document_title: 1983 Cricket World Cup

question_text: man of the match in 1983 world cup semi final

text: 1983 Cricket World Cup

text: Format[edit]

text: The format of the 1983 World Cup was 2 groups of four teams, each team playing each other twice. The top two teams from each group then advanced to the semi finals with the winners further advancing to the finals. Every game was of 60 overs with all day matches.

text: Participants[edit]

text: The following 8 teams qualified for the final tournament (7 full ICC members including recently appointed full member Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe who qualified by winning the 1982 ICC Trophy).

text:
Team
Method of qualification
Finals appearances
Last appearance
Previous best performance

 England
Hosts
3rd
1979
Runners-up (1979)

 India
Full member
3rd
1979
Group stage (1975) (1979)

 Australia
3rd
1979
Runners-up (1975)

 Pakistan
3rd
1979
Semi-final (1979)

 West Indies
3rd
1979
Champions (1975) (1979)

 New Zealand
3rd
1979
Semi-finals (1975)(1979)

 Sri Lanka
3rd
1979
Group stage (1975) (1979)

 Zimbabwe
1982 ICC Trophy
1st
—
Debut

text: Venues[edit]

text:
Venue
City
Capacity
Matches

London

Nottingham

Birmingham

Leeds

Manchester

Derby

Bristol

Taunton

Chelmsford

Swansea

Leicester

Southampton

Worcester

Royal Tunbridge Wells

1983 Cricket World Cup (England)

Lord's Cricket Ground
London
30,000
3

Trent Bridge
Nottingham
15,350
3

Headingley
Leeds
14,000
3

The Oval
London
23,500
3

Edgbaston Cricket Ground
Birmingham
21,000
3

County Cricket Ground
Derby
9,500
1

County Cricket Ground
Bristol
16,000
1

County Ground
Taunton
6,500
1

County Cricket Ground
Chelmsford
6,500
1

St. Helen's Rugby and Cricket Ground
Swansea, Wales
4,500
1

Grace Road
Leicester
12,000
1

Old Trafford Cricket Ground
Manchester
19,000
3

County Cricket Ground
Southampton
7,000
1

New Road
Worcester
4,500
1

Nevill Ground
Royal Tunbridge Wells
6,000
1

text: Squads[edit]

text: Group stage[edit]

text: Group A[edit]

text:
Team
Pld
W
L
NR
RR
Pts

 England
6
5
1
0
4.671
20

 Pakistan
6
3
3
0
4.014
12

 New Zealand
6
3
3
0
3.927
12

 Sri Lanka
6
1
5
0
3.752
4

text:
9 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
England
322/6 (60 overs)

v

 New Zealand
216 (59 overs)

text:
England won by 106 runs
The Oval, London

text:
9 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
Pakistan
338/5 (60 overs)

v

 Sri Lanka
288/9 (60 overs)

text:
Pakistan won by 50 runs
St Helen's, Swansea

text:
11 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
England
333/9 (60 overs)

v

 Sri Lanka
286 (58 overs)

text:
England won by 47 runs
County Ground, Taunton

text:
11 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
New Zealand
238/9 (60 overs)

v

 Pakistan
186 (55.2 overs)

text:
New Zealand won by 52 runs
Edgbaston, Birmingham

text:
13 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
Pakistan
193/8 (60 overs)

v

 England
199/2 (50.4 overs)

text:
England won by 8 wickets
Lord's, London

text:
13 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
Sri Lanka
206 (56.1 overs)

v

 New Zealand
209/5 (39.2 overs)

text:
New Zealand won by 5 wickets
County Ground, Bristol

text:
15 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
England
234 (55.2 overs)

v

 New Zealand
238/8 (59.5 overs)

text:
New Zealand won by 2 wickets
Edgbaston, Birmingham

text:
16 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
Pakistan
235/7 (60 overs)

v

 Sri Lanka
224 (58.3 overs)

text:
Pakistan won by 11 runs
Headingley, Leeds

text:
18 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
Pakistan
232/8 (60 overs)

v

 England
233/3 (57.2 overs)

text:
England won by 7 wickets
Old Trafford, Manchester

text:
18 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
New Zealand
181 (58.2 overs)

v

 Sri Lanka
184/7 (52.5 overs)

text:
Sri Lanka won by 3 wickets
County Ground, Derby

text:
20 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
Sri Lanka
136 (50.4 overs)

v

 England
137/1 (24.1 overs)

text:
England won by 9 wickets
Headingley, Leeds

text:
20 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
Pakistan
261/3 (60 overs)

v

 New Zealand
250 (59.1 overs)

text:
Pakistan won by 11 runs
Trent Bridge, Nottingham

text: Group B[edit]

text:
Team
Pld
W
L
NR
RR
Pts

 West Indies
6
5
1
0
4.308
20

 India
6
4
2
0
3.870
16

 Australia
6
2
4
0
3.808
8

 Zimbabwe
6
1
5
0
3.492
4

text:
9 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
Zimbabwe
239/6 (60 overs)

