document_title: This Is Us (season 2)

question_text: when does this is us season two end

question_tokens: when does this is us season two end

text: This Is Us (season 2)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson[1]
Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson[1]
Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson[1]

Niles Fitch as teenage Randall Pearson[2]
Lonnie Chavis as young Randall Pearson[2]

Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson[1]

Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate Pearson[2]
Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate Pearson[2]

Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson[1]

Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin Pearson[2]
Parker Bates as young Kevin Pearson[2]

Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson[1]
Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon[1]
Ron Cephas Jones as William H. "Shakespeare" Hill[1][3]
Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas[1]
Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie[1]
Eris Baker as Tess Pearson[2]
Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson[2]

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Lyric Ross as Deja, Randall and Beth's foster child.[4]
Jermel Nakia as young adult William H. "Shakespeare" Hill[5][3]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Sylvester Stallone as himself, an actor in Kevin's movie.[6]
Debra Jo Rupp as Linda, a social worker who works with Randall and Beth when they foster Deja.[7]
Sam Anderson as Walter Crowder, the judge in young adult William Hill's case.[5]
Delroy Lindo as Ernest Bradley, the judge in Randall's adoption case.[5]
Joy Brunson as Shauna, Deja's mother.[8]
Kate Burton as Barbara, a psychologist at Kevin's rehab who facilitates his meeting with the family.[9]
Garrett Morris as Lloyd, a resident of William's old apartment building.[10]
Iantha Richardson as adult Tess Pearson, a social worker.[11]
Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski (aka Dr. K), Rebecca's former childbirth obstetrician.[12]
Susan Blakely as Anne, Dr. K's wife.[12]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

19
1
"A Father's Advice"
Ken Olin
Dan Fogelman
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
2AZC01
12.94[13]

On the Big Three's 37th birthday, Randall wants to adopt a baby, but Beth convinces him they can honor William's legacy by adopting an older child. Kate leaves an audition because all the other women there are thin, but she returns to go through with it. She is rejected because of her inexperience, not her weight; Kate is confident she can work her way up. Toby tells Kevin that he, not Kevin, needs to be Kate's "person." Kevin explains that Kate informed him of their father's death, and being Kate's brother is the only thing he is really good at. In the past, Rebecca takes the Big Three to a movie after her argument with Jack. Rebecca urges Jack to come home; Jack admits his drinking is out of control. Later, the family house has burned and Rebecca, in the car with Jack's possessions in a bag, screams and cries.

20
2
"A Manny-Splendored Thing"
John Fortenberry
Dan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
2AZC02
11.06[14]

Kevin is invited back for the 100th "The Manny" episode. The producers try to embarrass him for how he left the show, but Sophie helps him do it anyway. Randall, Beth, their girls, Rebecca, and Miguel travel across the country to see the live episode. Randall and Beth take a walk during the taping to discuss Randall's worries about fostering an older child who could have major issues. Also during the taping, Kate gets a call for her first gig; however, she does not want her mother to criticize her performance, so Kate asks both Rebecca and Toby not to follow her, but they do anyway. Later, Kate confronts Rebecca about how she has always treated her. Rebecca seeks support from Toby, but he clearly sides with Kate, which wins Rebecca's approval. After the episode taping, Beth learns from Kevin that Randall only risked failure once: in asking her out. Beth reassures Randall they can go through with their plan. In flashbacks, Jack confesses to teenage Kate that he has an alcoholism problem. Jack (when on the wagon before) vented his anger on a punching bag; this time, he lets Rebecca take him to an AA meeting.

21
3
"Déjà Vu"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
2AZC03
11.02[15]

On Kevin's movie set, Kate—excited that Sylvester Stallone is his co-star—bonds with "Sly" and tells him what his films meant to her father, and about his death. After talking with Stallone, Kevin's memories of his dad surface, affecting his performance in a scene. Randall learns that a young girl, Deja, is being brought to his home. Later, when Deja yells at Beth for "stealing" her mom's cigarettes, Randall defends his wife, and Deja shrinks to defend herself from apparent aggression. Randall talks to Deja about the joy he found in having Jack and Rebecca, as well as William. Kevin takes pain medication after injuring his knee—his old football injury—from a scene explosion during filming. In flashbacks, when the kids are teenagers, Jack talks about his efforts to rehabilitate from alcoholism; Randall tries to find his birth parents through an ad, and is comforted by Kate and Kevin after a woman claims to be his birth mother for his family's money.

22
4
"Still There"
Ken Olin
Vera Herbert
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
2AZC04
10.65[16]

Randall takes his daughters and Deja bowling, which does not go as expected. Beth offers to help Deja take care of her hair, and the two bond. Randall admits to Deja that he has had problems with nervous breakdowns and has taken up running to deal with his anxiety; he invites her to come with him. Kevin undergoes surgery on his injured knee, and continues to overuse his pain medication. Kate visits a gynaecologist for an ultrasound, revealing that she is pregnant. In flashbacks, Kate and Kevin contract the chicken pox, and their doctor urges Randall to do his best to catch them as well so it would not occur later for him. Rebecca's mother pops in intent on staying for a while, and her overbearing attitude and the fact that she treats Randall differently than Kate and Kevin leads to Rebecca confronting her about it all and calling her a racist, which Randall overhears. Rebecca's mother takes her words to heart and reaches out to Randall, recognizing for the first time how special he is.

23
5
"Brothers"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Tyler Bensinger
October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)
2AZC05
10.60[17]

Kate and Toby share news of her pregnancy. Kevin, set to be auctioned off by Sophie for a large-scale charity event she is hosting, gets drunk while trying to get a pain medication prescription; he misses the auction, embarrassing Sophie. Randall earns Deja's trust. In the past, when Jack takes 10-year-old Kevin and Randall camping, Rebecca learns that Jack's father is dying. She calls Jack, but he had issues with his father, and he is trying to have Kevin get along with Randall, so Jack says that he will not return. Rebecca reassures Jack's father (who sees his granddaughter, Kate) that Jack is a great father and husband. Kevin finds a notebook where Randall wrote notes of how to keep peace between them, motivating him to be nice to Randall. Later, Jack looks at a picture of him and his brother in the army. During Jack's childhood, he and his never-before-seen brother await their father's return to the car as he gets drunk at a bar.

24
6
"The 20's"
Regina King
Don Roos
October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)
2AZC06
8.43[18]

In flashbacks, with the 10-year-old Big Three, Rebecca takes Randall trick-or-treating, while Jack takes Kate and Kevin to a haunted house. Randall learns about Kyle's death from the neighbors; Rebecca then tells him the facts of his adoption. In other flashbacks, with the Big Three being in their twenties, Kate finds out she is involved with a married man. Kevin, desperate for work as an actor, attempts to steal a role from his roommate and best friend. Meanwhile, Randall and Beth prepare for the arrival of their first daughter. Beth unexpectedly goes into labor after agreeing to help Rebecca get a Facebook account. With no time to get to the hospital, Randall helps Beth through a home delivery. Kate and Kevin commiserate about their deadbeat lives and decide to live together. When Rebecca posts a photo of her granddaughter on Facebook, she gets a message from Miguel, asking how she has been the last 8 years. (Jack's death was sometime before Miguel last saw Rebecca.)

