document_title: List of Liv and Maddie characters

question_text: maddie's best friend on liv and maddie

question_tokens: maddie 's best friend on liv and maddie

text: List of Liv and Maddie characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Liv Rooney[edit]

text: Olivia "Liv" Rooney[1] (Dove Cameron) is one of a pair of identical twins of the Rooney family. She is the eldest child of the family and older sister to Joey and Parker. Liv left the family for four years, beginning at the age of 11, to star in a popular television program, Sing It Loud!, to which she continually refers. During her time on that show, Liv was living with her Aunt Dena. Liv is a sophomore at Ridgewood High. When Liv and Maddie celebrate their sweet sixteen in "Sweet 16-a-Rooney", Karen states that Liv, who was born at 11:56 PM, is six minutes older than Maddie, who was technically born a day later. Liv's siblings affectionately call her "Hollywood". In "Skate-a-Rooney", it is referenced that in-between seasons of Sing It Loud!, Liv filmed a movie called The Skateboard Bandit. In "Brain-a-Rooney", Liv shows that she is smarter than people think she is by helping Joey and Artie win the Brain Olympics. It is shown that Liv shares the personality quirks of her mother, Karen, as seen in "Shoe-a-Rooney", when the pair reveals their affinity for shoes.

text: At the end of the first season, Liv began production on Space Werewolves, a film adaptation of a fictional graphic novel series of the same name. Liv stars as Tristan Lycanth in the film adaptation after being able to fully master all the traits of the wolf with the help of writer/wolf girl Emmy "Fangs" Wulfert. Although the protagonist of the story was originally a boy in the graphic novels, Liv was picked for the role because of her acting career on Sing It Loud! and the role of Tristan was changed from a boy to a girl.

text: In the episode "Voltage-a-Rooney", Liv starts starring in a TV series adaption of the comic series Voltage that was mentioned in "Continued-a-Rooney". She portrays a cheerleader named Tess who was struck by lightning and becomes the superhero SkyVolt.

text: In the episode "Californi-a-Rooney", Liv and Maddie have a falling out at the time when Maddie goes to live with Aunt Dena after being accepted to the same college that Willow is at. After the two of them reconcile, Liv is persuaded by Maddie to stay with her.

text: In the episode "Linda and Heather-a-Rooney", the effects of Liv leaving Voltage to be with Maddie caused her to have a hard time finding another role. She does get a guest role on "Linda and Heather" which she nearly causes to stop production until she and Parker come up with a plan to keep it from ending. By the end of the episode, Liv is told that they want her to reprise her character for the sequel to Sing It Loud! called Sing It Louder!!

text: The back of Emmy Buckner's head is used to help create the character of Liv. She is Dove Cameron's look-alike double.[2]

text: Maddie Rooney[edit]

text: Madison "Maddie" Rooney[3] (Dove Cameron) is Liv's identical twin sister and the second eldest child of the Rooney family. Like Liv, she is older sister to Joey and Parker, as well as a sophomore at Ridgewood High. She is captain of the girls' basketball team of Ridgewood High and is equally diligent to her team captain duties as her studies. Her main love interest is Diggie, captain of Ridgewood High's boys' basketball team. But because of his constant moving, they break up. Her new love interest is Liv's co-star in Voltage, Josh. Her catchphrase is "Bam! What?!", a phrase she came up with once at age 11 when she was telling Karen that she beat the boys at basketball. She is sometimes called Mads by Diggie and Willow, such as in "Slump-a-Rooney" and "Shoe-a-Rooney". In "Sleep-a-Rooney", it was revealed that Maddie's full first name is "Madison". It is shown that Maddie shares the personality quirks of her father, Pete, as seen in "Dump-a-Rooney", when the pair shows their competitive side while preparing for a two-on-two basketball tournament. In "Shoe-a-Rooney", Maddie becomes addicted to a comfortable pair of high heel shoes that she borrowed from Liv. When the addiction becomes problematic, Liv, Willow, Diggie, and Stains stage an intervention which ends with Liv dropping the shoes into a woodchipper.

text: In "Space-Werewolf-a-Rooney", Maddie injures her leg and is unable to play basketball. In "Pottery-a-Rooney", Maddie tries taking up the new hobby of pottery; however, it does not work out and she ends up going back to basketball. In "Helgaween-a-Rooney", Karen uses hypnotherapy to try to get Maddie over her fear of using her injured knee to shoot a three-pointer, but Maddie instead has a nightmare that she and Liv have a triplet named Helga. Maddie temporarily becomes the new sensei for Parker's karate class in "Match-a-Rooney". In "Muffler-a-Rooney", Maddie recovers from her knee injury and successfully plays basketball again.

text: The back of Shelby Wulfert's head is used to help create the character of Maddie. She is Dove Cameron's look-alike double.[2]

text: Joey Rooney[edit]

text: Joseph Gilligan "Joey" Rooney[4] (Joey Bragg) is the middle child of the Rooney family. He is the middle brother to Liv and Maddie and older brother to Parker. Joey is a student at Ridgewood High. Parker affectionately calls him "munch". Although close in age to his older twin sisters, only a school year younger as a freshman, Joey is perceived as immature and awkward, but also somewhat of a brainiac. Joey has a close relationship with his younger brother, Parker, especially in pranking or being manipulative, but with Liv and Maddie's assistance, there is hope for growth. He is bitter rivals with Artie, one of his classmates. In "Helgaween-a-Rooney", Joey and Parker want to see a haunted house magic show and use a magic amulet to clone themselves so they can sneak out for the night, but later the clones try to cook and eat the parents. In the same episode, Karen tries her hypnotherapy on Joey to make him feel ready to take on the world, but all Joey can say is "Ooey, ooey, ooey!" Around near the end of season 3 and into Liv and Maddie Cali Style he realized that he was starting to develop a crush on Willow and they start dating then they officially become boyfriend and girlfriend.

text: Parker Rooney[edit]

text: Parker Rooney (Tenzing Norgay Trainor) is the youngest child of the Rooney family. He is 13 years old and a sixth-grader at an undisclosed school. However, he attends Joey's robotics club at Liv and Maddie's school twice a week. Parker is an intelligent and clever child with growing "playground buzz" who does karate and is somewhat manipulative. Parker even created his own set of tunnels which run to different parts of the house, Ridgewood High, and other locations. He is not a troublesome child, but somewhat of a trickster, as shown in "Fa-La-La-a-Rooney", when he swindles money from Joey in order to purchase an expensive toy he suspects no one would give him. In "Kathy Kan-a-Rooney", one of Parker's dojo buddies, Splat, caught Parker watching Linda and Heather, a show about two girls who are besties. It is eventually revealed that his other dojo buddies, including Splat, watch the show as well. Both Splat and Reggie go to Parker's house and they all watch the show together and enjoy it. In "Gift-a-Rooney", it was revealed Parker has an embarrassing middle name, which is skipped over by Parker's cutaway when Karen says it due to how much Parker hates it.

text: Around the end of "Californi-a-Rooney", Parker's tunnels collapsed due to Joey's bad move to preserve them, causing the entire family to move in with Aunt Dena as revealed in the final fourth-wall cutaway. When Parker plans to recreate his tunnels, the rest of the Rooneys shout "No tunnels!" This causes Parker to make plans to take his projects to the sky.

text: Karen Rooney[edit]

text: Karen Rooney (Kali Rocha) is the wife of Pete, the mother of Liv, Maddie, Joey, and Parker, and the older sister of Dena Rooney. She is the school psychologist for Ridgewood High and later the vice principal as of the second season. Karen often ineptly uses her knowledge of family psychology at home, sometimes forming family meetings and sharing her "punching pillows". In "Sweet 16-a-Rooney", it is revealed that Karen had kept a secret that the twins were born on opposite sides of midnight and technically have separate birthdays, with Maddie being born six minutes and one day after Liv. In "BFF-a-Rooney", it was revealed that she chomps on ice when she is nervous. She has also demonstrated a tendency for blatant manipulation, compulsive hoarding, as shown in "Brain-a-Rooney", when she refuses to sell stuff that used to belong to members of the family, such as a box of toothbrushes that they have used, and "Rate-a-Rooney", when she refuses to get rid of unnecessary house decorations. In "Helgaween-a-Rooney", it was revealed that both Maddie and Joey have been hypnotized by Karen. In "California-A-Rooney", Karen has nastily taken over Parker's tunnels, which collapse (along with the house) when Joey cleans out Karen's belongings, one of which was holding the entire house up.

text: Pete Rooney[edit]

text: Pete Rooney (Benjamin King) is married to Karen and is the father of Liv, Maddie, Joey, and Parker. He is the gym teacher at Ridgewood High and coach of the girls' basketball team. Pete enjoys bringing competition into the home, often wearing his whistle and pushing Maddie to improve her basketball ability. Pete shows typical father characteristics, such as his misunderstandings of his daughters' emotional development. He shares his sons' creative mentality and becomes overprotective whenever Liv and Maddie have love interests. He also can disagree with Karen frequently, such as in "Rate-a-Rooney", when he wants to get rid of useless house decorations of which Karen cannot let go. In "Ridgewood-a-Rooney", he becomes the coach of a college team in Beloit which Maddie later decides to attend in "Dream-a-Rooney". As a result of Pete's new job in "Coach-a-Rooney", he was succeeded in the coaching of the girls' basketball team by Mrs. Snodgrass.

text: In "Sorta Sisters-a-Rooney", Pete is no longer a series regular and is said to be overseeing the rebuilding of the Rooney home while continuing his job in Beloit.

text: Ruby[edit]

text: Ruby (Lauren Lindsey Donzis) is the cousin of the Rooney children and the daughter of Dena who resides in California. She is younger than Parker and plans to follow in Liv's footsteps by becoming an actress herself. She joins the series as a series regular in the fourth season.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Diggie[edit]

text: Digbert "Diggie" Smalls[5] (Ryan McCartan) is Maddie's main love interest. He is the captain of the boys' basketball team of Ridgewood High and is perceived as confident and strong. Diggie affectionately calls Maddie simply as "Rooney", though in "Twin-a-Rooney", he calls her "Rooney classic" to distinguish her from Liv. In "Move-a-Rooney", Diggie finally expresses his feelings toward Maddie after she tells him they are moving. Diggie is also seen as a mentor for Joey when it comes to anything related to being "cool". Diggie was also the manager of the local frozen yogurt shop. In the second season, he left Wisconsin to go to the nation of "Tundrabania" after Maddie injured her knee. In "Gift-a-Rooney", he makes his first physical appearance since the first season for his and Maddie's "meet-a-versary", courtesy of Liv. In "Flugelball-a-Rooney", he returns from Tundrabania only to break up with Maddie after he thinks she does not support his decision to go to Australia. It is revealed that he still has feelings for Maddie in "Video-a-Rooney".