v

 Australia
226/7 (60 overs)

text:
Zimbabwe won by 13 runs
Trent Bridge, Nottingham

text:
9 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
India
262/8 (60 overs)

v

 West Indies
228 (54.1 overs)

text:
India won by 34 runs
Old Trafford, Manchester

text:
11 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
West Indies
252/9 (60 overs)

v

 Australia
151 (30.3 overs)

text:
West Indies won by 101 runs
Headingley, Leeds

text:
11 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
Zimbabwe
155 (51.4 overs)

v

 India
157/5 (37.3 overs)

text:
India won by 5 wickets
Grace Road, Leicester

text:
13 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
Australia
320/9 (60 overs)

v

 India
158 (37.5 overs)

text:
Australia won by 162 runs
Trent Bridge, Nottingham

text:
13 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
Zimbabwe
217/7 (60 overs)

v

 West Indies
218/2 (48.3 overs)

text:
West Indies won by 8 wickets
New Road, Worcester

text:
15 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
West Indies
282/9 (60 overs)

v

 India
216 (53.1 overs)

text:
West Indies won by 66 runs
The Oval, London

text:
16 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
Australia
272/7 (60 overs)

v

 Zimbabwe
240 (59.5 overs)

text:
Australia won by 32 runs
County Ground, Southampton

text:
18 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
Australia
273/6 (60 overs)

v

 West Indies
276/3 (57.5 overs)

text:
West Indies won by 7 wickets
Lord's, London

text:
18 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
India
266/8 (60 overs)

v

 Zimbabwe
235 (57 overs)

text:
India won by 31 runs
Nevill Ground, Royal Tunbridge Wells

text:
20 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
India
247 (55.5 overs)

v

 Australia
129 (38.2 overs)

text:
India won by 118 runs
County Ground, Chelmsford

text:
20 June 1983
Scorecard

text:
Zimbabwe
171 (60 overs)

v

 West Indies
172/0 (45.1 overs)

text:
West Indies won by 10 wickets
Edgbaston, Birmingham

text: Knockout stage[edit]

text:
Semi-finals

Final

22 June – Old Trafford, Manchester

  England
213

  India
217/4

25 June – Lord's, London

  India
183

  West Indies
140

22 June – The Oval, London

  Pakistan
184/8

  West Indies
188/2

text: Semi-finals[edit]

text:
22 June 1983
scorecard

text:
England
213 (60 overs)

v

 India
217/4 (54.4 overs)

text:
India won by 6 wickets
Old Trafford, Manchester

text: In the first semi-final, at Old Trafford on 22 June, England won the toss and elected to Bat. The English batsmen mistimed many balls and used the bat's edge frequently, as the restrictive Indian bowling led England to score 213 (all out, 60 overs). Graeme Fowler (33 from 59 balls, 3 fours) top scored, and Kapil Dev took 3 for 35 in eleven overs, with Mohinder Amarnath and Roger Binny taking two wickets each. In reply, Yashpal Sharma (61 from 115 balls, 3 fours, 2 sixes) and Sandeep Patil (51 from 32 balls, 8 fours) made half-centuries, as India reached their target in 54.4 overs, winning by 6 wickets in a classic victory over the previous tournament's runners-up. Mohinder Amarnath (46 from 92 balls, 4 fours, 1 six) picked up the man-of-the-match award for his all round performance, which saw him add 46 runs to his earlier bowling success (2/27 in 12 overs).[1]

text:
22 June 1983
scorecard

text:
Pakistan
184/8 (60 overs)

v

 West Indies
188/2 (48.4 overs)

text:
West Indies won by 8 wickets
The Oval, London

text: The second semi-final, between Pakistan and the West Indies, was staged at The Oval on the same day. West Indies won the toss and invited Pakistan to bat, whom they restricted to just 184 (8 wickets, 60 overs). Mohsin Khan (70 from 176 balls, 1 four) fought his way past 50 against the superb West Indies Bowling (he was the only Pakistani batsman to reach 50). Malcolm Marshall (3/28) and Andy Roberts (2/25) starred with the ball. The West Indies innings was based around a superb innings by Viv Richards (80 from 96 balls, 11 fours, 1 six), who took the man-of-the-match award, and an unbeaten half-century by Larry Gomes (50 from 100 balls, 3 fours), as the defending champions reached their target for the loss of just two wickets.[2]

text: Final[edit]

text:
25 June 1983
scorecard

text:
India
183 (54.4 overs)

v

 West Indies
140 (52 overs)