25
7
"The Most Disappointed Man"
Chris Koch
Kay Oyegun
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
2AZC07
9.89[19]

Jack and Rebecca prepare to finalize Randall's adoption when Randall is a year old. Their case worker gives a glowing recommendation, but their judge is against interracial adoption. After Rebecca's letter about being Randall's mother, the judge recuses himself; the new judge grants the adoption. Concurrently, William pleads guilty to a drug charge. Although the judge is disappointed because William had a clean record, William claims to be more disappointed, due to the loss of his loved ones and son. The judge visits William in jail, offering to reduce the sentence and get him help, if he stays sober. William keeps this promise for at least 30 years, until hearing his cancer is terminal. As he is about to use, Randall introduces himself as William's biological son. In the present, Randall takes Deja to visit her mother Shauna in prison, but Shauna declines the visit. Randall later talks to Shauna, who intends to take Deja back after her release. He lets Shauna call Deja collect. Kevin's relationship with Sophie deteriorates as he continues abusing pain medication and alcohol. Kate and Toby announce their pregnancy to Kevin, plan to get married at city hall, but then consider a big wedding.

26
8
"Number One"
Ken Olin
K.J. Steinberg
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
2AZC08
10.05[20]

In flashbacks, baby Kevin walks first. Teenage Kevin disrespects a Pitt football recruiter, thinking Pitt inferior, so Jack scolds Kevin. As Jack speaks with his sponsor, and recites the serenity prayer, Kevin remains flippant, but Jack apologizes to Kevin. A game injury ends Kevin's football prospects while Jack and Randall are away at a college tour. Jack comes to the hospital and assures Kevin he has other talents, and will find his purpose. Kevin apologizes for his attitude. Jack gives him a pendant, symbolizing "purpose", given to him in Vietnam at a personal low point. Jack says Kevin is his purpose. Present-day Kevin, exhausted by substance abuse, is an honored alumnus at his high school. His football coach introduces him; Kevin imagines Jack giving the speech. Kevin declares himself unworthy of his award. He pantomimes football on the field, giving play-by-play commentary on his failures. He has sex with fellow honoree Charlotte, a doctor, and uses her prescription pad to create a forgery; he quickly leaves a pharmacy after police enter, having left the pendant in Charlotte's house, but she keeps him out. He collapses, begging for help. He visits Randall, who assumes Kevin's desire to talk concerns Kate's miscarriage.

27
9
"Number Two"
Ken Olin
K.J. Steinberg & Shukree Hassan Tilghman
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
2AZC09
9.34[21]

In flashbacks, baby Kate walks second. Teenage Kate bonds with the dog, Louie. Kate seems unconcerned with college applications; Rebecca is pleased to discover Kate's application for Berklee. At Kevin's game, Kate accepts Rebecca's praise just as Kevin is injured. At the hospital, Kate admits she feared disappointing Rebecca; Rebecca acknowledges their emotional distance, but is ready to support Kate when needed. Kate watches her parents embrace. Present-day Kate talks to her unborn baby; she and Toby focus on her prenatal care, but she miscarries. Kate leaves a singing gig, overcome at seeing a family; she loads a buffet plate but leaves it untouched. Toby works frantically to avert the delivery of a baby bath. At home, Kate blames Toby for getting her excited about the baby; she tells Toby that the miscarriage didn't happen to him, but he asserts that he shares their loss. Rebecca arrives and Kate accepts her support. Kate admits feeling she hurt Toby by miscarrying; Rebecca shares that concealing from Jack her grief over triplet Kyle's death led her to a breakdown in a supermarket after six weeks. Kate tells Toby how she feels, and they agree to try again soon; they reaffirm their love.

28
10
"Number Three"
Ken Olin
Shukree Hassan Tilghman
November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)
2AZC10
10.94[22]

In flashbacks, baby Randall walks third. Jack expects teenage Randall to attend Harvard, but lets Randall tour Howard. Jack takes the official tour; a friend shows Randall around. Randall tells Jack that others' reactions make him feel "off-balance" as the only black family member. Jack shows Randall the Vietnam Veterans Memorial; Jack felt off-balance when he returned from the war. Jack believes Randall will find balance and be "spectacular". They return to Pittsburgh for hospitalized Kevin; Jack admits monitoring all three children is difficult. In the present, the charges against Deja's mother Shauna are dropped; Randall and Beth consider fighting for custody. Randall recalls William's account of following Rebecca home after her second visit; he realized Randall had a full life without him, and left. Randall observes Shauna preparing for Deja's homecoming, and realizes Deja's home is with Shauna; Beth agrees. They attend Deja's school presentation. Shauna takes Deja home; Randall offers help. Randall and Beth agree to foster again; a young boy meets with his social worker. Kevin arrives, but leaves quickly after drinking vodka. Kevin is speeding—Tess, hidden in his backseat because she "hates" home, admonishes him; Kevin is arrested for DUI; Tess is safe.

29
11
"The Fifth Wheel"
Chris Koch
Vera Herbert
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
2AZC11
9.65[23]

When the kids are 10, Jack takes the family to a cabin vacation, getting Kevin after football camp. Randall's new glasses are missing. Rebecca notices Kate's food obsession; Jack has her exercise, but takes her for ice cream. During a thunderstorm, Kevin brings Randall's glasses to their parents' room—where Kate and Randall are sleeping. He sleeps on the floor. Present-day Toby finds junk-food trash. Tess tells her parents she was sad when Deja had to leave. The family visits Kevin at rehab; Barbara, the facilitator, wants only immediate family at Kevin's first session. Kevin apologizes to the family, but Barbara has him discuss family issues. Kevin says they are a family of addicts. Kevin felt like an outcast ("fifth wheel"): Kate had Jack's support; Rebecca loved Randall more than Kevin. Randall scolds Kevin; Rebecca, crying, says why Randall was easier to love. Toby, Beth, and Miguel, at a bar, discuss being outsiders, Miguel the only one who knew Jack. After the session, the Big Three reconcile. Kate admits to Toby about hiding junk food since miscarrying. Rebecca tells Kevin why she never worried about him, but they had their moments. (In the flashback, Rebecca joins Kevin on the floor.)

30
12
"Clooney"
Zetna Fuentes
Bekah Brunstetter
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
2AZC12
9.82[24]

Jack and Rebecca take the teenage Big Three shopping for suits and dresses for the winter formal and Jack's job. Randall asks a redhead girl out. Though the teenagers are almost starting college, Jack again wants to start "Big Three Homes" (which he put aside to support his family). Presently, William's stray cat "Clooney" wanders. After rehab, Kevin stays with Rebecca—whom Miguel is protecting, since Kevin upset her by getting arrested and criticizing her at rehab. Miguel later tells Kevin that Jack and Rebecca were a unified couple, not individuals; he did not love Rebecca while Jack was alive, but does now and is staying. Kate befriends Madison from support group; they go wedding dress shopping; Kate discovers Madison's bulimia. Madison later faints and calls Kate for help. Kate says losing weight as a teenager did not make her happy. Randall visits Beth at work; she says working again would help him. Randall gets William's box from storage, searches for a lady about whom William wrote and drew, and discovers from a picture it was Billie Holiday. Randall tells Beth he wants to buy and manage the run-down building with her. In the flashback, they forget smoke detector batteries.

31
13
"That'll Be the Day"
Uta Briesewitz
Kay Oyegun & Don Roos
January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)
2AZC13
9.37[25]

Around 1980, an elderly couple look through their junk, including a jukebox which would play "That'll Be the Day". When their house gets a buyer, the man gives his neighbor, Jack, a slow cooker with a tricky switch. In 1998, Jack and Rebecca watch the Super Bowl alone as the teenagers are otherwise occupied—Kevin is with Sophie, Randall is on a date, and Kate is making a music college audition tape (which Jack videotapes, to Kate's initial disapproval). Presently, Randall and Beth buy William's old building. Kevin helps Randall do repairs; they soon find themselves overwhelmed—and bugs, so the building is vacated when an exterminator is called. When Toby looks for a dog on the internet, Kate—with mixed feelings—adopts a dog. Kevin tries to make amends to Sophie, receives his missing pendant in the mail—and knows that he cannot make amends to his dad. In 1998, the old slow cooker's faulty switch causes a house fire.

