document_title: Politics of the European Union

question_text: the european union is an example of a regional organization primarily focused on

text: Politics of the European Union

text: Legal basis[edit]

text:
Article 10

*1. The functioning of the Union shall be founded on representative democracy.

2. Citizens are directly represented at Union level in the European Parliament. Member States are represented in the European Council by their Heads of State or Government and in the Council by their governments, themselves democratically accountable either to their national Parliaments, or to their citizens.
3. Every citizen shall have the right to participate in the democratic life of the Union. Decisions shall be taken as openly and as closely as possible to the citizen.
4. Political parties at European level contribute to forming European political awareness and to expressing the will of citizens of the Union..

- Article 10 of the Treaty on European Union

tag: div

text: Legitimation of the European Union rests on the Treaty System. The move toward unification first arose in the Kellogg-Briand Pact in 1928, which gained adherent countries during negotiations and took on a theme of integration for the achievement of peace between the Great Powers.[1] After World War Two, Europe sought to end conflict permanently between France and Germany. In the spirit of the Marshall Plan, those two nations signed the Treaty of Paris in 1951, establishing the European Coal and Steel Community. Since then, the Treaty of Paris, which focused on price setting and competition for purposes of a common market, has been superseded. The legal basis for the European Community now rests on two treaties: The Treaty for the European Union of 1958; and The Treaty of Maastricht of 1992. The various additions and modifications of treaties has led to a patchwork of policy and planning, which contributes to the unwieldiness of the EU. The pastiche of treaties, and not a single actualising charter of government, form the constitutional basis of the European Union. This ambiguity is a primary cause of "democratic deficit."

text: The EU itself is a legal personality and a set of governing institutions empowered by the treaties. However sovereignty is not invested in those institutions, it is pooled with ultimate sovereignty resting with the national governments. Yet in those areas where the EU has been granted competencies, it does have the power to pass binding and direct laws upon its members.

text: Competencies[edit]

text: The competencies of the European Union stem from the original Coal and Steel Community, which had as its goal an integrated market. The original competencies were regulatory in nature, restricted to matters of maintaining a healthy business environment. Rulings were confined to laws covering trade, currency, and competition. Increases in the number of EU competencies result from a process known as functional spillover. Functional spillover resulted in, first, the integration of banking and insurance industries to manage finance and investment. The size of the bureaucracies increased, requiring modifications to the treaty system as the scope of competencies integrated more and more functions. While member states hold their sovereignty inviolate, they remain within a system to which they have delegated the tasks of managing the marketplace. These tasks have expanded to include the competencies of free movement of persons, employment, transportation, and environmental regulation.

text:
As outlined in Title I of Part I of the consolidated Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

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Exclusive competence

Shared competence

Supporting competence

"The Union has exclusive competence to make directives and conclude international agreements when provided for in a Union legislative act."

the customs union
the establishing of the competition rules necessary for the functioning of the internal market
monetary policy for the Member States whose currency is the euro
the conservation of marine biological resources under the common fisheries policy
Common Commercial Policy
conclusion of certain international agreements

"Member States cannot exercise competence in areas where the Union has done so."

the internal market
social policy, for the aspects defined in this Treaty
economic, social and territorial cohesion
agriculture and fisheries, excluding the conservation of marine biological resources
environment
consumer protection
transport
trans-European networks
energy
the area of freedom, security and justice
common safety concerns in public health matters, for the aspects defined in this Treaty

"Union exercise of competence shall not result in Member States being prevented from exercising theirs in" …

research, technological development and (outer) space
development cooperation, humanitarian aid

"The Union coordinates Member States policies or implements supplemental to theirs common policies, not covered elsewhere"

coordination of economic, employment and social policies
common foreign, security and defence policies

"The Union can carry out actions to support, coordinate or supplement Member States' actions in" …

the protection and improvement of human health
industry
culture
tourism
education, youth, sport and vocational training
civil protection (disaster prevention)
administrative cooperation

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text: Law[edit]

text: Types of Legislation

text: The Ordinary Legislative Procedure (OLP) is the formal, main legislative procedure. In OLP, the European Parliament (EP) and the Council act in much the same way as a bicameral congress, an example being the British Upper and Lower Houses or the American Congress. The co-decision rule in Maastricht, and the subsequent Lisbon Treaty, is ultimately gave the EP and the Council equal weight and formalised OLP as the main legislative procedure. It also gives the EP veto power. The two legislative powers of the OLP are directives and regulations. A directive requires the member states to pass the new law individually, a process called "transposition." The difference in the timing of completing transposition is the "democratic deficit." A regulation acts on all the member states at once and is effective immediately.

text: The other legislation option is the Special Legislative Procedure (SLP). The SLP consists of the passing of laws proposed by member states, the Central Bank or Investment Bank, or the Court of Justice. Judicial activism—the interpretation of the spirit of law rather than the letter of law—is handled by the SLP. The procedure is discussed either in the EP with consultation with the Council, or in the Council with participation of the EP. In other words, the consultative role stops short of the equal weight given to both the EP and the Council. While provided for in the treaties, the SLP is not as formal as the OLP, relying less on the hierarchical structure. This lends more credence to Kleine's argument of the contrariness of the EU's agenda-setting procedure.[2]

text: Mechanics of Legislation

text: In the OLP, there are four types of rulings: Regulations, Directives, Decisions, and Recommendations. Decision-making is shared by the European Parliament and the Council, which are equally weighted. Regulations are binding on all member states effective immediately. Directives are binding on all member states, but the implementation is left up to the national courts in a process called transposition. However, since member states set their own timelines for transposition, there is a democratic deficit between states. Decisions are binding on non-state litigants to whom they are addressed.[3] Recommendations are intended to guide legal judgments and are non-binding, similar to opinions.

text: In the SLP, the Council is the sole ruling body. The European Parliament is involved strictly in a consultative role and can be ignored.

text: Member states[edit]

text: There are twenty-eight member states who have conferred powers upon the EU institutions (other countries are tied to the EU in other ways). In exchange for conferring competencies, EU states are assigned votes in the Council, seats in Parliament and a European Commissioner among other things. The internal government of member states vary between presidential systems, monarchies, federations and microstates however all members must respect the Copenhagen criteria of being democratic, respecting human rights and having a free market economy. Members joined over time, starting with the original six in 1958 and more members joining in the near future.

text: Some member states are outside certain areas of the EU, for example the eurozone is composed of only 19 of the 28 members and the Schengen Agreement currently includes only 22 of the EU members. However the majority of these are in the process of joining these blocs. A number of countries outside the EU are involved in certain EU activities such as the euro, Schengen, single market or defence.[4][5][6]

text: Institutions[edit]

text: The primary institutions of the European Union are the European Commission, the European Council, the Council of the European Union (Council) and the European Parliament.

text: The ordinary legislative procedure, applies to nearly all EU policy areas. Under the procedure, the Commission presents a proposal to Parliament and the Council. They then send amendments to the Council which can either adopt the text with those amendments or send back a "common position". That proposal may either be approved or further amendments may be tabled by the Parliament. If the Council does not approve those, then a "Conciliation Committee" is formed. The Committee is composed of the Council members plus an equal number of MEPs who seek to agree a common position. Once a position is agreed, it has to be approved by Parliament again by an absolute majority.[7][8] There are other special procedures used in sensitive areas which reduce the power of Parliament.

text: Parliament[edit]

text: The European Parliament shares the legislative and budgetary authority of the Union with the Council. Its 766 members are elected every five years by universal suffrage and sit according to political allegiance. It represents all European Citizens in the EU's legislative process, in contrast to the Council, which represents the Member States. Despite forming one of the two legislative chambers of the Union, it has weaker powers than the Council in some limited areas, and does not have legislative initiative. It does, however, have powers over the Commission which the Council does not.[9] The powers of the Parliament have increased substantially over the years, and in nearly all areas it now has equal power to the Council.

text: European Council[edit]

text: The European Council is the group of heads of state or government of the EU member states. It meets four times a year to define the Union's policy agenda and give impetus to integration. The President of the European Council, Donald Tusk, is the person responsible for chairing and driving forward the work of the institution, which has been described as the highest political body of the European Union.[10]

text: Council of the European Union[edit]

text: The Council of the European Union (informally known as the Council of Ministers or just the Council) is a body holding legislative and some limited executive powers and is thus the main decision making body of the Union. Its Presidency rotates between the states every six months. The Council is composed of twenty-eight national ministers (one per state). However the Council meets in various forms depending upon the topic. For example, if agriculture is being discussed, the Council will be composed of each national minister for agriculture. They represent their governments and are accountable to their national political systems. Votes are taken either by majority or unanimity with votes allocated according to population.[11]

text: Commission[edit]

text: The European Commission is composed of one appointee from each state, currently twenty-eight, but is designed to be independent of national interests. The body is responsible for drafting all law of the European Union and has a monopoly over legislative initiative. It also deals with the day-to-day running of the Union and has a duty to uphold the law and treaties (in this role it is known as the "Guardian of the Treaties").[12]

text: The Commission is led by a President who is nominated by the Council (in practice the European Council) and approved by Parliament. The remaining twenty-seven Commissioners are nominated by member-states, in consultation with the President, and has their portfolios assigned by the President. The Council then adopts this list of nominee-Commissioners. The Council's adoption of the Commission is not an area which requires the decision to be unanimous, their acceptance is arrived at according to the rules for qualified majority voting. The European Parliament then interviews and casts its vote upon the Commissioners. The interviews of individual nominees are conducted separately, in contrast to Parliament's vote of approval which must be cast on the Commission as a whole without the ability to accept or reject individual Commissioners. Once approval has been obtained from the Parliament the Commissioners can take office.[13] The current president is Jean-Claude Juncker (EPP); his commission was elected in 2014.[12]

text: Elections[edit]

text: Direct elections take place to the European Parliament every five years. The Council and European Council is composed of nationally elected or appointed officials and thus are accountable according to national procedures. The Commission also isn't direct elected although future appointments of the President must take into account of results of Parliament's elections.

text: Parliament's elections are held by universal suffrage of EU citizens according to national restrictions (such as age and criminal convictions). Proportional representation is used in all parliamentary constituencies.[14] Members of the European Parliament cannot also be elected nationally and are elected in national or sub-national constituencies. The first such election was of the in 1979. The latest elections were in 2014 The turnout has fallen in every EU election since 1979. In 2014, the overall turnout was 42.6%, down from 43.0% in 2009. In Britain the turnout was 35.6% up from 34.7% in 2009, in France and Germany turnout also increased, whereas in Italy and Poland turnout decreased.

