document_title: Bloom's taxonomy

question_text: the sequence of the cognitive process dimension of the revised bloom’s taxonomy is

question_tokens: the sequence of the cognitive process dimension of the revised bloom 's taxonomy is

text: Bloom's taxonomy

text: History[edit]

text: Although named after Bloom, the publication of Taxonomy of Educational Objectives followed a series of conferences from 1949 to 1953, which were designed to improve communication between educators on the design of curricula and examinations.[3]

text: The first volume of the taxonomy, Handbook I: Cognitive[1] was published in 1956, and in 1964 Handbook II: Affective.[4][5][6][7][8] A revised version of the taxonomy for the cognitive domain was created in 2001.[9]

text: The cognitive domain (knowledge-based)[edit]

text: In the original version of the taxonomy, the cognitive domain is broken into the following six levels of objectives.[10] In the 2001 revised edition of Bloom's taxonomy, the levels are slightly different: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, Create (rather than Synthesize).[9][11]

text: Remembering[edit]

text: Remembering involves recognizing or remembering facts, terms, basic concepts, or answers without necessarily understanding what they mean. Its characteristics may include:

text:
Knowledge of specifics—terminology, specific facts
Knowledge of ways and means of dealing with specifics—conventions, trends and sequences, classifications and categories, criteria, methodology
Knowledge of the universals and abstractions in a field—principles and generalizations, theories and structures

text: Example: Name three common varieties of apple.

text: Comprehending[edit]

text: Comprehension involves demonstrating understanding of facts and ideas by organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions, and stating the main ideas.

text: Example: Compare the identifying characteristics of a Golden Delicious apple with a Granny Smith apple.

text: Applying[edit]

text: Applying involves using acquired knowledge—solving problems in new situations by applying acquired knowledge, facts, techniques and rules. Learners should be able to use prior knowledge to solve problems, identify connections and relationships and how they apply in new situations.

text: Example: Would apples prevent scurvy, a disease caused by a deficiency in vitamin C?

text: Analyzing[edit]

text: Analyzing involves examining and breaking information into component parts, determining how the parts relate to one another, identifying motives or causes, making inferences, and finding evidence to support generalizations. Its characteristics include:

text:
Analysis of elements
Analysis of relationships
Analysis of organization

text: Example: List four ways of serving foods made with apples and explain which ones have the highest health benefits. Provide references to support your statements.

text: Synthesizing[edit]

text: Synthesizing involves building a structure or pattern from diverse elements; it also refers to the act of putting parts together to form a whole. Its characteristics include:

text:
Production of a unique communication
Production of a plan, or proposed set of operations
Derivation of a set of abstract relations

text: Example: Convert an "unhealthy" recipe for apple pie to a "healthy" recipe by replacing your choice of ingredients. Explain the health benefits of using the ingredients you chose vs. the original ones.

text: Evaluating[edit]

text: Evaluating involves presenting and defending opinions by making judgments about information, the validity of ideas, or quality of work based on a set of criteria. Its characteristics include:

text:
Judgments in terms of internal evidence
Judgments in terms of external criteria

text: Example: Which kinds of apples are best for baking a pie, and why?

text: The affective domain (emotive-based)[edit]

text: Skills in the affective domain describe the way people react emotionally and their ability to feel other living things' pain or joy. Affective objectives typically target the awareness and growth in attitudes, emotion, and feelings.

text: There are five levels in the affective domain moving through the lowest-order processes to the highest:

text: The psychomotor domain (action-based)[edit]

text: Skills in the psychomotor domain describe the ability to physically manipulate a tool or instrument like a hand or a hammer. Psychomotor objectives usually focus on change and/or development in behavior and/or skills.

text: Bloom and his colleagues never created subcategories for skills in the psychomotor domain, but since then other educators have created their own psychomotor taxonomies.[7] Simpson (1972) proposed the following levels:[full citation needed]

text: Perception[edit]

text: The ability to use sensory cues to guide motor activity: This ranges from sensory stimulation, through cue selection, to translation.

text: Examples: Detects non-verbal communication cues. Estimate where a ball will land after it is thrown and then moving to the correct location to catch the ball. Adjusts heat of the stove to correct temperature by smell and taste of food. Adjusts the height of the forks on a forklift by comparing where the forks are in relation to the pallet.

text: Key words: chooses, describes, detects, differentiates, distinguishes, identifies, isolates, relates, selects.

text: Set[edit]

text: Readiness to act: It includes mental, physical, and emotional sets. These three sets are dispositions that predetermine a person's response to different situations (sometimes called mindsets). This subdivision of psychomotor is closely related with the "responding to phenomena" subdivision of the affective domain.

text: Examples: Knows and acts upon a sequence of steps in a manufacturing process. Recognizes his or her abilities and limitations. Shows desire to learn a new process (motivation).

text: Key words: begins, displays, explains, moves, proceeds, reacts, shows, states, volunteers.

text: Guided response[edit]

text: The early stages of learning a complex skill that includes imitation and trial and error: Adequacy of performance is achieved by practicing.

text: Examples: Performs a mathematical equation as demonstrated. Follows instructions to build a model. Responds to hand-signals of the instructor while learning to operate a forklift.

text: Key words: copies, traces, follows, react, reproduce, responds.

text: Mechanism[edit]

text: The intermediate stage in learning a complex skill: Learned responses have become habitual and the movements can be performed with some confidence and proficiency.

text: Examples: Use a personal computer. Repair a leaking tap. Drive a car.

text: Key words: assembles, calibrates, constructs, dismantles, displays, fastens, fixes, grinds, heats, manipulates, measures, mends, mixes, organizes, sketches.

text: Complex overt response[edit]

text: The skillful performance of motor acts that involve complex movement patterns: Proficiency is indicated by a quick, accurate, and highly coordinated performance, requiring a minimum of energy. This category includes performing without hesitation and automatic performance. For example, players will often utter sounds of satisfaction or expletives as soon as they hit a tennis ball or throw a football because they can tell by the feel of the act what the result will produce.

text: Examples: Maneuvers a car into a tight parallel parking spot. Operates a computer quickly and accurately. Displays competence while playing the piano.

text: Key words: assembles, builds, calibrates, constructs, dismantles, displays, fastens, fixes, grinds, heats, manipulates, measures, mends, mixes, organizes, sketches. (Note: The key words are the same as in mechanism, but will have adverbs or adjectives that indicate that the performance is quicker, better, more accurate, etc.)

text: Adaptation[edit]

text: Skills are well developed and the individual can modify movement patterns to fit special requirements.

text: Examples: Responds effectively to unexpected experiences. Modifies instruction to meet the needs of the learners. Performs a task with a machine that was not originally intended for that purpose (the machine is not damaged and there is no danger in performing the new task).

text: Key words: adapts, alters, changes, rearranges, reorganizes, revises, varies.

text: Origination[edit]

text: Creating new movement patterns to fit a particular situation or specific problem: Learning outcomes emphasize creativity based upon highly developed skills.

text: Examples: Constructs a new set or pattern of movements organized around a novel concept or theory. Develops a new and comprehensive training program. Creates a new gymnastic routine.

text: Key words: arranges, builds, combines, composes, constructs, creates, designs, initiate, makes, originates.

text: Definition of knowledge[edit]

text: In the appendix to Handbook I, there is a definition of knowledge which serves as the apex for an alternative, summary classification of the educational goals. This is significant as the taxonomy has been called upon significantly in other fields such as knowledge management, potentially out of context. "Knowledge, as defined here, involves the recall of specifics and universals, the recall of methods and processes, or the recall of a pattern, structure, or setting."[12]

text: The taxonomy is set out as follows:

text:
1.00 Knowledge

1.10 Knowledge of specifics
1.11 Knowledge of terminology
1.12 Knowledge of specific facts
1.20 Knowledge of ways and means of dealing with specifics
1.21 Knowledge of conventions
1.22 Knowledge of trends and sequences
1.23 Knowledge of classifications and categories
1.24 Knowledge of criteria
1.25 Knowledge of methodology
1.30 Knowledge of the universals and abstractions in a field
1.31 Knowledge of principles and generalizations
1.32 Knowledge of theories and structures

text: Criticism of the taxonomy[edit]

text: As Morshead (1965) pointed out on the publication of the second volume, the classification was not a properly constructed taxonomy, as it lacked a systemic rationale of construction.

text: This was subsequently acknowledged in the discussion of the original taxonomy in its 2000 revision,[9] and the taxonomy was reestablished on more systematic lines. It is generally considered[citation needed] that the role the taxonomy played in systematising a field was more important than any perceived lack of rigour in its construction.

text: Some critiques of the taxonomy's cognitive domain admit the existence of these six categories but question the existence of a sequential, hierarchical link.[13] Often, educators view the taxonomy as a hierarchy and may mistakenly dismiss the lowest levels as unworthy of teaching.[14][15] The learning of the lower levels enables the building of skills in the higher levels of the taxonomy, and in some fields, the most important skills are in the lower levels (such as identification of species of plants and animals in the field of natural history).[14][15] Instructional scaffolding of higher-level skills from lower-level skills is an application of Vygotskian constructivism.[16][17]

text: Some consider the three lowest levels as hierarchically ordered, but the three higher levels as parallel.[9] Others say that it is sometimes better to move to Application before introducing concepts,[citation needed] the idea is to create a learning environment where the real world context comes first and the theory second to promote the student's grasp of the phenomenon, concept or event. This thinking would seem to relate to the method of problem-based learning.

text: Furthermore, the distinction between the categories can be seen as artificial since any given cognitive task may entail a number of processes. It could even be argued that any attempt to nicely categorize cognitive processes into clean, cut-and-dried classifications undermines the holistic, highly connective and interrelated nature of cognition.[18] This is a criticism that can be directed at taxonomies of mental processes in general.

text: Implications[edit]

text: Bloom's taxonomy serves as the backbone of many teaching philosophies, in particular, those that lean more towards skills rather than content.[8][9] These educators view content as a vessel for teaching skills. The emphasis on higher-order thinking inherent in such philosophies is based on the top levels of the taxonomy including analysis, evaluation, synthesis and creation. Bloom's taxonomy can be used as a teaching tool to help balance assessment and evaluative questions in class, assignments and texts to ensure all orders of thinking are exercised in students' learning, including aspects of information searching.[19]

text: Connections across disciplines[edit]

text: The skill development that takes place at these higher orders of thinking interacts well with a developing global focus on multiple literacies and modalities in learning and the emerging field of integrated disciplines.[20] The ability to interface with and create media would draw upon skills from multiple levels of the taxonomy including analysis, application and creation.[21][22] Bloom's taxonomy (and the revised taxonomy) continues to be a source of inspiration for educational philosophy and for developing new teaching strategies.


document_title: List of most subscribed YouTube channels

question_text: who has the most subscribers on youtube ever

root

text: Top channels[edit]

text: All-time[edit]

text: The following table lists the top 50 most subscribed channels on YouTube, with each total rounded down to the nearest million subscribers, as well as the network, country and language of each channel. Channels marked as "Auto-generated by YouTube" (such as Music, Gaming, Sports and Movies) are not included. As of September 18, 2017, 30 out of the 50 top channels originate from English-speaking countries (21 from the United States) and 35 are English-language channels.[1]

tag: p

text:
Rank
Chg
Channel name
Network
Country
Language
Subscribers[4]
(millions)

1.