text: In "Frame-a-Rooney", it is revealed that Diggie is Artie's older brother when Diggie is annoyed with Artie's habits.

text: In "Champ-a-Rooney", Diggie decides he wants to get back together with Maddie. In "Continued-a-Rooney", he and Maddie officially break up.

text: In "Scoop-a-Rooney", Diggie returns where he tells Maddie about him seeing a picture of Maddie with Josh, making Diggie jealous with the fact that Maddie has moved on and has a new boyfriend – that being Josh. In "Choose-A-Rooney", Diggie and Maddie get back together.

text: Willow[edit]

text: Winifred "Willow" Cruz[6][7] (Jessica Marie Garcia) is Maddie's best friend and teammate. She plays center and often exclaims that she "doesn't go down!" She and Maddie share a special high-five. Willow's only weakness is her obsessive crush on Joey, as seen in "Slump-a-Rooney", when she misdirects a love note to be from him. Later in the series, Willow competes in the Battle of the Bands with Liv, Andie, and Holden, where she plays drums. They win the battle and continue to perform as a band. Around the end of season 3 and into Liv and Maddie Cali Style she and Joey are officially boyfriend and girlfriend.

text: Stains[edit]

text: Astrid "Stains" Stanislowski[8] (Bridget Shergalis) is a teammate and friend of Maddie's. She is a petite girl with a hearty appetite. She gets her name because her clothing gets inadvertently dirty in each episode she appears in. She has a recurring tendency to rub the side of her nose with her thumb whenever she gets involved in a scheme, as seen in "Team-a-Rooney", when the team rallies against Principal Fickman, in "Sweet 16-a-Rooney", when she helps plan a surprise party for Maddie, and in "Shoe-a-Rooney", when she has to take over for Maddie in a game because Maddie was too busy obsessing with her new shoes. She also has a habit of ending each sentence with "man", even when referring to Maddie and her other teammates.

text: Artie[edit]

text: Artie Smalls[9] (Jimmy Bellinger) is a classmate and proclaimed nemesis of Joey's. They are often competitive in proving who is smarter than the other, with Joey usually falling short, but they have worked together before, as shown in "Brain-a-Rooney" and "BFF-a-Rooney". Artie has some unnamed student followers who serve as his "minions".

text: In "Moms-a-Rooney", it is revealed that Artie has a crush on Joey's famous sister Liv. He is also a sci-fi fanatic, showing up at a promotional event for Space Werewolves. In "Frame-a-Rooney", it was revealed that Artie is Diggie's brother. In the episode "Match-a-Rooney" Liv turns down Artie's invitation to the Sadie Hawkins dance and was originally Willow's date but then Liv decided to ask Artie herself to take Willow's place to be his date so she can be Joey's date. In the episode"Voice-a-Rooney" it revealed that he has a kitten that he named after Liv and he thanked Joey for taking care of her when she got lost.

text: Ocean[edit]

text: Ocean (Cozi Zuehlsdorff) is Liv's first friend from school who first appeared in "Steal-a-Rooney", when Maddie organized for Ocean to befriend Liv since Liv felt that people only liked her because she is famous. Later, Liv realizes that the whole friendship was a setup by Maddie and she temporarily gets upset. Over time, however, Liv later realizes that Ocean likes her genuinely and they become good friends. Ocean is of a bohemian-style family, lives on a sunflower farm, and has limited use of technology, thus not knowing of Liv's former television career before befriending her. Ocean loves the environment, school and learning. She and Liv take a German language course together.

text: Evan[edit]

text: Evan (Carter Hastings) is one of Parker's "dojo buddies" and a close friend. Evan is an underhandedly polite child, whose mother (an unseen character) is perceived as mildly overprotective. A year younger than Parker, the pair tends to get into difficult situations, with Parker often protecting Evan, as seen in "Slump-a-Rooney", when Parker helps Evan stand up to his mother. Evan also helped Karen "reprogram" Parker in "Shoe-a-Rooney", when Parker tried to avoid having to do chores by pretending to be incapable.

text: Reggie[edit]

text: Reggie (Herbie Jackson) is one of Parker's dojo buddies and also his best friend. He takes karate classes with Parker and Splat and is often seen at the Rooney house. He refers to Parker as "Doctor P" and is often up for Parker's schemes. He assists Parker in creating a skin cream for Karen in exchange for baloney in "Gift-a-Rooney". At the end of the episode, Karen tells Reggie Parker's middle name as Parker's punishment for creating a skin cream that grew long hair on her elbows and swelled up her feet.

text: Reggie and Parker love the show "Linda and Heather" and are often seen watching it together singing the theme song for the show. "Boom chicken soup!", Reggie and Parker say together several times. Reggie's parents are never seen and Reggie is often in the Rooney household doing experiments with "Doctor P".

text: Andie[edit]

text: Andie Bustamante[10] (Victoria Moroles) is a friend Liv makes in the second season. She first appeared in "Upcycle-a-Rooney". She plays the bass in a band that includes Liv, Willow, and Holden. In "Prom-a-Rooney", Andie is seen to like Holden and asks him to the prom. A few episodes later they are seen dating. In "Triangle-a-Rooney", Holden breaks up with Andie and asks out Liv, but she denies because of her friendship with Andie. In "SPARF-a-Rooney", Liv helps Andie get over her breakup. She later shows interest in Dump Truck in "Cowbell-a-Rooney", and it was mentioned in "Ridgewood-a-Rooney" that he gave her his leather jacket.

text: Dump Truck[edit]

text: Marion "Dump Truck" Truckberg[11] (Shak Ghacha) is a misbehaving student at Ridgewood High who Parker meets in detention. In his first appearance in "Detention-a-Rooney", Dump Truck tells Parker to do his cleaning for him, but gains a newfound respect for Parker and becomes his friend after seeing him scrape gum off all the desks in school nicknaming him "Gumball Machine". In "Flugelball-a-Rooney", it is revealed that Dump Truck cannot ride a bike, but Parker teaches him how to by the end of the episode.

text: Holden[edit]

text: Holden (Jordan Fisher) is Liv's main love interest. His first appearance was in "Neighbors-a-Rooney", where he has just come back from boarding school. At first Liv dislikes him because when they were younger he stole her Goodbye Puppy pen, but later in the episode he confesses that he only took her pen because he had a childhood crush on her. By the end of the episode, Liv develops strong romantic feelings towards him. However, in "Prom-a-Rooney", Holden goes to the prom with Liv's friend Andie and they begin a relationship that lasts for the remaining episodes of the second season. In "Band-a-Rooney", Holden, Liv, Andie, and Willow start a band together called The Dream.

text: In "Triangle-a-Rooney", Holden begins to realize his true feelings toward Liv after he sees that he and Andie aren't right for each other. During the episode, Holden and Liv come close to sharing their first kiss after singing a duet of True Love together, but are interrupted and caught by Willow. Holden finally figures out his feelings for Liv and breaks up with Andie, but ends up breaking up with her on live television. At the end of the episode, Holden admits his feelings and asks out Liv and although Liv admits her feelings for him in return, she denies his request to start a relationship because of her friendship with Andie. However, Liv and Holden are shown to still harbor deep feelings for each other. Eventually in "Coach-a-Rooney", Liv and Holden finally became a romantic couple after Andie assured Liv that she no longer possessed any romantic feelings for him. Liv and Holden broke up in "Scoop-a-Rooney".

text: Alex[edit]

text: Alex (Brianne Ashleigh Tju) is an emotionless science wiz student who is one of Joey's love interests and is also admired by Parker. She is also seen in Liv's song "What a Girl Is".

text: Aubrey[edit]

text: Aubrey (Audrey Whitby) is a female student who is the latest member of the Weekly Intergalactic Council meeting that is attended by Joey and Artie. Aubrey first appeared in "Neighbors-a-Rooney", where she recommends a cute robot character for a cameo in the upcoming movie The Revengers II: Age of Fultron (a parody of Avengers: Age of Ultron) and later befriends Joey becoming one of Joey's love interests.

text: In "Dream-a-Rooney", Aubrey wanted Liv in her SkyVolt costume to handle the recent cafeteria food crisis. Liv's schedule in "Voltage" at the time when the Dream is asked to get back together causes the rest of the band to enlist Aubrey to cover for Liv. After some in-group disputes is solved, the Dream performs at Karen's event with Aubrey assisting them on tambourine.

text: Principal Fickman[edit]

text: Principal Fickman (Larry Miller) is the principal of Ridgewood High. He is close to his mother and somewhat stern when it comes to school related matters, as seen in "Team-a-Rooney", when he had cut the girls' basketball team's budget.

text: Mrs. Kneebauer[edit]

text: Mrs. Kneebauer (Tara Karsian) is the superintendent of Ridgewood High who was first seen in "Kathy Kan-a-Rooney" interviewing Karen for the role of vice-principal. In "Detention-a-Rooney", Superintendent Kneebauer gave Parker detention for ripping off her top skirt as his way of getting out of an event that Karen wanted to partake with him. She oversaw the detention class where Parker, Dump Truck, and some students played a suspended chair prank on her while she slept. Superintendent Kneebauer informed Karen of this action. In "Frame-a-Rooney", Superintendent Kneebauer replaced the porcupine mascot with a butter mascot which ended up getting vandalized with the Rooney family being suspects. Maddie found evidence that Artie was responsible which led to him and his minions getting punished by Superintendent Kneebauer and the Porcupine Mascot being reinstated.

text: Johnny Nimbus[edit]

text: Johnny Nimbus (Kurt Long) is the local television weatherman who is often selected to host various events around town. Johnny is known to mispredict the weather.

