray Wood
Washington College
1950
13
62 [a]

text: Goals per game[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Year
Games
Goals
GPG

Bill Woolford
Air Force
1975
9
51
5.66

Don Swan
Delaware
1951
13
65
5.00 [a]

Ray Wood
Washington College
1950
13
62
4.77 [a]

Gary Gait
Syracuse
1988
15
70
4.67

Jon Reese
Yale
1990
18
82
4.56

Miles Thompson
Albany
2014
18
82
4.56

Mike French
Cornell
1974
14
63
4.50

Tom Cleaver
Maryland
1971
14
63
4.20

James Trenz
Penn State
1972
14
63
4.20

Justin Zackey
Bucknell
1993
15
63
4.20

Jim Weller
Massachusetts
1981
15
62
4.13

Mike French
Cornell
1976
16
65
4.06

Craig Mygatt
Vermont
1985
13
50
3.85

James Ames
Harvard
1995
13
49
3.77

Peter Baum
Colgate
2012
18
67
3.72

Mike French
Cornell
1975
17
63
3.71

Curtis Dickson
Delaware
2010
17
62
3.65

Max Quinzani
Duke
2010
19
68
3.58

Steve Mock
Cornell
2013
17
60
3.53

Connor Fields
Albany
2015
19
66
3.47

Zack Greer
Duke
2008
19
65
3.42

James Trenz
Cornell
1974
14
47
3.36

Zack Greer
Duke
2007
20
67
3.35

Athan Iannucci
Hofstra
2006
19
62
3.26

text: Assists[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Year
Games
Assists

Steve Marohl
UMBC
1992
15
77

Lyle Thompson
Albany
2014
18
77

Joe Vasta
Air Force
1986
17
75

Tim Goldstein
Cornell
1987
14
73

Jason O'Neill
Yale
1990
18
73

Orville Wright
Swarthmore
1953
10
72 [a]

Lyle Thompson
Albany
2015
19
69

Tim Nelson
Syracuse
1984
16
67

Darren Lowe
Brown
1992
16
66

Eamon McEneaney
Cornell
1975
17
65

Scott Montgomery
Vermont
1984
14
65

Rick Handelman
Brown
1980
13
65

Tim Nelson
Syracuse
1985
16
64

Dennis Fink
Drexel
1978
12
63

Ned Crotty
Duke
2010
20
63

Lyle Thompson
Albany
2013
17
63

Mike Rooney
Stony Brook
2015
18
63

Connor Fields
Albany
2017
18
62

Eamon McEneaney
Cornell
1976
16
61

Scott Montgomery
Vermont
1986
14
61

text: Assists per game[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Year
Games
Assists
APG

Dennis Fink
Drexel
1978
12
63
5.25

Bill Woolford
Air Force
1975
9
47
5.22

Tim Goldstein
Cornell
1987
14
73
5.21

Steve Marohl
UMBC
1992
15
77
5.13

Rick Handelman
Brown
1980
13
65
5.00

Scott Montgomery
Vermont
1984
14
65
4.64

Scott Montgomery
Vermont
1986
14
61
4.36

Walter Bajkowski
Drexel
1972
14
60
4.29

Lyle Thompson
Albany
2014
18
77
4.28

Tim Nelson
Syracuse
1984
16
67
4.19

Darren Lowe
Brown
1992
16
66
4.13

Jason O'Neill
Yale
1990
18
73
4.06

Tim Nelson
Syracuse
1985
16
64
4.00

Jay Connor
Virginia
1972
15
58
3.87

Fred Menna
Massachusetts
1977
15
58
3.87

Eamon McEneaney
Cornell
1975
17
65
3.82

Eamon McEneaney
Cornell
1976
16
61
3.81

Lyle Thompson
Albany
2013
17
63
3.71

Lyle Thompson
Albany
2015
19
69
3.63

Bobby Griebe
Towson
1975
17
58
3.41

text: Most Wins and National Titles by a program[edit]

text: The NCAA does not officially recognize lacrosse records prior to 1971, and the USILA does not maintain a database of lacrosse records. USILA era lacrosse records, nonetheless, have been included below.

text: Current NCAA Division I lacrosse programs with 475 or more wins through 2017:

text:
University
Initial Season
Total Seasons
All-time Wins
All-time Losses
Total Games
Winning Percent
National Titles

Johns Hopkins
1883
130
970
329
1,315
.746
44

Syracuse
1916
97
895
340
1,235
.725
15

Maryland
1924
91
808
267
1,079
.752
12

Navy
1908
110
789
352
1,155
.691
17

Army
1907
100
781
381
1,152
.672
8

Hobart
1898
111
763
495
1,218
.604
16

Cornell
1892
125
745
476
1,246
.610
7

Princeton
1881
103
666
460
1,109
.591
12

Virginia
1925
85
621
359
955
.634
7

Rutgers
1887
93
606
503
1,039
.547
1

Yale
1881
98
596
506
1,107
.541
1

Harvard
1881
133
584
566
1,162
.508
13

Lehigh
1885
127
588
685
1,273
.462
10

Hofstra
1949
69
568
396
967
.589

Duke
1938
78
560
414
975
.575
3

Massachusetts
1954
64
533
298
834
.641

Penn State
1913
104
522
514
1,046
.504

Brown
1963
54
512
353
867
.592

Loyola
1938
78
508
400
905
.559
1

Delaware
1948
70
503
456
962
.525

Penn
1900
100
498
616
1,123
.446

North Carolina
1949
60
486
296
768
.621
5

Ohio State
1953
64
478
412
894
.537

text: Winningest coaches[edit]


document_title: Presumption of innocence

question_text: where did the phrase innocent until proven guilty come from

text: Presumption of innocence

text: History[edit]

text: Roman law[edit]

text: The sixth century Digest of Justinian (22.3.2) provides, as a general rule of evidence: Ei incumbit probatio qui dicit, non qui negat[1]—"Proof lies on him who asserts, not on him  who denies".[2]  It is there attributed to the second and third century jurist Paul. It was introduced in Roman criminal law by emperor Antoninus Pius.[3]

text: Islamic law[edit]

text: Similar to that of Roman Law, Islamic law also holds the principle that the onus of proof is on the accuser or claimant based on a hadith documented by Imam Nawawi.[4] 'Suspicion' is also highly condemned, this also from a hadith documented by Imam Nawawi[5] as well as Imam Bukhari[6] and Imam Muslim.[7]

text: After the time of Muhammad, the fourth Caliph Ali ibn Abi Thalib has also been cited to say 'Avert the prescribed punishment by rejecting doubtful evidence.'[8]

text: Middle Ages in Europe[edit]

text: After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe fell back on feudal law. This included some Germanic customs, including presumed guilt. The accused could prove his innocence by having, for example, twelve people swear that he could not have done what he was accused of. This tended to favor the nobility over the lower classes."[9]

text: Civil law[edit]

text: The maxim or its equivalent has been adopted by many civil law systems, including Brazil,[10] China,[11]France,[12] Italy,[13][14] Philippines,[15] Poland,[16] Romania[17] and Spain.[18]

text: Meaning[edit]

