document_title: Climate of Minnesota

question_text: when does it start getting cold in montana

text: Climate of Minnesota

text: General climatology[edit]

text: Because of its location in North America, Minnesota experiences temperature extremes characteristic of a continental climate, with cold winters and mild to hot summers in the south and frigid winters and generally cool summers in the north.[2] Each season has distinctive upper air patterns which bring different weather conditions with them. The state is nearly 500 miles (805 km) from any large body of water (with the exception of Lake Superior), and temperatures and precipitation vary widely. It is far enough north to experience −60 °F (−51 °C) temperatures and blizzards during the winter months, but far enough south to have 114 °F (46 °C) temperatures and tornado outbreaks in the summer.[3] The 174 degree Fahrenheit (97 °C) variation between Minnesota's highest and lowest temperature is the 11th largest variation of any U.S. state, and 3rd largest of any non-mountainous state (behind North Dakota and South Dakota).[4]

text: Minnesota is far from major sources of moisture and is in the transition zone between the moist East and the arid Great Plains. Annual average precipitation across the state ranges from around 35 inches (890 mm) in the southeast to 20 inches (510 mm) in the northwest.[5] Snow is the main form of precipitation from November through March, while rain is the most common the rest of the year. Annual snowfall extremes have ranged from over 170 inches (432 cm) in the rugged Superior Highlands of the North Shore to as little as 2.3 inches (5.8 cm) in southern Minnesota.[6][7] It has snowed in Minnesota during every month with the exception of July, and the state averages 110 days per year with snow cover of an inch (2.5 cm) or greater.[8]

text: Lake Superior[edit]

text: Lake Superior moderates the climate of those parts of Minnesota's Arrowhead Region near the shore. The lake acts as a heat sink, keeping the state's North Shore area relatively cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter.[10] While this effect is marked near the lake, it does not reach very far inland. For example, Grand Marais on the lakeshore has an average July high temperature of 70 °F (21 °C), while Virginia, at about the same latitude but inland about 100 miles (161 km) to the west, has an average July high of 77 °F (25 °C). Virginia's average high temperature in January is 15 °F (−9 °C), while Grand Marais' is 23 °F (−5 °C).[11] Just a few miles inland from Lake Superior are the Sawtooth Mountains, which almost completely confine the marine air masses and associated precipitation to lower elevations near the lake.[12]

text: The prevailing northwest winter winds also limit the lake's influence. Places near the shoreline can receive lake-effect snow, but because the state lies north and west of the lake, snowfall amounts are not nearly as large as they are in locations like Wisconsin and Michigan that lie downwind to the south.[9] Even so, the single largest snowstorm in Minnesota history was a lake effect event. On January 6, 1994, Finland, Minnesota, received 36 inches (91 cm) of lake effect snow in 24 hours, and 47 inches (119 cm) over a three-day period. Both are Minnesota records. At 85 inches (216 cm) per year, the port city of Duluth has the highest average snowfall total of any city in Minnesota.[13] At 58.9 °F (14.9 °C), Grand Marais has the lowest average summer temperature of any city in the state.[14]

text: The climatological effects of Lake Superior tend to stifle convection, thus limiting the potential for tornadoes.[8] Although Cook and Lake counties are two of the largest counties in the state, they have experienced only seven tornadoes in the past 56 years.[15] One of those tornadoes was a large F3 that occurred in the 1969 Minnesota tornado outbreak.

text: Climate[edit]

text:
Alexandria

Brainerd

Duluth

Grand Marais

International Falls

Redwood Falls

Thief River Falls

Twin Cities

Winona

Worthington

text: Temperature[edit]

text:
Average Temperatures in Minnesota in °Fahrenheit (°Celsius), 1971–2000

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual

Alexandria[16]
8
(−13)
15
(−9)
27
(−3)
43
(6)
56
(13)
65
(18)
70
(21)
68
(20)
58
(14)
45
(7)
28
(−2)
14
(−10)
41
(5)

Brainerd[17]
6
(−14)
13
(−11)
26
(−3)
42
(6)
56
(13)
64
(18)
69
(21)
66
(19)
56
(13)
44
(7)
28
(−2)
13
(−11)
40
(4)

Duluth[18]
10
(−12)
17
(−8)
26
(−3)
39
(4)
48
(9)
58
(14)
66
(19)
65
(18)
56
(13)
45
(7)
31
(−1)
17
(−8)
40
(4)

Grand Marais[19]
14
(−10)
19
(−7)
28
(−2)
38
(3)
47
(8)
53
(12)
61
(16)
63
(17)
55
(13)
45
(7)
32
(0)
19
(−7)
39
(4)

International Falls[20]
3
(−16)
11
(−12)
24
(−4)
39
(4)
53
(12)
62
(17)
66
(19)
64
(18)
53
(12)
42
(6)
24
(−4)
9
(−13)
32
(0)

Redwood Falls[21]
13
(−11)
20
(−7)
32
(0)
47
(8)
60
(16)
70
(21)
74
(23)
71
(22)
62
(17)
49
(9)
32
(0)
18
(−8)
46
(8)

Thief River Falls[22]
3
(−16)
11
(−12)
24
(−4)
42
(6)
56
(13)
64
(18)
69
(21)
67
(19)
56
(13)
44
(7)
24
(−4)
9
(−13)
39
(4)

Twin Cities[23]
13
(−11)
20
(−7)
32
(0)
47
(8)
59
(15)
68
(20)
73
(23)
71
(22)
61
(16)
49
(9)
32
(0)
19
(−7)
45
(7)

Winona[24]
18
(−8)
24
(−4)
36
(2)
50
(10)
62
(17)
71
(22)
76
(24)
73
(23)
64
(18)
52
(11)
32
(0)
23
(−5)
49
(9)

Worthington[25]
11
(−12)
18
(−8)
29
(−2)
44
(7)
57
(14)
67
(19)
71
(22)
68
(20)
59
(15)
47
(8)
30
(−1)
17
(−8)
43
(6)

text: Precipitation[edit]

text:
Average Precipitation in Minnesota in inches (millimetres), 1971–2000

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual

Alexandria[16]
1.0 (25)
0.7 (18)
1.5 (38)
1.9 (48)
3.0 (76)
4.5 (110)
3.3 (84)
3.6 (91)
2.7 (69)
2.2 (56)
1.2 (30)
0.6 (15)
26.0 (660)

Brainerd[17]
0.8 (20)
0.6 (15)
1.5 (38)
2.0 (51)
3.3 (84)
4.2 (110)
4.1 (100)
3.6 (91)
2.8 (71)
2.5 (64)
1.6 (41)
0.7 (18)
27.7 (700)

Duluth[18]
1.0 (25)
0.5 (13)
1.4 (36)
1.6 (41)
2.3 (58)
3.7 (94)
3.7 (94)
3.7 (94)
3.7 (94)
1.9 (48)
1.4 (36)
0.8 (20)
25.6 (650)

Grand Marais[19]
0.7 (18)
0.6 (15)
1.1 (28)
1.3 (33)
2.5 (64)
3.4 (86)
3.4 (86)
3.1 (79)
3.4 (86)
2.6 (66)
1.8 (46)
0.8 (20)
24.6 (620)

International Falls[20]
0.8 (20)
0.6 (15)
1.0 (25)
1.4 (36)
2.6 (66)
4.0 (100)
3.4 (86)
3.1 (79)
3.0 (76)
2.0 (51)
1.4 (36)
0.7 (18)
23.9 (610)

Redwood Falls[21]
0.7 (18)
0.6 (15)
1.7 (43)
2.5 (64)
3.1 (79)
4.1 (100)
3.8 (97)
3.6 (91)
2.5 (64)
1.9 (48)
1.6 (41)
0.6 (15)
26.6 (680)

Thief River Falls[22]
0.2 (5.1)
0.3 (7.6)
0.4 (10)
1.0 (25)
2.6 (66)
3.4 (86)
3.4 (86)
3.1 (79)
2.4 (61)
1.7 (43)
0.9 (23)
0.3 (7.6)
19.7 (500)

Twin Cities[23]
1.0 (25)
0.8 (20)
1.9 (48)
2.3 (58)
3.2 (81)
4.3 (110)
4.1 (100)
4.1 (100)
2.7 (69)
2.1 (53)
1.9 (48)
1.0 (25)
29.4 (750)

Winona[24]
1.4 (36)
0.7 (18)
1.8 (46)
3.5 (89)
3.9 (99)
4.2 (110)
4.4 (110)
4.7 (120)
3.9 (99)
2.2 (56)
2.2 (56)
1.3 (33)
34.2 (870)

Worthington[25]
0.7 (18)
0.6 (15)
1.9 (48)
2.7 (69)
3.4 (86)
4.6 (120)
3.6 (91)
3.5 (89)
2.6 (66)
2.0 (51)
1.7 (43)
0.7 (18)
27.8 (710)

text: Full statistics for selected cities 1981–2010[edit]

text:
[show]Climate data for Duluth Int'l, Minnesota (1981–2010 normals,[a] extremes 1871–present[b])

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
55
(13)
58
(14)
81
(27)
88
(31)
95
(35)
97
(36)
106
(41)
97
(36)
95
(35)
86
(30)
73
(23)
56
(13)
106
(41)

