document_title: Timeline of rocket and missile technology

question_text: when was the first rocket launched into space

root

text: 11th century[edit]

text: 11th century AD - The first documented record of gunpowder and the fire arrow, an early form of rocketry, appears in the Chinese text Wujing Zongyao.

tag: ul

text: 17th century-19th century[edit]

text:
1633 - Lagâri Hasan Çelebi launched a 7-winged rocket using 50 okka (140 lbs) of gunpowder from Sarayburnu, the point below Topkapı Palace in Istanbul.[1]
1650 - Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima ("Great Art of Artillery, the First Part") is printed in Amsterdam, about a year before the death of its author, Kazimierz Siemienowicz.
1664 - A "space rocket" is imagined as a future technology to be studied in France and its drawing is ordered by French finance minister Colbert; designed by Le Brun on a Gobelins tapestry [2] (see: French space program)
1798 - Tipu Sultan, the King of the state of Mysore in India, develops and uses iron rockets against the British Army (see Mysorean rockets).
1801 - The British Army develops the Congreve rocket based on weapons used against them by Tipu Sultan.
1806 - Claude Ruggieri, an Italian living in France, launched animals on rockets and recovered them using parachutes. He was prevented from launching a child by police.[3]
1813 - "A Treatise on the Motion of Rockets" by William Moore – first appearance of the rocket equation
1818 - Henry Trengrouse demonstrates his rocket apparatus for projecting a lifeline from a wrecked ship to the shore, later widely adopted
1844 - William Hale invents the spin-stabilized rocket
1865 - Jules Verne publishes From the Earth to the Moon as a humorous science fantasy story about a space gun launching a manned spacecraft equipped with rockets for landing on the Moon, but eventually used for another orbital maneuver.

text: 20th century[edit]

text:
1902 - French cinema pioneer Georges Méliès directs A Trip to the Moon, the first film about space travel.
1903 - Konstantin Tsiolkovsky begins a series of papers discussing the use of rocketry to reach outer space, space suits, and colonization of the solar system. Two key points discussed in his works are liquid fuels and staging.
1913 - Without knowing the work of Russian mathematician Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, French engineer Robert Esnault-Pelterie derived the equations for space flight, produced a paper that presented the rocket equation and calculated the energies required to reach the Moon and nearby planets.[4]
1922 - Hermann Oberth publishes his scientific work about rocketry and space exploration: Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen ("By Rocket into Planetary Space").
1924 - Society for Studies of Interplanetary Travel founded in Moscow by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Friedrich Zander and 200 other space and rocket experts
1926 - Robert Goddard launches the first liquid fuel rocket.
1927 - Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR - "Spaceflight Society") founded in Germany.
1929 - Woman in the Moon, considered to be one of the first "serious" science fiction films.
1931 - Friedrich Schmiedl attempts the first rocket mail service in Austria
1935 - Emilio Herrera Linares from Spain designed and made the first full-pressured astronaut suit, called the escafandra estratonáutica. The Russians then used a model of Herrera's suit when first flying into space of which the Americans would then later adopt when creating their own space program.
1937 - Peenemünde Army Research Center founded in Germany
1938 - The Projectile Development Establishment founded at Fort Halstead for the United Kingdom's research into military solid-fuel rockets.
1939 - Katyusha multiple rocket launchers (Russian: Катюша) are a type of rocket artillery first built and fielded by the Soviet Union.
1941 - French rocket EA-41 is launched, being the first European liquid propellant working rocket[5]
1941 - Jet Assisted Take Off JATO installed on US Army Air Corp Ercoupe aircraft occurred on 12 August in March Field, California.
1942 - Wernher von Braun and Walter Dornberger launch the first V-2 rocket at Peenemünde in northern Germany.
1942 - A V-2 rocket reaches an altitude of 85 km.
1944 - The V-2 rocket MW 18014 reaches an altitude of 176 km, becoming the first man-made object in space.
1945 - Lothar Sieber dies after the first vertical take-off manned rocket flight in a Bachem Ba 349 "Natter"
1945 - Operation Paperclip takes 1,600 German rocket scientists and technicians to the United States
1945 - Operation Osoaviakhim takes 2,000 German rocket scientists and technicians to the Soviet Union
1946 - First flight of the Nike missile, later the first operational surface-to-air guided missile
1947 - Chuck Yeager achieves the first manned supersonic flight in a Bell X-1 rocket-powered aircraft
1949 - Willy Ley publishes The Conquest of Space
1952 - 22 May, French Véronique 1 rocket is launched from the Algerian desert.
1952 - Wernher von Braun discusses the technical details of a manned exploration of Mars in Das Marsprojekt.
1953 - Colliers Magazine publishes a series of articles on man's future in space, igniting the interest of people around the world. The series includes numerous articles by Ley and von Braun, illustrated by Chesley Bonestell.
1956 - First launch of PGM-17 Thor, the first US ballistic missile and forerunner of the Delta space launch rockets
1957 - Launch of the first ICBM, the USSR's R-7 (8K71), known to NATO as the SS-6 Sapwood.
1957 - The USSR launches Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite.
1958 - The U.S. launches Explorer 1, the first American artificial satellite, on a Jupiter-C rocket.
1958 - US launches their first ICBM, the Atlas-B (the Atlas-A was a test article only).
1961 - the USSR launches Vostok 1, Yuri Gagarin reached a height of 327 km above Earth and was the first man to orbit earth.
1961 - US, a Mercury capsule named Freedom 7 with Alan B. Shepard, spacecraft was launched by a Redstone rocket on a ballistic trajectory suborbital flight.
1962 - The US launches Mercury MA-6 (Friendship 7) on an Atlas D booster, John Glenn finally puts America in orbit.
1963 - The USSR launches Vostok 6, Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman (and first civilian) to orbit earth. She remained in space for nearly three days and orbited the earth 48 times.
1963 - US X-15 rocket-plane, the first reusable manned spacecraft (suborbital) reaches space, pioneering reusability, carried launch and glide landings.
1965 - USSR Proton rocket, highly successful launch vehicle with notable payloads, Salyut 6 & Salyut 7, Mir & ISS components
1965 - Robert Salked investigates various single stage to orbit spaceplane concepts[6][7][8]
1966 - USSR Luna 9, the first soft landing on the Moon
1966 - USSR launches Soyuz spacecraft, longest-running series of spacecraft, eventually serving Soviet, Russian and International space missions.
1969 - US Apollo 11, first men on the Moon, first lunar surface extravehicular activity.
1981 - US space shuttle pioneers reusability and glide landings
1998 - US Deep Space 1 is first deep space mission to use an ion thruster for propulsion.
1998 - Russia launch Zarya module which is the first part of the International Space Station.

text: 21st century[edit]

text:
2001 - Russian Soyuz spacecraft sent the first space tourist Dennis Tito to International Space Station.[9]
2004 - US-based, first privately developed, manned (suborbital) spaceflight, SpaceShipOne demonstrates reusability.[10]
2008 - SpaceX—with their Falcon 1 rocket—became the first private entity to successfully launch a rocket into orbit.[11]
2012 - The SpaceX Dragon space capsule—launched aboard a Falcon 9 launch vehicle—was the first private spacecraft to successfully dock with another spacecraft, and was also the first private capsule to dock at the International Space Station.[12]
2014 - First booster rocket returning from an orbital trajectory to achieve a zero-velocity-at-zero-altitude propulsive vertical landing. The first-stage booster of Falcon 9 Flight 9 made the first successful controlled ocean soft touchdown of a liquid-rocket-engine orbital booster on April 18, 2014.[13][14]
2015 - SpaceX's Falcon 9 Flight 20 was the first time that the first stage of an orbital rocket made a successful return and vertical landing.[15]
2017 - SpaceX's Falcon 9 SES-10 was the first time a used orbital rocket made a successful return [16]
2018 - The Electron rocket was the first New-Zealand rocket to achieve orbit. The rocket is also unique in using an electric pump-fed engine. The rocket also carried an additional satellite payload called "Humanity Star", a 1-meter-wide (3 ft) carbon fiber sphere made up of 65 panels that reflect the Sun's light.[17]


document_title: Murder, She Wrote

question_text: when did jessica fletcher moved to new york

text: Murder, She Wrote

text: History[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Series producers Peter S. Fischer, Richard Levinson and William Link thought Lansbury would be perfect for the part of Jessica Fletcher but did not think that she would be interested in a television series. Earlier, she had acted in two film adaptations of Agatha Christie's mystery novels: as Salome Otterbourne in Death on the Nile and as the famous sleuth Miss Marple in The Mirror Crack'd (1980). When the latter film did poorly—despite an all star cast including Rock Hudson, Elizabeth Taylor, Kim Novak, and Tony Curtis—the offer for Lansbury to reprise Miss Marple in three more films never materialized.[9]

tag: p

text: When she made it known she would be available if the right project came along, the trio of creators sent her the script and almost immediately, Lansbury felt she could do something with the role of Jessica Fletcher. With Murder, She Wrote debuting on Sunday, September 30, 1984, the producers were able to parlay their "mystery writer/amateur detective" premise into a 12-year hit for CBS. It also made Lansbury, known previously for her motion picture and Broadway stage work, a household name for millions of television viewers. The title comes from Murder, She Said, which was the title of a 1961 film adaptation of Agatha Christie's Miss Marple novel 4:50 from Paddington.

