document_title: Lens (anatomy)

question_text: the structure of the eye that continues to grow throughout life is the

text: Lens (anatomy)

text: Structure[edit]

text: The lens is part of the anterior segment of the human eye. In front of the lens is the iris, which regulates the amount of light entering into the eye. The lens is suspended in place by the suspensory ligament of the lens, a ring of fibrous tissue that attaches to the lens at its equator[1][2] and connects it to the ciliary body. Posterior to the lens is the vitreous body, which, along with the aqueous humor on the anterior surface, bathes the lens. The lens has an ellipsoid, biconvex shape. The anterior surface is less curved than the posterior. In the adult, the lens is typically circa 10 mm in diameter and has an axial length of about 4 mm, though it is important to note that the size and shape can change due to accommodation and because the lens continues to grow throughout a person's lifetime.[3]

text: Histology[edit]

text: The lens has three main parts: the lens capsule, the lens epithelium, and the lens fibers. The lens capsule forms the outermost layer of the lens and the lens fibers form the bulk of the interior of the lens. The cells of the lens epithelium, located between the lens capsule and the outermost layer of lens fibers, are found only on the anterior side of the lens. The lens itself lacks nerves, blood vessels, or connective tissue.[4]

text: Lens capsule[edit]

text: The lens capsule is a smooth, transparent basement membrane that completely surrounds the lens. The capsule is elastic and is composed of collagen. It is synthesized by the lens epithelium and its main components are Type IV collagen and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).[3] The capsule is very elastic and so allows the lens to assume a more globular shape when not under the tension of the zonular fibers, which connect the lens capsule to the ciliary body. The capsule varies from 2 to 28 micrometres in thickness, being thickest near the equator and thinnest near the posterior pole.[3]

text: Lens epithelium[edit]

text: The lens epithelium, located in the anterior portion of the lens between the lens capsule and the lens fibers, is a simple cuboidal epithelium.[3] The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens.[5] As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+-ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmotic concentration and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+-ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions.

text: The cells of the lens epithelium also serve as the progenitors for new lens fibers. It constantly lays down fibers in the embryo, fetus, infant, and adult, and continues to lay down fibers for lifelong growth.[6]

text: Lens fibers[edit]

text: The lens fibers form the bulk of the lens. They are long, thin, transparent cells, firmly packed, with diameters typically 4–7 micrometres and lengths of up to 12 mm long.[3] The lens fibers stretch lengthwise from the posterior to the anterior poles and, when cut horizontally, are arranged in concentric layers rather like the layers of an onion. If cut along the equator, it appears as a honeycomb. The middle of each fiber lies on the equator.[6] These tightly packed layers of lens fibers are referred to as laminae. The lens fibers are linked together via gap junctions and interdigitations of the cells that resemble "ball and socket" forms.

text: The lens is split into regions depending on the age of the lens fibers of a particular layer. Moving outwards from the central, oldest layer, the lens is split into an embryonic nucleus, the fetal nucleus, the adult nucleus, and the outer cortex. New lens fibers, generated from the lens epithelium, are added to the outer cortex. Mature lens fibers have no organelles or nuclei.

text: Development[edit]

text: Development of the human lens begins at the 4 mm embryonic stage. Unlike the rest of the eye, which is derived mostly from the neural ectoderm, the lens is derived from the surface ectoderm. The first stage of lens differentiation takes place when the optic vesicle, which is formed from outpocketings in the neural ectoderm, comes in proximity to the surface ectoderm. The optic vesicle induces nearby surface ectoderm to form the lens placode. At the 4 mm stage, the lens placode is a single monolayer of columnar cells.

text: As development progresses, the lens placode begins to deepen and invaginate. As the placode continues to deepen, the opening to the surface ectoderm constricts and the lens cells forms a structure known as the lens vesicle. By the 10 mm stage, the lens vesicle has completely separated from the surface ectoderm.

text: After the 10 mm stage, signals from the developing neural retina induces the cells closest to the posterior end of the lens vesicle begin to elongate toward the anterior end of the vesicle.[7] These signals also induce the synthesis of crystallins.[7] These elongating cells eventually fill in the lumen of the vesicle to form the primary fibers, which become the embryonic nucleus in the mature lens. The cells of the anterior portion of the lens vesicle give rise to the lens epithelium.

text: Additional secondary fibers are derived from lens epithelial cells located toward the equatorial region of the lens. These cells lengthen anteriorly and posteriorly to encircle the primary fibers. The new fibers grow longer than those of the primary layer, but as the lens gets larger, the ends of the newer fibers cannot reach the posterior or anterior poles of the lens. The lens fibers that do not reach the poles form tight, interdigitating seams with neighboring fibers. These seams are readily visible and are termed sutures. The suture patterns become more complex as more layers of lens fibers are added to the outer portion of the lens.

text: The lens continues to grow after birth, with the new secondary fibers being added as outer layers. New lens fibers are generated from the equatorial cells of the lens epithelium, in a region referred to as the germinative zone. The lens epithelial cells elongate, lose contact with the capsule and epithelium, synthesize crystallin, and then finally lose their nuclei (enucleate) as they become mature lens fibers. From development through early adulthood, the addition of secondary lens fibers results in the lens growing more ellipsoid in shape; after about age 20, however, the lens grows rounder with time and the iris is very important for this development[3]

text: Several proteins control the embryonic development of the lens: among these, primarily, PAX6, considered the master regulator gene of this organ[8]. Other effectors of proper lens development include the Wnt signaling components BCL9 and Pygo2.[9]

text: Variation[edit]

text: In many aquatic vertebrates, the lens is considerably thicker, almost spherical, to increase the refraction. This difference compensates for the smaller angle of refraction between the eye's cornea and the watery medium, as they have similar refractive indices.[10] Even among terrestrial animals, however, the lens of primates such as humans is unusually flat.[11]

text: In reptiles and birds, the ciliary body touches the lens with a number of pads on its inner surface, in addition to the zonular fibres. These pads compress and release the lens to modify its shape while focusing on objects at different distances; the zonular fibres perform this function in mammals. In fish and amphibians, the lens is fixed in shape, and focusing is instead achieved by moving the lens forwards or backwards within the eye.[11]

text: In cartilaginous fish, the zonular fibres are replaced by a membrane, including a small muscle at the underside of the lens. This muscle pulls the lens forward from its relaxed position when focusing on nearby objects. In teleosts, by contrast, a muscle projects from a vascular structure in the floor of the eye, called the falciform process, and serves to pull the lens backwards from the relaxed position to focus on distant objects. While amphibians move the lens forward, as do cartilaginous fish, the muscles involved are not homologous with those of either type of fish. In frogs, there are two muscles, one above and one below the lens, while other amphibians have only the lower muscle.[11]

text: In the most primitive vertebrates, the lampreys and hagfish, the lens is not attached to the outer surface of the eyeball at all. There is no aqueous humor in these fish, and the vitreous body simply presses the lens against the surface of the cornea. To focus its eyes, a lamprey flattens the cornea using muscles outside of the eye and pushes the lens backwards.[11]

text: Function[edit]

text: Accommodation[edit]

text: The lens is flexible and its curvature is controlled by ciliary muscles through the zonules. By changing the curvature of the lens, one can focus the eye on objects at different distances from it. This process is called accommodation. At short focal distance the ciliary muscle contracts, zonule fibers loosen, and the lens thickens, resulting in a rounder shape and thus high refractive power. Changing focus to an object at a greater distance requires the relaxation of the lens and thus increasing the focal distance.

text: The refractive index of human lens varies from approximately 1.406 in the central layers down to 1.386 in less dense layers of the lens.[12] This index gradient enhances the optical power of the lens.

text: Aquatic animals must rely entirely on their lens for both focusing and to provide almost the entire refractive power of the eye as the water-cornea interface does not have a large enough difference in indices of refraction to provide significant refractive power. As such, lenses in aquatic eyes tend to be much rounder and harder.