Mean maximum °F (°C)
38.8
(3.8)
43.3
(6.3)
55.0
(12.8)
71.9
(22.2)
80.9
(27.2)
85.4
(29.7)
88.7
(31.5)
86.7
(30.4)
81.7
(27.6)
72.4
(22.4)
54.7
(12.6)
39.5
(4.2)
90.2
(32.3)

Average high °F (°C)
18.9
(−7.3)
24.0
(−4.4)
34.4
(1.3)
49.2
(9.6)
62.2
(16.8)
70.8
(21.6)
76.3
(24.6)
74.3
(23.5)
65.0
(18.3)
51.5
(10.8)
35.6
(2)
22.3
(−5.4)
48.71
(9.28)

Average low °F (°C)
1.5
(−16.9)
6.1
(−14.4)
17.5
(−8.1)
30.0
(−1.1)
40.6
(4.8)
49.3
(9.6)
55.4
(13)
54.4
(12.4)
46.1
(7.8)
34.8
(1.6)
21.9
(−5.6)
7.3
(−13.7)
30.41
(−0.88)

Mean minimum °F (°C)
−23.2
(−30.7)
−19.4
(−28.6)
−8
(−22)
13.9
(−10.1)
27.8
(−2.3)
36.6
(2.6)
43.2
(6.2)
42.1
(5.6)
30.9
(−0.6)
20.6
(−6.3)
2.1
(−16.6)
−16.7
(−27.1)
−26.1
(−32.3)

Record low °F (°C)
−41
(−41)
−39
(−39)
−29
(−34)
−5
(−21)
16
(−9)
27
(−3)
35
(2)
32
(0)
23
(−5)
6
(−14)
−29
(−34)
−35
(−37)
−41
(−41)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.96
(24.4)
0.81
(20.6)
1.49
(37.8)
2.43
(61.7)
3.23
(82)
4.23
(107.4)
3.85
(97.8)
3.70
(94)
4.11
(104.4)
2.85
(72.4)
2.09
(53.1)
1.21
(30.7)
30.96
(786.4)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
19.4
(49.3)
12.4
(31.5)
13.2
(33.5)
6.9
(17.5)
0.4
(1)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0.1
(0.3)
2.3
(5.8)
13.7
(34.8)
17.7
(45)
86.1
(218.7)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
10.3
8.5
9.7
10.6
12.3
12.6
11.8
10.8
12.3
11.3
10.7
10.5
131.4

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
12.9
10.1
8.7
4.6
0.5
0
0
0
0.1
2.0
8.9
12.8
60.6

Average relative humidity (%)
72.0
69.8
69.3
63.6
62.7
69.5
70.9
74.5
75.7
71.4
74.9
76.3
70.9

Mean monthly sunshine hours
132.7
149.7
190.7
229.5
263.5
272.8
307.5
261.8
194.0
150.4
98.5
102.3
2,353.4

Percent possible sunshine
47
52
52
56
57
58
64
60
51
44
35
38
53

Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[26][27][28]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Minneapolis/St. Paul International Airport (1981–2010 normals,[c] extremes 1871–present)[d]

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
58
(14)
64
(18)
83
(28)
95
(35)
106
(41)
104
(40)
108
(42)
103
(39)
104
(40)
90
(32)
77
(25)
68
(20)
108
(42)

Mean maximum °F (°C)
43.1
(6.2)
47.3
(8.5)
65.9
(18.8)
80.1
(26.7)
87.9
(31.1)
93.3
(34.1)
94.8
(34.9)
92.4
(33.6)
87.9
(31.1)
79.1
(26.2)
61.6
(16.4)
45.5
(7.5)
96.6
(35.9)

Average high °F (°C)
23.7
(−4.6)
28.9
(−1.7)
41.3
(5.2)
57.8
(14.3)
69.4
(20.8)
78.8
(26)
83.4
(28.6)
80.5
(26.9)
71.7
(22.1)
58.0
(14.4)
41.2
(5.1)
27.1
(−2.7)
55.2
(12.9)

Average low °F (°C)
7.5
(−13.6)
12.8
(−10.7)
24.3
(−4.3)
37.2
(2.9)
48.9
(9.4)
58.8
(14.9)
64.1
(17.8)
61.8
(16.6)
52.4
(11.3)
39.7
(4.3)
26.2
(−3.2)
12.3
(−10.9)
37.2
(2.9)

Mean minimum °F (°C)
−15
(−26)
−9.4
(−23)
3.6
(−15.8)
21.6
(−5.8)
34.9
(1.6)
45.0
(7.2)
53.2
(11.8)
50.7
(10.4)
36.4
(2.4)
25.3
(−3.7)
7.6
(−13.6)
−10
(−23)
−18.9
(−28.3)

Record low °F (°C)
−41
(−41)
−33
(−36)
−32
(−36)
2
(−17)
18
(−8)
34
(1)
43
(6)
39
(4)
26
(−3)
10
(−12)
−25
(−32)
−39
(−39)
−41
(−41)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.90
(22.9)
0.77
(19.6)
1.89
(48)
2.66
(67.6)
3.36
(85.3)
4.25
(108)
4.04
(102.6)
4.30
(109.2)
3.08
(78.2)
2.43
(61.7)
1.77
(45)
1.16
(29.5)
30.61
(777.6)

Average snowfall inches (cm)
12.2
(31)
7.7
(19.6)
10.3
(26.2)
2.4
(6.1)
trace
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
trace
0.6
(1.5)
9.3
(23.6)
11.9
(30.2)
54.4
(138.2)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
8.9
7.4
9.3
10.7
11.5
11.3
10.2
9.7
9.8
9.2
8.7
9.8
116.5

Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
8.4
6.8
5.4
2.0
0.1
0
0
0
0
0.6
5.2
9.3
37.8

Average relative humidity (%)
69.9
69.5
67.4
60.3
60.4
63.8
64.8
67.9
70.7
68.3
72.6
74.1
67.5

Mean monthly sunshine hours
156.7
178.3
217.5
242.1
295.2
321.9
350.5
307.2
233.2
181.0
112.8
114.3
2,710.7

Percent possible sunshine
55
61
59
60
64
69
74
71
62
53
39
42
59

Source #1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)[30][31][32]

Source #2: The Weather Channel[33]

text: Winter[edit]

text: Even though winter does not officially start until late December, Minnesota usually begins experiencing winter-like conditions in November, sometimes as early as October. As with many other Midwestern states, winter in Minnesota is characterized by cold (below freezing) temperatures and snowfall. Weather systems can move in from the north, west, or south, with the majority of the weather being driven in from the north. A vigorous jet stream brings high and low-pressure systems through in quick succession, which can cause large temperature variations over a short period of time.

text: Winter temperature[edit]

text: As the last remnants of summertime air in the southern U.S. start to lose their grip, cold polar air building up in northern Canada starts to push farther south, eventually spreading into Minnesota. By the time December and January arrive, Minnesota is fully engulfed in the polar air and is then subjected to outbreaks of arctic air masses. Because there are no natural barriers north or northwest of Minnesota to block arctic air from pouring south, Minnesota gets regular shots of the arctic air through the winter.[34] High pressure systems which descend south from the Canadian plains behind the fronts bring light winds, clear skies, and bitterly cold temperatures. The northern part of Minnesota gets the brunt of the cold air. International Falls, sometimes called the "Icebox of the nation", has the coldest average annual temperature of any National Weather Service first-order station in the contiguous United States at 37.4 °F (3.0 °C).[35] Tower, Minnesota, sinks below 0 °F (−18 °C) on an average of seventy-one days per year, while the ten coldest counties in the contiguous US, based on January minimums, are all located in Minnesota.[36] The air mass then slowly moderates as it moves south into the rest of the state. Alberta clippers alternate with these high-pressure systems, bringing high winds and some snowfall with them.

text: Minnesota occasionally gets breaks from the polar and arctic air when a zonal flow takes hold. This means that the jet stream will move in a west to east motion—rather than north to south—and warmer air from the western United States is pushed into the region. In Minnesota this pattern commonly leads to a prolonged period of above freezing high temperatures that gives Minnesotans a break from the winter freeze. Storms that move into Minnesota from a more westerly direction generally do not bring significant amounts of precipitation with them.[37]

text: Winter precipitation[edit]

text: Winter precipitation comes in a few different forms. Snow is the main form of precipitation, but freezing rain, ice, sleet and sometimes even rain are all possible during the winter months. Larger storm systems, often Panhandle hooks or other storms that occur with a meridional flow, can bring large amounts of snow and even blizzard conditions.[38]

text: Alberta clippers[edit]

text: Alberta clippers are fast-moving areas of low pressure that move through Minnesota during the winter months.[39] Clippers get their name from Alberta, Canada, the province from which they begin their southward track. (Other variations of the same type of storm systems are "Saskatchewan Screamers" or "Manitoba Maulers".[40]) Although clippers often originate over the northern Pacific Ocean, they lose most of their moisture through orographic lift when they collide with the Canadian Rockies. Because of the limited moisture content and quick movement of the systems, clippers rarely produce more than 6 in (15 cm) of snow as they pass through Minnesota.[41] The biggest effects of an Alberta Clipper are what follows them, and that is arctic air, high wind speed, and dangerous wind chills. This often results in severe blowing and drifting snow, and sometimes even blizzard conditions.[42] Alberta Clippers often proceed to become copious lake-effect snow producers on the southern and eastern shores of the Great Lakes.[43]

text: Panhandle hooks[edit]