text: "Presumption of innocence" serves to emphasize that the prosecution has the obligation to prove each element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt (or some other level of proof depending on the criminal justice system) and that the accused bears no burden of proof.[19] This is often expressed in the phrase innocent until proven guilty, coined by the English lawyer Sir William Garrow (1760–1840).[20] Garrow insisted that accusers be robustly tested in court. An objective observer in the position of the juror must reasonably conclude that the defendant almost certainly committed the crime.[21]

text:
The presumption of innocence was originally expressed by the French cardinal and jurist Jean Lemoine in the phrase "item quilbet presumitur innocens nisi probetur nocens (a person is presumed innocent until proven guilty)", based on the legal inference that most people are not criminals.[22] However, this referred not merely to the fact that the burden of proof rests on the prosecution in a criminal case, but the protections which a defendant should be given-prior notice of the accusation being made against them, the right of confrontation, right to counsel, etc.[23]
It is literally considered favorable evidence for the accused that automatically attaches at trial.[24] It requires that the trier of fact, be it a juror or judge, begin with the presumption that the state is unable to support its assertion.[22] To ensure this legal protection is maintained a set of three related rules govern the procedure of criminal trials.  The presumption means:[19]

text:
With respect to the critical facts of the case—whether the crime charged was committed and whether the defendant was the person who committed the crime—the state has the entire burden of proof.
With respect to the critical facts of the case, the defendant does not have any burden of proof whatsoever. The defendant does not have to testify, call witnesses or present any other evidence, and if the defendant elects not to testify or present evidence, this decision cannot be used against them.
The jury or judge is not to draw any negative inferences from the fact the defendant has been charged with a crime and is present in court and represented by an attorney. They must decide the case solely on evidence presented during the trial.

tag: ol

text: This duty on the prosecution was famously referred to as the “golden thread” in the criminal law by Lord Sankey LC in Woolmington v DPP:

text: Throughout the web of the English criminal law one golden thread is always to be seen—that it is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisoner's guilt subject to what I have already said as to the defence of insanity and subject also to any statutory exception...

text: The fundamental right[edit]

text: This right is so important in modern democracies, constitutional monarchies and republics that many have explicitly included it in their legal codes and constitutions:

text:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 11, states: "Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.".
The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of the Council of Europe says (art. 6.2): "Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law". This convention has been adopted by treaty and is binding on all Council of Europe members. Currently (and in any foreseeable expansion of the EU) every country member of the European Union is also member to the Council of Europe, so this stands for EU members as a matter of course. Nevertheless, this assertion is iterated verbatim in Article 48 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.
In Canada, section 11(d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms states: "Any person charged with an offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty according to law in a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal".
In the Colombian constitution, Title II, Chapter 1, Article 29 states that "Every person is presumed innocent until proven guilty according to the law".
In France, article 9 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen 1789, which has force as constitutional law, begins:  "Any man being presumed innocent until he has been declared guilty ...".  The Code of Criminal Procedure states in its preliminary article that "any person suspected or prosecuted is presumed innocent for as long as their guilt has not been established"[12] and the jurors' oath repeats this assertion (article 304).[25] However, there exists a popular misconception that under French law, the accused is presumed guilty until proven innocent.[26]
In Iran, Article 37 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran states: "Innocence is to be presumed, and no one is to be held guilty of a charge unless his or her guilt has been established by a competent court".
In Italy, the second paragraph of Article 27 of the Constitution states: "A defendant shall be considered not guilty until a final sentence has been passed."[27]
In Romania, article 23 of the Constitution states that "any person shall be presumed innocent until found guilty by a final decision of the court."
The Constitution of Russia, in article 49, states that "Everyone charged with a crime shall be considered not guilty until his or her guilt has been proven in conformity with the federal law and has been established by the valid sentence of a court of law". It also states that "The defendant shall not be obliged to prove his or her innocence" and "Any reasonable doubt shall be interpreted in favor of the defendant".
In the South African Constitution, section 35(3)(h) of the Bill of Rights states: "Every accused person has a right to a fair trial, which includes the right to be presumed innocent, to remain silent, and not to testify during the proceedings."
Although the Constitution of the United States does not cite it explicitly, presumption of innocence is widely held to follow from the 5th, 6th, and 14th amendments. The case of Coffin v. United States (1895) established the presumption of innocence of persons accused of crimes. See also In re Winship.
In New Zealand, the New Zealand Bill of Rights 1990 provides inter alia at section 25 (c) "Everyone who is charged with an offence has, in relation to the determination of the charge, the following minimum rights: (c) the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law"[28]

text: Modern practices[edit]

text: This section contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (May 2014)

text: Some[which?] legal systems have employed de jure presumptions of guilt, such as at an order to show cause criminal proceeding. Otherwise, accusations of presumption of guilt generally do not imply an actual legal presumption of guilt, but rather denounce failures to ensure that suspects are treated well and are offered good defence conditions. Typical infringements could include:

text:
Suspects held at Guantanamo Bay have been detained for long periods while inquiries proceed. Such long imprisonment constitutes, in practice, a hardship and a punishment for the suspect, even though they have not been sentenced. (See speedy trial)
Courts may prefer the testimonies of persons of certain class, status, ethnicity, sex, or economic or political standing over those of others, regardless of actual circumstances.
Until relatively recently, it was common for the justice system[which?] to have suspects tortured to extract confessions from them, since circumstantial evidence was rarely analyzed or admitted in those times. Although in the west this practice has generally been disallowed in the more recent past, except during 20th-century fascist governments, there have been attempts to introduce evidence obtained from suspects tortured elsewhere.
In the United Kingdom changes have been made affecting this principle. Defendants' previous convictions may in certain circumstances be revealed to juries. Although the suspect is not compelled to answer questions after formal arrest, failure to give information may now be prejudicial at trial. Statute law also exists which provides for criminal penalties for failing to decrypt data on request from the Police. If the suspect is unwilling to do so, it is an offence.[29] Citizens can therefore be convicted and imprisoned without any evidence that the encrypted material was unlawful. Furthermore, in sexual offence cases such as rape, where the sexual act has already been proved beyond reasonable doubt, there are a limited number of circumstances where the defendant has an obligation to adduce evidence that the complainant consented to the sexual act, or that the defendant reasonably believed that the complainant was consenting.  These circumstances include, for example, where the complainant was unconscious, unlawfully detained, or subjected to violence.[30]
Scottish law provides for a third verdict: "not proven."
In some[which?] jurisdictions, state-funded defences may not match the quality of state-funded prosecutions.  Further, where a defendant funds his or her own defence, the cost is borne solely by the individual, whereas the burden of funding a prosecution is collectively borne by the state.  Individual defence resources in finances, information, equipment, expertise, research, and personnel may not match the resources of a government, especially if the defendant is imprisoned.

text: Guaranteeing the presumption of innocence extends beyond the judicial system. For instance, in many countries journalistic codes of ethics state that journalists should refrain from referring to suspects as though their guilt is certain. For example, they use "suspect" or "defendant" when referring to the suspect, and use "alleged" when referring to the criminal activity that the suspect is accused of. Failure to adhere to these practices may result in lawsuits in the event that the suspect is cleared of wrongdoing.

text: More subtly, publishing of the prosecution's case without proper defence argumentation may in practice constitute presumption of guilt. Publishing a roster of arrested suspects may constitute undeserved punishment as well, since in practice it damages the reputation of innocent suspects. Private groups fighting certain abuses may also apply similar tactics, such as publishing the real name, address, and phone number of suspects, or even contacting the suspects' employer, friends and neighbors.

