document_title: Holby City

question_text: where is the outside of holby city filmed

text: Holby City

text: Production[edit]

text: The show began with only eleven main characters in its first series, all of whom have since left the show. New main characters have been both written in and out of the series since, with a core of fifteen to twenty main actors employed on the serial at any given time. In casting the first series, Young sought out actors who were already well known in the television industry, something which has continued throughout the show's history, with cast members including Patsy Kensit, Jane Asher, Robert Powell, Adrian Edmondson, Alex Walkinshaw and Jemma Redgrave.

text: McHale was the show's lead writer for several years, and was the first British writer ever to become the "showrunner" of a major prime time drama. Under his tenure as executive producer, attempts were made at modernising the programme and appealing to a younger audience by taking on the filmising technique and introducing musical montage segments into each episode. Seventeen complete series of Holby City have aired, and an eighteenth began airing in October 2015. The show has run for over 600-hour-long episodes. It is filmed in studios at the BBC Elstree Centre in Hertfordshire, with the 1960s office building Neptune House being used for multiple exteriors and interiors in the series. It has occasionally featured special episodes filmed on location abroad. From October 2010, Holby City moved to high definition broadcasting.

text: In September 2016, as part of the broadcaster's Compete Or Compare Strategy, the BBC confirmed the show would be one of the first put up for tender.[1] In the tender released in October, it was confirmed the contract, open to independent producers and BBC Studios, would be for 3 series of a minimum 50 episodes per series, delivered from December 2017 with no break in transmission and produced from the existing production base at BBC Elstree Centre.[2] BBC Studios was announced as the winning bidder and will continue to produce the show through to 2020.[3]

text: Development[edit]

text: Holby City was created by Tony McHale and Mal Young as a spin-off from the BBC medical drama Casualty, which is set in the emergency department of the fictional Holby City Hospital.[4][5] Young wanted to explore what happened to patients treated in Casualty once they were taken away to the hospital's surgical wards.[6] While Casualty's scope is limited to "accident of the week" storylines about patients entering hospital, Holby City allowed the possibility of storylines about long-term care, rather than immediate life and death decisions.[7] The series was commissioned by BBC One Controller Peter Salmon, and began airing on BBC One on 12 January 1999.[8][9]

text: Series producer Richard Stokes believes that the series' popularity stems from the fact the hospital setting presents numerous plotline opportunities, explaining: "You have licence to create life-and-death situations every week, something you cannot do in any other set piece. The interaction of the characters can be sexy and social issues also permeate the writing. But, basically, hospital drama is successful because the viewers will forgive all the yukky bits for the wonder of a life saved."[10] The focus of the series has developed since its conception, expanding to cover extra wards, including a gynaecology ward, an acute assessment unit and a maternity ward.[10] When the maternity ward and a special care baby unit were introduced during series four, Young explained that new wards were necessary to allow the crew to rotate sets, maximising filming potential.[11]

text: Episodes of Holby City cost around £370,000 to produce—more than the BBC soap opera EastEnders, at £130,000 per episode, but less than Casualty at £450,000 per episode, or Dalziel and Pascoe at £700–800,000 per episode. As Holby City is a high-volume, year-round production, it has relatively low production costs. Set-up costs can be spread over many years and standing sets can be repeatedly re-used, which is not the case for shorter series or one-off dramas.[12]

text: Young remained an executive producer of Holby City until 2004, when he left the BBC to work for production company 19 TV.[13] Former Casualty producer Johnathan Young was an executive producer for the duration of Holby's first series, before joining Channel 4 in 1999.[14] Kathleen Hutchison served alongside Mal Young as co-executive producer from 2003 to 2004, when she left the series to become executive producer of EastEnders.[15][16] Hutchison was succeeded by former series producer Stokes,[17] who remained working on Holby City until 2006, when McHale returned to the series.[4] McHale was the first British writer ever to become the showrunner of a major prime time drama.[18] He resigned from the position in 2009,[4] and was succeeded by Belinda Campbell in 2010.[19] In February 2011, it was announced that Johnathan Young would return to the BBC from March, succeeding Campbell as executive producer of both Casualty and Holby City.[20]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Holby City storylines are planned eight months in advance.[21] The series utilises a number of scriptwriters, who are found and scheduled by script development editor Simon Harper.[22] Harper receives around 20 speculative scripts a week, and also finds writers through the BBC Writers Academy, a course established in 2005 which guarantees its graduates the opportunity to work on prime time television. McHale teaches at the academy, and graduate Abi Bown went on to become a regular writer for Holby City.[23] Harper also recruits writers through the BBC's Continuing Drama Shadow Scheme, open to writers from all levels of experience.[24] He believes that scripts which demonstrate synthesis between guest and serial storylines are "the spine of the show", and has stated that, "Good, cracking, intelligent, ballsy dialogue is a must," explaining: "It's about getting the characters' voices because the characters drive these shows. It is a love for and investment in these characters and the consistency of those characters." Harper does not require that writers are necessarily familiar with the show, and would like to attract more female scriptwriters.[22]

text: McHale wrote the series' first episode, and served as the show's lead writer.[25] His 2006 promotion to executive producer was part of a bid by Controller of BBC Drama Production John Yorke to "put writers back at the heart of the process". Yorke called McHale's promotion "fantastic", explaining: "It means that for the first time you've got a writer running one of our big powerhouse BBC1 shows."[26] Following McHale's resignation, his replacement as lead writer was Justin Young, who intends to introduce a more writer-led commissioning process from series 13 onwards, with writers creating more of the theme and story of their episodes than was previously the case.[24]

text: Medical accuracy[edit]

text: To ensure accuracy in scriptwriting, the serial employs a team of researchers to advise writers on nursing issues and health service politics.[10] One medical advisor was given a cameo role in the series as an orthopaedic surgeon, and another, recovery nurse Rachel Carter, appears in Holby City as a scrub nurse.[27][28] Another adviser, a heart surgeon, has occasionally left open-heart surgery to advise Holby City writers over the telephone.[10] The programme utilises surgeons from different disciplines, who check scripts for accuracy. Carter believes this is particularly important in case viewers copy procedures they have seen in the show, such as CPR. Series star Amanda Mealing commented: "We pride ourselves on being realistic. You need to know what you are doing and why. It is a complex and foreign thing to act out an operation. For training, I watched a number of real ones."[29] Cast members are taught how to give realistic injections, monitor blood pressure and check a pulse, and some are given the opportunity to observe procedures in real hospitals.[30] Original cast member George Irving observed coronary artery bypass surgery performed at Papworth and Middlesex Hospital in preparation for his role as Anton Meyer, while Edward MacLiam observed laparoscopic surgery being performed before joining the cast as Greg Douglas in series twelve.[31][32]

text: Filming and on-screen output[edit]

text: Holby City and Casualty are both set in Holby City Hospital, in the fictional county of Wyvern, in the southwest of England close to the Welsh border.[33][34] The city exterior is represented by Bristol, though Holby City is filmed at BBC Elstree Centre in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire.[35][36] The Casualty set in Bristol was not large enough to encompass the surgical ward and operating theatre required for Holby City, and as a result, some crossover scenes in the first episode had to be shot twice, first on the Casualty set and then again at Elstree, with cast members travelling between the two locations.[6] In October 2007, BBC cutbacks led The Daily Telegraph to report that the Elstree site would be sold, and Holby City relocated to share a set with Casualty, possibly in Cardiff.[36] In March 2009, the BBC confirmed that Casualty would move to a new set in Cardiff, however in the following month, The Guardian announced that the BBC would retain Elstree Studios for at least another four years.[37][38]

text: Several episodes of the series have been shot on location abroad. In 2004, the romance between nurse Jess Griffin (Verona Joseph) and anaesthetist Zubin Khan (Art Malik) culminated in an episode set in Paris.[39] The following year, registrar Diane Lloyd (Patricia Potter) followed consultant Ric Griffin (Hugh Quarshie) to Ghana as part of the BBC's "Africa lives" series, a week of programmes bringing an exploration of African culture to UK audiences.[40][41] In 2006, an episode shot in Switzerland featured consultant Elliot Hope's (Paul Bradley) wife Gina (Gillian Bevan) committing assisted suicide after her motor neurone disease worsened.[42] A 2007 episode filmed in Dubai focussed on Holby registrars Jac Naylor (Rosie Marcel) and Joseph Byrne (Luke Roberts) meeting new nurse Faye Morton (Patsy Kensit), and in 2008, Joseph and consultant Linden Cullen (Duncan Pow) travelled to Cape Town when Faye experienced difficulties there.[43][44] Series producer Diana Kyle stated in November 2008 that due to major BBC budget cuts, the series would not be filming abroad again for the "foreseeable future".[21] However, in an episode screened on 8 January 2013, Jac Naylor travelled to Stockholm, Sweden to track down Henrik Hanssen and convince him to return to Holby. She succeeded and Hanssen returned to the hospital and resumed his role.

text: Holby City is shot using the single-camera setup.[45] Filming occurs from 8 am until 6 pm daily, 50 weeks a year.[10] From July 2007 onwards, the show took on the filmising technique, giving episodes the impression of having been shot on film. Kyle stated that this was intended to attract a younger audience and modernise the programme, and that there had been a "very positive" response to the change.[21][46] On 28 May 2010, the BBC announced that it would be launching a high definition (HD) simulcast of BBC One from the autumn, and that Holby City would move to HD by the end of the year.[47] The series moved to HD broadcasting, with a BBC HD simulcast, from the start of series 13 in October 2010.[48]

text: Music[edit]

text: The show's eleventh series saw musical montage or "songtage" segments become standard in each episode, introduced by McHale as a means of modernising the show. Although McHale initially considered commissioning original pieces, budgetary constraints limited choices to pre-existing tracks. The use of songtages was first popularised by the US medical drama Grey's Anatomy, however McHale stated he was unaware of this until Holby City had already adopted the technique.[49] Music was generally selected by each episode's scriptwriter. If the writer was not specific about which songs should be used, the producers and director would select the music in post-production. Actors also have some input: Hugh Quarshie personally selected the music he believed his character Ric Griffin would listen to in theatre.[21] Asked in June 2010 whether she felt songtages were appropriate for a serious drama show, Kyle responded: "Yes – sometimes. On a multi-strand series such as Holby, they are an excellent way of telling stories visually – a moment from each – to open or close an episode or create the passing of time in a concise way for the audience." Kris Green of entertainment and media website Digital Spy suggested that the number of songs used per episode could be "very jarring", to which Kyle replied: "We plan to use music carefully in the future – maybe 'songtages', as above – and sourced music within a scene, that is music actually playing in the scene itself, for example on a radio – but less incidental."[50]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Holby City premiered on 12 January 1999 on BBC One.[51] Fourteen series of the show have since aired, and a fifteenth began airing on 16 October 2012. The show's first series ran for nine episodes.[52] In June 2000, then Director-General of the BBC Greg Dyke pledged extra funding for BBC One, some of which was used for extra episodes of Holby City.[53] The second and third series ran for 16 and 30 episodes respectively, with new episodes then airing on a weekly basis from the fourth series onwards.[52] Series four to nine and eleven all ran for 52 episodes, while series ten ran for 53 episodes, including the stand-alone finale episode "Mad World", set outside the hospital.[54] All series from then on continued to consist of 52 episodes, with exception to the twelfth series, which consisted of 55 episodes in total. Young explained of the increase in series length: "Longer runs allow you to develop really strong storylines for the regular characters. As long as you do volume with passion, it'll work."[11] The series reached its 500th episode on 13 April 2010.[55]