text: Crystallins and transparency[edit]

text: Crystallins are water-soluble proteins that compose over 90% of the protein within the lens.[13] The three main crystallin types found in the human eye are α-, β-, and γ-crystallins. Crystallins tend to form soluble, high-molecular weight aggregates that pack tightly in lens fibers, thus increasing the index of refraction of the lens while maintaining its transparency. β and γ crystallins are found primarily in the lens, while subunits of α -crystallin have been isolated from other parts of the eye and the body. α-crystallin proteins belong to a larger superfamily of molecular chaperone proteins, and so it is believed that the crystallin proteins were evolutionarily recruited from chaperone proteins for optical purposes.[14] The chaperone functions of α-crystallin may also help maintain the lens proteins, which must last a human for his/her entire lifetime.[14]

text: Another important factor in maintaining the transparency of the lens is the absence of light-scattering organelles such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria within the mature lens fibers. Lens fibers also have a very extensive cytoskeleton that maintains the precise shape and packing of the lens fibers; disruptions/mutations in certain cytoskeletal elements can lead to the loss of transparency.[15]

text: The lens blocks most ultraviolet light in the wavelength range of 300–400 nm; shorter wavelengths are blocked by the cornea. High intensity ultraviolet light can harm the retina, and artificial intraocular lenses are therefore manufactured to also block ultraviolet light.[16] People lacking a lens (a condition known as aphakia) perceive ultraviolet light as whitish blue or whitish-violet.[17][18]

text: Nourishment[edit]

text: The lens is metabolically active and requires nourishment in order to maintain its growth and transparency. Compared to other tissues in the eye, however, the lens has considerably lower energy demands.[19]

text: By nine weeks into human development, the lens is surrounded and nourished by a net of vessels, the tunica vasculosa lentis, which is derived from the hyaloid artery.[7] Beginning in the fourth month of development, the hyaloid artery and its related vasculature begin to atrophy and completely disappear by birth.[20] In the postnatal eye, Cloquet's canal marks the former location of the hyaloid artery.

text: After regression of the hyaloid artery, the lens receives all its nourishment from the aqueous humor. Nutrients diffuse in and waste diffuses out through a constant flow of fluid from the anterior/posterior poles of the lens and out of the equatorial regions, a dynamic that is maintained by the Na+/K+-ATPase] pumps located in the equatorially positioned cells of the lens epithelium.[5]

text: Glucose is the primary energy source for the lens. As mature lens fibers do not have mitochondria, approximately 80% of the glucose is metabolized via anaerobic metabolism.[21] The remaining fraction of glucose is shunted primarily down the pentose phosphate pathway.[21] The lack of aerobic respiration means that the lens consumes very little oxygen as well.[21]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text:
Cataracts are opacities of the lens. While some are small and do not require any treatment, others may be large enough to block light and obstruct vision. Cataracts usually develop as the aging lens becomes more and more opaque, but cataracts can also form congenitally or after injury to the lens. Nuclear sclerosis is a type of age-related cataract. Diabetes is another risk factor for cataract. Cataract surgery involves the removal of the lens and insertion of an artificial intraocular lens.
Presbyopia is the age-related loss of accommodation, which is marked by the inability of the eye to focus on nearby objects. The exact mechanism is still unknown, but age-related changes in the hardness, shape, and size of the lens have all been linked to the condition.
Ectopia lentis is the displacement of the lens from its normal position.
Aphakia is the absence of the lens from the eye. Aphakia can be the result of surgery or injury, or it can be congenital.

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
MRI scan of human eye showing lens.

Interior of anterior chamber of eye.

The crystalline lens, hardened and divided.

Section through the margin of the lens, showing the transition of the epithelium into the lens fibers.

The structures of the eye labeled

Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labeled

This svg file was configured so that the rays, diaphragm and crystalline lens are easily modified[22]


document_title: Google Chrome version history

question_text: what is the latest chrome version for windows

root

text: Google Chrome version history

text: The following table summarizes the release history for the Google Chrome web browser.

tag: p

text:
Discontinued

Stable channel

Beta channel

Dev channel

Canary channel

tag: table

text:
Major version
Release date
Layout engine[r 1]
V8 engine[r 2]
Significant changes

0.2.149
2008-09-02
WebKit 522
0.3

First release[r 3]

0.3.154
2008-10-29

Improved plugin performance and reliability
Spell checking for input fields
Improved web proxy performance and reliability
Tab and window management updates

0.4.154
2008-11-24
WebKit 525

Bookmark manager with import and export support
Privacy section added to the application options
New blocked popup notification

1.0.154
2008-12-11
WebKit 528

First stable release

2.0.172
2009-05-24
WebKit 530
0.4

35% faster JavaScript on the SunSpider benchmark
Mouse wheel support
Full-screen mode
Full-page zoom
Form auto-fill
Sort bookmarks by title
Tab docking to browser and desktop edges
Basic Greasemonkey support[r 4]

3.0.195
2009-10-12
WebKit 532
1.2

New "new tab" page for improved customization
25% faster JavaScript
HTML5 video and audio tag support
Lightweight theming

4.0.249
2010-01-25
WebKit 532.5
1.3

Extensions
Bookmark synchronization
Enhanced developer tools
Improved HTML5 support
Performance improvements
Full ACID3 pass
HTTP byte range support
Experimental new anti-reflected-XSS feature called "XSS Auditor"[r 5]

4.1.249
2010-03-17

Translate infobar[clarification needed]
New privacy features
Disabled XSS Auditor[r 6]

5.0.375
2010-05-21
WebKit 533
2.1

Browser preference synchronizing
Increased HTML5 support (Geolocation API, App Cache, web sockets, and file drag-and-drop)
Revamped bookmark manager
Adobe Flash Player integrated[r 7][r 8]
First stable releases for macOS, 32 bit Linux, and 64 bit Linux[r 9]

6.0.472
2010-09-02
WebKit 534.3
2.2

Updated and more streamlined UI with simplified Omnibox
New tab page
Merged menu buttons
Form auto-fill
Expanded synchronization support to include extensions and auto-fill data
Support for WebM videos
Built-in PDF support (disabled by default)[r 10]

7.0.517
2010-10-21
WebKit 534.7
2.3.11

Implemented HTML5 parsing algorithm
File API
Directory upload via input tag
macOS version gained AppleScript support for UI automation[r 11]
Late binding enabled for SSL sockets: high priority SSL requests are now always sent to the server first.
New options for managing cookies
Updated New Tab page to enable featuring of web applications

8.0.552
2010-12-02
WebKit 534.10
2.4.9

Chrome Web Store
Built-in PDF viewer that works inside Chrome's sandbox for increased security
Expanded synchronization support to include web applications
Improved plug-in handling[r 12]
This release added "about:flags" to showcase experimental features such as Chrome Instant, side tabs on Windows, tabbed settings, Click to Play,[clarification needed] background web applications, Remoting,[clarification needed] disables outdated plug-ins,[clarification needed] XSS Auditor,[clarification needed] Cloud Print Proxy,[clarification needed] GPU-accelerated compositing, WebGL support for the canvas element, and a "tab overview" mode (like Exposé) for macOS.

9.0.597
2011-02-03
WebKit 534.13
2.5.9

WebGL enabled by default
Adobe Flash sandboxing on Windows and Chrome Instant (a la Google Instant) option[r 13]
WebP support[r 14]
New flags: print preview, GPU-accelerated compositing, GPU-accelerated Canvas 2D, Google Native Client, CRX-less Web Apps, Web page prerendering, experimental Extension APIs, disable hyperlink auditing

10.0.648
2011-03-08
WebKit 534.16
3.0.12

Google Cloud Print sign-in interface enabled by default
Partially implemented sandboxing of the GPU process[r 15][r 16]
Faster JavaScript performance due to incorporation of Crankshaft, an improved compiler for V8[r 17]
Settings pages that open in a tab, rather than a dialog box
Malware reporting and disabling outdated plugins
Password sync
GPU accelerated video
Background WebApps
webNavigation extension API[r 18]

11.0.696
2011-04-27
WebKit 534.24
3.1.8

HTML5 Speech Input API[r 19]
Updated icon[r 20]

12.0.742
2011-06-07
WebKit 534.30
3.2.10

Hardware accelerated 3D CSS
New Safe Browsing protection against downloading malicious files
Ability to delete Flash cookies from inside Chrome[r 21]
Launch Apps by name from the Omnibox
Integrated Sync into new settings pages
Improved screen reader support
New warning when hitting Command-Q on Mac[r 21]
New flags: P2P API
Existing tab on foreground on open
Experimental new tab page
Add grouping to tab context menu
Run PPAPI Flash in the renderer process
Multiple profiles
Removed Google Gears
Print and Save buttons in the PDF viewer[r 22]

13.0.782
2011-08-02
WebKit 535.1
3.3.10

Instant Pages (pre-rendering of Web pages)[r 23]
Native print interface and preview (Linux and Windows only)
Experimental new tab page
Experimental Restrict Instant To Search option

14.0.835
2011-09-16
3.4.14

Native Client (NaCl) enabled for apps in the Chrome Web Store[r 24]
Web Audio API
Additional macOS Lion feature support
Sync Encryption for all data
Print preview on Mac
Validation of HTTPS sites[r 25]
Experimental Web Request extension API
Experimental Content Settings extension API[r 26]

