document_title: Italian Grand Prix

question_text: who has won the 2017 italian formula 1 grand prix tournament

text: Italian Grand Prix

text: History[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Motor racing has always been extremely popular in Italy, the first Italian Grand Prix motor racing championship took place on 4 September 1921 at a 10.7-mile (17.3 km) circuit near Brescia, which had been the site of the Gordon Bennett races in the early 1900s.[1] However, the race is more closely associated with the course at Monza, a racing facility just outside the northern city of Milan, which was built in 1922 in time for that year's race, and has been the location for most of the races over the years.

text: Autodromo Nazionale Monza[edit]

text: The Autodromo Nazionale Monza was completed in 1922 and was just the third permanent autodrome in the world at that time; Brooklands in England and Indianapolis in the United States were the two others. European motor racing pioneers Vincenzo Lancia and Felice Nazzaro laid the last two bricks at Monza. The circuit was 10 km (6.25 miles) long, with a flat banked section and a road circuit combined into one. It was fast, and always provided excitement. The 1923 race included one of Harry A. Miller's rare European appearances with his single seat "American Miller 122" driven by Count Louis Zborowski of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang fame.

text: The 1928 race was the first of many tragedies that befell this venue. Italians Emilio Materassi in a Talbot and Giulio Foresti in a Bugatti were battling around this fast circuit. As they came off the banking onto the left side of the pit straight, one of the front wheels of Materassi's overtaking Talbot touched one of the rear wheels of the Bugatti. Materassi lost control of the car, the car then swerved left, cleared a 10-foot wide ditch and ploughed into the unprotected grandstand opposite the pits, killing Materassi and 27 spectators, and injuring another 26.

text: It was the worst accident in motor racing history and would remain so until the 1955 24 Hours of Le Mans. The Italian Grand Prix went on a three-year hiatus (but the alternative non-championship Monza Grand Prix was run in 1929 and 1930) until the 1931 race, held in late May instead of the traditional early September, was won by Giuseppe Campari and Tazio Nuvolari, sharing an Alfa Romeo. The race was something of an endurance race in those days; it took ten hours to complete the race. The great Nuvolari won again in a shortened 1932 race, this time held in early June.

text: In 1933, with the race being held this time at the traditional timeframe of early September, disaster struck again. Three top drivers were killed during three heat races. There was a reported patch of oil on the south banking that had come from a Duesenberg, driven by Count Carlo Felice Trossi, and Giuseppe Campari in a Ferrari-entered Alfa Romeo and his protege Baconin Borzacchini in a Maserati were already battling ferociously; and Borzacchini and Campari went through the south banking on the first lap, wheel to wheel. Borzacchini went through the oily patch, lost control, spun wildly and the Maserati then overturned and violently flipped multiple times, and by the time the wrecked car came to a stop, Borzacchini was pinned underneath his car, not having been thrown out. While Borzacchini's Maserati was crashing all over the track, Campari swerved to avoid him, and by doing this, his car went up and flew off the banking and crashed into trees situated right next to the track. Campari broke his neck and was killed instantly, and Borzacchini died later that day in a Monza hospital.

text: Prior to the third heat, there was a drivers meeting to discuss the oil patch and it was cleaned up. on the eighth lap, Polish aristocrat Count Stanislas Czaykowski was on the south banking when his Bugatti's engine blew up, a fuel line broke, the fuel caught fire after touching the very hot front section of the Bugatti where the engine and gearbox were and the burning fuel sprayed onto Czaykowski. Blinded by the smoke and flames on him, he went up and flew off the banking- at the same spot where Campari and Borzacchini had crashed. The Polish driver, unable to put out the flames on his body which was fueled by the fuel from his wrecked Bugatti, then burned to death. Italian Luigi Fagioli was declared the winner of the event.

text: Enzo Ferrari, who had been close to Campari and Borzacchini; the former deciding to defect from Ferrari's team to Maserati, became hardened by this tragedy. Today, racing historians conclude that the events of this race marked a watershed, notably for Enzo Ferrari. It was the end to the joyful era of racing and the beginning of a harsher new age. Safety in those days was completely non-existent. The circuit's condition was virtually identical of that to an ordinary town and country road, except instead of the surface being made of dirt and/or tarmac, it was made of tarmac, concrete and/or bricks. Spectators often stood very close to or even next to the track and they had no protection of any kind other than common sense. What was particularly tragic about Campari's death was that he had announced his retirement at the French Grand Prix two months earlier, to focus on his opera singing exploits.[2]

text: The Florio circuit and other locations[edit]

text: After the disastrous 1933 race, something had to be done to Monza. There were chicanes added at certain points on the circuit and only most of the road circuit and part of the high speed oval was used. These races were at a time when Mercedes and Auto Union became involved in motor racing; the German Silver Arrows won all of these races; with superstar Rudolf Caracciola winning in 1934 and in 1937 when the Italian Grand Prix was held at a street circuit in Livorno. 1938 saw a return to Monza, which was won by Nuvolari driving a mid-engined Auto Union, and the banking had been dismantled after the race was held. In 1939 World War II broke out and the Italian Grand Prix did not return until 1947.

text: 1947 saw the Italian Grand Prix being held at a fairgrounds park in the city of Milan (not far from Monza), and this race was won by Italian Carlo Felice Trossi driving an Alfa Romeo. Italian Giovanni Bracco went off the road in his Delage and crashed into a group of spectators, killing five. This venue was never used again for racing, and 1948 saw it being held in Valentino Park, a public park in Turin. The 1949 race returned to Monza where it stayed for the next 30 years.

text: Monza's redevelopments (1949–1979)[edit]

text: Monza's banking had been abandoned and only the road circuit was used, which had been modified slightly. The long, fluid final corner was now two 90-degree corners. 1949 saw Italian new-boy Alberto Ascari, son of the late 1924 Italian Grand Prix winner Antonio Ascari, win in his Ferrari; Enzo Ferrari was now building his own cars instead of running Alfa Romeos. 1950 saw the new Formula One Championship being established. The race and the first championship was won by Giuseppe "Nino" Farina, driving a supercharged Alfa Romeo 158. 1951 saw Ascari win again, after the competitive Alfas of Farina and Argentine Juan Manuel Fangio ran into engine problems. 1952 saw Ascari complete his domination of that season. 1953 Fangio won in a Maserati; although Ascari had already won the championship at the Swiss Grand Prix. 1954 turned out to be an interesting race; as up-and-comer Stirling Moss in a Maserati passed both Fangio's Mercedes and Ascari's Ferrari. The furious pace saw the retirement of Moss and Ascari and Fangio went on to win while Moss pushed his Maserati 250F over the line.

text: After the 1954 running, work began on entirely revamping the circuit. New facilities were built and a new corner, the Parabolica, was built in place of the double right-handed sequence right before the pits Extra track used for a short course was eliminated. The biggest change was the reconstruction of the new Monza banking. Built on top of where the almost flat, narrow original banking was, these huge concrete bankings, called the sopraelevata curves, were built in the same shape as the original banking had been. This course was combined with the road course for the 1955 event, which was won by Fangio and was the last race contested by a full-fledged Mercedes factory effort in Formula One until 2010. The 10 km Monza circuit was now so fast that F1 cars were averaging 135+ mph per lap- though rather unremarkable by today's standards, these average speeds were even faster than the Indianapolis Speedway oval in the United States. 1956 saw an exciting race, with championship contenders Fangio, Briton Peter Collins (both in Ferraris) and Frenchman Jean Behra in a Maserati fight over the win. Stirling Moss was already out of championship contention; and Fangio retired with a broken steering arm. The Ferrari team called for Italian Luigi Musso to hand his car over to Fangio. Musso ignored the order so Collins came in and handed his car and his championship chances to Fangio. Behra had retired early with a magneto problem in his own car and took over his teammate Umberto Maglioli's car; but he retired that car, too. Musso ended up leading after Moss ran out of fuel coming through Vialone. Moss was able to refuel his car and storm off after Musso and eventually the Italian retired with steering problems, and Moss, with Fangio catching him up fast, stormed round the track to take victory. Fangio took second and his fourth Drivers' Championship.

text: 1957 saw the organizers choose to use the road circuit only, as the rough, poorly constructed banking had caused problems for the Ferrari and Maserati cars the year before. Moss won again in a Vanwall, and Briton Tony Brooks won next year's race, and Moss won the 1959 event in a Cooper-Climax. 1960, however was not so straightforward. Ferrari with their front-engined cars, had lost out to the advanced mid-engined British cars. Seeing an opportunity, the Italian organizers decided to re-include the banking with the road circuit, making Monza even faster and more in favor to the powerful Ferraris. The British teams were unhappy as they cited the fragility of the banking, which was extremely rough and was supported by stilts rather than earth surface; and that it was too dangerous for Formula One cars. The British teams boycotted the race, so Ferrari had no competition. American Phil Hill took victory, in what was the last victory for a front-engined Formula One car.