text: Political parties[edit]

text: Political parties in the member states organise themselves with like-minded parties in other states into political parties at European level or Europarties. Most national parties are a member of one of these Europarties and there are currently 11 that are recognised and receive EU funding. Europarties behave and operate to a certain extent like national parties but only the larger ones (EPP, PES, ELDR) put forward comprehensive manifestos during the campaigns for the European elections.

text: The Europarties are horizontally present in all the main institutions – Council, Commission, Parliament – but are most active through their political groups in Parliament. At the beginning of every parliamentary term, most organise themselves with other parties, non-attached national parties or independents to form a political group. No party has ever held a majority in the Parliament, this does not have a great effect as it does not form a government but there is usual a coalition between the two major parties to elect the President of the European Parliament.[15][16][17]

text: Foreign affairs[edit]

text: The EU's foreign affairs are driven by its Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and also through the Commission-led economic trade negotiations. The EU's chief diplomat, sometimes dubbed its foreign minister, is the High Representative Federica Mogherini.

text: Foreign policy is still largely the domain of the member-states however and there has been significant disagreement between members. The failure to present a common voice on the world stage has led to the EU being sidelined in international negotiations.

text: Issues[edit]

text: The Financial Perspective for 2007–2013 was defined in 2005 when EU members agreed to fix the common budget to 1.045% of the European GDP.[18] UK Prime Minister Tony Blair agreed to review the British rebate, negotiated by Margaret Thatcher in 1984. Former French president Jacques Chirac declared this increase in the budget will permit Europe to "finance common policies" such as the Common Agricultural Policy or the Research and Technological Development Policy. France's demand to lower the VAT in catering was refused.[19] Controversial issues during budget debates include the British rebate, France's benefits from the Common Agricultural Policy, Germany and the Netherlands' large contributions to the EU budget, reform of the European Regional Development Funds, and the question of whether the European Parliament should continue to meet both in Brussels and Strasbourg.

text: The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE), commonly referred to as the European Constitution, is an international treaty intended to create a constitution for the European Union. The constitution was rejected by France and the Netherlands, where referendums were held[20] causing other countries to postpone or halt their ratification procedures. Late in 2009, a new Reform Treaty was ratified by all member states of the European Union, and took effect on 1 December 2009.

text: Enlargement of the Union's membership is a major political issue, with division over how far the bloc should expand. While some see it as a major policy instrument aiding the Union's development, some fear over-stretch and dilution of the Union.[21][22]

text: "Counter-nationalistic shearing stress" is the term coined by one commentator for the theoretical tendency of certain regions of larger countries of the EU to wish to become fully independent members within the wider context of the European Union's "bigger umbrella". If the Union is to become "ever closer", it follows that regions with their own distinctive histories and identities within the existing member nations may see little reason to have a layer of "insulation" between themselves and the EU. The surprisingly close vote on Scottish Independence in September 2014 may be seen in this context. Others have suggested that regions of Germany could be candidates for "Euro-Balkanisation", particularly given Germany's commitment to the EU project and to a more nuanced, mature view of the notion of national allegiance.


document_title: Mini

question_text: where did the name mini cooper come from

question_tokens: where did the name mini cooper come from

root

text: Mini

text: Design and development[edit]

text: Designated by Leonard Lord as project ADO15 (Amalgamated Drawing Office project number 15) and the product of the Morris design team, the Mini came about because of a fuel shortage caused by the 1956 Suez Crisis.[20] Petrol was once again rationed in the UK, sales of large cars slumped, and the market for German bubble cars boomed. Lord, the somewhat autocratic head of BMC, reportedly detested these cars so much that he vowed to rid the streets of them and design a 'proper miniature car'.[21] He laid down some basic design requirements: the car should be contained within a box that measured 10×4×4 feet (3.0×1.2×1.2 m); and the passenger accommodation should occupy 6 feet (1.8 m) of the 10-foot (3.0 m) length; and the engine, for reasons of cost, should be an existing unit. Alec Issigonis, who had been working for Alvis, had been recruited back to BMC in 1955 and, with his skills in designing small cars, was a natural for the task.[22][23] The team that designed the Mini was remarkably small: as well as Issigonis, there was Jack Daniels (who had worked with him on the Morris Minor), Chris Kingham (who had been with him at Alvis), two engineering students and four draughtsmen. Together, by October 1957, they had designed and built the original prototype, which was affectionately named "The Orange Box" because of its colour.[8]

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text: The ADO15 used a conventional BMC A-Series four-cylinder, water-cooled engine,[24] but departed from tradition by mounting it transversely, with the engine-oil-lubricated, four-speed transmission in the sump, and by employing front-wheel drive. Almost all small front-wheel-drive cars developed since have used a similar configuration, except with the transmission usually separately enclosed rather than using the engine oil. The radiator was mounted at the left side of the car so that the engine-mounted fan could be retained, but with reversed pitch so that it blew air into the natural low pressure area under the front wing. This location saved vehicle length, but had the disadvantage of feeding the radiator with air that had been heated by passing over the engine. It also exposed the entire ignition system to the direct ingress of rainwater through the grille.

text: The suspension system, designed by Issigonis's friend Dr. Alex Moulton at Moulton Developments Limited, used compact rubber cones instead of conventional springs. This space-saving design also featured rising progressive-rate springing of the cones, and provided some natural damping, in addition to the normal dampers. Built into the subframes, the rubber cone system gave a raw and bumpy ride accentuated by the woven-webbing seats, but the rigidity of the rubber cones, together with the wheels' positioning at the corners of the car, gave the Mini go kart-like handling.

text: Initially an interconnected fluid system was planned, similar to the one that Alec Issigonis and Alex Moulton were working on in the mid-1950s at Alvis. They had assessed the mechanically interconnected Citroën 2CV suspension at that time (according to an interview by Moulton with Car Magazine in the late 1990s),[citation needed] which inspired the design of the Hydrolastic suspension system for the Mini and Morris/Austin 1100, to try to keep the benefits of the 2CV system (ride comfort, body levelling, keeping the roadwheel under good control and the tyres in contact with the road), but with added roll stiffness that the 2CV lacked. The short development time of the car meant this was not ready in time for the Mini's launch. The system intended for the Mini was further developed and the hydrolastic system was first used on the Morris 1100, launched in 1962; the Mini gained the system later in 1964. Ten-inch (254 mm) wheels were specified, so new tyres had to be developed, the initial contract going to Dunlop. Issigonis went to Dunlop stating that he wanted even smaller, 8 in (203 mm) wheels (even though he had already settled on ten-inch). An agreement was made on the ten-inch size, after Dunlop rejected the eight-inch proposition.

text: Sliding windows allowed storage pockets in the hollow doors; reportedly Issigonis sized them to fit a bottle of Gordon's Gin.[22] The boot lid was hinged at the bottom so that the car could be driven with it open to increase luggage space. On early cars the number plate was hinged at the top so that it could swing down to remain visible when the boot lid was open. This feature was later discontinued after it was discovered that exhaust gases could leak into the cockpit when the boot was open.

text: The Mini was designed as a monocoque shell with welded seams visible on the outside of the car running down the A and C pillars, and between the body and the floor pan. Those that ran from the base of the A-pillar to the wheel well were described as 'everted' (lit., 'turned outward') to provide more room for the front seat occupants[citation needed]. To further simplify construction, the hinges for the doors and boot lid were mounted externally.

text: Production models differed from the prototypes by the addition of front and rear subframes to the unibody to take the suspension loads, and by having the engine mounted the other way round, with the carburettor at the back rather than at the front. This layout required an extra gear between engine and transmission to reverse the direction of rotation at the input to the transmission. Having the carburettor behind the engine reduced carburettor icing, but the distributor was then exposed to water coming in through the grille. The engine size was reduced from 948 to 848 cc (57.9 to 51.7 cu in); this, in conjunction with a small increase in the car's width, cut the top speed from 90 to 72 mph (145 to 116 km/h).

text: In 1959, BMC and Alec Issigonis won the Dewar Trophy, for the design and production of the Mini.

text: The Mini shape had become so well known that by the 1990s, Rover Group – the heirs to BMC – were able to register its design as a trademark in its own right.[25]

text: Mark I Mini: 1959–1967[edit]

text:
Mini “Mark I”

1959 Morris Mini Minor

Overview

Also called
Austin 850
Austin Mini
Austin Partner [26]
Austin Seven
Innocenti Mini [4]
Morris 850
Morris Mini
Riley Elf
Wolseley Hornet

Production
1959 - 1967

Assembly
United Kingdom
Australia

Designer
Sir Alec Issigonis

Body and chassis

Body style
2-door saloon
2-door estate
2-door van
2-door pickup

Powertrain

Engine
850 cc (0.9 l) I4
997 cc (1.0 l) I4
998 cc (1.0 l) I4
1,071 cc (1.1 l) I4
1,275 cc (1.3 l) I4

text: The production version of the Mini was demonstrated to the press in April 1959, and by August several thousand cars had been produced ready for the first sales.[27] The Mini was officially announced to the public on 26 August 1959. Some 2,000 cars had already been sent abroad and would be displayed that day in nearly 100 countries.[28]

text: The first example, a Morris Mini-Minor with the registration 621 AOK, is on display at the Heritage Motor Centre in Warwickshire.[29] Another early example from 1959 is now on display at the National Motor Museum in Hampshire.[30]

text: The Mini was marketed under BMC's two main brand names, Austin and Morris, until 1969, when it became a marque in its own right.[17] The Morris version was known to all as "the Mini" or the "Morris Mini-Minor". This seems to have been a play on words: the Morris Minor was a larger, well known and successful car that continued in production, and minor is Latin for "lesser", so an abbreviation of the Latin word for "least" – minimus – was used for the new even smaller car. One name proposed for the almost identical Austin version was Austin Newmarket, but it was sold as the Austin Seven (sometimes written as SE7EN in early publicity material – the '7' the letter V rotated anti-clockwise so it approximated the number 7), which recalled the popular small Austin 7 of the 1920s and 1930s.

text: Until 1962, the cars appeared in North America and France as the Austin 850 and Morris 850, and in Denmark as the Austin Partner (until 1964) and Morris Mascot (until 1981). The Morris name Mini (Mini-Minor) was first used for Austin's version by BMC in 1961 when the Austin Seven was rebranded as the Austin Mini,[31] somewhat to the surprise of the Sharp's Commercials car company (later known as Bond Cars), who had been using the name Minicar for their three-wheeled vehicles since 1949. However, legal action was somehow averted,[32] and BMC used the name "Mini" thereafter.[33]

text: In 1964, the suspension of the cars was replaced by another Moulton design, the hydrolastic system. The new suspension gave a softer ride, but it also increased weight and production cost. In 1971, the original rubber suspension reappeared and was retained for the remaining life of the Mini.