text: Premise[edit]

text: The show revolves around the day-to-day life of Jessica Fletcher, a childless, widowed, retired English teacher who becomes a successful mystery writer. Despite fame and fortune, Jessica remains a resident of Cabot Cove, a small coastal community in Maine, and maintains her links with all of her old friends, never letting her success go to her head. Exterior shots of Cabot Cove were filmed in Mendocino, California. The fictional "Cabot Cove" name for the series' coastal town was derived from the name of an actual bay harbor inlet in Kennebunkport, Maine, located near the town's center, on the road where motels and lobster shack dives are located.

text: The show mostly starts with a preview of the episode's events, with Jessica stating: "Tonight on Murder, She Wrote..." Jessica invariably proves more perceptive than the official investigators of a case, who are almost always willing to arrest the most likely suspect. By carefully piecing the clues together and asking astute questions, she always manages to trap the real murderer. Murder occurred with such regularity in her vicinity that the term "Cabot Cove syndrome" was coined to describe the constant appearance of dead bodies in remote locations. Indeed, if Cabot Cove existed in real life, it would top the FBI's national crime statistics in numerous categories, with some analysis suggesting that the homicide rate in Cabot Cove exceeds even that of the real-life murder capital of the world.[10]

text: Jessica's relationship with law enforcement officials varies from place to place. Both sheriffs of Cabot Cove resign themselves to having her meddle in their cases. However, most detectives and police officers do not want her anywhere near their crime scenes, until her accurate deductions convince them to listen to her. Some are happy to have her assistance from the start, often because they are fans of her books. With time, she makes friends in many police departments across the U.S., as well as with a British police officer attached to Scotland Yard. At the start of season eight, more of the stories were set in New York City with Jessica moving into an apartment there part-time in order to teach criminology.

text: Some programmes appeared to allegorise contemporaneous events.  For example, the Season 5 (1988–89) Episode (No. 102) "From Russia With Blood" could represent the Soviet Union's beginnings on introducing Glasnost and Perestroika.[11]

text: Ending[edit]

text: By August 1988, when Lansbury expressed weariness of her commitment, the series was expected to end in May 1989. Nevertheless, she continued in the role, with a few changes made. For the next two seasons, Lansbury reduced her appearances in several episodes, only appearing at the beginning and the end, to introduce stories starring several friends of Jessica, like PI Harry McGraw, reformed thief Dennis Stanton or MI5 agent Michael Hagarty. The "experiment" ended in 1991.[12]

text: By the end of the 1994–95 season, Murder, She Wrote's 11th season, CBS moved the network's then-longest-running weekly series to Thursday nights at 8 p.m. This put the series in direct competition with the first hour of NBC's Must See TV lineup, which had been drawing the highest ratings of the week for any network for years. Despite protests of many of the show's fans (who believed CBS was intentionally setting the show up to fail in its new timeslot), CBS refused to budge on the new timeslot. Murder, She Wrote plummeted from eighth to 58th in the yearly ratings; the series lost nearly 6 million viewers as the audience was not willing to follow it to Thursday, which left CBS with little choice but to end Murder, She Wrote after 12 seasons in August 1996.

text: To soften the blow, the network agreed to air the final four episodes in its original Sunday night timeslot, as well as commission four Murder, She Wrote movies over the next few years: the first was South by Southwest (1997), with three more following as A Story to Die For (2000), The Last Free Man (2001), and The Celtic Riddle (2003).[13]

text: Lansbury stated in May 2011 that she would like to make a comeback appearance as Jessica Fletcher.[14]

text: However, in a 2015 interview, Lansbury quashed the idea of reprising the much beloved character stating, "I think it would be a downer. In some way, we’d have to show her as a much older woman, and I think it’s better to maintain that picture we have in our mind’s eye of her as a vigorous person. I’m still pretty vigorous, especially in the garden … but if I wanted to transform myself back into the woman I looked like then, it would be ridiculous. And I can't do that."[15] She then expressed interest in revisiting the character again in 2017.[16]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Regular cast[edit]

text:
Angela Lansbury as Jessica Fletcher (1984–1996; 264 episodes), a retired English teacher who, after being widowed in her early 50s, becomes a very successful mystery writer.
William Windom as Dr. Seth Hazlitt (1985–1996; 49 episodes), the local doctor of Cabot Cove and one of Jessica's best friends and most intrepid supporters. There is a hint that Dr. Hazlitt may want to be more than a platonic friend but this possibility was never explored. In the season one finale, Windom portrayed Sam Breen, a lawyer who jointly murdered the victim in that episode.
Tom Bosley as Sheriff Amos Tupper (1984–1988; 19 episodes), Cabot Cove's sheriff at the start of the series. Tupper later retires and goes to live with his sister.
Ron Masak as Sheriff Mort Metzger (1988–1996; 38 episodes), a former NYPD officer who takes Tupper's place as sheriff in the mistaken belief that he would be living in a more peaceful place. His unseen wife, Adele, a former Marine capable of prodigious acts of strength, teaches self-defense classes. In an earlier episode, Masak portrayed a different character, a store owner in trouble with the IRS, trying to get out of trouble by selling his business. He also portrayed a police officer investigating the murder of an author in another season one episode.
Louis Herthum as Deputy Andy Broom (1991–1996, 25 episodes)

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Michael Horton as Grady Fletcher (1984–1995; 12 episodes), Jessica's not-so-lucky favorite nephew, who (through no fault of his own) always seems to get in trouble with the law. After many romantic disasters, he gets married later in the series. In real life, Horton is married to actress Debbie Zipp, who played Grady's eventual wife Donna Mayberry in several episodes. (The two were married before working together on Murder, She Wrote.)
Madlyn Rhue as Jean O'Neil (1993–1996; 4 episodes), the local disabled librarian in Cabot Cove.
Jerry Orbach as Harry McGraw (1985–1991; 6 episodes), an old-school private investigator who becomes friends with Jessica. Orbach was popular enough to garner his own, short-lived spin-off series in 1987, The Law & Harry McGraw.
Len Cariou as Michael Hagarty (1985–1992; 7 episodes), a British MI5 agent who would appear when Jessica least expected him to drag her into a dangerous case. Cariou had previously starred with Lansbury on Broadway in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street as the titular character.
Richard Paul as Sam Booth (1986–1991; 7 episodes), the genial, ineffectual mayor of Cabot Cove whose main campaign promise is that he will do nothing, and that's exactly why the people of Cabot Cove vote for him.
Julie Adams as Eve Simpson (1987–1993; 10 episodes), the Cabot Cove realtor with a great love for men, both single and married, and for gossiping.
Ruth Roman as Loretta Speigel (1987–1989; 3 episodes), Cabot Cove's lovelorn hairdresser, also an inveterate gossip.
Keith Michell as Dennis Stanton (1988–1993; 9 episodes), a suave English former jewel thief turned insurance claims investigator, who always solves his cases using unusual methods, and often sends a copy of the story to Jessica afterwards. Stanton's assistant, Rhoda, who appeared in most or all of the Stanton-related episodes, was played by Hallie Todd. Many of the episodes starring Michell do not involve Jessica, and usually begin with her introducing the story to the audience invoking the fourth wall.
Wayne Rogers as Charlie Garrett (1993–1995; 5 episodes), a disreputable private investigator who usually gets into trouble and needs Jessica's help.
Claude Akins as Ethan Cragg (1984; 4 episodes), Jessica's fisherman friend.
Herb Edelman as Artie Gelber (1984-1995, 10 episodes), a NYPD Lieutenant and Jessica's friend.