32
14
"Super Bowl Sunday"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Dan Fogelman
February 4, 2018 (2018-02-04)
2AZC14
26.97[26]

In 1998, Jack evacuates the family (Kevin is away) from the burning house, then retrieves Kate's dog and family mementos. Jack, hospitalized for smoke inhalation, dies suddenly of cardiac arrest, to Rebecca’s shock. She tells Miguel, Randall, and Kate; Kate tells Kevin. On the 20th anniversary of Jack's death, Kate's VCR damages her audition tape Jack recorded—and saved from the fire—which she watches cathartically, blaming herself. Toby gets the tape repaired and digitized. Kate tells Toby he strengthens her, and Jack would have loved him. Kevin visits Jack's memorial tree, admitting not living up to Jack's legacy, but wanting to make him proud. Rebecca makes Jack's favorite lasagna, and bonds with Kevin. Randall holds a Super Bowl party to commemorate Jack, but is emotional when the family's new pet lizard dies. Tess admits trying to prevent social workers from calling, fearing recent changes mean Randall wants a "new life". He reassures her he will always be devoted to her; she is happy the family participates in fostering. Deja unexpectedly arrives; Randall and Beth comfort her. The boy seen earlier is placed with a couple; the social worker is adult Tess, whom older Randall meets for dinner.

33
15
"The Car"
Ken Olin
Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
2AZC15
10.13[27]

Jack buys a costly Wagoneer because his young children love it. The Pearsons, going to see "Weird Al" Yankovic, slowly cross a bridge Rebecca fears. Jack drives Rebecca, awaiting MRI results, to his "favorite tree” (nearest a pay phone); Rebecca is fine, as Jack anticipated. Jack predicts he will die first; he asks to be outside, not buried. The brothers fight during Randall's driving lesson; Jack exhorts them to be close like him and his brother, who died in Vietnam. Jack drives truant Kate to Alanis Morissette's autograph session; they compare Morrissette with Bruce Springsteen. Rebecca drives the teenagers to Jack's funeral, stalking the urn because she was not in Jack's room when he died. Dr. K—married to Anne—attends; he tells Rebecca Jack often sought his advice and she has always been strong. Kate decides to give away her dog; Rebecca affirms that Jack's death is not Kate's fault—Jack made his own decisions. The brothers bicker over manly duties; Rebecca tells them to remain teenagers; they make peace. The Pearsons scatter Jack's ashes at the tree; Kate keeps some. Jack had purchased Springsteen tickets for that night; Rebecca drives the family to the concert—crossing the bridge.

34
16
"Vegas, Baby"
Joanna Kerns
Laura Kenar
February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)
2AZC16
9.74[28]

Jack and Rebecca celebrate their early wedding anniversaries—she, with small thoughtful gifts; he, with grand romantic gestures. The children, age 10, plan a romantic anniversary celebration (despite Rebecca's desire not to celebrate), including an attempted dinner, and culminating in observing a meteor shower. Rebecca decides they should always celebrate their anniversary. Presently, Toby and Kate hold their bachelor and bachelorette parties in Las Vegas. Kevin, Randall, Beth, and others attend; Toby has no close male friends, and Kate and Beth are not close. Kevin maintains his sobriety, despite struggling when learning his film scenes may have been cut. Weeks after providing Deja money for Shauna's utility bill, Randall worries about Deja; Beth wants to move on; they argue. Kate tries to mediate, revealing she feels Beth replaced her in Randall's life; Kate explains she was closest to Randall during part of their youth; Beth admits her love for absent Deja hurts. Toby supports Kevin and Randall, saying his own brother never desired a close relationship. Ron Howard tells Kevin his great work is still in the movie. When returning home, Beth decides she and Randall should visit Deja; they find her and Shauna living in a car.

35
17
"This Big, Amazing, Beautiful Life"[29]
TBA
TBA
March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)
2AZC17
TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On January 18, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a second and third season of 18 episodes each, for a total of 36 additional episodes.[30] Dan Fogelman, Isaac Aptaker, and Elizabeth Berger serve as the season's showrunners.[31]

tag: p

text: Casting[edit]

text: Main cast members Milo Ventimiglia, Mandy Moore, Sterling K. Brown, Chrissy Metz, Justin Hartley, Susan Kelechi Watson, Chris Sullivan, and Ron Cephas Jones return from the first season as Jack Pearson, Rebecca Pearson, Randall Pearson, Kate Pearson, Kevin Pearson, Beth Pearson, Toby Damon, and William H. Hill, respectively.[1] Jon Huertas and Alexandra Breckenridge, who recurred as Miguel and Sophie, respectively, throughout the first season, were subsequently promoted to the principal cast in the second season.[1] Also promoted to series regulars are young actors Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate, Niles Fitch as teenage Randall, Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin, Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate, Parker Bates as young Kevin, Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson, and Eris Baker as Tess Pearson. Lonnie Chavis will continue to recur as young Randall.[2]

text: In August 2017, Sylvester Stallone and Debra Jo Rupp were cast in guest starring roles.[6][7]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The show was awarded over $9.9 million in tax incentives by the California Film Commission for its second season.[32] Production on the season began on July 11, 2017, in Los Angeles.[33]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The second season was originally set to move to a Thursday timeslot, to anchor a new Must See TV lineup, alongside Will & Grace, Great News and Law & Order True Crime: The Menendez Murders, with NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt explaining, "While this is a bit risky, there is a bigger case to be made about redoing Thursday night. If there is one show we could move, it would be this one."[34] However, on May 30, 2017, NBC decided to keep the series on Tuesdays at 9 pm EST,[35] allowing it a run of 10 uninterrupted original episodes in the fall.[36]

text: The season began airing on September 26, 2017, on NBC in the United States,[37] and on CTV in Canada.[38] This Is Us served as the lead-out program for Super Bowl LII on February 4, 2018.[39]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91% approval rating with an average rating of 8.12/10 based on 22 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "This is Us continues to tug at heartstrings with an emotional exploration of family that ensures viewers will want to keep the tissues close -- and their loved ones closer."[40]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"A Father's Advice"
September 26, 2017
3.9/13
12.94[13]
2.6
6.93
6.5
19.87[41]

2
"A Manny-Splendored Thing"
October 3, 2017
3.1/11
11.06[14]
2.4
6.15
5.5
17.21[42]

3
"Déjà Vu"
October 10, 2017
2.8/10
11.02[15]
2.2
6.11
5.0
17.13[43]

4
"Still There"
October 17, 2017
2.9/10
10.65[16]
2.3
6.32
5.2
16.97[44]

5
"Brothers"
October 24, 2017
2.8/10
10.60[17]
2.2
6.09
5.0
16.69[45]

6
"The 20's"
October 31, 2017
2.0/7
8.43[18]
2.4
6.50
4.4
14.94[46]

7
"The Most Disappointed Man"
November 7, 2017
2.5/9
9.89[19]
2.3
6.28
4.8
16.17[47]

8
"Number One"
November 14, 2017
2.6/9
10.05[20]
2.2
6.10
4.8
16.15[48]

9
"Number Two"
November 21, 2017
2.5/9
9.34[21]
2.0
5.71
4.5
15.05[49]

10
"Number Three"
November 28, 2017
2.8/10
10.94[22]
2.0
5.65
4.8
16.60[50]

11
"The Fifth Wheel"
January 9, 2018
2.7/9
9.65[23]
2.3
6.34
5.0
15.99[51]

12
"Clooney"
January 16, 2018
2.5/9
9.82[24]
2.5
6.35
5.0
16.18[52]

13
"That'll Be the Day"
January 23, 2018
2.5/9
9.37[25]
2.6
7.10
5.2
16.58[53]

14
"Super Bowl Sunday"
February 4, 2018
9.3/32
26.97[26]
2.3
6.44
11.6
33.40[54]