text: Throughout Holby City's first series, episodes were 50 minutes long. From the second series onwards, episodes have been one hour in length.[52] The show was originally broadcast on Tuesday nights at 8.10 pm, until a switch to Thursdays occurred for the second series, which began broadcasting in November 1999.[56][57] Halfway through the third series in 2001, Holby reverted to its original Tuesday night slot, but now at 8.05 pm.[58] Finally, the show moved into the 8 pm timeslot, where it has since remained.[59] The show is occasionally broadcast on a different day dependent on BBC scheduling.[60] In 2007, the show temporarily moved to Thursday nights, allowing HolbyBlue to air in the 8 pm Tuesday timeslot.[61] BBC Scotland has for the most part broadcast the series at a later date mainly at 10.40, with its slot at 8pm filled with River city,

text: Characters and cast[edit]

text: Characters[edit]

text: Holby City follows the professional and personal lives of medical and ancillary staff at Holby General. It features an ensemble cast of main and recurring characters. New main characters have been both written in and out of the series regularly since it started, the show contains a core of 10 to 20 main characters on the show at any given time.[10]

text: The original cast of 11 characters featured in the shows first episode consisted of consultants Anton Meyer (George Irving) and Muriel McKendrick (Phyllis Logan), registrars Nick Jordan (Michael French) and Kirstie Collins (Dawn McDaniel), senior house officer Victoria Merrick (Lisa Faulkner), ward sister Karen Newburn (Sarah Preston), theatre sister Ellie Sharpe (Julie Saunders), senior staff nurse Ray Sykes (Ian Curtis), staff nurses Julie Bradford (Nicola Stephenson) and Jasmine Hopkins (Angela Griffin), and ward clerk Paul Ripley (Luke Mably).[62]

text: Currently, the series features 15 main characters, including consultant general surgeon and chief executive officer Henrik Hanssen (Guy Henry), consultant cardiothoracic surgeon, director of cardiothoracics and clinical lead (Darwin) Jac Naylor (Rosie Marcel), consultant neurosurgeon, director of surgical innovations and clinical lead (Keller) John Gaskell (Paul McGann), consultant general surgeon and clinical lead (AAU) Sacha Levy (Bob Barrett), consultant general surgeon Ric Griffin (Hugh Quarshie), consultant neurosurgeon Roxanna MacMillan (Hermione Gulliford), speciality registrars Oliver Valentine (James Anderson), Frieda Petrenko (Olga Fedori) and Dominic Copeland (David Ames), foundation training doctors Nicky McKendrick (Belinda Owusu) and Meena Chowdhury (Salam Hoque), director of nursing Adrian "Fletch" Fletcher (Alex Walkinshaw), and staff nurses Donna Jackson (Jaye Jacobs), Estelle "Essie" Di Lucca (Kaye Wragg) and Lofty Chiltern (Lee Mead).

text: Casting[edit]

text: In casting the first series of Holby City, Young—who had previously worked on the soap operas Brookside and Family Affairs—selected actors who were already established names in the acting industry, particularly from a soap opera background.[63] French had starred in the BBC's EastEnders, while Stephenson and Faulkner had starred in Brookside.[6] Griffin had also appeared in ITV's Coronation Street.[63] Young explained: "Some of the best performances on screen have come out of soaps in the past few years. There is a fantastic amount of talent on those shows."[6] This propensity for hiring established actors continued as the soap progressed, with former Brookside actress Patricia Potter cast as registrar Diane Lloyd, Star Wars actor Denis Lawson cast as consultant Tom Campbell-Gore, and Family Affairs star Rocky Marshall cast as SHO Ed Keating.[11] Later roles were awarded to comedian Adrian Edmondson, former film actress Patsy Kensit, and Jesus of Nazareth star Powell.[64] When Jane Asher was cast in the recurring role of Lady Byrne in 2007, Inside Soap magazine asked Kyle whether the production team intentionally sought out "well-known-names". She responded: "It's lovely when we have a new member of the cast come in and bring an audience with them. But we want the best actors, and the star names we cast are always the best – which is why we go for them."[46]

text: There is a casting department at Elstree Studios which casts actors for Holby City as well as Casualty, EastEnders and Doctors. The programme also has two dedicated casting directors who bring in a shortlist of actors for the producer and director to audition.[21] Some cast members who play main characters have made previous appearances in Holby City in minor roles. Mealing appeared as the mother of a paediatric patient in the show's fourth series,[65] Roberts appeared as the son of a medical professor in Holby City's seventh series,[66] and Dhillon appeared as anaesthetist Sunil Gupta in 2001.[67] Roberts believes that his single scene in series seven was enough for him to be called in for the part of Joseph,[68] while in contrast, Dhillon does not believe that his role contributed to his casting as Michael, but instead worried that it would work against him.[69]

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: Holby City has featured a number of famous guest stars. Emma Samms, Antonio Fargas, Ronald Pickup and Leslie Phillips made appearances within the show's first few series, and Anita Dobson, Peter Bowles and Susannah York all appeared in the fiftieth episode.[15] Other notable guest stars include Paul Blackthorne,[70] Suzanne Shaw,[71] Geoffrey Hutchings,[72] Richard Todd,[73] Johnny Briggs,[74] Terence Rigby,[75] Michael Obiora,[76] and Lionel Jeffries.[77] Richard Briers appeared as patient George Woodman in the Christmas episode "Elliot's Wonderful Life", Eric Sykes played Roger Ludlow, a patient with Alzheimer's disease and Phill Jupitus starred as morbidly obese patient Andy Thompson. Kieron Dyer was in four episodes as an injury prone footballer, Denise Welch had a recurring role as risk manager Pam McGrath, mother of nurse Keri, Clarke Peters appeared for five episodes in 2009 as the father of nurse Donna Jackson, and Graeme Garden had a recurring role from 2003 to 2007 as cardiothoracic consultant Edward Loftwood. Cascade Brown played Sophie Hindmarsh in 2004, Antonio Fargas appeared in 2003 as Victor Garrison, a patient with Parkinson's disease, Sheridan Smith appeared for six episodes in 2001 as teenage stalker Miranda Locke, and David Soul made two appearances as Professor Alan Fletcher.[78] The BBC's William Gallagher wrote in a November 2001 column that Soul's guest-appearance had begun a trend for American actors appearing in UK shows.[79] In 2012, Ron Moody guest starred as patient Vincent Mancini, a war veteran.[80]

text: In 2003, the BBC reached an agreement with the actors' union Equity to cease offering walk-on drama series roles to members of the public as prizes. When an untrained person won such a role in Holby City in a competition, Equity complained to the broadcaster that such prizes were "demeaning" to actors, depriving them of paid employment. The competition winner was allowed to visit the Holby City set, but did not appear on-screen as a result of the policy change.[81]

text: Adaptations and other appearances[edit]

text: Casualty@Holby City[edit]

text: Reflecting Holby City's origins as a spin-off from Casualty and the closely related premises of the two programmes, the BBC has screened occasional crossover mini-dramas entitled Casualty@Holby City, featuring a number of characters from each of the two casts.[82] Prior to the commissioning of Casualty@Holby City, the two shows had occasionally crossed-over storylines and cast members before; for instance developing a romance between Holby City's Ben Saunders (David Paisley) and Casualty's Tony Vincent (Lee Warburton).[83] The first full crossover was spearheaded by Casualty's executive producer Mervyn Watson, and Holby City's McHale. Logistical difficulties arose from the fact the two series are usually produced 120 miles apart, and work on both shows had to be halted for two weeks to release a number of cast members to appear in the special.[84] A second crossover was commissioned in 2005 as part of the BBC's DoNation season, aiming to raise public awareness of organ donation and help viewers make an informed decision about whether to sign up to the Organ Donor Register. An interactive episode of Casualty@Holby City was one of the headlining shows of the season, allowing viewers to vote by phone to determine the outcome of a fictional organ donation.[85] The third Casualty@Holby City crossover aired in October 2005. The four-part storyline tackled the issue of youth violence, following the events of a turbulent A&E demonstration at an inner-city school.[86] Based on the success of the 2004 Casualty@Holby City Christmas special, another crossover was ordered for Christmas 2005. Rather than dividing the episodes between the two series' crews as had previously been standard, this crossover operated as an entirely separate production, with Kyle producing and Paul Harrison directing.[87]

text: In February 2010, another crossover occurred when Casualty's Charlie Fairhead (Derek Thompson) was operated on by Holby City's Elliot Hope after suffering a heart attack. The storyline was, however, broadcast as regular Casualty and Holby City episodes, rather than under the Casualty@Holby City title.[88][89] Casualty's series producer Oliver Kent commented that, while it is "fantastic" to be able to produce crossover episodes, they are logistically difficult,[90] and it is unlikely that another Casualty@Holby City episode will be produced in the "foreseeable future". In September 2010, Holby City's nurse Donna Jackson (Jaye Jacobs) appeared in Casualty, and Kent hopes that characters from the two shows will begin to crossover two or three times a year.[91]

text: HolbyBlue[edit]

text: On 27 April 2006, the BBC announced the commissioning of Holby Blue, a police procedural spin-off from Holby City created by Tony Jordan.[92] Jordan contemplated that "soap snobs" may hold the series in disdain for using the Holby brand, but concluded: "After much thought, I remembered who I was as a writer, the joy I take from surprising an audience, by subverting expectation – and HolbyBlue was born."[93] Holby City was moved to Thursdays for the duration of HolbyBlue's first series, with the spin-off broadcast on Tuesday nights at 8 pm.[94] A two-part crossover episode with Holby City was developed for the beginning of the show's second series, broadcast in 2008. The episodes were written by McHale and Jordan, and saw Holby City registrar Jac Naylor accused of murder.[95] Yorke compared the crossover to the American CSI franchise, in that: "You really believe it's a world."[96] While the second series attracted 5.6 million viewers with its opening episode, by the end of May 2008 viewership had fallen to 2.5 million.[97] In August 2008, the BBC announced that due to declining ratings, Holby Blue would not be recommissioned for a third series.[98]

text: Other appearances[edit]