text: 1961 saw a return to the combined circuit, but it was to see yet another tragedy. Two Ferrari drivers, Hill and German count Wolfgang von Trips, came into the race with a chance at winning the championship. Fighting for fourth place while Hill was leading and while von Trips approached the Parabolica, the German moved over into the path of Briton Jim Clark and the two collided. Von Trips crashed into an embankement next to the road and then went flying into a crowd of people standing on the embankment. Von Trips was thrown out of his car and was killed, as were 14 spectators. Clark survived but was hounded by Italian police for months after the incident. Hill won the race and the championship by one point. The race was not stopped, allegedly to assist rescue work for the injured.

text: 1962 saw a return to the road circuit only and the banking was never used again for Formula One. It still stands, but in decrepit condition; the last time it was used was in 1969 for the 1000 kilometer sports car race that year. Briton Graham Hill won the race, and would go on to win the Drivers' Championship in South Africa soon after. 1963 saw an attempted use of the extremely fast full circuit again, and the drivers ran the course during Friday practice but the concrete banking was so rough and bumpy that cars were being mechanically torn apart. It was feared that there would be no finishers for the actual race itself. Briton Bob Anderson's Lola crashed after losing a wheel on the banking (he was not injured); the drivers then threatened to walk off unless they raced on the road circuit only, which is what happened. Jim Clark won the race in a Lotus. Ferrari driver John Surtees won in 1964, and Briton Jackie Stewart won his first of 27 Grand Prix victories in 1965, driving for BRM. Against team orders, he fought hard with his teammate Graham Hill, Hill made a mistake at the Parabolica and Stewart was in command; this was all to the chagrin of team boss Tony Rudd. 1966 saw Italian Ludovico Scarfiotti win, and no other Italian has won the race since. 1967 was to be a race of interest and was to produce the first of three close finishes on the fast Monza circuit over the next four years. Surtees, now driving for Honda, battled with Australian Jack Brabham, and Surtees won the race by two-tenths of a second; and Clark, who had problems at the beginning of the race and lost a whole lap, stormed around the circuit, equalled his pole position time and unlapped himself to take the lead- but his fuel pump broke and he coasted over the line to finish third. 1969 saw four drivers; Stewart, Austrian Jochen Rindt, Frenchman Jean-Pierre Beltoise and New Zealander Bruce McLaren battle right down to the line. Stewart came out on top and beat Rindt by eight-hundredths of a second. The four drivers were all within two-tenths of a second of each other. With this win, Stewart won his first of three championships.1970 saw Rindt's fatal crash during qualifying at the wheel of his rear wing-less Lotus. He would become the only posthuomous world champion, after Ferrari driver Jacky Ickx failed to overhaul Rindt. Ickx's teammate Clay Regazzoni won the race, which saw 28 lead changes. 1971 was to see the third close finish in four years. Briton Peter Gethin, Swede Ronnie Peterson, Frenchman François Cevert, Briton Mike Hailwood and New Zealander Howden Ganley battled for the lead all race. On the last lap, Peterson got the inside line for the Parabolica, but Gethin got in front going alongside Peterson through the long right-hand corner, and beat Peterson to the checkered flag by the slimmest of margins; one-one hundredth of a second. Cevert and Hailwood finished within two-tenths and Ganley was half a second behind.

text: 1972 saw changes to Monza. The 1971 race was the fastest Formula One race ever at that point in time. It was really just a bunch of straights and fast corners and F1 cars had become increasingly advanced and much faster, and the drivers were constantly slipstreaming each other around the circuit. Chicanes were put at the end of the pit straight and at the Vialone curve; Brazilian Emerson Fittipaldi won that race and his first Drivers' Championship at only 25 years of age. His chief rival Jackie Stewart went out at the start with a broken gearbox. In 1973, Stewart punctured a tire early in the race and went into the pits to have it changed; he came out in 20th place and finished fourth in the race while Fittipaldi finished second; this was enough for Stewart to win his third and final Drivers' Championship. 1974 saw further changes with the Vialone chicane changed and renamed Variante Ascari, which was the place where Alberto Ascari was killed in 1955 testing a Ferrari sportscar. Like the year before, Peterson won and Fittipaldi finished second, now driving for McLaren. 1975, however, was an event to remember. Ferrari, which had regrouped completely under the leadership of Luca di Montezemolo, reached the high point of its resurgence.

text: The Ferrari camp was feeling relaxed while rising star and championship leader Niki Lauda was leading the Drivers' Championship, and the team was leading the Constructors' Championship. Fittipaldi and Argentine Carlos Reutemann had to win in order to have a chance at staying in the championship chase. When the race started, Lauda's teammate Clay Regazzoni took the lead, with Lauda following; and Fittipaldi stormed round the circuit in an effort to catch the two Ferraris. Fittipaldi passed Lauda for second but this did not matter as Lauda only needed fifth to secure the drivers' title. Regazzoni took victory, followed by Fittipaldi and Lauda, who won his first drivers' title and Ferrari also won the Constructors' Championship at the same event.1976 saw further changes to Monza's layout. Two chicanes, called Variante Rettifilo were installed just before the Curva Grande, and another chicane was installed just before the Lesmo bends. Lauda, who had come back to racing only six weeks after his horrendous crash at the Nürburgring; finished fourth while Peterson won. 1977 saw Italian-American Mario Andretti win in a Lotus; but the next year's race was to add another page of tragedy to Monza's history.

text: Peterson had re-joined Lotus at the beginning of the 1978 season and had challenged his teammate Andretti all the way. Peterson had crashed his car in practice, and had to use Andretti's spare car, not a comfortable fit for the tall Swede, in contrast to the diminutive American. As the race started, there was a huge, fiery multi-car pile-up on the approach to the first corner. One of the victims was Peterson; his car slammed head-on into the Armco barriers and had caught fire. Instead of the ill-equipped marshals, Briton James Hunt, with the help of Frenchman Patrick Depailler and Regazzoni ran towards Peterson's aid and pulled him out of the burning Lotus. Peterson suffered severe leg injuries, and he died from embolism complications a day later. With Peterson's retirement from the race, Andretti won the Drivers' Championship. The race itself was an interesting one; during the parade lap South African Jody Scheckter lost a wheel from his Wolf at the second Lesmo curve and hit an Armco barrier right next to the track. Andretti, Hunt, Lauda, Fittipaldi and Reutemann went to inspect the damage, and they refused to start until it had been repaired; and it was repaired in time; although the race started well after it was supposed to. The cars were shown the green light while the back half of the field was still in motion (this often happened at Monza and it had happened during the first start); and due to the visible excitement of the start official Andretti and Canadian Gilles Villeneuve jumped the start and were penalized a minute; Lauda went on to take victory in his Alfa-powered Brabham in a shortened race distance; it was getting dark by the time the checkered flag was shown to the Austrian driver. 1979 saw changes to Monza, run off areas were added to the Curva Grande and Lesmo corners and the track was upgraded. Scheckter, now driving for Ferrari, won the race and the Drivers' Championship.

text: Imola 1980 and Monza's further redevelopments[edit]

text: In 1979, it was announced that the Autodromo Dino Ferrari, also known as Imola, would host the Italian Grand Prix for 1980 while Monza underwent a major upgrade, including building a new pit complex. The Imola circuit had been used for a non-championship event in 1979, and this running of the Italian GP was won by Nelson Piquet.

text: The Italian Grand Prix returned to Monza for 1981, and it has stayed there ever since. The Imola circuit was not to leave Formula One, it hosted the San Marino Grand Prix from 1981 to 2006. The 1981 Italian Grand Prix was won by rising star Alain Prost, and that race saw Briton John Watson have a huge accident at the second Lesmo Curve which also took out Italian Michele Alboreto. Watson was uninjured in his carbon-fibre McLaren. 1982 was won by Prost's teammate Rene Arnoux; and Prost also won the exciting 1985 event, this time driving a McLaren.

text: Prost's championship rivals Alboreto (now driving a Ferrari) and Finn Keke Rosberg in a Williams both retired. 1988 saw a memorable win; as McLaren had won every race up to the Italian Grand Prix; Prost had gone out with engine problems and his teammate Ayrton Senna had crashed into a backmarker with two laps to go- and Austrian Gerhard Berger in a Ferrari took victory, followed by Alboreto to make it a Ferrari 1-2. This was particularly memorable because Enzo Ferrari had died a month before this event.

text: 1989 saw Prost win after the Honda engine in Senna's McLaren expired; but Senna took victory the following year. 1991 saw a battle between Senna and the two Williams drivers of Nigel Mansell and Riccardo Patrese. Mansell won, Senna finished 2nd and Patrese went out with gearbox problems. Senna won again in 1992, and 1993 saw Williams drivers Alain Prost and Damon Hill battle hard, and while leading, Prost's engine failed and Hill went on to take victory.