15
"The Car"
February 6, 2018
2.7/10
10.13[27]
2.2
6.03
4.9
16.16[55]

16
"Vegas, Baby"
February 27, 2018
2.5/9
9.74[28]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2018
NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Drama Series
This Is Us
Nominated
[56]

Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series
Sterling K. Brown
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Susan Kelechi Watson
Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series
Vera Herbert for "Still There"
Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Youth
Lonnie Chavis
Nominated


document_title: Thank God It's Friday (Love & Kisses song)

question_text: who sang the song thank god it's friday

question_tokens: who sang the song thank god it 's friday

root

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
"Thank God It's Friday"
Single by Love & Kissesfrom the album Thank God It's FridayB-side
"You're the Most Precious Thing in My Life"Released
1978Format
7" single, 12" singleGenre
DiscoLength
4:14Label
CasablancaSongwriter(s)
Alec R. Costandinos

text: "Thank God It's Friday" is a 1978 disco song by the studio disco group Love & Kisses, popularized as the theme song of the film by the same name.  It was written by European composer and producer Alec R. Costandinos.  It peaked at #1 on Billboard's Disco charts, #23 R&B and #22 Pop.

text: Over the years some radio stations would play the song at 5:00 p.m. on Fridays to mark the end of the work week and get its audience pumped-up for the weekend.  The song's catchphrase tantalized listeners with the prospect of love at the discotheque: "Hey / Put a smile on your face / Things are coming your way / Out there somewhere tonight".

text: This 1970s single–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

text: Billboard Dance Club Songs number-one singles1978 singlesDisco songsCasablanca Records singles1978 songsSongs written by Alec R. Costandinos1970s single stubs

text: Articles lacking sources from December 2009All articles lacking sourcesArticles with hAudio microformatsAll stub articles


document_title: Harpy eagle

question_text: what are the predators of the harpy eagle

text: Harpy eagle

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: The harpy eagle was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae in 1758 as Vultur harpyja,[6] after the mythological beast harpy. The only member of the genus Harpia, the harpy eagle is most closely related to the crested eagle (Morphnus guianensis) and the New Guinea harpy eagle (Harpyopsis novaeguineae), the three composing the subfamily Harpiinae within the large family Accipitridae. Previously thought to be related, the Philippine eagle has been shown by DNA analysis to belong elsewhere in the raptor family, as it is related to the Circaetinae.[7]

text: The species name harpyja and the word harpy in the common name harpy eagle both come from Ancient Greek hárpuia (ἅρπυια). They refer to the Harpies of Ancient Greek mythology. These were wind spirits that took the dead to Hades, and were said to have a body like an eagle and the face of a human.[8]

text: Description[edit]

text: The upper side of the harpy eagle is covered with slate-black feathers, and the underside is mostly white, except for the feathered tarsi, which are striped black. A broad black band across the upper breast separates the gray head from the white belly. The head is pale grey, and is crowned with a double crest. The upper side of the tail is black with three gray bands, while the underside of it is black with three white bands. The iris is gray or brown or red, the cere and bill are black or blackish and the tarsi and toes are yellow. The plumage of males and females are identical. The tarsus is up to 13 cm (5.1 in) long.[9][10]

text: Female harpy eagles typically weigh 6 to 9 kg (13 to 20 lb).[9][11] One source states that adult females can weigh up to 10 kg (22 lb).[12] An exceptionally large captive female, "Jezebel", weighed 12.3 kg (27 lb).[13] Being captive, this large female may not be representative of the weight possible in wild harpy eagles due to differences in the food availability.[14][15] The male, in comparison, is much smaller and weighs only about 4 to 4.8 kg (8.8 to 10.6 lb).[9][11] Harpy eagles are 86.5–107 cm (2 ft 10 in–3 ft 6 in) long[10][11] and have a wingspan of 176 to 224 cm (5 ft 9 in to 7 ft 4 in).[9][10] Among the standard measurements, the wing chord measures 54–63 cm (1 ft 9 in–2 ft 1 in), the tail measures 37–42 cm (1 ft 3 in–1 ft 5 in), the tarsus is 11.4–13 cm (4.5–5.1 in) long, and the exposed culmen from the cere is 4.2 to 6.5 cm (1.7 to 2.6 in).[9][16][17]

text: It is sometimes cited as the largest eagle alongside the Philippine eagle, which is somewhat longer on average, and the Steller's sea eagle, which is slightly heavier on average.[8] The wingspan of the harpy eagle is relatively small, an adaptation that increases maneuverability in forested habitats and is shared by other raptors in similar habitats. The wingspan of the harpy eagle is surpassed by several large eagles who live in more open habitats, such as those in the Haliaeetus and Aquila genera.[9] The extinct Haast's eagle was significantly larger than all extant eagles, including the harpy.[18]

text: This species is largely silent away from the nest. There, the adults give a penetrating, weak, melancholy scream, with the incubating males' call described as "whispy screaming or wailing".[19] The females' calls while incubating are similar, but are lower-pitched. While approaching the nest with food, the male calls out "rapid chirps, goose-like calls, and occasional sharp screams". Vocalization in both parents decreases as the nestlings age, while the nestlings become more vocal. The nestlings call chi-chi-chi...chi-chi-chi-chi, seemingly in alarm in response to rain or direct sunlight. When humans approach the nest, the nestlings have been described as uttering croaks, quacks, and whistles.[20]

text: Distribution and habitat[edit]

text: Rare throughout its range, the harpy eagle is found from Mexico (almost extinct), through Central America and into South America to as far south as Argentina. The eagle is most common in Brazil, where it is found across the entire national territory.[21] With the exception of some areas of Panama, the species is almost extinct in Central America, subsequent to the logging of much of the rainforest there.[22] The harpy eagle inhabits tropical lowland rainforests and may occur within such areas from the canopy to the emergent vegetation. They typically occur below an elevation of 900 m (3,000 ft), but have been recorded at elevations up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[1] Within the rainforest, they hunt in the canopy or sometimes on the ground, and perch on emergent trees looking for prey. They do not generally occur in disturbed areas, but regularly visit semiopen forest/pasture mosaic, mainly in hunting forays.[23] Harpies, however, can be found flying over forest borders in a variety of habitats, such as cerrados, caatingas, buriti palm stands, cultivated fields, and cities.[24] They have been found in areas where high-grade forestry is practiced.

text: Behavior[edit]

text: Feeding[edit]

text: Adults are near the top of a food chain and are rarely preyed on.[25] However, individuals are known to have been taken by jaguars and the much smaller ocelot [26] Its main prey are tree-dwelling mammals and a majority of the diet has been shown to focus on sloths[27] and monkeys. Research conducted by Aguiar-Silva between 2003 and 2005 in a nesting site in Parintins, Amazonas, Brazil, collected remains from prey offered to the nestling by its parents and after sorting them, concluded, in terms of individuals preyed upon, the harpy's prey basis was composed in 79% by sloths from two species: Bradypus variegatus amounting to 39% of the individual prey base, and Choloepus didactylus to 40%; various monkeys amounted to 11.6% of the same prey base.[28] In a similar research venture in Panama, where a couple of captive-bred subadults was released, 52% of the male's captures and 54% of the female's were of two sloth species (Bradypus variegatus and Choloepus hoffmanni).[29] At one Venezuelan nest, the remains comprised sloths. Monkeys regularly taken can include capuchin monkeys, saki monkeys, howler monkeys, titi monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and spider monkeys. Smaller monkeys, such as tamarins and marmosets, are seemingly ignored as prey by this species.[9] At several nest in Guyana, monkeys made up about 37% of the prey remains found at the nests.[30] Similarly, cebid monkeys made up 35% of the remains found at 10 nests in Amazonian Ecuador.[31] Other partially arboreal and even land mammals are also preyed on given the opportunity, including porcupines, squirrels, opossums, anteaters, armadillos, and even relatively large carnivores such as kinkajous, coatis, and tayras.[9] In the Pantanal, a pair of nesting eagles preyed largely on the porcupine (Coendou prehensilis) and the agouti (Dasyprocta azarae).[32] The eagle may also attack bird species such as macaws: At the Parintins research site, the red-and-green macaw made up for 0.4% of the prey base, with other birds amounting to 4.6%.[28]" [33] Other parrots have also been preyed on, as well as cracids such as curassows and other birds like seriemas.[9] Additional prey items reported include reptiles such as iguanas, tejus, and snakes.[9][34]