text: In terms of their characteristics, Panhandle hooks are nearly the opposite of Alberta clippers. Instead of forming in the north and dropping south, these low pressure systems form in the southwestern United States and then move northeast. They get their name from the location where they usually make their turn to the north; near the panhandles of Oklahoma and Texas. Unlike clippers, these storms usually have a great deal of moisture to work with. As the storms make their turn to the north, they pull in moist air from the nearby Gulf of Mexico and pull it northward toward Minnesota and other parts of the Midwest.[44] As these systems move to the northeast, there will usually be a heavy band of snow to the northwest of the low pressure center if there is enough cold air present. A wintery mix of precipitation, rain, or sometimes even thunderstorms will then often occur to the south of it.[45] Snowfall over a foot (30 cm) is not uncommon with a panhandle hook, and because of the high moisture content in these systems the snow is usually wet and heavy. Large panhandle hooks can become powerful enough to draw in arctic air after they pass by the state, leaving bitter cold temperatures and wind chills in their wake. Panhandle Hooks are responsible for some of the most famous blizzards that have occurred in the Midwest, including the Great Storm of 1975.[42]

text: Spring[edit]

text: Spring is a time of major transition in Minnesota. As winter nears its end, the sun rises higher in the sky and temperatures begin to moderate. As this happens much of the Midwest starts to experience severe thunderstorms and tornadoes.[46] Storm systems that move inland from the Pacific begin to collide with the increasingly warm and moist air from the Gulf of Mexico. In the early part of the spring, Minnesota is usually not in a geographically favorable position to experience severe weather since the warm air needed for it has not yet pushed that far to the north.[47] Early spring tornado outbreaks do occur occasionally in Minnesota though, as evidenced by the 1998 Comfrey – St. Peter tornado outbreak on March 29, 1998. More often, Minnesota is on the northern (cooler) side of major storm systems in the early spring, which instead results in only rain and possibly snow. Even though the winter snow pack typically starts to melt in southern Minnesota in early March, there is usually still enough cold air present over Canada to allow for major snow storms in Minnesota until late April.[48]

text: As spring progresses, the jet stream starts to push storm systems farther to the north, and southern Minnesota becomes more prone to severe thunderstorms and tornadoes.[47] As spring moves into the later stages, the chances for snow continue to drop and eventually disappear, south to north. By the time it gets warm enough for severe weather in northern Minnesota, the strength of storm systems have usually started to decrease, which results in fewer severe storms in northern Minnesota compared to the southern part of the state.

text: Wind[edit]

text: With the exception of areas along the shores of Lake Superior, winds in Minnesota generally prevail from the north and northwest in the winter, and south and southeast in the summer.[8] On average, autumn and spring are the windiest times of the year in Minnesota. October is the windiest month in northwest Minnesota, while April is the windiest over the rest of the state.[49] Winds generally average between 9 and 11 mph (14 and 18 km/h) across the state, with one major exception. The heaviest winds in the state are found on the Buffalo Ridge, or Coteau des Prairies, a flatiron-shaped area extending from Watertown, South Dakota, diagonally across southwestern Minnesota and into Iowa. Created by two lobes of a glacier parting around a pre-existing plateau during the (Pleistocene) Ice Age, the Buffalo Ridge is ideal for wind power generation, with average wind speeds of 16.1 mph (26.8 km/h).[50]

text: Floods[edit]

text: Minnesota is prone to flooding in its major rivers by spring snowmelt runoff and ice jams. Spring flooding to some degree occurs almost annually on some Minnesota rivers, but major floods have occurred in 1965, 1969, 1997, 2001, and 2009.[51][52] The flooding in 1965 was the worst flood in Minnesota history on the Mississippi River, while the flooding in 1997 was the worst in history on the Red River.[53] The Red River flood of 1997 was aided heavily by the 11 blizzards that struck Minnesota that winter.[8][54] Besides heavy winter and spring snowfall, cold winter temperatures and heavy autumn and spring rains causing sudden run-off surges are also common causes of spring river flooding in Minnesota.[55]

text: Minnesota is also prone to both river flooding and localized flash flooding by extended periods of heavy late-spring and summer rainfall. The Great Flood of 1993 on the Mississippi River was caused by copious amounts of rain that fell after the spring snow melt.[56]

text: The 2007 Midwest flooding, which affected the hilly Driftless area of southeast Minnesota was the result of a training pattern of storms mixing warm moist air from Tropical Storm Erin with cooler Canadian air, resulting in record 24-hour rainfall totals of up to 17 inches (432 mm),[57] with a similar flooding event in 2010 as a result of the remnants of tropical storm Georgette in the eastern Pacific and Hurricane Karl in the Gulf of Mexico.[58]

text: Summer[edit]

text: During a Minnesota summer, heat and humidity predominate in the south, while warm and less humid conditions are generally present in the north. A main feature of summer weather in Minnesota and the Midwestern United States as a whole is the weakening of the jet stream, leading to slower movement of air masses, a general increase in the stability of temperatures, and less wind.[59] The strong wind that does blow almost always comes from the south, bringing in warm temperatures and humidity. These humid conditions and a jet stream that has pushed into the northern parts of the U.S. initiate thunderstorm activity 30–40 days per year.[60]

text: Temperature[edit]

text: Daily average summer temperatures in Minnesota range from the low 70s (22 °C) in the south to the mid 60s °F (19 °C) in the north.[14] Because summer time air masses are not as volatile as in the winter, daily high and low temperatures rarely vary more than 15 degrees (7 °C) either side of normal. While summertime around much of the country means long stretches of hot and humid weather, Minnesota is located far enough north where periods of cooler, drier polar air frequently move in behind polar fronts dropping south from Canada.[7] The polar air typically does not linger very long however and is quickly replaced by the warmer and more humid air from the Gulf of Mexico again. The cool, dry polar air colliding with hot and humid summertime air keep the threat of thunderstorms and tornadoes in Minnesota through July and August.[47] Northern Minnesota is considerably cooler and less humid than southern Minnesota during the summer months. For example, Duluth's annual average temperature and dew point are 6 degrees (3.4 °C) cooler than Minneapolis'.[61]

text: July is the hottest month in Minnesota statewide and is usually the month when the peak heat waves occur. In July 1936, Minnesota and the rest of the Midwest suffered through its most severe heat wave on record. Most of the state was engulfed in 100 °F (38 °C) temperatures for several days in a row, and Minnesota's all-time record high temperature of 114 °F (46 °C) was equaled during this stretch. This heat wave was also responsible for the Twin Cities' all-time record high of 108 °F (42 °C), as well as the all-time record high of several other cities across the state.[62]

text: The western region of Minnesota experiences the hottest summer temperatures. Coteau des Prairies can heat cities to the north of it similar to how places in the Rocky Mountains are warmed by Chinook winds. As southwest winds blow down the slope of Coteau des Prairies, the air compresses and warms. This heats the hot air even further and often brings locations such as Beardsley and Moorhead the warmest temperatures in the state, despite their higher latitudes.[7]

text: Precipitation[edit]

text: The summer months of June, July, August, and September account for nearly half of the annual precipitation total across the state of Minnesota.[63] Most of this rain falls from thunderstorms, a frequent summer occurrence. Even though summer is the primary season for Minnesota to experience thunderstorms, they can occur from March to November. These storms can become severe, producing large hail, strong tornadoes, and large bow echos that result in damaging straight-line winds. Minnesota has experienced several major derecho events, most recently the Boundary Waters-Canadian Derecho which blew down millions of trees in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness on July 4, 1999.[64]

text: Summertime thunderstorms are fueled by dew points that often reach into the 70s °F (21 °C) and sometimes even 80 °F (27 °C).[65] In addition to severe conditions, thunderstorms produce heavy rain and cloud to ground lightning. Heavy rain brings flash floods to Minnesota an average of three days per year.[34] With the exception of hail, summer precipitation in Minnesota is almost always in the form of rain. The lone exception is in far northern Minnesota, where in mid-September, small amounts of snow become a possibility.[8]

text: Droughts[edit]

text: Droughts are an annual summer concern in Minnesota, especially for farmers. The growing season (which varies from 90 days per year in the Iron Range to 160 days in southeast Minnesota) is when Minnesota averages its highest percentage of annual precipitation, so a lack of rainfall during this time period can be devastating to crops.[34] The last major drought in Minnesota was in 1988. During that year, the period of April–July was the 2nd driest in the previous century, and the period of May–August was the hottest on record. The combination of dry skies and heat caused a severe drought which cost the state approximately 1.2 billion dollars in crop losses.[66]

text: Other memorable drought years were 1976 and the Dust Bowl years of the 1930s. During the dust bowl, inappropriate farming techniques enhanced by years of drought conditions led to dust storms in Southern Minnesota and the other parts of the Midwest.[67] Drought conditions also have helped spawn forest fires. In 1894 the Great Hinckley Fire destroyed Hinckley killing an estimated 459 people, and in 1918 a forest fire killed 453 people in the vicinity of Cloquet.[68] More recently, in 2006, the Cavity Lake Fire burned 31,830 acres (129 km²) in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness.[69]

text: Tornadoes[edit]

text: Tornadoes are possible in Minnesota from March–November, but the peak tornado month is June, followed by July, May, and August. Tornadoes are most common in the southern half of the state, which is located on the northern edge of Tornado Alley. Just over a third of tornadoes in Minnesota strike between 4:00 pm and 6:00 pm.[8] The state averages 27 tornadoes per year,[1] 99% of which have ratings of F2 or weaker. On average Minnesota has an F5 tornado once every 25 years. Some of the notable Minnesota tornadoes and outbreaks are:

text:
August 21, 1883: An F5 tornado struck Rochester, killing 37. This tornado led to the construction of a new hospital, which eventually evolved into the Mayo Clinic.
April 14, 1886: A large tornado struck Sauk Rapids, killing 72. This was Minnesota's deadliest tornado on record.[70]
June 22, 1919: The second-deadliest tornado in Minnesota history tore through Fergus Falls, killing 59.
May 6, 1965: Four F4 tornadoes ripped through the Twin Cities metro area (two of them in Fridley), killing 13.
June 16, 1992: Minnesota experienced its second-largest tornado outbreak with 27 recorded twisters. The largest tornado in this family was an F5 that struck Chandler, Minnesota, killing one. This is the most recent F5 tornado to strike the state.
March 29, 1998: An F4 and an F3 tornado that were part of a larger outbreak tore through the towns of Comfrey and St. Peter. They killed two and caused damage in the millions of dollars in Minnesota's earliest recorded tornado outbreak.
June 17, 2010: Three EF4 and six EF3 tornadoes were part of 48 twisters that touched down in Minnesota's largest tornado outbreak on record.[47]

text: Autumn[edit]

text: Autumn weather in Minnesota is marked by the rapid decrease of severe thunderstorms, dramatic cooling, and eventually the possibility of blizzards. With summer-time heat still prevalent in the southern U.S. and colder air quickly taking hold in Canada, Minnesota can be affected by wide temperature swings in short periods of time. Because of this, the jet stream, which tends to weaken during the summer months, begins to re-strengthen. This leads to quicker changes in weather patterns and increasingly strong storm systems.[71][72] As autumn moves on, these storm systems bring with them progressively colder air, eventually changing the rain over snow, generally starting in October in the northern part of the state and November in the south.[73] From September to December the average temperature in the state falls by approximately 43 °F (23 °C), the largest such temperature swing within any Minnesota season.[14]

text: By late October and November atmospheric dynamics are generally in place to allow storm systems to become very intense. In fact, Minnesota's all-time record low pressure was recorded during autumn on October 26, 2010.[74] If these powerful storm systems are able to draw enough cold air southward from Canada, they can evolve into powerful blizzards. Some of Minnesota's most memorable winter storm events have occurred during the middle part of the autumn season. On November 11, 1940, the southeast half of Minnesota was surprised by the Armistice Day Blizzard. Temperatures in the 60s °F (16 °C) on the morning of November 11 dropped into the single digits (below –12 °C) by the morning of November 12, bringing with them 27 inches (69 cm) of snow and 60 mph (100 km/h) winds. Known deaths in this blizzard reached 154, 49 of them in Minnesota.[75][76] On October 31, 1991, much of Minnesota was hit by the Halloween Blizzard. A band of snowfall of 24+ in (60+ cm) fell from the Twin Cities north to Duluth. It was the single largest snowfall ever recorded in many communities across eastern Minnesota.[77]

text: Image and popular culture[edit]

text: Minnesota's climate has done much to shape the image of the state. Minnesota has a late but intense spring, a summer of water sports, an autumn of brilliantly colored leaves, and a long winter with outdoor sports and activities.

text: "Summer at the lake" is a Minnesota tradition. Water skiing was invented in Minnesota by Ralph Samuelson, and the Minneapolis Aquatennial features a milk carton boat race. Contestants build boats from milk cartons and float them on Minneapolis area lakes, with recognition based more on colorful and imaginative designs than on actual racing performance.[78]

text: But while Minnesota's warm summers provide its natives and tourists with a variety of outdoor activities, the state is known for its winters. The state has produced curlers, skiers, and lugers who have competed in the Winter Olympics, pioneers who invented the snowmobile, and legions of ice fishing enthusiasts.[79]

text: The state is also known for enthusiastic ice hockey players, both at the amateur and professional levels. Eveleth, Minnesota, home to the United States Hockey Hall of Fame, boasts of the number of quality players and the contributions of the city (and the rest of the Mesabi Range) to the growth and development of hockey in the United States.[80]

text: To many outsiders, Minnesota's winters appear to be cold and inhospitable. A World War II newscaster, in describing the brutally cold conditions of the Russian front, stated that at least Minnesotans could understand it.[79] A New York journalist visited St. Paul and declared that the city was "another Siberia, unfit for human habitation." In response, the city decided to build a huge ice palace in 1886, similar to one that Montreal had built in 1885. They hired the architects of the Canadian ice palace to design one for St. Paul and built a palace 106 ft (32.3 m) high with ice blocks cut from a nearby lake.[78] This began the tradition of the Saint Paul Winter Carnival, a ten-day festival which celebrates Minnesota's winter season.[81]

text: Minnesota's winters are the setting of several television programs and Hollywood films, including the 1996 film Fargo which features the backdrop of a Minnesota winter, but like most of the characters in the movie, the climate is portrayed as bleak and inhospitable.[82]


document_title: List of nuclear weapons tests of India

question_text: when did india resort to first nuclear test

root

text: List of nuclear weapons tests of India

text: Test Series[edit]

text: Pokhran I[edit]

text:
Pokhran I

Information

Country
India

Test site
Pokhran, India

Period
1974

Number of tests
1

Test type
underground shaft

Max. yield
12 kilotonnes of TNT (50 TJ)

Test series chronology

Pokhran II →

tag: table

text:
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text: The India test series summary table is below.

tag: p

text: The detonations in the India's Pokhran I series are listed below:

text:
India's Pokhran I series tests and detonations

Name [n 1]
Date time (UT)
Local time zone [n 2][1]
Location [n 3]
Elevation + height [n 4]
Delivery, [n 5]
Purpose [n 6]
Device [n 7]
Yield [n 8]
Fallout [n 9]
References
Notes

Smiling Buddha
000000001974-05-18-000018 May 1974 02:34:55.0
IST
(+5.5 hrs)
Pokhran, India 27°05′40″N 71°45′13″E / 27.09451°N 71.75365°E / 27.09451; 71.75365 (Smiling Buddha)
000128 !235 m (771 ft) - 107 m (351 ft)
underground shaft,

000120000 !12 kt

[2][3][4][5]
Indira Gandhi declared Smiling Buddha to be a peaceful test.

text:
Jump up ^ The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.
Jump up ^ To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. All historical timezone data are derived from here:
Jump up ^ Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.
Jump up ^ Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.
Jump up ^ Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.
Jump up ^ Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.
Jump up ^ Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.
Jump up ^ Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
Jump up ^ Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.

tag: ol

text: Pokhran II[edit]

text:
Pokhran II

Information

Country
India

Test site
Pokhran, India

Period
1998

Number of tests
2

Test type
underground, underground shaft

Max. yield
43–45 kilotonnes of TNT (180–190 TJ)

Test series chronology

← Pokhran I

text:
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text: Pokhran II was a group of 2 nuclear tests conducted in 1998.

text:
India's Pokhran II series tests and detonations

Name [n 1]
Date time (UT)
Local time zone [n 2][1]
Location [n 3]
Elevation + height [n 4]
Delivery, [n 5]
Purpose [n 6]
Device [n 7]
Yield [n 8]
Fallout [n 9]
References
Notes

Shakti 1 - 1
000000001998-05-11-000011 May 1998 10:13:41.8
IST
(+5.5 hrs)
Pokhran, India: White House 27°04′44″N 71°43′20″E / 27.07883°N 71.72231°E / 27.07883; 71.72231 (Shakti 1 - 1)
000026 !226 m (741 ft) - 200 m (660 ft)
underground shaft,

000430000 !43-45 kt

[2][3][4][5]
Two stage thermonuclear device with fusion boosted primary, intended for missile warhead; test design yield 45 kt, with a 200 kt deployed yield.

Shakti 1 - 2
000000001998-05-11-000011 May 1998 10:13:41.8
IST
(+5.5 hrs)
Pokhran, India: Taj Mahal 27°04′44″N 71°43′20″E / 27.07883°N 71.72231°E / 27.07883; 71.72231 (Shakti 1 - 2)
000076 !226 m (741 ft) - 150 m (490 ft)
underground shaft,

000120000 !12 kt

[2][3][4][5]
Lightweight pure fission tactical bomb/missile warhead, 12 kt design yield; exact locations of sites is unknown.

Shakti 1 - 3
000000001998-05-11-000011 May 1998 10:13:41.8
IST
(+5.5 hrs)
Pokhran, India: Kumbhkaran 27°04′44″N 71°43′20″E / 27.07883°N 71.72231°E / 27.07883; 71.72231 (Shakti 1 - 3)
000226 !226 m (741 ft) +
underground,

000002000 !200 t

[2][3][4][5]
Fission experimental device, reportedly made with reactor-grade plutonium. Probably a fusion boosted design without the fusion fuel, 0.3 kt design yield; exact locations of sites is unknown.

Shakti 2 - 1
000000001998-05-13-000013 May 1998 06:51:??
IST
(+5.5 hrs)
Pokhran, India: Navtala 1 27°04′24″N 71°42′49″E / 27.07347°N 71.71353°E / 27.07347; 71.71353 (Shakti 2 - 1)
000206 !226 m (741 ft) - 20 m (66 ft)
underground,

000005000 !500 t

[2][3][4][5]
A 0.5 kt experimental device; exact locations of sites is unknown.