text: Modern practices aimed at curing social ills may run against presumption of innocence. Some civil rights organizations, such as the Canadian Civil Liberties Association consider pre-employment drug testing, while legal, as violating this principle, as potential employees are presumed to be users of illegal drugs, and must prove themselves innocent through the test.[31] Similarly, critics argue that prevailing policies of zero tolerance toward sexual harassment or racial discrimination show a strong presumption of guilt. These dispositions were meant to ease the burden of proof on the victim, since in practice harassment or discrimination practices are hard to prove.[citation needed] Civil rights activists note that the well-meaning practices so adopted may have a deleterious effect on justice being served.

text: Consider the use of a screen in sexual assault cases, which is set up to prevent the complainant from being distressed at the sight of the accused.[citation needed] Where a victim was in fact victimized by the accused, this may be argued to serve the principles of therapeutic justice.[32] But, on the other hand, how does it affect matters if the accused is innocent? Does it influence how other people viewing the situation perceive the accused?


document_title: Second Temple

question_text: who built the second temple in the bible

text: Second Temple

text: Biblical narrative[edit]

text: The accession of Cyrus the Great of the Persian Empire in 559 BCE made the re-establishment of the city of Jerusalem and the rebuilding of the Temple possible.[1][2] According to the closing verses of the second book of Chronicles and the books of Ezra and Nehemiah, when the Jewish exiles returned to Jerusalem following a decree from Cyrus the Great (Ezra 1:1–4, 2 Chron 36:22–23), construction started at the original site of Solomon's Temple. After a relatively brief halt due to opposition from peoples who had filled the vacuum during the Jewish captivity (Ezra 4), work resumed c. 521 BCE under Darius the Great (Ezra 5) and was completed during the sixth year of his reign (c. 516 BCE), with the temple dedication taking place the following year.[citation needed]

text: These events represent the final section in the historical narrative of the Hebrew Bible.[1]

text: The original core of the book of Nehemiah, the first-person memoir, may have been combined with the core of the Book of Ezra around 400 BCE. Further editing probably continued into the Hellenistic era.[3]

text: The book tells how Nehemiah, at the court of the king in Susa, is informed that Jerusalem is without walls and resolves to restore them. The king appoints him as governor of the province Yehud Medinata and he travels to Jerusalem. There he rebuilds the walls, despite the opposition of Israel's enemies, and reforms the community in conformity with the law of Moses. After 12 years in Jerusalem, he returns to Susa but subsequently revisits Jerusalem. He finds that the Israelites have been backsliding and taking non-Jewish wives, and he stays in Jerusalem to enforce the Law.

text: Based on the biblical account, after the return from Babylonian captivity, arrangements were immediately made to reorganize the desolated Yehud Province after the demise of the Kingdom of Judah seventy years earlier. The body of pilgrims, forming a band of 42,360,[4] having completed the long and dreary journey of some four months, from the banks of the Euphrates to Jerusalem, were animated in all their proceedings by a strong religious impulse, and therefore one of their first concerns was to restore their ancient house of worship by rebuilding their destroyed Temple[5] and reinstituting the sacrificial rituals known as the korbanot.

text: On the invitation of Zerubbabel, the governor, who showed them a remarkable example of liberality by contributing personally 1,000 golden darics, besides other gifts, the people poured their gifts into the sacred treasury with great enthusiasm.[6] First they erected and dedicated the altar of God on the exact spot where it had formerly stood, and they then cleared away the charred heaps of debris which occupied the site of the old temple; and in the second month of the second year (535 BCE), amid great public excitement and rejoicing, the foundations of the Second Temple were laid. A wide interest was felt in this great movement, although it was regarded with mixed feelings by the spectators (Haggai 2:3, Zechariah 4:10).[5]

text: The Samaritans made proposals for co-operation in the work. Zerubbabel and the elders, however, declined all such cooperation, feeling that the Jews must build the Temple without help. Immediately evil reports were spread regarding the Jews. According to Ezra 4:5, the Samaritans sought to "frustrate their purpose" and sent messengers to Ecbatana and Susa, with the result that the work was suspended.[5]

text: Seven years later, Cyrus the Great, who allowed the Jews to return to their homeland and rebuild the Temple, died (2 Chronicles 36:22–23) and was succeeded by his son Cambyses. On his death, the "false Smerdis", an impostor, occupied the throne for some seven or eight months, and then Darius became king (522 BCE). In the second year of his rule the work of rebuilding the temple was resumed and carried forward to its completion (Ezra 5:6–6:15), under the stimulus of the earnest counsels and admonitions of the prophets Haggai and Zechariah. It was ready for consecration in the spring of 516 BCE, more than twenty years after the return from captivity. The Temple was completed on the third day of the month Adar, in the sixth year of the reign of Darius, amid great rejoicings on the part of all the people (Ezra 6:15,16), although it was evident that the Jews were no longer an independent people, but were subject to a foreign power. The Book of Haggai includes a prediction that the glory of the second temple would be greater than that of the first (Haggai 2:9).[5]

text: Some of the original artifacts from the Temple of Solomon are not mentioned in the sources after its destruction in 597 BCE, and are presumed lost. The Second Temple lacked the following holy articles:

text:
The Ark of the Covenant[2][5] containing the Tablets of Stone, before which were placed[7] the pot of manna and Aaron's rod[5]
The Urim and Thummim[2][5] (divination objects contained in the Hoshen)
The holy oil[5]
The sacred fire.[2][5]

text: In the Second Temple, the Kodesh Hakodashim (Holy of Holies) was separated by curtains rather than a wall as in the First Temple. Still, as in the Tabernacle, the Second Temple included:

text:
The Menorah (golden lamp) for the Hekhal
The Table of Showbread
The golden altar of incense, with golden censers.[5]

text: According to the Mishnah (Middot iii. 6), the "Foundation Stone" stood where the Ark used to be, and the High Priest put his censer on it on Yom Kippur.[2]

text: The Second Temple also included many of the original vessels of gold that had been taken by the Babylonians but restored by Cyrus the Great.[5][8] According to the Babylonian Talmud (Yoma 22b),[2] however, the Temple lacked the Shekinah, the dwelling or settling divine presence of God, and the Ruach HaKodesh, the Spirit of Holiness, present in the first.

text: Rabbinical literature[edit]

text: Traditional rabbinic literature state that the Second Temple stood for 420 years and based on the 2nd-century work Seder Olam Rabbah, placed construction in 350 BCE (3408 AM), 166 years later than secular estimates, and destruction in 70 CE (3829 AM).[9]

text: The fifth order, or division, of the Mishnah, known as Kodashim, provides detailed descriptions and discussions of the religious laws connected with Temple service including the sacrifices, the Temple and its furnishings, as well as the priests who carried out the duties and ceremonies of its service. Tractates of the order deal with the sacrifices of animals, birds, and meal offerings, the laws of bringing a sacrifice, such as the sin offering and the guilt offering, and the laws of misappropriation of sacred property. In addition, the order contains a description of the Second Temple (tractate Middot), and a description and rules about the daily sacrifice service in the Temple (tractate Tamid).[10][11][12]

text: Rededication by the Maccabees[edit]

text: Following the conquest of Judea by Alexander the Great, it became part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt until 200 BCE, when King Antiochus III the Great of Syria defeated King Ptolemy V Epiphanes of Egypt at the Battle of Paneion.[13] Judea became at that moment part of the Seleucid empire of Syria. When the Second Temple in Jerusalem was looted and its religious services stopped, Judaism was effectively outlawed. In 167 BCE, Antiochus IV Epiphanes ordered an altar to Zeus erected in the Temple. He also banned circumcision and ordered pigs to be sacrificed at the altar of the Temple.[14]

text: Following the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid empire, the Second Temple was rededicated and became the religious pillar of the Jewish Hasmonean kingdom, as well as culturally associated with the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah.