text: From October 1965 the option of the unique Automotive Products (AP) designed four-speed automatic transmission became available. Cars fitted with this became the Mini-Matic.

text: Slow at the outset, Mark I sales strengthened across most of the model lines in the 1960s, and production totalled 1,190,000.[34] Ford purchased a Mini and dismantled it to see if they could offer an alternative. Ford determined that the BMC must have been losing around £30 per car, and so decided to produce a larger car – the Cortina, launched in 1962 – as its competitor in the budget market. BMC insisted that the way company overheads were shared out, the Mini always made money.[35] Larger profits came from the popular De Luxe models and from optional extras such as seat belts, door mirrors, a heater and a radio, which would be considered necessities on modern cars, as well as the various Cooper and Cooper S models.

text: The Mini entered into popular culture in the 1960s with well-publicised purchases by film and music stars.[36]

text: The Cooper S version was also used by some British police departments as a plainclothes car.[37]

text:
The first Morris Mini-Minor sold in Texas being delivered to a family in Arlington, Texas, in 1959

1963 Austin Mini

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text: Mark II Mini: 1967–1970[edit]

text:
Mark II

Overview

Also called
Morris Mini
Austin Mini

Production
1967–1970

Assembly

Longbridge, Birmingham, England
Cowley, Oxfordshire, England
Seneffe, Belgium
Arica, Chile
Petone, New Zealand
Setúbal, Portugal
Cape Town, South Africa
Pamplona, Spain
Novo Mesto, Yugoslavia
Shah Alam, Malaysia

Body and chassis

Body style

2-door saloon
2-door estate
2-door van
2-door truck

Powertrain

Engine

848 cc (0.8 l) I4
998 cc (1.0 l) I4
1,275 cc (1.3 l) I4

text: The Mark II Mini was launched at the 1967 British Motor Show,[38] and featured a redesigned grille, a larger rear window and numerous cosmetic changes.[34][39][40] A total of 429,000 Mk II Minis were produced.

text: A variety of Mini types were made in Pamplona, Spain, by the Authi company from 1968 onwards, mostly under the Morris name.  In 1969, a fibreglass version of the Mini Mark II was developed for British Leyland's Chilean subsidiary (British Leyland Automotores de Chile, S.A., originally the independent assembler EMSSA). The bodyshell mould was created by the Peel Engineering Company. Production began in 1970 and continued for a few years; these fibreglass Minis can be recognized by the missing body seams and by larger panel gaps. The Chilean market was never very large and the hyperinflation and political and social collapse led to the 1973 coup The Arica plant was closed in 1974.[41] The reason for the fibreglass body was to enable Leyland to meet very strict requirements for local sourcing, increasing to 70.22% in 1971.[41]

text: Variants[edit]

text: The popularity of the original Mini spawned many models that targeted different markets.

text: Wolseley Hornet and Riley Elf (1961–1969)[edit]

text: Released in 1961 as more luxurious versions of the Mini, both the Wolseley Hornet and the Riley Elf had longer, slightly finned rear wings and larger boots that gave the cars a more traditional three-box design. Wheelbase of the Elf and Hornet remained at 2.036 m (6.68 ft), whereas the overall length was increased to 3.27 m (10.7 ft). This resulted in a dry weight of 638 kg (1,407 lb)/642.3 kg (1,416 lb) (rubber/hydrolastic suspension) for the Elf and 618 kg (1,362 lb)/636.4 kg (1,403 lb) for the Hornet.[42] Front-end treatment, which incorporated each marque's traditional upright grille design (the Hornet's grille with a lit "Wolseley" badge), also contributed to a less utilitarian appearance. The cars had larger-diameter chrome hubcaps than the Austin and Morris Minis, and additional chrome accents, bumper overriders and wood-veneer dashboards. The Riley was the more expensive of the two cars.[43] The name "Wolseley Hornet" was first used on 1930s saloon, coupé, sports and racing cars, while the name "Elf" recalled the Riley Sprite and Imp sports cars, also of the 1930s (Riley's first choice of name "Imp" could not be used as Hillman had registered it). The full-width dashboard was a differentiator between the Elf and Hornet. This dashboard was the idea of Christopher Milner the Sales Manager for Riley. Both the Riley Elf's and Wolseley Hornet's bodies were built at Fisher & Ludlow under their "Fisholow" brandname. Plates in the engine compartment on the right side fitch plate bear evidence of this speciality. Very early Mark I versions of both cars (e.g. press photo of 445MWL) had no overriders on the bumpers and a single piece front wing (A-panel and wing in one piece, no outside seam below scuttle panel) that was soon given up again, allegedly due to cost. The Elf's and Hornet's special bumper overriders first appeared in 1962. Early production Mark I's also had a combination of leather and cloth seats (Elf R-A2S1-101 to FR2333, Hornet W-A2S1-101 to FW2105) whereas all later models had full leather seats.[44] Mark I models were equipped with single leading shoe brakes on the front.

text: Both the Elf and the Hornet went through three engine versions. Initially, they used the 848 cc (51.7 cu in) 34 bhp (25 kW) engine (engine type 8WR)[42] with a single HS2 carburettor, changing to a single HS2 carburettor 38 bhp (28 kW) version of the Cooper's 998 cc (60.9 cu in) power unit (engine type 9WR)[42] in the Mark II in 1963. This increased the car's top speed from 71 to 77 mph (114 to 124 km/h). Therefore, Mark II cars also came with increased braking power in the form of front drum brakes with twin leading shoes to cope with the increased power output. Both Mark I and Mark II featured four-speed gearboxes (three synchromesh gears) with rod gear change, a.k.a. "magic wand" type. Automatic gearboxes became available on the Mark II in 1965 as an option. The Mark III facelift of 1966 brought wind-up windows and fresh-air fascia vents. Concealed door hinges were introduced two years before these were seen on the mainstream Mini. The gear selecting mechanism was updated to the rod type, as seen on all later Mini type cars. Automatic gearboxes were available to the Mark III in 1967 again. Full-four synchromesh gearing was eventually introduced during 1968. 30,912 Riley Elfs and 28,455 Wolseley Hornets were built.[34] Production of both models ceased in late 1969.

text: Vehicle Identification – Serial Number Prefix Letter Code:

text:
First prefix letter – name: R-Riley, W-Wolseley
Second prefix letter – engine type: A
Third prefix letter – body type: 2S – 2-door Saloon
Fourth prefix – series of model: 1 – 1st series, 2 – 2nd series, 3 – 3rd series
Fifth prefix (used to denote cars different from standard right hand drive): L – left hand drive

text: Code example: R-A2S1-154321 (Riley, A type engine, 2 door saloon, 1st series, serial number "154321")[44]

text: Morris Mini Traveller and Austin Mini Countryman (1960–1969)[edit]

text: These models were two-door estate cars with double "barn"-style rear doors. Both were built on a slightly longer chassis of 84 inches (2.1 m) compared to 80.25 inches (2.038 m) for the saloon.

text: The early Morris Mini Traveller and Austin Mini Countryman cars had an internal fuel tank located on the left hand side of the rear load area. This is identifiable by the fuel filler cap being on the left hand side of the car just below the rear window. In October 1961 the fuel tank was relocated to the underneath of the car and the filler cap was moved to low down on the right hand side of the car - the same configuration that was already in use on the Mini Van.

text: From the start of production both models had a decorative, non-structural, ash wood trim on the rear body, in the style of a pre-war shooting-brake. This gave the car a similar appearance to the larger Morris Minor Traveller and gave rise to these cars simply being called a woodie. It is a popular misconception that the difference between the Traveller and the Countryman is the wood trim. An all steel version of both the Traveller and the Countryman without the wood trim was launched for export markets in April 1961 and for the home market in October 1962, but the woodie version remained more popular.

text: In October 1967 the Mk2 version was launched with the same changes as the saloon.

text: Approximately 108,000 Austin Mini Countrymans and 99,000 Morris Mini Travellers were built.[34] Variations of this model were also built in South Africa, by Innocenti in Italy and by Industria de Montagem de Automoveis in Portugal.

text: The Mini Traveller and Countryman Register was created in 2009 to help locate and preserve the remaining Mini Traveller and Countryman cars.

text: Mini Van (1960–1983) [edit]

text: The Mini Van was a commercial panel van (in US English, a sedan delivery) rated at ¼-ton load capacity. Built on the longer Traveller chassis but without side windows, it proved popular in 1960s Britain as a cheaper alternative to the car: it was classed as a commercial vehicle and as such carried no sales tax. A set of simple stamped steel slots served in place of a more costly chrome grille. The Mini Van was renamed as the Mini 95 in 1978, the number representing the gross vehicle weight of 0.95 tons. 521,494 were built.

text: Mini Moke (1964–1989)[edit]

text: A utility vehicle intended for the British Army was built with a twin-engined 4-wheel-drive. Although the 4WD Moke could climb a 1:2 gradient, it lacked enough ground clearance for military use.[45] The single-engined front-wheel-drive Moke enjoyed some popularity in civilian production. About 50,000 were made in total,[34] from 1964 to 1968 in the UK, 1966 to 1982 in Australia and 1983 to 1989 in Portugal.[46] The Moke was marketed in holiday locations such as Barbados and Macau, where they were also used as police cars. "Moke" is archaic British slang for a donkey.

text: Mini Pick-up (1961–1983)[edit]

text: A pick-up truck (technically a coupé utility by definition), 11 ft (3.4 m) in total length was built on the longer Mini Van platform, with an open-top rear cargo area and a tailgate. The factory specified the weight of the Pick-up as less than 1,500 lb (680 kg) with a full 6 imperial gallons (27 l; 7.2 US gal) tank of fuel.

text: As with the Van, the Pick-up had stamped metal slots for airflow into the engine compartment. The Pickup was basic, although the factory brochure described a "fully equipped Mini Pick-up is also available which includes a recirculatory heater." Passenger-side sun visor, seat belts, laminated windscreen, tilt tubes and cover were also available at extra cost.[47] Like the van, the Pick-up was renamed as the Mini 95 in 1978.

text: A total of 58,179 Mini Pick-up models were built. Brand from Sime Darby Motors[34]

text: Morris Mini K (March 1969 – August 1971, Australia only)[edit]

text: Built in the Australian British Motor Corporation factory at Zetland, New South Wales, using 80% local content, the Morris Mini K was advertised as the "great leap forward".[48] The Mini K ('K' standing for Kangaroo) had a 1098 cc engine and was the last round-nose model to be produced in Australia, originally priced at A$1780. The Mini K was offered in 2-door saloon [49] and 2-door van body styles.[50] It was distinctive in having wind-up windows and a swivelling quarterlight in Mk.I-style externally hinged doors. A small round sticker with a kangaroo logo was placed on the triangular panel between the door and the front body seam. The "Kangaroo" name was supposedly coined because it is claimed that a kangaroo can go all day without drinking which the advertisers used to emphasise the frugal fuel consumption and, possibly, larger fuel tank.