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Crossover with Magnum, P.I.[edit]

text: The Third Season episode of Murder, She Wrote entitled "Magnum on Ice" concludes a crossover that began on the Seventh Season Magnum, P.I. episode "Novel Connection". In the episode's plot, Jessica comes to Hawaii to investigate an attempt to murder Robin Masters' guests, then tries to clear Magnum when he's accused of killing the hitman. The Magnum, P.I. episode originally aired on 11/19/86 with the concluding Murder, She Wrote episode following four days later on 11/23/86.[citation needed]

text: The Magnum, P.I. episode of the crossover is included on the Murder, She Wrote Season 3 DVD set, as well as the Complete Series Set. The Magnum, P.I. Season 7 DVD set, as well as its Complete Series set, includes the Murder, She Wrote episode.[citation needed]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Over its twelve-year run Murder, She Wrote received numerous award nominations. Lansbury herself holds the record for the most Emmy nominations for outstanding lead actress in a drama series with twelve, one for each season. She never won, which is also a record. Mary Dodson, the art director for 102 of the series' 264 episodes, received three Emmy nominations for her work on Murder, She Wrote.[18]

text:
Group

Award

Years

Result

Emmy Awards

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series (Angela Lansbury)

1985–96

Nominated

Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (John Addison)

1985[19]

Won

Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Bruce Babcock)

1993, 1995

Nominated

Outstanding Costume Design for a Series (Alfred E. Lehman)

1986[19]

Won

Golden Globe Awards

Best TV Series – Drama

1985, 1986

Won

Best TV Series – Drama

1987–90

Nominated

Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series – Drama (Angela Lansbury)

1985, 1987, 1990 & 1992

Won

Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series – Drama (Angela Lansbury)

1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993 & 1995

Nominated

Edgar Awards

Best Episode of a TV Series ("Deadly Lady")

1985

Won

Best Episode of a TV Series ("The Dead File")

1993

Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards

Best Performance by an Actress in a TV Series – Drama (Angela Lansbury)

1995

Nominated

text: US television ratings[edit]

text: Murder, She Wrote maintained extremely high ratings finishing in the top 15 of shows for eleven of its 12 seasons (eight of which it was in the top 10), even well into its late seasons. By its 11th season, Murder, She Wrote was still averaging 25 million viewers per week. At its very peak, the show even hit above 40 million US viewers. However, at the beginning of its 12th season in 1995, CBS moved the show from its extremely popular Sunday night time slot to Thursday night forcing it to compete with NBC's Must See TV line up, and as a result the ratings plummeted. The show rated as the following:

text:
Television ratings

Season

Episodes

Time slot (ET)

Season premiere

Season finale

Rank

Rating

1

1984–85

22

Sunday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 1, 3-23)Sunday at 9:00 pm (Episode 2)

September 30, 1984

April 21, 1985

#8[20]

20.1

2

1985–86

22

Sunday at 8:00 pm

September 29, 1985

May 18, 1986

#3[21]

25.3

3

1986–87

22

September 28, 1986

May 10, 1987

#4[22]

25.4

4

1987–88

22

September 20, 1987

May 8, 1988

#9[23]

20.2

5

1988–89

22

October 23, 1988

May 21, 1989

#8[24]

19.9

6

1989–90

22

September 24, 1989

May 20, 1990

#13[25]

17.7

7

1990–91

22

September 16, 1990

May 12, 1991

#12[26]

16.4

8

1991–92

22

September 15, 1991

May 17, 1992

#8[27]

16.9

9

1992–93

22

September 20, 1992

May 16, 1993

#5[28]

17.7

10

1993–94

21

September 12, 1993

May 22, 1994

#11[29]

16.0

11

1994–95

21

September 25, 1994

May 14, 1995

#8[30]

15.6

12

1995–96

24

Thursday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 1-12, 14-17, 19-20)Sunday at 8:00 pm (Episodes 13, 18, 21-24)

September 21, 1995

May 19, 1996

#58[31]

9.50

text: Abandoned reboot[edit]

text: Deadline Hollywood reported in October 2013 that NBC was planning a reboot of the series, starring Oscar-winning actress Octavia Spencer as a "hospital administrator and amateur sleuth who self-publishes her first mystery novel."[32]

text: Lansbury commented that she was not a fan of using the title, saying "I think it's a mistake to call it 'Murder, She Wrote,' because 'Murder, She Wrote' will always be about Cabot Cove and this wonderful little group of people who told those lovely stories and enjoyed a piece of that place, and also enjoyed Jessica Fletcher, who is a rare and very individual kind of person." Early on it was decided by producers that Spencer's character would not be named Jessica Fletcher, for only Lansbury could play Jessica Fletcher.[33] It was announced on January 21, 2014, that the reboot would not be going forward.[34]

text: International syndication[edit]

text: Since its original run on CBS, Murder, She Wrote has been syndicated in many countries around the world.

text:
Country
Channels
Title
Literal translation
Language

 Argentina

-

Reportera del crimen

Crime Reporter

Spanish dubbed

 Australia

Nine Network, Network Ten,TV1, GO!, GEM, 111 Greats, FOX Classics, ABC, 13th Street

Murder, She Wrote

English

 Austria

ORF, Puls 4

Mord ist ihr Hobby

Murder Is Her Hobby

German dubbed

 Belgium: Flanders

VTM,VIJFtv

Murder, She Wrote

English,Dutch subtitles

 Belgium: Wallonia

La Une

Arabesque

French dubbed

 Brazil

Universal Channel

Assassinato por Escrito

Written Murder

Portuguese dubbed

 Bulgaria

Fox Crime,Diema,AXN,AXN White

Убийство по сценарий

Murder by Script

Bulgarian dubbed, Bulgarian subtitles

 Canada

Vision TV

Murder, She Wrote

English

 Canada: Quebec

TQS

Elle écrit au meurtre

She Writes "Murder!"[35]

French dubbed

 Chile

Canal 13

Reportera del crimen

Crime Reporter

Spanish dubbed

 Croatia

HRT

Ubojstvo, napisala je

Murder, She Wrote

English,Croatian subtitles

 Czech Republic

Nova, Prima

To je vražda, napsala

That Is Murder, She Wrote

Czech dubbed

 Denmark

DR 1,DR 2,TV 3

Hun så et mord

She Saw a Murder

English,Danish subtitles

 Estonia

TV3

Mõrv sai teoks

Murder Became True

English,Estonian subtitles

 Fiji

FBC TV

Murder She Wrote

English

 Finland

YLE TV1, MTV3 Sarja, Kolmoskanava,TV5

Murhasta tuli totta

Murder Became True

English,Finnish subtitles

 France

La Cinq,TF1,TV Breizh, TMC

Arabesque

Arabesque

French dubbed

 Germany

ARD,RTL,Super RTL,Sat.1 Gold, TNT Serie,kabel eins,WDR,Einsfestival,rbb

Immer, wenn sie Krimis schrieb;Mord ist ihr Hobby

Whenever She Wrote Crime Novels;Murder is Her Hobby

German dubbed, original English version

 Greece

Star Channel

Η συγγραφέας ντετέκτιβ

The Detective Writer

English,Greek subtitles

 Hungary

Viasat 3

Gyilkos sorok

Murderous Lines

Hungarian dubbed

 India

Star Plus

Murder, She Wrote

English

 Ireland

RTÉ One

Murder, She Wrote

English

 Israel

HOTIsrael 10

רצח במשיכת קולמוס

Murder With a Stroke of Pen

English,Hebrew subtitles

 Italy

Rai Uno,Fox Crime,Rai DueRete 4

La signora in giallo

The Lady in Yellow[36]

Italian dubbed

 Japan

NHK,Mystery Channel,LaLa TV,Chiba TV,Gunma TV

ジェシカおばさんの事件簿Jessica obasan no jikenbo

Auntie Jessica's Case Files

Japanese dubbed

 Kuwait

KTV 2

Murder, She Wrote

English,Arabic subtitles

 Latvia

LTVFox Crime

Noziegumam pa pēdām

On the Trail of the Crime

Latvian dubbed

 Lithuania

TV3

Džesika Flečer

Jessica Fletcher

Lithuanian dubbed

 Macedonia

Fox Crime

Убиство, таа напиша

Murder, She Wrote

Macedonia dubbed

 Mexico

4TV (former),Universal Channel (former),FX Latin America (current)

La reportera del crimen

The Crime Reporter

Spanish dubbed

 Netherlands

RTL 8,NCRV,13th Street Universal

Murder, She Wrote

English,Dutch subtitles

 New Zealand

TV One,TV2,TV3,Jones

Murder, She Wrote

English

 Norway

TV3,NRK1

Jessica Fletcher

Jessica Fletcher

English,Norwegian subtitles

 Pakistan

Pakistan Television,PTV1

Murder, She Wrote

English

 Philippines

GMA Network,RJTV 29

Murder, She Wrote

English

 Poland

13th Street,  AXN,  AXN Crime

Napisała: Morderstwo

Murder, She Wrote

English,Polish voice-over translation

 Portugal

RTP 1, FOX Crime

Crime, Disse Ela

Crime, She Said

English,Portuguese subtitles

 Romania

Pro Cinema,TVR 2,AXN Crime,AXN White,AXN Spin

Verdict: Crimă

Verdict: Murder

English,Romanian subtitles

 Russia

NTV,Domashny

Она написала убийство

Murder, She Wrote

Russian dubbed

 Serbia

FOX Crime

Pisac i detektiv

A Writer and a Detective

English,Serbian subtitles

 Slovakia

Markíza

To je vražda, napísala

Murder, She Wrote

Slovak dubbed

 Slovenia

RTVSLOKanal AFOX CrimeTV3 Slovenia

Umor, je napisala

Murder, She Wrote

English with slovenian subtitles

 South Africa

TV1  SABC Encore

Murder, She Wrote

English

 South Korea

MBC

제시카의 추리 극장Jessica-eui Churi Geukjang

Jessica's Detective Theatre

Korean dubbed

 Spain

TVE,Calle 13,Atresseries

Se ha escrito un crimen

A Crime Has Been Written

Spanish dubbed

 Spain: Catalonia

TV3

S'ha escrit un crim

A Crime Has Been Written

Catalan dubbed

 Spain: Galicia

TVG

Escribiuse un crime

A Crime Has Been Written

Galician dubbed

 Sweden

TV3,TV4 Guld

Mord och inga visor

Murder and No Melodies[37]