text: In June 2002, cast members from Holby City and Casualty competed against the EastEnders cast for the first Sport Relief fundraiser, in a segment dubbed "Sport in the Square". The teams competed in events such as taxi pulling, melon tossing and a beer keg relay.[99] The competition was televised on BBC One, and the event as a whole raised £10 million.[100] In October 2003, BBC One aired a "Kenyon Confronts" documentary by Panorama reporter Paul Kenyon, investigating hospitals run by the Private Finance Initiative. He discovered many problems within the hospitals, which were dramatised by the Holby City cast in specially commissioned scenes.[101] March 2004 saw the station air the documentary "Making It at Holby", as part of a BBC initiative to develop new acting talent. The documentary followed the casting process of Holby City and Casualty, from the audition stages to the filming of the selected actors' first scenes. Young explained his casting criteria, revealing: "I try to put my head into the head of a viewer and ask: do I want to spend three years in the life of this person?"[102] 17 November 2006 Children in Need charity telethon included a segment featuring the Holby City cast performing a comical version of "Hung Up" by Madonna.[103] 16 November 2007 Children in Need appeal again contained a musical performance from Holby City cast members. Sharon D Clarke, backed by Nadine Lewington, Rakie Ayola and Phoebe Thomas performed a soul version of Aretha Franklin's signature song, "Respect".[104][105] On 28 June 2008, Holby City stars competed against their Casualty counterparts in a special charity edition of BBC Two game-show The Weakest Link.[106] Holby City and Casualty cast members united on 20 February 2010, performing a dance rendition of "Jai Ho" for Let's Dance for Sport Relief.[107]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Holby City has attracted comparisons to other medical dramas, often unfavourable. In November 2002, John Whiston, then head of drama at Granada Television, accused the BBC of producing "ersatz parodies" of ITV drama, commenting that: "With Holby City cloned out of Casualty, the BBC has even ended up copying itself."[108] Paul Hoggart of The Times has written that the differences between the two shows are "mild", calling Holby City: "Casualty's cute little sister".[109] Kevin Lygo, director of television at Channel 4, referred to Holby City as "sudsy drama", deeming it, Casualty and HolbyBlue "all decent programmes, but strikingly similar in many aspects of their tone and construction."[110] Holby City has also been unfavourably compared with the American medical drama ER. Television producer Paul Abbott has commented that although he watches ER, he does not watch Holby City as: "it looks like you've crammed one hour's drama into 26 episodes."[111] In October 2009, former Holby City writer Peter Jukes wrote a critical piece for Prospect magazine, contrasting the show negatively with the standard of American television dramas.[112] Jukes wrote that Holby City has become a soap opera, rather than a drama, and deemed the episodes he worked on "the most dispiriting experiences in [his] 25 years as a dramatist."[113]

text: On several occasions, people within the television and entertainment industry have suggested that Holby City is a waste of the television licence fee, with some suggesting that it ought to be cancelled. In August 2002, Paul Bolt, director of the Broadcasting Standards Commission criticised BBC programming as being "humdrum" and "formulaic", saying of Holby City and the police procedural Mersey Beat: "One begins to wonder what really is the point of the BBC bringing this to us. Let's have something a bit different."[114] Then head of BBC drama Jane Tranter responded that Bolt's examples were "highly selective" as well as "hugely patronising to the millions of viewers who enjoy popular dramas like Holby City – week in, week out".[115] Young, who at the time held the position of head of drama serials, told The Guardian: "Popular drama has always been singled out for criticism, but people are increasingly voting with their on-buttons."[116] Also in 2002, David Cox of the New Statesman criticised BBC One's 2001 Christmas schedule, for airing Holby City against a contemporary version of Othello. On this basis, Cox advocated the abolition of the licence fee, explaining: "The BBC was invented in a period when the elite decided what the population should know. If that has gone, then the licence fee should go too."[117] At the 2003 Edinburgh International Television Festival, BSykB chief executive Tony Ball called for stricter restrictions on how the BBC spent licence payers' money, suggesting that Holby City be sold to the channel's commercial rivals, with the proceeds used to develop more original programming.[118][119] The BBC refused Ball's suggestion, responding in a statement: "This speech clearly reflects BSkyB's view that programmes are merely a commodity to be bought and sold."[120] In June 2004, Charles Allen, chief executive of ITV plc questioned the amount of funding spent on lengthened episodes of Holby City,[121] and in January 2010, Janet Street-Porter of The Independent, opined Holby City had "come to the end of [its] natural life" and should be cancelled.[122]

text: Holby City was praised by campaigners for the Royal National Institute for Deaf People (RNID) in October 2003, when an episode which coincided with "Learn To Sign Week" used deaf actors, and featured characters communicating through British Sign Language. RNID chief executive John Low stated: "Too often individuals have to rely on family members or friends to communicate complicated personal information to professionals. This is the reason the RNID is calling on the government to channel funding into the training of British Sign Language interpreters who could then be available to NHS staff treating deaf patients." Stokes commented: "The writer had a great story he wanted to tell – for us, that's what matters first and foremost."[123] A 2008 report into ethnic diversity on television, commissioned by Channel 4, cited Holby City as a positive example of "diverse British programm[ing]".[124] Five years previously in 2003, former BBC host Sir Ludovic Kennedy complained that ethnic minorities were over-represented on television, prompting a BBC spokeswoman to explain that Holby City has more ethnic characters as it is set in an area where minorities account for up to 30% of the population.[125] According to the 2001 census, the population of Bristol – which the city of Holby is loosely based upon – is 88% white and 12% ethnic minorities.

text: Realism[edit]

text: The show has been criticised for its lack of realism. Former nurse Vici Hoban commented in February 2004 that there existed three stereotypes with regards to nurses: "sex object, doctor's handmaiden, or angel". She felt that media portrayal had increased these misconceptions, observing that with "the syringe-toting serial killer Kelly in Holby City, realism has never been top of TV's agenda." However, Hoban felt that the worst offender at the time was the Channel 4 medical drama No Angels, which she described as: "so inaccurate that it makes Holby City look like a factual documentary."[126] No Angels creator Toby Whithouse defended his series, stating that Holby City presents an unfair representation of nursing, deceiving viewers into believing that nursing "is a nice, clean job full of handsome doctors." Whithouse observed that the content of Holby City is defined by the watershed, describing real nursing work in contrast as "very post-watershed".[127] In November 2009, Antony Sumara, CEO of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Hospital Trust, wrote a column criticising Holby City for misrepresenting real hospital life.[128] Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent reviewed a December 2009 episode poorly, finding it "astonishing" that any patients leave Holby General alive, as the staff are "so busy looking stricken or lovelorn at each other".[129]

text: In December 2003, The Times' Libby Purves wrote a critical opinion piece, observing that Holby City's medical staff are often depicted getting drunk in clubs, but afterwards are able to function properly at work, and that as a result, alcohol "is made to look innocent".[130] In October 2004, Canon Kenyon Wright, chair of Alcohol Focus Scotland, criticised an episode of Holby City which saw doctors downing tequila slammers, stating that it glamorised irresponsible drinking.[131] Similarly, in October 2007, drinks' industry body the Portman Group made an official complaint to communications regulator Ofcom about a scene in Holby City which depicted two medics drinking five shots of tequila following a stressful day at work. The body's chief executive David Poley claimed that in failing to show the negative consequences of this action, the series was presenting a "highly irresponsible portrayal of excessive and rapid drinking".[132] Ofcom received a total of eight complaints about the incident.[133]

text: Holby City has also been accused of medical inaccuracies. The British Medical Association denounced a January 2004 episode of the serial which portrayed organ donation being carried out despite withdrawal of consent by the patient's relatives. Dr Michael Wilks, chairman of the Medical Ethics Committee stated: "This simply would not happen, but its portrayal, even in a drama, is totally irresponsible and risks causing huge damage to the already struggling transplant programme."[134] The British Medical Association later opined that the show was giving viewers an unrealistic impression of resuscitation by typically presenting only two outcomes, death or total recovery. Andrew Thomson, a Dundee GP, deemed this "a terrible distortion of the truth."[135] In a follow-up story for The Times, Vivienne Parry highlighted the fact that in reality, less than half of patients who require resuscitation survive the initial catastrophe and only a third of those live to leave hospital.[136] At the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) conference in Bournemouth in April 2010, Holby City was accused of fostering unrealistic expectations of the NHS, encouraging patients to believe in miracles and fuelling compensation culture. Accident and Emergency nurse John Hill stated: "In A&E it is sometimes a fact that sadly we cannot get people through the trauma they have received. Unfortunately, unlike in Holby City, I am a mere mortal and cannot perform miracles. But many relatives believe because of that, you can. And the injury lawyers assure them that if you don't they will get recompense for it."[137][138]

text: Impact[edit]

text: In October 2000, Dr John Ryan, an Accident & Emergency consultant at the Royal Sussex County Hospital in Brighton criticised the number of patients visiting the department for minor ailments without first contacting their GP. Ryan attributed this phenomenon to patients viewing Holby City and American medical drama ER, and falsely perceiving hospitals as glamorous.[139] A three-year Belgian research project, presented at a British Psychological Society meeting in September 2008, claimed that watching Holby City and similar medical dramas such as Casualty and ER had a subliminal influence on fear of illness. 1,300 teenagers were questioned on their viewing habits, and those who watched more medical dramas were found to be up to 10% more fearful about their health, with females more affected than males. Dr Jan Van Mierlo of Hasselt University stated that further research was needed into the long-term impact of television.[140]

text: In 2008, Conservative Party strategists identified four archetypes based on TV programmes to help the party target swing voters. Alongside "Top Gear man", "Apprentice generation" and "Grand Designs couple", they identified "Holby City worker", a middle-ranking health service employee.[141] The following year, strategists identified "Holby City woman" as a key voter demographic who may help the party win the 2010 General Election.[142] The "Holby City woman" is a female voter in her 30s or 40s, employed in a clinical or clerical position or some other public sector job.[143] She is a swing voter in General Elections,[144] who has voted for the Labour Party in previous elections, though her identification with the Labour Party is not strong.[145] The "Holby City woman" archetype is modelled on the character of Faye Morton.[144]

text: In January 2009, Jill Berry, president of the Girls' Schools Association and head teacher at the Dame Alice Harpur School in Bedford, cited medical dramas such as Holby City as an inspiring force in increasing numbers of female students deciding to pursue careers in medicine. Berry explained: "The girls see that as an exciting and dynamic way of life. They see it as making a difference to people's lives. It gives them a sense sometimes of the pressures, responsibility and adrenaline. Such TV programmes can be good, as long as they give a realistic impression."[146] Similarly, consultant surgeon Andrew Raftery uses clips from Holby City as part of the University of Sheffield Outreach and Access to Medicine Scheme, to inspire pupils from under-represented social and educational backgrounds to pursue careers in medicine.[147]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Holby City has been nominated for over 100 awards, of which it has won six. The series has received five nominations for the British Academy Television Awards, winning one. Minkie Spiro was nominated for the "Best New Director (Fiction)" award in 2003 for her work on the series. The show itself was nominated for the "Best Continuing Drama" award in 2004, 2005 and 2006, winning in 2008.[148] McHale commented on the win: "It's fantastic not being the bridesmaid", hoping that the award would help to make the serial "less of a guilty pleasure".[149] Holby City received multiple BBC Drama Award nominations between 2002 and 2006. Its best results saw the show voted fifth "Best Drama" in 2004 and 2006.[150][151] Amanda Mealing was voted fourth "Best Actress" in 2006 for her role as Connie Beauchamp,[152] and the "Casualty@Holby City" moment where doctor Jim Brodie (Maxwell Caulfield) sacrifices his life for midwife Rosie Sattar (Kim Vithana) was voted viewers' fourth "Favourite Moment" of 2004.[153] The series has been nominated for the "Best Drama" award at the Inside Soap Awards on six occasions—in 2004,[154] then concurrently from 2006 to 2010.[155] Holby City has received multiple long-list nominations at the National Television Awards (NTAs) and TV Choice Awards. Mealing was short-listed for the "Most Popular Newcomer" award at the 2005 NTAs,[156] and for the "Best Actress" award at the 2008 TV Choice Awards.[157] At the 2000 Royal Television Society Awards, Sean De Sparengo and Richard Gort were nominated for the "Best Graphic Design – Titles" award for their contribution to the series.[158] The show itself was nominated in the "Soap and Continuing Drama" category at the 2007 awards.[159] Holby City was nominated "Best Serial Drama" at the 2008 Digital Spy Soap Awards,[160] and in 2009, Stella Gonet was nominated for the "Acting Performance in TV (Female)" award at the British Academy Scotland Awards for her role as CEO Jayne Grayson.[161] In 2010, the series was shortlisted in the "Best Television Continuing Drama" category at the Writers' Guild of Great Britain Awards.[162]

text: At the Ethnic Multicultural Media Awards, Angela Griffin won "Best Actress" in 2000 for her role as nurse Jasmine Hopkins,[163] and was nominated "Best TV Actress" in 2002, alongside co-star Thusitha Jayasundera for her role as registrar Tash Bandara.[164] In 2004, Art Malik won the "Best TV Actor" award for his role as anaesthetist Zubin Khan.[165] Nirpal Singh Dhaliwal of The Times criticised Malik's award, opining that: "A show such as Holby City doesn't merit any recognition."[166] The show has won three Screen Nation Awards, and received nominations for a further seven. Jaye Jacobs won the "Emerging Talent" award in 2005 for her role as nurse Donna Jackson.[167] In 2006, Rakie Ayola and Hugh Quarshie were nominated for the Female and Male "Performance in TV" awards for their roles as Kyla Tyson and Ric Griffin respectively.[168][169] Sharon D. Clarke won the 2007 "Female Performance in TV" award for her role as Lola Griffin,[170] while Ginny Holder was nominated in the same category for her role as Thandie Abebe, and Ayola received an Honourable Mention.[171] Also in 2007, Roger Griffiths was nominated for the "Male Performance in TV" award for his role as Harvey Tyson, and Quarshie received an Honourable Mention in the same category.[171] Quarshie went on to win "Favourite Male TV Star" in 2008.[172] Also in 2008, Jacobs was nominated for the "Favourite Female TV Star" award, Ayola was nominated in the "Female Performance in TV" category, and the show itself was nominated for the "Diversity in Drama Production" award.[173]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Premiere
Finale
Viewers
(in millions)
Notes