text: In "Secret-Admirer-a-Rooney", it is revealed that Johnny is dating Gemma. In "Choose-a-Rooney", Johnny Nimbus and Gemma get married.

text: Lacey[edit]

text: Lacey (Miranda May) is a basketball teammate of Maddie's. Her favorite animal is the starfish. She often starts to talk and then get off-topic.

text: Mrs. Snodgrass[edit]

text: Mrs. Snodgrass (Miriam Flynn) is a strict woman and expert basketball player who has taught sixth grade back when Liv, Maddie, Willow, Stains and Cruz were her students. Mrs. Snodgrass is known to punish her students by having them sit in front of one part of the whiteboard while revealing a thought bubble that lists what they have done wrong.

text: In "Repeat-a-Rooney", Liv had to repeat the sixth grade in Mrs. Snodgrass' class in order to officially pass it. Liv and Parker's group had done a rap version of one of William Shakespeare's plays which impressed Mrs. Snodgrass enough to pass Liv.

text: In "Coach-a-Rooney", Karen Rooney hired Mrs. Snodgrass to be the new basketball coach while Pete is coaching at a college. She was shown to have skills in basketball that even surpassed Maddie's skills.

text: Gemma[edit]

text: Gemma (Chloé Wepper) is the television director of Voltage. Liv considers her as the cooler version of Joey.

text: In "Secret-Admirer-a-Rooney", it is revealed that Gemma is dating Johnny Nimbus. In "Choose-a-Rooney", Gemma is married to Johnny Nimbus.

text: Josh[edit]

text: Josh Wilcox[12] (Lucas Adams) is a recurring character in the third season. He was Liv Rooney's co-star in Voltage from California, where he played Tess' love interest, Garrison, until "Skyvolt-a-Rooney", when Liv quits the show, allowing Josh to become the new Skyvolt. In "Cowbell-a-Rooney", Liv tries to help Josh become more active and creates a Pilates arena in her backyard. Josh later develops a crush on Maddie after he goes against her in the Cowbell competition, but instead ends up instantly falling in love with her, he almost kisses her in "Secret-Admirer-a-Rooney", and they start dating in "Vive-la-Rooney" They finally go on their first date in "Home Run-a-Rooney", and Josh reveals one of the things he likes about Maddie—her competitive side.

text: In "Scoop-a-Rooney", just as Maddie and Josh's relationship was growing, Maddie was mistaken for Liv when she and Josh were mistaken by Nancy O'Dell to be dating each other. Later, Diggie had returned upon seeing the photos of Maddie with Josh, and Maddie and Josh break up in "Choose-a-Rooney" after Diggie sings how he feels about Maddie. Josh still loves Maddie, which is stated in "Friend-a-Rooney", causing him to lose his confidence and almost completely stop breathing.

text: Josh returns in the season 4 episode "Ex-A-Rooney", where he and Maddie manage to rekindle their friendship.

text: Val[edit]

text: Val Wishart[13] (Chloe East) is a girl in season 4 who goes to BOOMS and is Parker's love interest. In "Stand-Up-A-Rooney" Val and Parker goes to prom school and then to the Chemistry Challenge.

text: Guest characters[edit]

text: Bernard[edit]

text: Bernard (Dwight Howard) is Joey's short-lived personal trainer who appears in "Dump-a-Rooney". He is apparently good at basketball and Maddie decides to pair with him instead of Pete in the two-on-two tournament. Pete feels pushed aside and pairs with Diggie instead. Maddie, in turn, feels betrayed and apologizes to her father. Bernard eventually partners up with Diggie and the pair wins the tournament.

text: Skippy Ramirez[edit]

text: Skippy Ramirez (Allen Alvarado) is Joey's childhood friend who re-emerged as a professional skateboarder called "The Masked Shredder". The pair is suddenly classmates at Ridgewood High and was once in charge of guarding the school mascot Paulie the Porcupine.

text: Emmy "Fangs" Wulfert[edit]

text: Emmy "Fangs" Wulfert (Laura Marano) is a teenage "wolf girl" who was raised by wolves ever since she wandered away from her camp when she was little. She penned a book about her experience and still has some of her wolf traits like rolling around in the dirt, marking her territory, traveling in a dog cage when being flown out to locations because it was cheaper to fly this way for Fangs, getting used to how new people smell, eating meat off the ground, and howling enough to cause every dog in the area to howl. Fangs' appearance has her with dirty skin, dirty and ripped clothes, dirty and messy hair, fake claws on her fingers, and is always barefoot.

text: In "Howl-a-Rooney", she is invited to Stevens Point by Liv in an effort to teach her how to act like a wolf in preparation for Liv's audition for Space Werewolves. She eventually helps Liv master her howling by competing for the role of Tristan Lycanth.

text: Fangs' real name is a hybrid combination of Emmy Buckner and Shelby Wulfert, the acting doubles who play Liv and Maddie, respectively.

text: Q-Pop[edit]

text: Q-Pop (Kel Mitchell) is a hip-hop dance instructor who appears in "Howl-a-Rooney". In the episode, Maddie and Diggie decide to try more adventurous things and choose to take up hip-hop dancing. When Joey expresses his own interest, Maddie tells him to take the class instead. Maddie soon feels left out and the three take the lessons together.

text: South Salamanca[edit]

text: South Salamanca (Raquel Castro) is Liv's co-star from Sing It Loud! on whom Parker has a crush. She appears in "BFF-a-Rooney" and "SPARF-a-Rooney" in which she is invited to Stevens Point by Liv for a short visit to meet Liv's family and friends. At the party, Maddie tells Diggie to be kind to her, but mistakes Diggie and South's friendliness for flirting. South later apologizes.

text: Kylie Kramer[edit]

text: Kylie Kramer (Anne Winters) is a troublesome student and classmate of Liv's who appears in "Steal-a-Rooney". When Maddie tells Liv to start befriending other students, Ocean is pushed upon her, but Liv tries to embrace her wild side by befriending Kylie. Maddie follows the pair as they skip school at the mall, but gets caught mistakenly as Liv who was presumed to have stolen sunglasses which were actually stolen by Kylie.

text: Chambers[edit]

text: Chambers (Samm Levine) is the manager of the Happy Carrot juice bar. He appears in "Steal-a-Rooney", where Joey gets a job at the juice bar in an effort to help pay the bill for his new cell phone. Joey becomes so engrossed in the phone, that Chambers eventually fires him, citing the endangerment of the customers.

text: Skyler[edit]

text: Skyler (Gabrielle Elyse) is Joey's one-time crush who appears in "Kang-a-Rooney". During Ridgewood High's Screamfest, Maddie tells Joey to try talking to girls in costume to heighten his self-esteem when he talks to girls on a regular day. Inadvertently, he unwittingly begins flirting with Liv instead.

text: Miller White[edit]

text: Miller White (Connor Weil) is Liv's ex-boyfriend from Hollywood who appears in "Skate-a-Rooney", where he comes to Stevens Point to attend a competition. When he discovers that Liv is a guest judge, he breaks up with her in an effort to not skew the votes, but in an attempt to get back together, he inadvertently talks to Maddie who eventually cuts off his signature ponytail.

text: Jenny Keene[edit]

text: Jenny Keene (Ella Anderson) is a young girl who won a contest to sing with Liv at the Stevens Point Holiday Spectacular. She appears in "Fa-La-La-a-Rooney". Prior to their performance, the pair would rehearse together and Liv taught her how to embrace the limelight. Eventually, Liv feels she is being out-shined by the seven-year-old, and the pair struggles to share the stage. In the episode, Liv and Jenny sing a duet of Up on the House Top by Benjamin Hanby.

text: Bree[edit]

text: Bree (Dorie Barton) is the actress who portrayed Liv's mother on Sing It Loud! who appears in "Moms-a-Rooney". When Liv discovers that she was not invited to Maddie and Karen's mother–daughter weekend held by Steven's Point's historical society, she calls Bree and the pair joins them. Bree appears to be "too Hollywood" and runs away when she finds Liv's legs covered with leeches, allowing Karen to remove the leeches from her.

text: Amy Becker[edit]

text: Amy Becker (Marla Maples) is Pete's high school girlfriend who appears in "BFF-a-Rooney". While attending Pete's high school reunion, Karen meets Amy for the first time and feels that Pete settled on marrying her instead of his former flame. Eventually, Karen apologizes for her actions.

text: Vic DeFazerelli[edit]

text: Vic DeFazerelli (Garry Marshall) is a three-time Oscar-winning director who appears in "Space-Werewolf-a-Rooney". He was hired to direct Liv in the Space Werewolves movie at a nearby studio in Wisconsin rather than Hollywood.

text: Fahim Anwar[edit]

text: Fahim Anwar appears as himself and is the original director of the Space Werewolves movie.

text: Kathy Kan[edit]

text: Kathy Kan (Piper Curda) is a Korean pop star who comes to Wisconsin to study Liv to prepare for the Korean version of Sing It Loud!. She appears in "Kathy Kan-a-Rooney", where she quickly becomes good friends with Liv and they get along well. Kathy presumably goes back to Korea at the end of the episode.

text: Mr. Clodfelter[edit]

text: Mr. Clodfelter (Kevin James) is Maddie's Home Economics teacher who appears in "Cook-a-Rooney". When Maddie is failing Home Economics, she has to make it up for her grades. Mr. Clodfelter states that she can raise her grades if he can beat his top student Artie in a cooking competition. In the end, Mr. Clodfelter passes Maddie where she created a "Snackatorium". In the final scene, Mr. Clodfelter is shown to pretend to have his own cooking show when not teaching his classes. He is nearly caught by Liv and Maddie when Maddie wanted to show Liv the "Snackatorium". Due to Mr. Clodfelter having already eaten it, he and Liv show the imaginary viewers how to make it.

text: Krahgg[edit]

text: Craig "Krahgg" (Cameron Boyce) is Liv and Maddie's cousin who appears in "Prom-a-Rooney". He was invited by Karen to the Ridgewood High prom because Maddie did not have anyone with whom to go to the prom. He is an illusionist who operates under the name "Krahgg the Insidious". Every magic trick he does fails epically.