English,Swedish subtitles

 Turkey

TRT 1,Star TV,Kanal DTNT Türkiye

Cinayet Dosyası

Murder File

Turkish dubbed

 Ukraine

СТБ

Вона написала вбивство

Murder, She Wrote

Ukrainian dubbed

 United Kingdom

ITV,ITV3,ITV4,Granda Plus,BBC1,BBC2,UKTV Gold,UKTV DramaAlibi,True Entertainment

Murder, She Wrote

English

 United States

Hallmark Movie Channel, TV Land, Cozi TV

Murder, She Wrote

English

 Uruguay

Monte Carlo Televisión

Reportera del crimen

Crime Reporter

Spanish dubbed

 Venezuela

Televen

Reportera del crimen

Crime Reporter

Spanish dubbed

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: In 1985, Warren Company released a Murder, She Wrote board game. In the game, one player takes the hidden role of a killer and the other players try to determine which player is the killer through deduction.  The killer is successful if he or she can kill five of the characters on the game-board and escape, while the detective players win by correctly deducing the identity of the killer.

text: In December 2009, casual game developer and publisher Legacy Interactive, under license with Universal Pictures Digital Platforms Group (UPDPG), announced the release a PC and Macintosh video game based on the television series. In the game, players help Jessica Fletcher to solve five unusual murders.[38][39] A sequel, Murder She Wrote 2, was launched by Legacy Interactive in November 2012.[40]

text: Multimedia[edit]

text:
List of novels
Home video releases
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document_title: Wave power in India

question_text: when was india's first ocean wave's energy project launched

question_tokens: when was india 's first ocean wave 's energy project launched

text: Wave power in India

text: Resources[edit]

text: Wave power depends upon the height of the wave and its period. Primary estimates of wave energy potential along Indian coast is around 5-15 MW/m, so the theoretical estimated potential comes out to be around 40-60 GW.[2] A study by IIT Madras and Credit Rating Information Services of Indian Ltd (CRISIL) have shown that western coast has higher wind power potential compared to eastern coast.[3] They have identified potential locations for wave power development along the west coast of India in Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala. Kanyakumari located at the southern tip of Indian peninsula has the highest power owing to the effects of refraction and strong winds.[3] With currently available technologies, amount of power that can be generated using wave energy is much less than the theoretical estimated potential.

text: Capacity Utilization factor for wave energy in India is in the range of 15-20%.[3]

text: Vizhinjam wave energy plant[edit]

text: Wave energy research in India was initiated in 1983 when the Department of Ocean Development of Government of India provided funds to Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, for carrying out the research.[4] This led to the establishment of a 150 kW Pilot wave energy plant in 1991 at Vizhinjam in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.

text: Vizhinjam wave energy plant was the world’s first wave power plant working on Oscillating Water Column (OWC) technology.[3] This technology utilizes the change in levels of water inside caisson as waves approach. As the water level increases in the caisson, the air inside is compressed, which is then used to drive an air turbine.[3] The power generated from this plant, however, varied a lot throughout the year and maximum power was generated only during the monsoon months.[3] After a long duration of being out of use, it was planned to be utilized for powering a Reverse Osmosis Desalination plant in 2004.[3][5] This project also was not successful and the wave energy plant was finally decommissioned in 2011.[3][5]

text: Economics[edit]

text: Wave energy is amongst the most capital intensive form of renewable energy. Current cost of wave energy varies between 34 and 63 c€/kWh.[3]According to a study by IIT Madras and CRISIL, wave energy technologies would require about 10 GW of cumulative capacity to become cost competitive.[3]

text: Benefits[edit]

text: Wave energy is a clean and renewable source of energy. Since waves are present always, wave power is more consistent in electricity generation when compared to renewable energy sources like wind and solar. They can be a good source of energy generation for off grid coastal areas and islands. Wave energy often used to power the desalination plants. Wave energy turbines when combined with offshore breakwaters can help achieve the protection of sea shores.[3]

text: Challenges[edit]

text: There are several challenges that need to be addressed to make electricity generation from wave energy commercially viable.Technological challenges include low turbine efficiencies, high turbine costs, unavailability of grid connections at potential sites, lack of experience and unpredictable environmental conditions.[3] Owing to inadequate data, it is challenging to estimate the impact of wave power generation on marine ecosystem.[3] Moreover, investment in wave power is perceived as risky investment by financial institutions because of high capital cost and lack of operational experience.[3]

text: Administration and policy[edit]

text: The Ministry of Earth Sciences in Government of India oversees the development of wave energy in India with National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai being a participating institution.[7] The ministry envisions development of wave energy to power Low Temperature Thermal Desalination (LTTD) plants and to meet the lighting requirements of small islands.[8]

text: India government has set a target of achieving 40% cumulative electrical power capacity from non fossil fuel resources by 2030. It plans to enhance the renewable power installed capacity to 175 GW by the end of 2022 which includes 60 GW from wind power, 100 GW from solar power, 10 GW from biomass power and 5 GW from small hydro power.[9] There is however no specific target for wave power capacity enhancement.


document_title: Formula One regulations

question_text: what is the length of an f1 car

question_tokens: what is the length of an f1 car

text: Formula One regulations

text: Current rules and regulations[edit]

text: Technical[edit]

text: Chassis[edit]

text: An F1 car can be no more than 200 cm wide and 95 cm tall.[1] Though there is no maximum length, other rules set indirect limits on these dimensions, and nearly every aspect of the car carries size regulations; consequently the various cars tend to be very close to the same size.

text: The car must only have four wheels mounted externally of the body work with only the front two steered and only the back two driven. There are minimum distances allowed between the wheels and the rear and front body work.

text: The main chassis contains a "safety cell" which includes the cockpit, a structure designed to reduce impact directly in front of the cockpit, and the fuel cell directly behind the cockpit. Additionally, the car must contain roll structures behind and ahead of the driver. The driver must be able to enter and exit the cockpit without any adjustments other than removing the steering wheel.

text: There are also mandatory crash test standards. There is a 30 mph (48 km/h) head-on impact into a steel barrier; "average deceleration must not exceed 25g", with a maximum 60g for a minimum 3 milliseconds, with no damage to the chassis beyond the nose section.[2] The same chassis must then sustain a rear impact from a sled travelling at 30 mph (48 km/h), with no damage in front of the rear axle.[2] The roll hoop is not permitted to crush beyond 50 mm (2.0 in), and structural failure is only permitted in the top 100 mm (3.9 in) of the body.[3] Side impacts by a 780 kg (1,720 lb) object at 10 m/s (22 mph) must be decelerated at less than 20g, and absorb no less than 15% and no more than 35% of the total energy; 80 kN (18,000 lbf) can not be exceeded more than 3 milliseconds.[3] The steering wheel must survive the impact of an 8 kg (18 lb) 165 mm (6.5 in)-diameter object at 7 m/s (16 mph) with no deformation of the wheel or damage to the quick-release mechanism.[3]

text: In addition, there are "squeeze tests" on the cockpit sides, fuel tank, and nosebox. The cockpit must survive a 25 kN (5,600 lbf) pressure with no failure; for the fuel tank, 12.5 kN (2,800 lbf) is applied. A maximum 3 mm (0.12 in) deformation is allowed.[3] For the cockpit rim, the figures are 10 kN (2,200 lbf) and 20 mm (0.79 in).[3] The nosebox must withstand 40 kN (9,000 lbf) for 30 seconds without failing.[3]

text: Onboard electrical and computer systems, once inspected at the start of the season, may not be changed without prior approval. Electronic starters and launch control are forbidden.[citation needed] The computers must contain a telemetric accident data reporting system.

text: Engine[edit]

text: 2.4 litre V8 engines were used in 2013 season. However, the 2014 season brought a major change in engine technology by introducing the 1.6 litre turbocharged V6 engine.

text:
2014 Engine Restrictions
2013 Engine Restrictions

Size
1.6 litre
2.4 litre

Type of Engine
V6 (Turbocharged)
V8

Fuel limit per race
100 kg
No limit (around 160 kg)

Fuel flow rate
100 kg per hour above 10,500 RPM
No limit

Fuel injection pressure limit
500bar
No Limit

Maximum engine RPM limit
15,000
18,000

text: The power outputs of F1 engines have not been disclosed since the 1990s, however the consensus view is that today's 1.6 l turbocharged V-6 engines produce about 600 bhp.

text: Another radical change in 2014 was the introduction of ERS(Energy Recovery System). This system works similar to KERS, with drivers getting full-time boost of about 150 bhp from electric motors used in conjunction with the internal combustion engine (generating around 750 bhp in total) instead of a 6-second bank of extra power per lap. The combination of these systems led to the term power unit being used in lieu of engine.

text: Devices designed to pre-cool air before it enters the cylinders are not allowed, nor is the injection of any substance into the cylinders other than air and fuel (petrol).

text: Variable-length intake and exhaust systems are also forbidden.