text:
India won by 43 runs
Lord's, London

text: In the final, India lost the toss and were asked to bat first against a West Indies team that arguably boasted the world's best bowling attack[citation needed]. Only Krishnamachari Srikkanth (38 from 57 balls) and Mohinder Amarnath (26 from 80 balls) put up any significant resistance as Roberts, Marshall, Joel Garner and Michael Holding ripped through the Indian batsmen, ably supported by Gomes. Surprising resistance by the tail allowed India to compile 183 (all out, 54.4 overs). When Indian chips were down Kapil Dev said "team if this is not a winning total its definitely a fighting total" One of the popular quotes of all time. However, the Indian bowling exploited the weather and pitch conditions perfectly to bowl out the best batting lineup of the era for 140 from 52 overs in return, winning by 43 runs and completing one of the most stunning upsets in cricket history. Amarnath and Madan Lal each took three wickets, and one memorable moment was the sight of Kapil Dev running about 20 yards (18 m) to take a catch to dismiss Richards, the West Indies' top scorer with 33 from 28 balls. Amarnath was the most economical bowler, conceding just 12 runs from his seven overs, while taking 3 wickets, and was once again awarded the Man of the Match award for his all-round performance.[3] There was no 'Man of the Series' awarded in 1983.

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
Leading run scorers

Matches
Player
Team
Runs

7
David Gower
 England
384

8
Viv Richards
 West Indies
367

7
Graeme Fowler
 England
360

7
Zaheer Abbas
 Pakistan
313

8
Kapil Dev
 India
303

Leading wicket takers

Matches
Player
Team
Wickets

8
Roger Binny
 India
18

6
Ashantha de Mel
 Sri Lanka
17

8
Madan Lal
 India
17

6
Richard Hadlee
 New Zealand
14

7
Vic Marks
 England
13


document_title: List of German composers

question_text: who is one of the first german composers that we know about

root

text: List of German composers

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

tag: ul

text: This is an alphabetical list of composers from Germany.

tag: p

text: A[edit]

text:
Ludwig Abeille (1761–1838)
Carl Friedrich Abel (1723–1787)
Clamor Heinrich Abel (1634–1696)
Ludwig Abel (1835–1895)
Otto Abel (de) (1905–1977)
Walter Abendroth (1896–1973)
Franz Abt (1819–1885)
Anton Cajetan Adlgasser (1729–1777)
Theodor Ludwig Wiesengrund Adorno (1903–1969)
Johan Agrell (1701–1765)
Johann Friedrich Agricola (1720–1774)
Martin Agricola (1486–1556)
Carl Christian Agthe (1762–1797)
Johann Georg Ahle (1651–1706)
Johann Gottfried Arnold (1773–1806)
Johann Rudolph Ahle (1625–1673)
Eugen d'Albert (1864–1932)
Heinrich Albert (1604–1651)
Giovanni Henrico Albicastro (c. 1660–1730), born Johann Heinrich von Weissenburg
Christoph Albrecht (born 1930)
Leni Alexander (1924–2005)
Johann Peter Cornelius d'Alquen (de) (1800–1863)[1]
Johann Ernst Altenburg (1734–1801)
Michael Altenburg (1584–1640)
Johann Christoph Altnikol (1720–1759)
Anna Amalia, Princess of Prussia (1723–1787)
Johann André (1741–1799)
Johann Anton André (1775–1842)
Anna Amalia, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1739–1807)
Lothar Arnold (de) (born 1959)
Georg Daniel Auberlen (de) (1728–1784)
Wilhelm Amandus Auberlen (de) (1798–1874)

text: B[edit]