PewDiePie[5]
N/A
 Sweden
English
57

2.

HolaSoyGerman.[6]
HolaSoyGerman
 Chile
Spanish
32

3.

JustinBieberVEVO[7]
Vevo
 Canada
English
31

4.

elrubiusOMG[8]
Mixicom
 Spain
Spanish
25

5.

YouTube Spotlight[9]
Google
 United States
English

6.

RihannaVEVO[10]
Vevo
 Barbados

7.

KatyPerryVEVO[11]
 United States
24

8.

TaylorSwiftVEVO[12]

9.

T-Series[13]
tseriesmusic
 India
Hindi

10.

Fernanfloo[14]
BroadbandTV
 El Salvador
Spanish
23

11.

EminemVEVO[15]
Vevo
 United States
English

12.

whinderssonnunes[16]
N/A
 Brazil
Portuguese

13.

Smosh[17]
Break
 United States
English
22

14.

OneDirectionVEVO[18]
Vevo
 United Kingdom

15.

Dude Perfect[19]
N/A
 United States
21

16.

JuegaGerman[20]
HolaSoyGerman
 Chile
Spanish

17.

VanossGaming[21]
N/A
 Canada
English

18.

Ed Sheeran[22]
WMG
 United Kingdom
20

19.

TheEllenShow[23]
Time Warner
 United States

20.

nigahiga[24]
N/A

21.

Yuya[25]
 Mexico
Spanish
19

22.

VEGETTA777[26]
Mixicom
 Spain

23.

Spinnin' Records[27]
Spinnin Records
 Netherlands
English
18

24.

Markiplier[28]
Maker Studios
 United States

25.

Canal KondZilla[29]
ONErpm
 Brazil
Portuguese

26.

ArianaGrandeVevo[30]
Vevo
 United States
English
17

27.

WWE[31]
WWE

28.

JennaMarbles[32]
N/A

29.

KSI[33]
StyleHaul
 United Kingdom

30.

Bruno Mars[34]
WMG
 United States

31.

jacksepticeye[35]
Maker Studios
 Ireland
16

32.

shakiraVEVO[36]
Vevo
 Colombia
English /
Spanish

33.

DanTDM[37]
StyleHaul
 United Kingdom
English

34.

Skrillex[38]
N/A
 United States

35.

FBE[39]

36.

Trap Nation[40]
15

37.

WatchMojo.com[41]
WatchMojo
 Canada

38.

AdeleVEVO[42]
Vevo
 United Kingdom

39.

enchufetv[43]
N/A
 Ecuador
Spanish
14

40.

SET India[44]
SET
 India
Hindi

41.

David Guetta[45]
Vevo
 France
English

42.

Vevo[46]
 United States

43.

ERB[47]
Maker Studios

44.

The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon[48]
NBCU Shows

45.

Maroon5VEVO[49]
Vevo

46.

SelenaGomezVEVO[50]

47.

Werevertumorro[51]
sevenludus
 Mexico
Spanish
style="text-align:center" rowspan="5" | 13

48.

Felipe Neto[52]
N/A
 Brazil
Portuguese

49.

CanalCanalha[53]
Endemol beyond Brasil

50.

PTXofficial[54]
N/A
 United States
English

As of September 18, 2017

tag: table

text: By country[edit]

text: The following table lists the YouTube channels with the greatest number of subscribers by the country or territory that their channel originates from.[1] Only countries that have at least one channel with over 1 million subscribers are included.

text:
Rank
Chg
Country
Channel name
Subscribers
(millions)

1.

 Sweden
PewDiePie[5]
57

2.

 Chile
HolaSoyGerman.[6]
32

3.

 Canada
JustinBieberVEVO[7]
31

4.

 Spain
elrubiusOMG[8]
25

5.

 USA
YouTube Spotlight[9]

6.

 Barbados
RihannaVEVO[10]

7.

 India
T-Series[13]
24

8.

 El Salvador
Fernanfloo[14]
23

9.

 Brazil
whinderssonnunes[16]

10.

 UK
OneDirectionVEVO[18]
22

11.

 Mexico
Yuya[25]
19

12.

 Netherlands
Spinnin' Records[27]
18

13.

 Ireland
jacksepticeye[35]
16

14.

 Colombia
shakiraVEVO[36]

15.

 Ecuador
enchufetv[43]
14

16.

 France
David Guetta[45]

17.

 Russia
Get Movies[55]
12

18.

 Puerto Rico
LuisFonsiVEVO[56]

19.

 Ukraine
EeOneGuy[57]

20.

 South Korea
SMTOWN[58]
11

21.

 Venezuela
Dross Rotzank[59]

22.

 Finland
Clash of Clans[60]

23.

 Thailand
GMM GRAMMY OFFICIAL[61]
9

24.

 Australia
HowToBasic[62]

25.

 Argentina
El Reino Infantil[63]
8

26.

 Norway
Alan Walker[64]

27.

 South Africa
Caspar Lee[65]
7

28.

 Italy
Marzia[66]

29.

 Turkey
netd müzik[67]
6

30.

 Austria
Red Bull[68]

31.

 Philippines
ABS-CBN Entertainment[69]

32.

 Belgium
Tomorrowland[70]
5

33.

 Germany
freekickerz[71]

34.

 Japan
はじめしゃちょー (hajime)[72]

35.

 Jordan
toyoraljanahtv[73]
4

36.

 Saudi Arabia
Rotana[74]

37.

 Portugal
SirKazzio[75]

38.

 Peru
whatdafaqshow[76]

39.

 UAE
MBC GROUP[77]

40.

 Vietnam
POPS MUSIC[78]
3

41.

 Iraq
الرماس ميوزك[79]

42.

 Romania
Cat Music[80]

43.

 Uruguay
dosogas[81]

44.

 Poland
SA Wardega[82]

45.

 Morocco
Saad Lamjarred[83]

46.

 Latvia
TrapMusicHDTV[84]

47.

 Denmark
LEGO[85]

48.

 New Zealand
Shaaanxo[86]

49.

 Israel
TuTiTuTV[87]

50.

 Czechia
ViralBrothers[88]
2

51.

 Indonesia
Raditya Dika[89]

52.

 Croatia
2CELLOS[90]

53.

 Egypt
Albernameg[91]

54.

 Pakistan
Coke Studio[92]

55.

 Belarus
tellblog.net[93]
1

56.

 Taiwan
B'in Music[94]

57.

 Bulgaria
Bodil40[95]

58.

  Switzerland
Typhoon Cinema[96]

59.

 Kuwait
Swar Shuaib[97]

60.

 Kazakhstan
Saspens[98]

61.

 Malaysia
Les' Copaque Production[99]

62.

 China
Hunan Television[100]

63.

 Slovakia
GoGoManTV[101]

64.

 Serbia
IDJVideos.TV[102]

65.

 Palestine
M.A TUBE[103]

66.

 Qatar
Al Jazeera Arabic قناة الجزيرة[104]

67.

 Algeria
Oum Walid[105]

68.

 Slovenia
Tiger Productions[106]

69.

 Dominican Republic
Carlos Montesquieu[107]

70.

 Panama
Windy GirkTV[108]

71.

 Nigeria
MarkAngelComedy[109]

72.

 Lebanon
Elissa[110]

73.

   Nepal
Music Nepal[111]

74.

 Jamaica
JavierNathaniel[112]

75.

 Singapore
Clicknetwork[113]

76.

 Hong Kong
蘋果動新聞 HK Apple Daily[114]

As of September 18, 2017

text: Historical most subscribed channels[edit]

text: The following table lists the last 16 channels to become YouTube's most subscribed channel, from May 2006 to present.

text:
Channel name
Network / owner
Country
Date achieved
Days held
Reference

PewDiePie[5]
Felix Kjellberg
 Sweden
Dec 22, 2013
1,366
[115]

YouTube Spotlight[9]
Google
 USA
Dec 12, 2013
10
[116][117]

PewDiePie[5]
Felix Kjellberg
 Sweden
Dec 8, 2013
4
[115]

YouTube Spotlight[9]
Google
 USA
Nov 2, 2013
36
[118]

PewDiePie[5]
Felix Kjellberg
 Sweden
Aug 15, 2013
80
[119]

Smosh[17]
Defy Media
 USA
Jan 12, 2013
215
[120][121]

Ray William Johnson[122]
Ray Johnson
Jun 28, 2011
564
[123][124]

nigahiga[24]
Ryan Higa
Aug 20, 2009
677
[125][126]

Fяᴇᴅ[127]
Lucas Cruikshank
Oct 6, 2008
318
[128]

nigahiga[24]
nigahiga
Sep 24, 2008
12
[128]

Smosh[17]
Defy Media
Apr 26, 2007
517
[129]

lonelygirl15[130]
Mesh Flinders
Sep 17, 2006
221
[131][132][133]

geriatric1927[134]
Peter Oakley
 UK
Aug 17, 2006
31
[135]

Brookers[136]
Brooke Brodack
 USA
Jul 3, 2006
45
[137][138]

Judson Laipply[139]
Judson Laipply
Jun 12, 2006
21
[115][140]