text: The crankshaft and camshafts must be made of steel or cast iron. The use of carbon composite materials for the cylinder block, cylinder head and pistons is not allowed.

text: Separate starting devices may be used to start engines in the pits and on the grid. If the engine is fitted with an anti-stall device, this must be set to cut the engine within ten seconds in the event of an accident.

text: The engines, now referred to as power units, are divided into 6 components: the internal combustion engine (ICE); turbocharger (TC); Motor Generator Unit-Kinetic (MGU-K), which harvests energy that would normally be wasted under braking; Motor Generator Unit-Heat (MGU-H), which collects energy in the form of heat as it is expelled through the exhaust; Energy Store (ES), which functions as batteries, holding the energy gathered by the Motor Generator Units; and Control Electronics (CE), which includes the Electronic Control Unit and software used to manage the entire power unit. In 2015, each driver is allowed to use up to four of each component during a season that is up to 20 scheduled races in length; a fifth power unit (and its components) may be used without penalty if more than 20 races are scheduled to take place. A ten place starting grid penalty will be applied for the use of a power unit component used beyond the established allocation; a pit lane start for entire unit changes beyond the limit.

text: Refuelling[edit]

text: From 2010, refuelling is no longer permitted during the race: every car starts with a full fuel load. The 2010 season cars were about 22 cm longer than 2009 cars to accommodate the enlarged fuel tank this necessitated.

text: Tyres[edit]

text: Formula 1 has contracted a single supplier of tyres since the 2007 season. The supplier (currently Pirelli) supplies five specifications of slick dry-weather tyres (ultra soft, super soft, soft, medium and hard) (Ultra soft being introduced during Monaco 2016), of which two compounds are provided at each race; these are referred to as the "Prime" and "Option" tyres. The distinction between Prime and Option is that the teams are supplied with more sets of the Prime than the Option tyre for use throughout the weekend. Usually the Prime tyre is harder and therefore more durable than the Option tyre, while the Option tyre provides more grip and therefore allows faster lap times on fresh tyres; at some events the selection is reversed, with the Option tyre being harder than the Prime. The combination of longer lasting and faster tyres adds an element to each car's race strategy. Additionally, two wet-weather compounds are provided by the supplier: intermediate and full wet. Each compound is differentiated by a colour-coded band painted around the tyre's sidewall and including the supplier's logo; purple for ultra soft, red for super-soft, yellow for soft, white for medium, orange for hard, green for intermediate and blue for full wet.

text: Competitors are allowed only a limited number of tyre sets during a race event: eleven dry, four intermediate, three wet. Each tyre must be marked with a unique identifier for tracking and scrutinising during a race event. During the practice sessions drivers are limited to the use of three sets of dry tyres, and certain sets must be returned to the supplier before the second and third sessions. If qualifying and starting the race on dry tyres, drivers who complete a lap during the third period of qualifying (the top ten) must start the race on the tyre set with which they recorded their fastest time during the second period.[4] Any cars that qualified outside the top ten may start the race on any remaining set of tyres. Cars must race on both the Prime and Option dry compounds during a race unless intermediate or wet tyres have been used by that car in that race.

text: Prior to qualifying, wet and intermediate tyres may only be used if the track is judged wet by the race director. Starting the race behind the safety car due to heavy rain requires cars to be fitted with wet tyres until they make a pit stop.

text: Heaters may be applied only to the outside of tyres.

text: Sporting[edit]

text: Parc fermé[edit]

text: After weighing during each qualifying session, teams are required to take their cars to a place in the paddock, sectioned off by the FIA, known as parc fermé; they may not do work on the cars, other than routine maintenance, until they are released from parc fermé for the race the next morning.

text: If a team must do other significant work, body work or suspension adjustments, the car will start from the pit lane.

text: Race procedure[edit]

text: The pit lane opens thirty minutes before the start of a race (t-30:00), during which time drivers may drive around the track as much as they like, driving through the pitlane each time around in order to avoid the grid. Drivers must be in their cars and in place on the grid by time the pit lane closes at t-15:00; otherwise they must start the race from the pits. Meanwhile, teams may work on their cars on the grid.

text: At t-10:00 the grid is cleared of everyone except team mechanics, race marshals, and drivers. A team will generally want to keep its tyres off their cars and heated in their tyre-warmers for as long as possible, but they must be attached to the cars by t-3:00.

text: Engines must be running by t-1:00; at fifteen seconds to the start all personnel must be clear of the track. Green lights signify the start of the formation lap, also known as the parade lap, during which drivers must remain in the same order (no passing) except if a car ahead has stopped due to a technical problem, or has had an accident. The cars circle the track once, usually weaving from side to side to warm up their tyres, and form up again in their starting positions on the grid. A series of short, controlled burnouts is usually performed as each driver approaches their grid box in order to maximize rear tyre temperature and clean off any debris from the parade lap.

text: If, for some reason, a car cannot start the race (engine failure during qualifying or practice, suspension fails, etc.), the car can still join the race, but will take a 10-position penalty at the start. For example, if the car qualifies in 3rd, but has to change an engine at any point during the race weekend prior to the actual race, the car will start from 13th position. For strategy's sake, teams will sometimes opt to start a car affected in this way from the pit lane. This means they start at the tail end of the grid; however, they can not only change an engine, but also start the race with fresh tyres.

text: Gearboxes must be used for 5 consecutive events (counted as P3, the qualifying practice session and the race). A five place grid penalty will be incurred if a replacement gearbox is used.

text: The race is started by ten red lights in two rows of five (i.e. five columns of two),[5] controlled by FIA Race Director Charlie Whiting. The red lights in each column operate as a pair i.e. both go on and off together. The lights illuminate one pair at a time, left to right, in one-second intervals, and then go out simultaneously after an interval of between four and seven seconds. When the lights go out, the race begins. Should the start need to be aborted for any reason, all five pairs of red lights will come on as normal, but instead of going out, the orange lights will flash. All engines are stopped and the start resumes from the five-minute point. If a single driver raises his hand to indicate that he can't start, the marshall for that row will wave a yellow flag, then after a few seconds, both the red and orange lights will extinguish and the green lights will come on to indicate another formation lap.[6]

text: Scoring[edit]

text: The Drivers' and Constructors' Championships are decided by points, which are awarded according to the place in which a driver classifies at each grand prix. To receive points a racer need not finish the race, but at least 90% of the winner's race distance must be completed. Therefore, it is possible for a driver to receive some points even though he retired before the end of the race. In that case the scoring is based on the distance completed in comparison to other drivers. It is also possible for the lower points not to be awarded (as at the 2005 United States Grand Prix) because insufficient drivers completed 90% of the winner's distance. The system was revised in 2003 and later amended for the 2010 season because of 2 new teams entering the sport. The scoring system from 2010 on is:

text:
Driver completed 90% of winner's race distance

1st place
25 points

2nd place
18 points

3rd place
15 points

4th place
12 points

5th place
10 points

6th place
8 points

7th place
6 points

8th place
4 points

9th place
2 points

10th place
1 point

11th place onwards
No points

text: For scoring systems prior to 2010, refer to the List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems.

text: Drivers finishing lower than tenth place receive no points.

text: If the race had for some reason to be abandoned before 75% of the planned distance (rounded up to the nearest lap) had been completed, then the points awarded are halved: 12.5, 9, 7.5, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0.5.

text: Points are awarded equally to the driver and his constructor; for example, if a driver for one team comes second, eighteen points are added to his season total; if his teammate finished third in the same race, he adds fifteen to his total and the team adds 33 (the sum of the drivers' points) to its total. The championships are awarded to whichever driver and constructor have the most points at the end of the season. In case of a tie, the FIA compares the number of times each driver has finished in each position. The championship goes to whichever had the greater number of wins; if they have the same number of wins, it goes to the driver with the greater number of second places, and so on. For example, if drivers A and B were tied at the end of a season, and B had six wins and three second-place finishes, but A had six wins and four second-place finishes (even if he had fewer third places than B, etc.), then A would be champion.

text: On 10 December 2013, it was confirmed that drivers and constructors will score double points in the final Grand Prix from 2014 onwards,[7] but this was abandoned in the weeks following the 2014 season.

text: Flags[edit]

text: Many venues make use of electronic displays to indicate flags to give various messages to drivers. However, race marshals continue to use physical flags as a redundancy mechanism in the event of electronic display failure. Marshals are positioned at numerous points around the track during every race. Flags have different meanings depending on their colour; the colours (with Pantone values as specified by the FIA) signify as follows:

text:
Flag
Pantone Value
Description
Meaning

YellowC
Yellow

A single yellow indicates danger ahead, such as debris from a crash. Drivers must slow down as they pass; no overtaking is permitted, unless it is unavoidable such as a driver retiring in the section, or a driver is lapped.[8]
Two waved yellows at the same post indicates great danger ahead. Drivers must slow down and be prepared to stop; no overtaking is permitted unless a driver is lapped.[8]
Yellow flags and the SC board (a large white board with "SC" in large black lettering) indicate that the Safety car has been deployed. Drivers must slow down, not overtake and be prepared to leave the normal racing line or even stop as a threat obstructs all or part of the track.