15.0.874
2011-10-25
WebKit 535.2
3.5.10

Faster print preview[r 27]
Redesigned new tab page on by default[r 27]
JavaScript fullscreen API enabled by default[r 27]
Inline installation of Chrome Web Store items by verified sites
Omnibox History synchronization[r 28]
Switched to FFmpeg native VP8 decoder[r 29]
Extensions integrated into settings pages
GPU Accelerated Canvas 2D disabled

16.0.912
2011-12-13
WebKit 535.7
3.6.6

Multiple profiles on by default[r 28]
Optional permissions in Chrome extensions, so the user can opt-in or opt-out of the optional permissions at installation time[r 30]
Experimental support for side tabs was removed.[r 31]

17.0.963
2012-02-08
WebKit 535.11
3.7.12

Updated Omnibox prerendering of pages[r 32]
Download scanning protection[r 32]
New extensions APIs[r 32]
Improved History tab
Removal of "+" symbol from the "new tab" button
Limited support for changing user agent strings
Adjustable margins in print preview[r 33]
Search engine synchronization[r 34]
Disabled GAIA profile info[r 35]

18.0.1025
2012-03-28
2012-06-27 (Android ARM)
2012-09-26
(18.0.1026, Android x86)
WebKit 535.19
3.8.9

Hardware-accelerated Canvas2D graphics[r 36]
WebGL without the need of 3D graphics hardware through the software rasterizer SwiftShader[r 36]
Brighter "new tab" button[r 37]

19.0.1084
2012-05-15
2012-06-28 (iOS)
WebKit 536.5
3.9.24

Access tabs between devices[r 38]
Reorganized and searchable settings interface
Better spell check by using the Google search engine spell checker
Web Store link to the bottom of New Tab page
Experimental JavaScript Harmony (ECMAScript 6) support[r 39]
Experimental Web Intents API[r 40]

20.0.1132
2012-06-26
WebKit 536.10
3.10.6

Experimental touch friendly user interface adjustments. Context menus have extra vertical padding between items.[r 41]
New tab button is bigger and wider

21.0.1180
2012-07-31
2012-08-22 (iOS)
WebKit 537.1
3.11.10

Media Stream API (getUserMedia) enabled by default. (E.g. webcam access via JavaScript.)[r 42]
Gamepad API prototype available by default.
Support for (pointer) and (hover) CSS media queries so sites can optimize their user interface for touch when touch-screen support is available.
HTML5 audio/video and WebAudio now support 24-bit PCM wave files

22.0.1229
2012-09-25
WebKit 537.4
3.12.19

New-style packaged apps are enabled by default.
New menu icon, replacing the wrench icon
Support for TLS 1.1[r 43][r 44]
Support for color management ICC v2 profiles by default[r 45]

23.0.1271
2012-11-06
2012-11-28 (iOS)
WebKit 537.11
3.13.7

Do Not Track preference[r 46]
Hardware video acceleration with 25% more efficient power consumption in some scenarios
Manager for site permission control
New icon for Chrome Web Store when opening new tab
PPAPI Flash Player (or Pepper-based Flash Player) replaced the NPAPI Flash Player on Mac also[r 47]

24.0.1312
2013-01-10
WebKit 537.17
3.14.5

Support for MathML[r 48]
The HTML5 datalist element now supports suggesting a date and time[r 48]
Experimental support for CSS custom filters[r 48][r 49]

25.0.1364
2013-02-21
2013-02-27 (Android)
2013-03-04 (iOS)
WebKit 537.22
3.15.11

Support for Opus audio
Support for VP9 video[r 50]
Silent installs of external extensions are now disabled by default.[r 51]
Web Speech API[r 52]
Encrypted omnibox search (https)[r 53]
Native Client on ARM
Disabled MathML support for the time being[r 54]

Android version (update from 18):

Newer V8 JavaScript engine
Audio now continues to play while Chrome is in the background
Support for pausing audio in Chrome when phone is in use

26.0.1410
2013-03-26
2013-04-03 (Android)
2013-04-09 (iOS)
WebKit 537.31
3.16.14

Improved spell checker (grammar and homonym checking)[r 55]
Desktop shortcuts for multiple users (profiles) on Windows[r 55]
Asynchronous DNS resolver on Mac and Linux[r 55]

Android version:[r 56]

Autofill and password sync
Performance and stability improvements

27.0.1453
2013-05-21
2013-05-22 (Android)
2013-06-03 (iOS)
WebKit 537.36
3.17.6

Resource handling optimized for faster page loads[r 57]
Improved Omnibox predictions and spelling correction[r 57]
syncFileSystem API for Google Drive data synchronization[r 57]
Stop packaging Manifest version 1.0 extensions[r 58]

Android version:[r 59]

Fullscreen on phones (scrolling down the page makes the toolbar disappear)
Simpler searching (the query stays visible in the omnibox, making it easier to edit)
Client-side certificate support
Tab history on tablets
"A ton of stability and performance fixes"

28.0.1500
2013-06-17 (Linux)
2013-07-09
(macOS and Windows)
2013-07-10 (Android)
2013-07-17 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
WebKit 537.36 (on iOS)
3.18.5

Replaced layout engine with Blink, a fork of WebKit[r 60][r 61][r 62] on all platforms besides iOS
Faster page loads with the new Blink threaded HTML parser[r 63]
Rich Notifications and Notification Center (HTML-based notifications deprecated)[r 64]
Major improvements to the asm.js benchmark performances[r 63]
Support for the CSS :unresolved pseudoclass for Custom Elements[r 63]
Support for the CSS @supports conditional blocks to test for property:value pairs[r 63]

Android version:

Fullscreen API support (fullscreen browsing on tablets)[r 63]
Experimental WebGL, Web Audio, WebRTC support behind flags[r 63]
Built-in translation[r 65]

iOS version:

Improved interoperability with many other Google Apps[r 66]
Voice Search enhancements[r 66]
Fullscreen for iPad[r 66]
Data usage savings (rolling out over time)[r 66]
Access to browser history[r 66]

29.0.1547
2013-08-20
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2013-08-21 (Android)
2013-09-12 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
3.19.18

Support for VP9 final
Support for TLS 1.2
Preliminary QUIC support[r 67]
Improved Omnibox suggestions based on the recency of visited sites
Ability to reset user profile back to its original state
New apps and extensions APIs (such as Native Messaging API for connecting Chrome with native applications installed on the same computer - an alternative to NPAPI[r 68])

Android version:

WebRTC support[r 69]
WebAudio support[r 69]
Improved scrolling responsiveness[r 70] and visual indication when scrolling to the top or bottom of a page[r 69]
Startup performance and stability improvements[r 70]
New color picker user interface for web forms[r 69]
Support for Google's experimental data compression service (comparable to Opera Turbo) that lets Google servers quickly read and optimize a Web page for mobile devices, then transmit it to the smartphone using Google's SPDY network technology.
Rudimentary tab groups implemented

iOS version:

Get back to Search Results faster
Data cost savings enhancements (rolled out incrementally)
Voice search pronoun support (e.g. queries like: “Who is the president of the United States?” followed by “Who is his wife?”)
Improvements to Single Sign On with other Google Apps[r 71]
Support for WebP image format[r 72]

30.0.1599
2013-09-18 (iOS)
2013-10-01
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2013-10-02 (Android)
Blink 537.36
3.20.17

New image context menu item: "Search Google for this image"
New Chrome Apps APIs: webview.request, media gallery write support and downloads[r 73]
New platform features (both in desktop and mobile): support for the WebRTC Device Enumeration API, allowing users to change their microphones and/or camera on the fly without having to restart the WebRTC call; DevTools now supports CSS source maps; Chrome will now match the behavior of IE and not honor the Refresh header or tags when the URL to be refreshed to has a javascript: scheme;[r 73]

Android version:

New gesture: swipe horizontally across the top toolbar to quickly switch tabs
New gesture: drag vertically down from the toolbar to enter into the tab switcher view
New gesture: drag down from the menu to open the menu and select wanted item without having to lift finger
WebGL is enabled by default on high-end devices[r 73]
DeviceMotion (device acceleration and rotation rates) events[r 73]
Media Source Extension is enabled on Android 4.1+[r 73]
Two new experimental features behind a flag: Web Speech API (recognition) and the Vibration API[r 73]

iOS version:

New look and feature enhancements for iOS7
Improvements to Fullscreen behavior especially on iPad (iOS7 only)
New Settings UI
Maps and email links launch the Google Maps and Gmail apps (if installed) automatically. You can change your preference in Settings
Stability / security improvements and bug fixes[r 74]

31.0.1650
2013-11-12
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2013-11-14 (Android)
2013-11-20 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
3.21.18