Shakti 2 - 2
000000001998-05-13-000013 May 1998 06:51:??
IST
(+5.5 hrs)
Pokhran, India: Navtala 2 27°04′24″N 71°42′49″E / 27.07347°N 71.71353°E / 27.07347; 71.71353 (Shakti 2 - 2)
000226 !226 m (741 ft) +
underground,

000003000 !300 t

[2][3][4][5]
A 0.2 kt experimental device that used uranium-233; exact locations of sites is unknown.

Shakti 2 - 3
(canceled)
000000001998-05-13-000013 May 1998 06:51:??
IST
(+5.5 hrs)
Pokhran, India: Navtala 3 27°04′24″N 71°42′49″E / 27.0734°N 71.7135°E / 27.0734; 71.7135 (Shakti 2 - 3)
000226 !226 m (741 ft) +
underground,

000000000 !unknown yield

[2][3][4][5]
Not fired; another low yield experimental device Exact locations of sites is unknown.

text: Summary[edit]

text:
India's nuclear testing series summary

Series or years
Years covered
Tests [Summ 1]
Devices fired
Devices with unknown yield
Peaceful use tests
Non-PTBT tests [Summ 2]
Yield range (kilotons) [Summ 3]
Total yield (kilotons) [Summ 4]
Notes

Pokhran I
1974
0001 !1
0001 !1
0000 !
0001 !1
0000 !
12
0012 !12

Pokhran–II
1998
0002 !2
0005 !5
0000 !
0000 !
0000 !
small to 43-45
0056 !56-58

Totals
1974-May-18 to 1998-May-13
3
6

1

0 to 43-45
68-70
Total country yield is 0.0% of all nuclear testing.

text:
Jump up ^ Includes all tests with potential for nuclear fission or fusion explosion, including combat use, singleton tests, salvo tests, zero yield fails, safety experiments, and bombs incapacitated by accidents but still intended to be fired. It does not include hydronuclear and subcritical tests, and misfires of a device which was subsequently fired successfully.
Jump up ^ Number of tests which would have been in violation of the Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963, such as atmospheric, space or underwater tests. Some "peaceful use" cratering tests which should have been violations were protested, and later quietly dropped.
Jump up ^ "Small" refers to a value greater than zero but less than 0.5 kt.
Jump up ^ Some yields are described like "< 20 kt"; such are scored at one half of the numeric amount, i.e., yield of 10k in this example. "Unknown yield" adds nothing to the total.


document_title: List of stews

question_text: n. a highly seasoned stew made of several kinds of fish and shellfish

text: List of stews

text: Stews[edit]

text:
Name
Image
Origin
Description and distinctive ingredients

Alicot

France
Stew made with poultry giblets and possibly the head, feet and wing tips.

Andrajos

Spain (Jaén)
Stew of tomatoes, onions, garlic, red pepper and rabbit, thickened with cake flour.

Asam pedas

Indonesia
Malaysia
Sour and spicy stew dish made of seafood cooked in tamarind fruit juice, chili and other spices.

Beef bourguignon

France (Burgundy)
Stew made of beef braised in red wine (traditionally red Burgundy)[1] and beef broth, generally flavoured with garlic, onions and a bouquet garni, with pearl onions and mushrooms.

Bicol Express

Philippines
Stew made from long chillies, coconut milk, shrimp paste or stockfish, onions, pork, and garlic.

Bigos

Poland
Ukraine
Lithuania
Stew that features white cabbage, sauerkraut, various cuts of meat and sausages, often whole or puréed tomatoes, honey and mushrooms as ingredients.

Birnen, Bohnen und Speck

Germany
Typical dish in which pears, beans and bacon are cooked together.

Birria

Mexico
Spicy meat stew made of pork, goat, lamb, or mutton that is traditionally served on holidays, such as Christmas.

Blanquette de veau

France
Bright veal ragout with mirepoix.

Booyah

United States (Upper Midwestern)
Thick stew popular in the Upper Midwestern United States with meat and vegetables. Often prepared communally in large kettles, with several different meats.

Bosnian Pot

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Typical Bosnian dish with ingredients: beef, lamb, cabbage, potatoes, tomatoes, carrots, parsley, garlic, and peppercorns (whole, not ground).

Bouillabaisse

France (Marseille)
Bony fish and seafood stew with vegetables and Provençal herbs and spices. The name refers to a "simmering boil", the temperature of cooking the stew.

Brudet

Croatia
Fish stew that is usually eaten with polenta.

Brunswick stew

United States (Southern)
Tomato-based stew containing various types of lima beans or butter beans, corn, okra, and other vegetables, and one or more types of meat. Most recipes claiming authenticity call for squirrel or rabbit meat, but chicken, pork, and beef are also common ingredients.

Buddha Jumps Over the Wall

China
Cantonese variation on shark fin soup.

Buğu kebabı

Turkey
Turkish lamb and vegetable stew with a kebab name.

Burgoo

United States (Midwestern and Southern)
Traditionally made with wild game, this spicy thick stew is similar to Irish or Mulligan stew, often served with cornbread or corn muffins. Often prepared communally, with several different meats.

Cabbage stew

Prepared using cabbage as a main ingredient. Pictured is kapuska.

Cacciucco

Italy
Fish stew with several different types of fish and shellfish cooked in wine, tomatoes, and chili pepper.

Cachupa

Cape Verde
Slow cooked stew of corn (hominy), beans, and fish or meat (sausage, beef, goat or chicken).

Caldeirada

Portugal
Stew consisting of a large variety of fish, and sometimes shellfish, with potatoes, tomatoes and onions.

Caldereta de cordero

Spain
Lamb or mutton stew.

Caldo gallego

Spain
Stew made with fatty pork, white beans, and greens (cabbage or spring greens). Literally means "Galician stew".

Callaloo

Caribbean
Caribbean dish made of leaf vegetables, amaranth, and taro.

Caparrones

Spain (La Rioja)
Stew made of caparrón (a variety of red kidney beans) and a spicy chorizo sausage.

Carbonade flamande

Belgium
Traditional Belgian sweet-sour beef and onion stew made with beer, and seasoned with thyme and bay leaf.

Carne mechada

Argentina
Chile
Venezuela[2]
Latin American beef stew.

Cassoulet

France (Languedoc)
French dish that consists of slow-cooked meat (typically pork sausages, pork, goose, duck, and sometimes mutton) with white haricot beans.

Cawl

Wales
Lamb stew (beef or hock in Pembrokeshire) which includes vegetables, such as leeks and potatoes, as well as carrots, celery, onion, parsnip, swede, and turnip.

Chairo

Bolivia
Meat and vegetable stew with potato starch (chuños), onions, carrots, potatoes, white corn, beef and wheat kernels.

Chakapuli

Georgia
Popular stew with lamb chops or veal, onions, tarragon leaves, cherry plums or tkemali (cherry plum sauce), dry white wine, mixed fresh herbs (parsley, mint, dill, coriander), garlic and salt.

Chapea

Dominican Republic
Traditional dish from the countryside that consists of cooked red beans with longaniza (Dominican sausage), rice, ripe plantain and mashed squash, which is used as a thickener.

Chicken mull

United States (Southern)
Traditional dish from North Carolina and Georgia. It is a type of stew consisting of parboiled whole chicken in a cream or milk based broth with butter, seasoned with salt, pepper and other ingredients. Traditionally, the stew is served in the late fall and winter months. Often prepared communally.

Chili con carne

United States (Texas)
Spicy, normally tomato-based, stew that features chopped or ground beef, peppers and other ingredients.

Cholent

Jewish
Slowly simmered Jewish stew that cooks overnight and is traditionally served on Shabbat. Main ingredients are meat, potatoes, beans, and barley; some recipes (Sephardi) include rice and substitute chicken for beef.

Chupe Andino

Andes
Refers to various stews and soups that are prepared in Andes Mountains region of South America

Ciambotta

Italy
Based on vegetables, but may have other ingredients, such as meat or fish. The vegetable choices are usually potatoes, eggplant, tomatoes, sweet peppers, chili, onion and herbs.

Cincinnati chili

United States (Ohio)
Mediterranean-spiced meat sauce used as a topping for spaghetti or hot dogs.

Cioppino

United States (San Francisco)
Italian-American fish stew that is traditionally made from the catch of the day, which in the dish's place of origin is typically a combination of Dungeness crab, clams, shrimp, scallops, squid, mussels and fish. The seafood is then combined with fresh tomatoes in a wine sauce, and served with toasted bread, either sourdough or baguette.

Cocido lebaniego

Spain (Cantabria)
Stew whose essential ingredients include chickpeas, potatoes and collard greens. The rest of the elements are compangu, meat from the pig slaughter, such as bacon (tocino), black pudding (morcilla), chorizo and ham. Other additional ingredients are beef, especially cecina and bones, and a stuffing made of bread flour, egg and parsley.

Cocido madrileño

Spain (Madrid)
Stew whose main ingredient is the chickpea or garbanzo bean, preferably of its larger variety (also known as kabuli). Vegetables are added: potatoes mainly, but also cabbage, carrots, and turnips. In some cases, green beans, mangold, or cardoon are also added.

Cocido montañés

Spain (Cantabria)
Highlander stew is made with two vegetal ingredients, dried large white beans and collard greens (berza). The rest of the elements of this recipe are known as compangu, meat ingredients from the pig slaughter: bacon (tocino), pork ribs (costilla), black pudding (morcilla) with rice, and chorizo.