Smosh[17]
Defy Media
May 17, 2006
26
[141]

As of September 18, 2017

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Timeline of Most Subscribed Channels (May 2006 – Sep 2017)

text: Reactions[edit]

text: In late 2006, when Peter Oakley, also known as Geriatric1927, became most subscribed, a number of TV channels wanted to interview him on his rise to fame. The Daily Mail and TechBlog did an article about him and his success. In 2009, the FRED channel was the first to have over one million subscribers.

text: Following the third time that Smosh became most subscribed, Ray William Johnson collaborated with the duo.[142] A flurry of top YouTubers including Ryan Higa, Shane Dawson, Felix Kjellberg, Michael Buckley, Kassem Gharaibeh, The Fine Brothers, and Johnson himself, congratulated the duo shortly after they surpassed Johnson as the most subscribed channel.[143]


document_title: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 1)

question_text: who won season one dancing with the stars

text: Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 1)

text: Couples[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The six professionals and celebrities that competed were:[3]

text:
Celebrity
Notability (known for)
Professional partner
Status

Trista Sutter
Reality television star
Louis Van Amstel
Eliminated 1st
on June 8, 2005

Evander Holyfield
Professional boxer
Edyta Sliwinska
Eliminated 2nd
on June 15, 2005

Rachel Hunter
Supermodel & actress
Jonathan Roberts
Eliminated 3rd
on June 22, 2005

Joey McIntyre
New Kids on the Block singer
Ashly DelGrosso
Third place
on June 29, 2005

John O'Hurley
Actor & game show host
Charlotte Jorgensen
Runner-up
on July 6, 2005

Kelly Monaco
Actress
Alec Mazo
Winner
on July 6, 2005

text: Scoring chart[edit]

text:
Couple
Place
1
2
1+2
3
4
5
6

Kelly & Alec
1
13
17
30
21
26
22+25=47
25+30=55

John & Charlotte
2
20
26
46
24
21
27+27=54
27+27=54

Joey & Ashly
3
20
21
41
22
20
20+25=45

Rachel & Jonathan
4
20
24
44
26
25

Evander & Edyta
5
18
14
32
13

Trista & Louis
6
18
19
37

text: Average chart[edit]

text: This table only counts for dances scored on a traditional 30-point scale.

text:
Rank by
average
Place
Couple
Total
Number of
dances
Average

1
2
John & Charlotte
199
8
24.9

2
4
Rachel & Jonathan
95
4
23.8

3
1
Kelly & Alec
179
8
22.4

4
3
Joey & Ashly
128
6
21.3

5
6
Trista & Louis
37
2
18.5

6
5
Evander & Edyta
45
3
15.0

text: Pro's average chart[edit]

text:
Rank by
average
Place
Couple
Average

1
2
Charlotte Jorgensen
24.9

2
6
Louis van Amstel
21.8

3
1
Alec Mazo
20.6

4
4
Jonathan Roberts
19.4

5
5
Edyta Sliwinska
19.1

6
3
Ashly DelGrosso
16.7

text: Highest and lowest scoring performances[edit]

text:
Dance
Celebrity
Highest score
Celebrity
Lowest score

Cha-cha-cha
John O'Hurley
Joey McIntyre
20
Evander Holyfield
18

Waltz
Rachel Hunter
20
Kelly Monaco
13

Rumba
Rachel Hunter
24
Kelly Monaco
17

Quickstep
John O'Hurley
27
Evander Holyfield
14

Jive
Joey McIntyre
22
Evander Holyfield
13

Tango
Rachel Hunter
26
John O'Hurley
24

Samba
Kelly Monaco
26
Joey McIntyre
20

Paso doble
John O'Hurley
27
Kelly Monaco
Joey McIntyre
25

Foxtrot
John O'Hurley
27
Joey McIntyre
20

Freestyle
Kelly Monaco
30
John O'Hurley
27

text: Trista Sutter is the only star to not land on this list

text: Couples' highest and lowest scoring performances[edit]

text: According to the traditional 30-point scale.

text:
Couples
Highest Scoring Dances
Lowest Scoring Dances

Kelly & Alec
Freestyle (30)
Waltz (13)

John & Charlotte
Foxtrot, Paso doble, Quickstep & Freestyle (27)
Cha-cha-cha (20)

Joey & Ashly
Paso doble (25)
Cha-cha-cha, Samba and Foxtrot (20)

Rachel & Jonathan
Tango (26)
Waltz (20)

Evander & Edyta
Cha-cha-cha (18)
Jive (13)

Trista & Louis
Rumba (19)
Waltz (18)

text: Weekly scores and songs[edit]

text: Unless indicated otherwise, individual judges scores given in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.

text: Week 1[edit]

text:
Couple
Score
Dance
Music

Joey & Ashly
20 (7, 7, 6)
Cha-cha-cha
"Crazy in Love"—Beyoncé

Rachel & Jonathan
20 (7, 6, 7)
Waltz
"Three Times A Lady"—Lionel Richie

Evander & Edyta
18 (5, 7, 6)
Cha-cha-cha
"Respect"—Aretha Franklin

Kelly & Alec
13 (5, 4, 4)
Waltz
"I Have Nothing"—Whitney Houston

John & Charlotte
20 (7, 7, 6)
Cha-cha-cha
"September"—Earth, Wind & Fire

Trista & Louis
18 (6, 6, 6)
Waltz
"Come Away with Me"—Norah Jones

text: Week 2[edit]

text:
Couple
Score
Dance
Music
Result

Rachel & Jonathan
24 (8, 8, 8)
Rumba
"I Don't Wanna Miss a Thing"—Aerosmith from Armageddon
Bottom two

Joey & Ashly
21 (8, 7, 6)
Quickstep
"You're The One That I Want"—John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John
Safe

Trista & Louis
19 (6, 7, 6)
Rumba
"Endless Love"—Diana Ross and Lionel Richie
Eliminated

John & Charlotte
26 (8, 9, 9)
Quickstep
"Let's Face The Music and Dance"—Irving Berlin
Safe

Kelly & Alec
17 (5, 6, 6)
Rumba
"Hero"—Enrique Iglesias
Safe

Evander & Edyta
14 (5, 4, 5)
Quickstep
"It Don't Mean a Thing"—Duke Ellington
Safe

text: Week 3[edit]

text:
Couple
Score
Dance
Music
Result

Evander & Edyta
13 (5, 4, 4)
Jive
"Reet Petite"—Jackie Wilson
Eliminated

Rachel & Jonathan
26 (8, 9, 9)
Tango
"Toxic"—Britney Spears
Safe

Kelly & Alec
21 (6, 7, 8)
Jive
"Footloose"—Kenny Loggins
Safe

John & Charlotte
24 (9, 8, 7)
Tango
"Dance with Me"—Debelah Morgan
Safe

Joey & Ashly
22 (7, 7, 8)
Jive
"I'm Still Standing"—Elton John
Bottom two

text: Week 4[edit]

text:
Couple
Score
Dance
Music
Result

Joey & Ashly
20 (7, 6, 7)
Samba
"Tequila"—The Champs
Safe

Rachel & Jonathan
25 (7, 9, 9)
Samba
"Soul Bossa Nova"—Quincy Jones
Eliminated

John & Charlotte
21 (7, 8, 6)
Samba
"Just The Two of Us"—Grover Washington, Jr. and Bill Withers
Bottom two

Kelly & Alec
26 (9, 9, 8)
Samba
"Bailamos"—Enrique Iglesias
Safe

John & Charlotte
Rachel & Jonathan
Kelly & Alec
Joey & Ashly
N/A
Viennese Waltz
"I Got You Babe"—Sonny & Cher

text: Week 5[edit]

text:
Couple
Score
Dance
Music
Result

John & Charlotte
27 (9, 9, 9)
Foxtrot
"Let There Be Love"—Nat King Cole
Safe

27 (9, 9, 9)
Paso doble
"España cañí"—Mexicana Aleque la-Band

Kelly & Alec
22 (8, 7, 7)
Foxtrot
"Don't Know Why"—Norah Jones
Bottom two

25 (9, 8, 8)
Paso doble
"Bamboleo"—Gipsy Kings

Joey & Ashly
20 (8, 6, 6)
Foxtrot
"Big Spender"—Shirley Bassey from Sweet Charity
Third place

25 (9, 8, 8)
Paso doble
"Eye of the Tiger"—Survivor

text: Week 6: Finale[edit]

text:
Couple
Score
Dance
Music
Result

John & Charlotte
27 (9, 9, 9)
Quickstep
"Let's Face The Music and Dance"—Irving Berlin
Runner-up

27 (9, 9, 9)
Freestyle
"I'm So Excited"—The Pointer Sisters

Kelly & Alec
25 (7, 9, 9)
Samba
"Bailamos"—Enrique Iglesias
Winner

30 (10, 10, 10)
Freestyle
"Let's Get Loud"—Jennifer Lopez

text: Dance off[edit]

text:
Couple
Score
Style
Music
Result

Kelly & Alec
25 (7, 9, 9)
Cha-cha-cha
"Lady Marmalade"—All Saints
Runner-up

24 (9, 7, 8)
Quickstep
"Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend"—Marilyn Monroe

25 (8, 8, 9)
Freestyle
"Get The Party Started"—Pink

John & Charlotte
22 (7, 8, 7)
Rumba
"The Look of Love"—Anita Baker
Winner

30 (10, 10, 10)
Waltz
"You Light Up My Life"—Whitney Houston

25 (8, 8, 9)
Freestyle
"I Am What I Am"—Gloria Gaynor

text: Dance chart[edit]

text:
Couple
1
2
3
4
5
6

Kelly and Alec
Waltz
Rumba
Jive
Samba
Viennese Waltz
Foxtrot
Paso doble
Samba
Freestyle

John and Charlotte
Cha-cha-cha
Quickstep
Tango
Samba
Viennese Waltz
Foxtrot
Paso doble
Quickstep
Freestyle

Joey and Ashly
Cha-cha-cha
Quickstep
Jive
Samba
Viennese Waltz
Foxtrot
Paso doble