text: The eagle has been recorded as taking domestic livestock, including chickens, lambs, goats, and young pigs, but this is extremely rare under normal circumstances.[9] They control the population of mesopredators such as capuchin monkeys which prey extensively on bird's eggs and which (if not naturally controlled) may cause local extinctions of sensitive species.[35]

text: All of the Harpy eagle prey weight between 0.3 kg to 6.5 kg, with the mean prey size equaling 2.6 kg+/-0.82 kg [36] They possess the largest talons of any living eagle. They have been recorded as lifting prey up to equal their own body weight.[9] That allows the birds to snatch a live sloth from tree branches, as well as other huge prey items. Males usually take relatively smaller prey, with a typical range of 0.5 to 2.5 kg (1.1 to 5.5 lb) or about half their own weight.[9] The larger females take larger prey, with a minimum recorded prey weight of around 2.7 kg (6.0 lb). Adult female harpies regularly grab large male howler or spider monkeys or mature sloths weighing 6 to 9 kg (13 to 20 lb) in flight and fly off without landing, an enormous feat of strength.[9][37][38] Prey items taken to the nest by the parents are normally medium-sized, having been recorded from 1 to 4 kg (2.2 to 8.8 lb).[9] The prey brought to the nest by males averaged 1.5 kg (3.3 lb), while the prey brought to the nest by females averaged 3.2 kg (7.1 lb).[20]

text: Sometimes, harpy eagles are "sit-and-wait" predators (common in forest-dwelling raptors).[9] In harpies, this consists of perching and watching for long times from a high perch near an opening, a river, or a salt-lick (where many mammals go to feed for nutrients).[9] The more common hunting technique of the species is perch-hunting, which consists of scanning around for prey activity while briefly perched between short flights from tree to tree.[9] When prey is spotted, the eagle quickly dives and grabs the prey.[9] On occasion, they may also hunt by flying within or above the canopy.[9] They have also been observed tail-chasing, a predation style common to hawks that hunt birds, the genus Accipiter.[9] This comprises the eagle pursuing another bird in flight, rapidly dodging among trees and branches.[9]

text: Breeding[edit]

text: In ideal habitats, nests would be fairly close together. In some parts of Panama and Guyana, active nests were located 3 km (1.9 mi) away from one another, while they are within 5 km (3.1 mi) of each other in Venezuela. In Peru, the average distance between nests was 7.4 km (4.6 mi) and the average area occupied by each breeding pairs was estimated at 4,300 ha (11,000 acres). In less ideal areas, with fragmented forest, breeding territories were estimated at 25 km (16 mi).[34] The female harpy eagle lays two white eggs in a large stick nest, which commonly measures 1.2 m (3.9 ft) deep and 1.5 m (4.9 ft) across and may be used over several years. Nests are located high up in a tree, usually in the main fork, at 16 to 43 m (52 to 141 ft), depending on the stature of the local trees. The harpy often builds its nest in the crown of the kapok tree, one of the tallest trees in South America. In many South American cultures, it is considered bad luck to cut down the kapok tree, which may help safeguard the habitat of this stately eagle.[39] The bird also uses other huge trees on which to build its nest, such as the Brazil nut tree.[40] A nesting site found in the Brazilian Pantanal was built on a cambará tree (Vochysia divergens).[41]

text: No display is known between pairs of eagles, and they are believed to mate for life. A pair of harpy eagles usually only raises one chick every 2–3 years. After the first chick hatches, the second egg is ignored and normally fails to hatch unless the first egg perishes. The egg is incubated around 56 days. When the chick is 36 days old, it can stand and walk awkwardly. The chick fledges at the age of 6 months, but the parents continue to feed it for another 6 to 10 months. The male captures much of the food for the incubating female and later the eaglet, but also takes an incubating shift while the female forages and also brings prey back to the nest. Breeding maturity is not reached until birds are 4 to 6 years of age.[9][20][23] Adults can be aggressive toward humans who disturb the nesting site or appear to be a threat to its young.[42]

text: Status and conservation[edit]

text: Although the harpy eagle still occurs over a considerable range, its distribution and populations have dwindled considerably. It is threatened primarily by habitat loss due to the expansion of logging, cattle ranching, agriculture, and prospecting. Secondarily, it is threatened by being hunted as an actual threat to livestock and/or a supposed one to human life, due to its great size.[43] Although not actually known to prey on humans and only rarely on domestic stock, the species' large size and nearly fearless behavior around humans reportedly make it an "irresistible target" for hunters.[34] Such threats apply throughout its range, in large parts of which the bird has become a transient sight only; in Brazil, it was all but wiped out from the Atlantic rainforest and is only found in appreciable numbers in the most remote parts of the Amazon basin; a Brazilian journalistic account of the mid-1990s already complained that at the time it was only found in significant numbers in Brazilian territory on the northern side of the Equator.[44] Scientific 1990s records, however, suggest that the harpy Atlantic Forest population may be migratory.[45] Subsequent research in Brazil has established that, as of 2009, the harpy eagle, outside the Brazilian Amazon, is critically endangered in Espírito Santo,[46] São Paulo and Paraná, endangered in Rio de Janeiro, and probably extirpated in Rio Grande do Sul (where there is a recent (March 2015) record for the Parque Estadual do Turvo)[1] and Minas Gerais[47] – the actual size of their total population in Brazil is unknown.[48]

text: Globally, the harpy eagle is considered Near Threatened by IUCN[1] and threatened with extinction by CITES (appendix I). The Peregrine Fund until recently considered it a "conservation-dependent species", meaning it depends on a dedicated effort for captive breeding and release to the wild, as well as habitat protection, to prevent it from reaching endangered status, but now has accepted the Near Threatened status. The harpy eagle is considered critically endangered in Mexico and Central America, where it has been extirpated in most of its former range; in Mexico, it used to be found as far north as Veracruz, but today probably occurs only in Chiapas in the Selva Zoque. It is considered as Near Threatened or Vulnerable in most of the South American portion of its range; at the southern extreme of its range, in Argentina, it is found only in the Parana Valley forests at the province of Misiones.[49][50] It has disappeared from El Salvador, and almost so from Costa Rica.[22]

text: National initiatives[edit]

text: Various initiatives for restoration of the species are in place in various countries. Since 2002, Peregrine Fund initiated a conservation and research program for the harpy eagle in the Darién Provinceboom .[51] A similar—and grander, given the dimensions of the countries involved—research project is occurring in Brazil, at the National Institute of Amazonian Research, through which 45 known nesting locations (updated to 62, only three outside the Amazonian basin and all three inactive) are being monitored by researchers and volunteers from local communities. A harpy eagle chick has been fitted with a radio transmitter that allows it to be tracked for more than three years via a satellite signal sent to the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research.[52] Also, a photographic recording of a nest site in the Carajás National Forest was made for the Brazilian edition of National Geographic Magazine.[53]