Compote

Game stew made for example from rabbit, partridge, or pigeon.

Corn stew

A stew prepared with corn (maize) as a primary ingredient

Coq au vin

France
French braise of chicken cooked with wine, lardons, mushrooms, and optionally garlic.

Cotriade

France (Brittany)
Breton-style stew made with potatoes and many kinds of fish, but without shellfish.

Cozido/Cocido

Portugal
Spain
Stew made with different meats and vegetables; numerous regional variations exist throughout Portugal and Spain.

Daube

France (Provence)
Classic Provençal stew made with inexpensive beef braised in wine, vegetables, garlic, and herbes de Provence, and traditionally cooked in a daubière, a braising pan.

Dimlama

Uzbekistan
Stew made with various combinations of meat, potatoes, onions, vegetables, and sometimes fruits.

Dinuguan

Philippines
Filipino savory stew of meat and/or offal (typically lungs, kidneys, intestines, ears, heart and snout) simmered in a rich, spicy dark gravy of pig blood, garlic, chili (most often siling mahaba), and vinegar.

Drokpa Katsa

Tibet
Stewed tripe, with curry, fennel, monosodium glutamate, and salt.

Güveç

Turkey
Vegetable and meat stew made with mutton or veal and common to Balkan countries.

Escudella i carn d'olla

Spain (Catalonia)
Stew that contains a pilota (a very big meatball spiced with garlic and parsley); it also contains vegetables, such as celery, cabbage, carrots, etc. depending on the season. Additionally, bones, sausages called botifarras, and other types of meat can be used.

Étouffée

United States (Louisiana)
Seafood dish of the Creole cuisine of Louisiana that is usually served with shellfish over rice. Literally means "smothered" in French.

Fabada Asturiana

Spain (Asturias)
Fabada is made with dried large white beans (fabes de la Granja, soaked overnight before use), shoulder of pork (Lacón Gallego) or bacon (tocino), black pudding (morcilla), chorizo, and often saffron (azafrán). Some recipes also call for longaniza.

Fabes con almejas

Spain (Asturias)
Clam stew that calls for small clams, fava beans, onions, garlic, salt, saffron, bay leaves, olive oil, parsley, bread crumbs and sometimes sweet paprika.

Fahsa

Yemen
Stew made of lamb cutlets with lamb broth. Spices and holba (fenugreek) are added after cooking.

Fårikål

Norway
Traditional dish, consisting of pieces of mutton with bone, cabbage, whole black pepper and a little wheat flour, cooked for several hours in a casserole, traditionally served with potatoes boiled in their skins. Literally means "mutton in cabbage".

Fasole cu cârnaţi

Romania
Dish consisting of baked beans, sausages and/or smoked ham.

Feijoada

Brazil
Portugal
Stew of beans with beef or pork, and may include other vegetables.

Fesenjān

Iran
Thick, tart stew made from pomegranate juice and ground walnuts; traditionally made with poultry, but variants using balls of ground meat, ghormeh cut lamb, fish, or no meat at all are not unusual.

Flaki

Poland
Meat stew with common ingredients, including beef tripe, beef, bay leaf, parsley, carrots, beef broth, and spices to taste, including salt, black pepper, nutmeg, sweet paprika, and marjoram.

Főzelék

Hungary
Very thick vegetable soup, so it may be considered a stew. Sometimes served with meatballs and often eaten as a side dish.

Fricot

Canada (Acadia)
Consists of potatoes, onions, and whatever meat was available, cooked in a stew and topped with dumplings. The common meats used are chicken (fricot au poulet), clams (fricot aux coques), rabbit (fricot au lapin des bois), beef, or pork.

Gaisburger Marsch

Germany (Swabia)
Swabian dish made from meat with cooked potatoes and spätzle.

Galinhada

Brazil
Stew of rice and chicken.

Garbure

France (Gascony)
Stew of ham with cabbage and other vegetables, usually with cheese and stale bread added.

Ghapama

Armenia
Sweet pumpkin stew, traditionally cooked in the pumpkin shell; does not contain meat.

Ghormeh sabzi

Iran
Dish that consists of a mixture of sautéed herbs, consisting mainly of parsley, leek, and a smaller amount of fenugreek leaves, where this is usually the dry herb of the mix.

Goat water

Montserrat
A national dish of Montserrat prepared with goat meat and vegetables

Goulash

Hungary
Soup or stew of meat, noodles and vegetables (especially potato), seasoned with paprika and other spices.

Guatitas

Chile
Ecuador
Stew whose main ingredient is pieces of tripe.

Gumbo

United States (Louisiana)
Stew or soup that consists primarily of a strongly-flavored stock, with meat or shellfish, a thickener, and the vegetable "holy trinity" of celery, bell peppers, and onions.

Guyana Pepperpot

Guyana
Stewed meat dish, strongly flavored with cinnamon, hot chili peppers, and cassareep (a special sauce made from the cassava root). Beef, pork, and mutton are the most popular meats used, though chicken is also used.

Hachee

Netherlands
Traditional Dutch stew based on diced meat, fish or poultry, and vegetables.

Hasenpfeffer

Germany
Traditional German stew made from marinated rabbit or hare, cut into stewing-meat sized pieces and braised with onions and wine, in a marinade thickened with the animal's blood.

Hoosh

United States
Thick stew made from pemmican (a mix of dried meat, fat, and cereal) or other meat, thickener such as ground biscuits, and water. Used on expeditions to frozen polar regions.

Hot pot

China
Mongolia
Stew made with a variety of raw meats, seafood, vegetables, noodles, dumplings, etc., all cooked at the table in a simmering hot pot of broth.

Irish stew

Ireland
Traditional stew made from lamb or mutton, as well as potatoes, carrots, onions, and parsley.

Islim or patlıcan kebabı

Turkey
Traditional stew made from veal or mutton and eggplants, also having tomatoes and green peppers.

Istrian stew

Croatia
Stew whose main ingredients are beans, sauerkraut, potatoes, bacon, and spare ribs; the main seasoning is garlic.

Jambalaya

United States (Louisiana)
Dish of the Creole cuisine of Louisiana that consists of three parts: meat, rice and vegetables. Many variations that include seafood do exist.

Kadhi

India
Pakistan
Spicy stew whose thick gravy is based on chickpea flour (called besan in Hindi) and contains vegetable fritters called pakoras, to which sour yoghurt is added to give it a little sour taste.

Kaldereta

Philippines
Dish whose common ingredients are goat shoulders with tomato paste and liver spread.

Kapuska

Turkey
Cabbage and veal stew.

Kare-kare

Philippines
Popular stew made from a peanut-based sauce with a variety of vegetables, stewed oxtail, beef, and occasionally offal or tripe. Meat variants may include goat meat or (rarely) chicken.

Karelian hot pot

Finland
Stew that features a combination of pork and beef, but lamb can also be used. The hot pot is usually seasoned with black peppercorns and salt. Other seasonings such as allspice and bay leaf may be used too. Common vegetables such as carrot, onion, and root vegetables are acceptable additions to the stew.

Kig ha farz

France (Brittany)
Stew consisting of various meats (hock, beef and lamb) simmered in a broth with carrots, potatoes, cabbage and a large buckwheat flour based dumpling. Literally means "meat and stuffing" in Breton. Known mainly in Finisterre.

Kuru fasulye
 (Image of version without meat)
Turkey
Stew consisting of dry beans, generally with meat (veal or mutton) and pastırma or sucuk in its broth, with tomato paste.

Lancashire hotpot

United Kingdom (England)
Dish made traditionally from lamb or mutton, and onion topped with sliced potatoes, left to bake in the oven all day in a heavy pot and on a low heat.

Lecsó

Hungary
Czech Republic
Thick vegetable stew which features peppers, tomato, onion, lard, salt, sugar and ground paprika as a base recipe.

Lobster stew

Spain (Menorca)
Stew made from lobster, which is added to a sofrito with onion, tomato, garlic and parsley; then boiled, and is eaten with thin slices of bread.

Locro

Peru
Ecuador
Bolivia
Argentina
Hearty thick stew whose main ingredients are corn, some form of meat (usually beef, but sometimes beef jerky or chorizo), and vegetables. Other ingredients vary widely, and typically include onion, beans, squash or pumpkin.

Lunggoi Katsa

Tibet
Dish consisting of stewed sheep's head, with curry, fennel, monosodium glutamate, and salt.

Maafe

West Africa
Stew that is made from lamb, beef, or chicken, cooked with a sauce based on tomatoes and groundnuts (peanuts).

Maconochie

United Kingdom (England)
Stew of sliced turnips and carrots in a thin soup that was especially made by the "Maconochie Company" for soldiers during World War I

Mechado

Philippines
Stew of Spanish origin, traditionally made with larded beef, but now also made with leaner cuts. Marinating in soy sauce and calamansi juice give it a Filipino flavor.

Mjave lobio

Georgia
Dish of stewed beans, tomatoes and onion.

Moambe

Central Africa
Dish prepared with a sauce usually made from the pericarp (not the seeds) of palm nuts, the fruit of the African oil palm.

Mocotó

Brazil
Portugal
Dish made from cow's feet, stewed with beans and vegetables.

Molagoottal

India
South Indian stew with coconut and lentils as a base.

Mulligan stew

United States
Dish similar to Irish stew, Brunswick stew, or burgoo, as improvised by American hobos from available or scavenged ingredients, such as squirrel or opossum.