text: Mini Cooper and Cooper S: 1961–1971; 1990-2000[edit]

text: Issigonis' friend John Cooper, owner of the Cooper Car Company and designer and builder of Formula One and rally cars, saw the potential of the Mini for competition. Issigonis was initially reluctant to see the Mini in the role of a performance car, but after John Cooper appealed to BMC management, the two men collaborated to create the Mini Cooper. The Austin Mini Cooper and Morris Mini Cooper debuted in September 1961.[51][22][52]

text: The 848 cc (51.7 cu in) engine from the Morris Mini-Minor was given a longer stroke to increase capacity to 997 cubic centimetres (60.8 cu in) increasing power from 34 to 55 bhp (25 to 41 kW).[24] The car featured a racing-tuned engine, twin SU carburettors, a closer-ratio gearbox and front disc brakes, uncommon at the time in a small car. One thousand units of this version were commissioned by management, intended for and designed to meet the homologation rules of Group 2 rally racing. The 997 cc engine was replaced by a shorter stroke 998 cc unit in 1964. In 1962, Rhodesian John Love became the first non-British racing driver to win the British Saloon Car Championship driving a Mini Cooper.

text: A more powerful Mini Cooper, dubbed the "S", was developed in tandem and released in 1963. Featuring a 1071 cc engine with a 70.61 mm bore and nitrided steel crankshaft and strengthened bottom end to allow further tuning; and larger servo-assisted disc brakes, 4,030 Cooper S cars were produced and sold until the model was updated in August 1964. Cooper also produced two S models specifically for circuit racing in the under 1,000 cc and under 1,300 cc classes respectively, rated at 970 cc (59 cu in) and a 1,275 cc (77.8 cu in), both had a 70.61 mm (2.780 in) bore and both were also offered to the public. The smaller-engine model was not well received, and only 963 had been built when the model was discontinued in 1965. The 1,275 cc Cooper S models continued in production until 1971.

text: Sales of the Mini Cooper were as follows: 64,000 Mark I Coopers with 997 cc or 998 cc engines; 19,000 Mark I Cooper S with 970 cc, 1,071 cc or 1,275 cc engines; 16,000 Mark II Coopers with 998 cc engines; 6,300 Mark II Cooper S with 1,275 cc engines. There were no Mark III Coopers and just 1,570 Mark III Cooper S.

text: In 1971, the Mini Cooper design was licensed in Italy by Innocenti and in 1973 to Spain by Authi (Automoviles de Turismo Hispano-Ingleses), which began to produce the Innocenti Mini Cooper 1300 and the Authi Mini Cooper 1300, respectively. The Cooper name was discontinued from the UK Mini range at this time.

text: A new Mini Cooper named the RSP (Rover Special Products) was briefly relaunched in 1990–1991, with slightly lower performance than the 1960s Cooper. It proved popular and a new Cooper-marked Mini went into full production in late 1991. So as to meet emission standards, Coopers from 1992 on were fitted with a fuel-injected version of the 1,275 cc engine, and in 1997 a multi-point fuel injected engine was introduced, along with a front-mounted radiator and various safety improvements.[53] "I love my Mini Cooper," remarked Madonna in 2003. "I was too scared to drive a big car in London."[54]

text: Mini Clubman and 1275 GT: 1969–1980[edit]

text:
Mini Clubman
Mini 1275 GT

1980 Mini Clubman

Overview

Production
1969–1980

Assembly
Longbridge, Birmingham, England
Setúbal, Portugal, Petone, New Zealand

Body and chassis

Body style
2-door saloon
2-door estate

Powertrain

Engine
1,098 cc (1.1 l) I4
998 cc (1.0 l) I4
1,275 cc (1.3 l) I4

text: In 1969, under the ownership of British Leyland, the Mini was given a facelift by stylist Roy Haynes, who had previously worked for Ford. The restyled version was called the Mini Clubman, and has a squarer frontal look, using the same indicator/sidelight assembly as the Austin Maxi. The Mini Clubman was intended to replace the upmarket Riley and Wolseley versions. A new model, dubbed the 1275 GT, was slated as the replacement for the 998 cc Mini Cooper (the 1,275 cc Mini Cooper S continued alongside the 1275 GT for two years until 1971). The Clubman Estate replaced the Countryman and Traveller. The original "round-front" design remained in production alongside the Clubman and 1275 GT.

text: Production of the Clubman and 1275 GT got off to a slow start because the cars incorporated "lots of production changes" including the relocation of tooling from the manufacturer's Cowley plant to the Longbridge plant: very few cars were handed over to customers before the early months of 1970.[55]

text: Early domestic market Clubmans were still delivered on cross-ply tyres despite the fact that by 1970 radials had become the norm for the car's mainstream competitors.[55] By 1973 new Minis were, by default, being shipped with radial tyres, though cross-plies could be specified by special order, giving British buyers a price saving of £8.[56]

text: The 1275 GT is often incorrectly described as the "Mini Clubman 1275 GT". The official name was always just the "Mini 1275 GT", and it was a separate, distinct model from the Clubman (although it shared the same frontal treatment as the Mini Clubman, and was launched at the same time).

text: In 1971, the 1,275 cc Mini Cooper S was discontinued in the UK, leaving the Mini 1275 GT as the only sporting Mini on sale for the rest of the decade. Innocenti in Italy, however, continued making their own version of the Mini Cooper for some time. While the UK built 1275 GT was not nearly as quick as a 1275 Mini Cooper S, it was cheaper to buy, run, and insure. It was the first Mini to be equipped with a tachometer. It also featured a standard-fit close-ratio gearbox, and initially had 10 inch Rostyle wheels covering the 7.5inch Cooper S type disc brakes, and a boot board, both were dropped in 1974. Performance of the 1275GT was lively for the time, achieving 0–60 mph (97 km/h) in 12.9 seconds, and the excellent midrange torque offered a 30–50 mph (48–80 km/h) time in top gear of only nine seconds. The bluff front, however, meant that the model struggled to reach 90 mph (140 km/h).

text: Throughout the 1970s, British Leyland continued to produce the classic 1959 "round-front" design, alongside the newer Clubman and 1275 GT models. The long-nose Clubman and 1275 GT offered better crash safety, were better equipped, and had better under-bonnet access, but they were more expensive and aerodynamically inferior to the original 1959 design. The Mini Clubman and 1275 GT were replaced in 1980 by the new hatchback Austin Metro, while production of the original "round-front" Mini design continued for another 20 years. At the end of Clubman and 1275 GT production, 275,583 Clubman saloons, 197,606 Clubman Estates and 110,673 1275 GTs had been made.[34]

text: Australia[edit]

text: For the Australian market, all Minis including the Van gained the Clubman front in 1971 although the car was still basically a Mk I behind the A-Pillar.[57] The Australian van thus became the only Clubman Van produced anywhere in the world.[57] From mid-1971 to the end of 1972, a Clubman GT version of the saloon was produced.[58] This was essentially a Cooper S in Clubman body, equipped with the same 7.5-inch (190 mm) disc brakes, twin fuel tanks, and twin-carburettor Cooper S 1,275 cc engine. Australian Clubman saloons were marketed under the Morris Mini Clubman name when introduced in August 1971,[59] and as the Leyland Mini, without the Clubman name, from February 1973.[5]

text: To end Mini production in Australia, a limited edition runout model was produced − the 1275LS. Fitted with a pollution control 1,275 cc engine sourced from Europe, the LS had a single 1.5-inch (38 mm) carburettor and 8.4-inch (210 mm) disc brakes. Production of this model commenced in July 1978 and concluded in October 1978 with an approximate total of 810 vehicles produced.

text: Mark III: 1969–1976 (ADO20)[edit]

text:
Mark III

1970 Mini

Overview

Manufacturer
British Leyland Motor Corporation

Production
October 1969 - 1976

Assembly

Longbridge plant, England
Seneffe, Belgium
Petone, New Zealand
Setúbal, Portugal
Cape Town, South Africa
Pamplona, Spain

Body and chassis

Body style
2-door Saloon
2-door Pick-up
2-door Van

Layout
Front wheel drive

Platform
ADO20

Powertrain

Engine
848 cc (0.8 l) I4
998 cc (1.0 l) I4
1,275 cc (1.3 l) I4

Transmission
4-speed manual

Dimensions

Wheelbase
2.04 m

Length
3.06 m

Width
1.42 m

Height
1.36 m

Kerb weight
848cc = 610kg
1275cc = 645kg

Chronology

Predecessor
Mark II

Successor
Mark IV

text: The Mark III Mini had a modified bodyshell with enough alterations to see the factory code change from ADO15 to ADO20 (which it shared with the Clubman). The most obvious changes were larger doors with concealed hinges. Customer demand led to the sliding windows being replaced with winding windows—although some Australian-manufactured Mark I Minis had adopted this feature in 1965 (with opening quarterlight windows). The suspension reverted from Hydrolastic to rubber cones[60] as a cost-saving measure.[61] (The 1275 GT and Clubman would retain the hydrolastic system until June 1971 when they, too, switched to the rubber cone suspension of the original Minis.[60])

text: Production at the Cowley plant was ended, and the simple name Mini completely replaced the separate Austin and Morris brands.[62] In April 1974 a heater became standard equipment on the entry level Mini 850 as well, having by now already been included in the standard specification of the other models for some time.[60]

text: In the late 1970s, Innocenti introduced the Innocenti 90 and 120, Bertone-designed hatchbacks based on the Mini platform. Bertone also created a Mini Cooper equivalent, christened the Innocenti De Tomaso, that sported a 1275 cc engine similar to the MG Metro engine, but with an 11-stud head, a special inlet manifold, and used the "A" clutch instead of the "Verto" type. It also used homokinetic shafts instead of rubber couplings.

text: The Mini was still popular in Britain, but appeared increasingly outdated in the face of newer and more practical rivals. Since the late 1960s, plans had been in place for a newer and more practical supermini to replace it, though the Mini was still the only car of this size built by British Leyland for the home market.

text: Mark IV and onwards: 1976–2000[edit]

text:
Mk IV

Overview

Production
1976–1983

Assembly

Longbridge plant, Birmingham, England
Zetland, New South Wales, Australia
Seneffe, Belgium
Petone, New Zealand
Setúbal, Portugal
Cape Town, South Africa
Pamplona, Spain