text: Hasmonean dynasty and Roman conquest[edit]

text: There is some evidence from archaeology that further changes to the structure of the Temple and its surroundings were made during the Hasmonean rule. Salome Alexandra, the queen of Hasmonean Kingdom appointed her elder son Hyrcanus II as the high priest of Judaea. Her younger son Aristobulus II was determined to have the throne, and as soon as she died he seized the throne. Hyrcanus, who was in line to be the king, agreed to be contented with being the high priest. Antipater, the governor of Idumæa, encouraged Hyrcanus not to give up his throne. Eventually Hyrcanus fled to Aretas III, king of the Nabateans, and returned with an army to take back the throne. He defeated Aristobulus and besieged Jerusalem. The Roman general Pompey, who was in Syria fighting against the Armenians in the Third Mithridatic War, sent his lieutenant to investigate the conflict in Judaea. Both Hyrcanus and Aristobulus appealed to him for support. Pompey was not diligent in making a decision about this which caused Aristobulus to march off. He was pursued by Pompey and surrendered but his followers closed Jerusalem to Pompey's forces. The Romans besieged and took the city in 63 BCE. The priests continued with the religious practices inside the Temple during the siege. The temple was not looted or harmed by the Romans. Pompey himself, perhaps inadvertently, went into the Holy of Holies and the next day ordered the priests to repurify the Temple and resume the religious practices.[15]

text: Herod's Temple[edit]

text: Reconstruction of the temple under Herod began with a massive expansion of the Temple Mount. Religious worship and temple rituals continued during the construction process.[16] When the Roman emperor Caligula planned to place his own statue inside the temple, Herod's grandson Agrippa I was able to intervene and convince him against this.

text: Construction[edit]

text: Herod's Temple was one of the larger construction projects of the 1st century BCE.[17] Josephus records that Herod was interested in perpetuating his name through building projects, that his construction programs were extensive and paid for by heavy taxes, but that his masterpiece was the Temple of Jerusalem.[17]

text: The old temple built by Zerubbabel was replaced by a magnificent edifice. An agreement was made between Herod and the Jewish religious authorities: the sacrificial rituals, called offerings, were to be continued unabated for the entire time of construction, and the Temple itself would be constructed by the priests. Later the Exodus 30:13 sanctuary shekel was reinstituted to support the temple as the temple tax.

text: Platform[edit]

text: Mt. Moriah had a plateau at the northern end, and steeply declined on the southern slope. It was Herod's plan that the entire mountain be turned into a giant square platform. The Temple Mount was originally intended to be 1600 feet wide by 900 feet broad by 9 stories high, with walls up to 16 feet thick, but had never been finished. To complete it, a trench was dug around the mountain, and huge stone "bricks" were laid. Some of these weighed well over 100 tons, the largest measuring 44.6 feet by 11 feet by 16.5 feet and weighing approximately 567 to 628 tons,[18][19] while most were in the range of 2.5 by 3.5 by 15 feet (approximately 28 tons). King Herod had architects from Greece, Rome and Egypt plan the construction. The blocks were presumably quarried by using pickaxes to create channels. Then they hammered in wooden beams and flushed them with water to force them out. Once they were removed, they were carved into precise squares and numbered at the quarry to show where they would be installed. The final carving would have been done by using harder stones to grind or chisel them to create precise joints. They would have been transported using oxen and specialized carts. Since the quarry was uphill from the temple they had gravity on their side but care needed to be taken to control the descent. Final installation would have been done using pulleys or cranes. Roman pulleys and cranes weren't strong enough to lift the blocks alone so they may have used multiple cranes and levers to position them.[20] As the mountainside began to rise, the western side was carved away to a vertical wall and bricks were carved to create a virtual continuation of the brick face, which was continued for a while until the northern slope reached ground level. Part of the Antonian hill to the north of Moriah was annexed to the complex and the area between was filled up with landfill.

text: The project began with the building of giant underground vaults upon which the temple would be built so it could be larger than the small flat area on top of Mount Moriah. Ground level at the time was at least 20 ft. (6m) below the current level, as can be seen by walking the Western Wall tunnels. Legend has it that the construction of the entire complex lasted only three years, but other sources such as Josephus say that it took far longer, although the Temple itself may have taken that long. During a Passover visit by Jesus the Jews replied that it had been under construction for 46 years.[21] It is possible that the complex was only a few years completed when the future Emperor Titus destroyed the Temple in 70 CE.

text: Court of the Gentiles[edit]

text: This area was primarily a bazaar, with vendors selling souvenirs, sacrificial animals, food, as well as currency changers, exchanging Roman for Tyrian money because the Jews were not allowed to coin their own money and they viewed Roman currency as an abomination to the Lord,[22] as also mentioned in the New Testament account of Jesus and the Money Changers when Jerusalem was packed with Jews who had come for Passover, perhaps numbering 300,000 to 400,000 pilgrims.[23][24] Guides that provided tours of the premises were also available. Jewish males had the unique opportunity to be shown inside the temple itself.

text: The priests, in their white linen robes and tubular hats, were everywhere, directing pilgrims and advising them on what kinds of sacrifices were to be performed.

text: Behind them, as they entered the Court of the Gentiles from the south through the Huldah Gates, was the Royal Porch, which contained a marketplace, administrative quarters, and a synagogue. On the upper floors, the great Jewish sages held court, priests and Levites performed various chores, and from there, tourists were able to observe the events. The Royal Porch is widely accepted to be part of Herod's work; however, recent archaeological finds in the Western Wall tunnels suggest that it was built in the first century during the reign of Agripas, as opposed to the first century BCE,[25] while the theory that Herod began the extension and the Royal Porch is based mainly on Josephus's possibly politically motivated claim. During Herod's reign the porch was not yet open to the public)

text: To the east of the court was Solomon's Porch, and to the north, the soreg, the "middle wall of separation",[26] a stone wall separating the public area from the inner sanctuary where only Jews could enter, described as being 3 cubits high by Josephus (Wars 5.5.2 [3b] 6.2.4).

text: Pinnacle[edit]

text: The accounts of Jesus' temptations in Matthew's and Luke's gospels both suggest that the Second Temple had one or more pinnacles (Greek: το πτερυγιον του ιερου):

text: Then he [Satan] brought Him to Jerusalem, set Him on the pinnacle of the temple, and said to Him, "If You are the Son of God, throw Yourself down from here."[27]

text: The Greek word used here is pterugion, which literally means a little wing, or by extension anything like a wing such as a battlement or parapet.[28] The archaeologist Benjamin Mazar thought it referred to the southeast corner of the Temple overlooking the Kidron Valley.[29]

text: Inside the Soreg[edit]

text: According to Josephus, there were ten entrances into the inner courts, four on the south, four on the north, one on the east and one leading east to west from the Court of Women to the court of the Israelites, named the Nicanor Gate.[30] The gates were: On the south side (going from west to east) the Fuel Gate, the Firstling Gate, the Water Gate. On the north side, from west to east, are the Jeconiah Gate, the Offering Gate, the Women's Gate and the Song Gate. On the Eastern side, the Nicanor gate, which is where most Jewish visitors entered. A few pieces of the Soreg have survived to the present day.