1
9
12 January 1999 (1999-01-12)
9 March 1999 (1999-03-09)
9.24[174]

2
16
25 November 1999 (1999-11-25)
9 March 2000 (2000-03-09)
8.98[175]

3
30
5 October 2000 (2000-10-05)
5 June 2001 (2001-06-05)
7.75[176]
[nb 1]

4
52
9 October 2001 (2001-10-09)
1 October 2002 (2002-10-01)
7.51[178]

5
52
8 October 2002 (2002-10-08)
30 September 2003 (2003-09-30)
7.77[179]
[nb 2]

6
52
7 October 2003 (2003-10-07)
12 October 2004 (2004-10-12)
7.69[181]

7
52
19 October 2004 (2004-10-19)
11 October 2005 (2005-10-11)
7.04[182]

8
52
18 October 2005 (2005-10-18)
17 October 2006 (2006-10-17)
6.50[183]

9
52
24 October 2006 (2006-10-24)
9 October 2007 (2007-10-09)
5.86[184]

10
53
16 October 2007 (2007-10-16)
14 October 2008 (2008-10-14)
5.62[185]

11
52
21 October 2008 (2008-10-21)
13 October 2009 (2009-10-13)
5.44[186]

12
55
20 October 2009 (2009-10-20)
12 October 2010 (2010-10-12)
5.62[187]
[nb 3]

13
52
19 October 2010 (2010-10-19)
11 October 2011 (2011-10-11)
5.65[189]

14
52
18 October 2011 (2011-10-18)
9 October 2012 (2012-10-09)
4.92[190]

15
52
16 October 2012 (2012-10-16)
8 October 2013 (2013-10-08)
4.61[191]

16
52
15 October 2013 (2013-10-15)
7 October 2014 (2014-10-07)
4.38[192]

17
52
14 October 2014 (2014-10-14)
6 October 2015 (2015-10-06)
4.64[193]

18
52
13 October 2015 (2015-10-13)
4 October 2016 (2016-10-04)
4.53[194]
[nb 4]

19
64
11 October 2016 (2016-10-11)
TBA

[nb 5]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Final viewership data is unavailable for two episodes from series three. Episode six, "Moving On", recorded an overnight rating of 5.65 million,[177] however was not among the 30 most viewed programmes on BBC One in the week of broadcast. As such, a final rating is not recorded by the Broadcasters' Audience Research Board (BARB). The following episode, "The Trouble With the Truth" also fell below the top 30. The series' average viewership is therefore calculated based on the remaining 28 episodes.
Jump up ^ Final viewership data is unavailable for two episodes from series five. Episode 13, "Time to Kill", was not among the 30 most viewed programmes on BBC One in the week of broadcast, and as such, a final rating is not recorded by the BARB. Episode 41, "Eyes Wide Open", attained an overnight rating of 6.80 million,[180] but also fell below the top 30. The series' average viewership is therefore calculated based on the remaining 50 episodes.
Jump up ^ Final viewership data is unavailable for one episode from series 12. Episode 11, "Stand By Me", recorded an overnight rating of 5.32 million,[188] however was not among the 30 most viewed programmes on BBC One in the week of broadcast, and as such does not have a final rating archived by the BARB. The series' average viewership is therefore calculated based on the remaining 54 episodes.
Jump up ^ Based on twenty-eight-day data.
Jump up ^ Based on twenty-eight-day data.


document_title: Preakness Stakes

question_text: how many horses are in the preakness race

root

text: Preakness Stakes

text: History[edit]

text: Two years before the Kentucky Derby was run for the first time, Pimlico introduced its new stakes race for three-year-olds, the Preakness, during its first-ever spring race meet in 1873. Then Maryland governor Oden Bowie named the then mile and one-half (2.41 km) race in honor of the colt Preakness from Milton Holbrook Sanford's Preakness Stables in Preakness, Wayne Township, New Jersey, who won the Dinner Party Stakes on the day Pimlico opened (October 25, 1870). The New Jersey name was said to have come from the Native American name Pra-qua-les ("Quail Woods") for the area.[1] After Preakness won the Dinner Party Stakes, his jockey, Billy Hayward, untied a silk bag of gold coins that hung from a wire stretched across the track from the judges' stand. This was the supposed way that the "wire" at the finish line was introduced and how the awarding of "purse" money came to be.[2] In reality, the term "purse", meaning prize money, had been in use for well over a century.[3]

tag: p

text: The first Preakness, held on May 27, 1873, drew seven starters. John Chamberlain's three-year-old, Survivor, collected the $2,050 winning purse by galloping home easily by 10 lengths. This was the largest margin of victory until 2004, when Smarty Jones won by 11 1/2 lengths.[4]

text: In 1890 Morris Park Racecourse in the Bronx, New York hosted the Preakness Stakes. This race was run under handicap conditions, and the age restriction was lifted. The race was won by a five-year-old horse named Montague. After 1890, there was no race run for three years.[5] For the 15 years from 1894 through 1908, the race was held at Gravesend Race Track on Coney Island, New York. In 1909 it returned to Pimlico.[6]

text: Seven editions of the Preakness Stakes have been run under handicap conditions, in which more accomplished or favored horses are assigned to carry heavier weight. It was first run under these conditions in 1890 and again in the years 1910-1915. During these years, the race was known as the Preakness Handicap.[5]

text: In March 2009 Magna Entertainment Corp., which owns Pimlico, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy thus throwing open the possibility the Stakes could move again. On April 13, 2009, the Maryland Legislature approved a plan to buy the Stakes and the Pimlico course if Magna Entertainment cannot find a buyer.[7]

text: Attendance at the Preakness Stakes ranks second in North America and usually surpasses the attendance of all other stakes races including the Belmont Stakes, the Breeders' Cup and the Kentucky Oaks. The attendance of the Preakness Stakes typically only trails the Kentucky Derby, for more information see American Thoroughbred Racing top Attended Events.

text: In February 2017, the Maryland Stadium Authority released the first phase of a study saying that Pimlico needed $250 million in renovations. As of May 2017, no one showed interest in financing the work. The Stronach Group, owner of Pimlico Race Course and Laurel Park, was only interested in moving the Preakness Stakes to Laurel Park unless someone else financed work on Pimlico.[8]

text: Evolution of the Triple Crown series[edit]

text: The Preakness is the second leg in American thoroughbred racing's Triple Crown series and almost always attracts the Kentucky Derby winner, some of the other horses that ran in the Derby, and often a few horses that did not start in the Derby. The Preakness is 1 3⁄16 miles, or 9 1⁄2 furlongs (1.88km), compared to the Kentucky Derby, which is 1 1⁄4 miles / 10 furlongs (2km). It is followed by the third leg, the Belmont Stakes, which is 1 1⁄2 miles / 12 furlongs (2.4km).

text: Since 1932, the order of Triple Crown races has the Kentucky Derby first, followed by the Preakness Stakes and then the Belmont Stakes. Prior to 1932, the Preakness was run before the Derby eleven times. On May 12, 1917, and again on May 13, 1922, the Preakness and the Derby were run on the same day.[9]

text: Today, the Preakness is run on the third Saturday in May, two weeks after the Kentucky Derby, and three weeks before the Belmont Stakes. Consequently, the race is run no earlier than May 15, and no later than May 21.

text: Running the race[edit]

text: Just after the horses for the Preakness are called to the post, the audience is invited to sing "Maryland, My Maryland", the official state song of Maryland. Traditionally, the Baltimore Colts' Marching Band led the song from the infield.[10] Today, the United States Naval Academy Glee Club leads the song.[11]

text: As soon as the Preakness winner has been declared official, a painter climbs a ladder to the top of a replica of the Old Clubhouse cupola. The colors of the victorious owner's silks are applied on the jockey and horse that are part of the weather vane atop the infield structure. The practice began in 1909 when a horse and rider weather vane sat atop the old Members' Clubhouse, which was constructed when Pimlico opened in 1870. The Victorian building was destroyed by fire in June 1966. A replica of the old building's cupola was built to stand in the Preakness winner's circle in the infield.[12]

text: A blanket of yellow flowers daubed with black lacquer to recreate the appearance of a black-eyed Susan[13] (see Winning) is placed around the winning horse's neck at this time,[14] and a replica of the Woodlawn Vase is given to the winning horse's owner. Should that horse have also won the Kentucky Derby, speculation and excitement immediately begin to mount as to whether that horse will go on to win the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing at the Belmont Stakes in June.

text: Winning the race[edit]

text: In 1917, the first Woodlawn Vase was awarded to the Preakness winner, who was not allowed to keep it. Eventually a half-size reproduction of the trophy was given to winners to keep permanently. The original trophy is kept at the Baltimore Museum of Art and brought to the race each year under guard, for the winner's presentation ceremony.[15]

text: In 1940, it was proposed to drape the winning horse in a garland of the Maryland State flower, Rudbeckia hirta, commonly called black-eyed Susans. This posed a problem, as the race is run nearly two months before the flowers come into bloom in late June or July. At first, yellow Viking daisies were painted to resemble black-eyed Susans. Painted flowers have been discontinued since the first decade of the current millennium and viking poms, a member of the chrysanthemum family, are now used.[16] Although the Preakness is sometimes referred to as "the race for the black-eyed Susans", no black-eyed Susan is ever used.[17][18]

text: In 1918, 26 horses entered the race, and it was run in two divisions, providing for two winners that year. Currently, the race is limited to 14 horses.

text: In 1948, the Preakness was televised for the first time by CBS.