text: In Belize, the Belize Harpy Eagle Restoration Project began in 2003 with the collaboration of Sharon Matola, founder and director of the Belize Zoo and the Peregrine Fund. The goal of this project was the re-establishment of the harpy eagle within Belize. The population of the eagle declined as a result of forest fragmentation, shooting, and nest destruction, resulting in near extirpation of the species. Captive-bred harpy eagles were released in the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area in Belize, chosen for its quality forest habitat and linkages with Guatemala and Mexico. Habitat linkage with Guatemala and Mexico were important for conservation of quality habitat and the harpy eagle on a regional level. As of November 2009, 14 harpy eagles have been released and are monitored by the Peregrine Fund, through satellite telemetry.[54]

text: In January 2009, a chick from the all-but-extirpated population in the Brazilian state of Paraná was hatched in captivity at the preserve kept in the vicinity of the Itaipu Dam by the Brazilian/Paraguayan state-owned company Itaipu Binacional.[55] In September 2009, an adult female, after being kept captive for 12 years in a private reservation, was fitted with a radio transmitter before being restored to the wild in the vicinity of the Pau Brasil National Park (formerly Monte Pascoal NP), in the state of Bahia.[56]

text: In December 2009, a 15th harpy eagle was released into the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area in Belize. The release was set to tie in with the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009, in Copenhagen. The 15th eagle, nicknamed "Hope" by the Peregrine officials in Panama, was the "poster child" for forest conservation in Belize, a developing country, and the importance of these activities in relation to climate change. The event received coverage from Belize's major media entities, and was supported and attended by the U.S. Ambassador to Belize, Vinai Thummalapally, and British High Commissioner to Belize, Pat Ashworth.[57]

text: In Colombia, as of 2007, an adult male and a subadult female confiscated from wildlife trafficking were restored to the wild and monitored in Paramillo National Park in Córdoba, and another couple was being kept in captivity at a research center for breeding and eventual release.[58] A monitoring effort with the help of volunteers from local Native American communities is also being made in Ecuador, including the joint sponsorship of various Spanish universities[59]—this effort being similar to another one going on since 1996 in Peru, centered around a native community in the Tambopata Province, Madre de Dios Region.[60] Another monitoring project, begun in 1992, was operating as of 2005 in the state of Bolívar, Venezuela.[61]

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: The harpy eagle is the national bird of Panama and is depicted on the coat of arms of Panama.[62] The 15th harpy eagle released in Belize, named "Hope", was dubbed "Ambassador for Climate Change", in light of the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009.[63][64]

text: The harpy eagle was the inspiration behind the design of Fawkes the Phoenix in the Harry Potter film series.[65] A live harpy eagle was used to portray the now-extinct Haast's eagle in BBC's Monsters We Met.[66]


document_title: List of Italian musical terms used in English

question_text: italian word for happy in music quick tempo

text: Musical forms[edit]

text:
Italian term
Literal translation
Definition

A cappella
in chapel style
Sung with no (instrumental) accompaniment, has lots of harmonizing

Aria
air
Piece of music, usually for a singer

Aria di sorbetto
sorbet air
A lesser aria within an opera

Arietta
little air
A short or light aria

Arioso
airy
A type of solo vocal piece during an opera or operetta

Ballabile
danceable
(song) to be danced to

Battaglia
battle
An instrumental or vocal piece suggesting a battle

Bergamasca
from Bergamo
A peasant dance from Bergamo

Burletta
a little joke
A light comic or farcical opera

Cabaletta
from copola (couplet)
A two-part musical form

Cadenza
falling
A florid solo at the end of a performance

Cantata
sung
A piece for orchestra and singers

Capriccio
caprice
A lively piece, free in form, often used to show musical skill

Cavatina
small instrumental tone
A simple melody or song

Coda
tail
The end of a piece

Concerto
concert
A work for one or more solo instruments accompanied by an orchestra

Concertino
little concert
A short concerto; the solo instrument in a concerto

Concerto grosso
big concert
A Baroque form of concerto, with a group of solo instruments

Da capo aria
from the head aria
A three-section musical form

Dramma giocoso
jocular drama
A form of opera

Dramma per musica
drama for music
Libretto

Fantasia
fantasy
A musical composition or “idea” typified by improvisation

Farsa
farce
A one-act comical opera

festa teatrale
theatrical party
A genre of opera

Fioritura
flowery
A highly embellised vocal line

Intermedio
intermediate
A short connecting instrumental movement – an intermezzo

Intermezzo
interval
A short connecting instrumental movement

Libretto
little book
A work containing the words to an opera, musical, or ballet

Melodramma
melodrama
A style of opera

Opera
work
A drama set to music for singers and instrumentalists

Opera buffa
humorous opera
A comic opera

Opera semiseria
semi-serious opera
A variety of opera

Opera seria
serious opera
An opera with a serious, esp. classical theme

Operetta
little opera
A variety of light opera

Oratorio
oratory
Large musical composition for orchestra, choir, and soloists

Pasticcio
pastiche
A musical piece containing works by different composers

Ripieno concerto
padding concert
A form of Baroque concerto with no solo parts

Serenata
Serenade
A song or composition in someone’s honour. Originally, a musical greeting performed for a lover

Soggetto cavato
carved subject
A musical cryptogram, using coded syllables as a basis for the composition

Sonata
sounded
A composition for one or two instruments in sonata form

Verismo
realism
A genre of operas with scenarios based on contemporary everyday life

text: Musical instruments[edit]

text:
Piano(forte)
soft-loud
A keyboard instrument

Viola
viola, orig. Latin vitulari "be joyful"
A medium-sized stringed instrument

(Violon)cello
Small violone (violone means "big viola")
A large stringed instrument

Viola da gamba
leg viola
A stringed instrument held between the legs

Viola da braccio
arm viola
A stringed instrument held in the arm, such as a violin or viola

Viola d'amore
love viola
A tenor viol with no frets

Tuba
tube
A large brass instrument

Piccolo
little
A tiny woodwind instrument

Sordun
deaf, dull in sound
An archaic double-reed wind instrument

Timpani
drums
Large drums

Cornetto
little horn
An old woodwind instrument

Campana
bell
A bell used in an orchestra; also campane "bells"

Orchestra
orchestra, orig. Greek orkesthai "dance"
An ensemble of instruments

text: Voices[edit]

text:
Soprano
upper
The highest vocal line

Mezzo-soprano
middle-upper
Between soprano and alto

Alto
high
Second-highest vocal line

Contralto
against high
Alto, esp. a female alto

Basso
low
Or "bass;" the lowest vocal line

Basso profondo
deep and low
A very deep bass voice

Coloratura soprano
colouring soprano
A soprano specialised in complex, ornamented melody

Soprano sfogato
unlimited soprano
A soprano who has extended her upper range beyond the usual range of a soprano

Spinto soprano
pushed soprano
A soprano whose voice, while normally of lyric weight and fluidity, can be pushed to a more forceful weight

Squillo
ringing
The resonant clarity of an operatic singer’s voice

Tenore contraltino
'
A tenor voice capable of a slightly higher range of sustainable notes than usual

Tenore di grazia or ‘’’Leggiero tenor’’’
'
A lightweight, flexible tenor voice

Tessitura
texture
A singer’s comfortable range

Falsetto
little false
A vocal register immediately above the modal voice range

Falsettone
'
Falsetto, sung using the usual techniques of modal voice register

Castrato
castrated
A male singer, castrated so as to be able to sing soprano (now sung by women, conventional countertenors, or sopranisti)

Musico
musician
Originally, a trained musician; later, a castrato or female singer