Rachel and Jonathan
Waltz
Rumba
Tango
Samba
Viennese Waltz

Evander and Edyta
Cha-cha-cha
Quickstep
Jive

Trista and Louis
Waltz
Rumba


document_title: Phantom Thread

question_text: who is the movie phantom thread based on

text: Phantom Thread

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1954 London, renowned fashion designer Reynolds Woodcock creates dresses for members of high society. His charisma and genius are matched by his obsessive, controlling and sometimes abusive personality. Cyril, his sister, manages the day-to-day operations of his fashion house and has significant influence over his life. Reynolds is haunted by the death of their mother, and stitches hidden messages into the linings of the dresses he makes.

text: After designing a new gown for a revered client, Reynolds visits a restaurant in the countryside and becomes interested in a waitress, Alma. He asks her on a date, and she accepts. Their relationship develops, and she moves in with him, becoming his assistant, muse and lover. Cyril initially distrusts Alma but comes to respect her willfulness and determination.

text: At first, Alma enjoys being a part of Reynolds' work, but he proves aloof and hard to please, and they bicker. When Alma tries to surprise him with a romantic dinner, Reynolds lashes out and they fight. Alma wonders aloud what she is doing in his house beyond either waiting for him to pay attention to her or ask her to leave.

text: In order to regain her power in their relationship and to punish and make Reynolds more vulnerable and needy, Alma laces his tea with a small amount of poisonous mushroom gathered outside his country house. The next morning, dizzy and sweating, while he readies a wedding gown for a Belgian princess, he collapses, damaging the dress and forcing his staff to work all night to repair it. He becomes gravely ill and sees his mother in the room; he tells her how much he misses her. Alma nurses him through his fever; when Cyril brings in a doctor, first Reynolds and then Alma tell the doctor to "Fuck off." When Reynolds is well again, he asks Alma to marry him, telling her that there are things that he must do and he cannot do them without her. Alma accepts and they are married.

text: On vacation in the Swiss Alps, once again, Reynolds starts saying cruel and cutting things to Alma both privately and in front of their friends; they fight and defy each other again. As Reynolds' anxiety about his work increases, he complains to Cyril about Alma, who enters the room and overhears the conversation; neither Reynolds nor Alma is perturbed. We see Alma in the forest again, gathering mushrooms. One evening, she prepares a poisoned omelette as Reynolds watches her from the dining room table. As he slowly chews his first bite, she informs him that she wants him weak and vulnerable with only her to take care of him; after that, she wants him strong again. Reynolds implicitly consents by swallowing one bite of the omelette, responding, "Kiss me, my girl, before I'm sick." In the next scene, they are in Reynolds' bedroom: Alma sits with Reynolds, in pajamas with a pan in his lap; they smile happily and kiss before he tells her that it's time for her to leave the room to which she responds, "I'll be right outside the door."

text: Later in a voiceover, Alma imagines their future with children, a rich social life, and her running the dressmaking business as a partner. We see Alma pushing a baby carriage which she hands over to Cyril so that she and Reynolds can go out. In the present moment, we see Reynolds with his head in Alma's lap as they enjoy the fireplace; Reynolds remarks that he is getting hungry.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Daniel Day-Lewis[12] as Reynolds Woodcock
Vicky Krieps[13] as Alma Elson
Lesley Manville[13] as Cyril Woodcock
Camilla Rutherford as Johanna
Gina McKee as Countess Henrietta Harding
Brian Gleeson as Dr. Robert Hardy
Harriet Sansom Harris as Barbara Rose
Lujza Richter as Princess Mona Braganza
Julia Davis as Lady Baltimore
Nicholas Mander as Lord Baltimore
Philip Franks as Peter Martin
Phyllis MacMahon as Tippy
Silas Carson as Rubio Gurrerro
Richard Graham[14] as George Riley
Martin Dew as John Evans
Ian Harrod as the Registrar
Jane Perry as Mrs. Vaughan

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Anderson became interested in the fashion industry after reading about designer Cristóbal Balenciaga.[15] The story is loosely modeled on the British fashion designer Charles James.[16]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began in late January 2017 in Lythe, United Kingdom,[17][18] with a number of other locations in the North York Moors National Park also featuring, including Robin Hood's Bay and Staithes.[19]

text: Filming also took place in 2017 at Owlpen Manor in the Cotswolds[20] and in the London neighborhood of Fitzrovia, in Fitzroy Square, and Grafton Mews.[21] Woodcock drives a maroon Bristol 405 in the film.[22]

text: It was reported in June 2017 that Anderson would be serving as his own cinematographer on the film as Robert Elswit was unavailable during production.[23] However, Anderson refuted the claim in November, stating that there is no official credit for the cinematography and that it was a "collaborative effort".[15] Anderson and his lighting collaborator, Michael Bauman, pushed their 35mm film stock and filled the frame with haze in order to "dirty up" the image; according to Bauman, "One of the first things [Paul] said was, 'Look, this cannot look like The Crown.' That was a big thing. When people think of a period movie it becomes this beautifully polished, amazingly photographed—I mean, The Crown looks beautiful—but super clean, gorgeous light, and he was clear it couldn’t look like that."[24]

text: Music[edit]

text: The music for the soundtrack is composed by Jonny Greenwood, who had previously worked with the director on the soundtracks for There Will Be Blood (2007), The Master (2012) and Inherent Vice (2014).

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: After three weeks in limited release where it made a total of $2.8 million, the film was added to 834 theaters on January 19, 2018 (for a total of 896) and grossed $3.8 million over the weekend, finishing 12th at the box office.[25] The following weekend, following the announcement of its six Oscar nominations and being added to an additional 125 theaters, the film dropped 11% to $2.9 million.[26]

text: As of March 25, 2018[update], Phantom Thread had grossed $21 million in the United States and Canada, and $23.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $44.5 million, against a production budget of $35 million.[5]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 91% based on 273 reviews, and an average rating of 8.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Phantom Thread's finely woven narrative is filled out nicely by humor, intoxicating romantic tension, and yet another impressively committed performance from Daniel Day-Lewis."[27] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 90 out of 100 based on 51 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[28]

text: The A.V. Club's A. A. Dowd gave the film an A−, calling it a "charitable and even poignantly hopeful take on the subject [of being in a relationship with an artist]" and said that "in the simple, refined timelessness of its technique, Phantom Thread is practically a love letter to classic aesthetic values—cinematic, sartorial, or otherwise".[16] Guardian writer Mark Kermode gave the film five stars, describing it as "a deftly spun yarn", and praised Daniel Day-Lewis' performance, describing his role as a "perfect fit [in a] beautifully realised tale of 50s haute couture".[29]

text: Christy Lemire of the LAFCA placed the film 2nd on her 10 best films of 2017, describing it as "captivating" and "one of Paul Thomas Anderson's absolute best" as well as singling out Jonny Greenwood's score as being "intoxicating".[30]

text: Michael Wood, writing for the London Review of Books, saw the film as unsuccessfully referencing other gothic films such as Rebecca from the 1940s. He wrote: "Can we imagine a long future for this couple? The film can, and does, but the picture is so hackneyed − pram, baby, walk in the park − that it has to be a dream, or an irony."[31]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

AACTA International Awards
January 5, 2018
Best Actor
Daniel Day-Lewis
Nominated
[32]

AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards
February 5, 2018
Best Actor
Daniel Day-Lewis
Nominated
[33]
[34]
[35]

Best Supporting Actress
Lesley Manville
Nominated

Academy Awards
March 4, 2018
Best Picture
JoAnne Sellar, Paul Thomas Anderson, Megan Ellison and Daniel Lupi
Nominated
[36]

Best Director
Paul Thomas Anderson
Nominated

Best Actor
Daniel Day-Lewis
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Lesley Manville
Nominated

Best Original Score
Jonny Greenwood
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Mark Bridges
Won

Austin Film Critics Association
January 8, 2018
Best Original Score
Jonny Greenwood
Nominated
[37]

Boston Society of Film Critics
December 10, 2017
Best Film
Phantom Thread
Won
[38]

Best Director
Paul Thomas Anderson
Won

Best Original Score
Jonny Greenwood
Won

British Academy Film Awards
February 18, 2018
Best Actor in a Leading Role
Daniel Day-Lewis
Nominated
[39]

Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Lesley Manville
Nominated

Best Film Music
Jonny Greenwood
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Mark Bridges
Won

Chicago Film Critics Association
December 12, 2017
Best Actor
Daniel Day-Lewis
Nominated
[40]
[41]

Best Actress
Vicky Krieps
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Lesley Manville
Nominated

Best Original Screenplay
Paul Thomas Anderson
Nominated

Best Art Direction
Phantom Thread
Nominated

Best Original Score
Jonny Greenwood
Won

Costume Designers Guild
February 20, 2018
Excellence in Period Film
Mark Bridges
Nominated
[42]

Critics' Choice Movie Awards
January 11, 2018
Best Actor
Daniel Day-Lewis
Nominated
[43]

Best Production Design
Mark Tildesley and Véronique Melery
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Mark Bridges
Won

Best Score
Jonny Greenwood
Nominated

Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association
December 13, 2017
Best Actor
Daniel Day-Lewis
Runner-up
[44]

Detroit Film Critics Society
December 7, 2017
Best Director
Paul Thomas Anderson
Nominated
[45]

Best Actor
Daniel Day-Lewis
Nominated

Best Use of Music
Phantom Thread
Nominated

Florida Film Critics Circle
December 23, 2017
Best Art Direction and Production Design
Phantom Thread
Nominated
[46]
[47]

Best Score
Jonny Greenwood
Nominated

Georgia Film Critics Association
January 12, 2018
Best Original Score
Jonny Greenwood
Nominated
[48]

Golden Globe Awards
January 7, 2018
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama
Daniel Day-Lewis
Nominated
[49]

Best Original Score
Jonny Greenwood
Nominated

IndieWire Critics Poll
December 19, 2016
Most Anticipated of 2017
Phantom Thread
4th Place
[50]

December 19, 2017
Best Picture
Phantom Thread
4th Place
[51]

Best Director
Paul Thomas Anderson
Won

Best Actor
Daniel Day-Lewis
2nd Place

Best Supporting Actress
Lesley Manville
4th Place

Best Screenplay
Paul Thomas Anderson
3rd Place

Best Cinematography
Paul Thomas Anderson
3rd Place

Location Managers Guild Awards
April, 2018
Outstanding Locations in Period Film
Jason Wheeler
Pending
[52]