text: The Preakness has been run at seven different distances:

text:
1 1⁄2 miles (2.41 km) : 1873–1888, 1890
1 1⁄4 miles (2.01 km) : 1889
1 1⁄16 miles (1.71 km) : 1894–1900, 1908
1 mile 70 yards (1.67 km) : 1901–1907
1 mile (1.61 km) : 1909, 1910
1 1⁄8 miles (1.81 km) : 1911–1924
1 3⁄16 miles (1.91 km) : 1925–present

tag: ul

text: Purse Money[edit]

text: At its inauguration in 1873, the Preakness carried a value of $1,000. The first major increase occurred in 1919 when the race had a $25,000 value. It climbed to $100,000 in 1946 and in 1959 was raised to $150,000. Subsequent increases occurred from 1979 to 1989, when the purse rose four times from $200,000 to $500,000, before going to $1 million in 1997.[19] On December 12, 2013, the Maryland Jockey Club announced for the 2014 running of the Preakness the purse would be increased from $1,000,000 to $1,500,000.[19]

text: InfieldFest[edit]

text: The race has had something of a party atmosphere in the past, especially in the infield, which is general admission.[20] The course had a "bring your own booze" policy until 2009, formerly including kegs of beer but in the 2000s restricted to all the beer cans a person could carry in a cooler.[20] However, despite crowds in excess of 100,000, the BYOB policy was canceled in 2009 after videos of intoxicated people running along the tops of lines of portable toilets while being pelted by beer cans reached a large audience.[21][22]

text: In 2009, with the alcohol ban, race attendance dropped to 77,850 after topping 100,000 for eight consecutive years. In 2010, and the Maryland Jockey Club responded with a new event called "InfieldFest" with performances by musical acts, the "Mug Club", which included an infield ticket and an unlimited-refill beer mug, and a mascot named "Kegasus", a play on keg and pegasus (though actually a centaur).[21] The much-derided Kegasus was retired in 2013.[23] In 2010, ticket sales had recovered to 95,760 and have since stayed high.[22]

text: Aside from InfieldFest, the race is known for its fancy hats and official cocktail, the Black-eyed Susan, made with vodka, St-Germain liqueur and pineapple, lime and orange juices.[24]

text: Records[edit]

text: Speed record:

text: 1 3⁄16 miles (1.91 km) - 1:53 - Secretariat (1973)

text: Secretariat, the 1973 winner (and ultimately Triple Crown winner) was originally credited with a running time of 1:55. Two Daily Racing Form clockers, however, had timed Secretariat's Preakness in 1:53 2⁄5, which would be a new stakes record.  A hearing was held over the time discrepancy, where a video replay showed Secretariat reached the wire faster than Canonero II, the then-current record holder, but instead of giving Secretariat the record, the Maryland Jockey Club decided to split the difference and make its official time that of Pimlico's clocker, who had timed the race in 1:54 2⁄5. The matter was finally resolved in June 2012, when a meeting of the Maryland Racing Commission unanimously ruled to change Secretariat's final time to 1:53 based on testimony and analysis of the race replays.[25] Consequently, Secretariat holds the current official record for all three Triple Crown races.[26]

text: Margin of Victory:

text: 11 1⁄2 lengths - Smarty Jones (2004)

text: Most wins by a jockey:

text: 6 - Eddie Arcaro (1941, 1948, 1950, 1951, 1955, 1957)

text: Most wins by a trainer:

text:
7 - R. Wyndham Walden (1875, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1881, 1882, 1888)
7 - Bob Baffert (1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2010, 2015, 2018)

text: Most wins by an owner:

text: 7 - Calumet Farm (1941, 1944, 1947, 1948, 1956, 1958, 1968, 2013) (also the leading breeder with 7)

text: Fillies in the Preakness[edit]

text: Five fillies have won the Preakness:

text:
1903 - Flocarline
1906 - Whimsical
1915 - Rhine Maiden
1924 - Nellie Morse
2009 - Rachel Alexandra[27]

text: Winners of The Preakness Stakes since 1873[edit]

text:
Preakness Stakes winners

Age

Jockey

Trainer

Owner

Dist.(miles)

Time*

Purse

2018

Justify †

3

Mike Smith

Bob Baffert

China Horse Club/Head of Plains Partners/Starlight Racing/WinStar Farm

1 3⁄16

1:55.93

$1,500,000

2017

Cloud Computing

3

Javier Castellano

Chad Brown

Klaravich Stables & W. Lawrence

1 3⁄16

1:55.98

$1,500,000

2016

Exaggerator

3

Kent Desormeaux

J. Keith Desormeaux

Big Chief Racing LLC et al.

1 3⁄16

1:58.31

$1,500,000

2015

American Pharoah †

3

Victor Espinoza

Bob Baffert

Zayat Stables, LLC

1 3⁄16

1:58.46

$1,500,000

2014

California Chrome

3

Victor Espinoza

Art Sherman

Steve Coburn & Perry Martin

1 3⁄16

1:54.84

$1,500,000

2013

Oxbow

3

Gary Stevens

D. Wayne Lukas

Calumet Farm

1 3⁄16

1:57.54

$1,000,000

2012

I'll Have Another

3

Mario Gutierrez

Doug O'Neill

J. Paul Reddam

1 3⁄16

1:55.94

$1,000,000

2011

Shackleford

3

Jesus Castanon

Dale Romans

Mike Lauffer & W. Cubbedge

1 3⁄16

1:56.47

$1,500,000

2010

Lookin At Lucky

3

Martin Garcia

Bob Baffert

Michael Pegram

1 3⁄16

1:55.47

$1,000,000

2009

Rachel Alexandra‡

3

Calvin Borel

Steve Asmussen

Stonestreet Stab./H.McCormick

1 3⁄16

1:55.08

$1,100,000

2008

Big Brown

3

Kent Desormeaux

Richard Dutrow

IEAH Stables & Paul Pompa

1 3⁄16

1:54.86

$1,000,000

2007

Curlin

3

Robby Albarado

Steve Asmussen

Stonestreet Stables

1 3⁄16

1:53.46

$1,000,000

2006

Bernardini

3

Javier Castellano

Tom Albertrani

Darley Stables

1 3⁄16

1:54.65

$1,000,000

2005

Afleet Alex

3

Jeremy Rose

Timothy Ritchey

Cash Is King Stable

1 3⁄16

1:55.04

$1,000,000

2004

Smarty Jones

3

Stewart Elliott

John Servis

Someday Farm

1 3⁄16

1:55.59

$1,000,000

2003

Funny Cide

3

Jose Santos

Barclay Tagg

Sackatoga Stable

1 3⁄16

1:55.61

$1,000,000

2002

War Emblem

3

Victor Espinoza

Bob Baffert

The Thoroughbred Corp.

1 3⁄16

1:56.40

$1,000,000

2001

Point Given

3

Gary Stevens

Bob Baffert

The Thoroughbred Corp.

1 3⁄16

1:55.40

$1,000,000

2000

Red Bullet

3

Jerry Bailey

Joe Orseno

Stronach Stables

1 3⁄16

1:56.00

$1,000,000

1999

Charismatic

3

Chris Antley

D. Wayne Lukas

Bob & Beverly Lewis

1 3⁄16

1:55.20

$1,000,000

1998

Real Quiet

3

Kent Desormeaux

Bob Baffert

Michael Pegram

1 3⁄16

1:54.60

$1,000,000

1997

Silver Charm

3

Gary Stevens

Bob Baffert

Bob & Beverly Lewis

1 3⁄16

1:54.80

$1,000,000

1996

Louis Quatorze

3

Pat Day

Nick Zito

Condren/Cornacchia/Hofmann

1 3⁄16

1:53.40

$800,000

1995

Timber Country

3

Pat Day

D. Wayne Lukas

Overbrook/Lewis/Gainesway

1 3⁄16

1:54.40

$750,000

1994

Tabasco Cat

3

Pat Day

D. Wayne Lukas

D. P. Reynolds & Overbrook

1 3⁄16

1:56.40

$750,000

1993

Prairie Bayou

3

Mike Smith

Tom Bohannan

Loblolly Stable

1 3⁄16

1:56.60

$750,000

1992

Pine Bluff

3

Chris McCarron

Tom Bohannan

Loblolly Stable

1 3⁄16

1:55.60

$750,000

1991

Hansel

3

Jerry Bailey

Frank L. Brothers

Lazy Lane Farms

1 3⁄16

1:54.00

$750,000

1990

Summer Squall

3

Pat Day

Neil J. Howard

Dogwood Stable

1 3⁄16

1:53.60

$750,000

1989

Sunday Silence

3

Pat Valenzuela

Char.Whittingham

H-G-W Partners

1 3⁄16

1:53.80

$750,000

1988

Risen Star

3

Ed Delahoussaye

Louie Roussel

Louie Roussel & R. Lamarque

1 3⁄16

1:56.20

$700,000

1987

Alysheba

3

Chris McCarron

Jack Van Berg

Dorothy Scharbauer

1 3⁄16

1:55.80

$700,000

1986

Snow Chief

3

Alex Solis

Melvin F. Stute

Carl Grinstead

1 3⁄16

1:54.80

$700,000

1985

Tank's Prospect

3

Pat Day

D. Wayne Lukas

Eugene V. Klein

1 3⁄16

1:53.40

$700,000

1984

Gate Dancer

3

Angel Cordero

Jack Van Berg

Kenneth Opstein

1 3⁄16

1:53.60

$400,000

1983

Deputed Testamony

3

Donald Miller, Jr.

J. William Boniface

Bonita Farm

1 3⁄16

1:55.40

$400,000

1982

Aloma's Ruler

3

Jack Kaenel

John J. Lenzini, Jr.