text: Within this area was the Court of the Women, open to all Jews, male and female. Even a ritually unclean Cohen could enter to perform various housekeeping duties. There was also a place for lepers (considered ritually unclean), as well as a ritual barbershop for Nazirites. In this, the largest of the temple courts, one could see constant dancing, singing and music.

text: Only men were allowed to enter the Court of the Israelites, where they could observe sacrifices of the high priest in the Court of the Priests. The Court of the Priests was reserved for Levite priests.

text: Temple sanctuary[edit]

text: Between the entrance of the building and the curtain veiling the Holy of Holies were the famous vessels of the temple: the menorah, the incense-burning altar, and various other implements.

text: Pilgrimages[edit]

text: Jews from distant parts of the Roman Empire would arrive by boat at the port of Jaffa (now part of Tel Aviv), where they would join a caravan for the three-day trek to the Holy City and would then find lodgings in one of the many hotels or hostelries. Then they changed some of their money from the profane standard Greek and Roman currency for Jewish and Tyrian money, the latter two considered religious.[31][32] The pilgrims would purchase sacrificial animals, usually a pigeon or a lamb, in preparation for the following day's events.

text: The first thing pilgrims would do would be to approach the public entrance on the south side of the Temple Mount complex. They would check their animals, then visit a mikveh, where they would ritually cleanse and purify themselves. The pilgrims would then retrieve their sacrificial animals, and head to the Huldah gates. After ascending a staircase three stories in height, and passing through the gate, the pilgrims would find themselves in the Court of the Gentiles.

text: Destruction[edit]

text: In 66 CE the Jewish population rebelled against the Roman Empire. Four years later, in 70 CE, Roman legions under Titus retook and destroyed much of Jerusalem and the Second Temple. The Arch of Titus, located in Rome and built to commemorate Titus' victory in Judea, depicts a Roman victory procession with soldiers carrying spoils from the Temple, including the Menorah. According to an inscription on the Colosseum, Emperor Vespasian built the Colosseum with war spoils in 79 CE—possibly from the spoils of the Second Temple.[33]

text: The sects of Judaism that had their base in the Temple dwindled in importance, including the priesthood and the Sadducees.[34]

text: The destruction date according to the Hebrew calendar was the 9th of Av, also known as Tisha B'Av.[35] The Temple itself was located on the site of what today is the Dome of the Rock. The gates let out close to Al-Aqsa Mosque (which came much later).[16] Although Jews continued to inhabit the destroyed city, Emperor Hadrian established a new city called Aelia Capitolina. At the end of the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE, many of the Jewish communities were massacred and Jews were banned from living inside Jerusalem. A pagan Roman temple was set up on the former site of Herod's Temple.[15]

text: Archaeology[edit]

text: In 1871, a hewn stone measuring 60 × 90 cm. and engraved with Greek uncials was discovered near a court on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem and identified by Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau as being the Temple Warning inscription. The stone inscription outlined the prohibition extended unto those who were not of the Jewish nation to proceed beyond the soreg separating the larger Court of the Gentiles and the inner courts. The inscription read in seven lines:

text:
ΜΗΟΕΝΑΑΛΛΟΓΕΝΗΕΙΣΠΟ
ΡΕΥΕΣΟΑΙΕΝΤΟΣΤΟΥΠΕ
ΡΙΤΟΙΕΡΟΝΤΡΥΦΑΚΤΟΥΚΑΙ
ΠΕΡΙΒΟΛΟΥΟΣΔΑΝΛΗ
ΦΘΗΕΑΥΤΩΙΑΙΤΙΟΣΕΣ
ΤΑΙΔΙΑΤΟΕΞΑΚΟΛΟΥ
ΘΕΙΝΘΑΝΑΤΟΝ

text: Translation: "Let no foreigner enter within the parapet and the partition which surrounds the Temple precincts. Anyone caught [violating] will be held accountable for his ensuing death." Today, the stone is preserved in Istanbul's Museum of Antiquities.

text: In 1936 a fragment of a similar Temple warning inscription was found. After 1967, archaeologists found that the wall extended all the way around the Temple Mount and is part of the city wall near the Lions' Gate. Thus, the Western Wall is not the only remaining part of the Temple Mount. Currently, Robinson's Arch (named after American Edward Robinson) remains as the beginning of an arch that spanned the gap between the top of the platform and the higher ground farther away. This had been used by the priests as an entrance. Commoners had entered through the still-extant, but now plugged, gates on the southern side which led through colonnades to the top of the platform. One of these colonnades is still extant and reachable through the Temple Mount. The Southern wall was designed as a grand entrance. Recent archeological digs have found thousands of mikvehs (ceremonial bathtubs) for the ritual purification of the worshipers, as well as a grand stairway leading to the now blocked entrance. Inside the walls, the platform was supported by a series of vaulted archways, now called Solomon's Stables, which still exist and whose current renovation by the Waqf is extremely controversial. The temple itself was constructed of imported white marble that gleamed in the daylight.

text: On September 25, 2007, Yuval Baruch, archaeologist with the Israeli Antiquities Authority announced the discovery of a quarry compound which may have provided King Herod with the stones to build his Temple on the Temple Mount. Coins, pottery and an iron stake found proved the date of the quarrying to be about 19 BCE. Archaeologist Ehud Netzer confirmed that the large outlines of the stone cuts is evidence that it was a massive public project worked by hundreds of slaves.[36]

text: The Magdala stone is thought to be a representation of the Second Temple carved before its destruction in the year 70.[37]

text:
Magdala Stone

Bar Kokhba tetradracm showing the Jerusalem Temple façade 132–135 CE

Arch of Titus showing spoils of Jerusalem Temple

The upper corner of Herod's temple colonnade with ancient Hebrew inscription

text:
The Warning Inscription found in 1871

A copy of the inscription found in 1871

Fragment of Second Temple Warning

The Trumpeting Place inscription, a stone (2.43 × 1 m) with Hebrew inscription "To the Trumpeting Place" excavated by Benjamin Mazar at the southern foot of the Temple Mount is believed to be a part of the Second Temple.

text: Second Temple Judaism[edit]

text: The period between the construction of the Second Temple in 515 BCE and its destruction by the Romans in 70 CE witnessed major historical upheavals and significant religious changes that would affect most subsequent Abrahamic religions. The origins of the authority of scripture, of the centrality of law and morality in religion, of the synagogue and of apocalyptic expectations for the future all developed in the Judaism of this period.