Payment requestAutocomplete() on Chrome for Android, Windows, Chrome OS
PNaCl on desktop versions of Chrome
New Chrome Apps APIs: With URL handlers for apps, Chrome App developers can now specify URLs to be handled by a Chrome App. For example, a document link on a website could open a document editor Chrome App. This gives users more seamless entry points into their favorite Chrome Apps.
Directory access for Apps allows Chrome Apps to access and write to user-approved folders. This feature can be used to share files between a Chrome App and a native app. For example, a Chrome App code editor could modify files managed by a native Git client.
SCTP for WebRTC Data Channel allows P2P data transfers between browsers to be either best effort, reliable, or semi reliable, opening up use cases such as gaming.
Alpha channel support for WebM video enables transparency masking (a.k.a. green screen effects) in WebM videos.
Speech recognition with the JavaScript Web Speech API is now supported on Chrome for Android.
window.devicePixelRatio now takes full-page zoom (but not pinch zoom) into account
Support for { alpha: false } in getContext('2d') lets you create an opaque canvas. This is similar to existing WebGL functionality and can improve the rendering performance of your app.
The Media Source API has been unprefixed and is now supported on Chrome for Android. It allows JavaScript to generate media streams for playback, addressing use cases like adaptive streaming and time shifting live streams.
2D canvas now supports the "ellipse" method.
Support for several Mutation Events has been removed. Consider using MutationObserver instead.[r 75]

iOS version:

Fast form completion with Autofill
Long press on an image to search for related images
Stability / security improvements and bug fixes[r 74]

32.0.1700
2014-01-14
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-01-15 (Android)
2014-01-27 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
3.22.24

Tab indicators for sound, webcam and casting
A different look for Win8 Metro mode
Automatically blocking malware files
A number of new apps/extension APIs
Various under-the-hood changes for stability and performance

Android version:

Add web page shortcuts right to your home screen more easily from the menu
Reduce data usage in Chrome up to 50%. Visit Settings > Bandwidth management > Reduce data usage to enable.[r 76]

iOS version:

Translate

When you come across a page written in a language that you don’t understand, just look for the translation bar. One tap and the page is quickly translated for you.

Reduce Data Usage

Reduce your data usage by up to 50%. Enable this feature and view your savings: Settings > Bandwidth > Reduce Data Usage.

New Tab Page update to make searching faster and easier

This feature is being rolled out and will be available to all users over time, beginning on iPhone.

33.0.1750
2014-02-18 (iOS)
2014-02-20
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-02-26 (Android)
Blink 537.36
3.23.17

Custom Elements[r 77]
Ogg Opus in MSE and <video>[r 77]
Page Visibility API[r 77]
VTTCue [r 77]
Web Speech API (synthesis)[r 77]
Font-kerning[r 77]
requestAutocomplete()[r 77]
Speech Synthesis[r 77]

Android version:

Download progress notification for file downloads using the Chrome network stack[r 78]
Updated help and feedback UI[r 78]
Support for <datalist> tag[r 78]

iOS version:

Stability and security updates[r 74]

34.0.1847
2014-04-02 (Android)
2014-04-08
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-04-29 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
3.24.35

Responsive Images and Unprefixed Web Audio
Import supervised users onto new computers
A different look for Windows 8 Metro mode
A number of new apps/extension APIs
New scroll bar look
Ignores autocomplete="off" on password input fields

Android version:

Battery usage optimizations

iOS version:

Updated tour when you start Chrome for the first time
Support for autocomplete in the omnibox for right to left languages

35.0.1916
2014-05-20 (Android)
2014-05-20
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-05-28 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
3.25.28

More developer control over touch input
New JavaScript features
Unprefixed Shadow DOM v0
A number of new apps/extension APIs
Opus updated to version v1.1

Android version:

Undo Tab Close
Fullscreen video with Subtitles and HTML5 controls
Support for some multi-window devices

iOS version:

Added right-to-left support to the omnibox for Arabic and Hebrew
See your search term in the omnibox, instead of the long search query URL
Easily refine your search queries and view more results on the search results page
Stability improvements and bug fixes[r 74]

Linux version:

Switched graphics interface backend from GTK+ to Aura

36.0.1985
2014-07-15 (iOS)
2014-07-16
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-07-16 (Android)
Blink 537.36
3.26.31

Rich Notifications Improvements
An Updated Incognito / Guest NTP design
The addition of a Browser crash recovery bubble
Multiple stability and performance improvements[r 79]

Android version:

Improved text rendering on non-mobile optimized sites
Doodles return to the new tab page[r 80]

iOS version:

Allows mobile sites that have added Cast support to work with your Cast-enabled device
Stability improvements and bug fixes[r 81]

Linux version:

Chrome App Launcher[r 79]

37.0.2062
2014-08-26
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-09-03 (Android)
2014-09-22 (iOS)[citation needed]
Blink 537.36
3.27.34

DirectWrite support on Windows for improved font rendering
A number of new apps/extension APIs
Multiple stability and performance improvements[r 82]
Removal of the showModalDialog API, breaking several enterprise web apps[r 83]

Android version:

Signing into Chrome signs you into your favorite Google sites
Updated look and feel with elements of Material Design
Multiple performance improvements and bug fixes[r 84]

Windows version:

64-bit Windows support[r 85]

38.0.2125
2014-10-07
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-10-07 (iOS)
2014-10-08 (Android)
Blink 537.36
3.28.71

A number of new apps/extension APIs
Support for logging into sites using FIDO U2F Security Key (a USB or smartcard security token) as a factor in 2-factor authentication[r 86]
Under-the-hood changes for stability and performance[r 87]

Android version:

Support for Battery Status and Screen orientation APIs
Additional Material Design updates
Bug fixes and performance improvements[r 88]

iOS version:

Better support for iPhone 6 and 6+
Download and open files in Google Drive
Stability improvements and bug fixes
Security fix[r 89]

39.0.2171
2014-11-12 (Android)
2014-11-18
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-11-24 (iOS)[citation needed]
Blink 537.36
3.29.88

Removes SSL/TLS protocol version fallback to SSLv3
64-bit support for Mac
A number of new apps/extension APIs
Under-the-hood changes for stability and performance[r 90]

Android version:

Number of bug fixes and performance improvements[r 91]
Experimental Reader Mode[r 92] can be enabled via chrome://flags[permanent dead link], is not available for tablets in this version

40.0.2214
2015-01-20 (iOS)
2015-01-21
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-01-21 (Android)
Blink 537.36
3.30.33

Disabled SSLv3 support by default
The minimum SSL/TLS version can now be set through about:flags
Updated info dialog for Chrome app on Windows and Linux
A new clock behind/ahead error message[r 93]

Android version:

Updated page info and content settings UI
Number of bug fixes and performance improvements[r 94]

iOS version:

New look with Material Design bringing bold graphics, fluid motion, and tactile surfaces
iOS 8 optimizations and support for bigger phones
Support handoff from Chrome to your default browser on macOS
Stability improvements and bug fixes[r 95]

41.0.2272
2015-03-03
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-03-11 (Android)
2015-03-16 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
4.1.0

A number of new apps/extension APIs
Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance[r 96]
Aero interface is disabled in Windows Vista

Android version:

The ability to pull to reload at the top of most pages
A number of bug fixes and performance improvements[r 97]

42.0.2311
2015-04-14
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-04-15 (Android)
2015-04-16 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
4.2.77

Support for NPAPI plugins disabled by default
A number of new apps, extension and Web Platform APIs (including the Push API)
Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance[r 98]
Add Bookmark is now redesigned.

Android version:

Getting the latest updates from sites with notifications
Adding your favorite sites to your homescreen is now even easier
Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 99]

43.0.2357
2015-05-19
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-05-27 (Android)
2015-06-01 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
4.3.61

Numerous bug fixes and security fixes[r 100]

Android version:

Faster Checkout – Quickly and securely complete checkout forms with data from Google Wallet
Touch to Search – Learn more about words and phrases by touching them on your screen
Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 101]
No longer supports Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich)[r 102][r 103]

44.0.2403
2015-07-21
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-07-22 (iOS)
2015-07-29 (Android)
Blink 537.36
4.4.63

A number of new apps/extension APIs
Change in the loading page circle on Chrome tabs
Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance[r 104]

Android version:

Fixed a boatload of bugs and performance issues.[r 105]

iOS version:

Swipe to navigate: swipe right or left to navigate backwards and forwards
Support for accessing Physical Web content from the Today view
Stability improvements and bug fixes[r 106]

45.0.2454
2015-09-01
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-09-01 (Android)
2015-09-02 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
4.5.103

Support for NPAPI plugins permanently disabled
A number of fixes and improvements[r 107]

Android version:

A number of fixes for a whole bunch of performance/stability/other issues.[r 108]

46.0.2490
2015-10-13
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-10-14 (Android)
2015-10-22 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
4.6.85

Change in taskbar logo design
A number of fixes and improvements.[r 109]

Android version:

Under the hood performance and stability tweaks.[r 110]

47.0.2526
2015-12-01 (iOS)
2015-12-01
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-12-02 (Android)
Blink 537.36
4.7.80

Change in appearance on closing tabs with red x's
New PDF viewer design
Security fixes[r 111]

Android version:

"More than a barge load of performance and stability fixes".[r 112]

iOS version:

Added support for more keyboard shortcuts. Bluetooth keyboards can open, close or change tabs or conduct a voice search.
Support for 3D touch on iPhone 6s/+. Force touch the Chrome icon to quickly open a new tab, a new incognito* tab, or conduct a voice search.[citation needed]

48.0.2564
2016-01-20
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-01-27 (iOS)
2016-01-27 (Android)
Blink 537.36
4.8.271

"Tab discarding" was enabled by default in chrome://flags[permanent dead link]
Window change in right-clicking an embedded web link
The key icon in "Save your password" turns black
"Clear browsing history" has been improved
A large number of fixes and improvements[r 113]

Android version:

Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements.

iOS version:

This version uses WKWebView, the latest rendering engine from Apple.
The crash rate was reduced by 70% and JavaScript execution is now faster.
Redesigned icons on the New Tab page: easier access to more of your frequently-visited sites.
Spotlight integration: Drag down or right from the Home screen and search for your Chrome bookmarks.[citation needed]

49.0.2623
2016-03-02
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-03-09 (iOS)
2016-03-09 (Android)
Blink 537.36
4.9.385

Extension icons now appear near search tab.
Changes in bookmark bar appearances.
Change in Incognito mode window.
Change in scrollbar movement.
Changed Downloads page appearance/design.
A large number of fixes and improvements[r 114]
Removed Windows 8 Mode (Metro mode)
Last version available for Windows XP and Vista, and Mac OS 10.6-10.8.

Android version:

"More than a barge full of performance and stability fixes."[r 115]

iOS version:

Bookmarks has a new look: Easily find your favorites!
Bug and stability fixes.

50.0.2661
2016-04-13
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-04-20 (iOS)
2016-04-26 (Android)
Blink 537.36
5.0.71

Auto-fill form letters are now highlighted in bold.
A number of fixes and improvements.[r 116]
No longer supports Windows XP and Vista.

Android version:

Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements.

iOS version:

Bug and stability fixes.

51.0.2704
2016-05-25
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-06-01 (iOS)
2016-06-01 (Android)
Blink 537.36
5.1.281

A number of fixes and improvements.[r 117]

Android version:

Brought tab switching back into Chrome (Android L+)[r 118]
Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements.

iOS version:

Bug and stability fixes.

52.0.2743
2016-07-20
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-07-27 (iOS)
2016-07-27 (Android)
Blink 537.36
5.2.361

It is impossible to disable DirectWrite.
Bar on the bottom now shows darker text when hovering your mouse over the link.
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 119]

Android version:

Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 120]

iOS version:

Accelerated Mobile Pages ("AMP") – news and articles from many of your favorite publishers will now load instantly.
Lightning bolt and "AMP" next to articles in the "Top Stories" section of search results indicate faster web page loading.

53.0.2785
2016-08-31
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-09-07 (iOS)
2016-09-07 (Android)
Blink 537.36
5.3.332

New browser's inside look, including a new bookmark
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 121]
'Simplify page' option removed from 'Save as PDF'.
Shadow DOM v1[1]

Android version:

Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 122]
Muted autoplay for video[r 123]

iOS version:

Chrome's History has a new look and it's now easier to review, find, and delete your browsing history.
Voice Search has been updated with a fresh look. Voice Search can now answer contextual questions such as "How tall is the Eiffel Tower?" followed by "When was it built?"

54.0.2840
2016-10-12
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-10-19 (iOS)
2016-10-19 (Android)
Blink 537.36
5.4.500

"Other bookmarks" tab has changed appearance
The message "Right-click to play Adobe Flash Player" now appears while pages with Adobe Flash Player are loading.
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 124]

Android version:

Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements
View article suggestions for you on the new tab page
Play media in the background for sites that support it
Update saved passwords when you change or reset your password[r 125]

iOS version:

No internet connection? Smile and tap the dinosaur
Fixed bookmark icons not displaying correctly
Fixed phone number detection issues in web pages
Stability improvements and bug fixes

55.0.2883
2016-12-01
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-12-05 (iOS)
2016-12-06 (Android)
Blink 537.36
5.5.372

The History page has changed and is no longer in "Settings"
Flash Player is now off by default for most sites
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 126]
It is not possible to disable top level Material Design[r 127]

iOS version:

You can swipe down or right from the iOS Home screen to search. Searching for "voice" or "incognito" enables you to start Chrome in Voice Search mode or in a new Incognito Tab, respectively. The appearance of items in Spotlight Search will only work for devices that support Spotlight Actions.
The folder named "All Bookmarks" has been removed from the Bookmarks view. You can access all your other devices’ Bookmarks by clicking on the other folders.

Android version:

Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements
Easily download music, videos, and even full web pages for viewing offline
View and share your downloads within Chrome
See misspelled words highlighted in text fields
Improvements to contextual search UI[r 128]

56.0.2924
2017-01-25
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-02-01 (iOS)
2017-02-01 (Android)
Blink 537.36
5.6.326

HTML5 enabled by default
Adobe Flash Player is automatically blocked for most sites that require the plugin
Labeling of unsecured HTTP sites
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 129]

iOS version:

Scan a QR code or barcode by using 3D Touch on the app logo or searching for "QR" in Spotlight.
We've redesigned the tab switcher layout on iPad to make it easier to access your open sites.

Android version:

Easily download music, videos, and even full web pages for viewing offline
View and share your downloads within Chrome
See misspelled words highlighted in text fields
Improvements to contextual search UI
Bug fixes and significant memory savings[r 130]

57.0.2987
2017-03-09
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-03-14 (iOS)
2017-03-16 (Android)
Blink 537.36
5.7.492

CSS grid layout
Improved "Add to Home" screen
Media Session API
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 131]
WebAssembly[r 132]
Background tab policy changes[2]

iOS version:

Chrome can add pages to your Reading List.
Find in Page now works correctly in iOS 10.3.

Android version:

Quickly use emails, addresses, and phone numbers in web pages by tapping on them
Easily access downloaded files and web pages from the new tab page
Long press article suggestions on the new tab page to download them
Bug fixes and performance improvements[r 133]

58.0.3029
2017-04-19
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-04-20 (Android)
2017-04-25 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
5.8.283

"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 134]
IndexedDB 2.0
Workers and SharedWorkers in data-URLs.

Android version:

Useful actions like “Find in page” available in apps that open web pages using Chrome
More frequently updated article suggestions on the New Tab page
Use recently visited search engines as your default search engine
See Physical Web suggestions, based on your surroundings, in the address bar
Bug fixes and performance improvements[r 135]

iOS version:

Stability improvements and bug fixes.

59.0.3071
2017-06-05
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-06-06 (iOS)
2017-06-06 (Android)
Blink 537.36
5.9.211

"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 136]
Revamped Settings and "About Google Chrome" page with Material Design
Headless mode in Linux and macOS.[r 137]

iOS version:

Fixed a user-reported issue that resulted in hangs and significant slowdowns when switching tabs.
Fixed a crash involving dialogs presented while switching tabs.
Stability improvements and bug fixes.

Android version:

View and manage in-progress downloads on the Downloads page
View and clear your browsing data more easily on the redesigned History page
Long-press a link to open it in a new Chrome tab (from Chrome Custom Tabs)
Bug fixes and performance improvements[r 138]

60.0.3112
2017-07-25
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-07-25 (iOS)
2017-07-31 (Android)
Blink 537.36
6.0.286

MacBook Pro Touch Bar support.
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 139]

iOS version:

"Request Mobile Site" button can switch from a website's desktop version back to its mobile version

Android version

Load pages faster and use less memory with an updated JavaScript engine
Bug fixes and performance improvements
Clear browsing data more easily[r 140]

61.0.3163
2017-09-05
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-09-05 (iOS)
2017-09-05 (Android)
Blink 537.36
6.1.534

Native support for JavaScript modules
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 141]

iOS version:

Added a new button for scanning QR codes above the virtual keyboard

Android version

Addition of Web Share API
Bug fixes and performance improvements
Translate pages with a more compact and intuitive toolbar
Pick images to post online with an improved image picker[r 142]

62.0.3202
2017-10-17
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-10-18 (iOS)
2017-10-19 (Android)
Blink 537.36
6.2.414

The "Save Your Password" icon gets a new appearance
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 143]
Support for OpenType variable fonts
Network Information API updated to report users actual Internet speed, not just connection type, to websites
HTTP sites that request user data will now be flagged as "non-secure" (red) in the Chrome Omnibox[r 144]

iOS version

Two new Today widgets are added by tapping the Edit button at the bottom of the iOS Search screen
Ability to drag a URL from another app and drop it into Chrome's omnibox or the tab strip, or from Chrome's content area to another app on iOS 11 iPads
The Payment Request API has been introduced

Android version

Download files faster with accelerated downloads
View and copy passwords saved with Chrome if device lock is enabled
Quickly see your data savings in the Chrome menu when Data Saver is on[r 145]

63.0.3239
2017-12-05 (iOS)
2017-12-05 (Android)
2017-12-06
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
Blink 537.36
6.3.292

Various fixes from internal audits, fuzzing and other initiatives
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 146]
Browser allows you to import JavaScript modules dynamically
With async generator functions and the async iteration protocol, consumption or implementation of streaming data sources becomes streamlined
You can override the browser's default overflow scroll behavior with the CSS overscroll-behavior property[r 147]

iOS version:

Swipe up on the New Tab Page to explore suggested content from the web
The ability to reorder bookmarks is back!