Nathan Scherr

1 3⁄16

1:55.40

$350,000

1981

Pleasant Colony

3

Jorge Velasquez

John P. Campo

Buckland Farm

1 3⁄16

1:54.60

$350,000

1980

Codex

3

Angel Cordero

D. Wayne Lukas

Tartan Stable

1 3⁄16

1:54.20

$300,000

1979

Spectacular Bid

3

Ronnie Franklin

Bud Delp

Hawksworth Farm

1 3⁄16

1:54.20

$300,000

1978

Affirmed †

3

Steve Cauthen

Laz Barrera

Harbor View Farm

1 3⁄16

1:54.40

$250,000

1977

Seattle Slew †

3

Jean Cruguet

Bill Turner

Karen L. Taylor

1 3⁄16

1:54.40

$250,000

1976

Elocutionist

3

John Lively

Paul T. Adwell

Eugene C. Cashman

1 3⁄16

1:55.00

$250,000

1975

Master Derby

3

Darrel McHargue

Smiley Adams

Golden Chance Farm

1 3⁄16

1:56.40

$250,000

1974

Little Current

3

Miguel A. Rivera

Lou Rondinello

Darby Dan Farm

1 3⁄16

1:54.60

$250,000

1973

Secretariat †

3

Ron Turcotte

Lucien Laurin

Meadow Stable

1 3⁄16

1:53.00

$250,000

1972

Bee Bee Bee

3

Eldon Nelson

Del W. Carroll

William S. Farish III

1 3⁄16

1:55.60

$250,000

1971

Canonero II

3

Gustavo Avila

Juan Arias

Edgar Caibett

1 3⁄16

1:54.00

$250,000

1970

Personality

3

Eddie Belmonte

John W. Jacobs

Ethel D. Jacobs

1 3⁄16

1:56.20

$200,000

1969

Majestic Prince

3

Bill Hartack

Johnny Longden

Frank M. McMahon

1 3⁄16

1:55.60

$200,000

1968

Forward Pass

3

Ismael Valenzuela

Henry Forrest

Calumet Farm

1 3⁄16

1:56.80

$200,000

1967

Damascus

3

Bill Shoemaker

Frank Whiteley

Edith W. Bancroft

1 3⁄16

1:55.20

$200,000

1966

Kauai King

3

Don Brumfield

Henry Forrest

Ford Stable

1 3⁄16

1:55.40

$200,000

1965

Tom Rolfe

3

Ron Turcotte

Frank Whiteley

Powhatan Stable

1 3⁄16

1:56.20

$200,000

1964

Northern Dancer

3

Bill Hartack

Horatio Luro

Windfields Farm

1 3⁄16

1:56.80

$200,000

1963

Candy Spots

3

Bill Shoemaker

Mesh Tenney

Rex C. Ellsworth

1 3⁄16

1:56.20

$200,000

1962

Greek Money

3

John L. Rotz

Virgil W. Raines

Brandywine Stable

1 3⁄16

1:56.20

$200,000

1961

Carry Back

3

Johnny Sellers

Jack A. Price

Katherine Price

1 3⁄16

1:57.60

$200,000

1960

Bally Ache

3

Bobby Ussery

Jimmy Pitt

Turfland

1 3⁄16

1:57.60

$250,000

1959

Royal Orbit

3

William Harmatz

Reggie Cornell

Halina Gregory Braunstein

1 3⁄16

1:57.00

$250,000

1958

Tim Tam

3

Ismael Valenzuela

Horace A. Jones

Calumet Farm

1 3⁄16

1:57.20

$165,000

1957

Bold Ruler

3

Eddie Arcaro

Jim Fitzsimmons

Wheatley Stable

1 3⁄16

1:56.20

$110,000

1956

Fabius

3

Bill Hartack

Horace A. Jones

Calumet Farm

1 3⁄16

1:58.40

$150,000

1955

Nashua

3

Eddie Arcaro

Jim Fitzsimmons

Belair Stud

1 3⁄16

1:54.60

$110,000

1954

Hasty Road

3

John H. Adams

Harry Trotsek

Hasty House Farm

1 3⁄16

1:57.40

$150,000

1953

Native Dancer

3

Eric Guerin

Bill Winfrey

Alfred G. Vanderbilt II

1 3⁄16

1:57.80

$110,000

1952

Blue Man

3

Conn McCreary

Woody Stephens

White Oak Stable

1 3⁄16

1:57.40

$150,000

1951

Bold

3

Eddie Arcaro

Preston M. Burch

Brookmeade Stable

1 3⁄16

1:56.40

$150,000

1950

Hill Prince

3

Eddie Arcaro

Casey Hayes

Christopher Chenery

1 3⁄16

1:59.20

$100,000

1949

Capot

3

Ted Atkinson

John M. Gaver, Sr.

Greentree Stable

1 3⁄16

1:56.00

$150,000

1948

Citation †

3

Eddie Arcaro

Horace A. Jones

Calumet Farm

1 3⁄16

2:02.40

$160,000

1947

Faultless

3

Douglas Dodson

Horace A. Jones

Calumet Farm

1 3⁄16

1:59.00

$160,000

1946

Assault †

3

Warren Mehrtens

Max Hirsch

King Ranch

1 3⁄16

2:01.40

$160,000

1945

Polynesian

3

Wayne D. Wright

Morris H. Dixon

Gertrude T. Widener

1 3⁄16

1:58.80

$110,000

1944

Pensive

3

Conn McCreary

Ben A. Jones

Calumet Farm

1 3⁄16

1:59.20

$100,000

1943

Count Fleet †

3

Johnny Longden

Don Cameron

Fannie Hertz

1 3⁄16

1:57.40

$75,000

1942

Alsab

3

Basil James

Sarge Swenke

Mrs. Albert Sabath

1 3⁄16

1:57.00

$100,000

1941

Whirlaway †

3

Eddie Arcaro

Ben A. Jones

Calumet Farm

1 3⁄16

1:58.80

$75,000

1940

Bimelech

3

Fred A. Smith

William A. Hurley

Edward R. Bradley

1 3⁄16

1:58.60

$75,000

1939

Challedon

3

George Seabo

Louis J. Schaefer

William L. Brann

1 3⁄16

1:59.80

$75,000

1938

Dauber

3

Maurice Peters

Richard E. Handlen

Foxcatcher Farms

1 3⁄16

1:59.80

$75,000

1937

War Admiral †

3

Charley Kurtsinger

George Conway

Glen Riddle Farm

1 3⁄16

1:58.40

$75,000

1936

Bold Venture

3

George Woolf

Max Hirsch

Morton L. Schwartz

1 3⁄16

1:59.00

$50,000

1935

Omaha †

3

Willie Saunders

Jim Fitzsimmons

Belair Stud

1 3⁄16

1:58.40

$50,000

1934

High Quest

3

Robert Jones

Robert A. Smith

Brookmeade Stable

1 3⁄16

1:58.20

$50,000

1933

Head Play

3

Charley Kurtsinger

Thomas P. Hayes

Suzanne Mason

1 3⁄16

2:02.00

$50,000

1932

Burgoo King

3

Eugene James

H. J. Thompson

Edward R. Bradley

1 3⁄16

1:59.80

$90,000

1931

Mate

3

George Ellis

James W. Healy

Albert C. Bostwick, Jr.

1 3⁄16

1:59.00

$90,000

1930

Gallant Fox †

3

Earl Sande

Jim Fitzsimmons

Belair Stud

1 3⁄16

2:00.60

$90,000

1929

Dr. Freeland

3

Louis Schaefer

Thomas J. Healey

Walter J. Salmon, Sr.

1 3⁄16

2:01.60

$90,000

1928

Victorian

3

Raymond Workman

James G. Rowe, Jr.

Harry P. Whitney

1 3⁄16

2:00.20

$90,000

1927

Bostonian

3

Whitey Abel

Fred Hopkins

Harry P. Whitney

1 3⁄16

2:01.60

$100,000

1926

Display

3

John Maiben

Thomas J. Healey

Walter J. Salmon, Sr.

1 3⁄16

1:59.80

$90,000

1925

Coventry

3

Clarence Kummer

William B. Duke

Gifford A. Cochran

1 3⁄16

1:59.00

$90,000

1924

Nellie Morse ‡

3

John Merimee

Albert B. Gordon

Bud Fisher

1 1⁄8

1:57.20

$90,000

1923

Vigil

3

Benny Marinelli

Thomas J. Healey

Walter J. Salmon, Sr.

1 1⁄8

1:53.60

$90,000

1922

Pillory

3

Louis Morris

Thomas J. Healey

Richard T. Wilson, Jr.

1 1⁄8

1:51.60

$90,000

1921

Broomspun

3

Frank Coltiletti

James G. Rowe, Sr.

Harry P. Whitney

1 1⁄8

1:54.20

$75,000

1920

Man o' War

3

Clarence Kummer

Louis Feustel

Glen Riddle Farm

1 1⁄8

1:51.60

$40,000

1919

Sir Barton †

3

Johnny Loftus

H. Guy Bedwell

J. K. L. Ross

1 1⁄8

1:53.00

$40,000

1918

War Cloud

3

Johnny Loftus

Walter B. Jennings

A. Kingsley Macomber

1 1⁄8

1:53.60

$20,000

1918

Jack Hare, Jr.

3

Charles Peak

Frank D. Weir

William E. Applegate

1 1⁄8

1:53.40

$20,000

1917

Kalitan

3

Everett Haynes

Bill Hurley

Edward R. Bradley

1 1⁄8

1:54.40

$7,500

1916

Damrosch

3

Linus McAtee

Albert G. Weston

J. K. L. Ross

1 1⁄8

1:54.80

$2,000

1915

Rhine Maiden ‡

3

Douglas Hoffman

Frank Devers

Edward F. Whitney

1 1⁄8

1:58.00

$2,000

1914

Holiday

3

Andy Schuttinger

J. Simon Healy

Mrs. A. Barklie

1 1⁄8

1:53.80

$2,000

1913

Buskin

3

James Butwell

John Whalen

John Whalen

1 1⁄8

1:53.40

$3,000

1912

Colonel Holloway

3

Clarence Turner

Dave Woodford

Beverwyck Stable

1 1⁄8

1:56.60

$2,500

1911

Watervale

3

Eddie Dugan

John Whalen

August Belmont, Jr.

1 1⁄8

1:51.00

$4,500

1910

Layminster

3

Roy Estep

J. Simon Healy

Edward B. Cassatt

1 mile

1:40.60

$5,500

1909

Effendi

3

Willie Doyle

Frank C. Frisbie

W. T. Ryan

1 mile

1:39.80

$5,500

1908

Royal Tourist

3

Eddie Dugan

A. Jack Joyner

Harry P. Whitney

1 1⁄16

1:46.40

$4,000

1907

Don Enrique

3

George Mountain

John Whalen

August Belmont, Jr.

1 mile 70 yards

1:45.40

$3,800

1906

Whimsical ‡

3

Walter Miller

Tim J. Gaynor

Tim J. Gaynor

1 mile 70 yards

1:45.00

$3,800

1905

Cairngorm

3

Willie Davis

A. Jack Joyner

Sydney Paget

1 mile 70 yards

1:45.80

$3,600

1904

Bryn Mawr

3

Gene Hildebrand

W. Fred Presgrave

Goughacres Stable

1 mile 70 yards

1:44.20

$3,800

1903

Flocarline ‡

3

William Gannon

Henry C. Riddle

Myron H. Tichenor

1 mile 70 yards

1:44.80

$3,000

1902

Old England

3

L. Jackson

Green B. Morris

Green B. Morris

1 mile 70 yards

1:45.80

$3,750

1901

The Parader

3

F. Landry

Thomas J. Healey

Richard T. Wilson, Jr.

1 mile 70 yards

1:47.20

$2,650

1900

Hindus

3

Henry Spencer

John H. Morris

George J. Long

1 1⁄16

1:48.40

$3,000

1899

Half Time

3

Richard Clawson

Frank McCabe

Philip J. Dwyer

1 1⁄16

1:47.00

$2,500

1898

Sly Fox

3

Willie Simms

Hardy Campbell, Jr.

Charles F. Dwyer

1 1⁄16

1:49.75

$2,400

1897

Paul Kauvar

3

T. Thorpe

Thomas P. Hayes

Thomas P. Hayes

1 1⁄16

1:51.25

$2,400

1896

Margrave

3

Henry Griffin

Byron McClelland

August Belmont, Jr.