text: In response to the Imola tragedies in 1994, the second Lesmo curve was slowed down. 1996 saw Michael Schumacher win for Ferrari, and 1999 saw championship leader Mika Hakkinen crash and the Finn, false to temperament, went behind a few bushes in the circuit and broke down crying. 2000 saw further changes to the circuit, which have stayed since. The Variante Rettifilo was made into a two corner sequence instead of a three corner sequence. The race that year started off tragically, as an accident during the start at the Variante della Roggia resulted in a marshal being struck in the head and chest by a loose wheel from German Heinz-Harald Frentzen's Jordan. 33-year-old Paolo Gislimberti was given a heart massage at the scene, but later died from his injuries. On a more positive note, the decade also started off with a romp of Ferrari victories, winning in 2000 and 2002-2004. The 2002 race saw the fastest ever qualifying lap, set by Juan Pablo Montoya in a Williams at 259.827 km/h.

text: After winning the 2006 Italian Grand Prix, Michael Schumacher announced his retirement from Formula 1 racing at the end of the 2006 season. Kimi Räikkönen replaced him at Ferrari from the start of the 2007 season. At the 2008 Italian Grand Prix, Sebastian Vettel became the youngest driver in history to win a Formula One Grand Prix. Aged 21 years and 74 days, Vettel broke the record set by Fernando Alonso at the 2003 Hungarian Grand Prix by 317 days as he won in wet conditions at Monza.

text: Vettel led for the majority of the Grand Prix and crossed the finish line 12.5 seconds ahead of McLaren's Heikki Kovalainen. Earlier in the weekend, he had already become the youngest polesitter, after setting the fastest times in both Q2 and Q3 qualifying stages. His win also gave him the record of youngest podium-finisher. Vettel also won in 2011, after a spectacular pass at the Curva Grande, passing Fernando Alonso on the outside of the big, long curve.

text: Uncertainty grew over the fact that Monza would continue to host the race as Rome had signed a deal to host Formula One from 2012. On 18 March 2010 however, Bernie Ecclestone and the Monza track managers signed a deal which meant that the race will be held there until at least 2016.[3]

text: A total of twelve Italian drivers have won the Italian Grand Prix; ten before World War II and three when it was part of the Formula One world championship. Alberto Ascari won the race three times (once before Formula One and twice during the Formula One championship). Elio de Angelis and Riccardo Patrese both won the San Marino Grand Prix in 1985 and 1990, which was held not in the small principlaity, but at Imola near Bologna in Italy. Michael Schumacher has won it five times and both Nelson Piquet and Lewis Hamilton have won it four times. Ferrari have won their home Grand Prix 19 times.

text: Sponsors[edit]

text:
1988–1991: Coca-Cola Gran Premio d'Italia
1992–1996: Pioneer Gran Premio d'Italia
1997–2001: Gran Premio Campari d'Italia
2002–2006: Gran Premio Vodafone d'Italia
2007–2012: Gran Premio Santander d'Italia
2016–2017: Gran Premio Heineken d'Italia[4]

text: Winners of the Italian Grand Prix[edit]

text: Multiple winners (drivers)[edit]

text:
Embolded drivers are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A cream background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.

text:
Number of wins
Driver
Years

5
 Michael Schumacher
1996, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006

4
 Nelson Piquet
1980, 1983, 1986, 1987

 Lewis Hamilton
2012, 2014, 2015, 2017

3
 Tazio Nuvolari
1931, 1932, 1938

 Alberto Ascari
1949, 1951, 1952

 Juan Manuel Fangio
1953, 1954, 1955

 Stirling Moss
1956, 1957, 1959

 Ronnie Peterson
1973, 1974, 1976

 Alain Prost
1981, 1985, 1989

 Rubens Barrichello
2002, 2004, 2009

 Sebastian Vettel
2008, 2011, 2013

2
 Luigi Fagioli
1933, 1934

 Rudolf Caracciola
1934, 1937

 Phil Hill
1960, 1961

 John Surtees
1964, 1967

 Jackie Stewart
1965, 1969

 Clay Regazzoni
1970, 1975

 Niki Lauda
1978, 1984

 Ayrton Senna
1990, 1992

 Damon Hill
1993, 1994

 Juan Pablo Montoya
2001, 2005

 Fernando Alonso
2007, 2010

text: Multiple winners (constructors)[edit]

text:
Embolded teams are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship. A cream background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Grand Prix Championship.

text:
# of wins
Constructor
Years won

19
 Ferrari
1949, 1951, 1952, 1960, 1961, 1964, 1966, 1970, 1975, 1979, 1988,
1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2010

10
 McLaren
1968, 1984, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1992, 1997, 2005, 2007, 2012

8
 Alfa Romeo
1924, 1925, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1947, 1948, 1950

 Mercedes
1934, 1937, 1954, 1955, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017

6
 Williams
1986, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1994, 2001

5
 Lotus
1963, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1977

3
 Auto Union
1935, 1936, 1938

 BRM
1962, 1965, 1971

 Brabham
1978, 1980, 1983

2
 Fiat
1922, 1923

 Bugatti
1926, 1928

 Maserati
1953, 1956

 Vanwall
1957, 1958

 Renault
1981, 1982

 Red Bull
2011, 2013

text: Year by year[edit]