348C
Green
A green flag indicates that any previous danger has been attended to. The track is now clear, and drivers may proceed at racing speed and may again overtake. When the race director so directs, this may be displayed during the parade lap or at the beginning of a practice session; in this case all marshals positions will signal green flags.

186C
Red

Main article: List of red-flagged Formula One races
A red flag indicates that the race, practice session, or qualifying session has been suspended. All marshal stations will signal this. Drivers may not leave the pits. All drivers on the track must proceed cautiously to the pit lane and stop. There they will be reordered in their correct racing order. Sessions may be resumed or abandoned as the race director indicates. If the safety car is deployed, the racing cars should follow it and provisions allow for the safety car to divert the field into the pit lane and wait there.

298C
Blue

At any time, a stationary light blue flag may be shown to a driver at the pit lane exit to warn him that cars are approaching on the track.
During practice, a light blue flag waved on the track notifies a driver that a faster car is approaching and that he must move aside.
During a race, a light blue flag waved on the track warns the driver that he is about to be lapped by a faster car and must not intentionally impede their progress, such as blocking a passing manoeuver. A driver may incur penalties if he ignores three successive blue flags.

White
White

A white flag indicates a slow-moving vehicle such as a retiring car, an ambulance or tow truck ahead on the track, and instructs drivers to slow down.

BlackC
Black
A black flag orders a particular driver to return to his pit within the next lap and report immediately to the Clerk of the Course, usually because he has been disqualified from the race. The flag is accompanied by a board with the car number of the driver on it so no mistake is made.

BlackC/White
Chequered
A black and white chequered flag signals the end of the race, practice session, or qualifying session. During the race it is shown first to the winner and then to the rest of the field as they finish; otherwise it is shown at a predetermined time.

BlackC/White
Half black
A half black and half white flag informs a driver that his behaviour has been deemed unsporting. A sign with the car number accompanies the flag.

BlackC/151C
Black with orange circle
A black flag with an orange circle (40 cm in diameter) in the centre informs a driver that his car has a mechanical problem that has the potential to harm him or other drivers and that he must return to his pit. Shown with car number.

YellowC/186C
Yellow and red stripes
A yellow flag with red stripes warns drivers that the track surface ahead is slippery, or there is debris present. This could be as a result of a car spilling oil (or some other engine fluid), or because rain is starting to fall. Slippery runway in an area, either by water or oil. Drivers must slow down at that point.

text: Flags, whose specifications and usage are prescribed by Appendix H (PDF) of the FIA's International Sporting Code, must measure at least 60 cm by 80 cm, excepting the red and chequered flags, which must measure at least 80 cm by 100 cm.

text: Penalties[edit]

text: Penalties may be imposed on drivers for numerous offenses, including starting prematurely, speeding in the pitlane, causing an accident, blocking unfairly, or ignoring flags of any color. There are four types of penalty which a driver may incur for violation of on-track rules:

text:
The five-second penalty is a very flexible one. A driver may serve it the next time they are due to pit. If they don't need to pit, then five seconds will be added to their time at the end of the race.[9]
The drive-through penalty requires the driver to enter the pitlane, drive through it while obeying its speed limit, and exit without stopping. Drive-through penalties are normally imposed for minor offences, for example kerb-hopping at chicanes, ignoring yellow flags, or cutting corners. As a drive-through penalty does not require the driver to stop and pit, it is less costly to a driver's race times than a stop-go penalty.
The ten-second (or "stop-go") penalty requires the driver to enter the pitlane, stop at his pit for ten seconds, and exit again. As the stop is designed to punish the driver for an offence, team mechanics are forbidden to work on the offending car at any time while the driver is serving the penalty. Stop-go penalties are generally imposed for more serious offences, such as jump starts, pit lane speeding, ignoring blue flags, or unfair blocking. The ten second halt makes a stop-go penalty much more costly to a driver's race time than a drive-through penalty.
A more extreme penalty may be imposed for more severe infractions; adding ten places to the driver's grid position at the next grand prix, e.g. if he qualified in pole position he would start the race eleventh from the front.
The most severe penalty in common use is a black flag, which may be imposed for ignoring penalties or for technical irregularities of any sort; it signifies that the driver has been disqualified from the race and his results for that race will not count toward the championship.
If the black flag is not considered sufficient for the offense that the driver has committed, he may be banned for a number of races after the event.
The most extreme punishment of all (used for seriously endangering the life of another driver) is to be excluded from the drivers' world championship that year. Such cases may, of course, also be taken to judicial court.

text: For the drive-through and stop-go penalties, a driver has two laps from the time his team hears of the penalty to enter the pits; if he does not pit within two laps, he will be black-flagged. The exception to this rule is if the Safety Car is deployed before a driver serves his penalty, in which case he is not allowed to serve his penalty until after the Safety Car comes back in. If he incurs a penalty within the last five laps of the race, he need not pit at all; instead, twenty seconds will be added to his total race time in case of a drive-through penalty, and thirty seconds in case of stop-go penalty.

text: Pit to car messages[edit]

text: To ensure that drivers drive the car 'alone and unaided' and are not being 'coached' from the pit wall, stricter rules have been introduced to govern what information can and cannot be given to a driver over team radio. For example, a driver can no longer be given information about driving lines or how to adjust his car to make it faster whilst out on track.[10] This rule has been changed effective the German Grand Prix in 2016 whereby information can now be given to the driver.[11]

text: History[edit]

text: The primary reasons behind rule changes have traditionally been to do with safety[12] and (mostly since 2000) to limit the cost of the sport.[13]


document_title: Indian Army United Nations peacekeeping missions

question_text: who was awarded paramvir chakra during un peacekeeping mission

text: Past Missions[edit]

text: The following are the Indian contributions to the United Nations Peacekeeping Missions since 1950.

text: (a) Korea (1950–54): 60th Indian Field Ambulance, a Parachute-trained Medical Unit composed of 17 officers, 9 JCOs and 300 other ranks was deployed in the Korean War from November 1950 till July 1954, the longest tenure by any unit under the UN flag. Apart from the unit's primary role, an ADS and a surgical team comprising seven officers and five other ranks participated in Operation Tomahawk, and airborne operation by the 187 Airborne Regimental Combat Team on 21 March 1951. The unit was awarded citations by the chiefs of the US 8th Army and the ROK Army, a special mention in the House of Lords in London, commendations by commanders of various formations the unit was part of, individual honours included four US Bronze Stars, two Mahavir Chakras, six Vir Chakras and 25 Mention-in-Despatches. The unit was also awarded the President's Trophy on 10 March 1955 by the then President of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the only one to be awarded till date. Lt-Gen. K S Thimmayya was appointed as the Chairman of the Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission set up by UN. India also provided a custodian force under Major General S.P.P. Thorat comprising 231 officers, 203 JCOs and 5696 other ranks.[1][6]

text: (b) Indo-China (1954–70): India provided an Infantry Battalion and supporting staff for control of Indo-China, comprising three states of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. Tasks included monitoring, ceasefire and repatriation of prisoners of war, among others. A total of 970 officers, 140 JCOs and 6157 other ranks were provided during the period from 1954-1970.[1]

text: (c) Middle East (1956–67): India was part of the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF), where for the first time armed troop contingents were deployed. India's contribution was an infantry battalion and other support elements. Over a period of 11 years, 393 officers, 409 JCOs and 12383 other ranks took part in the operations.[1]

text: (d) Congo (1960–64) (ONUC): Two infantry Brigades composed of 467 officers, 401 JCOs and 11354 other ranks participated and conducted operations. A flight of six Canberra bomber aircraft of the IAF also participated in the operations. 39 personnel of the Indian contingent laid down their lives. Capt GS Salaria was awarded posthumously the Paramvir Chakra for action in Katanga, Southern Congo.[1]

text: (e) Cambodia (1992-1993): United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia was set up to supervise ceasefire, disarm combatants, repatriate refugees and monitor conduct of free and fair elections. A total of 1373 peacekeepers from all ranks of the Indian Army participated.[1][7]

text: (f) Mozambique (1992–94) (ONUMOZ): Two Engineer companies, HQ company, logistics company, staff officers and military observers were provided. In all 1083 peacekeepers from all ranks participated.[8]

text: (g) Somalia (1993–94) (UNITAF & UNOSOM II): The Indian Navy and Indian Army took active part in UN Operations. Indian Army deployed a Brigade Group composed of 5000 personnel from all ranks and the navy deployed four warships.[1][9]

text: (h) Rwanda (1994–96) (UNAMIR): An Infantry Battalion group, a signal company, and engineer company, staff officers and Military Observers were provided. Total of 956 from all ranks took part. Brigadier Shiva Kumar of the Indian Army (Acting) was the third and final Force Commander of UN troops serving in Rwanda from December 1995-March 1996.[10]

text: (i) Angola (1989-1999) (UNAVEM): Besides providing a Deputy Force Commander, an Infantry Battalion group and an engineer company comprising a total of 1014 from all ranks. India contributed 10 military observers for UNAVEM I, 25 for UNAVEM II and 20 military observers, 37 SOs, and 30 senior NCOs for UNAVEM III.[11]

text: (j) Sierra Leone (1999-2001) (UNAMSIL): Two Infantry Battalion groups, two engineer companies, Quick reaction company, Attack helicopter unit, medical unit and Logistic support in addition to sector HQ and Force Headquarters staff were provided.[12]

text: (k) Ethiopia-Eritrea (2006–08) (UNMEE): Indian contribution comprised one infantry battalion group, one construction engineer company and one force reserve company, apart from staffing at various HQs and military observers.[1][13]

text: Current Missions[edit]

text: The Indian Armed Forces are currently undertaking the following UN Missions.