text: Andy Grammer[edit]

text: Andy Grammer performs at the annual Stevens Point music festival in "SPARF-a-Rooney".

text: Grandma Janice[edit]

text: Grandma Janice (Patty Duke) is the twin sister of Hilary, the mother of Karen, the mother-in-law of Pete, and the grandmother of Liv, Maddie, Joey, and Parker. She appeared in "Grandma-a-Rooney" where she has Hillary pose as her as she was running late. In her youth, Janice was a part of the U.S. Olympics Women's Diving Team. Another portion of Janice's life has her working as a globetrotting nature photographer where she has a lot of photographs of rhinoceroses. When Janice later encountered Joey in Willow's clutches during the viewing of a comet, Janice quoted that what Willow is doing to him is how she had met the man who became his grandfather. The dual role was actress Patty Duke's final TV appearance before she died in 2016. Grandma Janice's picture is displayed in Aunt Dena's living room.

text: Great Aunt Hilary[edit]

text: Great Aunt Hilary (Patty Duke) is the twin sister of Janice, the aunt of Karen, the aunt-in-law of Pete, and the great aunt of Liv, Maddie, Joey, and Parker. She appeared in "Grandma-a-Rooney" where she posed as Janice who was running late.

text: Nancy O'Dell[edit]

text: Nancy O'Dell appears as herself and interviews Liv in "Scoop-a-Rooney", where she even asks if Liv is dating someone. She later mistakes Maddie for Liv when she sees her with Josh.

text: Mr. Bustamante[edit]

text: Mr. Bustamante (Erik Estrada) is the father of Andie who appears in "Friend-a-Rooney".


document_title: Sugar

question_text: the most common structure of sugars in solution is

root

text: Sugar

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The etymology reflects the spread of the commodity. The English word "sugar" ultimately originates from the Sanskrit शर्करा (śarkarā), via Arabic سكر (sukkar) as granular or candied sugar, which is cognate with the Greek word, kroke, or "pebble".[1] The contemporary Italian word is zucchero, whereas the Spanish and Portuguese words, azúcar and açúcar, respectively, have kept a trace of the Arabic definite article. The Old French word is zuchre and the contemporary French, sucre. The earliest Greek word attested is σάκχαρις (sákkʰaris).

tag: p

text: The English word jaggery, a coarse brown sugar made from date palm sap or sugarcane juice, has a similar etymological origin – Portuguese jagara from the Sanskrit शर्करा (śarkarā).[2]

text: History[edit]

text: Ancient times and Middle Ages[edit]

text: Sugar has been produced in the Indian subcontinent[3] since ancient times. It was not plentiful or cheap in early times and honey was more often used for sweetening in most parts of the world. Originally, people chewed raw sugarcane to extract its sweetness. Sugarcane was a native of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia.[4] Different species seem to have originated from different locations with Saccharum barberi originating in India and S. edule and S. officinarum coming from New Guinea.[4][5] One of the earliest historical references to sugarcane is in Chinese manuscripts dating back to 8th century BC that state that the use of sugarcane originated in India.[6]

text: In the tradition of Indian medicine (āyurveda), the sugercane is known by the name Ikṣu and the sugarcane juice is known as Phāṇita. Its varieties, synonyms and charactericss are defined in nighaṇṭus such as the Bhāvaprakāśa (1.6.23, group of sugarcanes).[7]

text: Sugar was found in Europe by the 1st century CE, but only as an imported medicine, and not as a food.[8][9] The Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides in the 1st century CE described sugar in his medical treatise De Materia Medica,[10] and Pliny the Elder, a 1st-century CE Roman, described sugar in his Natural History: "Sugar is made in Arabia as well, but Indian sugar is better. It is a kind of honey found in cane, white as gum, and it crunches between the teeth. It comes in lumps the size of a hazelnut. Sugar is used only for medical purposes."[9]

text: Sugar remained relatively unimportant until the Indians discovered methods of turning sugarcane juice into granulated crystals that were easier to store and to transport.[11] Crystallized sugar was discovered by the time of the Imperial Guptas, around the 5th century CE.[11] In the local Indian language, these crystals were called khanda (Devanagari: खण्ड, Khaṇḍa), which is the source of the word candy.[12] Indian sailors, who carried clarified butter and sugar as supplies, introduced knowledge of sugar on the various trade routes they travelled.[11] Buddhist monks, as they travelled around, brought sugar crystallization methods to China.[13] During the reign of Harsha (r. 606–647) in North India, Indian envoys in Tang China taught methods of cultivating sugarcane after Emperor Taizong of Tang (r. 626–649) made known his interest in sugar. China then established its first sugarcane plantations in the seventh century.[14] Chinese documents confirm at least two missions to India, initiated in 647 CE, to obtain technology for sugar refining.[15] In South Asia, the Middle East and China, sugar became a staple of cooking and desserts.

text: Crusaders brought sugar home with them to Europe after their campaigns in the Holy Land, where they encountered caravans carrying "sweet salt". Early in the 12th century, Venice acquired some villages near Tyre and set up estates to produce sugar for export to Europe, where it supplemented honey, which had previously been the only available sweetener.[16] Crusade chronicler William of Tyre, writing in the late 12th century, described sugar as "very necessary for the use and health of mankind".[17] In the 15th century, Venice was the chief sugar refining and distribution centre in Europe.[6]

text: Modern history[edit]

text: In August 1492, Christopher Columbus stopped at La Gomera in the Canary Islands, for wine and water, intending to stay only four days. He became romantically involved with the governor of the island, Beatriz de Bobadilla y Ossorio, and stayed a month. When he finally sailed, she gave him cuttings of sugarcane, which became the first to reach the New World.[18] The first sugar cane harvest was conducted in Hispaniola in 1501, and many sugar mills had been constructed in Cuba and Jamaica by the 1520s.[19] The Portuguese took sugar cane to Brazil. By 1540, there were 800 cane sugar mills in Santa Catarina Island and another 2,000 on the north coast of Brazil, Demarara, and Surinam.

text: Sugar was a luxury in Europe until the 18th century, when it became more widely available. It then became popular and by the 19th century, sugar came to be considered a necessity. This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient unleashed major economic and social changes.[20] It drove, in part, colonization of tropical islands and nations where labor-intensive sugarcane plantations and sugar manufacturing could thrive. The demand for cheap labor to perform the hard work involved in its cultivation and processing increased the demand for the slave trade from Africa (in particular West Africa). After slavery was abolished, there was high demand for indentured laborers from South Asia (in particular India).[21][22][23] Millions of slave and indentured laborers were brought into the Caribbean and the Americas, Indian Ocean colonies, southeast Asia, Pacific Islands, and East Africa and Natal. The modern ethnic mix of many nations that have been settled in the last two centuries has been influenced by the demand for sugar.[24][25][26]

text: Sugar also led to some industrialization of areas where sugar cane was grown. For example, Lieutenant J. Paterson, of the Bengal establishment, persuaded the British Government that sugar cane could be cultivated in British India with many advantages and at less expense than in the West Indies; as a result, sugar factories were established in Bihar in eastern India.[27] During the Napoleonic Wars, sugar beet production increased in continental Europe because of the difficulty of importing sugar when shipping was subject to blockade. By 1880, the sugar beet was the main source of sugar in Europe. It was cultivated in Lincolnshire and other parts of England, although the United Kingdom continued to import the main part of its sugar from its colonies.[28]

text: Until the late nineteenth century, sugar was purchased in loaves, which had to be cut using implements called sugar nips.[29] In later years, granulated sugar was more usually sold in bags. Sugar cubes were produced in the nineteenth century. The first inventor of a process to make sugar in cube form was the Moravian Jakub Kryštof Rad, director of a sugar company in Dačice. He began sugar cube production after being granted a five-year patent for the process on January 23, 1843. Henry Tate of Tate & Lyle was another early manufacturer of sugar cubes at his refineries in Liverpool and London. Tate purchased a patent for sugar cube manufacture from German Eugen Langen, who in 1872 had invented a different method of processing of sugar cubes.[30]

text: Chemistry[edit]

text:
Scientifically, sugar loosely refers to a number of carbohydrates, such as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or oligosaccharides. Monosaccharides are also called "simple sugars," the most important being glucose. Most monosaccharides have a formula that conforms to C
nH
2nO
n with n between 3 and 7 (deoxyribose being an exception). Glucose has the molecular formula C
6H
12O
6. The names of typical sugars end with -ose, as in "glucose" and "fructose". Sometimes such words may also refer to any types of carbohydrates soluble in water. The acyclic mono- and disaccharides contain either aldehyde groups or ketone groups. These carbon-oxygen double bonds (C=O) are the reactive centers. All saccharides with more than one ring in their structure result from two or more monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds with the resultant loss of a molecule of water (H
2O) per bond.[31]

text: Monosaccharides in a closed-chain form can form glycosidic bonds with other monosaccharides, creating disaccharides (such as sucrose) and polysaccharides (such as starch). Enzymes must hydrolyze or otherwise break these glycosidic bonds before such compounds become metabolized. After digestion and absorption the principal monosaccharides present in the blood and internal tissues include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Many pentoses and hexoses can form ring structures. In these closed-chain forms, the aldehyde or ketone group remains non-free, so many of the reactions typical of these groups cannot occur. Glucose in solution exists mostly in the ring form at equilibrium, with less than 0.1% of the molecules in the open-chain form.[31]

text: Natural polymers[edit]

text:
Biopolymers of sugars are common in nature. Through photosynthesis, plants produce glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), a phosphated 3-carbon sugar that is used by the cell to make monosaccharides such as glucose (C
6H
12O
6) or (as in cane and beet) sucrose (C
12H
22O
11). Monosaccharides may be further converted into structural polysaccharides such as cellulose and pectin for cell wall construction or into energy reserves in the form of storage polysaccharides such as starch or inulin. Starch, consisting of two different polymers of glucose, is a readily degradable form of chemical energy stored by cells, and can be converted to other types of energy.[31] Another polymer of glucose is cellulose, which is a linear chain composed of several hundred or thousand glucose units. It is used by plants as a structural component in their cell walls. Humans can digest cellulose only to a very limited extent, though ruminants can do so with the help of symbiotic bacteria in their gut.[32] DNA and RNA are built up of the monosaccharides deoxyribose and ribose, respectively. Deoxyribose has the formula C
5H
10O
4 and ribose the formula C
5H
10O
5.[33]

text: Flammability and response to heating[edit]

text: Because sugars burn easily when exposed to flame, the handling of sugars risks dust explosion. The 2008 Georgia sugar refinery explosion, which killed 14 people and injured 40, and destroyed most of the refinery, was caused by the ignition of sugar dust. In its culinary use, sugar that is exposed to a heat source causes caramelization to take place. As the process occurs, volatile chemicals such as diacetyl are released, producing the characteristic caramel flavor.