text:
Year
Driver
Constructor
Location
Report

2017
 Lewis Hamilton
 Mercedes
Monza Road Circuit
Report

2016
 Nico Rosberg
 Mercedes
Report

2015
 Lewis Hamilton
 Mercedes
Report

2014
 Lewis Hamilton
 Mercedes
Report

2013
 Sebastian Vettel
 Red Bull-Renault
Report

2012
 Lewis Hamilton
 McLaren-Mercedes
Report

2011
 Sebastian Vettel
 Red Bull-Renault
Report

2010
 Fernando Alonso
 Ferrari
Report

2009
 Rubens Barrichello
 Brawn-Mercedes
Report

2008
 Sebastian Vettel
 Toro Rosso-Ferrari
Report

2007
 Fernando Alonso
 McLaren-Mercedes
Report

2006
 Michael Schumacher
 Ferrari
Report

2005
 Juan Pablo Montoya
 McLaren-Mercedes
Report

2004
 Rubens Barrichello
 Ferrari
Report

2003
 Michael Schumacher
 Ferrari
Report

2002
 Rubens Barrichello
 Ferrari
Report

2001
 Juan Pablo Montoya
 Williams-BMW
Report

2000
 Michael Schumacher
 Ferrari
Report

1999
 Heinz-Harald Frentzen
 Jordan-Mugen-Honda
Report

1998
 Michael Schumacher
 Ferrari
Report

1997
 David Coulthard
 McLaren-Mercedes
Report

1996
 Michael Schumacher
 Ferrari
Report

1995
 Johnny Herbert
 Benetton-Renault
Report

1994
 Damon Hill
 Williams-Renault
Report

1993
 Damon Hill
 Williams-Renault
Report

1992
 Ayrton Senna
 McLaren-Honda
Report

1991
 Nigel Mansell
 Williams-Renault
Report

1990
 Ayrton Senna
 McLaren-Honda
Report

1989
 Alain Prost
 McLaren-Honda
Report

1988
 Gerhard Berger
 Ferrari
Report

1987
 Nelson Piquet
 Williams-Honda
Report

1986
 Nelson Piquet
 Williams-Honda
Report

1985
 Alain Prost
 McLaren-TAG
Report

1984
 Niki Lauda
 McLaren-TAG
Report

1983
 Nelson Piquet
 Brabham-BMW
Report

1982
 René Arnoux
 Renault
Report

1981
 Alain Prost
 Renault
Report

1980
 Nelson Piquet
 Brabham-Ford
Imola
Report

1979
 Jody Scheckter
 Ferrari
Monza Road Circuit
Report

1978
 Niki Lauda
 Brabham-Alfa Romeo
Report

1977
 Mario Andretti
 Lotus-Ford
Report

1976
 Ronnie Peterson
 March-Ford
Report

1975
 Clay Regazzoni
 Ferrari
Report

1974
 Ronnie Peterson
 Lotus-Ford
Report

1973
 Ronnie Peterson
 Lotus-Ford
Report

1972
 Emerson Fittipaldi
 Lotus-Ford
Report

1971
 Peter Gethin
 BRM
Report

1970
 Clay Regazzoni
 Ferrari
Report

1969
 Jackie Stewart
 Matra-Ford
Report

1968
 Denny Hulme
 McLaren-Ford
Report

1967
 John Surtees
 Honda
Report

1966
 Ludovico Scarfiotti
 Ferrari
Report

1965
 Jackie Stewart
 BRM
Report

1964
 John Surtees
 Ferrari
Report

1963
 Jim Clark
 Lotus-Climax
Report

1962
 Graham Hill
 BRM
Report

1961
 Phil Hill
 Ferrari
Monza Full Circuit
Report

1960
 Phil Hill
 Ferrari
Report

1959
 Stirling Moss
 Cooper-Climax
Monza Road Circuit
Report

1958
 Tony Brooks
 Vanwall
Report

1957
 Stirling Moss
 Vanwall
Report

1956
 Stirling Moss
 Maserati
Monza Full Circuit
Report

1955
 Juan Manuel Fangio
 Mercedes
Report

1954
 Juan Manuel Fangio
 Mercedes
Monza Road Circuit
Report

1953
 Juan Manuel Fangio
 Maserati
Report

1952
 Alberto Ascari
 Ferrari
Report

1951
 Alberto Ascari
 Ferrari
Report

1950
 Giuseppe Farina
 Alfa Romeo
Report

1949
 Alberto Ascari
 Ferrari
Monza Road Circuit
Report

1948
 Jean-Pierre Wimille
 Alfa Romeo
Valentino Park
Report

1947
 Carlo Felice Trossi
 Alfa Romeo
Milan
Report

1946
–
1939
Not held

1938
 Tazio Nuvolari
 Auto Union
Monza Florio Circuit
Report

1937
 Rudolf Caracciola
 Mercedes-Benz
Livorno
Report

1936
 Bernd Rosemeyer
 Auto Union
Monza Florio Circuit
Report

1935
 Hans Stuck
 Auto Union
Report

1934
 Luigi Fagioli
 Rudolf Caracciola
 Mercedes-Benz
Monza Florio Circuit
Report

1933
 Luigi Fagioli
 Alfa Romeo
Monza Full Circuit
Report

1932
 Tazio Nuvolari
 Alfa Romeo
Monza Full Circuit
Report

1931
 Giuseppe Campari
 Tazio Nuvolari
 Alfa Romeo
Report

1930
–
1929
Not held

1928
 Louis Chiron
 Bugatti
Monza Full Circuit
Report

1927
 Robert Benoist
 Delage
Report

1926
 Louis Charavel
 Bugatti
Report

1925
 Gastone Brilli-Peri
 Alfa Romeo
Report

1924
 Antonio Ascari
 Alfa Romeo
Report

1923
 Carlo Salamano
 Fiat
Report

1922
 Pietro Bordino
 Fiat
Report

1921
 Jules Goux
 Ballot
Brescia
Report


document_title: The Possibility of Evil

question_text: the possibility of evil by shirley jackson theme

root

text: The Possibility of Evil

text: Title[edit]

text: The title of this story bears reference to the malicious and cold-hearted letters that are being circulated around the village in which there is 'no possibility of evil.' This means that the novel is a contrast and that the village, in fact, represents Strangeworth herself, a poor old lady in which there is no trace of cruelty. This is not only a display of dramatic irony, but also a reference of the contrast between us as humans on the inside, and the people we choose to show others.

tag: p

text: Plot[edit]

text: Miss Adela Strangeworth lives on Pleasant Street in her ancestral home. She is described prominently as a harmless old lady in the beginning of the story. Through conversations with the people in her town, it is evident that Miss Strangeworth often believes that she owns the town, and has great interest in the townspeople. She also takes great pride in the orderliness of her house, as well as her family roses. However, Miss Strangeworth is not such a quiet figure in her town; she often writes anonymous letters to her neighbors, which are rarely based on fact and more on what gossip she has heard during her walks down the streets. When she is mailing some of them, one is dropped on the ground and one of her neighbors (whom she had once made a subject of her uncouth letters) notices, and, feeling kind, delivers it to the intended recipient (unaware the letter is meant to be anonymous). The next morning, Miss Strangeworth receives a similarly written letter, informing her that her roses, a source of her familial pride, have been destroyed. The story examines many themes, such as a person being two-faced, as well as how a single person can make a mark on a community.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Miss Strangeworth: Miss Adela Strangeworth is a pensioner living on Pleasant Street, who is pleased with her lifestyle, the rest of the village's respect for her, and, above all, her roses. She often goes into town, is sociable and is liked. However, behind this, she also sends poison pen letters to other members of the village. Many literary critics believe that a great deal of symbolism is in her name. Strangeworth seems to come from stranger, which tells the reader that she is, deep down, a stranger to all of the rest of the village, despite their belief that they know her.

text: Mr Lewis: A friendly and likable character that Miss Strangeworth sees on her visit around the village. Receives a poison pen letter.

text: Mrs Harper: Another character who receives a letter from Miss Strangeworth. She is deeply affected and doesn't even desire to talk after the receival.

text: Dave: A likable boy who accidentally exposes Miss Strangeworth. Critics have commented Dave to be an anti-villain, that is to say, hated in the eyes of the protagonist, yet truly a good person. He has also been commented to be both Miss Strangeworth's savior and her destruction.

text: Style[edit]

text: This book often demonstrates many points that are noticeable in other Jackson works: teasing the reader with what the reader knows in comparison to the narrator is shown in We Have Always Lived in the Castle, for example. It is also written with casual style, odd owing to the seriousness of many of the situations. As with The Lottery, many believed this to be non-fiction for precisely this reason. It also deals with the "casual cruelty in the everyday" that Jackson explores in almost all of her short stories.

text: Themes[edit]

text: This short story explores many themes, usually mentioned in Analysis, such as a person having two sides to them, the dents that people make upon a community, and how they restore them, and the revenge of the fallen.

text: There is also a frequently commented upon debate on the symbolism of the roses. The most common metaphor is that the roses represent Strangeworth's impression on the rest of the community, how they all respect her. However, upon her discovery, her roses are tarnished. However, some argue that the roses represent the guilt that Strangeworth hides behind a much polished and examined display of non-knowing.

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Joyce Carol Oates described the story as 'terrifying' and it is generally regarded as one of Jackson's finest works.

text: It was commented in an unrelated Daily Telegraph article that this was the point in which Shirley Jackson had reached maturity as an author, a process that began and continued long after the early & famous publication of Jackson's controversial short story, The Lottery. This is a common opinion that has also been voiced by many other admirers of Jackson such as Paul Theroux and Neil Gaiman.

text: It has even been commented by some critics to be Shirley Jackson's masterpiece, and superior to The Lottery, We Have Always Lived in the Castle and The Haunting of Hill House.

text: "The Possibility of Evil" was once put into an attempt for a movie adaptation, as has happened for The Haunting of Hill House and The Lottery, in which Miss Strangeworth uses her letters to murder those in the community that she believed were preventing it from brilliance. However, it has since been given up on, and many of the intended team for the movie have proceeded to follow other pursuits instead.

text: However, though the majority of reviews have been indisputably positive, in an article in The Spectator on Jackson, the columnist referred to this being, though above average for her usual work, undeserving of the acclaim that it has gathered, that it gained success only through it being published soon after Jackson's death.

text: Similarities to other Short Stories by Jackson[edit]

text: The examples of somebody being two faced can be seen in numerous Jacksons, such as Trial by Combat, The Villager, The Witch, Charles, The Dummy, Of Course, and Got A Letter From Jimmy. The examples of dramatic irony can be found in Charles, Afternoon in Linen and Colloquy.


document_title: Calendar year

question_text: what are the four quarters of the year

question_tokens: what are the four quarters of the year

text: Calendar year

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Generally speaking, a calendar year begins on the New Year's Day of the given calendar system and ends on the day before the following New Year's Day, and thus consists of a whole number of days. A year can also be measured by starting on any other named day of the calendar, and ending on the day before this named day in the following year.[1] This may be termed a "year's time", but not a "calendar year". To reconcile the calendar year with the astronomical cycle (which has a fractional number of days) certain years contain extra days ("leap days" or "intercalary days").

text: The Gregorian year, which is in use in most of the world, begins on January 1 and ends on December 31. It has a length of 365 days in an ordinary year, with 8,760 hours, 525,600 minutes, or 31,536,000 seconds; but 366 days in a leap year, with 8,784 hours, 527,040 minutes, or 31,622,400 seconds. With 97 leap years every 400 years, the year has an average length of 365.2425 days. Other formula-based calendars can have lengths which are further out of step with the solar cycle: for example, the Julian calendar has an average length of 365.25 days, and the Hebrew calendar has an average length of 365.2468 days. The Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days.

text: The astronomer's mean tropical year, which is averaged over equinoxes and solstices, is currently 365.24219 days, slightly shorter than the average length of the year in most calendars, but the astronomer's value changes over time, so William Herschel's suggested correction to the Gregorian calendar may become unnecessary by the year 4000.

text: Quarters[edit]

text: The calendar year can be divided into four quarters, often abbreviated as Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4.

text:
First quarter, Q1: 1 January – 31 March (90 days or 91 days in leap years)
Second quarter, Q2: 1 April – 30 June (91 days)
Third quarter, Q3: 1 July – 30 September (92 days)
Fourth quarter, Q4: 1 October – 31 December (92 days)

tag: ul

text: When combined with a year, the quarter/year combination may be written, for example, as Q42018 or 4Q2018 or 2018Q4.