text:
August Wilhelm Bach (1796–1869)
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714–1788)
Gottlieb Friedrich Bach (de) (1714–1785)
Heinrich Bach (1615–1692)
Johann(es) ("Hans") Bach III. (1604–1673)
Johann Aegidius Bach I. (1645–1716)
Johann Ambrosius Bach (1644–1695)
Johann Bernhard Bach (1676–1749)
Johann Bernhard Bach (the younger) (1700–1743)
Johann Christian Bach (1735–1782)
Johann Christoph Bach (the elder) (1645–1693)
Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach (1732–1795)
Johann Elias Bach (de) (1705–1755)
Johann Ernst Bach II (1722–1777)
Johann Ludwig Bach (1677–1731)
Johann Lorenz Bach (1695–1773)
Johann Nikolaus Bach (1669–1753)
Johann Philipp Bach (de) (1752–1846)
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750)
Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (1710–1784
Wilhelm Friedrich Ernst Bach (1759–1845)
Heinrich Backofen (1768–1830)
Selmar Bagge (de) (1823–1896)
Woldemar Bargiel (1828–1892)
Ernst Gottlieb Baron (1696–1760)
Friedrich Baumfelder (1836–1916)
Jürg Baur (1918–2010)
Waldemar von Baußnern (1866–1931)
Franz Ignaz Beck (1734–1809)
Günther Becker (de) (1924–2007)
Hugo Becker (1863–1941)
Alfred von Beckerath (de) (1901–1978)
Ignaz von Beecke (1733–1803)
Anton Beer-Walbrunn (de) (1864–1929)
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827)
Franz Benda (1709–1786)
Georg Anton Benda (1722–1795)
Ortwin Benninghoff (de) (born 1946)
Jean Berger (1909–2002)
Wilhelm Berger (1861–1911)
Christoph Bernhard (1628–1692)
Otto Besch (de) (1885–1966)
Frank Michael Beyer (1928–2008)
Johann Samuel Beyer (1669–1744)
Günter Bialas (1907–1995)
Franz Biebl (1906–2001)
Michael von Biel (born 1937)
Helmut Bieler (born 1940)
Helmut Bieler-Wendt (de) (born 1956)
Benjamin Bilse (1816–1902)
Boris Blacher (1903–1975)
Oskar Gottlieb Blarr (born 1934)
Leo Blech (1871–1958)
Volker Blumenthaler (de) (born 1951)
Theodor Blumer (1881–1964)
Martin Traugott Blumner (de) (1827–1901)
Erhard Bodenschatz (1576–1639)
Hans Boll (de) (born 1923)
Georg Böhm (1661–1733)
Johann Ludwig Böhner (de) (1787–1860)
Siegfried Borris (de) (1906–1987)
Hans-Jürgen von Bose (born 1953)
Thomas Böttger (born 1957)
Johannes Brahms (1833–1897)
Caspar Joseph Brambach (1833–1902)
Torsten Brandes (born 1959)[2]
Theo Brandmüller (1948–2012)
Nikolaus Brass (de) (born 1949)
Walter Braunfels (1882–1954)
Reiner Bredemeyer (1929–1995)
Wolfgang Carl Briegel (1626–1712)
Alois Bröder (de) (born 1961)
Max Bruch (1838–1920)
Kurt Brüggemann (de) (1908–2002)
Klaus Bruengel (born 1949)
Nicolaus Bruhns (1665–1697)
Karl Gottfried Brunotte (born 1958)
Wolfram Buchenberg (de) (born 1962)
Thomas Buchholz (de) (born 1961)
Philipp Friedrich Buchner (1614–1669)
Fritz Büchtger (de) (1903–1978)
Hans von Bülow (1830–1894)
August Bungert (1845–1915)
Friedrich Burgmüller (1806–1874)
Norbert Burgmüller (1810–1836)
Adolf Busch (1891–1952)
Hans Bußmeyer (de) (1853–1930)
Hugo Bußmeyer (de) (1842–1912)
Max Butting (1888–1976)
Johann Heinrich Buttstedt (1666–1727)
Dietrich Buxtehude (1637–1707)

text: C[edit]

text:
Sethus Calvisius (1556–1615)
Christian Cannabich (1731–1798)
August Conradi (1821–1873)
Peter Cornelius (1824–1874)

text: D[edit]

text:
Franz Danzi (1763–1826)
Ferdinand David (1810–1871)
Johann Nepomuk David (1895–1977)
Constantin Christian Dedekind (1628–1715)
Michael Denhoff (born 1955)
Ratko Delorko (born 1959)
Christoph Demantius (1567–1643)
Paul Dessau (1894–1979)
Felix Otto Dessoff (1835–1892)
Otto Dienel (de) (1839–1905)[3]
Albert Dietrich (1829–1908)
Hugo Distler (1908–1942)
Johann Friedrich Doles (1715–1797)
Heinrich Dorn (1804–1892)
Justus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer (1783–1860)
Felix Draeseke (1835–1913)
Annette von Droste-Hülshoff (1797–1848)
Philipp Dulichius (1562–1631)

text: E[edit]

text:
Johann Georg Ebeling (1637–1676)
Johann Ernst Eberlin (1702–1762)
Traugott Maximilian Eberwein (de) (1775–1831)
Johannes Eccard (1553–1611)
Moritz Eggert (born 1965)
Werner Egk (1901–1983)
Ernst Eichner (1740–1777), also known as Ernst Dietrich Adolph Eichner, Ernesto Eichner
Hanns Eisler (1898–1962)
Elisabeth Sophie of Mecklenburg (1613–1676)
Johann Samuel Endler (de) (1694–1762)
Philipp Heinrich Erlebach (1657–1714)
Jean Paul Ertel (de) (1865–1933)
Georg Espitalier (de) (1926–2010)
Kaspar Ett (1788–1847)
Jury Everhartz (de) (born 1971)

text: F[edit]