document_title: United States housing bubble

question_text: how did the us housing bubble affect europe

text: United States housing bubble

text: Background[edit]

text: Land prices contributed much more to the price increases than did structures. This can be seen in the building cost index in Fig. 1. An estimate of land value for a house can be derived by subtracting the replacement value of the structure, adjusted for depreciation, from the home price. Using this methodology, Davis and Palumbo calculated land values for 46 U.S. metro areas, which can be found at the website for the Lincoln Institute for Land Policy.[15]

text: Housing bubbles may occur in local or global real estate markets. In their late stages, they are typically characterized by rapid increases in the valuations of real property until unsustainable levels are reached relative to incomes, price-to-rent ratios, and other economic indicators of affordability. This may be followed by decreases in home prices that result in many owners finding themselves in a position of negative equity—a mortgage debt higher than the value of the property. The underlying causes of the housing bubble are complex. Factors include tax policy (exemption of housing from capital gains), historically low interest rates, tax lending standards, failure of regulators to intervene, and speculative fever.[6][8][16][17][18][19] This bubble may be related to the stock market or dot-com bubble of the 1990s.[1][20][21][22][23] This bubble roughly coincides with the real estate bubbles of the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Spain,[24] Poland, Hungary and South Korea.[25][26]

text: While bubbles may be identifiable in progress, bubbles can be definitively measured only in hindsight after a market correction,[27] which began in 2005–2006 for the U.S. housing market.[28][29][30][31][32][33] Former U.S. Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan said "We had a bubble in housing",[34][35] and also said in the wake of the subprime mortgage and credit crisis in 2007, "I really didn't get it until very late in 2005 and 2006." In 2001, Alan Greenspan dropped interest rates to a low 1% in order to jump the economy after the ".com" bubble. It was then bankers and other Wall Street firms started borrowing money due to its inexpensiveness.[36]

text: The mortgage and credit crisis was caused by the inability of a large number of home owners to pay their mortgages as their low introductory-rate mortgages reverted to regular interest rates. Freddie Mac CEO Richard Syron concluded, "We had a bubble",[37] and concurred with Yale economist Robert Shiller's warning that home prices appear overvalued and that the correction could last years, with trillions of dollars of home value being lost.[37] Greenspan warned of "large double digit declines" in home values "larger than most people expect".[35]

text: Problems for home owners with good credit surfaced in mid-2007, causing the United States' largest mortgage lender, Countrywide Financial, to warn that a recovery in the housing sector was not expected to occur at least until 2009 because home prices were falling "almost like never before, with the exception of the Great Depression".[9] The impact of booming home valuations on the U.S. economy since the 2001–2002 recession was an important factor in the recovery, because a large component of consumer spending was fueled by the related refinancing boom, which allowed people to both reduce their monthly mortgage payments with lower interest rates and withdraw equity from their homes as their value increased.[8]

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Identification[edit]

text: Although an economic bubble is difficult to identify except in hindsight, numerous economic and cultural factors led several economists (especially in late 2004 and early 2005) to argue that a housing bubble existed in the U.S.[1][27][39][40][41][42][43][44] Dean Baker identified the bubble in August 2002, thereafter repeatedly warning of its nature and depth, and the political reasons it was being ignored.[45][46] Prior to that, Robert Prechter wrote about it extensively as did Professor Shiller in his original publication of Irrational Exuberance in the year 2000.

text: The burst of the housing bubble was predicted by a handful of political and economic analysts, such as Jeffery Robert Hunn in a March 3, 2003, editorial. Hunn wrote:

text: "[W]e can profit from the collapse of the credit bubble and the subsequent stock market divestment [(decline)]. However, real estate has not yet joined in a decline of prices fed by selling (and foreclosing). Unless you have a very specific reason to believe that real estate will outperform all other investments for several years, you may deem this prime time to liquidate investment property (for use in more lucrative markets)."[47]

text: Many contested any suggestion that there could be a housing bubble, particularly at its peak from 2004 to 2006,[48] with some rejecting the "house bubble" label in 2008.[49] Claims that there was no warning of the crisis were further repudiated in an August 2008 article in The New York Times, which reported that in mid-2004 Richard F. Syron, the CEO of Freddie Mac, received a memo from David Andrukonis, the company's former chief risk officer, warning him that Freddie Mac was financing risk-laden loans that threatened Freddie Mac's financial stability. In his memo, Mr. Andrukonis wrote that these loans "would likely pose an enormous financial and reputational risk to the company and the country".[50] The article revealed that more than two-dozen high-ranking executives said that Mr. Syron had simply decided to ignore the warnings.

text: Other cautions came as early as 2001, when the late Federal Reserve governor Edward Gramlich warned of the risks posed by subprime mortgages.[51] In September 2003, at a hearing of the House Financial Services Committee, Congressman Ron Paul identified the housing bubble and foretold the difficulties it would cause: "Like all artificially-created bubbles, the boom in housing prices cannot last forever. When housing prices fall, homeowners will experience difficulty as their equity is wiped out. Furthermore, the holders of the mortgage debt will also have a loss."[52] Reuters reported in October 2007 that a Merrill Lynch analyst too had warned in 2006 that companies could suffer from their subprime investments.

text: The Economist magazine stated, "The worldwide rise in house prices is the biggest bubble in history",[53] so any explanation needs to consider its global causes as well as those specific to the United States. The then Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan said in mid-2005 that "at a minimum, there's a little 'froth' (in the U.S. housing market) ... it's hard not to see that there are a lot of local bubbles"; Greenspan admitted in 2007 that froth "was a euphemism for a bubble".[35] In early 2006, President Bush said of the U.S. housing boom: "If houses get too expensive, people will stop buying them... Economies should cycle".[54]

text: Throughout the bubble period there was little if any mention of the fact that housing in many areas was (and still is) selling for well above replacement cost.

text: On the basis of 2006 market data that were indicating a marked decline, including lower sales, rising inventories, falling median prices and increased foreclosure rates,[citation needed] some economists have concluded that the correction in the U.S. housing market began in 2006.[10][55] A May 2006 Fortune magazine report on the US housing bubble states: "The great housing bubble has finally started to deflate ... In many once-sizzling markets around the country, accounts of dropping list prices have replaced tales of waiting lists for unbuilt condos and bidding wars over humdrum three-bedroom colonials."[29]

text: The chief economist of Freddie Mac and the director of Joint Center for Housing Studies (JCHS) denied the existence of a national housing bubble and expressed doubt that any significant decline in home prices was possible, citing consistently rising prices since the Great Depression, an anticipated increased demand from the Baby Boom generation, and healthy levels of employment.[56][57][58] However, some have suggested that the funding received by JCHS from the real estate industry may have affected their judgment.[59] David Lereah, former chief economist of the National Association of Realtors (NAR), distributed "Anti-Bubble Reports" in August 2005 to "respond to the irresponsible bubble accusations made by your local media and local academics".[60]

text: Among other statements, the reports stated that people "should [not] be concerned that home prices are rising faster than family income", that "there is virtually no risk of a national housing price bubble based on the fundamental demand for housing and predictable economic factors", and that "a general slowing in the rate of price growth can be expected, but in many areas inventory shortages will persist and home prices are likely to continue to rise above historic norms".[citation needed] Following reports of rapid sales declines and price depreciation in August 2006,[61][62] Lereah admitted that he expected "home prices to come down 5% nationally, more in some markets, less in others. And a few cities in Florida and California, where home prices soared to nose-bleed heights, could have 'hard landings'."[32]

text: National home sales and prices both fell dramatically in March 2007 — the steepest plunge since the 1989 Savings and Loan crisis. According to NAR data, sales were down 13% to 482,000 from the peak of 554,000 in March 2006, and the national median price fell nearly 6% to $217,000 from a peak of $230,200 in July 2006.[33]