document_title: Buckwheat Boyz

question_text: who came up with peanut butter jelly time

text: Buckwheat Boyz

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Buckwheat Boyz

Origin
Miami, Florida, United States

Genres
Baltimore club

Years active
1997–2002

Labels
Koch Records

Past members
Marcus Bowens, Jermaine Fuller, J.J. O'Neal, Dougy Williams

text: The Buckwheat Boyz was an American musical group founded by Marcus Bowens and Jermaine Fuller, with the later addition of J.J. O'Neal and Dougy Williams. The Buckwheat Boyz were signed by Koch Records, and recorded their first and only full-length record. From this self-titled album, the song "Peanut Butter Jelly Time" became popular on the Internet after a flash music video featuring an animated dancing banana was created.[1] The popularity of the song increased as it was featured on television shows such as The Proud Family, Family Guy, and Regular Show.

text: Disbandment[edit]

text: In 2002, founding member and vocalist Jermaine Fuller died during an 11-hour police standoff. During the standoff his brother-in-law, Snoop Dogg attempted to calm Fuller down and convince him to surrender to no avail. Fuller's death directly led to the disbandment of the group.[2]

text: "Ice Cream and Cake" song[edit]

text: Their song "Ice Cream and Cake" rapidly rose in popularity after being featured in a 2009 Baskin-Robbins marketing campaign, which included a television commercial and an Ice Cream and Cake Dance Video Contest.[3] In August 2009, Baskin-Robbins kicked off the contest by hosting the Guinness World Records Largest Cheerleading Dance event with Mario Lopez of Extra TV and 225 members of the Universal Cheerleaders Association (UCA), at the University of California Los Angeles.[4] However, as of August 2011, the Guinness World Records archive states that the record for largest cheerleading dance was set in November 2009 by 297 participants at the University of Memphis in Memphis, Tennessee. It is not known whether this event was related to the Baskin-Robbins contest.[5]

text: Old Dominion University plays "Ice Cream and Cake" at home basketball games at the Ted Constant Convocation Center, and enjoys active crowd dance participation.[6]


document_title: Alien: Covenant

question_text: who is mother's voice in alien covenant

question_tokens: who is mother 's voice in alien covenant

text: Alien: Covenant

text: Plot[edit]

text: Business magnate Peter Weyland speaks with his newly activated android, who chooses the name "David" after observing Michelangelo’s statue. Weyland states that one day they will search for mankind's creator together. David comments on his own unlimited lifespan as compared to Weyland's, which unsettles Weyland.

text: In 2104, ten years after the Prometheus expedition, the colonization ship Covenant is seven years from reaching planet Origae-6, with 2,000 colonists in stasis and 1,140 human embryos in cold storage. The ship is monitored by Walter, an advanced android model that physically resembles David. When a shockwave damages the ship, Walter reanimates his 14 human crewmates, themselves couples/colonists. Ship's captain Jake Branson dies when his stasis pod malfunctions. While repairing the ship, the crew picks up a transmission of a human voice from a nearby planet, which appears eminently more habitable than Origae-6. Despite the protests of Daniels, Branson’s widow, that this new "perfect" planet is too good to be true, newly-promoted captain Chris Oram decides that they will check the new planet.

text: With pilot Tennessee Faris maintaining Covenant in orbit, his wife Maggie flies a small lander to the Earth-like planet's surface, where an expedition team tracks the transmission's signal to a crashed alien ship. Crewmates  Ledward and Hallett are infected by spores from fungus-like organisms. Oram's wife Karine helps the increasingly ill Ledward back to the lander, where Maggie quarantines them inside the med-bay. A small pale alien creature (neomorph) bursts from Ledward’s back, killing him, and then mauls Karine to death. Maggie returns and attempts to kill the creature with a shotgun, but triggers an explosion which kills her and destroys the lander. Nearby in the fields, another creature bursts from Hallett’s mouth, killing him.

text: Neomorphs attack the remaining crew, killing crew member Ankor. The crew manages to kill one before David, who survived the Prometheus mission, appears and scares off the neomorphs. He leads the crew to a temple in a city full of dead humanoids. David tells them that upon his and fellow Prometheus survivor Elizabeth Shaw's arrival at the planet, their ship accidentally released a virus which annihilated all fauna on the planet, and that Shaw died when the ship crashed.

text: Attempts to radio the Covenant are stymied by ion storms. When a neomorph infiltrates the temple and kills crew member Rosenthal, David tries to communicate with the creature, and is horrified when Oram kills it. Oram questions David, who reveals that the aliens are a result of his experimenting with the pathogen to create a new species. He manipulates Oram into being attacked by a facehugger alien. An alien creature later erupts from Oram's chest, killing him.

text: As the others search for Oram and Rosenthal, Walter finds Shaw's dissected corpse, used by David as material for his evolving creature designs. David states that his designed creature is a "perfect organism". When Walter disagrees, David disables him, then threatens Daniels. Walter’s advanced systems self-repair, and he attacks David while Daniels escapes. Crewmate Cole quickly cuts another facehugger off security chief Carl Lope, leaving Lope with acid burns on his face. The now fully grown alien creature kills Cole, while Lope escapes and meets up with Daniels. Tennessee arrives in another lander to extract Daniels, Lope, and Walter, who says David has "expired". They successfully kill the attacking creature and return to Covenant.

text: The next morning, Daniels and Tennessee find out that another creature burst from Lope's chest, killing him, and is loose on the Covenant. It matures, and kills crew members Ricks and his wife Upworth. Final crew members Tennessee and Daniels lure the creature into Covenant's terraforming bay and kill it.

text: Covenant resumes its trip to Origae-6. As Walter helps Daniels into stasis, she realizes that Walter is in fact David, but is unable to escape her pod before falling asleep. David regurgitates two facehugger embryos and places them in cold storage with the human embryos. He poses as Walter to record a log stating that all crewmembers except Daniels and Tennessee were killed by the neutrino blast at the beginning of the film and that the ship is still on course for Origae-6.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Michael Fassbender as David 8 and Walter One,[6] who are synthetic androids; David is an earlier-made android, who was formerly a crew member of the destroyed Prometheus,[7] and Walter is a newer model who assists the crew aboard the Covenant.[8]
Katherine Waterston as Janet Daniels, the chief of terraforming for the Covenant mission and the wife/widow of the ship's captain, Jacob Branson. She's the third in command after Branson and Oram.[9] Waterston said she was well aware of the comparisons that were going to be made between her and Sigourney Weaver's Ellen Ripley, but that she tried not to think about it too much while filming for fear of being intimidated.[10]
Billy Crudup as Chris Oram, the Covenant's first mate and Karine's husband. Oram is a self-serious man of faith who believes their role on the Covenant is an act of destiny, and shares a "contentious" relationship with Daniels.[11]
Danny McBride as Tennessee Faris, the chief pilot of the Covenant and Maggie's husband.[12]
Demián Bichir as Carl Lope, the head of the security unit aboard the Covenant and husband of Sergeant Hallett.[13][6]
Carmen Ejogo as Karine Oram, the Covenant's biologist and Chris' wife.[11]
Jussie Smollett as Ricks, the Covenant's navigator and Upworth's husband.
Callie Hernandez as Upworth, the Covenant's communication officer and Ricks' wife; she also has paramedic training.
Amy Seimetz as Maggie Faris, the lander's pilot and Tennessee's wife.[14]
Nathaniel Dean as Hallett, a member of the security unit and Lope's husband.[13]
Alexander England as Ankor, a member of the security unit.
Benjamin Rigby as Ledward, a member of the security unit.
Uli Latukefu as Cole, a member of the security unit.
Tess Haubrich as Sarah Rosenthal, a member of the security unit.[6]

text: A number of actors appear in uncredited roles. Guy Pearce reprises his role as Peter Weyland, the trillionaire founder and CEO of Weyland Corporation (the Weyland-Yutani Corporation in "later" storylines) who died before the destruction of the Prometheus.[15] James Franco appears onscreen in photos and a video as Jacob Branson, the first captain of the Covenant and husband of Daniels; he also appears in deleted scenes.[16] Noomi Rapace had played archaeologist Dr. Elizabeth Shaw as a member of the destroyed Prometheus in the prequel film, and appeared in a short promotional prologue to Covenant that was set in the period between the two movies,[17] but does not act in the final cut of the movie itself, though her voice is heard from the planet early in the film and her image and voice appear later. Logan Marshall-Green's character Charlie Holloway, also from Prometheus, also appears in an archive image alongside Shaw.