text: (a) Lebanon (UNIFIL) (Since Dec 1998): One infantry battalion group, Level II Hospital comprising 650 peacekeepers from all ranks and 23 staff officers till date, have been deployed. The current situation in the Mission is tense and volatile due to the crises in Syria.[14] UNIFIL's mandate is renewed by United Nations Security Council annually. Current mandate expires on 31 August 2014.[15]

text: (b) Congo (MONUSCO) (Since January 2005): Extended Chapter VII mandate with Augmented Infantry Brigade Group (four infantry battalions with level III Hospital), Army aviation contingent with utility helicopters along with a large number of military observers and SOs have been contributed. In addition, two Formed Police Units (FPU) ex BSF and ITBP have also been deployed since 2009. Lt Gen Chander Prakash of India, was, till recently the Force Commander in MONUSCO. MONUSCO's new mandate vide Resolution 2098 (2013) has been implemented with an Intervention Brigade provided by AU, deployed under UN Command. The FARDC along with the support of MONUSCO were able to destroy the M-23 Rebel Group, however the situation continues to be volatile and uncertain due to the presence of other armed groups.[16]. The Current COAS of the Indian Army, Bipin Rawat once commanded a MONUSCO bridge. [17]

text: (c) Sudan and South Sudan (UNMIS/UNMISS) (Since April 2005): Two Infantry Battalion groups, sector HQ, Engineer company, signal company, Level-II Hospital and a large number of military observers and staff officers (SOs) have been deployed. The mission has a Deputy Force Commander Brig Asit Mistry (Indian Army) and until recently a Deputy Police Commissioner Mr Sanjay Kundu (Indian Police Service) was also present there. The latest political developments in the Mission led to widespread inter-tribe violence and large displacement of locals. In the ensuing intra state conflict two Indian Peacekeepers lost their lives while ensuring Protection of Civilians.[18] The current situation continues to be highly volatile and sporadic clashes between the tribes are being reported regularly.[19]

text: (d) Golan Heights (UNDOF) (Since February 2006): A Logistics battalion with 190 personnel has been deployed to look after the logistics security of UNDOF. Maj.Gen. I.S. Singha is the Force Commander since July 2012. Current crisis due to Syrian conflict has impacted the mission and exchange of fire between the Syrian Forces and the armed groups have put the Peacekeepers in grave danger.[19]

text: (e) Ivory Coast (UNOCI) (Since April 2004): The mission has been supported by Indian staff officers (SOs) and military observers since its inception.[20]

text: (f) Haiti (MINUSTAH) (Since December 1997): Apart from three Indian Formed Police Unit (FPU) there, i.e. from CISF, CRPF and Assam Rifles, which have been successful,[1] the mission has been supported by Indian Army staff officers since its inception.[21]

text: (g) Liberia (UNMIL) (Since April 2007): India has been contributing both male and female Formed Police Units from CRPF and its Specialized unit RAF in Liberia. The Female Formed Police Unit (FPU) has especially become an inspiration for the women of the host nation and have become trendsetters for other such female FPUs across the Globe. Till recently, Mr Gautam Sawang of India was the acting Police Commissioner there.[22][23]


document_title: Carnegie Hall

question_text: who conducted the orchestra at the opening of the carnegie hall in 1891

text: Carnegie Hall

text: Venues[edit]

text: Carnegie Hall contains three distinct, separate performance spaces.

text: Main Hall (Stern Auditorium/Perelman Stage)[edit]

text: The Isaac Stern Auditorium seats 2,804 on five levels and was named after violinist Isaac Stern in 1997 to recognize his efforts to save the hall from demolition in the 1960s.[6] The hall is enormously high, and visitors to the top balcony must climb 137 steps. All but the top level can be reached by elevator.[7]

text: The main hall was home to the performances of the New York Philharmonic from 1892 until 1962. Known as the most prestigious concert stage in the U.S., almost all of the leading classical music, and more recently, popular music, performers since 1891 have performed there. After years of heavy wear and tear, the hall was extensively renovated in 1986 (see below).

text: The Ronald O. Perelman Stage is 42 feet deep. The five levels of seating in the Stern Auditorium begin with the Parquet level, which has twenty-five full rows of thirty-eight seats and four partial rows at stage level, for a total of 1,021 seats. The First Tier and Second Tier consist of sixty-five boxes; the First Tier has 264 seats at eight seats per box and the Second Tier seats 238, with boxes ranging from six to eight seats each. Second from the top is the Dress Circle, seating 444 in six rows; the first two rows form an almost-complete semicircle. At the top, the balcony seats 837. Although seats with obstructed views exist throughout the auditorium, only the Dress Circle level has structural columns.[8]

text: Zankel Hall[edit]

text: Zankel Hall, which seats 599, is named after Judy and Arthur Zankel. Originally called simply Recital Hall, this was the first auditorium to open to the public in April 1891. Following renovations made in 1896, it was renamed Carnegie Lyceum. It was leased to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in 1898, converted into a cinema, which opened as the Carnegie Hall Cinema in May 1961 with the film White Nights by Luchino Visconti and was reclaimed for use as an auditorium in 1997. The completely reconstructed Zankel Hall is flexible in design and can be reconfigured in several different arrangements to suit the needs of the performers. It opened in September 2003.[9][10]

text: The 599 seats in Zankel Hall are arranged in two levels. The Parterre level seats a total of 463 and the Mezzanine level seats 136. Each level has a number of seats which are situated along the side walls, perpendicular to the stage. These seats are designated as boxes; there are 54 seats in six boxes on the Parterre level and 48 seats in four boxes on the Mezzanine level. The boxes on the Parterre level are raised above the level of the stage. Zankel Hall is accessible and its stage is 44 feet wide and 25 feet deep—the stage occupies approximately one fifth of the performance space.[11]

text: Weill Recital Hall[edit]

text: The Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall seats 268 and is named after Sanford I. Weill, a former chairman of the board, and his wife Joan. This auditorium, in use since the hall opened in 1891, was originally called Chamber Music Hall (later Carnegie Chamber Music Hall); the name was changed to Carnegie Recital Hall in the late 1940s, and finally became Joan and Sanford I. Weill Recital Hall in 1986.

text: The Weill Recital Hall is the smallest of the three performance spaces, with a total of 268 seats. The Orchestra level contains fourteen rows of fourteen seats, a total of 196, and the Balcony level contains 72 seats in five rows.[12]

text: Other facilities[edit]

text: The building also contains the Carnegie Hall Archives, established in 1986, and the Rose Museum, which opened in 1991. Until 2009 studios above the Hall contained working spaces for artists in the performing and graphic arts including music, drama, dance, as well as architects, playwrights, literary agents, photographers and painters. The spaces were unusual in being purpose-designed for artistic work, with very high ceilings, skylights and large windows for natural light. In 2007 the Carnegie Hall Corporation announced plans to evict the 33 remaining studio residents, some of whom had been in the building since the 1950s, including celebrity portrait photographer Editta Sherman and fashion photographer Bill Cunningham. The organization's research showed that Andrew Carnegie had always considered the spaces as a source of income to support the hall and its activities. The space has been re-purposed for music education and corporate offices.[13][14]

text: Architecture[edit]

text: Carnegie Hall is one of the last large buildings in New York built entirely of masonry, without a steel frame; however, when several flights of studio spaces were added to the building near the turn of the 20th century, a steel framework was erected around segments of the building. The exterior is rendered in narrow Roman bricks of a mellow ochre hue, with details in terracotta and brownstone. The foyer avoids typical 19th century Baroque theatrical style with the Florentine Renaissance manner of Filippo Brunelleschi's Pazzi Chapel: white plaster and gray stone form a harmonious system of round-headed arched openings and Corinthian pilasters that support an unbroken cornice, with round-headed lunettes above it, under a vaulted ceiling. The famous white and gold auditorium interior is similarly restrained. The firm of Adler and Sullivan of Chicago, noted for the acoustics of their theaters, were hired as consultant architects though their contributions are not known.