text: John A. Kilpatrick, of Greenfield Advisors, was cited by Bloomberg News on June 14, 2007, on the linkage between increased foreclosures and localized housing price declines: "Living in an area with multiple foreclosures can result in a 10 percent to 20 percent decrease in property values". He went on to say, "In some cases that can wipe out the equity of homeowners or leave them owing more on their mortgage than the house is worth. The innocent houses that just happen to be sitting next to those properties are going to take a hit."[63]

text: The US Senate Banking Committee held hearings on the housing bubble and related loan practices in 2006, titled "The Housing Bubble and its Implications for the Economy" and "Calculated Risk: Assessing Non-Traditional Mortgage Products". Following the collapse of the subprime mortgage industry in March 2007, Senator Chris Dodd, Chairman of the Banking Committee held hearings and asked executives from the top five subprime mortgage companies to testify and explain their lending practices. Dodd said that "predatory lending" had endangered home ownership for millions of people.[19] In addition, Democratic senators such as Senator Charles Schumer of New York were already proposing a federal government bailout of subprime borrowers in order to save homeowners from losing their residences.[19]

text: Causes[edit]

text: Extent[edit]

text: Home price appreciation has been non-uniform to such an extent that some economists, including former Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan, have argued that United States was not experiencing a nationwide housing bubble per se, but a number of local bubbles.[64] However, in 2007 Greenspan admitted that there was in fact a bubble in the U.S. housing market, and that "all the froth bubbles add up to an aggregate bubble".[35]

text: Despite greatly relaxed lending standards and low interest rates, many regions of the country saw very little price appreciation during the "bubble period". Out of 20 largest metropolitan areas tracked by the S&P/Case-Shiller house price index, six (Dallas, Cleveland, Detroit, Denver, Atlanta, and Charlotte) saw less than 10% price growth in inflation-adjusted terms in 2001–2006.[65] During the same period, seven metropolitan areas (Tampa, Miami, San Diego, Los Angeles, Las Vegas, Phoenix, and Washington, D.C.) appreciated by more than 80%.

text: However, housing bubbles did not manifest themselves in each of these areas at the same time. San Diego and Los Angeles had maintained consistently high appreciation rates since late 1990s, whereas the Las Vegas and Phoenix bubbles did not develop until 2003 and 2004 respectively. It was in the East Coast, the more populated part of the country where the economic real estate turmoil was the worst.

text: Somewhat paradoxically, as the housing bubble deflates[66] some metropolitan areas (such as Denver and Atlanta) have been experiencing high foreclosure rates, even though they did not see much house appreciation in the first place and therefore did not appear to be contributing to the national bubble. This was also true of some cities in the Rust Belt such as Detroit[67] and Cleveland,[68] where weak local economies had produced little house price appreciation early in the decade but still saw declining values and increased foreclosures in 2007. As of January 2009 California, Michigan, Ohio and Florida were the states with the highest foreclosure rates.

text: By July 2008, year-to-date prices had declined in 24 of 25 U.S. metropolitan areas, with California and the southwest experiencing the greatest price falls. According to the reports, only Milwaukee had seen an increase in house prices after July 2007.[69]

text: Side effects[edit]

text: Prior to the real estate market correction of 2006–2007, the unprecedented increase in house prices starting in 1997 produced numerous wide-ranging effects in the economy of the United States.

text:
One of the most direct effects was on the construction of new houses. In 2005, 1,283,000 new single-family houses were sold, compared with an average of 609,000 per year during 1990–1995.[70] The largest home builders, such as D. R. Horton, Pulte, and Lennar, saw their largest share prices and revenues in 2004–2005. D. R. Horton's stock went from $3 in early 1997 to all-time high of $42.82 on July 20, 2005. Pulte Corp's revenues grew from $2.33 billion in 1996 to $14.69 billion in 2005.[71][72][73]
Mortgage equity withdrawals – primarily home equity loans and cash out refinancings – grew considerably since the early 1990s. According to US Federal Reserve estimates, in 2005 homeowners extracted $750 billion of equity from their homes (up from $106 billion in 1996), spending two thirds of it on personal consumption, home improvements, and credit card debt.[74]
It is widely believed that the increased degree of economic activity produced by the expanding housing bubble in 2001–2003 was partly responsible for averting a full-scale recession in the U.S. economy following the dot-com bust and offshoring to China. Analysts believed that with the downturn in the two sectors, the economy from the early 2000s to 2007 evaded what would have been stagnant growth with a booming housing market creating jobs, economic demand along with a consumer boom that came from home value withdraws until the housing market began a correction. [75]
Rapidly growing house prices and increasing price gradients forced many residents to flee the expensive centers of many metropolitan areas, resulting in the explosive growth of exurbs in some regions. The population of Riverside County, California almost doubled from 1,170,413 in 1990 to 2,026,803 in 2006, due to its relative proximity to San Diego and Los Angeles. On the East Coast, Loudoun County, Virginia, near Washington, D.C., saw its population triple between 1990 and 2006.[citation needed]
Extreme regional differences in land prices. The differences in housing prices are mainly due to differences in land values, which reached 85% of the total value of houses in the highest priced markets at the peak.[15] The Wisconsin Business School publishes an on line database with building cost and land values for 46 U.S. metro areas.[15] One of the fastest-growing regions in the United States for the last several decades was the Atlanta, Georgia metro area, where land values are a small fraction of those in the high-priced markets. High land values contribute to high living costs in general and are part of the reason for the decline of the old industrial centers while new automobile plants, for example, were built throughout the South, which grew in population faster than the other regions.

text: These trends were reversed during the real estate market correction of 2006–2007. As of August 2007, D.R. Horton's and Pulte Corp's shares had fallen to 1/3 of their respective peak levels as new residential home sales fell. Some of the cities and regions that had experienced the fastest growth during 2000–2005 began to experience high foreclosure rates.[66] It was suggested that the weakness of the housing industry and the loss of the consumption that had been driven by the withdrawal of mortgage equity could lead to a recession, but as of mid-2007 the existence of this recession had not yet been ascertained.[76] In March 2008, Thomson Financial reported that the "Chicago Federal Reserve Bank's National Activity Index for February sent a signal that a recession [had] probably begun".[77]

text: The share prices of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac plummeted in 2008 as investors worried that they lacked sufficient capital to cover the losses on their $5 trillion portfolio of loans and loan guarantees.[78] On June 16, 2010, it was announced that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac would be delisted from the New York Stock Exchange; shares now trade on the over-the-counter market.[79]

text: Housing market correction[edit]

text:
Comparison of the percentage change in the Case-Shiller Home Price Index for the housing corrections in the periods beginning in 2005 (red) and the 1980s–1990s (blue), comparing monthly CSI values with the peak values immediately prior to the first month of decline all the way through the downturn and the full recovery of home prices.