Navarin

France
French ragoût (stew) of lamb or mutton. Often, vegetables are added.

Ndolé

Cameroon
National dish of Cameroon, a stew of nuts, ndoleh (bitter leaves indigenous to West Africa), and fish or ground beef.

Nikujaga

Japan
Japanese dish of meat, potatoes and onion stewed in sweetened soy sauce, sometimes with ito konnyaku and vegetables.

Olla podrida

Spain
Spanish stew made from pork and beans and an inconsistent, wide variety of other meats and vegetables, often including chickpeas, depending on the recipe used.

Ollada

Spain (Valencia)
Stew based on boiling vegetables and meat in a casserole.

Ostropel

Romania
Stew that is primarily made from chicken mixed with a thick tomato sauce.

Oyster stew

United States
Stew made from oysters with milk and cream

Paila marina

Chile
Typical stew that is usually made of a shellfish stock containing different kinds of cooked shellfish and fish. These are complemented with a variety of herbs and spices such as garlic, cilantro, and onion.

Palaver sauce

West Africa
Stew popular in Western Africa that has many regional varieties and may contain beef, fish, shrimp, pepitas, cassava, taro (cocoyam) leaves, and palm oil. It is served with boiled rice, potatoes, garri, fufu, or yams.

Paomo

China
Stew of chopped-up baked unleavened bread cooked in lamb broth and served with lamb meat. It is often eaten with pickled garlic and chilli sauce.

Pasulj (also known as Grah)

Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Croatia and Slovenia
A bean soup made of usually white, cranberry or pinto beans. It is normally prepared with meat, particularly smoked meat such as smoked bacon, sausage, and ham hock, and is a typical winter dish.

Philadelphia Pepper Pot

United States (Pennsylvania)
Thick stew of beef tripe, vegetables and other seasonings; originates in the cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch.

Pichelsteiner

Germany
German stew that consists of several types of meats and vegetables. Common ingredients are beef, pork and mutton, as well as potatoes, carrots and leek.

Pinangat

Philippines
Filipino stew made of taro leaves, chilli, meat and coconut milk wrapped in gabi leaves and tied securely with coconut leaf.

Piperade

Spain (Basque country)
Typical Basque dish prepared with onion, green peppers, and tomatoes sautéed and flavored with red Espelette pepper.[3]

Pisto

Spain (Murcia)
Stew made of tomatoes, onions, eggplant or courgettes, green and red peppers and olive oil.

Pörkölt

Hungary
Hungarian stew that consists of meat, paprika, and sometimes vegetables, but no potatoes. It should not be confused with goulash, which does always contain potatoes and is more like a soup.

Pot-au-feu

France
French beef stew. Other ingredients may differ from region to region, but commonly various kinds of vegetables are included, such as carrots, turnips, leeks, celery and onions.

Potjiekos

South Africa
South African stew that is usually prepared outdoors. The recipe commonly contains meat, vegetables, starches like rice or potatoes, all slow-cooked with Dutch-Malay spices, the distinctive spicing of South Africa's early culinary melting pot. Other common ingredients include fruits and flour-based products like pasta.

Pottage

United Kingdom
Thick soup or stew made by boiling vegetables, grains, and, if available, meat or fish. Pottage commonly consisted of various ingredients easily available to serfs and peasants, and could be kept over the fire for a period of days, during which time some of it was eaten and more ingredients added. The result was a dish that was slowly but constantly evolving, a "perpetual stew".

Pozole

Mexico
Mexican stew with ritual significance made from maize with meat, usually pork, chicken, turkey, or pork rinds, with chili peppers, and other seasonings and garnishes. Vegetarian and vegan versions also exist.

Puchero

South America
Spain
Stew whose ingredients may vary greatly according to region. Its equivalent may be the Spanish cocido.

Qoiri

Tibet
Stew of mutton chops, made with flour, shredded wheat, chilli, dry curd cheese, water and salt.

Rabbit stew

A stew prepared using rabbit or hare as a main ingredient.

Ragout

France
Refers to a main-dish stew. Ragouts may be prepared with or without meat, a wide variety of vegetables may be incorporated, and they may be more or less heavily spiced and seasoned. Pictured is ragout with lentils.

Ratatouille

France (Provence)
Vegetable stew from the Provence that consists mainly of tomatoes with garlic, onions, courgettes (zucchini), aubergine (eggplant), poivron (bell peppers), marjoram and basil, or bay leaf and thyme, or a mix of green herbs, such as herbes de Provence.

Red cooked pork

China
Braised stew made with soy sauce, Chinese rice wine, caramelized sugar, and spices. Usually made with pork, but other meats, such as beef or chicken are also cooked in this style.

Rössypottu

Finland
Stew made using potatoes (pottu, peruna), some pork and the main ingredient, so-called "rössy" (i.e. blood pudding made of blood, beer, rye flour and some spices).

Rubaboo

North America
Basic stew or porridge consumed by coureurs des bois and voyageurs (fur traders), as well as Métis people from North America, traditionally made of peas or corn (or both) with grease (bear or pork) and a thickening agent (bread or flour).

Sagamite

North America
Native-American stew made from hominy or Indian corn. Additional ingredients may include vegetables, wild rice, brown sugar, animal fat, beans, smoked fish or animal brains.

Saksang

Indonesia
Spicy stew made from minced pork or dog meat (or more rarely, water buffalo meat) stewed in blood, coconut milk, and spices.

Saltah

Yemen
Considered the national dish of Yemen, the base is a brown meat stew called maraq, with fenugreek froth and sahawiq or sahowqa (a mixture of chillies, tomatoes, garlic, and herbs ground into a salsa). Common additions are rice, potatoes, scrambled eggs, and vegetables.

Scouse

United Kingdom (England)
Variation of labskaus; a type of meat or beef stew.

Seco

Ecuador
Stewed meat.

Sekba

Indonesia
Chinese Indonesian pork offals stewed in mild soy sauce-based soup. The stew tastes mildly sweet and salty, made from soy sauce, garlic, and Chinese herbs.

Semur

Indonesia
Type of meat stew that is processed in thick brown gravy. The main material used in semur gravy is shallots, onions, garlic, kecap manis (sweet soy sauce), nutmeg, and cloves.

Shiro

Eritrea
Homogenous stew whose primary ingredient is powdered chickpeas or broad bean meal.

Sinigang

Philippines
Filipino soup or stew characterized by its sour flavor most often associated with tamarind (sampalok).

Skirts and kidneys

Ireland
Irish stew made from pork and pork kidneys.

Sonofabitch stew

United States (Western)
Cowboy dish consisting of whatever is on hand. Most recipes call for meat and offal from a calf.

Sulu köfte

Turkey
Soup-like stew with köfte meatballs in the dish.

Tajine

North Africa
Berber dish from North Africa, that is named after the special earthenware pot in which it is cooked. It includes different ingredients according to region, but commonly several kinds of vegetables, meats and spices

Tas kebap

Turkey
Veal or mutton stew with potatoes

Tatws Pum Munud

Wales
Traditional Welsh stew, made with smoked bacon, stock, potatoes and other vegetables.

Tharid

Arab world
Dish made from pieces of bread in a vegetable or meat broth. Pictured is lamb tharid.

Tocană

Romania
Prepared with tomato, garlic and sweet paprika, it is traditionally consumed with a cornmeal mush called mămăligă.

Tomato bredie

South Africa
South African stew with Dutch origin that usually features mutton, which is cooked for a very long time, and includes cinnamon, cardamom, ginger, cloves, and chili as seasonings.

Tombet

Spain (Mallorca)
Traditional vegetable stew that contains layers of sliced potatoes, aubergines and red bell peppers previously fried in olive oil. The aubergines and red peppers should not be peeled. The whole is topped with tomato fried with garlic and parsley, and presented in a way that it looks like a pie without a crust.

Tuna pot

Spain (Basque country)
Fish stew that was eaten on tuna fishing boats in the Cantabrian Sea; a beautiful and simple dish with potatoes, onions, pimientos, and tomatoes.

Wat (food)

Ethiopia
Eritrea
Stew or curry which may be prepared with meat (such as chicken, beef, or lamb) or a variety of vegetables, with spice mixtures, such as berbere and niter kibbeh (a seasoned clarified butter).

Waterblommetjiebredie

South Africa
Meat, typically lamb, stewed together with waterblommetjies (Aponogeton distachyos flowers, commonly known as Cape pondweed, Cape hawthorn or Cape asparagus). Literally means "small water flower stew" in Afrikaans.

Waterzooi

Belgium (Flanders)
Stew made of fish or chicken, vegetables (carrots, leeks, and potatoes), herbs, eggs, cream, and butter.