Body and chassis

Body style
2-door saloon
2-door van
2-door truck

Powertrain

Engine
998 cc (1.0 l) I4
1,098 cc (1.1 l) I4
1,275 cc (1.3 l) I4

text: The Mark IV was introduced in 1976, even though by this stage British Leyland was working on a new small car which was widely expected to replace the Mini before much longer. It had a front rubber mounted subframe with single tower bolts and the rear frame had some larger bushings introduced. Twin stalk indicators were introduced with larger foot pedals. From 1977 onwards, the rear indicator lamps had the reverse lights incorporated in them. In 1980, the engine was upgraded to the improved A-Plus unit from the new Metro. This was then followed by a number of later incremental developments:

text: In 1978, the Mini was one of the key cars made available to disabled motorists under the new Motability scheme.[63]

text: Reports of the Mini's imminent demise surfaced again in 1980 with the launch of the Austin Mini-Metro (badging with the word mini in all lowercase). Faced with competition from a new wave of modern superminis like the Ford Fiesta, Renault 5 and Volkswagen Polo, the Mini was beginning to fall out of favour in many export markets, with the South African, Australian, and New Zealand markets all stopping production around this time. Buyers of small cars now wanted modern and practical designs, usually with a hatchback.

text: Although the Mini continued to be produced after the Metro's launch, production volumes were reduced as British Leyland and successor combine Rover Group concentrated on the Metro as its key supermini. 1981 was the original Mini's last year in the top ten of Britain's top selling cars, as it came ninth and the Metro was fifth. The arrival of the Metro also saw production of the larger Allegro pruned back before it was finally discontinued in 1982. In 1988, Austin Rover decided to keep the Mini in production for as long as it was viable to do so, putting an end to reports that it would be discontinued by 1991 - by which time the original Metro would also be replaced.

text: The fibreglass Mini built in Chile from 1970 until 1974 was not the only fibreglass version: in the summer of 1991, a fibreglass bodied Mini again entered production, this time in Venezuela. The producer, Facorca, intended to sell the car in the Caribbean and Central America, and also had plans for Brazilian assembly.[64]

text:
Mk V

Mini City E

Overview

Production
1984–1989

Assembly
Longbridge plant, Birmingham, England

Body and chassis

Body style
2-door saloon

Powertrain

Engine
998 cc (1.0 l) I4
1,275 cc (1.3 l) I4

text:
Mk VI

Overview

Production
1990–1995

Assembly
Longbridge plant, Birmingham, England
Venezuela

Body and chassis

Body style
2-door saloon

Powertrain

Engine
1,275 cc (1.3 l) I4

text:
Mk VII

Overview

Production
1996–2000

Assembly
Longbridge, Birmingham, England

Body and chassis

Body style
2-door saloon

Powertrain

Engine
1,275 cc (1.3 l) I4

text:
Mark V (from 1984): all cars had 8.4-inch (210 mm) brake discs and plastic wheel arches (Mini Special arches) but retained the same Mark IV body shell shape. The Mini Cooper was relaunched in 1989, 20 years after the demise of the original model. Once again, it featured the long-running 1275cc engine which had featured on the original Mini Cooper, as well as on numerous other BMC/BL/ARG models.
Mark VI (from 1990): the engine mounting points were moved forward to take 1275 cc power units, and includes the later HIF (Horizontal Integral Float) version of the SU (Skinners Union) carb, plus the single point fuel injected car which came out in 1991. The 998 cc power units were discontinued. An internal bonnet release was fitted from 1992.
Mark VII (from 1996): was the final version, twin point injection with front-mounted radiator. Full-width dashboard replaces the original shelf, internal bonnet release. Introduction of airbag on driver's side. The basic Mini was the 1.3i, the other model in the range being the Mini Cooper. The end of production in October 2000 not only signalled the end of original Mini production after 41 years, but also brought about the demise of the 1275cc engine which had powered the Mini and numerous other BL/BMC/ARG cars for more than 30 years.

text: End of production[edit]

text: Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the British market received numerous "special editions" of the Mini, which shifted the car from a mass-market item into a fashionable icon. It was this image that perhaps helped the Mini become such an asset for BMW, which later bought the remnants of BMC as the Rover Group. It was even more popular in Japan, which took the lion's share of the circa 40,000 Minis produced annually in the early 1990s.[64] It was seen there as a retro-cool icon, and inspired many imitators. The ERA Mini Turbo was particularly popular with Japanese buyers.

text: In 1994, under Bernd Pischetsrieder, a first cousin once removed of Issigonis, BMW took control of the Rover Group, which included the Mini, fitting an airbag to comply with European legislation.

text: By March 2000, Rover was still suffering massive losses, and BMW decided to dispose of most of the companies. The sell-off was completed in May that year. MG and Rover went to Phoenix, a new British consortium; and Land Rover was sold to Ford Motor Company. BMW retained the Mini name and the planned new model, granting Rover temporary rights to the brand and allowing it to manufacture and sell the run-out model of the old Mini. By April 2000, the range consisted of four versions: the Mini Classic Seven, the Mini Classic Cooper, the Mini Classic Cooper Sport and—for overseas European markets—the Mini Knightsbridge. The last Mini (a red Cooper Sport) was built on 4 October 2000 and presented to the British Motor Industry Heritage Trust in December of that year.[8] A total of 5,387,862 cars had been manufactured, nearly 1.6million of which were sold in Britain, although the majority of these were sold at least 20 years before the Mini's demise, meaning that the majority of those sold had been scrapped before the end of the original Mini's production life.[34]

text: After the last of the Mini production had been sold, the 'Mini' name reverted to BMW ownership. Mini Hatch, the new model made by BMW, is technically unrelated to the old car but retains the classic transverse four-cylinder, front-wheel-drive configuration and "bulldog" stance of the original.

text: The last Mini to leave the Longbridge plant did so in 2012, when a 1970s 1275GT which was used by staff to travel around the car plant was recovered from the disused tunnels under the plant. The car was damaged by a storage container falling on it and had been left without an engine or gearbox for around 30 years before being recovered during work to infill the tunnels. This car was sold at auction in July 2013 for £1400.[65]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
August 1959: Introduction of the Austin Seven, Morris Mini-Minor and Morris Mini-Minor DL 2-door saloons, all with transversely mounted 848 cc engine and 4-speed manual gearbox.
1960: Introduction of the Austin Seven Countryman and Morris Mini-Minor Traveller 3-door estates, both with 848 cc engine from the saloon models. 116,667 cars built in the first full year of production.
1961: Introduction of the Austin Seven Super and Morris Mini-Minor Super 2-door saloons.
1961: Introduction of the Austin Mini Cooper and Morris Mini Cooper 2-door saloon, both with larger 997 cc 55 bhp (41 kW) engine.
October 1961: Introduction of Riley Elf and Wolseley Hornet variants [66]
January 1962: All former Austin Seven models now officially called Austin Mini.
March 1962: pvc seat covers replaced cloth upholstery on entry level model ("basic Mini").[67]
1962: "De Luxe" and "Super" designations discontinued. "Super de Luxe" designation introduced. Modified instrument panel now included oil pressure and water temperature gauges.[67]
March 1963: Introduction of the Austin Mini Cooper 1071 S and Morris Mini Cooper 1071 S 2-door saloons, both with larger 1071 cc 70 bhp (52 kW) engine.
1964: Introduction of the Mini Moke.
April 1964: Introduction of the Austin and Morris Mini-Cooper 998, Mini-Cooper 970 S and Mini-Cooper 1275 S. 1275 S models have 1275 cc 76 bhp (57 kW) engine. Automatic transmission available as an option for the 998 cc Austin Mini-Cooper 998 and 1275 S. Previous Mini-Cooper 997 and 1071 S models dropped.
1965: Mini Cooper 970 S discontinued.
October 1965: Automatic transmission now available as an option on standard Austin/Morris Mini and Morris Mini SDL.
October 1967: Mark 2 range launched with facelift and upgraded equipment. Austin Mini range as follows: 850, 1000, Cooper 998 and Cooper 1275 S 2-door saloons and 1000 Countryman 3-door estate. Morris Mini range as follows: 850, 850 SDL, 1000 SDL, Cooper 998 and Cooper 1275 S 2-door saloons and 1000 Traveller 3-door estate. Optional automatic transmission available on all Austin models (except 850) and Morris Mini 1000 SDL saloon.
September 1968: Manual four speed gear box with synchromesh on all four forward ratios introduced.[60]
March 1969: Launch of the Morris Mini K an Australian-only model manufactured in the Australian British Motor Corporation factory at Zetland NSW using 80% local content
August 1969: Riley Elf and Wolseley Hornet variants discontinued [66]
October 1969: Separate Austin and Morris badging now merged into Mini 850/Mini 1000 badging. Range reduced to: 850, 1000, Clubman, Cooper S and 1275 GT 2-door saloon and Clubman 3-door estate. Optional automatic transmission available on all except 1275 GT.
1980: The Mini becomes the Austin Mini.[19]
1988: The Austin Mini becomes the Rover Mini.[19]
October 2000: Mini production ends [68]

text: Limited editions[edit]

text: From the Mark IV onward, many special limited-production editions of the Mini were offered. These included models that were created to commemorate racing victories or to celebrate an anniversary of the Mini marque. Limited editions generally came equipped with a unique combination of interior and exterior trim and special decals. Examples include Mini 1100 Special, Mini 1000 Special HL (only available in silver colour with black vinyl roof, black cloth upholstery seats with head restraints and walnut interior trim, for Portugal market only),[69] Mini Rio, Mini Mayfair, Mini Park Lane, Mini Cooper RSP, Mini Flame, Mini Red Hot, Mini Jet Black, Mini Racing and the Mini Monza. There was also a version inspired by The Italian Job, a 1969 film famous for having a trio of Minis in its epic closing car chase.

text: Concepts and unproduced prototypes[edit]

text: From 1967 to 1979, Issigonis had been designing a replacement for the Mini in the form of an experimental model called the 9X.[22] It was longer and more powerful than the Mini, but due to politicking inside British Leyland (which had now been formed by the merger of BMC's parent company British Motor Holdings and the Leyland Motor Corporation), the car did not reach production.

text: A number of prototypes produced for vehicles based on the Mini but which never saw production are held and sometimes displayed at the British Heritage Motor Centre museum at Gaydon, Warwickshire. These included the Twini, a re-engineered four-wheel-drive Moke with two engines—one at the front and another at the back; the Austin Ant, a second attempt to produce a four-wheel-drive vehicle, this time using a transfer case; and a two-seater convertible MG edition of the Mini, cancelled due to it being perceived as competition for the MG Midget.