1 1⁄16

1:51.00

$2,250

1895

Belmar

3

Fred Taral

Edward Feakes

Preakness Stables

1 1⁄16

1:50.50

$2,250

1894

Assignee

3

Fred Taral

William Lakeland

James & Foxhall Keene

1 1⁄16

1:49.25

$3,000

1893

no race

1892

no race

1891

no race

1890

Montague

5[5]

Willie Martin

Edward Feakes

Preakness Stables

1 1⁄2

2:36.75

$2,000

1889

Buddhist

3

George Anderson

John W. Rogers

Samuel S. Brown

1 1⁄4

2:17.50

$2,000

1888

Refund

3

Fred Littlefield

R. W. Walden

R. W. Walden

1 1⁄2

2:49.00

$2,000

1887

Dunboyne

3

William Donohue

William Jennings

William Jennings

1 1⁄2

2:39.50

$2,500

1886

The Bard

3

S. Fisher

John Huggins

A. J. Cassatt

1 1⁄2

2:45.00

$3,000

1885

Tecumseh

3

Jim McLaughlin

Charles Littlefield

W. Donohue

1 1⁄2

2:49.00

$3,000

1884

Knight of Ellerslie

3

S. Fisher

Thomas Doswell

R. Hancock & T. Doswell

1 1⁄2

2:39.50

$3,000

1883

Jacobus

3

George Barbee

R. Dwyer

James E. Kelley

1 1⁄2

2:42.50

$2,500

1882

Vanguard

3

Tom Costello

R. W. Walden

George L. Lorillard

1 1⁄2

2:44.50

$2,000

1881

Saunterer

3

Tom Costello

R. W. Walden

George L. Lorillard

1 1⁄2

2:40.50

$3,000

1880

Grenada

3

Lloyd Hughes

R. W. Walden

George L. Lorillard

1 1⁄2

2:40.50

$3,000

1879

Harold

3

Lloyd Hughes

R. W. Walden

George L. Lorillard

1 1⁄2

2:40.50

$4,000

1878

Duke of Magenta

3

C. Holloway

R. W. Walden

George L. Lorillard

1 1⁄2

2:41.75

$3,500

1877

Cloverbrook

3

C. Holloway

Jeter Walden

E. A. Clabaugh

1 1⁄2

2:45.50

$2,500

1876

Shirley

3

George Barbee

W. Brown

Pierre Lorillard IV

1 1⁄2

2:44.75

$3,000

1875

Tom Ochiltree

3

Lloyd Hughes

R. W. Walden

John F. Chamberlain

1 1⁄2

2:43.50

$3,000

1874

Culpepper

3

William Donohue

Hugh Gaffney

Hugh Gaffney

1 1⁄2

2:56.50

$3,000

1873

Survivor

3

George Barbee

A. Davis Pryor

John F. Chamberlain

1 1⁄2

2:43.00

$3,000

tag: table

text: Note: Timed to 1⁄4 second 1873 to 1899, to 1⁄5 second 1900 to 2002, to 0.01 second since 2003.

text:
A † designates a Triple Crown Winner.
A ‡ designates a filly.
§ D. Wayne Lukas swept the 1995 Triple Crown with two different horses.[28]


document_title: In-N-Out Burger

question_text: when did in n out open in arizona

question_tokens: when did in n out open in arizona

text: In-N-Out Burger

text: History[edit]

text: First generation[edit]

text: In-N-Out's first location was opened in the Los Angeles suburb of Baldwin Park, California in 1948 by the Snyders[6] at the southwest corner of what is now the intersection of Interstate 10 and Francisquito Avenue. The restaurant was the first drive-thru hamburger stand in California, allowing drivers to place orders via a two-way speaker system.[6] This was a new and unique idea, since in post-World War II California, carhops were used to take orders and serve food.[14]

text: A second In-N-Out was opened west of the intersection of Grand Avenue and Arrow Highway in Covina, California, three years later. The company remained a relatively small southern California chain until the 1970s. The Snyders managed their first restaurants closely to ensure quality was maintained.[15] The chain had 18 restaurants when Harry Snyder died in 1976, at the age of 63.[16]

text: Second generation[edit]

text: In 1976, 24-year-old Rich Snyder became the company president after his father's death. Along with his brother Guy, Rich had begun working in his father's In-N-Outs "from the ground floor" at an early age. Over the next 20 years, the chain experienced a period of rapid growth under Rich's leadership, expanding to 93[17] restaurants.[18]

text: The first location outside of the Los Angeles metropolitan area was opened in San Diego County in 1990, the 61st location in the chain.[19] In 1992, In-N-Out opened its first non-Southern California restaurant in Las Vegas, Nevada. Its first Northern California location was opened the following year in Modesto.[20] Expansion then spread to Northern California, including the San Francisco Bay Area, while additional Las Vegas-area restaurants were added. However, after opening the 83rd In-N-Out restaurant in Fresno, California, on December 15, 1993, Rich Snyder and four other passengers died in a plane crash on approach to John Wayne Airport in Orange County, California. The charter aircraft they were on had been following a Boeing 757 in for landing, became caught in its wake turbulence, and crashed. The ensuing crash investigation led to the Federal Aviation Administration requirement for an adequate distance between heavy aircraft and following light aircraft to allow wake turbulence to diminish.

text: Upon Rich Snyder's death in 1993, Guy Snyder assumed the presidency and continued the company's aggressive expansion until he died from an overdose of painkillers in 1999.[9] He was president for six years, expanding In-N-Out from 83 to 140 locations.[18] His mother Esther subsequently took over the presidency.

text: The 21st century[edit]

text: The company opened locations in Arizona in 2000 and added new restaurants in Reno, Sparks, and Carson City,[21] Nevada in late 2004. In-N-Out became a huge success in these new locations. In 2007, it opened its first restaurant in Tucson, Arizona. The store opening broke company records for the most burgers sold in one day and the most sold in one week.[22]

text: In 2008, In-N-Out expanded into a fourth state by opening a location in Washington, Utah, a suburb of St. George. By late 2009, the chain expanded into northern Utah with three new locations situated in Draper,[23] American Fork,[24] and Orem.[25][26] More locations opened in the spring of 2010 in West Valley City,[27] West Jordan, Centerville, and Riverton.[27]

text: In May 2010, In-N-Out announced plans to expand into Texas, specifically within the Dallas–Fort Worth area with the first two locations opening in Frisco and Allen on May 11, 2011.[28] The chain opened its first location in Austin in December 2013.[29] There are 21 restaurant locations in the Dallas–Fort Worth area, and four in the Austin area.[citation needed] These new locations in Texas required the company to build a new patty production facility and distribution center in the state,[30] according to company vice president Carl Van Fleet.[31] In March 2014, the company confirmed its first location in San Antonio.[32] The fall of 2014 saw the restaurant open its 22nd Texas location in Killeen.[33] On November 20, 2014, In-N-Out opened its first location in San Antonio[34] followed by its first location in Waco in November 2015.[35][36] In January 2017, In-N-Out announced plans to expand into Houston with multiple sites planned in the area.[37][38]

text: The company opened its first location in Oregon on September 9, 2015 (the same day as Harry Snyder's birthday) in Medford.[39] It is supplied from the Lathrop, California distribution center that was completed in 2006.[40] President Lynsi Snyder stated during the opening that they will continue to expand. A second Oregon location was under construction in Grants Pass during September 2017.[41]

text: On November 30, 2017, the company announced plans to build a production facility and distribution center in Colorado Springs, ahead of an expansion into Colorado. [42]

text: While the company grew, it struggled to maintain its family roots. Esther Snyder died in 2006 at the age of 86 and passed the presidency to Mark Taylor, former vice president of operations. Taylor became the company's fifth president and first non-family member to hold the position, although he does have ties to the family. The company's current heiress is Lynsi Snyder, daughter of Guy and only grandchild of Esther and Harry Snyder. Snyder, who was 23 years old and known as Lynsi Martinez at her grandmother's death, owns the company through a trust. She gained control of 50% of the company in 2012 when she turned 30, and nearly full control at 35 in May 2017.[43]

text:
After participating in various roles in the company, Snyder assumed the presidency in 2010, becoming the company's sixth president. However, most major decisions are made by a seven-member executive team. Snyder does not intend to franchise nor sell, and plans to pass on ownership of the company to her children.[44]
In late 2017 It expands in Colorado.[45]

text: Legal issues[edit]

text: Rich Boyd lawsuit (2006)[edit]

text: In 2006, a lawsuit exposed a possible family feud over the chain's corporate leadership. Richard Boyd, one of In-N-Out's vice presidents and co-trustee of two-thirds of the company stock, accused Lynsi Martinez and allied corporate executives of trying to force out Esther Snyder and attempting to fire Boyd unreasonably. Pre-empting the suit, Martinez, Snyder and Taylor appeared in a December video message to employees, telling them not to believe everything they hear.[8] The company then responded with a lawsuit of its own, alleging Boyd had construction work done on his personal property and charged it to the company, as well as favoring contractors with uncompetitive bids.[9] Boyd was then suspended from his role as co-trustee and Northern Trust Bank of California took his place (as co-trustee) until a hearing set for May 10, 2006. However, in April, the judge dismissed two of In-N-Out's claims against Boyd. A trial date of October 17, 2006, was set but never occurred, and a settlement was reached out of court.[47] Ultimately, Boyd was permanently removed from his role as an employee and co-trustee.[48]

text: Chadder's infringement lawsuit (2007)[edit]

text: In June 2007, the company filed a lawsuit against an American Fork, Utah, restaurant named Chadder's for trademark infringement, claiming that the "look and feel" of the restaurant too closely resembled that of In-N-Out, and that the restaurant violated trademarked menu items, such as "Animal Style", "Protein Style", "Double-Double", and so forth.[49]

text: The company was tipped off by Utah customers contacting the customer service department asking if In-N-Out opened a location in Utah under a different name or if they had any affiliation with the restaurant in any way. Several customers stated they ordered trademarked items such as Animal and Protein styles.[50]

text: On June 7, 2007, In-N-Out's general counsel visited the Chadders restaurant in American Fork and "viewed the premises and operations and ordered a meal that was not listed on its menu. He requested an 'Animal style Double-Double with Animal fries,' and his order was filled."[51] Utah District court Judge Ted Stewart issued a temporary restraining order against the look-alike. Chadder's opened another location near the Salt Lake City area and one in Provo.

text: In 2009, In-N-Out opened a restaurant in American Fork less than a mile from the Chadder's restaurant.[49][52][53] Per their website, Chadder's started selling a "Stubby Double" instead of "Double Double".[54] The Chadder's restaurants in Utah have gone out of business since In-N-Out restaurants have opened in Utah.

text: DoorDash lawsuit (2015)[edit]

text: On November 6, 2015, In-N-Out filed a lawsuit against food delivery startup, DoorDash, claiming trademark infringement and unfair competition. The complaint states:

text: "Defendant’s use of Plaintiff’s famous trademarks implies that Defendant not only delivers In-N-Out products to its customers, but that the quality and services offered by Defendant is the same as if consumers had made purchases directly from Plaintiff. Upon information and belief, the quality of services offered by Defendant does not at all comport with the standards that consumers expect from Plaintiff’s goods and services. Further, Plaintiff has no control over the time it takes Defendant to deliver Plaintiff’s goods to consumers, or over the temperature at which the goods are kept during delivery, nor over the food handling and safety practices of Defendant’s delivery drivers. While Plaintiff adheres to the Food Code, on information and belief, Defendant does not adhere to such regulations, including with regard to compliance with required food safety and handling practices." [55]

text: Food safety[edit]

text: On May 9, 2017, the In-N-Out Burger in Livermore, California, temporarily closed its doors after nine members of a college softball team reported getting sick after eating at that particular restaurant. The Alameda County Department of Environmental Health is investigating the incident and suspects norovirus was the cause of the illnesses, but will not be able to confirm the cause until laboratory tests are completed.[56][57]

text: The location had been cited for a "high risk" health code violation in December 2016, with minor citations for the same problem in April 2017. In-N-Out representatives said they had no indications of any issues at the location but have cleaned and disinfected it along with reviewing procedures with employees.[58]

text: On May 12, 2017, the Alameda County Department of Environmental Health reported that they now believe that the members of the college softball team may have already been infected with the virus prior to entering the Livermore restaurant. As a precaution, the DEH are continuing their laboratory tests on In-N-Out employees to conclusively rule them out as a possible source of the infection.[59]

text: Products[edit]

text: The In-N-Out menu consists of three burger varieties: hamburger, cheeseburger, and "Double-Double" (two hamburger patties and two slices of cheese). French fries and fountain drinks are available, as well as three flavors of milkshakes. The hamburgers come with lettuce, tomato, with or without onions (the customer is asked upon ordering, and may have them fresh or grilled), and a sauce, which is called "spread" (a Thousand Island dressing variant).