text: Other credited parts include Lorelei King as the voice of the Covenant's computer "Mother"; King was a colleague of Helen Horton, the voice of the Nostromo's "Mother" in 1979's Alien.[18] Goran D. Kleut is credited in two roles, as both a neomorph and a xenomorph,[19] while Andrew Crawford is credited as a neomorph.[20]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 2012, prior to the release of Prometheus, director Ridley Scott began hinting at the prospects of a sequel.[21][22][23] Scott said that a sequel would follow Shaw to her next destination, "because if it is paradise, paradise cannot be what you think it is. Paradise has a connotation of being extremely sinister and ominous." Prometheus co-writer Damon Lindelof cast doubt on his own participation, and said, "if [Scott] wants me to be involved in something, that would be hard to say no to. At the same time, I do feel like the movie might benefit from a fresh voice or a fresh take or a fresh thought."[24] Scott said that an additional film would be required to bridge the thirty-year span written as the transpiration gap between the Prometheus sequel and Alien.[25]

text: As of August 1, 2012, Fox was pursuing a sequel with Scott, Noomi Rapace, and Michael Fassbender involved, and was talking to new writers in case Lindelof did not return.[26] In December 2012, Lindelof ultimately chose not to work on the project.[27] Early on, Scott stated that the film would feature no xenomorphs, "The beast is done. Cooked."[28] However, Scott later made contradictory statements, confirming the xenomorphs' presence in the film.[29]

text: On September 24, Scott disclosed the film's title as Alien: Paradise Lost.[30] In November 2015, Scott revealed the new title to be Alien: Covenant, and filming was set to begin in February 2016 in Australia.[31] An official logo, synopsis and release date were released on November 16, 2015.[32] During an interview concerning the development of the character of David since Prometheus, Scott indicated the dark turn which David would take in Covenant, saying, "'He hates them. He has no respect for Engineers and no respect for human beings.'"[33]

text: Writing[edit]

text: The initial screenplay was written by Transcendence screenwriter Jack Paglen in June 2013.[34] In March 2014, Michael Green was hired to rewrite Paglen's script.[35] Dante Harper later wrote a new script but an extensive rewrite was performed by screenwriter John Logan. Logan had previously worked with Scott on Gladiator. For Logan, the main concept was to adopt a dual plot line for the film which would combine the horror elements of Alien with the philosophical elements of Prometheus. He said, "With Alien: Covenant, I just really wanted to write something that had the feel of the original Alien, because seeing that movie was one of the great events of my youth. It was so overpowering in terms of what it communicated to me and its implications, that when I started talking to Ridley about what became Alien: Covenant, I said, 'You know, that was a hell of a scary movie.' I wanted to write a horror movie because the Grand Guignol elements of Alien are so profound. We tried to recapture that with Alien: Covenant, while also trying to pay homage to the deeper implications of Prometheus. In terms of tone, pace, and how we chose to play this particular symphony, we wanted to create a really frightening movie."[29]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: In late August 2015, Scott confirmed that he had started scouting the locations for the film.[36] In October 2015, the Australian government attracted the production of the film, and of Thor: Ragnarok, to Australia by providing $47.25 million in grants.[37][38] Woz Productions Ltd., a subsidiary of 20th Century Fox, visited Te Anau, New Zealand on March 28, 2016 for a location scout, for filming in Fiordland.[39]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In August 2015, it was announced that the film would star Rapace and Fassbender, while Rik Barnett was in talks to join the cast.[40] That December, Katherine Waterston was cast in the lead role of Daniels;[41] it was Waterston's second film alongside Fassbender, after 2015's Steve Jobs. Dariusz Wolski, longtime collaborator with Scott, was confirmed to serve as the film's cinematographer.[42] In 2016, Ridley Scott stated that Noomi Rapace would not reprise her role of Elizabeth Shaw. However, in June, it was announced that Rapace would shoot weeks' worth of scenes (though no new footage of hers appeared in the final film).[43] In February 2016, Danny McBride, Demián Bichir, Jussie Smollett, Amy Seimetz, Carmen Ejogo, Callie Hernandez, Billy Crudup, and Alexander England were reported to have joined the cast.[12][44][45][46][47] In March 2016, newcomer Benjamin Rigby also joined the cast.[48] In December 2016, it was announced James Franco had been added to the film, as Captain Branson, husband to Daniels and captain of the Covenant.[49][50] The role of Branson in the film was limited to a cameo appearance of the deceased captain.

text: Production design[edit]

text: In an article for Cinemablend from May 2017 titled "Mythbusters' Adam Savage Toured The Set Of Alien: Covenant, And It's Wonderful", Connor Schwerdfeger included a five-minute short video of Savage's discussion of several of the props and stage sets used in the production design for the filming of different scenes from the film.[51] In an article for The Hollywood Reporter on May 18, 2017 titled "'Alien: Covenant': How the Xenomorph Continues to Horrify Audiences Decades Later", Patrick Shanley interviewed the art director for the film, Damien Drew, and creature design supervisor Conor O'Sullivan, regarding the involvement of the San Diego Zoo and its representative Rick Schwartz as a consultant for the design of the realistic effects of the creatures and Xenomorphs appearing throughout the film.[52] HBO First Look presented a 12-minute documentary of the production design and some of the stage sets used in the production of the film, including interviews with Scott and several leading actors in the film.[53]

text: The VFX supervisor Charles Henley summarized the several vendors that were used to support production of the visual special effects seen in the film when the selection process was discussed, stating: "Both history and need guided the decisions on which vendors we used. Ridley had worked with MPC on many previous projects, in particular Prometheus for which I was MPC’s VFX supervisor as well as The Martian. There had a been a lot of great digital double and creature work done at MPC on recent projects so there was confidence they should be the lead facility. Framestore had recently worked with Ridley on space for The Martian, similarly Animal Logic now had the original crew who did the holograms for Prometheus. Also as we were shooting in Australia there was good reason and incentives to use Australian-based companies and so Luma and Rising Sun came on board."[54]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began on April 4, 2016, at Milford Sound in Fiordland National Park, New Zealand,[55][56][57][58] and wrapped on July 19, 2016.[59] On November 18, 2016, additional photography took place at Leavesden Studios in Hertfordshire.[60]

text: Effects houses Odd Studios and CreatureNFX provided the film's makeup and animatronic creature effects, respectively,[61][62] while Australian-based effects house Animal Logic provided the film's digital visual effects.[63] Approximately 30 people from CreatureNFX worked on the project for almost six months building animatronics.[62] Actors wearing creature suits with animatronic heads were used to portray the aliens,[62][64] and casting calls for the aliens specifically asked for people between the age of 8 and 40 who were skinny, very tall or very short, strong and physically agile, and preferably skilled in fast movement, acrobatics, dancing, gymnastics, contortion, and "Cirque du Soleil-type performers."[65]

text: Scott reported that the first cut version of Covenant after filming went to two hours and twenty-three minutes, eventually edited down to the two hours and three minutes of the released version.[66] The eleven deleted scenes were reported to be planned for release on home media, though no news was given of the release of a possible director's cut of the film.[66]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: Pietro Scalia, the editor of the film, spoke of the structural difficulty of integrating the two story lines in the final editing of the film in an interview with the ProVideo Coalition stating: "We moved some pieces around structurally dealing with when do we leave, what action or story beats on the planet and when to go back onto the spaceship. There were several longer beats between Farris and Tennessee trying to establish communication. Going back and forth too many times tended to make the journey to the Juggernaut and the Engineer's City belabored and tedious. We combined certain scenes between Farris and Tennessee, eliminated the walking and talking through the forest, getting the ground crew up the mountain quicker. Later on, after the attack in the Med Bay on the lander, we held back going back to Tennessee, for the part where he says: 'I never heard my wife so scared before', not after her death as scripted but after the second Neomorph birth as to not interrupt the momentum. The middle part of the film was more challenging after the reveal of David. Once the Covenant story merges with the Prometheus storyline, finding the proper structural order of the scenes proved to be difficult because of the distinctive dynamics of the two story lines in addition to the separation of the two locations of the action. In one sense, the action, the tension and unfolding drama going from one group to the other had to be balanced and spaced properly as not to lose the connective tissue of the film."[67]

text: Filming countries[edit]

text: The complete list of countries representing the origin of the film was identified by BFI at the Sight and Sound as: United Kingdom, United States, Australia, and New Zealand.[68] Previous partial lists often listed only one of the four countries involved in the development and production of the film.[69][70][71]

text: Music[edit]

text: The musical score for Alien: Covenant was written by Australian musician and composer Jed Kurzel. Initially, Harry Gregson-Williams was selected as the film's composer,[72] but confirmed in November 2016 that he was no longer working on the film, stating that "schedules and one's expectations of scoring a film don't always fit and this one wasn't going to work out."[73] When the first trailer was released in late 2016, it was at this time that Kurzel was revealed as the replacement for Gregson-Williams.[74] Themes of Jerry Goldsmith's original score to Alien were incorporated, as well as Marc Streitenfeld's and Harry Gregson-Williams' score to Prometheus.[75] A version of "Nature Boy" sung by Norwegian singer and songwriter AURORA was used in the first trailer, while another song, "Under the Water", was used in an extended promotional footage featuring the character Daniels portrayed by Katherine Waterston battling a xenomorph.[76]