text: Types[edit]

text: Monosaccharides[edit]

text: Fructose, galactose, and glucose are all simple sugars, monosaccharides, with the general formula C6H12O6. They have five hydroxyl groups (−OH) and a carbonyl group (C=O) and are cyclic when dissolved in water. They each exist as several isomers with dextro- and laevo-rotatory forms that cause polarized light to diverge to the right or the left.[34]

text:
Fructose, or fruit sugar, occurs naturally in fruits, some root vegetables, cane sugar and honey and is the sweetest of the sugars. It is one of the components of sucrose or table sugar. It is used as a high-fructose syrup, which is manufactured from hydrolyzed corn starch that has been processed to yield corn syrup, with enzymes then added to convert part of the glucose into fructose.[35]
In general, galactose does not occur in the free state but is a constituent with glucose of the disaccharide lactose or milk sugar. It is less sweet than glucose. It is a component of the antigens found on the surface of red blood cells that determine blood groups.[36]
Glucose, dextrose or grape sugar, occurs naturally in fruits and plant juices and is the primary product of photosynthesis. Most ingested carbohydrates are converted into glucose during digestion and it is the form of sugar that is transported around the bodies of animals in the bloodstream. It can be manufactured from starch by the addition of enzymes or in the presence of acids. Glucose syrup is a liquid form of glucose that is widely used in the manufacture of foodstuffs. It can be manufactured from starch by enzymatic hydrolysis.[37]

tag: ul

text: Disaccharides[edit]

text: Lactose, maltose, and sucrose are all compound sugars, disaccharides, with the general formula C12H22O11. They are formed by the combination of two monosaccharide molecules with the exclusion of a molecule of water.[34]

text:
Lactose is the naturally occurring sugar found in milk. A molecule of lactose is formed by the combination of a molecule of galactose with a molecule of glucose. It is broken down when consumed into its constituent parts by the enzyme lactase during digestion. Children have this enzyme but some adults no longer form it and they are unable to digest lactose.[38]
Maltose is formed during the germination of certain grains, the most notable being barley, which is converted into malt, the source of the sugar's name. A molecule of maltose is formed by the combination of two molecules of glucose. It is less sweet than glucose, fructose or sucrose.[34] It is formed in the body during the digestion of starch by the enzyme amylase and is itself broken down during digestion by the enzyme maltase.[39]
Sucrose is found in the stems of sugarcane and roots of sugar beet. It also occurs naturally alongside fructose and glucose in other plants, in particular fruits and some roots such as carrots. The different proportions of sugars found in these foods determines the range of sweetness experienced when eating them.[34] A molecule of sucrose is formed by the combination of a molecule of glucose with a molecule of fructose. After being eaten, sucrose is split into its constituent parts during digestion by a number of enzymes known as sucrases.[40]

text: Sources[edit]

text: The sugar contents of common fruits and vegetables are presented in Table 1. All data with a unit of g (gram) are based on 100 g of a food item. The fructose/glucose ratio is calculated by dividing the sum of free fructose plus half sucrose by the sum of free glucose plus half sucrose.

text:
Table 1. Sugar content of selected common plant foods (g/100g)[41]

Food item
Total
carbohydrateA
including
"dietary fibre"
Total
sugars
Free
fructose
Free
glucose
Sucrose
Fructose/
Glucose
ratio
Sucrose
as a % of
total sugars

Fruits

Apple
13.8
10.4
5.9
2.4
2.1
2.0
19.9

Apricot
11.1
9.2
0.9
2.4
5.9
0.7
63.5

Banana
22.8
12.2
4.9
5.0
2.4
1.0
20.0

Fig, dried
63.9
47.9
22.9
24.8
0.9
0.93
0.15

Grapes
18.1
15.5
8.1
7.2
0.2
1.1
1

Navel orange
12.5
8.5
2.25
2.0
4.3
1.1
50.4

Peach
9.5
8.4
1.5
2.0
4.8
0.9
56.7

Pear
15.5
9.8
6.2
2.8
0.8
2.1
8.0

Pineapple
13.1
9.9
2.1
1.7
6.0
1.1
60.8

Plum
11.4
9.9
3.1
5.1
1.6
0.66
16.2

Vegetables

Beet, red
9.6
6.8
0.1
0.1
6.5
1.0
96.2

Carrot
9.6
4.7
0.6
0.6
3.6
1.0
77

Corn, sweet
19.0
6.2
1.9
3.4
0.9
0.61
15.0

Red pepper, sweet
6.0
4.2
2.3
1.9
0.0
1.2
0.0

Onion, sweet
7.6
5.0
2.0
2.3
0.7
0.9
14.3

Sweet potato
20.1
4.2
0.7
1.0
2.5
0.9
60.3

Yam
27.9
0.5
tr
tr
tr
na
tr

Sugar cane

13 - 18
0.2 – 1.0
0.2 – 1.0
11 - 16
1.0
high

Sugar beet

17 - 18
0.1 – 0.5
0.1 – 0.5
16 - 17
1.0
high

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Sugar beet[edit]

text: Sugar beet became a major source of sugar in the 19th century when methods for extracting the sugar became available. It is a biennial plant,[42] a cultivated variety of Beta vulgaris in the family Amaranthaceae, the tuberous root of which contains a high proportion of sucrose. It is cultivated as a root crop in temperate regions with adequate rainfall and requires a fertile soil. The crop is harvested mechanically in the autumn and the crown of leaves and excess soil removed. The roots do not deteriorate rapidly and may be left in a clamp in the field for some weeks before being transported to the processing plant. Here the crop is washed and sliced and the sugar extracted by diffusion. Milk of lime is added to the raw juice and carbonatated in a number of stages in order to purify it. Water is evaporated by boiling the syrup under a vacuum. The syrup is then cooled and seeded with sugar crystals. The white sugar that crystallizes out can be separated in a centrifuge and dried. It requires no further refining.[43]

text: Sugarcane[edit]

text: Sugarcane refers to any of several species, or their hybrids, of giant grasses in the genus Saccharum in the family Poaceae. They have been cultivated in tropical climates in South Asia and Southeast Asia since ancient times for the sucrose that is found in their stems. A great expansion in sugarcane production took place in the 18th century with the establishment of slave plantations in the Americas. The use of slavery meant that this was the first time that sugar became cheap enough for most people, who previously had to rely on honey to sweeten foods. It requires a frost-free climate with sufficient rainfall during the growing season to make full use of the plant's great growth potential. The crop is harvested mechanically or by hand, chopped into lengths and conveyed rapidly to the processing plant (commonly known as a sugar mill). Here, it is either milled and the juice extracted with water or extracted by diffusion. The juice is then clarified with lime and heated to destroy enzymes. The resulting thin syrup is concentrated in a series of evaporators, after which further water is removed by evaporation in vacuum containers. The resulting supersaturated solution is seeded with sugar crystals and the sugar crystallizes out and is separated from the fluid and dried. Molasses is a by-product of the process and the fiber from the stems, known as bagasse, is burned to provide energy for the sugar extraction process. The crystals of raw sugar have a sticky brown coating and either can be used as they are or can be bleached by sulfur dioxide or can be treated in a carbonatation process to produce a whiter product.[44] About 2,500 litres (660 US gal) of irrigation water is needed for every one kilogram of sugar produced.[45]

text: Refining[edit]

text: Refined sugar is made from raw sugar that has undergone a refining process to remove the molasses.[46][47] Raw sugar is sucrose which is extracted from sugarcane or sugar beet. While raw sugar can be consumed, the refining process removes unwanted tastes and results in refined sugar or white sugar.[48][49]

text: The sugar may be transported in bulk to the country where it will be used and the refining process often takes place there. The first stage is known as affination and involves immersing the sugar crystals in a concentrated syrup that softens and removes the sticky brown coating without dissolving them. The crystals are then separated from the liquor and dissolved in water. The resulting syrup is treated either by a carbonatation or by a phosphatation process. Both involve the precipitation of a fine solid in the syrup and when this is filtered out, many of the impurities are removed at the same time. Removal of color is achieved by using either a granular activated carbon or an ion-exchange resin. The sugar syrup is concentrated by boiling and then cooled and seeded with sugar crystals, causing the sugar to crystallize out. The liquor is spun off in a centrifuge and the white crystals are dried in hot air and ready to be packaged or used. The surplus liquor is made into refiners' molasses.[50] The International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis sets standards for the measurement of the purity of refined sugar, known as ICUMSA numbers; lower numbers indicate a higher level of purity in the refined sugar.[51]

text: Refined sugar is widely used for industrial needs for higher quality. Refined sugar is purer (ICUMSA below 300) than raw sugar (ICUMSA over 1,500).[52] The level of purity associated with the colors of sugar, expressed by standard number ICUMSA, the smaller ICUMSA numbers indicate the higher purity of sugar.[52]

text: Producing countries[edit]

text: The five largest producers of sugar in 2011 were Brazil, India, the European Union, China and Thailand. In the same year, the largest exporter of sugar was Brazil, distantly followed by Thailand, Australia and India. The largest importers were the European Union, United States and Indonesia. At present, Brazil has the highest per capita consumption of sugar, followed by Australia, Thailand, and the European Union.[53][54]

text: World sugar production (1000 metric tons)[53]

text:
Brazil
  India
  European Union
  China
  Thailand
  United States
  Mexico
  Russia
  Pakistan
  Australia
  Other

text: Forms and uses[edit]