text: In 1992, a project considering possible improvements to the Mini was started. Codenamed Minki ("Mini" plus K-Series engine), it included a redesigned dashboard, a two-piece rear door or tailgate instead of a boot, fold down rear seats, Hydragas suspension and a 3-cylinder version of the K-Series engine with a 5-speed gearbox.[70] However, the project was cancelled by management within Rover, who decided that the cost of engineering the changes, and achieving compliance with modern crash testing standards, was too great for the production volumes that could be expected of an updated Mini.

text: In 1995 the idea to update the Mini again surfaced but this time with BMW management. As part of the process of deciding how to replace the Mini, a vehicle representing what the current Mini could have become, if it had been developed further over its production history, was commissioned.[70] This resulted in the Minki-II, designed to house the 1.4L MPI K-Series engine with an extensive redesign inside, but without the original Minki's tailgate. The car had to be widened by 50mm and lengthened by 50mm to accommodate the new engine and gearbox, with Hydragas suspension and dashboard from a Rover 100. The Minki-II was used for Hydragas development work, this suspension being considered at the time for the R59 project, later to become the Mini Hatch.

text: Kit cars and customisation[edit]

text: The cheapness and availability of used Minis make it a candidate for body replacement. There are over 120 Mini-based kit cars from various small companies and individual enthusiasts.

text: Motorsport[edit]

text: BMC operated a Competition Department at Abingdon, Oxfordshire, under the control of Stuart Turner, which built specially prepared Minis (mostly based on Cooper and Cooper S versions) to compete in international rallies and other motorsport. This department played a key role in ensuring the Mini's huge success in motorsport throughout the 1960s, in particular, winning the Monte Carlo Rally in 1964, 1965 and 1967, the 1000 Lakes Rally in 1965, 1966 and 1967, and dominating all of the first 9 positions in the 1966 Gallaher 500 at Bathurst.

text: The car also won the 1961, 1962, 1969, 1978 and 1979 British Saloon Car Championship season, as well as the British Rally Championship in 1962, 1963 and 1970, the European Rally Championship in 1965 and 1966, and won the Finnish Rally Championship in 1965 and 1966.[71] Minis also won the 1965 Lowood 4 Hour endurance race, and the final Finnish Grand Prix in 1963. The Cooper S also had some success in the European Touring Car Championship, winning in 1964 and 1968, the Guia Race of Macau (a 1-2-3 finish in 1965, a 1-2 finish in 1970 and a win in 1972), and the Australian Touring Car Championship, winning its class in 1962, 1963, 1964, 1966, 1967 and 1968. A further title was the 1971 Sun-7 Chesterfield Series. The Mini also enjoyed class wins at the 1963 Armstrong 500, repeating this feat every year until 1969, and having class wins at the 1964, 1965 and 1971 Sandown 250, and Six Hour Le Mans in 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970 and 1972, as well as the 1971 Phillip Island 500K. The car also won the Welsh Sports and Saloon Car Championship in 1998. Mini Leyland came 4th place in the under-2-litre category in the 1966, 1967 and 1969 Trans-Am seasons, improving to 3rd in 1970.

text: The Mini Cooper S won the Monte Carlo Rally in 1964, 1965 and 1967.[72] Minis initially placed first, second and third in the 1966 rally as well, but were disqualified after a controversial decision by the judges. The disqualification related to the use of a variable resistance headlamp dimming circuit in place of a dual-filament lamp.[73] Fourth placed Roger Clark's Ford Cortina was disqualified for the same reason, along with six other cars. The fifth car past the finishing line, a Citroën DS, a model that had won the race previously, was awarded first place - the DS had similar headlamps, but these were standard production equipment on the car - in line with the letter of the rules.[74] The driver of the Citroën, Pauli Toivonen, felt that he hadn't really "won" the rally.[75] BMC probably received more publicity from the disqualification than they would have gained from a victory.[76]

text:
Monte Carlo Rally results for Mini.[72]

Year
Driver
Co-driver
Result

1962
Pat Moss
Ann Wisdom
Ladies' Award

1963
Rauno Aaltonen
Tony Ambrose
3rd

1964
Paddy Hopkirk
Henry Liddon
Winner

Timo Mäkinen
Patrick Vanson
4th

1965
Timo Mäkinen
Paul Easter
Winner

1966
Timo Mäkinen
Paul Easter
(disqualified)

Rauno Aaltonen
Tony Ambrose
(disqualified)

Paddy Hopkirk
Henry Liddon
(disqualified)

1967
Rauno Aaltonen
Henry Liddon
Winner

1968
Rauno Aaltonen
Henry Liddon
3rd

Tony Fall
Mike Wood
4th

Paddy Hopkirk
Ron Crellin
5th

text: In rallycross, the Mini finished on the podium in the first ever race, at Lydden Hill Race Circuit in February 1967, winning races in the FIA European Rallycross Championship in 1974 and 1975. The car competed as late as the 1979 Australian Rallycross Championship.

text: The Se7ens is the UK's longest running one make motor racing championship, having been introduced in 1966.[77] As of 2014, classic Minis are still raced, with other one make races in the UK,[78][79] Europe[80] and Asia,[81] and in classic events such as the Goodwood Members Meeting. In 2012 a Mini broke the land speed record. A Mini was used to set a record at the Chateau Impney Hill Climb.[82]

text: International Rally victories[edit]

text:
Season
Event
Driver

1960
 Cork 20 Rally
 Sheila O'Clery

1962
 Circuit of Ireland Rally
 Paddy Hopkirk

1962
 Tulip Rally
 Pat Moss

1962
 Rally Sweden
 Bengt Söderström

1962
 Rallye de Baden-Baden
 Pat Moss

1964
 Monte Carlo Rally
 Paddy Hopkirk

1964
 Rally Isle of Man
 Dave Friswell

1964
 Tulip Rally
 Timo Mäkinen

1964
 Cork 20 Rally
 Paul O'Flynn

1965
 Monte Carlo Rally
 Timo Mäkinen

1965
 1000 Lakes Rally
 Timo Mäkinen

1965
 Belgium Ypres Westhoek Rally
 Jean Pierre Vandermeersch

1965
 Circuit of Ireland Rally
 Paddy Hopkirk

1965
 Rally Poland
 Rauno Aaltonen

1965
 RAC Rally
 Rauno Aaltonen

1965
 Rally Isle of Man
 Tony Fall

1965
 Rallye International de Madagascar
 Duclos

1966
 1000 Lakes Rally
 Timo Mäkinen

1966
 Circuit of Ireland Rally
 Tony Fall

1966
 Rally Poland
 Tony Fall

1966
 Scottish Rally
 Tony Fall

1966
 Tulip Rally
 Rauno Aaltonen

1966
 Rallye International de Madagascar
 Ramaroson

1966
 Munich-Vienna-Budapest
 Timo Mäkinen

1967
 Monte Carlo Rally
 Rauno Aaltonen

1967
 1000 Lakes Rally
 Timo Mäkinen

1967
 Acropolis Rally
 Paddy Hopkirk

1967
 Circuit of Ireland Rally
 Paddy Hopkirk

1967
 Rally Isle of Man
 Norman Harvey

1967
 Alpine Rally
 Paddy Hopkirk

1967
 Geneva Rally
 Tony Fall

1972
 Rally New Zealand
 Andrew Cowan

text: British Saloon Car Championship titles[edit]

text:
Season
Driver
Wins
Points

1961
 John Whitmore
3
53

1962
 John Love
7
52

1969
 Alec Poole
7
76

1978
 Richard Longman
11
100

1979
 Richard Longman
10
97

text: European Touring Car Championship titles[edit]

text:
Season
Driver
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Points
Position

1964
 Warwick Banks
7
7
-
7
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
66
1

1968
 John Handley
6
(2)
6
6
(2)
6
-
9
9
(1.5)
6
48
1

text: Australian endurance racing class wins[edit]

text:
Event
Driver
Class position
Overall position

1963 Armstrong 500
Doug Chivas Ken Wilkinson
1 (B)
6

1963 Six Hour Le Mans
David Thomas, Ian Durrant
1 (1000)
5

1964 Sandown 6 Hour International
Peter Manton, Brian Foley
1 (F)
2

1964 Armstrong 500
Bruce Maher, Charlie Smith
1 (B)
9

1964 Shell Le Mans 6 Hour Race
Ted Lisle
1 (Touring)
2

1965 International 6 Hour Touring Car Race
Bob Holden, Ron Haylen
1 (D)
3

1965 Armstrong 500
Brian Foley, Peter Manton
1 (C)
3

1965 Six Hour Le Mans
Ted Lisle, Mike Tighe
1 (1100)
5

1965 Lowood 4 Hour
John Harvey, Brian Foley
1 (D)
1

1966 Gallaher 500
Rauno Aaltonen, Bob Holden
1 (C)
1

1966 Le Mans 6 Hour Race
Ted Lisle
1 (Improved)
2

1967 Surfers Paradise Four Hour
Peter Cray, Don Holland
1 (B)

1967 Gallaher 500
Tony Fall, Bob Holden
1 (C)
5

1967 Six Hour Le Mans
Jeff Dunkerton, Doug Mould
1
1

1968 Surfers Paradise 4-Hour
M McGregor, F Hunt
1 (C)
3

1968 Hardie-Ferodo 500
Don Holland, Charlie Smith
1 (C)
10

1968 Six Hour Le Mans
Rick Lisle, John Harris
1 (E)
2

1969 Rothmans 12 Hour Classic
Garry Hodge, John Leffler
1 (C)
2

1969 Hardie-Ferodo 500
Ron Gillard, Warren Gracie
1 (C)
14

1969 TVW Channel 7 Le Mans 6 Hour Race
Peter Briggs, Doug Mould
1 (1500)
2

1970 Rothmans 12 Hour
Don Holland, Bob Skelton
1 (C)
4

1970 TVW Channel 7 Six Hour Le Mans
Ray Thackwell, Jim Mullins
1
5

1971 Rothmans 3 Hour
Lakis Manticas
1 (B)
16

1971 Castrol Trophy
Lakis Manticas
1 (B)
7

1971 Sandown 250
Lakis Manticas
1 (B)
11

1971 Phillip Island 500K
Bill Stanley
1 (B)
10

1971 Rothmans 250
Lakis Manticas
1 (B)

1972 Skipper Chrysler 6 Hour Le Mans
Jack Michael, David Jorritsma
1 (1300)
17

1974 Hardie-Ferodo 1000
Gary Leggatt, Peter Lander
1 (1300)
17

1975 Hardie-Ferodo 1000
Peter Lander, Bob Martin
1 (1300)
14

text: Awards[edit]

text: The Mini has won many awards over the years, perhaps the most notable include second place for ‘’Global’’ Car of the Century awarded in 1999, behind only the Model T Ford. In the same competition, run by the prestigious Global Automotive Elections Foundation, the Mini was selected "European Car of the Century." Grassroots Motorsports awarded Mini with the Editors' Choice award in 2002.[83] The Mini also received awards for "Car of the Century" (Autocar magazine 1995) and "Number One Classic Car of All Time" (Classic & Sports Car magazine 1996).