text: Additional song credits include: "Theme from Alien" composed by Jerry Goldsmith, "Das Rheingold, Scene 4: Entrance of the Gods into Valhalla" composed by Richard Wagner,[77] "Take Me Home, Country Roads" by John Denver, "The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo" by Fred Gilbert, "Ancient Flute", "Life" and "We Were Right" composed by Harry Gregson-Williams, and "Let Me Down Easy" by Paolo Nutini.[78]

text: Release[edit]

text: Alien: Covenant premiered on May 4, 2017, at the Odeon Leicester Square in London.[79][80] The film was released on May 19 in the United States, in 2D and IMAX 2D.[81][82][79] It was originally set to be released on October 6, 2017 before being moved up to August 4, and then again to its final date.[83][84]

text: The film was released in Mainland China on June 16, 2017, but is trimmed by 6 minutes, leaving the film total released length in China at 116 minutes. It is very likely that the move was due to usual censorship by the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television, because of the monstrous violence depicted in the movie[85] and the removal of the David-Walter 'kiss' scene which was deleted due to LGBT censorship sensitivities in China.[citation needed]

text: Alien: Covenant was released in Japan on September 15, 2017.[86]

text: Novelization[edit]

text: The release of the film was accompanied by a novelization of the film by Alan Dean Foster, who also authored the novelization of the original Alien film from the 1970s.[87] A companion volume of the art and stage design of the film was released at the same time, written by Simon Ward and titled The Art and Making of Alien: Covenant.[88]

text: A second Covenant novel authored by the same writer of the film's novelization was initially billed as a book sequel to the film to be released in September 2017, before being revealed as a direct prequel to Covenant under the title Alien: Covenant – Origins.[89] Titan Books, as the publisher for this direct prequel, released a plot summary promoting the release of the book on September 26, 2017, stating, "As the colony ship Covenant prepares for launch, and the final members of the crew are chosen, a series of violent events reveals a conspiracy to sabotage the launch. Yet the perpetrators remain hidden behind a veil of secrecy. The threat reaches all the way up to Hideo Yutani—the head of the newly merged Weyland-Yutani Corporation—when his daughter is kidnapped. Is the conspiracy the product of corporate espionage, or is it something even more sinister? While Captain Jacob Branson and his wife Daniels prepare the ship, Security chief Dan Lopé signs a key member of his team, and together they seek to stop the technologically advanced saboteurs before anyone else is killed, and the ship itself is destroyed in orbit."[90] The novel's first edition mistakenly refers to Jacob Branson as Jacob Brandon throughout the novel.

text: Home release[edit]

text: Alien: Covenant was released on Blu-ray, DVD, and 4K Ultra HD on August 15, 2017. The home release includes an audio commentary by the director, and 22 minutes of missing scenes and unused footage from the first cut of the film.[91]

text: Virtual Reality Experience[edit]

text: On April 26, 2017, 20th Century Fox released Alien: Covenant In Utero, a virtual reality interactive demo teaser for Alien: Covenant for the Oculus Rift and the Samsung Gear VR. The experience was produced by RSA, FoxNext VR, MPC, Mach1, AMD Radeon, and Dell Alienware.[92][93] The trailer is a first-person experience in which the viewer plays the role of a neomorph. The experience was executive produced by Scott, and directed by David Karlak.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Alien: Covenant grossed a worldwide total of $240.9 million, including $74.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $166.6 million in other countries, against a production budget of $97 million.[4][94]

text: Fox released the film in several countries before the United States.[95][96] It was released in 34 markets, where it debuted to $40.1 million, opening at number one in 19 of them. Its overall rank for the weekend was second behind the continued run of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.[97] The top openings were in South Korea ($7.2 million), the UK ($6.4 million), France ($4.5 million), Australia ($3.1 million), and Mexico ($2.5 million).[97] In China, the film was released on June 16 and grossed $30 million, topping the box office.[98]

text: In North America, the film was released alongside Everything, Everything and Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, and was projected to gross around $40 million from 3,760 theaters during its opening weekend.[99][100] It made $4.3 million from Thursday-night previews at about 3,000 theaters, and $15.4 million overall on its first day, which was below the $21.5 million Friday of Prometheus five years prior.[101] It went on to open to $36.2 million, down 34% from Prometheus's debut, but still finishing first at the box office, as the second-highest debut of the canon series.[102] In its second weekend, the film grossed $10.5 million, finishing fourth at the box office and dropping 70.9%.[103][104] The film was pulled from 1,112 theaters in its third weekend and dropped another 62.3%, finishing sixth at the box office with $4 million.[105]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 67% based on 344 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Alien: Covenant delivers another satisfying round of close-quarters deep-space terror, even if it doesn't take the saga in any new directions."[106] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 65 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[107] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by its predecessor.[102]

text: The film was praised for its visual aesthetic and design, cinematography, production design and the acting, with Michael Fassbender's dual performance as androids David and Walter receiving acclaim. However, the plot, including the mix between monster violence, character motivations, and plot reveals, drew a more mixed response.[108][109][110][111]

text: Writing for The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw gave the film a positive review, praising the performances of its actors, and comparing it to other entries in the series, stating that the film is: "…a greatest-hits compilation of the other Alien films' freaky moments. The paradox is that though you are intended to recognise these touches, you won’t really be impressed unless you happen to be seeing them for the first time. For all this, the film is very capably made, with forceful, potent performances from Waterston and Fassbender."[112]

text: Geoffrey McNab writing for The Independent found the film to be adequate in presentation and production, though not as strong in its writing, stating that Alien: Covenant: "…certainly delivers what you'd expect from an Aliens film—spectacle, body horror, strong Ripley-like female protagonists and some astonishing special effects—but there’s also a dispiriting sense that the film isn't at all sure of its own identity. The very portentous screenplay, co-written by John Logan (Coriolanus, Skyfall), throws in references to Shelley and Byron, Wagner and Michelangelo, and lots of philosophising about human origins and identity. In the meantime, the crew members pitted against the monstrous creatures are trying their darndest to blast them to kingdom come, just as they would in any run-of-the-mill sci-fi B movie."[113]

text: A. O. Scott of The New York Times said: "Alien: Covenant is an interesting movie … for all its interplanetary ranging, [it] commits itself above all to the canny management of expectations."[114] Trace Thurman, from Bloody Disgusting, gave the film a mediocre review, noting that although watching Alien: Covenant will make viewers appreciate Prometheus more, "…this is a film that was made as a response to Prometheus critics but tries to appease fans of that film as well and it doesn’t fully work." He also criticizes the overfamiliarity of the climax and insufficiently developed characters.[115]

text: Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com highly praised Alien: Covenant, giving it four out of four stars, and stating that the film's structure, although repeatedly borrowing from the Alien films, serves a purpose not unlike the James Bond film series or Star Wars, "where part of the fun lies in seeing what variations the artists can bring while satisfying a rigid structure." He also emphasized that like previous films of the series, real-world logic should not be applied to the film, and "[i]nstead you have to judge it by the standards of a fever dream or nightmare, a Freudian-Jungian narrative where the thing you fear most is what happens to you."[116] Seitz later voted for the film in the film magazine Sight & Sound as one of the five best films of 2017.[117]

text: Michael Fassbender as David/Walter[edit]

text: In New York magazine, David Edelstein commented on David the android as representing a new generation of monster villains in the tradition of Frankenstein, stating: "In Star Trek, that man-machine nexus was…hopeful. Here, there's some doubt about David's ultimate motives, which puts Alien: Covenant squarely in the tradition of the Terminator and Matrix movies. And, of course, the novel Frankenstein, which carried the subtitle The Modern Prometheus. No less than Stephen Hawking—who survived with the aid of machines—has predicted that we have 100 years to live before evolved machines take human imperfection as justification for destroying humanity".[118]

text: Kevin Lincoln, writing for Vulture magazine in an article titled "What Other Blockbuster Villains Can Learn From David in Alien: Covenant", gave a strong endorsement of the depiction of David as an arch-villain in the film stating: "… one franchise is showing it's still possible for a modern blockbuster to have a great villain. In Alien: Covenant, David—the android played by Michael Fassbender, first introduced in Prometheus—comes into his own as a fleshed-out, dynamic, and genuinely striking antagonist, one who isn't just an equal match for the heroes, but even becomes the central thread of the series. He's a huge part of what makes Alien: Covenant work."[119]

text: Writing for Vox, Allisa Wilkinson said that "Alien: Covenant is too muddled to pull off its deeply ambitious Satan allegories". She emphasized the Miltonic demonic aspect of the android David, stating: "But David is a better Satan than Satan himself… It's as if in the Alien universe, the devil has evolved, thanks to humans creating him. David, fatally, has the ability to create—something Satan never had—and he will use that power only to destroy. He doesn't have any real need to rebel against his maker, since from the moment he became sentient, he knew he'd already won. He is indestructible, and determined to make creatures that imitate his drive for total domination."[120]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award