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Carnegie Hall is named after Andrew Carnegie, who funded its construction. It was intended as a venue for the Oratorio Society of New York and the New York Symphony Society, on whose boards Carnegie served. Construction began in 1890, and was carried out by Isaac A. Hopper and Company. Although the building was in use from April 1891, the official opening night was May 5, with a concert conducted by maestro Walter Damrosch and great Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.[15][16] Originally known simply as "Music Hall" (the words "Music Hall founded by Andrew Carnegie" still appear on the façade above the marquee), the hall was renamed Carnegie Hall in 1893 after board members of the Music Hall Company of New York (the hall's original governing body) persuaded Carnegie to allow the use of his name. Several alterations were made to the building between 1893 and 1896, including the addition of two towers of artists' studios, and alterations to the smaller auditorium on the building's lower level.

text: The hall was owned by the Carnegie family until 1925, when Carnegie's widow sold it to a real estate developer, Robert E. Simon. When Simon died in 1935, his son, Robert E. Simon, Jr., became owner. By the mid-1950s, changes in the music business prompted Simon to offer Carnegie Hall for sale to the New York Philharmonic, which booked a majority of the hall's concert dates each year. The orchestra declined, since it planned to move to Lincoln Center, then in the early stages of planning. At the time, it was widely believed that New York City could not support two major concert venues. Facing the loss of the hall's primary tenant, Simon was forced to offer the building for sale. A deal with a commercial developer fell through, and by 1960, with the New York Philharmonic on the move to Lincoln Center, the building was slated for demolition to make way for a commercial skyscraper. Under pressure from a group led by violinist Isaac Stern and many of the artist residents, special legislation was passed that allowed the City of New York to buy the site from Simon for $5 million (which he would use to establish Reston, VA), and in May 1960 the nonprofit Carnegie Hall Corporation was created to run the venue. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962.[2][17][18]

text: Most of the greatest performers of classical music since the time Carnegie Hall was built have performed in the Main Hall, and its lobbies are adorned with signed portraits and memorabilia. The NBC Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Arturo Toscanini, frequently recorded in the Main Hall for RCA Victor. On November 14, 1943, the 25-year old Leonard Bernstein had his major conducting debut when he had to substitute for a suddenly ill Bruno Walter in a concert that was broadcast by CBS,[19] making him instantly famous. In the fall of 1950, the orchestra's weekly broadcast concerts were moved there until the orchestra disbanded in 1954. Several of the concerts were televised by NBC, preserved on kinescopes, and have been released on home video.

text: Many legendary jazz and popular music performers have also given memorable performances at Carnegie Hall including Benny Goodman, Duke Ellington, Glenn Miller, Billie Holiday, the Dave Brubeck Quartet, Violetta Villas, Judy Garland, Harry Belafonte, Charles Aznavour, Ike & Tina Turner, Paul Robeson, Nina Simone, Shirley Bassey, James Gang and Stevie Ray Vaughan, all of whom made celebrated live recordings of their concerts there.

text: The hall has also been the site of many famous lectures, including the Tuskegee Institute Silver Anniversary Lecture by Booker T. Washington, and the last public lecture by Mark Twain, both in 1906.

text: Sissieretta Jones became the first African-American to sing at the Music Hall (renamed Carnegie Hall the following year), June 15, 1892.[20][21] The Benny Goodman Orchestra gave a sold-out swing and jazz concert January 16, 1938. The bill also featured, among other guest performers, Count Basie and members of Duke Ellington's orchestra.

text: Rock and roll music first came to Carnegie Hall when Bill Haley & His Comets appeared in a variety benefit concert on May 6, 1955.[22] Rock acts were not regularly booked at the Hall however, until February 12, 1964, when The Beatles performed two shows[23] during their historic first trip to the United States.[24] Promoter Sid Bernstein convinced Carnegie officials that allowing a Beatles concert at the venue "would further international understanding" between the United States and Great Britain.[25] "Led Zeppelin became the first hard rock act to play Carnegie Hall since the Rolling Stones tore the place up some five years ago." Two concerts were performed October 17, 1969.[26] Since then numerous rock, blues, jazz and country performers have appeared at the hall every season.[27] Jethro Tull released the tapes recorded on its presentation in a 1970 Benefit concert, in the 2010 re-release of the Stand Up album. Ike & Tina Turner performed a concert April 1, 1971, which resulted in their album What You Hear is What You Get. The Beach Boys played concerts in 1971 and 1972, and two songs from the show appeared on their Endless Harmony Soundtrack. Chicago recorded its 4-LP box set Chicago at Carnegie Hall in 1971.

text: Renovations and additions[edit]

text: The building was extensively renovated in 1986 and 2003, by James Polshek, who became better known through his post-modern planetarium at the American Museum of Natural History. Polshek and his firm, Polshek Partnership, were involved since 1978 in four phases of the Hall's renovation and expansion including the creation of a Master Plan in 1980; the actual renovation of the main hall, the Stern Auditorium, and the creation of the Weill Recital Hall and Kaplan Rehearsal Space, all in 1986;[28] the creation of the Rose Museum, East Room and Club Room (later renamed Rohatyn Room and Shorin Club Room, respectively), all in 1991; and, most recently, the creation of Zankel Hall in 2003.[9][10]

text: The renovation was not without controversy. Following completion of work on the main auditorium in 1986, there were complaints that the famous acoustics of the hall had been diminished.[29] Although officials involved in the renovation denied that there was any change, complaints persisted for the next nine years. In 1995, the cause of the problem was discovered to be a slab of concrete under the stage. The slab was subsequently removed.[30]

text: In 1987–1989, a 60-floor office tower, named Carnegie Hall Tower, designed by César Pelli & Associates, was completed next to the hall on the same block. New backstage space and banquet spaces, contained within the tower, connect with the main Carnegie Hall building.

text: In June 2003, tentative plans were made for the Philharmonic to return to Carnegie Hall beginning in 2006, and for the orchestra to merge its business operations with those of the venue. However, the two groups abandoned these plans later in 2003.[31]

text: In 2014, Carnegie Hall opened its Judith and Burton Resnick Education Wing, which houses 24 music rooms, one of which is large enough to hold an orchestra or a chorus. The $230 million project was funded with gifts from Joan and Sanford I. Weill and the Weill Family Fund, Judith and Burton Resnick, Lily Safra and other donors, as well as $52.2 million from the city, $11 million from the state and $56.5 million from bonds issued through the Trust for Cultural Resources of the City of New York.[32]

text: The 2015–2016 Season celebrates a 125th Anniversary and the launch of an unprecedented commissioning project of at least 125 new works with 'Fifty for the Future" coming from Kronos (25 by female composers and 25 by male composers.)

text: Management[edit]

text: Since July 2005, the Executive and Artistic Director of Carnegie Hall is Sir Clive Gillinson, formerly managing director of the London Symphony Orchestra.

text: Carnegie Hall Archives[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Unexpectedly, for most concert-goers, it emerged in 1986 that Carnegie Hall had never consistently maintained an archive. Without a central repository, a significant portion of Carnegie Hall's documented history had been dispersed. In preparation for the celebration of Carnegie Hall's centennial in 1991, the management established the Carnegie Hall Archives.

text: Carnegie Hall joke[edit]

text: Rumor is that a pedestrian on Fifty-seventh Street, Manhattan, stopped Jascha Heifetz and inquired, "Could you tell me how to get to Carnegie Hall?" "Yes," said Heifetz. "Practice!"[33]

text: This old joke has become part of the folklore of the hall, but its origins remain a mystery. According to The New York Times, the main player in the story has been described at various times as either an unnamed man, violinist Jascha Heifetz or the pianist Arthur Rubinstein.[34] On its webpage, Carnegie Hall quotes the wife of violinist Mischa Elman as having perhaps the best story of its origin: "One day, after a rehearsal that hadn’t pleased Elman, the couple was leaving Carnegie Hall by the backstage entrance when they were approached by two tourists looking for the hall’s entrance. Seeing his violin case, they asked, 'How do you get to Carnegie Hall?' Without looking up and continuing on his way, Elman simply replied, 'Practice.'"[35]

text: Finances[edit]

text: The hall's operating budget for the 2008–2009 season was $84 million. For 2007–2008, operating costs exceeded revenues from operations by $40.2 million. With funding from donors, investment income and government grants, the hall ended that season with $1.9 million more in total revenues than total costs.

text: World premieres[edit]

text: Other buildings named Carnegie Hall[edit]

text: Several other concert halls also bear the Carnegie name.

text:
Carnegie Hall, a 540-seat venue in Andrew Carnegie's native Dunfermline, Scotland, opened in 1937.
420-seat Carnegie Hall in Lewisburg, West Virginia.
Carnegie Library and Theatre in Covington, Kentucky.
1928-seat Carnegie Music Hall on the main site of the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh and the main branch of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh.
Carnegie Hall on the North Side of Pittsburgh, formerly known as Allegheny, Pennsylvania, attached to the Carnegie Library.
Carnegie Music Hall attached to the Carnegie library in the suburb of Braddock, Pennsylvania. This was built as part of an 1893 addition to the Braddock Carnegie Library. As of April 2014, it is undergoing restoration.
1022-seat Carnegie Music Hall annexed to the Carnegie library in the suburb of Homestead, Pennsylvania.
Carnegie Music Hall attached to the Carnegie library in the suburb of Carnegie, Pennsylvania.
Carnegie also built a Library and Music Hall in the suburb of Duquesne, Pennsylvania that was demolished in 1968.