London Film Critics' Circle
January 28, 2018
Best Film
Phantom Thread
Nominated
[53]

Best Actor
Daniel Day-Lewis
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Lesley Manville
Won

Best Screenwritter
Paul Thomas Anderson
Nominated

Best British/Irish Actor
Daniel Day-Lewis
Nominated

Technical Achievement Award
Mark Bridges
Nominated

Los Angeles Film Critics Association
December 3, 2017
Best Music
Jonny Greenwood
Won
[54]

National Board of Review
January 9, 2018
Best Original Screenplay
Paul Thomas Anderson
Won
[55]

Top Ten Films
Phantom Thread
Won

National Society of Film Critics
January 6, 2018
Best Film
Phantom Thread
3rd Place
[56]

Best Director
Paul Thomas Anderson
2nd Place

Best Actor
Daniel Day-Lewis
2nd Place

Best Supporting Actress
Lesley Manville
2nd Place

Best Screenplay
Paul Thomas Anderson
3rd Place

New York Film Critics Circle
January 3, 2018
Best Screenplay
Paul Thomas Anderson
Won
[57]

New York Film Critics Online
December 10, 2017
Top Ten Films
Phantom Thread
Won
[58]

Online Film Critics Society
December 28, 2017
Best Picture
Phantom Thread
Nominated
[59]
[60]

Best Director
Paul Thomas Anderson
Nominated

Best Original Screenplay
Nominated

San Diego Film Critics Society
December 11, 2017
Best Costume Design
Mark Bridges
Won[a]
[61]

San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards
December 10, 2017
Best Production Design
Mark Tildsley
Nominated
[62]

Best Original Score
Jonny Greenwood
Won

Satellite Awards
February 10, 2018
Best Actor
Daniel Day-Lewis
Nominated
[63]

Best Art Direction and Production Design
Mark Tildesley
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Mark Bridges
Won

Seattle Film Critics Society
December 18, 2017
Best Picture of the Year
Phantom Thread
Nominated
[64]

Best Actor
Daniel Day-Lewis
Won

Best Supporting Actress
Lesley Manville
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Mark Bridges
Won

Best Original Score
Jonny Greenwood
Won

Best Production Design
Mark Tildesley and Véronique Melery
Nominated

St. Louis Film Critics Association
December 17, 2017
Best Actor
Daniel Day-Lewis
Nominated
[65]
[66]

Best Production Design
Mark Tildesley
Nominated

Best Original Score
Jonny Greenwood
Won

Toronto Film Critics Association
December 10, 2017
Best Actor
Daniel Day-Lewis
Won
[67]

Vancouver Film Critics Circle
January 6, 2018
Best Film
Phantom Thread
Nominated
[68]

Best Director
Paul Thomas Anderson
Won

Best Actor
Daniel Day-Lewis
Won

Best Supporting Actress
Lesley Manville
Nominated

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
December 8, 2017
Best Actor
Daniel Day-Lewis
Nominated
[69]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Tied with Jacqueline Durran for Beauty and the Beast.

tag: ol


document_title: Microwave oven

question_text: what does an inverter do in a microwave

question_tokens: what does an inverter do in a microwave

text: Microwave oven

text: History[edit]

text: Early developments[edit]

text: The exploitation of high-frequency radio waves for heating substances was made possible by the development of vacuum tube radio transmitters around 1920. By 1930 the application of short waves to heat human tissue had developed into the medical therapy of diathermy. At the 1933 Chicago World's Fair, Westinghouse demonstrated the cooking of foods between two metal plates attached to a 10 kW, 60 MHz shortwave transmitter.[2] The Westinghouse team, led by I. F. Mouromtseff, found that foods like steaks and potatoes could be cooked in minutes.

text: The 1937 United States patent application by Bell Laboratories states:[3]

text: "This invention relates to heating systems for dielectric materials and the object of the invention is to heat such materials uniformly and substantially simultaneously throughout their mass. ... It has been proposed therefore to heat such materials simultaneously throughout their mass by means of the dielectric loss produced in them when they are subjected to a high voltage, high frequency field."

text: However, lower-frequency dielectric heating, as described in the aforementioned patent, is (like induction heating) an electromagnetic heating effect, the result of the so-called near-field effects that exist in an electromagnetic cavity that is small compared with the wavelength of the electromagnetic field. This patent proposed radio frequency heating, at 10 to 20 megahertz (wavelength 15 to 30 meters).[4] Heating from microwaves that have a wavelength that is small relative to the cavity (as in a modern microwave oven) is due to "far-field" effects that are due to classical electromagnetic radiation that describes freely propagating light and microwaves suitably far from their source. Nevertheless, the primary heating effect of all types of electromagnetic fields at both radio and microwave frequencies occurs via the dielectric heating effect, as polarized molecules are affected by a rapidly alternating electric field.

text: Cavity magnetron[edit]

text: The invention of the cavity magnetron made possible the production of electromagnetic waves of a small enough wavelength (microwaves). The magnetron was originally a crucial component in the development of short wavelength radar during World War II.[5] In 1937–1940, a multi-cavity magnetron was built by the British physicist Sir John Turton Randall, FRSE, together with a team of British coworkers, for the British and American military radar installations in World War II.[6] A more high-powered microwave generator that worked at shorter wavelengths was needed, and in 1940, at the University of Birmingham in England, Randall and Harry Boot produced a working prototype.[7] They invented a valve that could spit out pulses of microwave radio energy on a wavelength of 10cm, an unprecedented discovery.[6]

text: Sir Henry Tizard travelled to the U.S. in late September 1940 to offer the magnetron in exchange for their financial and industrial help (see Tizard Mission).[6] An early 6 kW version, built in England by the General Electric Company Research Laboratories, Wembley, London, was given to the U.S. government in September 1940. The magnetron was later described by American historian James Phinney Baxter III as "[t]he most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores".[8] Contracts were awarded to Raytheon and other companies for mass production of the magnetron.

text: Discovery[edit]

text: In 1945, the specific heating effect of a high-power microwave beam was accidentally discovered by Percy Spencer, an American self-taught engineer from Howland, Maine. Employed by Raytheon at the time, he noticed that microwaves from an active radar set he was working on started to melt a candy bar he had in his pocket. The first food deliberately cooked with Spencer's microwave was popcorn, and the second was an egg, which exploded in the face of one of the experimenters.[9][10] To verify his finding, Spencer created a high density electromagnetic field by feeding microwave power from a magnetron into a metal box from which it had no way to escape. When food was placed in the box with the microwave energy, the temperature of the food rose rapidly. On 8 October 1945, Raytheon filed a United States patent application for Spencer's microwave cooking process, and an oven that heated food using microwave energy from a magnetron was soon placed in a Boston restaurant for testing.[11]

text: Commercial availability[edit]

text: In 1947, Raytheon built the "Radarange", the first commercially available microwave oven.[12] It was almost 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) tall, weighed 340 kilograms (750 lb) and cost about US$5,000 ($55,000 in 2017 dollars) each. It consumed 3 kilowatts, about three times as much as today's microwave ovens, and was water-cooled. The name was the winning entry in an employee contest.[13] An early Radarange was installed (and remains) in the galley of the nuclear-powered passenger/cargo ship NS Savannah. An early commercial model introduced in 1954 consumed 1.6 kilowatts and sold for US$2,000 to US$3,000 ($18,000 to $27,000 in 2017 dollars). Raytheon licensed its technology to the Tappan Stove company of Mansfield, Ohio in 1952.[14] They tried to market a large 220 volt wall unit as a home microwave oven in 1955 for a price of US$1,295 ($12,000 in 2017 dollars), but it did not sell well. In 1965, Raytheon acquired Amana. In 1967, they introduced the first popular home model, the countertop Radarange, at a price of US$495 ($4,000 in 2017 dollars).

text: In the 1960s,[specify] Litton bought Studebaker's Franklin Manufacturing assets, which had been manufacturing magnetrons and building and selling microwave ovens similar to the Radarange. Litton then developed a new configuration of the microwave: the short, wide shape that is now common. The magnetron feed was also unique. This resulted in an oven that could survive a no-load condition: an empty microwave oven where there is nothing to absorb the microwaves. The new oven was shown at a trade show in Chicago,[citation needed] and helped begin a rapid growth of the market for home microwave ovens. Sales volume of 40,000 units for the U.S. industry in 1970 grew to one million by 1975. Market penetration was faster in Japan, due to a re-engineered magnetron allowing for less expensive units. Several other companies joined in the market, and for a time most systems were built by defense contractors, who were most familiar with the magnetron. Litton was particularly well known in the restaurant business.

text: Residential use[edit]

text: Formerly found only in large industrial applications, microwave ovens increasingly became a standard fixture of residential kitchens in developed countries. By 1986, roughly 25% of households in the U.S. owned a microwave oven, up from only about 1% in 1971;[15] the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that over 90% of American households owned a microwave oven in 1997.[15][16] In Australia, a 2008 market research study found that 95% of kitchens contained a microwave oven and that 83% of them were used daily.[17] In Canada, fewer than 5% of households had a microwave oven in 1979, but more than 88% of households owned one by 1998.[18] In France, 40% of households owned a microwave oven in 1994, but that number had increased to 65% by 2004.[19]

text: Adoption has been slower in less-developed countries, as households with disposable income concentrate on more important household appliances like refrigerators and ovens. In India, for example, only about 5% of households owned a microwave in 2013, well behind refrigerators at 31% ownership.[20] However, microwave ovens are gaining popularity. In Russia, for example, the number of households with a microwave grew from almost 24% in 2002 to almost 40% in 2008.[21] Almost twice as many households in South Africa owned microwaves in 2008 (38.7%) as in 2002 (19.8%).[21] Microwave ownership in Vietnam was at 16% of households in 2008—versus 30% ownership of refrigerators; this rate was up significantly from 6.7% microwave ownership in 2002, with 14% ownership for refrigerators that year.[21]

text: Principles[edit]

text: A microwave oven heats food by passing microwave radiation through it. Microwaves are a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with a frequency higher than ordinary radio waves but lower than infrared light. Microwave ovens use frequencies in one of the ISM (industrial, scientific, medical) bands, which are reserved for this use, so they do not interfere with other vital radio services. Consumer ovens usually use 2.45 gigahertz (GHz)—a wavelength of 12.2 centimetres (4.80 in)—while large industrial/commercial ovens often use 915 megahertz (MHz)—32.8 centimetres (12.9 in).[22] Water, fat, and other substances in the food absorb energy from the microwaves in a process called dielectric heating. Many molecules (such as those of water) are electric dipoles, meaning that they have a partial positive charge at one end and a partial negative charge at the other, and therefore rotate as they try to align themselves with the alternating electric field of the microwaves. Rotating molecules hit other molecules and put them into motion, thus dispersing energy. This energy, dispersed as molecular rotations, vibrations and/or translations in solids and liquids raises the temperature of the food, in a process similar to heat transfer by contact with a hotter body[23].