Android version:

Chrome for Android will make permission requests modal dialogs
"Stability and performance improvements."[r 148]

64.0.3282
2017-12-14
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
Blink 537.36
6.4
Current Beta channel

65.0
2017-12-15
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
Blink 537.36
6.5
Current Dev channel

65.0
2017-12-04
(macOS and Android)
2017-12-05
(Windows)
Blink 537.36
6.5
Current Canary channel

Major version
Release date
Layout engine[r 1]
V8 engine[r 2]
Significant changes

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Release date is the date of first release. All channels have subsequent updates which are not shown. For release update history see Google Chrome Releases.
The first stable release in Windows, macOS and Linux was Google Chrome 5.0.375. The first stable release on Android was Chrome 18.0.1025123 (Chrome for Android).[r 149][r 150][r 151]
Old development and beta builds are not shown after they become stable releases.
As of Chrome 26, Linux installations of the browser may be updated only on systems that support GCC v4.6 and GTK v2.24 or later. Thus systems such as Ubuntu Lucid 10.04 LTS, Debian 6's 2.20, and RHEL 6's 2.18 are now among those marked as deprecated.[r 152]
As of Chrome 59, Linux Chrome defaults to GTK+3. Older versions of Linux, e.g. RHEL 6 or Centros 6, with only GTK+2 support, are not able to run this version of Chrome. Red Hat's GTK+2 build of Firefox ESR is probably the last remaining regularly updated browser on RHEL 6/CentOS 6.[3]
Versions 6–32 had Google Chrome Frame counterparts, until its development was discontinued.[r 153][not in citation given]
As of version 50, macOS 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, Windows XP and Vista are no longer supported.

tag: ul


document_title: Margot Robbie

question_text: who played the wife in wolf of wall street

text: Margot Robbie

text: Early life[edit]

text: Robbie was born in Dalby, Queensland, Australia, later moving to the Gold Coast.[5] Her parents are Sarie Kessler, a physiotherapist, and Doug Robbie, a former farm-owner.[6][2][7] She has three siblings, older brother Lachlan or "Lockie", younger brother Cameron and a sister, Anya.[7][8][9] Robbie and her siblings were raised by their single mother.[6] She has minimal contact with her father.[6] She grew up in a farming family.[10] To make ends meet, Robbie worked three jobs simultaneously at the age of 16.[6] She studied drama at school,[6] graduating from Somerset College.[11] When Robbie was 17 years old, she moved to Melbourne to begin acting professionally.[12]

text: Career[edit]

text: 2007–2011: Early career[edit]

text: Robbie has been acting professionally since 2007, when she starred in two feature films, I.C.U. and Vigilante. After impressing the director with her performance during an audition, she won the lead in I.C.U. without an agent at the time.[1] Robbie also acted in commercials and had guest roles in The Elephant Princess and City Homicide as Caitlin Brentford.[13]

text: Robbie began appearing as Donna Freedman on Neighbours from June 2008.[1] The character was originally only a guest role, but she was soon promoted to a regular cast member.[14] In an interview with Digital Spy, Robbie said she had gone on a snowboarding holiday to Canada with her boyfriend soon after auditioning, but had to return after only two days when told that she had won the role.[15]

text: In early 2009, Robbie appeared in various Network Ten promotions, featuring an ensemble of popular Australian faces on the network. In July 2009, she filled the "Generation Y" guest spot on the Network Ten show Talkin' 'Bout Your Generation. Robbie also became a Youth Ambassador for missing persons as part of National Youth Week.[16]

text: In the same year, Robbie was nominated for Most Popular New Female Talent at the Australian Logie Awards.[17] She was also nominated for Favorite Hottie at the Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards and was up against her Neighbours co-star Dean Geyer.[18] In September 2010, Robbie announced that she was to leave Neighbours after almost three years to pursue an acting career in Hollywood.[19] Her final scenes aired on 26 January 2011 and in April of that year, Robbie was nominated for Most Popular Actress at the Logie Awards.[20]

text: 2011–2015: Move to Hollywood and The Wolf of Wall Street[edit]

text: After arriving in Los Angeles for pilot season, Robbie auditioned for the new series of Charlie's Angels.[21] However, the producers at Sony Pictures Television preferred her for a role in ABC drama series Pan Am alongside Christina Ricci.[21] Robbie landed the role of Laura Cameron, a newly trained flight attendant.[22] Pan Am was cancelled after one season due to falling ratings, despite receiving positive reviews from critics.[23]

text: In May 2012, Robbie joined the cast of Richard Curtis' romantic comedy About Time (2013) alongside Domhnall Gleeson, Rachel McAdams and Bill Nighy.[23] About Time was released in the United Kingdom on 4 September 2013 and in the United States on 1 November 2013.[24] The film received positive reviews[25] and grossed $87 million on its $12 million budget.[26]

text: In June 2012, it was announced that Robbie was in talks to appear in Martin Scorsese's The Wolf of Wall Street (2013) with Leonardo DiCaprio and Jonah Hill.[27] Her casting was confirmed in August.[28] The Wolf of Wall Street was released on 25 December 2013[29] to positive reviews and became a commercial success with a worldwide gross of $392 million[30] making it Scorsese's highest-grossing film.[31] The film was subsequently nominated for five Academy Awards, including Best Picture.[32] For her performance as Jordan Belfort's second wife Naomi Lapaglia, Robbie was praised by critics for her Brooklyn accent.[33] Critic Sasha Stone wrote "She's Scorsese's best blonde bombshell discovery since Cathy Moriarty in Raging Bull. Robbie is funny, hard and kills every scene she's in".[34] She received a nomination for the MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance [35] and won the Empire Award for Best Newcomer.[36]

text: 2015–present: Focus, The Legend of Tarzan, and Suicide Squad[edit]

text: In 2015, Robbie starred opposite Will Smith in romantic comedy-drama film Focus. In the film, she plays an inexperienced grifter learning the craft from Smith's character.[37] The film was released on 27 February 2015 to generally mixed reviews.[38] However, Robbie's performance was praised. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote "Robbie is a wow and then some. The Aussie actress who made us sit up and take notice as Leonardo DiCaprio's wife in The Wolf of Wall Street shows a comic flair backed up with beauty and steel. Even when Focus fumbles, Robbie deals a winning hand."[39] Focus grossed over $150 million worldwide.[40][41] In 2015, Robbie received a nomination for the BAFTA Rising Star Award.[42] Also in 2015, Robbie played the leading role of Ann Burden in the film adaptation of Z for Zachariah with Chris Pine and Chiwetel Ejiofor, which was shot in New Zealand.[43][44] The film premiered on 24 January 2015 at the Sundance Film Festival [45] and had its theatrical release on 28 August 2015. The film received positive reviews.[46][47] Robbie's performance was praised by critics. Drew McWeeny of HitFix wrote "Robbie's work here establishes her as one of the very best actresses in her age range today".[48]

text: Robbie appeared in a documentary special celebrating Neighbours' 30th anniversary titled Neighbours 30th: The Stars Reunite, which aired in Australia and the UK in March 2015.[49][50] She also appeared in Suite Française (2015) alongside Michelle Williams, Kristin Scott Thomas and Matthias Schoenaerts, an adaptation of Irène Némirovsky's novel.[51] The film received positive reviews.[52] Robbie made a cameo appearance in Adam McKay's comedy-drama The Big Short, released on 11 December 2015.[53]