Spinto
pushed
A forceful voice, between the lyric and dramatic in weight

Passaggio
crossing
A vocal range

text: Tempo[edit]

text:
Tempo
time
The speed of music e.g. 120 BPM

Grave
solemn
Slow and solemn, slower than largo

Largo
broad
Slow and dignified

Larghetto
a little bit broad
Not as slow as largo

Lentando
slowing
Becoming slower

Lento
slow
Slow

Tardo
slow
Slow

Adagio
ad agio, at ease
Slow, but not as slow as largo

Adagietto
little adagio
Faster than adagio; or a short adagio composition

Andante
at a walking pace
Moderately slow, flowing along

Andantino
slightly faster than andante
slightly faster than andante

Moderato
moderately
At a moderate speed

Allegretto
a little bit joyful
Slightly slower than allegro

Largamente
broadly
Slow and dignified

Mosso
moved
Agitated

Allegro
joyful; lively and fast
Moderately fast

Sostenuto
sustained
A slowing of tempo, often accompanied by legato playing

Fermata
stopped
Marks a note to be held or sustained

Presto
ready
Very fast

Prestissimo
very ready
Very very fast, as fast as possible

Accelerando
accelerating
Accelerating

Affrettando
becoming hurried
Accelerating

Allargando
slowing and broadening
Slowing down and broadening, becoming more stately and majestic, possibly louder

Ritardando
slowing down
Decelerating

Rallentando
becoming progressively slower
Decelerating

Rubato
robbed
Free flowing and exempt from steady rhythm

Tenuto
sustained
Holding or sustaining a single note

Accompagnato
accompanied
The accompaniment must follow the singer who can speed up or slow down at will

Alla marcia
as a march
In strict tempo at a marching pace (e.g. 120 bpm)

A tempo
to time
Return to previous tempo

L'istesso tempo
Same speed
At the same speed

text: Dynamics – volume[edit]

text:
Calando
quietening
Becoming softer and slower

Crescendo
growing
Becoming louder

Decrescendo
shrinking
Becoming softer

Diminuendo
dwindling
Becoming softer

Forte
strong
Loud

Fortissimo
very strong
Very loud

Marcato
marked
A note played forcefully

Mezzo forte
half-strong
Moderately loud

Piano
gentle
Soft

Pianissimo
very gentle
Very soft

Mezzo piano
half-gentle
Moderately soft

Sforzando
strained
Sharply accented

Stentato
in the manner of Stentor
Loud, boisterous

Tremolo
trembling
A rapid repetitive variation in the volume (or pitch) of a tone

Messa di voce
placing the voice
A style of singing involving changing volume while holding a single note

text: Moods[edit]

text:
Affettuoso
with feeling
Tenderly

Agitato
agitated
Excited and fast

Animato
animated
Animated

Brillante
brilliant
Brilliant, bright

Bruscamente
brusquely
Brusquely – abruptly

Cantabile
singable
In a singing style

Colossale
colossal
In a fashion which suggests immensity

Comodo
convenient
Comfortably, moderately

Con amore
with love
With love

Con fuoco
with fire
With fiery manner

Con brio
with bright
brightly

Con moto
with movement
With (audible) movement

Con spirito
with spirit
With spirit

Dolce
sweetly
Sweet

Espressivo
expressive
Expressively

Festoso
happy
With happiness

Furioso
furious
With passion

Grazioso
graciously or gracefully
With charm

Lacrimoso
teary
Tearfully, sadly

Maestoso
majestic
Stately

Misterioso
mysterious
Mysteriously, secretively, enigmatic

Pesante
heavy
Heavy, slowly, sadly

Risoluto
resolved
Resolved, decisive

Scherzando
playfully
Playfully

Sotto
subdued
Subdued

Semplicemente
simply
Simply

Slancio
passion
Enthusiasm

Vivace
vivacious
Up-tempo

text: Musical expression (general)[edit]

text:
Molto
very
Used with other terms, such as molto allegro

Assai
very
Used with other terms, such as allegro assai

Più
more
Used with other terms, such as più mosso

Poco
little
"A little". Used with other terms, such as poco diminuendo

poco a poco
little by little
"little by little", "slowly but steadily". Used with other terms, such as poco a poco crescendo

ma non tanto
but not so much
Used with other terms, such as adagio ma non tanto

ma non troppo
but not too much
Used with other terms, such as allegro ma non troppo

Meno
less
Used with other terms, such as meno mosso

Subito
suddenly, quickly
Used with other terms, such as subito fortissimo

text: Patterns within the musical score[edit]

text:
Lacuna
gap
A silent pause in a piece of music

Ossia
alternatively
A secondary passage of music which may be played in place of the original

Ostinato
stubborn
A repeated motif or phrase in a piece of music

Ritornello
little return
A recurring passage in a piece of Baroque music

Segue
it follows
A smooth movement from one passage to another with no pause

Stretto
tightened
In a fugue, the repeating of a motif by a second voice before the first rendition is completed

Pensato
thought
A composed imaginary note

text: Directions[edit]

text:
Attacca
attach
Proceed to the next section without pause

Cambiare
change
Any change, such as to a new instrument

Da Capo (al fine)
from the beginning (to the end)
Abbreviated as D.C., informs the performer to go back to the beginning (capo) (finishing where the part is marked fine)

Dal Segno
from the sign
Abbreviated as D.S., informs the performer to repeat a specific section marked by a sign (segno)

Divisi
divided
Instructs one section to divide into two or more separate sections, each playing a separate part. Often these separate parts are written on the same staff.

Oppure
otherwise
Informs the player of alternative ways to play a passage. See Ossia.

solo
alone
A piece or performance to be played by a single musician

text: Techniques[edit]

text:
Altissimo
very high
Very high

Arpeggio
harp-like
A chord with the notes spread out in time (rather than sounded simultaneously)

Acciaccatura
crushing
An extra, very fast grace note

Appoggiatura
leaning
A type of ornament that creates a "yearning" effect

Basso continuo
continuous bass
Continuous bass accompaniment by chordal instrument(s) and bass instrument(s) (see figured bass.)

A bocca chiusa
mouth closed
Wordless humming in a choral piece

Chiuso
closed
Calls for a horn to be muted by hand

Coll'arco
with the bow
Cancels col legno and pizzicato (in a string passage, arco is usually expected, as it is the "default" approach, and is not written except at the end of col legno or pizzicato passages.)

Colla voce
with the voice
A note to accompanists to play with (in time with) the singer's text, especially when slowing for textual effect

Col legno
with the wood
Calls for a bowed instrument's strings to be struck with the wood of the bow rather having the hair of the bow drawn over the strings

Coloratura
coloration
Elaborate ornamentation of a vocal line

Glissando
glide
A sweeping glide from one pitch to another used for dramatic effect

Legato
tied together
A series of notes played with a smooth connection between them

Martellato
hammered
Notes are strongly accented and detached

Con sordino
with mute
Calls for mute to be applied, esp. to string instruments.

Senza sordino
without mute
Calls for mute to be removed, esp. from string instruments.

Pizzicato
plucked
Calls for a bowed instrument to be plucked with the fingers

Portamento
carrying
A sliding of pitch between two notes

Portato
carried
A style of playing between staccato and legato

Sforzando
using force
Played with strong, marked emphasis

Coperti
covered
Of a drum, muted with a cloth

Una corda
one string
With the soft pedal, on a piano

Due corde
two strings
With the soft pedal, on a piano. For why both terms exist, see piano.