Zoervleis

Limburg region, Belgium and the Netherlands
Traditional dish similar to German sauerbraten which features meat (normally horse meat) that was marinated in vinegar or apple cider. Contrary to what one would expect, it is sweet, as it is served with gingerbread.

text: Unsorted[edit]

text:
Bamia – An Egyptian stew prepared with lamb and okra as primary ingredients[4]
Hochepot
Kamounia
Ostrich stew

tag: ul


document_title: List of the verified shortest people

question_text: who is the shortest man that ever lived

question_tokens: who is the shortest man that ever lived

text: List of the verified shortest people

text: Men[edit]

text: Deceased   Living

text:
Nationality
Height
Name
Notes
Lifespan

   Nepal
54.6 cm (21.5 in)
Chandra Bahadur Dangi
Chandra was declared the shortest human adult ever documented and verified, measuring 21.51 in (54.64 cm). Height confirmed by Guinness World Records.[1]
1939–2015

 India
57.0 cm (22.4 in)
Gul Mohammed
Shortest man ever verified up to 2012 when he lost the title to Chandra Bahadur Dangi, measuring 22 in (57 cm),[2] according to Guinness World Records.
1957–1997

 Philippines
59.9 cm (23.6 in)
Junrey Balawing
Former shortest living man in the world, measuring 22.0 in (56.0 cm), verified by Guinness World Records in 2012.[3] Balawing became the world's shortest living person again following Chandra's death in September, 2015, but is non-mobile.[4][5]
1993-

 Hungary
65 cm (26 in)
István Tóth
Shortest man claimant, was said to be 26 in (65 cm). Verification by Guinness World Records needs to be checked.[6][7] István died in May 2011 at the age of 48.[8]
1963–2011

   Nepal
67 cm (26 in)
Khagendra Thapa Magar
Khagendra was the shortest man in the world until 2011, when he became the world's shortest mobile man. Guinness World Records has since made multiple categories for World's shortest....[9][5]
1992–

 Taiwan
67.5 cm (26.6 in)
Lin Yü-chih
Former shortest man in the world until 2009.[10]
1972–

 Colombia
70.21 cm (27.64 in)
Edward Niño Hernández
Named the shortest man after Pingping died in March 2010, at 27.64 in (70.21 cm), but lost the title in October 2010 to Magar.[11]
1986–

 China
74 cm (29 in)
He Pingping
Once officially verified as shortest living man (mobile) at 29 in (74 cm), until death in March 2010.[12]
1988–2010

text: Women[edit]

text: Deceased   Living   Disputed

text:
Nationality
Height
Name
Note
Lifespan

 Netherlands
58 cm (23 in)
Pauline Musters
At 23 in (58 cm) tall, recognised by the Guinness World Records as the shortest woman ever recorded.[13]
1876–1895

 Mexico
61.0 cm (24.0 in)
Lucia Zarate
Shortest woman claimant and the earliest studied example of microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II. Still under review.[14]
1864–1890

 India
62.8 cm (24.7 in)
Jyoti Amge
At 62.8 cm currently recognized by the Guinness World Records as the World's shortest woman.[15]
1993–

 South Africa
65 cm (26 in)
Madge Bester
Bester was once the world's shortest living woman, and measured 65 cm in 1998.[16]
1963–

 United States
69 cm (27 in)
Bridgette Jordan
Former smallest living woman according to Guinness World Records and one of the shortest living siblings according to Guinness World Records.[17][18]
1989-

 Turkey
71 cm (28 in)
Hatice Kocaman
Former smallest living woman according to Guinness World Records.[19]
1989–

text: Other categories[edit]

text: Deceased   Living

text:
Nationality
Height
Name
Category
Notes
Lifespan

 United States
24 cm (9.4 in)1
Nisa Juarez
Baby
Was born 108 days premature and weighed only 320 g (11.3 oz).[20][21]
2002 –

 United States
53.3 cm (21.0 in)2
Francis Joseph Flynn
Teenager[22]
General Mite, was an American little person who performed as a showman at various competitions around the world. In 1884, Flynn married English little person, Millie Edwards, in England.[23] The wedding was widely publicized and attended. From then on, the couple were exhibited as the "Royal American Midgets" and "General and Mrs. Mite" in many advertisements.[24]
1864–1898

 United States
72.4 cm (28.5 in)
Stacey Herald
Mother3
Stacey gave birth to her first child on 21 October 2006, and later birthed two more children all of which were delivered by caesarean sections.[25]
Unknown

 Hungary
76 cm (30 in)
Mike & Ike Matina
Non identical twins
Mike & Ike (born: Bela, and Matyus) Matina are the World's shortest non identical twins at 30 inches each. They later became American citizens, and had a role in The Wizard of Oz as munchkins. Mike Matina died in 1954.[26]
1901–1954
1901–N/A

 United States
86.4 cm (34.0 in)
Rice brothers
Identical twins
World's shortest identical twins (Greg Rice, John Rice) until 2005 with the death of John Rice.[27][28]
1951–2005
1951 – (Greg Rice)

 Brazil
90.3 cm (35.6 in)
91.1 cm (35.9 in)
Paulo Gabriel Barros &
Katyucia Hoshino
Married couple
In 2016, Guinness World Records awarded the title of Shortest Married Couple to Paulo, and Katyucia from Brazil.[29]
1985–
1988–

text:
^1 This was Nisa's baby height, she later grew.
^2 This was Francis Joseph Flynn's shortest height, because he grew in height after age 16; he is not listed as one of the world's shortest men.
^3 Filed under "Shortest woman to give birth".

text: Shortest by occupation[edit]

text: Actors[edit]

text: Deceased   Living

text:
Nationality
Height
Name
Note
Lifespan

 Dominican Republic
71 cm (28 in)
Nelson de la Rosa
Once recognized as the "world's shortest actor" and had a minor role in the 1996 film, The Island of Dr. Moreau.[30]
1968–2006

 India
76 cm (30 in)
Ajaykumar alias Pakru
Malayalam comedy actor, in the Guinness Book of Records for being the shortest actor (2 ft 6 in (76 cm)) to play a main character in a full-length film.[31] He played the lead role in Athbhutha Dweepu, a Malayalam film directed by Vinayan, later dubbed in Tamil.
1974–

 United States
79 cm (31 in)
Tamara De Treaux
Shortest actress, noted for E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and as an influence for the novel Maybe the Moon.[32][33]
1959–1990

 Philippines
83 cm (33 in)
Weng Weng
Filipino actor and martial artist who was the shortest actor to have lead roles.[34]
1957–1992

text: Artists and writers[edit]

text: Deceased   Living

text:
Nationality
Height
Name
Note
Lifespan

 England
137 cm (54 in)
Alexander Pope
English poet and satirist, never grew beyond 4 ft 6 in (137 cm).[35]
1688–1744

 France
142 cm (56 in)
Édith Piaf
French singer and actress, never grew beyond 4 ft 8 in (142 cm). Known for her small stature, born Edith Gassion, nicknamed Piaf, Parisian slang for "Little Sparrow"[36]
1915–1963

text: Athletes[edit]

text: Deceased   Living

text:
Nationality
Height
Name
Sport
Note
Lifespan

 India
84 cm (33 in)
Aditya "Romeo" Dev
Bodybuilding
"World's Smallest Bodybuilder" at 2 ft. 9 in.[37]
1988–2012

 Canada
106 cm (42 in)
Henry Franklyn
Ice hockey
A 3-feet, 6-inch tall goaltender, possibly the smallest notable person in ice hockey history.[38]
Late 19th century

 United States
109 cm (43 in)
Eddie Gaedel
Baseball
Shortest to play in Major League Baseball.[39] This however was a publicity stunt and Gaedel only stood once at the plate.
1925–1961

 Canada
130 cm (51 in)
Lionel Giroux
Wrestling
Also known as "Little Beaver". Shortest professional wrestler in the WWF at around 4'4".[40]
1935–1995

 United States
132 cm (52 in)
Dylan Postl
Wrestling
Worlds shortest living professional wrestler.[41]
1986–

 United States
149 cm (59 in)
Julie Krone
Horse racing
Shortest American jockey, stand 4 ft 10.5 in (149 cm).[41]
1963–

 England
152 cm (60 in)
Tich Cornford
Cricket
Shortest ever international cricketer.[42]
1900–1964

 Australia
155 cm (61 in)
Jim Bradford
Australian rules football
Shortest to play Australian rules football at the highest level.[43]
1926–2005

 United States
155 cm (61 in)
Jack Shapiro
American football
Shortest professional player of American football, but only for one game.[44]
1907–2001

 United Kingdom
157 cm (62 in)
Frederick Walden
Association football
Shortest player in England national football team history (5 ft 2 in (157 cm)).[45]
1888–1949

 United States
157 cm (62 in)
Shannon Bobbitt
Basketball
Shortest to play in the Women's National Basketball Association.[41]
1985–

 United States
160 cm (63 in)
Muggsy Bogues
Basketball
Shortest at 5 ft 3 in to play in the National Basketball Association.[46]
1965–

 Canada
160 cm (63 in)
Roy Worters
Ice hockey
Shortest to play in the National Hockey League and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1969.[47]
1900–1957

 United States
165 cm (65 in)
Trindon Holliday
American football
Shortest active player at 5 ft 5 in in the National Football League.[48]
1986–

 Venezuela
165 cm (65 in)
José Altuve
Baseball
Shortest active player at 5 ft 5 in in Major League Baseball.[49]
1984–

text: Politicians[edit]

text: Deceased   Living

text:
Nationality
Height
Name
Note
Lifespan

 United States
114 cm (45 in)
Charley Lockhart
Shortest public official in America (at the time), when he was sworn in as Texas State Treasurer in 1931.[50][51]
1876–1954

 Mexico
137 cm (54 in)
Benito Juárez
Reportedly the shortest world leader to have height recorded. He was reportedly 4 ft 6 in or 1.37 meters[52]
1806–1872

 United States
163 cm (64 in)
James Madison
Shortest US President at 5 ft 4 in or 1.63 m.[53][54]
1751–1836