text: Robbie co-starred with Tina Fey in Whiskey Tango Foxtrot, a film adaptation of The Taliban Shuffle.[54] She plays Tanya Vanderpoel, a British TV journalist.[55] The film also stars Martin Freeman and Alfred Molina[56] and was released on 4 March 2016 by Paramount Pictures.[57][58] In May 2016, Calvin Klein announced Robbie would be the face of their newest women's fragrance Deep Euphoria.[59] Later that year, Robbie starred as Jane Porter in David Yates's The Legend of Tarzan, opposite Alexander Skarsgård, Samuel L. Jackson and Christoph Waltz. The film was released on 1 July.[43][60]

text: Robbie's third 2016 role was Harley Quinn in Warner Bros.' DC Comics supervillain film Suicide Squad,[61][62] as part of an ensemble cast that includes Will Smith, Jared Leto, Viola Davis and Joel Kinnaman. Principal photography commenced on 13 April 2015,[63] and the film was released on 5 August 2016.[64] Robbie hosted the season 42 premiere of Saturday Night Live on 1 October 2016, with musical guest The Weeknd.[65] In 2017, Robbie began promoting Nissan electric vehicles.[66] She was scheduled to voice a character in the 2018 DreamWorks Animation Larrikins,[67] before the project was cancelled in March 2017.[68]

text: Upcoming films[edit]

text: Robbie has been confirmed to star in the film adaptation of Marisa Lankester's memoir Dangerous Odds[69] and Matthew Michael Carnahan's Violent Talent.[70] In February 2016, Robbie was cast in Vaughn Stein's thriller film Terminal as Annie.[71] She will also portray American figure skater Tonya Harding in I, Tonya, written by Steven Rogers and directed by Craig Gillespie.[72][73] Robbie will reprise her role as Harley Quinn in Gotham City Sirens that she will also produce.[74][75][76] She will star alongside Domhnall Gleeson in Goodbye Christopher Robin as A. A. Milne's wife Daphne de Sélincourt.[77] In July 2016, Robbie was confirmed to star in an adaptation of Matt Ruff's thriller novel Bad Monkeys as Jane Charlotte. She will also produce the film for LuckyChap Entertainment.[78] Robbie will voice a character in the animated/live-action Peter Rabbit film adaptation.[79] In 2017, she was cast as Maid Marian in Marian. Robbie will also co-produce the film for LuckyChap Entertainment.[80] She was also cast as Queen Elizabeth I in the 2018 film Mary Queen of Scots.[81]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Robbie met British assistant director Tom Ackerley on the set of Suite Française,[6] and in December 2016, they married in a private ceremony in Byron Bay.[82][79] She and Ackerley previously lived in London with two friends.[83] They have since moved to Los Angeles.[84]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2008
Vigilante
Cassandra

2009
I.C.U.
Tristan Waters
Also associate producer

2013
About Time
Charlotte

The Wolf of Wall Street
Naomi Lapaglia

2015
Z for Zachariah
Ann Burden

Focus
Jess Barrett

Suite Française
Celine

The Big Short
Herself
Cameo

2016
Whiskey Tango Foxtrot
Tanya Vanderpoel

The Legend of Tarzan
Jane Porter

Suicide Squad
Harley Quinn

2017
I, Tonya
Tonya Harding
Also producer

Goodbye Christopher Robin
Daphne de Sélincourt
Completed

2018
Peter Rabbit

Voice role; post-production

Terminal
Annie
Also producer; post-production

Mary Queen of Scots
Queen Elizabeth I
Filming

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2008
Review with Myles Barlow
Kelly
Premiere episode

2008
Elephant Princess, TheThe Elephant Princess
Butterfly (uncredited)[citation needed]
2 episodes

2008
City Homicide
Caitlin Brentford
Episode: "Somersaulting Dogs"

2008–11
Neighbours
Donna Freedman
Series regular

2011–12
Pan Am
Laura Cameron
Main role (14 episodes)

2015
Top Gear
Herself
Episode #22.4

2015
Neighbours 30th: The Stars Reunite
Herself
Documentary

2016
Saturday Night Live
Host
Episode: "Margot Robbie/The Weeknd"

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Association
Category
Work / nominee
Result
Ref

2009
Logie Awards
Most Popular New Female Talent
Neighbours
Nominated
[17]

2011
Most Popular Actress
Nominated
[20]

2013
Boston Society of Film Critics
Best Cast
The Wolf of Wall Street
Nominated
[85]

Broadcast Film Critics Association
Best Acting Ensemble
Nominated
[86]

Detroit Film Critics Society
Best Ensemble
Nominated
[87]

2014
Empire Awards
Best Female Newcomer
Won
[88]

MTV Movie Awards
Best Breakthrough Performance
Nominated
[35]

Young Hollywood Awards
Breakthrough Actress
Margot Robbie
Nominated
[89]

2015
British Academy Film Awards
BAFTA Rising Star Award
Margot Robbie
Nominated
[42]

2016
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie Actress: AnTEENcipated
Suicide Squad
Nominated
[90]

Critics' Choice Awards
Best Actress in an Action Movie
Won
[91]

2017
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Movie Actress
Nominated
[92]

Favorite Action Movie Actress
Won
[92]

Alliance of Women Film Journalists
Hall of Shame (with David Ayer)
Nominated
[93]

Actress Most in Need of a New Agent
Nominated
[93]

Saturn Awards
Best Supporting Actress
Nominated
[94]


document_title: The Clapping Song

question_text: who sang the song 369 the goose drank wine

text: The Clapping Song

text:
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text: "The Clapping Song" is an American song, written by Lincoln Chase, originally arranged by Charles Callello and recorded by Shirley Ellis in 1965. The song was released shortly after Ellis had released "The Name Game". "The Clapping Song" incorporates lyrics from the song "Little Rubber Dolly",[1] a 1930s song recorded by the Light Crust Doughboys, and also features instructions for a clapping game. The single sold over a million copies, and peaked at number eight in the United States[2] and number six in the UK.[3]

text: The song returned to the charts in 1982, when the Belle Stars' version charted at number 11 in the UK.[3] This version did not chart in the US, although a version by Pia Zadora charted there at number 36 in 1983.[4]

text: Notable cover versions[edit]

text: The song has been covered many times:

text:
Gary Glitter covered this song on three albums: Glitter in 1972, Glam Years 1991, and Gary Glitter in 1995
Female Mexican pop singer Yuri recorded a Spanish version of the song in 1980 titled "Bailad (The Clapping Song)"
Ian Cussick, Scottish singer-songwriter, released the song as a single in 1981, from his third studio album Hypertension
The Belle Stars covered the song in 1982
Pia Zadora's cover of the song entered the top 40 in 1983
Aaron Carter released a cover of the song on his 2000 album Aaron's Party (Come Get It). A music video was produced for the song.
Lil' Kim performed the song (as Shirley Ellis) on the NBC drama American Dreams October 12, 2003 and danced to the song on the ABC show Dancing With The Stars April 20 and 21, 2009
Mother and The Addicts released a cover of this song as the B-side to 2004 single "Who Art You Girls?"
The Young Punx covered the song for the Buffet Libre 'Rewind 2' project in late 2008, featuring Laura Kidd on vocals and Guthrie Govan on guitar
UK X Factor contestant, Cher Lloyd, performed the song on the final of the show in December 2010
Russell Grant released it in 2012 in the UK as a Christmas single along with six backing singers/dancers, including S Club 7's Tina Barrett, Chloe Rich, Miriam Breckner and Rhiannon Drake[5]
The Hip-hop gospel Congolese group Makoma has covered the song
Izza Kizza samples the chorus in his song "Walk The Dawg"
R&B Singer Cupid did a cover of the song with B.o.B on the Step Up 2 OST which samples Ellis' version
Operator Please covered the song for the Australian Independent teen film Hey, Hey, It's Esther Blueburger
Baccara recorded a cover with a "Macarena" beat.
Andrew W.K. included a re-mixed version in the album Damn! The Mixtape.
On Season 1 of The X Factor US, the group InTENsity performed the song during the first live show
The Hype Girlz released The Clapping Song on June 15th, 2015
Icona Pop released a cover on July 17th, 2015 titled "Clap Snap" on the "Emergency EP"
UK X Factor group 4th Impact performed the song as a mashup with "Sound of the Underground" during the second week of live shows.