Tre corde or tutte le corde
Three strings or all the strings
Cancels an una corda

Spiccato
separated
Playing a stringed instrument by bouncing the bow lightly on the strings

Tutti
all
A direction for the entire ensemble to play or sing, rather than just a soloist or principal player

staccatissimo
very detached
Forcefully exaggerated staccato

Staccato
detached
A form of musical articulation in which notes are distinct and separated from each other by short gaps

Scordatura
mistuning
Alternate tuning (of strings)

vibrato
vibrating
A rapid repetitive variation or undulation in the pitch of a tone

text: Roles[edit]

text:
Prima donna
first lady
Leading female role

Primo uomo
first man
Leading male role

Banda
band
A small music ensemble used as a supplement to the orchestra in an opera

Comprimario
con primario, with the first
A supporting role

Concertino
little concert
The smaller, more virtuosic, group of musicians in a concerto grosso

Coro
choir
An ensemble of singers

Diva
female deity
A leading female singer

Ripieno
filling or stuffing
The larger group of musicians in a concerto grosso

Convenienze
conveniences
The rules relating to the ranking of singers in opera

text: Criticism[edit]

text:
Bel canto
beautiful voice
Any fine singing, esp. that popular in 18th- and 19th-century Italian opera

Bravura
skill
A performance of extraordinary virtuosity

Bravo
skillful
A cry of congratulation to a male singer or performer. Fem. brava, pl. bravi, fem.pl. brave. The use of ! after "Bravo/a/i/e(!)" strongly emphasizes the written expression.

text: Musical direction and staging[edit]

text:
Maestro
Master, teacher
Conductor, music director, music teacher, also composer and other eminent musicians and singers

Maestro sostituto
Deputy master
Assistant conductor

Maestro collaboratore
Collaborating master
Assistant conductor

Maestro suggeritore
Master prompter
Prompter

Stagione
season
A variety of formal organisation of players and crew in the staging of operas


document_title: Life in the United Kingdom test

question_text: when was the life in the uk test introduced

text: Life in the United Kingdom test

text: Purpose[edit]

text: A pass in the test fulfils the requirements for "sufficient knowledge of life in the United Kingdom" which were introduced for naturalisation on 1 November 2005[5] and which were introduced for settlement on 2 April 2007.[6] It simultaneously fulfils the language requirement by demonstrating "a sufficient knowledge" of the English language.

text: Legally, sufficient knowledge of Welsh or Scottish Gaelic can also be used to fulfil the language requirement. Home Office guidance states that if anyone wishes to take the test in these languages (for instance Gaelic‐speaking Canadians or Welsh‐speaking Argentinians) arrangements will be made for them to do so. In practice, very few, if any, take the test in a language other than English.[7]

text: Although initially attending "ESOL with Citizenship" course was an alternative to passing Life in the UK Test, applicants are now required to meet the knowledge of English and pass the test to fulfill the requirements. Meeting the knowledge of English can either be satisfied by having an English qualification at B1, B2, C1, C2 level or a degree taught/ researched in English.

text: Plans to introduce such a test were announced in September 2002 by the then United Kingdom Home Secretary David Blunkett. Blunkett appointed a "Life in the United Kingdom Advisory Group," chaired by Sir Bernard Crick, to formulate the test content.[8] In 2003, the Group produced a report, "The New and the Old," with recommendations for the design and administration of the test.[9] There was dissent among the committee members on certain issues,[10] and many of the recommendations were not adopted by the Government. Plans to require foreign-born religious ministers to take the test earlier than other immigrants were later abandoned by the then Immigration Minister, Tony McNulty.[11]

text: Content[edit]

text: The test lasts for 45 minutes, during which time the candidate is required to answer 24 multiple-choice questions. To pass the test, the candidate must receive a grade of 75% or higher (at least 18 correct answers out of 24 questions). Testing is not directly administered by UK Visas and Immigration (which replaced the UK Border Agency in 2013), but is carried out by learndirect, a private company.[12] As of 18 October 2014 the cost of the test is £50.[13]

text: From November 2005 to March 2007, the questions for the test were based on chapters 2 to 4 of the book Life in the United Kingdom: A Journey to Citizenship. The handbook was revised in March 2007 and the test was changed to be based on chapters 2 to 6 of it. The additional chapters covered knowledge and understanding of employment matters and everyday needs such as housing, money, health and education. The third edition of the handbook, Life in the United Kingdom: A Guide for New Residents, was released in 2013 and prompted another change in the test format. The test covered the chapters "The Values and principles of the UK", "What is the UK?", "A long and illustrious history", "A modern, thriving society" and "The UK government, the law and your role".

text: At the time of the test's introduction the materials were primarily about England, but the second edition of the handbook contained more detail about aspects of life in the United Kingdom which differ in Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. Applicants taking the test receive a version tailored to where they live; for example, candidates in Scotland will be asked about the Scottish Parliament, but not about the Welsh Assembly.

text: Pass rate[edit]

text: Of the 906,464 tests taken between 2005 and 2009, 263,641 were failed (a pass rate of 70.9%). The results of candidates from countries with a strong tradition of immigration to the UK were variable. The pass rates for people from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States were all above 95%. In contrast, the pass rates for people from Iraq, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Turkey were below 50%. The largest single country of origin was India, with just over 100,000 tests taken and 79,229 passed (79.2%).[14] Furthermore, data available from the 2nd quarter of 2010 to the 3rd quarter of 2014 indicates that of the 748,613 Life in the UK tests taken during this period 185,863 were failed, which means a pass rate of 75.17%.[15] These results initially look comparable to those from previous years. However, the percentage pass rates for the previous version of the test had been rising steadily until the introduction of the new version of the test in March 2013. With the introduction of testing on the new study material from March 2013 pass rates fell to an average of 70%. Analysis of pass rates available for the first 11 months of the new test (from April 2013 to February 2014) show significant variances in pass rate by nationality of origin of those taking the test. For example: Lao 33%, Afghanistan 40%, Syria 67%, Nigeria 69%, India 74%, Canada 95%. The pass rate for those EU citizens taking the test in this period averaged 86% (Austria 71%, Belgium 75%, Bulgaria 84%, Croatia 92%, Cyprus 83%, Czech Republic 93%, Denmark 95%, Estonia 87%, Finland 86%, France 87%, Germany 91%, Greece 91%, Hungary 90%, Ireland 95%, Italy 92%, Latvia 80%, Lithuania 81%, Luxembourg 100%, Malta 100%, Netherlands 81%, Poland 87%, Portugal 80%, Romania 79%, Slovakia 88%, Slovenia 100%, Spain 89%, Sweden 86%).[16][17][18][19]

text: Upon completion of the test, candidates are not informed of their exact mark. Successful candidates are informed that they have passed and will be given a Pass Notification Letter that they will have to sign,[20] while unsuccessful candidates learn the topics that they should study further. The test may be taken an unlimited number of times until a candidate achieves a pass. Since its inception, there have been numerous instances of fraud and cheating on the test.[21][22][23][24][25][26]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Prior to its launch, the test produced considerable speculation in the British media about possible questions.[27] Most of this was not based on factual information[citation needed] about what the test required, and in particular a semi-serious BBC-devised test[28] was often quoted as being the real thing.[citation needed]

text: Upon its publication, the associated handbook was widely criticised. Particular criticism was reserved for the section on the UK's history, which was described by the Guardian as a "turgid, abysmal piece of writing," filled with "factual errors, sweeping generalisations [and] gross misrepresentations."[1] The UK Border Agency acknowledged that the first edition of the handbook "did not fulfil [its] role particularly well."[29]

text: In 2008, Lord Goldsmith stated in a report on citizenship that the test "is not seen typically as a stimulus for learning, though that was one of its stated aims."[30]

text: In 2011, the government announced its intention to include questions on the UK's history and remove questions on the EU from the test.[31]

text: In 2012, the New Statesman described the test as mocking Britishness since there was no general agreement amongst the population on what was or was not relevant to culture and history.[32] Every member of the New Statesman editorial team failed the test which was described as irrelevant in determining who will be a good citizen.[32]

text: In 2013, Thom Brooks launched a comprehensive report 'The Life in the United Kingdom Citizenship Test: Is It Unfit for Purpose?' that revealed serious problems with the current test concerning its being impractical, inconsistent, containing too much trivia and for its gender imbalance.[33]