Date of ceremony

Category

Recipient(s) and nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

Saturn Awards

June 27, 2018

Best Science Fiction Film

Alien: Covenant

Nominated

[121]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In September 2015, Ridley Scott said he was planning two sequels to Prometheus, which would lead into the first Alien film, adding, "Maybe [there will] even [be] a fourth film before we get back into the Alien franchise."[122][123] In November 2015, Scott confirmed that Alien: Covenant would be the first of three additional films in the Alien prequel series, before linking up with the original Alien[124][125] and stated that the Prometheus sequels would reveal who created the xenomorph aliens.[126] The screenplay for the third prequel film, called Alien: Awakening, was written during production of Alien: Covenant and was finished in 2017, with production scheduled to begin in 2018.[127] In March 2017, Scott said, "If you really want a franchise, I can keep cranking it for another six. I'm not going to close it down again. No way."[128] In May, Scott announced that Neill Blomkamp's sequel to James Cameron's film Aliens had been cancelled. In a later interview, he said he would have participated as a producer but that 20th Century Fox had decided not to pursue the project.[129][130]

text: Ridley Scott has confirmed in an interview the return for the next film sequel of surviving engineers who were away from their planet while David had destroyed the indigenous population of their planet.[131] Michael Reyes, writing for Cinema Blend in July 2017, quoted Scott stating that if Sigourney Weaver could reprise her role as Ellen Ripley in the prequels, then "Well, we're heading toward the back end of the first Alien so [using CG] may be feasible. Ripley's going to be somebody's daughter, obviously. We're coming in from the back end. The time constraints of what's the time between this film, where we leave David going off heading for that colony, I think you're probably two films out from even considering her."[132] According to reports, there will be only one additional prequel film (Alien: Awakening) before a soft reboot is made to the Alien universe, consisting of a new series of films with brand-new and original characters as well as a new setting.[133] In the audio commentary for Alien: Covenant, Scott confirmed that a sequel to Alien: Covenant, tentatively referred to as Alien: Covenant 2, is being written by John Logan, with Fassbender, Waterston, and McBride reprising their roles. Scott also confirmed that the film will cap his prequel series, leading directly into the events of Alien.[134][135] Michael Nordine, writing for Indiewire in October 2017, quoted Ridley Scott stating that Alien: Covenant 2 will focus more on the androids and A.I.s as opposed to the xenomorphs. Scott said, "I think the evolution of the Alien himself is nearly over, but what I was trying to do was transcend and move to another story, which would be taken over by A.I.s. The world that the A.I. might create as a leader if he finds himself on a new planet. We have actually quite a big layout for the next one."[136]


document_title: List of U.S. states by coastline

question_text: which state in the us has the most coastline

text: List of U.S. states by coastline

text: Table[edit]

text:
State
Method 1 (CRS)
Method 2 (NOAA)
Ratio
(M2÷M1)
Area
[3] (mi2)
Coast/area ratio (ft/mi2)

Coastline
Rank
Coastline
Rank
Method 1
Method 2

 Alaska
7007106860441600000♠6,640 mi (10,690 km)
7000100000000000000♠1
7007545631989760000♠33,904 mi (54,563 km)
7000100000000000000♠1
5.11
665384
53
270

 Florida
7006217261440000000♠1,350 mi (2,170 km)
7000200000000000000♠2
7007135764259840000♠8,436 mi (13,576 km)
7000200000000000000♠2
6.25
65758
110
680

 California
7006135184896000000♠840 mi (1,350 km)
3
7006551522188800000♠3,427 mi (5,515 km)
7000500000000000000♠5
4.08
163695
27
110

 Hawaii
7006120700800000000♠750 mi (1,210 km)
4
7006169302988800000♠1,052 mi (1,693 km)
7001180000000000000♠18
1.40
10932
360
510

 Louisiana
7005638909568000000♠397 mi (639 km)
5
7007124257450240000♠7,721 mi (12,426 km)
7000300000000000000♠3
19.4
52378
40
780

 Texas
7005590629248000000♠367 mi (591 km)
6
7006540578649600000♠3,359 mi (5,406 km)
7000700000000000000♠7
9.15
268596
7.2
66

 North Carolina
7005484412544000000♠301 mi (484 km)
7000700000000000000♠7
7006543153600000000♠3,375 mi (5,432 km)
7000600000000000000♠6
11.2
53819
30
330

 Oregon
7005476365824000000♠296 mi (476 km)
7000800000000000000♠8
7006226917504000000♠1,410 mi (2,270 km)
7001170000000000000♠17
4.76
98379
16
76

 Maine
7005366930432000000♠228 mi (367 km)
7000900000000000000♠9
7006559729843200000♠3,478 mi (5,597 km)
7000400000000000000♠4
15.3
35380
34
520

 Massachusetts
7005308994048000000♠192 mi (309 km)
7001100000000000000♠10
7006244459353600000♠1,519 mi (2,445 km)
7001160000000000000♠16
7.91
10554
96
760

 South Carolina
7005300947328000000♠187 mi (301 km)
7001110000000000000♠11
7006462847334400000♠2,876 mi (4,628 km)
7001120000000000000♠12
15.4
32020
31
470

 Washington
7005252667008000000♠157 mi (253 km)
7001120000000000000♠12
7006486987494400000♠3,026 mi (4,870 km)
7001110000000000000♠11
19.3
71298
12
220

 New Jersey
7005209214720000000♠130 mi (210 km)
7001130000000000000♠13
7006288394444800000♠1,792 mi (2,884 km)
7001150000000000000♠15
13.8
8723
79
1,100

 New York
7005204386688000000♠127 mi (204 km)
7001140000000000000♠14
7006422452800000000♠2,625 mi (4,225 km)
7001130000000000000♠13
20.7
54555
12
250

 Virginia
7005180246528000000♠112 mi (180 km)
7001150000000000000♠15
7006533497536000000♠3,315 mi (5,335 km)
7000800000000000000♠8
29.6
42775
14
410

 Georgia
7005160934400000000♠100 mi (160 km)
7001160000000000000♠16
7006377230233600000♠2,344 mi (3,772 km)
7001140000000000000♠14
23.4
59425
8.9
210

 Connecticut
7005154497024000000♠96 mi (154 km)
7001170000000000000♠17
7005994574592000000♠618 mi (995 km)
7001200000000000000♠20
6.44
5543
91
590

 Alabama
7004852952320000000♠53 mi (85 km)
7001180000000000000♠18
7005976871808000000♠607 mi (977 km)
7001210000000000000♠21
11.5
52420
5.3
61

 Mississippi
7004708111360000000♠44 mi (71 km)
7001190000000000000♠19
7005577754496000000♠359 mi (578 km)
7001240000000000000♠24
8.16
48432
4.8
39

 Rhode Island
7004643737600000000♠40 mi (64 km)
7001200000000000000♠20
7005617988096000000♠384 mi (618 km)
7001220000000000000♠22
9.60
1545
140
1,300

 Maryland
7004498896640000000♠31 mi (50 km)
7001210000000000000♠21
7006513380736000000♠3,190 mi (5,130 km)
7001100000000000000♠10
103
12406
13
1,400

 Delaware
7004450616320000000♠28 mi (45 km)
7001220000000000000♠22
7005613160064000000♠381 mi (613 km)
7001230000000000000♠23
13.6
2489
59
810

 New Hampshire
7004209214720000000♠13 mi (21 km)
7001230000000000000♠23
7005210824064000000♠131 mi (211 km)
7001280000000000000♠28
10.1
9349
7.3
74

 Michigan
–
–
7006518852505600000♠3,224 mi (5,189 km)
7000900000000000000♠9
–
96714
–
180

 Wisconsin
–
–
7006131966208000000♠820 mi (1,320 km)
7001190000000000000♠19
–
65496
–
66

 Ohio
–
–
7005502115328000000♠312 mi (502 km)
7001250000000000000♠25
–
44826
–
37

 Minnesota
–
–
7005304166016000000♠189 mi (304 km)
7001260000000000000♠26
–
86936
–
11

 Pennsylvania
–
–
7005225308160000000♠140 mi (230 km)
7001270000000000000♠27
–
46054
–
16

 Illinois
–
–
7005101388672000000♠63 mi (101 km)
7001290000000000000♠29
–
57914
–
5.7

 Indiana
–
–
7004724204800000000♠45 mi (72 km)
7001300000000000000♠30
–
36420
–
6.5

Total
7007200830037760000♠12,479 mi (20,083 km)

7008151474675968000♠94,122 mi (151,475 km)