text:
Brown sugars are granulated sugars, either containing residual molasses, or with the grains deliberately coated with molasses to produce a light- or dark-colored sugar. They are used in baked goods, confectionery, and toffees.[55]
Granulated sugars are used at the table, to sprinkle on foods and to sweeten hot drinks (coffee and tea), and in home baking to add sweetness and texture to baked products (cookies and cakes) and desserts (pudding and ice cream). They are also used as a preservative to prevent micro-organisms from growing and perishable food from spoiling, as in candied fruits, jams, and marmalades.[56]
Invert sugars and syrups are blended to manufacturers specifications and are used in breads, cakes, and beverages for adjusting sweetness, aiding moisture retention and avoiding crystallization of sugars.[55]
Liquid sugars are strong syrups consisting of 67% granulated sugar dissolved in water. They are used in the food processing of a wide range of products including beverages, hard candy, ice cream, and jams.[55]
Low-calorie sugars and artificial sweeteners are often made of maltodextrin with added sweeteners. Maltodextrin is an easily digestible synthetic polysaccharide consisting of short chains of glucose molecules and is made by the partial hydrolysis of starch. The added sweeteners are often aspartame, saccharin, stevia, or sucralose.[57]
Milled sugars (known as confectioner's sugar and powdered sugar) are ground to a fine powder. They are used as powdered sugar (also known as icing sugar or confectionary sugar), for dusting foods and in baking and confectionery.[55]
Molasses is commonly used to make rum, and sugar byproducts are used to make ethanol for fuel.
Polyols are sugar alcohols and are used in chewing gums where a sweet flavor is required that lasts for a prolonged time in the mouth.[58]
Screened sugars are crystalline products separated according to the size of the grains. They are used for decorative table sugars, for blending in dry mixes and in baking and confectionery.[55]
Sugar cubes (sometimes called sugar lumps) are white or brown granulated sugars lightly steamed and pressed together in block shape. They are used to sweeten drinks.[55]
Sugarloaf was the usual cone-form in which refined sugar was produced and sold until the late 19th century. This shape is still in use in Germany (for preparation of Feuerzangenbowle), in Iran and Morocco.
Syrups and treacles are dissolved invert sugars heated to develop the characteristic flavors. (Treacles have added molasses.) They are used in a range of baked goods and confectionery including toffees and licorice.[55]
In winemaking, fruit sugars are converted into alcohol by a fermentation process. If the must formed by pressing the fruit has a low sugar content, additional sugar may be added to raise the alcohol content of the wine in a process called chaptalization. In the production of sweet wines, fermentation may be halted before it has run its full course, leaving behind some residual sugar that gives the wine its sweet taste.[59]

text: Consumption[edit]

text: In most parts of the world, sugar is an important part of the human diet, making food more palatable and providing food energy. After cereals and vegetable oils, sugar derived from sugarcane and beet provided more kilocalories per capita per day on average than other food groups.[60] According to the FAO, an average of 24 kilograms (53 lb) of sugar, equivalent to over 260 food calories per day, was consumed annually per person of all ages in the world in 1999. Even with rising human populations, sugar consumption is expected to increase to 25.1 kilograms (55 lb) per person per year by 2015.[61]

text: Data collected in multiple U.S. surveys between 1999 and 2008 show that the intake of added sugars has declined by 24 percent with declines occurring in all age, ethnic and income groups.[62]

text:
World sugar consumption (1000 metric tons)[63]

Country
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13

 India
22,021
23,500
22,500
23,500
25,500
26,500

 European Union
16,496
16,760
17,400
17,800
17,800
17,800

 China
14,250
14,500
14,300
14,000
14,400
14,900

 Brazil
11,400
11,650
11,800
12,000
11,500
11,700

 United States
9,590
9,473
9,861
10,086
10,251
10,364

Other
77,098
76,604
77,915
78,717
80,751
81,750

Total
150,855
152,487
153,776
156,103
160,202
163,014

text: The per capita consumption of refined sugar in the United States has varied between 27 and 46 kilograms (60 and 101 lb) in the last 40 years. In 2008, American per capita total consumption of sugar and sweeteners, exclusive of artificial sweeteners, equalled 61.9 kg (136 lb) per year. This consisted of 29.65 kg (65.4 lb) pounds of refined sugar and 31 kg (68.3 lb) pounds of corn-derived sweeteners per person.[64][65]

text: Nutrition and flavor[edit]

text:
Sugar (sucrose), brown (with molasses)

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy
1,576 kJ (377 kcal)

Carbohydrates

97.33 g

Sugars
96.21 g

Dietary fiber
0 g

Fat

0 g

Protein

0 g

Vitamins

Thiamine (B1)

(1%)
0.008 mg

Riboflavin (B2)

(1%)
0.007 mg

Niacin (B3)

(1%)
0.082 mg

Vitamin B6

(2%)
0.026 mg

Folate (B9)

(0%)
1 μg

Minerals

Calcium

(9%)
85 mg

Iron

(15%)
1.91 mg

Magnesium

(8%)
29 mg

Phosphorus

(3%)
22 mg

Potassium

(3%)
133 mg

Sodium

(3%)
39 mg

Zinc

(2%)
0.18 mg

Other constituents

Water
1.77 g

Full link to USDA database entry

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

text:
Sugar (sucrose), granulated

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy
1,619 kJ (387 kcal)

Carbohydrates

99.98 g

Sugars
99.91 g

Dietary fiber
0 g

Fat

0 g

Protein

0 g

Vitamins

Riboflavin (B2)

(2%)
0.019 mg

Minerals

Calcium

(0%)
1 mg

Iron

(0%)
0.01 mg

Potassium

(0%)
2 mg

Other constituents

Water
0.03 g

Full link to USDA database entry

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

text: Brown and white granulated sugar are 97% to nearly 100% carbohydrates, respectively, with less than 2% water, and no dietary fiber, protein or fat (table). Brown sugar contains a moderate amount of iron (15% of the Reference Daily Intake in a 100 gram amount, see table), but a typical serving of 4 grams (one teaspoon), would provide 15 calories and a negligible amount of iron or any other nutrient.[66] Because brown sugar contains 5–10% molasses reintroduced during processing, its value to some consumers is a richer flavor than white sugar.[67]

text: Health effects[edit]

text: Studies examining the health impact of sugars are inconclusive. The United Nations meta-analysis and WHO studies showed contrasting impacts of sugar in refined and unrefined forms.[68] Other studies indicated variable results between health effects, particularly on obesity, and whether the research was funded by the sugar industry or those by independent sponsors.[69] The 'empty calories' argument is that a diet high in added sugar will reduce consumption of foods that contain essential nutrients.[70]

text: Addiction[edit]

text: Sugar addiction is the term for the relationship between sugar and the various aspects of food addiction including "bingeing, withdrawal, craving and cross-sensitization". Some scientists assert that consumption of sweets or sugar could have a heroin addiction-like effect,[71] but recent reviews suggest that sugar addiction does not occur in humans.[72][73]

text: Alzheimer's disease[edit]

text: Claims have been made of a sugar–Alzheimer's disease connection, but debate continues over whether cognitive decline is attributable to dietary fructose or to overall energy intake.[74][75]

text: Blood glucose levels[edit]

text: Carbohydrates are classified according to their glycemic index, a system for measuring how quickly a food that is eaten raises blood sugar levels, and glycemic load, which takes into account both the glycemic index and the amount of carbohydrate in the food.[76] This has led to carbohydrate counting, a method used by diabetics for planning their meals.[77]

text: Cardiovascular disease[edit]

text: Studies in animals have suggested that chronic consumption of refined sugars can contribute to metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunction. Some experts have suggested that refined fructose is more damaging than refined glucose in terms of cardiovascular risk.[78] Cardiac performance has been shown to be impaired by switching from a carbohydrate diet including fiber to a high-carbohydrate diet.[79] Switching from saturated fatty acids to carbohydrates with high glycemic index values shows a statistically-significant increase in the risk of myocardial infarction.[80] Other studies have shown that the risk of developing coronary heart disease is decreased by adopting a diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids but low in sugar, whereas a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet brings no reduction. This suggests that consuming a diet with a high glycemic load typical of the "junk food" diet is strongly associated with an increased risk of developing coronary heart disease.[81]

text: The consumption of added sugars has been positively associated with multiple measures known to increase cardiovascular disease risk amongst adolescents as well as adults.[82] Studies are suggesting that the impact of refined carbohydrates or high glycemic load carbohydrates are more significant than the impact of saturated fatty acids on cardiovascular disease.[83][84] A high dietary intake of sugar (in this case, sucrose or disaccharide) can substantially increase the risk of heart and vascular diseases. According to a Swedish study of 4301 people undertaken by Lund University and Malmö University College, sugar was associated with higher levels of bad blood lipids, causing a high level of small and medium low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL). In contrast, the amount of fat eaten did not affect the level of blood fats. Incidentally quantities of alcohol and protein were linked to an increase in the good HDL blood fat.[85]

text: Hyperactivity[edit]

text: There is a common notion that sugar leads to hyperactivity, in particular in children, but studies and meta-studies question or address this issue.[86] Some articles and studies do refer to the increasing evidence supporting the links between refined sugar and hyperactivity.[87][88][89] The WHO FAO meta-study suggests that such inconclusive results are to be expected when some studies do not effectively segregate or control for free sugars as opposed to sugars still in their natural form (entirely unrefined) while others do.[68] One study followed thirty-five 5-to-7-year-old boys who were reported by their mothers to be behaviorally "sugar-sensitive." They were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, mothers were told that their children were fed sugar, and, in the control group, mothers were told that their children received a placebo. In fact, all children received the placebo, but mothers in the sugar expectancy condition rated their children as significantly more hyperactive.[90] This result suggests that the real effect of sugar is that it increases worrying among parents with preconceived notions.