text: Microwave heating is more efficient on liquid water than on frozen water, where the movement of molecules is more restricted. Dielectric heating of liquid water is also temperature-dependent: At 0 °C, dielectric loss is greatest at a field frequency of about 10 GHz, and for higher water temperatures at higher field frequencies.[24]

text: Compared to liquid water, microwave heating is less efficient on fats and sugars (which have a smaller molecular dipole moment).[25] Sugars and triglycerides (fats and oils) absorb microwaves due to the dipole moments of their hydroxyl groups or ester groups. However, due to the lower specific heat capacity of fats and oils and their higher vaporization temperature, they often attain much higher temperatures inside microwave ovens.[24] This can induce temperatures in oil or very fatty foods like bacon far above the boiling point of water, and high enough to induce some browning reactions, much in the manner of conventional broiling (UK: grilling), braising, or deep fat frying. Foods high in water content and with little oil rarely exceed the boiling temperature of water.

text: Microwave heating can cause localized thermal runaways in some materials with low thermal conductivity which also have dielectric constants that increase with temperature. An example is glass, which can exhibit thermal runaway in a microwave to the point of melting if preheated. Additionally, microwaves can melt certain types of rocks, producing small quantities of synthetic lava.[citation needed] Some ceramics can also be melted, and may even become clear upon cooling. Thermal runaway is more typical of electrically conductive liquids such as salty water.

text: A common misconception is that microwave ovens cook food "from the inside out", meaning from the center of the entire mass of food outwards. This idea arises from heating behavior seen if an absorbent layer of water lies beneath a less absorbent drier layer at the surface of a food; in this case, the deposition of heat energy inside a food can exceed that on its surface. This can also occur if the inner layer has a lower heat capacity than the outer layer causing it to reach a higher temperature, or even if the inner layer is more thermally conductive than the outer layer making it feel hotter despite having a lower temperature. In most cases, however, with uniformly structured or reasonably homogenous food item, microwaves are absorbed in the outer layers of the item at a similar level to that of the inner layers. Depending on water content, the depth of initial heat deposition may be several centimetres or more with microwave ovens, in contrast to broiling/grilling (infrared) or convection heating—methods which deposit heat thinly at the food surface. Penetration depth of microwaves is dependent on food composition and the frequency, with lower microwave frequencies (longer wavelengths) penetrating further.[citation needed]

text: Heating efficiency[edit]

text: A microwave oven converts a large portion of its electrical input into microwave energy. An average consumer microwave oven consumes 1100 W of electricity in producing 700 W of microwave power[citation needed], an efficiency of 64%. The other 400 W are dissipated as heat, mostly in the magnetron tube. Such wasted heat, along with heat from the product being microwaved, is exhausted as warm air through cooling vents. Additional power is used to operate the lamps, AC power transformer, magnetron cooling fan, food turntable motor and the control circuits, although the power consumed by the electronic control circuits of a modern microwave oven is negligible (< 1% of the input power) during cooking.

text: Design[edit]

text: A microwave oven consists of:

text:
a high-voltage power source, commonly a simple transformer or an electronic power converter, which passes energy to the magnetron
a high-voltage capacitor connected to the magnetron, transformer and via a diode to the chassis
a cavity magnetron, which converts high-voltage electric energy to microwave radiation
a magnetron control circuit (usually with a microcontroller)
a short waveguide (to couple microwave power from the magnetron into the cooking chamber)
a metal cooking chamber
a turntable or metal wave guide stirring fan.
a digital / manual control panel

text: Modern microwave ovens use either an analog dial-type timer or a digital control panel for operation. Control panels feature an LED, liquid crystal or vacuum fluorescent display, in the 90s brands such as Panasonic and GE began offering models with a scrolling-text display showing cooking instructions, numeric buttons for entering the cook time, a power level selection feature and other possible functions such as a defrost setting and pre-programmed settings for different food types, such as meat, fish, poultry, vegetables, frozen vegetables, frozen dinners, and popcorn. In most ovens, the magnetron is driven by a linear transformer which can only feasibly be switched completely on or off. As such, the choice of power level does not affect the intensity of the microwave radiation; instead, the magnetron is cycled on and off every few seconds, thus altering the large scale duty cycle. Newer models have inverter power supplies that use pulse-width modulation to provide effectively continuous heating at reduced power, so that foods are heated more evenly at a given power level and can be heated more quickly without being damaged by uneven heating.

text: The microwave frequencies used in microwave ovens are chosen based on regulatory and cost constraints. The first is that they should be in one of the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency bands set aside for non-communication purposes. For household purposes, 2.45 GHz has the advantage over 915 MHz in that 915 MHz is only an ISM band in the ITU Region 2 while 2.45 GHz is available worldwide.[citation needed][vague] Three additional ISM bands exist in the microwave frequencies, but are not used for microwave cooking. Two of them are centered on 5.8 GHz and 24.125 GHz, but are not used for microwave cooking because of the very high cost of power generation at these frequencies. The third, centered on 433.92 MHz, is a narrow band that would require expensive equipment to generate sufficient power without creating interference outside the band, and is only available in some countries.

text: The cooking chamber is similar to a Faraday cage to prevent the waves from coming out of the oven. Even though there is no continuous metal-to-metal contact around the rim of the door, choke connections on the door edges act like metal-to-metal contact, at the frequency of the microwaves, to prevent leakage. The oven door usually has a window for easy viewing, with a layer of conductive mesh some distance from the outer panel to maintain the shielding. Because the size of the perforations in the mesh is much less than the microwaves' wavelength (12.2 cm for the usual 2.45 GHz), microwave radiation cannot pass through the door, while visible light (with its much shorter wavelength) can.

text: Variants and accessories[edit]

text: A variant of the conventional microwave is the convection microwave. A convection microwave oven is a combination of a standard microwave and a convection oven. It allows food to be cooked quickly, yet come out browned or crisped, as from a convection oven. Convection microwaves are more expensive than conventional microwave ovens. Some convection microwaves—those with exposed heating elements—can produce smoke and burning odors as food spatter from earlier microwave-only use is burned off the heating elements.

text: In 2000,[26] some manufacturers began offering high power quartz halogen bulbs to their convection microwave models, marketing them under names such as "Speedcook", "Advantium", "Lightwave" and "Optimawave" to emphasize their ability to cook food rapidly and with good browning. The bulbs heat the food's surface with infrared (IR) radiation, browning surfaces as in a conventional oven. The food browns while also being heated by the microwave radiation and heated through conduction through contact with heated air. The IR energy which is delivered to the outer surface of food by the lamps is sufficient to initiate browning caramelization in foods primarily made up of carbohydrates and Maillard reactions in foods primarily made up of protein. These reactions in food produce a texture and taste similar to that typically expected of conventional oven cooking rather than the bland boiled and steamed taste that microwave-only cooking tends to create.

text: In order to aid browning, sometimes an accessory browning tray is used, usually composed of glass or porcelain. It makes food crisp by oxidizing the top layer until it turns brown. Ordinary plastic cookware is unsuitable for this purpose because it could melt.

text: Frozen dinners, pies, and microwave popcorn bags often contain a susceptor made from thin aluminium film in the packaging or included on a small paper tray. The metal film absorbs microwave energy efficiently and consequently becomes extremely hot and radiates in the infrared, concentrating the heating of oil for popcorn or even browning surfaces of frozen foods. Heating packages or trays containing susceptors are designed for a single use and are then discarded as waste.

text: Microwave-safe plastics[edit]

text: Some current plastic containers and food wraps are specifically designed to resist radiation from microwaves. Products may use the term "microwave safe", may carry a microwave symbol (three lines of waves, one above the other) or simply provide instructions for proper microwave use. Any of these is an indication that a product is suitable for microwaving when used in accordance with the directions provided.[27]

text: Benefits and safety features[edit]

text: All microwaves use a timer for the cooking time, at the end of cooking time, the oven switches itself off.

text: Microwave ovens heat food without getting hot themselves. Taking a pot off a stove, unless it is an induction cooktop, leaves a potentially dangerous heating element or trivet that will stay hot for some time. Likewise, when taking a casserole out of a conventional oven, one's arms are exposed to the very hot walls of the oven. A microwave oven does not pose this problem.

text: Food and cookware taken out of a microwave oven are rarely much hotter than 100 °C (212 °F). Cookware used in a microwave oven is often much cooler than the food because the cookware is transparent to microwaves; the microwaves heat the food directly and the cookware is indirectly heated by the food. Food and cookware from a conventional oven, on the other hand, are the same temperature as the rest of the oven; a typical cooking temperature is 180 °C (356 °F). That means that conventional stoves and ovens can cause more serious burns.

text: The lower temperature of cooking (the boiling point of water) is a significant safety benefit compared to baking in the oven or frying, because it eliminates the formation of tars and char, which are carcinogenic.[28] Microwave radiation also penetrates deeper than direct heat, so that the food is heated by its own internal water content. In contrast, direct heat can burn the surface while the inside is still cold. Pre-heating the food in a microwave oven before putting it into the grill or pan reduces the time needed to heat up the food and reduces the formation of carcinogenic char. Unlike frying and baking, microwaving does not produce acrylamide in potatoes,[29] however unlike deep-frying, it is of only limited effectiveness in reducing glycoalkaloid (i.e. solanine) levels.[30] Acrylamide has been found in other microwaved products like popcorn.

text: Heating characteristics[edit]

text: Microwave ovens are frequently used for reheating leftover food, and bacterial contamination may not be repressed if the safe temperature is not reached, resulting in foodborne illness, as with all inadequate reheating methods.