text:
Rainer Fabich (de) (born 1958)
Hans Fährmann (1860–1940)
Immanuel Faißt (1823–1894)
Carl Friedrich Christian Fasch (1736–1800)
Johann Friedrich Fasch (1688–1758)
Peter Fassbänder (de) (1869–1920)
Reinhard Febel (born 1952)
Johann Georg Feldmayer (1756–1834)[4]
Alexander von Fielitz (1860–1930)
Wolfgang Figulus (de) (c.1525–1589)
Anton Fils (1733–1760)
Gottfried Wilhelm Fink (1783–1846)
Siegfried Fink (1928–2006)
Gerhard Fischer-Münster (de) (born 1952)
Johann Fischer (1646–1716)
Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer (1556–1656)
Johann Christian Fischer (1733–1800)
Johann Karl Christian Fischer (1752–1807)
Michael Gotthard Fischer (de) (1773–1829)
Johann Friedrich Anton Fleischmann (1766–1798)
Christian Flor (de) (1629–1697)
Friedrich von Flotow (1812–1883)
Johann Nikolaus Forkel (1749–1818)
Christoph Förster (1693–1745)
Wolfgang Fortner (1907–1987)
Eduard Franck (1817–1893)
Johann Wolfgang Franck (1644–c.1710)
Johann Zacharias Franck (1686–1756)
Melchior Franck (1580–1639)
Richard Franck (1858–1938)
Clemens von Franckenstein (1875–1942)
Bernd Franke (born 1959)
Robert Franz (1815–1892)
Henning Frederichs (de) (1936–2003)
Frederick II of Prussia (1712–1786)
Carl Friedemann (1862–1952)
Johannes Fritsch (born 1941)
Johann Jakob Froberger (1616–1667)
Gerhard Frommel (de) (1906–1984)
Adam von Fulda (1445–1505)
Wilhelm Furtwängler (1886–1954)

text: G[edit]

text:
Florian Leopold Gassmann (1729–1774)[1]
Gustav Geierhaas (de) (1888–1976)
Fritz Geißler (1921–1984)
Harald Genzmer (1909–2007)
Günter Gerlach (de) (1928–2003)
Hans Gerle (um 1498–1570)
Friedrich Gernsheim (1839–1916)
Ottmar Gerster (1897–1969)
Franz Gleißner (1761–1818)
Michael Gielen (born 1927)
Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714–1787)
Werner Gneist (de) (1898–1980)
Hermann Goetz (1840–1876)
Walter Wilhelm Goetze (1883–1961)
Friedrich Goldmann (born 1941)
Berthold Goldschmidt (1903–1996)
Gunther Martin Göttsche (de) (born 1953)
Paul Graener (1872–1944)
Christian Ernst Graf (1723–1804)
Friedrich Hartmann Graf (1727–1795)
Johann Graf (1684–1750)
Wolfram Graf (de) (born 1965)
Kurt Grahl (de) (born 1947)
Carl Heinrich Graun (1704–1759)
Kurt Graunke (1915-2005)
Johann Gottlieb Graun (1703–1771)
Christoph Graupner (1683–1760)
Eduard Grell (1800–1886)
Erhard Grosskopf (de) (born 1934)
Franz Grothe (1908–1982)
Martin Grütter (de) (born 1983)
Boris Guckelsberger (de) (born 1968)
Max Gulbins (de) (1862–1932)
Gustav Gunsenheimer (born 1934)
Manfred Gurlitt (1890–1972)
Volker Gwinner (de) (1912–2004)

text: H[edit]

text:
Joseph Haas (1879–1960)
Hellmut Haase-Altendorf (de) (1912–1990)
Widmar Hader (de) (born 1941)
Bernhard Joachim Hagen (1720–1787)
Dietrich Hahne (de) (born 1961)
Bernhard Hamann (de) (1909–1968)
Peter Michael Hamel (born 1947)
Stefan Hakenberg (born 1960)
Andreas Hakenberger (1574–1627)
August Halm (de) (1869–1929)
Peter Michael Hamel (born 1947)
George Frideric Handel (1685–1759)
Bernd Hänschke (de) (born 1948)
Andreas Hantke (born 1956)
Holger Hantke (de) (born 1951)
Heinz Friedrich Hartig (1907–1969)
Heinrich Hartl (de) (born 1953)
Karl Amadeus Hartmann (1905–1963)
Ludwig Hartmann (de) (1836–1910)
Klaus Hashagen (de) (1924–1998)
Johann Adolph Hasse (1699–1783)
Karl Hasse (ca) (1883–1960)
Hans Leo Hassler (1546–1612)
Jakob Hassler (1569–1622)
Johann Wilhelm Häßler (1747–1822)
Martin Hauber (de) (born 1964)
Carl August Haupt (1810–1891)
Walter Haupt (born 1935)
Moritz Hauptmann (1792–1868)
Florian Havemann (born 1952)
Joseph Haydn (1732−1809)
Pantaleon Hebenstreit (1668–1750)
Herbert Hechtel (de) (1937–2014)
Heinz Heckmann (de) (born 1932)
Werner Heider (de) (born 1930)
Peter Heilbut (de) (1920–2005)
Johann David Heinichen (1683–1729)
Prince Heinrich XXIV Reuss of Köstritz (1855–1910)
Hans Helfritz (1902–1995)
Barbara Heller (born 1936)
Sigmund Hemmel (c.1520–1565)
Fanny Hensel (1805–1847)
Adolf von Henselt (1814–1889)
Hans Werner Henze (1926-2012)
Ulrich Herkenhoff (de) (born 1966)
Sven Hermann (de) (born 1974)
Heinrich Freiherr von Herzogenberg (1843–1900)
Hans-Joachim Hespos (born 1938)
Kurt Hessenberg (1908–1994)
Matthias Hettmer (de) (born 1973)
Stefan Heucke (de) (born 1959)
Richard Bruno Heydrich (1865–1938)
Manfred Heyl (de) (1908–2001)
Werner Richard Heymann (1896–1961)
Ernst Hildebrand (de) (1918–1986)
Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179)
Wilhelm Hill (1838–1902)
Ferdinand Hiller (1811–1885)
Wilfried Hiller (de) (born 1941)
Paul Hindemith (1895–1963)
Rudolf Hindemith (de) (1900–1974)
Stefan Hippe (de) (born 1966)
Karl Höller (1907–1987)
York Höller (born 1944)
E.T.A. Hoffmann (1776–1822)
Melchior Hoffmann (c.1679/1685–1715)
Franz Anton Hoffmeister (1754–1812)
Heinrich Hofmann (1842–1902)
Richard Hofmann (1844–1918)
Franz von Holstein (de) (1826–1878)
Gottfried August Homilius (1714–1785)
Nicolaus A. Huber (born 1939)
Falk Hübner (born 1979)[5]
Wolfgang Hufschmidt (de) (born 1934)
Carl Theodor Hütterott (de) (born 1926)
Bertold Hummel (1925–2002)
Franz Hummel (born 1939)
Johann Nepomuk Hummel (1778–1837)
Engelbert Humperdinck (1854–1921)
Hans Ulrich Humpert (de) (1940–2010)
Leopold Hurt (de) (born 1979)
Mathias Husmann (de) (born 1948)