NAR chief economist David Lereah's explanation, "What Happened", from the 2006 NAR Leadership Conference[80]

Boom ended in August 2005
Mortgage rates rose almost one point
Affordability conditions deteriorated
Speculative investors pulled out
Homebuyer confidence plunged
Resort buyers went to sidelines
Trade-up buyers went to sidelines
First-time buyers priced out of market

text: Basing their statements on historic U.S. housing valuation trends,[1][81] in 2005 and 2006 many economists and business writers predicted market corrections ranging from a few percentage points to 50% or more from peak values in some markets,[28][82][83][84][85][86] and although this cooling had not yet affected all areas of the U.S., some warned that it still could, and that the correction would be "nasty" and "severe".[87][88] Chief economist Mark Zandi of the economic research firm Moody's Economy.com predicted a "crash" of double-digit depreciation in some U.S. cities by 2007–2009.[6][89][90] In a paper he presented to a Federal Reserve Board economic symposium in August 2007, Yale University economist Robert Shiller warned, "The examples we have of past cycles indicate that major declines in real home prices—even 50 percent declines in some places—are entirely possible going forward from today or from the not-too-distant future."[91]

text: To better understand how the mortgage crisis played out, a 2012 report from the University of Michigan analyzed data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), which surveyed roughly 9,000 representative households in 2009 and 2011. The data seem to indicate that, while conditions are still difficult, in some ways the crisis is easing: Over the period studied, the percentage of families behind on mortgage payments fell from 2.2 to 1.9; homeowners who thought it was "very likely or somewhat likely" that they would fall behind on payments fell from 6% to 4.6% of families. On the other hand, family's financial liquidity has decreased: “As of 2009, 18.5% of families had no liquid assets, and by 2011 this had grown to 23.4% of families.”[92][93]

text: By mid-2016, the national housing price index was "about 1 percent shy of that 2006 bubble peak" in nominal terms[94] but 20% below in inflation adjusted terms.[95]

text: Subprime mortgage industry collapse[edit]

text: In March 2007, the United States' subprime mortgage industry collapsed due to higher-than-expected home foreclosure rates (no verifying source), with more than 25 subprime lenders declaring bankruptcy, announcing significant losses, or putting themselves up for sale.[96] The stock of the country's largest subprime lender, New Century Financial, plunged 84% amid Justice Department investigations, before ultimately filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on April 2, 2007, with liabilities exceeding $100 million.[97]

text: The manager of the world's largest bond fund, PIMCO, warned in June 2007 that the subprime mortgage crisis was not an isolated event and would eventually take a toll on the economy and ultimately have an impact in the form of impaired home prices.[98] Bill Gross, a "most reputable financial guru",[11] sarcastically and ominously criticized the credit ratings of the mortgage-based CDOs now facing collapse:

text: AAA? You were wooed, Mr. Moody's and Mr. Poor's, by the makeup, those six-inch hooker heels, and a "tramp stamp." Many of these good-looking girls are not high-class assets worth 100 cents on the dollar... [T]he point is that there are hundreds of billions of dollars of this toxic waste... This problem [ultimately] resides in America's heartland, with millions and millions of overpriced homes".[11]

text: Business Week has featured predictions by financial analysts that the subprime mortgage market meltdown would result in earnings reductions for large Wall Street investment banks trading in mortgage-backed securities, especially Bear Stearns, Lehman Brothers, Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, and Morgan Stanley.[96] The solvency of two troubled hedge funds managed by Bear Stearns was imperiled in June 2007 after Merrill Lynch sold off assets seized from the funds and three other banks closed out their positions with them. The Bear Stearns funds once had over $20 billion of assets, but lost billions of dollars on securities backed by subprime mortgages.[99]

text: H&R Block reported that it had made a quarterly loss of $677 million on discontinued operations, which included the subprime lender Option One, as well as writedowns, loss provisions for mortgage loans and the lower prices achievable for mortgages in the secondary market. The unit's net asset value had fallen 21% to $1.1 billion as of April 30, 2007.[100] The head of the mortgage industry consulting firm Wakefield Co. warned, "This is going to be a meltdown of unparalleled proportions. Billions will be lost." Bear Stearns pledged up to U.S. $3.2 billion in loans on June 22, 2007, to bail out one of its hedge funds that was collapsing because of bad bets on subprime mortgages.[101]

text: Peter Schiff, president of Euro Pacific Capital, argued that if the bonds in the Bear Stearns funds were auctioned on the open market, much weaker values would be plainly revealed. Schiff added, "This would force other hedge funds to similarly mark down the value of their holdings. Is it any wonder that Wall street is pulling out the stops to avoid such a catastrophe?... Their true weakness will finally reveal the abyss into which the housing market is about to plummet."[102] The New York Times report connects the hedge fund crisis with lax lending standards: "The crisis this week from the near collapse of two hedge funds managed by Bear Stearns stems directly from the slumping housing market and the fallout from loose lending practices that showered money on people with weak, or subprime, credit, leaving many of them struggling to stay in their homes."[101]

text: On August 9, 2007, BNP Paribas announced that it could not fairly value the underlying assets in three funds because of its exposure to U.S. subprime mortgage lending markets.[103] Faced with potentially massive (though unquantifiable) exposure, the European Central Bank (ECB) immediately stepped in to ease market worries by opening lines of €96.8 billion (U.S. $130 billion) of low-interest credit.[104] One day after the financial panic about a credit crunch had swept through Europe, the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank conducted an "open market operation" to inject U.S. $38 billion in temporary reserves into the system to help overcome the ill effects of a spreading credit crunch, on top of a similar move the previous day.[citation needed] In order to further ease the credit crunch in the U.S. credit market, at 8:15 a.m. on August 17, 2007, the chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank Ben Bernanke decided to lower the discount window rate, which is the lending rate between banks and the Federal Reserve Bank, by 50 basis points to 5.75% from 6.25%. The Federal Reserve Bank stated that the recent turmoil in the U.S. financial markets had raised the risk of an economic downturn.

text: In the wake of the mortgage industry meltdown, Senator Chris Dodd, Chairman of the Banking Committee held hearings in March 2007 in which he asked executives from the top five subprime mortgage companies to testify and explain their lending practices. Dodd said that "predatory lending practices" were endangering home ownership for millions of people.[19] In addition, Democratic senators such as Senator Charles Schumer of New York were already proposing a federal government bailout of subprime borrowers like the bailout made in the Savings and Loan crisis, in order to save homeowners from losing their residences. Opponents of such a proposal asserted that a government bailout of subprime borrowers is not in the best interests of the U.S. economy because it would simply set a bad precedent, create a moral hazard, and worsen the speculation problem in the housing market.

text: Lou Ranieri of Salomon Brothers, creator of the mortgage-backed securities market in the 1970s, warned of the future impact of mortgage defaults: "This is the leading edge of the storm…If you think this is bad, imagine what it's going to be like in the middle of the crisis." In his opinion, more than $100 billion of home loans are likely to default when the problems seen in the subprime industry also emerge in the prime mortgage markets.[105]

text: Former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan had praised the rise of the subprime mortgage industry and the tools which it uses to assess credit-worthiness in an April 2005 speech.[106] Because of these remarks, as well as his encouragement of the use of adjustable-rate mortgages, Greenspan has been criticized for his role in the rise of the housing bubble and the subsequent problems in the mortgage industry that triggered the economic crisis of 2008.[107][108][109] Concerning the subprime mortgage mess, Greenspan later admitted that "I really didn't get it until very late in 2005 and 2006."[36]

text: On September 13, 2007, the British bank Northern Rock applied to the Bank of England for emergency funds because of liquidity problems related to the subprime crisis.[110] This precipitated a bank run at Northern Rock branches across the UK by concerned customers who took out "an estimated £2bn withdrawn in just three days".[111]