text: Uneven heating in microwaved food can be partly due to the uneven distribution of microwave energy inside the oven, and partly due to the different rates of energy absorption in different parts of the food. The first problem is reduced by a stirrer, a type of fan that reflects microwave energy to different parts of the oven as it rotates, or by a turntable or carousel that turns the food; turntables, however, may still leave spots, such as the center of the oven, which receive uneven energy distribution. The location of dead spots and hot spots in a microwave can be mapped out by placing a damp piece of thermal paper in the oven. When the water saturated paper is subjected to the microwave radiation it becomes hot enough to cause the dye to be released which will provide a visual representation of the microwaves. If multiple layers of paper are constructed in the oven with a sufficient distance between them a three-dimensional map can be created. Many store receipts are printed on thermal paper which allows this to be easily done at home.[31]

text: The second problem is due to food composition and geometry, and must be addressed by the cook, by arranging the food so that it absorbs energy evenly, and periodically testing and shielding any parts of the food that overheat. In some materials with low thermal conductivity, where dielectric constant increases with temperature, microwave heating can cause localized thermal runaway. Under certain conditions, glass can exhibit thermal runaway in a microwave to the point of melting.[32]

text: Due to this phenomenon, microwave ovens set at too-high power levels may even start to cook the edges of frozen food while the inside of the food remains frozen. Another case of uneven heating can be observed in baked goods containing berries. In these items, the berries absorb more energy than the drier surrounding bread and cannot dissipate the heat due to the low thermal conductivity of the bread. Often this results in overheating the berries relative to the rest of the food. "Defrost" oven settings use low power levels designed to allow time for heat to be conducted within frozen foods from areas that absorb heat more readily to those which heat more slowly. In turntable-equipped ovens, more even heating will take place by placing food off-centre on the turntable tray instead of exactly in the centre, assuming the food item so placed covers less of the center "dead zone".

text: There are microwave ovens on the market that allow full-power defrosting. They do this by exploiting the properties of the electromagnetic radiation LSM modes. LSM full-power defrosting may actually achieve more even results than slow defrosting.[33]

text: Microwave heating can be deliberately uneven by design. Some microwavable packages (notably pies) may include materials that contain ceramic or aluminium flakes, which are designed to absorb microwaves and heat up, which aids in baking or crust preparation by depositing more energy shallowly in these areas. Such ceramic patches affixed to cardboard are positioned next to the food, and are typically smokey blue or gray in colour, usually making them easily identifiable; the cardboard sleeves included with Hot Pockets, which have a silver surface on the inside, are a good example of such packaging. Microwavable cardboard packaging may also contain overhead ceramic patches which function in the same way. The technical term for such a microwave-absorbing patch is a susceptor.[34]

text: Effects on food and nutrients[edit]

text: Any form of cooking will destroy some nutrients in food, but the key variables are how much water is used in the cooking, how long the food is cooked, and at what temperature.[35] Nutrients are primarily lost by leaching into cooking water, which tends to make microwave cooking healthier, given the shorter cooking times it requires.[36] Like other heating methods, microwaving converts vitamin B12 from an active to inactive form; the amount of conversion depends on the temperature reached, as well as the cooking time. Boiled food reaches a maximum of 100 °C (212 °F) (the boiling point of water), whereas microwaved food can get locally hotter than this, leading to faster breakdown of vitamin B12. The higher rate of loss is partially offset by the shorter cooking times required.[37]

text: Spinach retains nearly all its folate when cooked in a microwave; in comparison, it loses about 77% when boiled, leaching out nutrients. Bacon cooked by microwave has significantly lower levels of carcinogenic nitrosamines than conventionally cooked bacon.[35] Steamed vegetables tend to maintain more nutrients when microwaved than when cooked on a stovetop.[35] Microwave blanching is 3–4 times more effective than boiled water blanching in the retaining of the water-soluble vitamins folic acid, thiamin and riboflavin, with the exception of ascorbic acid, of which 28.8% is lost (vs. 16% with boiled water blanching).[38]

text: Microwaving human milk at high temperatures is not recommended as it causes a marked decrease in activity of anti-infective factors.[39]

text: Use in cleaning kitchen sponges[edit]

text: Studies have investigated the use of the microwave to clean non-metallic domestic sponges which have been thoroughly wetted. A 2006 study found that microwaving wet sponges for two minutes (at 1000 watt power) removed 99% of coliforms, E. coli and MS2 phages. Bacillus cereus spores were killed at 4 minutes of microwaving.[40]

text: A 2017 study was less affirmative: about 60% of the germs were killed but the remaining ones quickly re-colonized the sponge.[41]

text: Hazards[edit]

text: The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: High temperatures[edit]

text: Water and other homogeneous liquids can superheat[42][43] when heated in a microwave oven in a container with a smooth surface. That is, the liquid reaches a temperature slightly above its normal boiling point without bubbles of vapour forming inside the liquid. The boiling process can start explosively when the liquid is disturbed, such as when the user takes hold of the container to remove it from the oven or while adding solid ingredients such as powdered creamer or sugar. This can result in spontaneous boiling (nucleation) which may be violent enough to eject the boiling liquid from the container and cause severe scalding.[44]

text: Closed containers, such as eggs, can explode when heated in a microwave oven due to the increased pressure from steam. Intact fresh egg yolks outside the shell will also explode, as a result of superheating. Insulating plastic foams of all types generally contain closed air pockets, and are generally not recommended for use in a microwave, as the air pockets explode and the foam (which can be toxic if consumed) may melt. Not all plastics are microwave-safe, and some plastics absorb microwaves to the point that they may become dangerously hot.

text: Products that are heated for too long can catch fire. Though this is inherent to any form of cooking, the rapid cooking and unattended nature of the use of microwave ovens results in additional hazard.

text: Metal objects[edit]

text: Any metal or conductive object placed into the microwave will act as an antenna to some degree, resulting in an electric current. This causes the object to act as a heating element. This effect varies with the object's shape and composition, and is sometimes utilized for cooking.

text: Any object containing pointed metal can create an electric arc (sparks) when microwaved. This includes cutlery, crumpled aluminium foil (though some foil used in microwaves are safe, see below), twist-ties containing metal wire, the metal wire carry-handles in paper Chinese take-out food containers, or almost any metal formed into a poorly conductive foil or thin wire; or into a pointed shape.[45] Forks are a good example: the tines of the fork respond to the electric field by producing high concentrations of electric charge at the tips. This has the effect of exceeding the dielectric breakdown of air, about 3 megavolts per meter (3×106 V/m). The air forms a conductive plasma, which is visible as a spark. The plasma and the tines may then form a conductive loop, which may be a more effective antenna, resulting in a longer lived spark. When dielectric breakdown occurs in air, some ozone and nitrogen oxides are formed, both of which are unhealthy in large quantities.

text: It is possible for metal objects to be microwave-oven compatible, although experimentation by users is not encouraged. Microwaving an individual smooth metal object without pointed ends, for example, a spoon or shallow metal pan, usually does not produce sparking. Thick metal wire racks can be part of the interior design in microwave ovens (see illustration). In a similar way, the interior wall plates with perforating holes which allow light and air into the oven, and allow interior-viewing through the oven door, are all made of conductive metal formed in a safe shape.

text: The effect of microwaving thin metal films can be seen clearly on a Compact Disc or DVD (particularly the factory pressed type). The microwaves induce electric currents in the metal film, which heats up, melting the plastic in the disc and leaving a visible pattern of concentric and radial scars. Similarly, porcelain with thin metal films can also be destroyed or damaged by microwaving. Aluminium foil is thick enough to be used in microwave ovens as a shield against heating parts of food items, if the foil is not badly warped. When wrinkled, aluminium foil is generally unsafe in microwaves, as manipulation of the foil causes sharp bends and gaps that invite sparking. The USDA recommends that aluminium foil used as a partial food shield in microwave cooking cover no more than one quarter of a food object, and be carefully smoothed to eliminate sparking hazards.[46]

text: Another hazard is the resonance of the magnetron tube itself. If the microwave is run without an object to absorb the radiation, a standing wave will form. The energy is reflected back and forth between the tube and the cooking chamber. This may cause the tube to overload and burn out. For the same reason, dehydrated food, or food wrapped in metal which does not arc, is problematic for overload reasons, without necessarily being a fire hazard.

text: Certain foods such as grapes, if properly arranged, can produce an electric arc.[47] Prolonged arcing from food carries similar risks to arcing from other sources as noted above.

text: Some other objects that may conduct sparks are plastic/holographic print thermoses (such as Starbuck's novelty cups) or cups with metal lining. If any bit of the metal is exposed, all the outer shell will burst off the object or melt.[citation needed]

text: The high electrical fields generated inside a microwave often can be illustrated by placing a radiometer or neon glow-bulb inside the cooking chamber, creating glowing plasma inside the low-pressure bulb of the device.

text: Direct microwave exposure[edit]

text: Direct microwave exposure is not generally possible, as microwaves emitted by the source in a microwave oven are confined in the oven by the material out of which the oven is constructed. Furthermore, ovens are equipped with redundant safety interlocks, which remove power from the magnetron if the door is opened. This safety mechanism is required by United States federal regulations.[48] Tests have shown confinement of the microwaves in commercially available ovens to be so nearly universal as to make routine testing unnecessary.[49] According to the United States Food and Drug Administration's Center for Devices and Radiological Health, a U.S. Federal Standard limits the amount of microwaves that can leak from an oven throughout its lifetime to 5 milliwatts of microwave radiation per square centimeter at approximately 5 cm (2 in) from the surface of the oven.[50] This is far below the exposure level currently considered to be harmful to human health.[51]

text: The radiation produced by a microwave oven is non-ionizing. It therefore does not have the cancer risks associated with ionizing radiation such as X-rays and high-energy particles. Long-term rodent studies to assess cancer risk have so far failed to identify any carcinogenicity from 2.45 GHz microwave radiation even with chronic exposure levels (i.e. large fraction of life span) far larger than humans are likely to encounter from any leaking ovens.[52][53] However, with the oven door open, the radiation may cause damage by heating. Every microwave oven sold has a protective interlock so that it cannot be run when the door is open or improperly latched.