text: I[edit]

text: Artur Immisch (de) (1902–1949)[6]

text: J[edit]

text:
Salomon Jadassohn (1831–1902)
Johann Gottlieb Janitsch (1708–c1763)
Philipp Jarnach (1892–1982)
Michael Jary (1906–1988)
Johannes Jeep (c. 1581/82–1644), also known as Johann Jepp
Gustav Jenner (1865–1920)
Adolf Jensen (1837–1879)
Jens Joneleit (born 1968)
Jens Josef (born 1967)

text: K[edit]

text:
Friedrich Kalkbrenner (1785–1849)
Reinhard Keiser (1674–1739)
Richard Rudolf Klein (1921–2011)
Julius Klengel (1859–1933)
Paul Klengel (1854–1935)
August Friedrich Martin Klughardt (1847–1902)
Joseph Martin Kraus (1756–1792)
Johann Ludwig Krebs (1713–1780)
Peter Anton Kreusser (1765–1831)

text: L[edit]

text:
Helmut Lachenmann (born 1935)
Josephine Lang (1815-1880)
Alexander Ledkovsky (1944–2004)
Johann Carl Gottfried Löwe (1796–1869)
Henning Lohner (born 1961)
Carl Albert Löschhorn (de) (1819 - 1905), also known as Loeschhorn
Albert Lortzing (1801–1851)
Vincent Lübeck (1654–1740)

text: M[edit]

text:
Thomas Mancinus (de) (1550–~1612),[7] also Menckin, Mencken
Emilie Mayer (1812–1883)
Simon Mayr (1763–1845)
Fanny Mendelssohn (1805–1847)
Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847)
Johann Mattheson (1681–1764)
Giacomo Meyerbeer (1791–1864)
Jan Morgenstern (pl) (born 1980)
Leopold Mozart (1719–1787)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791)
Johann Gottfried Müthel (1728–1788)

text: N[edit]

text:
Johann Gottlieb Naumann (1741–1801)
Johann Nauwach (1595–1630)
Otto Nicolai (1810–1849)

text: O[edit]

text:
Jacques Offenbach (1819–1880)
Carl Orff (1895–1982)
Caspar Othmayr (1515–1553)

text: P[edit]

text:
Johann Pachelbel (1653–1706)
Johann Christoph Pepusch (1667–1752), also known as John Christopher Pepusch and Dr Pepusch
Hans Pfitzner (1869–1949)
Michael Praetorius (1571–1621)

text: Q[edit]

text: Johann Joachim Quantz (1697–1773)

text: R[edit]

text:
Carl Reinecke (1824–1910)
Max Reger (1873–1916)
Hermann Reutter (1900–1985)
Wolfgang Rihm (born 1952)
Johann Theodor Roemhildt (1684–1756)
Eduard Rohde (1828–1883)

text: S[edit]