text: In the end 5.3 million Minis were sold, making it the most popular British car ever made.

text: Sales[edit]

text: At its peak, the Mini was a strong seller in most of the countries where it was sold, with the United Kingdom inevitably receiving the highest volumes. The 1,000,000th Mini came off the production line in 1965,[84] with the 2,000,000th in 1969.[85] The 3,000,000th Mini came off the production line in 1972, with the 4,000,000th in 1976.[86]

text: It dominated the mini-car market until the arrival of the Hillman Imp in 1963. It outsold the Imp. Competition arrived with the more modern and practical Vauxhall Chevette of 1975, but the Mini continued to sell well until its "replacement"—the Metro—arrived in 1980. By this time, the Mini's design had been overtaken by numerous more modern and practical vehicles.

text: Although the Metro did not replace the Mini, production figures for the Mini dipped during the 1980s, and interest in the design was not revived until the re-introduction of the Mini Cooper in 1989. This helped sales of the Mini through the 1990s, to the end of production on 4 October 2000.

text: A total of 1,581,887 Minis were sold in Britain after its launch in 1959. The last new one to be registered was sold in 2004, some four years after the end of production.[87]

text:
Year
Cumulative Sales

1962
500,000

1965
1 million

1969
2 million

1972
3 million

1976
4 million

1986
5 million

2000
5,387,862

text: The highest price ever paid for a Mini was at a Bonhams auction in 2007, when a works rally-prepared Mini (DJB 93B) sold for £100,500 ($196,980).[88]

text: United States[edit]

text: Between 1960 and 1967, BMC exported approximately 10,000 left-hand drive BMC Minis to the United States. Sales were discontinued when stricter federal safety standards were imposed in 1968[89][90][91][92][93] and the arrival of the larger and more profitable Austin America. Mini sales fell in the 1967 calendar year and the US importer was expecting the forthcoming Austin America to find a larger market. The America was also withdrawn in 1972 due to slow sales and the introduction of bumper-height standards.

text: Today the U.S. Government exempts cars older than 25 years from all import laws, so older Minis can be freely imported. The Canadian government applies a similar rule after 15 years.

text: Safety record[edit]

text: Issigonis designed the Mini with an emphasis on active safety. Asked about the crashworthiness of the Mini he said "I make my cars with such good brakes, such good steering, that if people get into a crash it's their own fault".[94] and "I don't design my cars to have accidents".[95]

text: In July 1965 BMC announced that following "comments by safety experts" about the Mini's external doorhandles, these would be modified on new cars so that the gap between the handle and the door panel would be effectively closed.[96]

text: Nicholas Faith states in his book that Murray Mackay, one of the UK's leading motor vehicle crash and safety researchers, was critical of the pre-1967 Mini's passive safety features, including the protruding filler cap, the door latch, and the vulnerability of the passenger space to engine intrusion.[94]

text: The Mini was withdrawn from the American market because it could not meet the 1968 U.S. safety regulations and emission standards,[97] and although often updated, not sufficiently to comply with U.S. regulations.[98] It continued to be sold in Canada until 1979.[94][98]

text: The Mini was modified during its production to improve its safety. In 1974 a prototype Mini experimental safety vehicle was built, the Mini Clubman SRV4. It featured a longer crumple zone, a "pedestrian friendly" front-end, run-flat tyres, strengthened door sills, extra internal padding and recessed door handles, the latter having been used earlier on Australian-built Minis owing to local laws.[99] Jack Daniels, one of the original Issigonis team,[100] is stated to have been working on further safety improvements for the Mini when he retired in 1977.[94] Several times it was thought that safety regulations would stop Mini production[101] Safety improved in 1996, with the introduction of airbags and side-impact bars.[102] The Mini, challenged by increasingly demanding European safety and pollution standards, was planned by British Aerospace to be taken out of production in 1996, but BMW chose to invest to keep the Mini legal until the launch of a new model.[103]

text: In January 2007 Which? magazine listed the Mini City in its "Ten worst cars for safety (since 1983)" list, alongside other economical, lightweight, fuel-efficient cars like the Hyundai Pony 1.2L, Fiat Panda 900 Super, Suzuki Alto GL, Daihatsu Domino, Citroën AX 11 RE, Yugo 45 and 55, Peugeot 205 GL, and the Citroën 2CV6.[104]

text: A UK Department for Transport statistics publication, presenting estimates of the risk of driver injury in two-car injury collisions, based on reported road accident data, estimated that the 1990–2000 Mini was one of two small cars (the other being the Hyundai Atoz), which, with an estimated 84 per cent of drivers likely to be injured, presented the greatest risk of driver injury; the average risk for the small car category was 76 per cent.[105]

text: 50th anniversary[edit]

text: Several key events marked the 50th anniversary of the Mini in 2009. On 13 January 2009, The Royal Mail released a limited edition of stamps entitled "British Design Classics", featuring an original, Egg-Shell Blue, MK1 Mini, registration XAA 274.[106] On 17 May, a world record parade of 1,450 Minis congregated at Crystal Palace as part of a London to Brighton run.[107] The following week, 10,000 Minis and 25,000 people attended an anniversary party at Silverstone Circuit on the border of Buckinghamshire and Northamptonshire.[108]

text: Between 7–10 August 2009 approximately 4000 minis from around the world congregated at Longbridge Birmingham to celebrate the 50th anniversary. On 26 August 2009, smallcarBIGCITY launched in London to provide sightseeing tours of the capital in a fleet of restored Mini Coopers.[109]


document_title: Cloak & Dagger (TV series)

question_text: when does cloak and dagger episode 10 air

text: Cloak & Dagger (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: In New Orleans, teenagers Tandy Bowen and Tyrone Johnson come from different backgrounds and have acquired superpowers after a life-changing event that revolved around the collapse of the Roxxon Gulf Platform. As their relationship unfolds, they soon realize that their powers work better when they are together, "but their feelings for each other make their already complicated world even more challenging."[1]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Olivia Holt as Tandy Bowen / Dagger: A teenager and street thief who is connected to Tyrone Johnson through a shared childhood tragedy,[2] with the ability to emit light daggers.[3] Showrunner Joe Pokaski felt Bowen in the series was "more cynical" than previous portrayals, and noted that when she touches people she can access their hopes and desires, saying, "There’s something exciting about having a cynical character like Tandy who steals things and doesn’t believe in the good of man, yet sees the best in them when she touches them".[4] Rachel Ryals portrays a young Tandy.[5]
Aubrey Joseph as Tyrone Johnson / Cloak: A teenager, who is connected to Tandy Bowen through a shared childhood tragedy, with the ability to engulf others in darkness and transport them through the Darkforce dimension.[3][2] Johnson has the ability to witness people's fears, having been "living in a world of fear" since the death of his older brother Billy. Pokaski added, "There was something interesting in helping him to understand that everyone is afraid."[4] Maceo Smedley III portrays a young Tyrone.[5]
Gloria Reuben as Adina Johnson: Tyrone's mother and worker at Roxxon who invests heavily in making sure her son has a good life.[6]
Andrea Roth as Melissa Bowen: Tandy's drug and alcohol-addicted yet optimistic mother.[6]
J. D. Evermore as Connors: An intimidating scar-faced detective of the New Orleans Police Department's vice squad with a secret.[6]
Miles Mussenden as Otis Johnson: Tyrone's working class father who tries to provide for his family and is also an associate of the Wild Red Hawks.[6][7] The character was originally announced as being named "Michael."[6]
Carl Lundstedt as Liam Walsh: Tandy's partner in crime and ex-boyfriend.[6][8]
Emma Lahana as Brigid O'Reilly: A detective from Harlem with hardened New York sensibilities who believes no one is above the law, including other cops.[9]
Jaime Zevallos as Delgado: A school counselor and priest who is constantly seeking redemption and questions the life he has chosen.[9]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Wayne Péré as Peter Scarborough: The CEO at Roxxon Gulf who is responsible for confiscating Nathan Bowen's work following his death.[10]
Noëlle Renée Bercy as Evita Fusilier: A friend and love interest of Tyrone's. Bercy, who is from New Orleans, was familiar with the voodoo culture of the city, and was able to speak to people regarding it for her part.[8]
Lane Miller as Fuchs: A New Orleans police officer and O'Reilly's love interest.[10]
Angela Davis as Chantelle: Evita's aunt who is a voodoo priestess and an expert on every divine pairings in New Orleans history.[11]
Ally Maki as Mina Hess: An environmental engineer at Roxxon Gulf who befriends Tandy.[12]  Hannah Hardin portrays a younger Mina.[13]
Tim Kang as Ivan Hess: Mina's father who worked with Nathan Bowen at Roxxon Gulf.[14]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Marqus Clae as Billy Johnson: Tyrone's older brother who is shot and killed by Connors the night when the Roxxon Gulf Platform collapsed.[15]  Carsyn Taylor portrays a young Billy.[16]
Mike Donovan as Rick Cotton: A rich bachelor whom Tandy robs.[15]
Dalon J. Holland as Duane Porter: A friend of Billy Johnson and acquaintance of Tyrone.[10]
Andy Dylan as Nathan Bowen: Tandy's father and former employee at Roxxon Gulf, who was killed in a car accident the night when the Roxxon Gulf platform collapsed.[17]
Gary Weeks as Greg Pressfield: Melissa's "boyfriend", who is a lawyer looking into the case involving Nathan Bowen's work at Roxxon.[18]
Dalton E. Gray as Benny: One of Tyrone's basketball teammates.
Luray Cooper as Big Chief Roland Duplantier: The leader of a Mardi Gras tribe called the Wild Red Hawks, and friend of Otis Johnson.
Gralen Banks as Choo Choo Broussard: A member of the Wild Red Hawk Mardi Gras tribes, and friend of Otis Johnson.
Vanessa Motta as a professional killer disguised as a water delivery person.