text: Obesity and diabetes[edit]

text: Controlled trials have now shown unequivocally that consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages increases body weight and body fat, and that replacement of sugar by artificial sweeteners reduces weight.[91][92][93] Studies on the link between sugars and diabetes are inconclusive, with some suggesting that eating excessive amounts of sugar does not increase the risk of diabetes, although the extra calories from consuming large amounts of sugar can lead to obesity, which may itself increase the risk of developing this metabolic disorder.[94][95][96][97][98][99] Other studies show correlation between refined sugar (also called "free sugar") consumption and the onset of diabetes, and negative correlation with the consumption of fiber.[100][101][102][103] These included a 2010 meta-analysis of eleven studies involving 310,819 participants and 15,043 cases of type 2 diabetes.[104]

text: This found that "SSBs (sugar-sweetened beverages) may increase the risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes not only through obesity but also by increasing dietary glycemic load, leading to insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and inflammation". As an overview to consumption related to chronic disease and obesity, the World Health Organization's independent meta-studies specifically distinguish free sugars ("all monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods by the manufacturer, cook or consumer, plus sugars naturally present in honey, syrups and fruit juices") from sugars occurring naturally in food. The reports prior to 2000 set the limits for free sugars at a maximum of 10% of carbohydrate intake, measured by energy, rather than mass, and since 2002 have aimed for a level across the entire population of less than 10%.[68] The consultation committee recognized that this goal is "controversial. However, the Consultation considered that the studies showing no effect of free sugars on excess weight have limitations".[68] A 2015 New York Times report noted that "a review of beverage studies, published in the journal PLOS Medicine, found that those funded by Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, the American Beverage Association and the sugar industry were five times more likely to find no link between sugary drinks and weight gain than studies whose authors reported no financial conflicts."[69]

text: Tooth decay[edit]

text: In regard to contributions to tooth decay, the role of free sugars is also recommended to be below an absolute maximum of 10% of energy intake, with a minimum of zero. There is "convincing evidence from human intervention studies, epidemiological studies, animal studies and experimental studies, for an association between the amount and frequency of free sugars intake and dental caries" while other sugars (complex carbohydrate) consumption is normally associated with a lower rate of dental caries.[105] Lower rates of tooth decay have been seen in individuals with hereditary fructose intolerance.[106] Also, studies have shown that the consumption of sugar and starch have different impacts on oral health with the ingestion of starchy foods and fresh fruit being associated with low levels of dental caries.[105]

text: Recommended dietary intake[edit]

text: The World Health Organization recommends[107] that both adults and children reduce the intake of free sugars to less than 10% of total energy intake. A reduction to below 5% of total energy intake brings additional health benefits, especially in what regards dental caries (cavities in the teeth). These recommendations were based on the totality of available evidence reviewed regarding the relationship between free sugars intake and body weight and dental caries. Free sugars include monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods and beverages by the manufacturer, cook or consumer, and sugars naturally present in honey, syrups, fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates.[107]

text: On May 20, 2016 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced changes to the Nutrition Facts panel displayed on all foods, to be effective by July 2018. New to the panel is a requirement to list "Added sugars" by weight and as a percent of Daily Value (DV). For vitamins and minerals the intent of DVs is to indicate how much should be consumed. For added sugars, the guidance is that 100% DV should not be exceeded. 100% DV is defined as 50 grams. For a person consuming 2000 calories a day, 50 grams, the amount to not exceed, is the same as 200 calories, and thus 10% of total calories - same guidance as the World Health Organization.[108] To put this into context, most 12 ounce (335 mL) cans of soda contain 39 grams of sugar. In the United States, a recently published government survey on food consumption reported that for men and women ages 20 and older the average total sugar intakes - naturally occurring in foods and added - were, respectively, 125 and 99 g/day.[109]

text: Measurements[edit]

text: Various culinary sugars have different densities due to differences in particle size and inclusion of moisture.

text: Domino Sugar gives the following weight to volume conversions (in United States customary units):[110]

text:
Firmly packed brown sugar 1 lb = 2.5 cups (or 1.3 L per kg, 0.77 kg/L)
Granulated sugar 1 lb = 2.25 cups (or 1.17 L per kg, 0.85 kg/L)
Unsifted confectioner's sugar 1 lb = 3.75 cups (or 2.0 L per kg, 0.5 kg/L)

text: The "Engineering Resources – Bulk Density Chart" published in Powder and Bulk gives different values for the bulk densities:[111]

text:
Beet sugar 0.80 g/mL
Dextrose sugar 0.62 g/mL ( = 620 kg/m^3)
Granulated sugar 0.70 g/mL
Powdered sugar 0.56 g/mL


document_title: Angels We Have Heard on High

question_text: when was angels we have heard on high composed

text: Angels We Have Heard on High

text: Lyrics written for Les Anges dans nos campagnes[edit]

text: The lyrics of “Angels We Have Heard on High” are inspired by, but not a direct translation of, the French carol known as Les Anges dans nos campagnes (literally "the angels in our countryside") composed by an unknown author in Languedoc, France, though they are clearly inspired by that song, and broadly follow the same storyline. The French song has received many adjustments or alignments including “Angels We Have Heard On High” – its most common English version – written in 1862 by James Chadwick, the Roman Catholic Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle, northeast England. The carol quickly became popular in the West Country, where it was described as “Cornish” by R.R. Chope, and featured in Pickard-Cambridge's Collection of Dorset Carols.[1]

text: Chadwick's lyrics differ from the original French version, including a new song title, and are deemed an original work attributable solely to him. Chadwick did not directly translate the lyrics but wrote a new set of lyrics that closely followed the story theme of the original French song.

text: The lyrics of “Angels We Have Heard on High” were written to fit with the music of Les Anges dans nos campagnes. Chadwick's lyrics are clearly inspired but are not a direct translation of the song, though there are similarities. It is considered a derivative work, although Chadwick's lyrics are considered original under copyright laws and entirely his, despite the fact that they are recognized as a “derivative work”. The lyrics are completely unique in sections, but loosely translated in other sections from the original French song. Chadwick's version is the much more popular and commonplace.

text: There is also a Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) translation of the carol which is known as Ainglean chuala sinn gu h-ard (literally, "Angels We Have Heard on High"). This was translated into Gaelic by Iain MacMilan from James Chadwick's English translation. It has since been re-translated by world-renowned bassist Joseph Schlegel and his cohorts the Rowdy Bunch. It has been said that this translation spurred a Christian revivalist movement in the north metro area of Denver, Colorado.[2]

text: Tunes[edit]

text: "Angels We Have Heard on High" is most commonly sung to the hymn tune "Gloria", as arranged by Edward Shippen Barnes. Its most memorable feature is its chorus:

text: Where the sung vowel sound "o" of "Gloria" is fluidly sustained through a lengthy rising and falling melismatic melodic sequence. "Gloria in Excelsis Deo" is the first line of the song of the angels in the Gospel according to Luke in Latin.

text: In England, the words of James Montgomery's "Angels from the Realms of Glory" are sung to this tune, except with the "Gloria in excelsis Deo" refrain. It is from this usage that the tune sometimes is known as Iris, the name of Montgomery's newspaper.[3]

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: English[edit]

text:
Angels we have heard on high
Sweetly singing o’er the plain
And the mountains in reply
Echoing their joyous strains
Gloria, in excelsis Deo!
Gloria, in excelsis Deo!

Shepherds, why this jubilee?
Why your joyous strains prolong?
What the gladsome tidings be?
Which inspire your heavenly songs?
Gloria

Come to Bethlehem and see
Him whose birth the angels sing;
Come, adore on bended knee,
Christ the Lord, the newborn King.
Gloria

See Him in a manger laid,
Jesus, Lord of heaven and earth;
Mary, Joseph, lend your aid,
With us sing our Saviour's birth.
Gloria

text: French[edit]

text: Gloria in excelsis Deo (Bis)

text: Gloria in excelsis Deo (Bis)

text: Gloria in excelsis Deo (Bis)

text: Gloria in excelsis Deo (Bis)

text: Gloria in excelsis Deo (Bis)

text: Scottish Gaelic[edit]

text: Seisd (Chorus):

text: Seisd (Chorus)

text: Seisd (Chorus)

text: Portuguese[edit]

text:
Version A

Vinde cristãos, vinde à porfia,
Hinos cantemos de louvor,
Hinos de paz e de alegria,
Que os anjos cantam ao Senhor.

Chorus:Glória, a Deus nas alturas! (bis)

Foi nesta noite venturosa,
Em que nasceu o Salvador,
Que anjos com voz harmoniosa
Deram a Deus o seu louvor.

Chorus:Glória, a Deus nas alturas! (bis)

Vinde juntar-vos aos pastores,
Vinde com eles a Belém,
Vinde correndo pressurosos,
Pois o Senhor enfima nos vem.

Chorus:Glória, a Deus nas alturas! (bis)

Version B - Portuguese Folk Adaptation

Do varão nasceu a vara;
Da vara nasceu a flor;
E da flor nasceu Maria;
De Maria, o Redentor.

Chorus: Gloria in excelsis Deo! (bis)

Oh que noite tão serena,
Cercada de resplendores!
Nasceu da Virgem Maria,
Um ramalhete de flores!

Chorus: Gloria in excelsis Deo! (bis)[4]
Chorus: Gloria in excelsis Deo! (bis)[4]

Version C

Surgem anjos proclamando
Paz na Terra, e a Deus, louvor
Vão seus hinos ecoando
Nas montanhas, ao redor.

Chorus: Glória, glória a Deus nas alturas! (bis)

Berço rude lhe foi dado
Mas do céu lhe vem louvor.
Ele é o Salvador amado,
Bem merece o nosso amor.

Chorus: Glória, glória a Deus nas alturas! (bis)

Vão-se alegres os pastores
Ver o Infante celestial,
E acrescentam seus louvores
Ao louvor angelical.