text: There are, however, additional named items not on the menu, but available at every In-N-Out. These variations reside on the chain's "secret menu," though the menu is accessible on the company's web site. These variations include 3x3 (which has three patties and three slices of cheese), 4x4 (four patties and four slices of cheese), Neapolitan shakes, grilled cheese sandwich (consists of the same ingredients as the burgers except the meat, plus two slices of melted cheese), Protein style (wrap with lettuce; consists of the same ingredients as the burgers except buns), and Animal Style. Both Protein and Animal Style are house specialties that the company has trademarked because of their association with the chain. Animal Style fries come with two slices of melted cheese, spread, and grilled onions on top. Animal style burgers are cooked in a thin layer of mustard, and in addition to the lettuce and tomato it also includes pickles, grilled onions, and extra spread. Whole or sliced chili peppers are also available by request.[60]

text: Until 2004 In-N-Out accommodated burger orders of any size by adding patties and slices of cheese at an additional cost. A particularly famous incident involving a 100x100 (100 patties, 100 slices of cheese) occurred in 2004.[61] Once word got out of the massive sandwich, In-N-Out management disallowed anything larger than a 4x4.[62] One can also order what is called a "Flying Dutchman" which consists of two meat patties and two slices of cheese by itself (no bun, condiments, or vegetables).[63]

text: Store design and layout[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The signature colors for In-N-Out are white, red, and yellow. The white is used for the buildings' exterior walls and the employees' basic uniform. Red is used for the buildings' roofs and the employees' aprons and hats. Yellow is used for the decorative band on the roof and iconic zig-zag in the logo. However, variations in the color scheme do occur.

text: The first In-N-Outs had a common design, placing the kitchen "stand" between two lanes of cars. The "front" lane is nearest the street, and the "back" lane away from the street. A metal awning provides shade for several tables for customers desiring to park and eat, but there is no indoor dining. A walk-up window faces the parking area. These restaurants store food and supplies in a separate building, and it is not uncommon for a driver to be asked to wait a moment while employees carry supplies to the kitchen across the rear lane.

text: This simpler design is a popular image on In-N-Out ads and artwork, which often shows classic cars such as 1965 Mustangs and 1968 Firebirds visiting the original restaurants. The original Covina restaurant, located on Arrow Highway west of Grand Avenue, was forced to close in the early 1990s due to re-engineering and development of the area. A modern design, drive-up/dining room restaurant was built a few hundred feet away. The new building is much larger (approximately half the size of the entire lot upon which the earlier restaurant sat), and is often filled to capacity.

text: Like many chain restaurants, newer In-N-Out restaurants are based on a set of templates or "cookie-cutter" blueprints, which are chosen based on available space and expected traffic levels. While external appearance of its buildings may vary to meet local zoning and architectural requirements, the interior floor plan and decor in most recently constructed In-N-Out restaurants are identical. However, some restaurants are designed to stand out, such as the restaurants at Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco and Westwood, Los Angeles.

text: Today's typical location has an interior layout that includes a customer service counter with registers in front of a kitchen and food preparation area. There are separate storage areas for paper goods (napkins, bags, etc.) and "dry" food goods (potatoes, buns, etc.), as well as a walk-in refrigerator for perishable goods (lettuce, cheese, spread etc.), and a dedicated meat refrigerator for burger patties. The customer area includes an indoor dining room with a combination of booths, tables, and bar-style seating. Outside seating is usually available as well, with tables and benches. Most newer restaurants contain a one-lane drive-through.

text: There are other design elements common among today's In-N-Out locations. Matching In-N-Out's California-inspired palm tree theme, palm trees are sometimes planted to form an "X" in front of the restaurants. This is an allusion to founder Harry Snyder's favorite movie, Stanley Kramer's It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, in which the characters look for a hidden treasure and find it under "the big W" made by four palm trees, with the middle two forming an "X".[64]

text: Advertising[edit]

text: Like other fast food chains, In-N-Out uses roadside billboards that attract customers to the nearest location. Billboard ads typically display an image of the trademarked Double-Double burger. The chain uses short radio commercials, often limited to the jingle, "In-N-Out, In-N-Out. That's what a hamburger's all about." Television commercials, which are less common, feature the hamburger's visual appeal. In-N-Out seldom uses celebrities in ads, although John Cleese and John Goodman have voiced radio spots. In the past, the Snyders also sponsored Christmas music programming with voice-overs expressing the meaning of the holiday.

text: In addition to conventional, paid advertising, In-N-Out benefits from positive word of mouth spread by enthusiastic fans. For many years, it has given customers free bumper stickers which simply say "In-N-Out Burger".[65] The company helps devoted customers advertise its brand by selling souvenir clothing with the In-N-Out logo.[66] Celebrity fans and free endorsements in mass media also promote the business. When Heisman Trophy winner and Ohio State quarterback Troy Smith raved about In-N-Out cheeseburgers during a press conference before the 2007 BCS National Championship Game, a senior executive said, "It does not get much better than that for us. We're kind of a small company, and we do not have any celebrity endorsers. But I think we just got the best one we could have."[67] Huell Howser was allowed, in what is believed to be a first, to film with his television cameras inside a store for a California's Gold Special. The show also included a behind-the-scenes tour of the In-N-Out Headquarters.[68]

text: Culture[edit]

text: Popularity[edit]

text: The burger chain has achieved widespread popularity which has led to celebration by some when brought to new locations, and the opening of a new restaurant often becomes an event. When one opened in Scottsdale, Arizona, there was a four-hour wait for food, and news helicopters whirled above the parking lot.[69]

text: The chain's image has also made it popular in more non-traditional ways. For example, In-N-Out is still considered acceptable in some areas with a strong opposition to corporate food restaurants, such as McDonald's. Local business leaders in San Francisco's Fisherman's Wharf district said they opposed every other fast food chain except In-N-Out, because they wanted to maintain the flavor of family-owned, decades-old businesses in the area, with one saying locals would ordinarily "be up in arms about a fast-food operation coming to Fisherman's Wharf," but "this is different."[10] California native and Colorado Rockies player Jason Giambi would often visit In-N-Out Burger when on the West Coast with his former team, the New York Yankees. He said he tried to open an In-N-Out Burger restaurant in New York, but was unsuccessful.[70]

text: The chain also has fans in a number of renowned chefs including Gordon Ramsay, Thomas Keller, Julia Child, Anthony Bourdain, and Mario Batali.[17] Famous London chef/restaurateur Ramsay ate In-N-Out for the first time when taping Hell's Kitchen in Los Angeles, and it soon became one of his favorite spots for take-out.[71] Ramsay was quoted, saying about the experience: "In-N-Out burgers were extraordinary. I was so bad, I sat in the restaurant, had my double cheeseburger then minutes later I drove back round and got the same thing again to take away."[71] Thomas Keller, a fan of In-N-out, celebrated with In-N-Out burgers at the anniversary party of his restaurant, The French Laundry.[72] Keller also plans on opening his own burger restaurant inspired by his Los Angeles experience of In-N-Out.[73] Julia Child, one of the first celebrities to champion the chain, admitted to knowing every location of the restaurant between Santa Barbara and San Francisco.[74] Child also had the burgers delivered to her during a hospital stay.[72] Anthony Bourdain reportedly said that In-N-Out was his favorite fast food meal;[72] later naming the restaurant as "the best restaurant in Los Angeles."[75][76] In-N-Out was one of the very few restaurant chains given a positive mention in the book Fast Food Nation. The book commended the chain for using natural and fresh ingredients and for looking after the interests of employees regarding pay and benefits.[77] An In-N-Out food truck catered Vanity Fair's 2012 Academy Awards after party.[78]

text: Art[edit]

text: Jack Schmidt was the first person commissioned to paint the original In-N-Out located in Baldwin Park, CA for In-N-Out Burger Inc.[79] His paintings were later reproduced on advertisements, shirts, and other consumer products. His paintings capture the car culture, beautiful weather, and the easy-speed of In-N-Out Burger.[79]

text: Bible verses[edit]

text: In-N-Out prints Bible citations in small print on areas of packaging. This practice began in the 1980s during Rich Snyder's presidency,[64] a reflection of the Christian beliefs held by the Snyder family.

text: On the Season 5 premiere episode of Secret Lives of the Super Rich, Lynsi Snyder, the then-33 year old heir to the In-N-Out chain, revealed that she had two Biblical-related tattoos. One of Matthew 6:10 in Aramaic: “Thy kingdom come, thy will be done.” The other of Hebrew characters to represent the word "hated," which reportedly refer to John 15:18: “If the world hates you, know that it hated me before.”

text: The In-N-Out Burgers Foundation[edit]

text: The In-N-Out Burgers Foundation, was established as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization in March 1995,[80] and classified as a "Human Services: Fund Raising & Fund Distribution" organization under the NTEE system.[81] Based in Irvine, California, the foundation "supports organizations that provide residential treatment, emergency shelter, foster care, and early intervention for children in need." Its grant-making activities are restricted to eligible nonprofit groups that are located or provide services in areas where In-N-Out has a presence.[82] Consequently, grant proposals are only accepted from applicants in a limited number of counties in Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, Texas.[83] In 2010, the most recent year for which financial reporting is publicly available (and before the opening of the company's Texas locations),[84] the foundation contributed $1,545,250 to 231 grantees in Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah.[85] Grant-making is funded through donor contributions and In-N-Out-sponsored fundraisers; typical grants are between $2,000 and $20,000.[83]

text: Original restaurant[edit]

text: The first In-N-Out restaurant that opened in 1948 was demolished when the Interstate 10 (then U.S. 60/70/99, the Ramona Freeway) San Bernardino Freeway was built from downtown Los Angeles to the San Gabriel Valley. The freeway runs over the original location. A new restaurant was completed in 1954 near the original Baldwin Park, California location, but was closed in November 2004 and demolished on April 16, 2011 despite discussions about using it as an In-N-Out museum chronicling the origins and history of the company.[86] In-N-Out built a replacement restaurant on the other side of the freeway next to the original In-N-Out University (opened in 1984). A new In-N-Out University was built on the property. The University building houses the training department, which was moved from Irvine, California. In addition, the company restaurant was moved from In-N-Out's Baldwin Park headquarters to the new lot, which holds the restaurant and university, less than a thousand feet away. In 2014, a replica of the 1948 In-N-Out was built in Baldwin Park.[87]


document_title: Hollywood Beyond

question_text: who sang what's the colour of money

question_tokens: who sang what 's the colour of money

text: Hollywood Beyond

text: Hollywood Beyond was a British pop group from Birmingham, England.

text: Hollywood Beyond was the brainchild of singer-songwriter Mark Rogers. Their first single "What's the Colour of Money" reached #7 on the UK Singles Chart in 1986.[1][2] The song also hit #21 in Germany and #14 in Switzerland. The follow-up single, "No More Tears", peaked at #47 in the UK.[2]

text: An album for Hollywood Beyond entitled If, followed on Warner Bros. Records in 1987, produced by Bernard Edwards, Mike Thorne, and Stephen Hague. Former members include Andy Welch, Steve Elliott, Dean Loren, Mike Burns, Carol Maye, Maggie Smyth. [3]