text: Stan Lee has a cameo appearance as an on-set painting.[4]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)1"First Light"Gina Prince-BythewoodJoe PokaskiJune 7, 2018 (2018-06-07)0.919[19]
2"Suicide Sprints"Alex Garcia LopezJoe PokaskiJune 7, 2018 (2018-06-07)0.750[19]
3"Stained Glass"Peter HoarStory by : Ariella Blejer & Dawn Kamoche Teleplay by : Peter CallowayJune 14, 2018 (2018-06-14)0.548[20]
4"Call/Response"Ami Canaan MannChristine Boylan & Marcus J. GuilloryJune 21, 2018 (2018-06-21)0.606[21]
5"Princeton Offense"Ry Russo-YoungNiceole R. Levy & Joe PokaskiJune 28, 2018 (2018-06-28)0.509[22]
6"Funhouse Mirrors"Jennifer PhangJ. Holtham & Jenny KleinJuly 5, 2018 (2018-07-05)0.499[23]
7"Lotus Eaters"Paul EdwardsJoe Pokaski & Peter CallowayJuly 12, 2018 (2018-07-12)0.538[24]
8"Ghost Stories"Alex Garcia LopezChristine Boylan & Jenny KleinJuly 19, 2018 (2018-07-19)0.401[25]
9"Back Breaker"Jeff WoolnoughNiceole R. Levy & Peter CallowayJuly 26, 2018 (2018-07-26)0.531[26]
10"Colony Collapse"Wayne YipJoe PokaskiAugust 2, 2018 (2018-08-02)0.423[27]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: At San Diego Comic-Con International 2011, head of Marvel Television Jeph Loeb announced the series Cloak & Dagger was in development at ABC Family. The series, which would be set in post-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans, would follow Cloak and Dagger as the two "find each other and realize that their powers both complement and complicate their lives."[28] Around this time, Loeb had a meeting with ABC Family, who recommended Joe Pokaski to Loeb as a potential writer to work with Marvel Television, based on a script for another series the channel had recently received from Pokaski. Loeb reached out to Pokaski about working with Marvel, who was interested in writing Cloak and Dagger since "there’s something that felt so right about them for the television format", and wrote the script. Pokaski was attracted to Cloak and Dagger as a television series, because the duo are the only people who understand each other’s situations, compared to other coming-of-age teenage television series such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer or Smallville where the main characters have no one who can relate to them.[29]

text: In April 2016, the series received a straight-to-series order for Freeform, the new name of ABC Family, from ABC Signature Studios and Marvel Television.[1] By August 2016, Pokaski had signed on to the series as showrunner and executive producer.[30][31][32] Pokaski noted his script had "sat in a drawer for five years", before Freeform executive Karey Burke found it and "took a chance on it".[29] Loeb, Jim Chory,[33][32] Alan Fine, Stan Lee, Joe Quesada, and Karim Zreik also serve as executive producers, while Jenny Klein produces the series.[10]

text: On July 20, 2018, Freeform renewed the series for a 10-episode second season.[34]

text: Writing[edit]

text:
... [I]t all starts with representation... [W]e make sure our writers room is filled with as many people who do not look like me as possible. We have really good writers who allow ourselves a wide enough berth to have real conversations and find the truth across our experiences. That's the key; it's what people talk about a lot but we try to actually execute it.
—Showrunner Joe Pokaski on having diversity in the series' writers and the issues the series can explore.[35]

text: When announcing the series, Freeform called it their "first venture into the Marvel Cinematic Universe", and described it as a "superhero love story", a premise that Variety called "a seamless fit for Freeform" given the channel's target audience of "Becomers" (the 14–34 age demographic).[1][36] Addressing this, Loeb said, "It's a love story that happens to have characters that have always traditionally been in that age group. It's not like we took something and made it into a [young adult fiction (YA)]. It speaks to a YA audience and is a YA property. Would I do Punisher on Freeform? I don't think that's going to connect the same way."[37] Pokaski was pleased with the diversity of the writers for the first season, with a majority of black writers and many female writers.[38] The majority of the writers from the first season returned for the second.The second season would explore the themes of women's rights and issues through Mina Hess, while "continuing to drive the conversation forward about race in America".[35]

text: Pokaski spoke about the differences in Cloak and Dagger's origin story from the comics, saying, "I think the original [comic] stories were fantastic, but for the time, while they were a little progressive, they were a little bit sexist and racist once you got into it, for now. What we tried to do was deconstruct it and make it about Tandy and Tyrone, understand who they were."[39] Since the original comics "are a little dated", Pokaski and the writers could to make adjustments accordingly as Cloak and Dagger do not have an established comics mythology, making sure "we were telling the right story for now".[29] He also felt Loeb's idea of having the duo live in New Orleans, opposed to New York City as in the comics, was a "great idea".[39] Since Marvel was also developing The Defenders at the same time, moving to the New Orleans setting "came up pretty early", since Pokaski felt New York City of the Marvel Cinematic Universe had enough superheroes. When looking for alternate locations, and considering places with filming tax incentives, New Orleans "felt so right for Tandy and Tyrone. It felt gothic, it felt a little bit dark, it felt like a place of light and shadow. The more we learned about the city and about its history and about voudon or the Mardi Gras Indians, it felt like it was the only place for Tandy and Tyrone to start."[29]

text: Pokaski did not want to rush the romantic relationship between the duo in the first season, and hoped the series would last long enough to allow for “an interesting path to their relationship.”[4] Pokaski has an intent to create 100 episodes for the series, with "a definitive plan for five season" created.[38]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In January 2017, it was announced that Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph had been cast as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak, respectively.[3] Gina Prince-Bythewood, the director of the first episode, called the casting process "really, really tough… it was three days before we were supposed to leave [to begin filming] and we didn't find [actors for Tandy and Tyrone]. People started getting willing to settle and the people that were on the table were 27, 28. They felt grown and it didn't feel right for the show. Then Aubrey and Olivia walked in the door, and they had such great chops individually".[39]

text: The following month, Andrea Roth was cast as Melissa Bowen, Tandy's mother;[6] Gloria Reuben and Miles Mussenden were cast as Tyrone's parents, Adina and Otis Johnson;[6][7] and Carl Lundstedt and J. D. Evermore were cast as Liam Walsh and Connors, respectively.[6][8] Emma Lahana and Jaime Zevallos also star as Brigid O'Reilly and Delgado.[9]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the series takes place in New Orleans,[40][41] with the first season using the working title Shadows.[42] The first season features many hand-held camera shots that established the "look and feel" of the series, in part because Pokaski "didn’t want to wait for a dolly track to be laid".[38]

text: Music[edit]

text: Mark Isham announced in May 2017 that he would compose the music for the series.[43] Multiple songs are featured throughout the first season,[44] some of which were collected and released on a digital soundtrack album on June 8, 2018, by Marvel Music and Hollywood Records.[45][46] An album featuring Isham's score was released digitally on July 6.[47]

text: Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins[edit]

text: Freeform executive Karey Burke said in April 2017 that the series is "not particularly connected" to New Warriors, which was slated to air on Freeform at the time, given "their tones are so wildly different", adding, "There are many degrees of separation with where they fall in the Marvel universe. But anything is possible with Marvel."[48] In July, Loeb said there were no plans to crossover, nor to crossover across networks with the similarly themed Marvel's Runaways on Hulu. He added that Marvel wanted the series to find its footing before further connecting with other elements of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, saying "You'll see things that comment on each other; we try to touch base wherever we can... things that are happening in L.A. [where Runaways is set] are not exactly going to be affecting what's happening in New Orleans... It's being aware of it and trying to find a way for it to be able to discuss in a way that makes sense."[49]

text: Ahead of the series premiere, considering the larger events of the MCU at that point, Pokaski said he was "not allowed to talk about" how the series would connect to the events of Avengers: Infinity War but stated "We’ve had some exciting conversations about how we could artfully cross Tandy and Tyrone over [to other Marvel properties]. The beauty of these two is that they can show up anywhere [and it makes sense].”[4] After the first season finale, Pokaski expanded, saying he would "love" to have Tandy and Tyrone appear in the MCU films "as utility players the way they are in comics", but conceded "there are a lot of legal hurdles and corporate barriers to doing that". Regarding a crossover with the Runaways, Pokaski noted "there's hopefully there's some karma we can fulfill there" since the duo in the comics appear early in the Runaways comic series.[35]

text: Release[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

Originally aired

DVD and Blu-ray release dates

First aired

Last aired

Region 1

Region 2

Region 4

1

10

June 7, 2018 (2018-06-07)

August 2, 2018 (2018-08-02)

TBA

TBA

TBA

2

10[34]

Early 2019[34]

TBD

TBA

TBA

TBA

text: Cloak & Dagger airs in the United States on Freeform and on ABC Spark in Canada,[50][51] while Amazon Video airs the series in the United Kingdom and select additional European countries.[52]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Season

Nielsen ratings

Critical response

Premiere total viewers(in millions)

Finale total viewers(in millions)

Season average total viewers,inc. DVR (in millions)

Rank

18–49 rating (rank)

Rotten Tomatoes

Metacritic

1

0.919[19]

0.423[27]

TBD

TBD

TBD

90% (41 reviews)[53]

68 (15 reviews)[54]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Cloak & Dagger had the best series launch on Freeform in two years and Freeform’s most-watched drama since "Till Death Do Us Part", the series finale of Pretty Little Liars in June 2017. After three days, "First Light" had 1.64 million total viewers, which was a 78% increase from its initial viewers, the largest three-day lift for any Freeform debut. "First Light" also had the biggest digital debut ever for the network, with 716,000 starts. The premiere drew 7.3 million views across linear and digital platforms and was Thursday’s most-social scripted series with 112,000 engagements across Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and Tumblr.[55]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: For the first season, the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 90% approval rating with an average rating of 7.77/10 based on 41 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Cloak & Dagger blends soapy drama with superhero grit to create an exciting, surprisingly thoughtful addition to the genre — even if it falls prey to a certain amount of narrative bloat."[53] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 68 out of 100 based on reviews from 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[54]

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Upon the announcement of the series, Riesman felt one of the show's potential strengths was the fact that Marvel had a unique opportunity to tell a story "without needing to appeal to any kind of rabid fanbase or honor any iconic stories," because the characters have neither "any famous archnemeses," nor "a widely read graphic novel" that fans would be expecting to see. He concluded saying, "Cloak & Dagger could be something unique and potentially lovely: an attempt to build a new bit of filmed superhero iconography (mostly) from the ground up. There’s so much to mine in this genre. It deals metaphorically with the burdens, risks, and liberations of power — and it has the storytelling freedoms offered by high-concept science fiction, fantasy, and magical realism."[56] Pokaski would later tell Riesman in August 2018 that he sent Karey Burke and other executives on the series Riseman's article as encouragement for the direction they were planning to take the series and to know what they released about the series at the time did not sound "like we were blowing smoke".[29]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Recipient(s)

Result

Ref(s)

2018

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Summer TV Show

Cloak & Dagger

Nominated

[57]

Choice Summer TV Star

Olivia Holt

Won

Aubrey Joseph

Nominated