text: Legacy and in the media[edit]

text:
Tom Waits's song "Clap Hands" from his album Rain Dogs quotes the line "they all went to heaven in a little row boat." In the version of the song on the live album Big Time, Waits prefaces "Clap Hands" with the entire first verse of "The Clapping Song".
Radiohead's "Pyramid Song" quotes the line "And we all went to heaven in a little row boat".
Buck 65's "1957" quotes the line "we all go to Heaven in a little row boat."
In "Loco Mosquito" (Soldier, 1980), Iggy Pop quotes some lines from "The Clapping Song".
UB40's rendition of Red Red Wine includes the lines "The line broke, the monkey get choked".
Spank Rock's mix tape Couche-Tard samples "The Clapping Song" on track "Five".
Parkway Drive quotes the line "and we all go to heaven in a little row boat" in a satirical manner in their 2015 song "Writings on the Wall".
James May attempted to parallel park a Lamborghini Countach to the song on an episode of Top Gear.
Manu Chao used the "My mama told me" part in the 2003 Jai Alai Katumbi Express with Fermin Muguruza on "Hamburger Fields / Hitz Egin" song. [6]
The song was used in an advertising campaign for Matalan in the UK.
The song was featured in the hip hop documentary Scratch as part of a story where DJ Jazzy Jay recalls Afrika Bambaata passing him a 45 single with a drum break he later discovered was from "The Clapping Song".
The song was also featured in the TV series Skins in 2007. It was used in the bonus episode of Season 1, during the organisation of the "Secret Party".
The song is featured in a 2011 advertisement on YouTube for the 2012 Volkswagen Beetle.
The chorus of Cat Power’s 2012 song “3, 6, 9” borrows heavily from “The Clapping Song”
The line "3, 6, 9" is referenced in the verses to "Get Low" by Lil Jon and the East Side Boyz featuring the Ying Yang Twins.
In 2016 the song was used in a commercial of the car Ford Focus.
In Stephen King's Insomnia (1994) an evil character chants the song several times throughout the novel.


document_title: A Man Without Honor

question_text: who did theon kill in season 2 episode 7

text: A Man Without Honor

text: Plot[edit]

text: In King's Landing[edit]

text: Sansa Stark thanks Sandor "The Hound" Clegane for saving her during the riots, but her thanks are met with a cold reception. Later, Sansa is awakened by a nightmare of the riots and discovers that she has bled, with the implication that she can now be wed to Joffrey Baratheon and bear his children. When Shae discovers Sansa trying to cut the blood from her sheets, she begins to aid her, but they are discovered by one of the Queen's handmaidens, who rushes to tell Queen Regent Cersei Lannister. Shae catches the maid in the hall and threatens her life should the maid tell anyone, but upon Shae's return, Shae discovers the Hound has seen the sheet as well. Cersei meets with Sansa to discuss her duty to Joffrey, but tells Sansa that it will be impossible to love Joffrey, so she should just focus on loving her children. Tyrion Lannister tells Cersei that Stannis Baratheon's fleet will be arriving in days and the king's plan to repel them might not work. Cersei tries to defend her relationship with Jaime Lannister by reiterating how incest was relatively common (and particularly common in House Targaryen during its nearly 300-year rule over Westeros), but she ultimately tells Tyrion her belief that she is being punished with an uncontrollable Joffrey for committing incest.

text: Beyond the Wall[edit]

text: Jon Snow continues to search for his companions with his prisoner, Ygritte, in tow. When Ygritte deduces that Jon has never been with a woman, and upon learning of his vow of celibacy, she is dumbfounded and tries to convince him that life would be better with the wildlings, under Mance Rayder. She also teases him about his lack of sexual experience, offering to show him how. Jon remains true to his vows and repeatedly rebuffs her advances. While crossing a muddy passage, Ygritte is able to slip away from Jon and make an escape. Jon pursues her but is unable to find her until she draws his attention by whistling to him, revealing herself and several wildlings that have been hiding nearby. More wildlings then emerge from nearby hiding places, revealing that Jon is surrounded.

text: At Harrenhal[edit]

text: Lord Tywin Lannister orders Ser Gregor "The Mountain" Clegane to find Amory Lorch's killer, believing that the murder of Lorch was actually an attempt on his own life. When Clegane leaves, Tywin invites Arya Stark to eat with him. They discuss Tywin's desire to leave a legacy and the conquest of Westeros by Aegon the Conqueror, which led to the destruction of Harrenhal. Tywin is surprised to learn that Arya knows so much about Aegon and his sister-wives. Having deduced that she is highborn, he tells her that she says, "My lord," instead of, "M'lord," like a commoner would, and advises her that if she is trying to hide her highborn status, she should do it more carefully. She rebuffs this by stating her mother served a noblewoman for many years, and taught her to speak properly. He (not unkindly) tells her she is too smart for her own good.

text: In the Westerlands[edit]

text: King Robb Stark hears Alton Lannister's unfavorable reply to the peace terms he brought to Queen Regent Cersei. Lord Roose Bolton informs Robb that his prisons are full, so Robb orders the construction of a new pen to keep Alton in, and orders him placed with Ser Jaime Lannister in the meantime. Robb also meets with Talisa Maegyr to discuss getting her more medical supplies. Robb asks her to come with him to the Crag to see the Maester for her supplies, which she agrees to do.

text: After a prolonged friendly conversation, Jaime brutally kills Alton to kick off an escape plan. When the jailer, Torrhen Karstark, enters the pen to investigate the disturbance, Jaime strangles him with his chains, takes the key from his body to free himself, and flees. In the morning, he is recaptured and brought back to the Stark camp. Lord Rickard Karstark demands the Kingslayer's head in retribution for murdering his son. Catelyn Stark, with the assistance of Brienne of Tarth, is able to delay the execution until Robb returns from the Crag. Catelyn confronts Jaime about Alton's death and calls him a man without honor for breaking his vows. Jaime bitterly explains that his vows as a knight included requirements to defend the innocent, obey his father, and serve the king... but that his father despised his king, and his king was slaughtering the innocent, rendering his vows conflicting. Jaime considers concepts like "honor" and "loyalty" naive at best and hypocritical at worst. Jaime also asserts that he has only been intimate with Cersei and thus has more honor than Eddard Stark, Catelyn's late husband, who fathered the bastard Jon Snow. He baits and insults Catelyn by telling her that she must hate Jon as a living reminder of Ned's infidelity. This brings Catelyn to a breaking point and she asks for Brienne's sword.

text: In Qarth[edit]

text: Having lost her dragons, Daenerys Targaryen has difficulty trusting Xaro Xhoan Daxos when he tells her he did not take them. Later, Ser Jorah Mormont returns from his search for a ship and vows to Daenerys to find her dragons. He seeks out the shadowbinder Quaithe, who knows much of the dragons and Jorah's feelings for Daenerys. Quaithe informs Jorah that although she does not have the dragons, Daenerys is currently with the one who does. At a meeting of the Thirteen, Pyat Pree tells Daenerys that he has her dragons in the "House of the Undying." Shortly after this revelation, Xaro, with the aid of Pree, proclaims himself King of Qarth. Pree, having multiplied himself around the room, assassinates the remaining eleven members of the Thirteen, and Daenerys flees with Mormont and Kovarro.

text: At Winterfell[edit]

text: Prince Theon Greyjoy wakes in the morning and finds the wildling Osha gone from his bed. Outside, he discovers one of his men has been killed, and Bran Stark, Rickon Stark, Hodor and Osha have fled Winterfell in the night. While berating his men for the escape of the children, he is challenged by Black Lorren for sleeping with Osha. Theon brutally beats Lorren and then begins a hunt for the two boys and their companions, against the wishes of Maester Luwin. After arriving at a farm, Theon is displeased to learn the dogs have lost the trail, but Dagmer Cleftjaw discovers walnut shells in the farm yard, indicating Bran and Rickon may have passed through. Theon then orders Luwin back to Winterfell so he may interrogate the farm owner.

text: After returning from the hunt, Theon calls the people to the square, and after Luwin's arrival, reveals to them the charred remains of two children as a warning to those who do not respect his rule. Luwin cries out in horror for Bran and Rickon, while Theon looks upon the corpses and appears visibly uncomfortable, barely able to hide his guilt.

text: Production[edit]

text: Writing[edit]

text: The episode was written by producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, their fourth of six scripts for the second season. This episode adapts content from the second novel, A Clash of Kings, chapters Theon IV, Sansa IV and parts of Catelyn V and Catelyn VII.[1]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: "A Man Without Honor" was watched by 3.69 million American households in its initial telecast on HBO.[2] In the United Kingdom, the episode was seen by 0.935 million viewers on Sky Atlantic, being the channel's highest-rated broadcast that week.[3]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The episode received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes surveyed 12 reviews of the episode and judged 92% of them to be positive, with an average score of 8.85 out of 10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Quieter and more meditative than previous episodes, 'A Man Without Honor' is bolstered by incredible performances and a welcome return to an unlikely but surprisingly satisfying onscreen duo."[4] IGN's Matt Fowler gave the episode a 9 out of 10, noting that "While A Man Without Honor didn't have as many big, striking scenes as some of the past few episodes, it made up for its lack of face-melting moments with some absolutely fantastic one-on-one scenes."[5] The A.V. Club's Todd VanDerWerff gave it an A-.[6]