Chorus: Glória, glória a Deus nas alturas! (bis)

Povos, tribos, celebrai-O!
"Glória a Deus", também dizei.
De joelhos adorai-O;
Ele é o Cristo, o grande Rei!

text: German[edit]

text: Chorus:

text: Chorus

text: Chorus

text: Spanish[edit]

text: Chorus:

text: Chorus

text: Chorus

text: Chorus

text: Mandarin Chinese[edit]

text: Chorus:

text: Chorus

text: Other notable versions[edit]

text:
1984: The Carpenters on the album An Old-Fashioned Christmas
2000: Christina Aguilera on the album My Kind of Christmas
2005: The Brian Setzer Orchestra on the album Dig That Crazy Christmas
2005: MercyMe on the album The Christmas Sessions
2006: Chris Tomlin on the album WOW Christmas: Green
2007: Josh Groban on the album Noël
2008: Brian McKnight on the album I'll Be Home For Christmas
2008: Sixpence None the Richer on the album The Dawn of Grace
2009: David Archuleta on the album Christmas from the Heart
2009: Andrea Bocelli on the album My Christmas
2009: REO Speedwagon on the album Not So Silent Night...Christmas with REO Speedwagon
2010: Glee on the album Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album
2010: Linda Lampenius on the album Angels
2010: Christian Bautista on the album A Wonderful Christmas
2011: Bayside (Single)
2012: Micheal Castaldo on the album Extravergine
2012: Eleventyseven on the album Regifted
2012: Pentatonix on the album PTXmas
2013: Bad Religion on the album Christmas Songs
2013: Paul Baloche on the album Christmas Worship
2013: Jewel on the album Let It Snow: A Holiday Collection
2013: The Piano Guys on the album A Family Christmas
2014: Home Free on the album Full of Cheer
2014: Kierra Sheard and Christine Michele on the album Motown Christmas
2016: Sarah McLachlan on the album Wonderland
2016: Jennifer Thomas included an instrumental version on her album Winter Symphony
2016: Gus Johnson included portion of song on Smoke Alarm Sing Along[5]
2017: Lindsey Stirling on the album Warmer in the Winter[6]


document_title: Anglo-Saxon Christianity

question_text: who led a mission to convert anglo-saxons in england

text: Anglo-Saxon Christianity

text: Gregorian mission[edit]

text: Christianisation of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms began in AD 597, influenced by Celtic Christianity from the north-west and by the Roman church from the south-east, gradually replacing Anglo-Saxon polytheism which had been introduced to what is now England over the course of the 5th and 6th centuries with the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons. The first Archbishop of Canterbury, Augustine took office in 597 AD. In 601, he baptized the first Christian Anglo-Saxon king, Æthelberht of Kent. The last pagan Anglo-Saxon/Jutish king, Arwald, died in 686.

text: Æthelberht of Kent's wife Bertha, daughter of Charibert, one of the Merovingian kings of the Franks, had brought a chaplain (Liudhard) with her. Bertha had restored a church from Roman times to the east of Canterbury and dedicated it to Saint Martin of Tours, the patronal saint for the Merovingian royal family. Æthelberht himself, though a pagan, allowed his wife to worship her God. Probably under influence of his wife, Æthelberht asked Pope Gregory I to send missionaries, and in 596 the Pope dispatched Augustine, together with a party of monks.

text: Augustine had served as praepositus (prior) of the monastery of Saint Andrew in Rome, founded by Gregory. His party lost heart on the way and Augustine went back to Rome from Provence and asked his superiors to abandon the mission project. The pope, however, commanded and encouraged continuation, and Augustine and his followers landed on the Island of Thanet in the spring of 597.

text: Æthelberht permitted the missionaries to settle and preach in his town of Canterbury. By the end of the year he himself had converted, and Augustine received consecration as a bishop at Arles. At Christmas 10,000 of the king's subjects underwent baptism.

text: Augustine sent a report of his success to Pope Gregory with certain questions concerning his work. In 601 Mellitus, Justus and others brought the pope's replies, with the pallium for Augustine and a present of sacred vessels, vestments, relics, books, and the like. Gregory directed the new archbishop to ordain as soon as possible twelve suffragan bishops and to send a bishop to York, who should also have twelve suffragans. Augustine did not carry out this papal plan, nor did he establish the primatial see at London as Gregory intended, as the Londoners remained heathen. Augustine did consecrate Mellitus as bishop of London and Justus as bishop of Rochester.

text: Pope Gregory issued more practicable mandates concerning heathen temples and usages: he desired that native temples be Christianized and asked Augustine to Christianize pagan practices, so far as possible, into dedication ceremonies or feasts of martyrs, since "he who would climb to a lofty height must go up by steps, not leaps" (letter of Gregory to Mellitus, in Bede, i, 30).

text: Augustine reconsecrated and rebuilt an old church at Canterbury as his cathedral and founded a monastery in connection with it. He also restored a church and founded the monastery of St. Peter and St. Paul outside the walls. He died before completing the monastery, but now lies buried in the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul.

text: In 616 Æthelberht of Kent died. The kingdom of Kent and the associated Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which Kent had had influence over relapsed into heathenism for several decades.

text: Synod of Whitby (664)[edit]

text: The Synod of Whitby in 664 forms a significant watershed in that King Oswiu of Northumbria decided to follow Roman rather than Celtic practices. The spokesman of the dominant faction was St. Wilfrid, who had been much impressed by the power and lavish life style of the Roman Church in comparison with the austerity and subservience to local rulers of the Celtic Church. Using subsidiary arguments about Easter and the tonsure, Wilfrid established the model of the Church as not ultimately answerable to the local king but to the Archbishop and to the Pope. It became a tradition for each Archbishop of Canterbury to receive the pallium from the Pope in Rome. This issue was to be frequently revisited until the Reformation.

text: Anglo-Saxon mission on the Continent[edit]

text: The Anglo-Saxon mission on the continent took off in the 8th century, assisting the Christianisation of practically all of the Frankish Empire by AD 800.

text: The Benedictine Movement[edit]

text: The Benedictine reform was led by St. Dunstan over the latter half of the 10th century. It sought to revive church piety by replacing secular canons- often under the direct influence of local landowners, and often their relatives- with celibate monks, answerable to the ecclesiastical hierarchy and ultimately to the Pope. This deeply split England, bringing it to the point of civil war, with the East Anglian nobility (such as Athelstan Half-King, Byrhtnoth) supporting Dunstan and the Wessex aristocracy (Ordgar, Æthelmær the Stout) supporting the secularists. These factions mobilsed around King Eadwig (anti-Dunstan) and his brother King Edgar (pro). On the death of Edgar, his son Edward the Martyr was assassinated by the anti-Dunstan faction and their candidate, the young king Æthelred was placed on the throne. However this "most terrible deed since the English came from over the sea" provoked such a revulsion that the secularists climbed down, although Dunstan was effectively retired.

text: This split fatally weakened the country in the face of renewed Viking attacks.

text: Diocesan organisation[edit]


document_title: Leader of the Opposition (Manitoba)

question_text: who is the leader of the official opposition party of manitoba

text: Leader of the Opposition (Manitoba)

text: A list of parliamentary opposition leaders in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, upCanada, from 1870 to the present.

text: William Alexander Macdonald was the first officially recognized Leader of the Opposition in Manitoba although Rodmond Roblin is considered to have been the de facto opposition leader from 1890 until he lost his seat in the 1892 provincial election.

text: Note: This list is incomplete; there are gaps between some leaders.

text:
Name
Party
Took Office
Left Office

William Alexander Macdonald [1]
Conservative
1892
1893

John Andrew Davidson [2]
Conservative
1893
1894

James Fisher[3]
Independent
1894
1896

 .
Rodmond Roblin [4]
Conservative
1896
1900

Thomas Greenway
Liberal
1900
1904

Charles Mickle[5]
Liberal
1904
1906

Charles Mickle
Liberal
1908
1909

Tobias Norris
Liberal
1910
1915

Albert Prefontaine
Conservative
1915
1920

Unknown[6]
Conservative
1920
1922

Tobias Norris
Liberal
1922
1927

Fawcett Taylor
Conservative
1927
1933

William Sanford Evans
Conservative
1933
1936

Errick Willis
Conservative
1936
1940

Lewis Stubbs[7]
Independent
1940
1941

Huntly Ketchen
Anti-Coalition Conservative
1941
1943

Seymour Farmer
CCF
1943
1947

Edwin Hansford
CCF
1948
1950

Errick Willis
Progressive Conservative
1950
1954

Dufferin Roblin
Progressive Conservative
1954
1958

Douglas Lloyd Campbell
Liberal
1958
1961

Gildas Molgat
Liberal
1961
1969

Walter Weir
Progressive Conservative
1969
1971

Sidney Spivak
Progressive Conservative
1971
1975

Donald Craik
Progressive Conservative
1975
1976

Sterling Lyon
Progressive Conservative
1976
1977

Edward Schreyer
NDP
1977
1979

Howard Pawley
NDP
1979
1981

Sterling Lyon
Progressive Conservative
1981
1983

Gary Filmon
Progressive Conservative
1983
1988

Sharon Carstairs
Liberal
1988
1990

Gary Doer
NDP
1990
1999

Gary Filmon
Progressive Conservative
1999
2000

Bonnie Mitchelson
Progressive Conservative
2000
2000

Stuart Murray
Progressive Conservative
2000
2006

Hugh McFadyen
Progressive Conservative
2006
2012

Brian Pallister
Progressive Conservative
2012
2016

Flor Marcelino
NDP
2016
2017

Wab Kinew
NDP
2017
Present

text:
Jump up ^ W.A. Macdonald was the first officially recognized leader of the opposition and held the post until his election to the legislature was voided in 1893.
Jump up ^ Davidson was the second officially recognized leader of the opposition and held the post until his election to the legislature was voided in 1894.
Jump up ^ It is unclear whether Fisher was de facto or de jure Opposition leader. It is also unclear whether he joined the Conservative Party at some point.
Jump up ^ Hugh John Macdonald was the party's official leader from 1897 but did not have a seat in the legislature so Roblin remained official opposition leader.
Jump up ^ Edward Brown was the Liberal Party's leader from 1906 to 1908 but did not have a seat in the legislature. It is unclear whether Mickle remained Official Opposition leader during this period, whether the position was assigned to another MLA, or whether it became vacant.
Jump up ^ Despite having less seats than the Independent Farmers following the 1920 provincial election, the Conservatives remained the official opposition. The Conservative leader Richard G. Willis did not win a seat in the election, so it is unknown who served as Leader of the Opposition
Jump up ^ Stubbs was the only sitting opposition MLA for a period in 1940 after all the remaining opposition parties joined John Bracken's wartime coalition government. It's unclear whether he was given the title of Leader of the Official Opposition or whether he retained such a title after Social Credit MLA Salome Halldorson and Conservatives John Poole and Huntly Ketchen left the governing coalition to sit on the opposition bench prior to the 1941 general election.

tag: ol