text:
Theodor von Schacht (1748–1823)
Christoph Schaffrath (1709–1763)
Samuel Scheidt (1587–1653)
Martin Scherber (1907–1974)
Louis Schlösser (1800–1886)
Johann Jacob Schnell (de) (1687–1754)
Johann Schop (1590–1667)
Franz Schreker (1878–1934)
Franz Schubert (1797–1828)
Ulrich Schultheiss (de) (born 1956)
Clara Schumann (1819–1896)
Robert Schumann (1810–1856)
Georg Caspar Schürmann (c. 1673–1751)
Heinrich Schütz (1585–1672)
Philipp Scharwenka (1847–1917)
Fritz Seitz (1848–1918)
Louis Spohr (1784–1859)
Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928–2007)
Richard Strauss (1864–1949)

text: T[edit]

text:
Georg Michael Telemann (1748–1831)
Georg Philipp Telemann (1681–1767)
Johann Theile (1646–1724)
Friedrich Hieronymus Truhn (1811–1886)

text: U[edit]

text: Anton Urspruch (1850–1907)

text: V[edit]

text:
Andreas Nicolaus Vetter (1666–1734)
Johann Vierdanck (c. 1605–1646), also Virdanck, Vyrdanck, Feyertagk, Feyerdank, Fierdanck
Johann Christoph Vogel (1756–1788), also Fogel
Friedrich Robert Volkmann (1815–1883)

text: W[edit]

text:
Max Wagenknecht (1857–1922)
Ignatz Waghalter (1881–1949)
Richard Wagner (1813–1883)
Siegfried Wagner (1869–1930)
Carl Maria von Weber (1786–1826)
Kurt Weill (1900–1950)
Hans Jürgen von der Wense (1894–1966)
Richard Wetz (1875–1935)
Franz Wohlfahrt (1833–1884)

text: Z[edit]

text:
Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow (1663–1712), also Zachau
Adolf Zander (1843–1914)
Hans Zimmer (born 1957)
Hermann Zilcher (1881–1948)
Johann Rudolf Zumsteeg (1760–1802)


document_title: Locks Heath

question_text: where did the name locks heath come from

text: Locks Heath

text: Origin of name[edit]

text: The heathland surrounding Locks Farm.

text: History[edit]

text: In the late 19th and early 20th Century, the most important local activity in this area was strawberry growing. The industry developed as a result of the 1866 Enclosure Acts which allowed the common land to be split into a large number of small plots.[3] The new plot owners needed a crop that would give them a quick income from a small outlay. The combination of suitable soils and a mild climate, free from spring frosts, proved ideal for the production of early cropping strawberries. Their early ripening made them desirable in markets across the country. Swanwick railway station opened on 2 September 1889[4] and helped to facilitate the transportation of large quantities of strawberries to customers all over the country.

text: Strawberries were transported to the waiting trains by horse and cart. A lasting reminder of this is a rail on the outside edge of what is now the pavement leading down the hill to the station. This was used to line up the wheels of the horse-drawn carts, so as to enable easy unloading of the carts[citation needed]. The station was also originally much bigger with what remains of a second branch line still visible under the tarmac of what is now the station car park. A short way from the station a warehouse can be seen which used to be the 'Swanwick and District Basket Factory'[5] which supplied the baskets to pack the strawberries into for transportation. The outline of the old signage is still visible on the outside of the building.

text: The strawberry industry hit its peak in the 1920s and then began to slip into decline. This was caused by a variety of factors, including the demand for development land, competition from abroad and the increasingly strict requirements of retailers for standardised products.

text: Although strawberries are still grown in the area, much of the land once used is now covered with houses. Because of the nature of the plots of land which were once the strawberry farms, many of the houses are built in relatively small estates. The mixture of old and new gives Locks Heath a unique character, and there are numerous references to strawberries in the area,[citation needed] such as The Talisman pub (Talisman being a variety of strawberry)[6] and the Joseph Paxton pub, the name of a locally grown strawberry named after the gardener and designer of Crystal Palace.[citation needed]

text: Facilities[edit]

text: The mid-1980s saw significant development of the Locks Heath area with the construction of new housing and The Lockswood centre was built to provide additional facilities including The Lock Stock and Barrel pub and a supermarket. The centre now provides a focal point for the area and also includes a library/community centre and a GP surgery which, as of May 2013, is only accepting additional people from Warsash.

text: Schools[edit]

text: There are many junior schools including St.Johns School and Locks Heath Junior School where most of the Locks Heath infants pupils go to after they leave primary school, Hook-with-Warsash Junior School, Park Gate Primary School and Sarisbury Junior School. The only state secondary school is Brookfield Community School where an average 90%[citation needed] of pupils transfer to.

text: Sport and leisure[edit]

text: Locks Heath has a Non-League football club Locks Heath F.C. who play at Locks Heath Recreation ground on Warsash Road since 1894.[7] They are currently playing in the Hampshire Premier League.