text: Microwaves generated in microwave ovens cease to exist once the electrical power is turned off. They do not remain in the food when the power is turned off, any more than light from an electric lamp remains in the walls and furnishings of a room when the lamp is turned off. They do not make the food or the oven radioactive. Compared to conventional cooking, the nutritional content of some foods may be altered differently, but generally in a positive way by preserving more micronutrients - see above. There is no indication of detrimental health issues associated with microwaved food.[54]

text: There are, however, a few cases where people have been exposed to direct microwave radiation, either from appliance malfunction or deliberate action.[55][56] The general effect of this exposure will be physical burns to the body, as human tissue, particularly the outer fat and muscle layers, has similar composition to some foods that are typically cooked in microwave ovens and so experiences similar dielectric heating effects when exposed to microwave electromagnetic radiation.

text: Chemical exposure[edit]

text: Some magnetrons have ceramic insulators with beryllium oxide (beryllia) added. The beryllium in such oxides is a serious chemical hazard if crushed then inhaled or ingested. In addition, beryllia is listed as a confirmed human carcinogen by the IARC;[citation needed] therefore, broken ceramic insulators or magnetrons should not be handled. This is a danger if the microwave oven becomes physically damaged, if the insulator cracks, or when the magnetron is opened and handled, yet not during normal usage.


document_title: Cap'n Crunch

question_text: when did peanut butter captain crunch come out

text: Cap'n Crunch

text: Product history[edit]

text:
“

Grandma would like to make this concoction with rice and the sauce that she had; it was a combination of brown sugar and butter. It tasted good, obviously. They'd put it over the rice and eat it as a kind of a treat on Sundays...
—William Low, Pamela Low's brother[3]

”

text: Pamela Low, a flavorist at Arthur D. Little[4] and 1951 graduate of the University of New Hampshire with a microbiology degree,[3] developed the original Cap'n Crunch flavor in 1963—recalling a recipe of brown sugar and butter her grandmother Luella Low served over rice[5][6] at her home in Derry, New Hampshire.[4] Before developing the flavor, the cereal already had a marketing plan,[7] and once having arrived at the flavor coating for Cap'n Crunch, Low described it as giving the cereal a quality she called "want-more-ishness".[7] After her death in 2007, the Boston Globe called Low "the mother of Cap'n Crunch."[5] At Arthur D. Little, Low had also worked on the flavors for Heath,[7] Mounds and Almond Joy candy bars.[8]

text: In 1965, the Quaker Oats Company awarded the Fredus N. Peters Award to Robert Rountree Reinhart, Sr. for his leadership in directing the development team of Cap'n Crunch.[2] Reinhart developed a technique in the manufacture of Cap'n Crunch, using oil in its recipe as a flavor delivery mechanism—which initially presented problems in having the cereal bake properly.[2]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The product line is heralded by a cartoon mascot named Cap'n Crunch.[9] The mascot is depicted as a late 18th-century naval captain, an older man with white eyebrows and a white moustache, who wears a Revolutionary-style naval uniform: a bicorne hat emblazoned with a "C" and a gold-epauletted blue coat with gold bands on the sleeves. While typically an American naval captain wears four bars on his sleeves, the mascot has been variously depicted over the years wearing only one bar (commodore), two bars (lieutenant) or three bars (commander).

text: According to a humorous 2013 Wall Street Journal article, the mascot, whose full name is Horatio Magellan Crunch, captains a ship called the Guppy, and was born "on Crunch Island in the Sea of Milk – a magical place with talking trees, crazy creatures and a whole mountain (Mt. Crunchmore) made out of Cap’n Crunch cereal."[9] The article refers to the Captain's bicorne as a "Napoleon-style" hat,[9] and claims that this has led to speculation that he may be French.[9] According to CrunchFacts, a news outlet dedicated to the mascot, Horatio Crunch has a perfect 200 IQ.[10]

text: Cap'n Crunch's original animated television commercials featured the slogan, "It's got corn for crunch, oats for punch, and it stays crunchy, even in milk."[11]

text: In 2013, sources including the Wall Street Journal[9] and Washington Times[12] reported that the three stripes on the mascot's uniform indicate a rank of Commander and not the four needed on his uniform to be a Captain.  In jest, the Wall Street Journal reported that the U.S. Navy had no record of Crunch and that NCIS was investigating him for impersonating a naval officer.[9]

text: Daws Butler provided the original voice of the Cap'n until his death in 1988.[13][14][15][16] Author Philip Wylie wrote a series of short stories, Crunch and Des, beginning in the 1940s, which featured a similarly named Captain Crunch Adams.[17] The Cap'n Crunch commercials have historically used basic cartoon animation by Jay Ward Productions. Vinton Studios produced a claymation ad during the 1980s.[18]

text: Variations[edit]

text:
Cap'n Crunch: The original Cap'n Crunch cereal is made of sweetened, yellow, square-shaped cereal pieces made by combining corn and oats. The cereal was launched in 1963, bolstered by a successful advertising campaign created by noted animator Jay Ward introducing the cereal's  longtime naval mascot, Cap'n Crunch.[19]
Cap'n Crunch's Crunch Berries: Cap’n Crunch's Crunch Berries cereal was introduced in 1967 and contained, in addition to the yellow pieces found in the original Cap'n Crunch, spherical red Crunch Berry pieces. There was a version of Crunch Berries available briefly in which the berries, instead of being spherical, were three small berries in a cluster. The Crunch Berry Beast mascot was introduced alongside the cereal. There are currently four Crunch Berry colors: red, green (introduced in 2002), blue, and violet (both introduced in the '90s). All the berry pieces are flavored the same, regardless of color.
Peanut Butter Crunch: First released in 1969, with a large elephant named Smedley as its mascot; according to sales charts, this version was the most successful at the time. It consists of peanut butter-flavored corn puffs.
Punch Crunch, Vanilly Crunch, Jean LaFoote’s Cinnamon Crunch: Three more editions issued in the early 1970s but later discontinued.  Punch Crunch was fruit-flavored cereal rings, and the mascot was sailor-clad hippopotamus named Harry.[20] Jean LaFoote's Cinnamon Crunch featured cinnamon flavored cereal. Vanilly Crunch was a vanilla flavored cereal with Sea Dog as the former mascot which was replaced with Wilma the white whale.
Choco Crunch: In 1982, a variant called Choco Crunch, featuring the mascot "Chockle the Blob", was introduced.  This version contained the yellow corn squares, plus chocolate flavored pieces similar to Crunch Berries.
Chocolatey Crunch: Introduced in 2011, consisting of chocolate flavored corn squares.
Christmas Crunch: A special edition first released for the 1987 Christmas holiday season. It contains the signature Cap’n Crunch yellow corn squares with red and green Crunch Berries, shaped like evergreen trees, in a green box with the Cap’n wearing a Santa Claus hat. Originally, it contained a toy or Christmas tree ornament inside the box.[21]
Deep Sea Crunch: A version of the cereal introduced in 1993, which featured Crunch Berries shaped like sea creatures.  This version was discontinued but returned in 2009.[22]
Oops! All Berries: First released in 1997, "Oops! All Berries" contained nothing but the berry flavored Crunch Berries and none of the corn squares.[22] This version was discontinued the following year. In 2008, 2009, and again in 2010, "Oops! All Berries" has made limited time only returns.[23] Recent boxes do not state "Limited Time Only" printed on the box. Current "Oops! All Berries" colors are red, purple, blue and green.
Halloween Crunch: A limited edition version of the cereal introduced in 2007. This includes green Crunch Berries in the form of ghosts.[22]
Galactic Crunch: A discontinued version which featured space-related marshmallows.[22]
Choco Doughnuts: A discontinued version which featured chocolate flavored doughnut shaped cereal with candy sprinkles.[22]
Home Run Crunch: A limited edition version of the cereal, currently available, released in 1995 which featured baseball-related marshmallows, like home plates, caps, and mitts. It has the flavor of Crunch Berries but the pieces of the cereal are shaped as bats and balls. It occasionally comes back during the summer.[22]
Cap'n Crunch's Mystery Volcano Crunch: Red and yellow fruit flavored berries with "'free' packet of lava rocks that pop in milk!".[22]
Cap'n Crunch's Oops! Smashed Berries: Oops! All Berries cereal with flat berries that the kids smashed.[22]
Cap'n Crunch's CoZmic Crunch: Star shaped berries with "orange space dust that turns milk green".[22]
Polar Crunch: A version of the cereal in which the Crunch Berries change color to blue when milk is poured.[22]
Cinnamon Roll Crunch: Released in 2013.
Cap'n Crunch's Crunch Treasures: Star shaped crunchy yellow corn and oat rings. Contains half the sugar of regular Cap'n Crunch.[24]
Cap'n Crunch Bars: Later called Cap'n Crunch Treats, they were marshmallow treats similar to Rice Krispies Treats and came in Cap'n Crunch, Crunch Berries, and Peanut Butter Crunch varieties.
Airhead Berries:  A crossover between Airheads candy and Cap'n Crunch cereal.[25]
Cap'n Crunch's Sprinkled Donut Crunch: Released in 2014. Donut-flavored cereal rings smothered in sprinkles.
Cap'n Crunch's Orange Creampop Crunch: Modeled after nostalgic orange/vanilla popsicles.[26]
Cap'n Crunch's Blueberry Pancake Crunch: Released in 2016. Features blue, light blue and white corn and oat puffs with natural and artificial blueberry and maple syrup flavoring.[27]
Superman Crunch: Turned the milk blue.

text: Product litigation[edit]

text: On May 21, 2009, Judge Morrison England, Jr., of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California dismissed the case Sugawara v. PepsiCo, Inc.[28] The plaintiff, Janine Sugawara, claimed she had purchased the cereal Cap'n Crunch with Crunchberries because she believed "crunchberries" indicated she was eating real fruit. Sugawara alleged that after four years of purchasing the product she had only recently discovered to her dismay that said "berries" were in fact simply brightly colored cereal balls.  The judge commented "In this case...it is simply impossible for Plaintiff to file an amended complaint stating a claim based upon these facts.  The survival of the instant claim would require this Court to ignore all concepts of personal responsibility and common sense.  The Court has no intention of allowing that to happen."[29]