text: Also in Locks Heath is a badminton club, bowls and tennis club.[8]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Census, 2011
Jump up ^ "Fareham Borough Council: Appendix D Population". Fareham.gov.uk. Retrieved 2012-09-17.
Jump up ^ "Fareham Borough Council: Locks Heath". Fareham.gov.uk. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
Jump up ^ Butt, R. V. J. (1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199.
Jump up ^ "Strawberry growing in the Fareham Borough". 7 September 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Accession : TALISMAN - GenBerry Database: Strawberry Genetic Resources in Europe". Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fareham Borough Council: Press Release". Fareham.gov.uk. 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2012-09-17.
Jump up ^ Keith Venn. "Clubs/Societies in the Locksheath area". Locksheath.com. Retrieved 2012-09-17.

tag: ol


document_title: Vehicle registration plates of India

question_text: red colour number plates in india are for

question_tokens: red colour number plates in india are for

text: Vehicle registration plates of India

text: Format[edit]

text: Vehicle registration plates are formatted as follows:

text:
Plates for private car and motorised two-wheeler owners have black lettering on a white background (e.g., MH-01-AB-1234).
Commercial vehicles such as taxis, buses and lorries have a yellow background and black text (e.g., WB-19-AK-2804).
Commercial vehicles available on rent for self-drive have yellow lettering on a black background (e.g., TN.03.UB.8192).
Vehicles belonging to foreign consulates have white lettering on a light blue background (e.g. 22 UN 14[2]).
The President of India and state governors travel in official cars without licence plates. Instead they have the Emblem of India in gold embossed on a red plate.

text: Current format[edit]

text: The current format of the registration index consists of 4 parts, They are:

text:
The first two letters indicate the state or Union Territory to which the vehicle is registered.
The next two digit numbers are the sequential number of a district. Due to heavy volume of vehicle registration, the numbers were given to the RTO offices of registration as well.
The third part is a 4 digit number unique to each plate. A letter is prefixed when the 4 digit number runs out and then two letters and so on.
The fourth part is an international oval "IND" and the above it a hologram having a Chakra.

text: This scheme of numbering has some advantages:

text:
The State or District of registration of a particular vehicle.
In the case of a police investigation of an accident or vehicle-related crime, witnesses usually remember the initial area code letters - it is then quite simple to narrow down suspect vehicles to a much smaller number by checking the database without having to know the full number.

text: Special formats[edit]

text: In some states (such as the state of Delhi, Gujarat and Bihar) the initial 0 of the district code is omitted; thus Delhi district 2 numbers appear as DL 2 not DL 02, GJ 5 not GJ 05, BR 8 not BR 08.

text: The state of Delhi has an additional code in the registration code: DL 11 CAA 1111 where DL is the two letter code for Delhi (DL). The additional C (for category of vehicle) is the letter S for two-wheelers, C for cars and SUVs, E for electric vehicles (in some cases only), P for public passenger vehicles such as buses, R for three-wheeled rickshaws, T for tourist-licensed vehicles and taxis, V for pick-up trucks and vans and Y for hire vehicles. This system is also applicable in other states. (For example, Rajasthan, where RJ is the two letter code, P is for passenger vehicles, C for cars, S for scooters and G for goods vehicles.)

text: States[edit]

text: All Indian states and Union Territories have their own two-letter code. This two-letter referencing came into action in the 1980s. Before that each district or Regional Transport Officer's office had a three-letter code which did not mention the state. This led to a fair degree of confusion — for example, MMC 8259 could fit in anywhere in the country. To avoid this ambiguity the state code was included along with the district or RTO's office. In some states, such as Maharashtra, licence plates before 1960, when the state was known as Bombay Presidency, bear notations such as BMC.

text: The newly created states of Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Telangana (from Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh respectively), are registering vehicles under their new two-letter codes, while the old numbers registered in the RTO offices of these states under the RTO code of the parent state still stay valid. In 2007, the state of Uttaranchal was renamed as Uttarakhand, thus the state code changed from UA to UK. In 2011, the state of Orissa was renamed as Odisha, thus the state code changed from OR to OD.

text: The Government of India, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, the nodal ministry, has formulated strict specifications and enforcement rules for the new High Security Registration Plates (new number plates). The states have recently started introducing them in a phased manner. This standardisation, along with strict enforcement, is expected to bring about a change in law enforcement and in the registration process of vehicles in the country.

text: Current codes[edit]

text: The list of two-lettered state codes and Union Territory codes is as follows:

text:
Code
State or Union Territory
Code
State or Union Territory

AN
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
LD
Lakshadweep

AP
Andhra Pradesh
MH
Maharashtra

AR
Arunachal Pradesh
ML
Meghalaya

AS
Assam
MN
Manipur

BR
Bihar
MP
Madhya Pradesh

CG
Chhattisgarh
MZ
Mizoram

CH
Chandigarh
NL
Nagaland

DD
Daman and Diu
OD[3]
Odisha

DL
Delhi
PB
Punjab

DN
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
PY
Puducherry

GA
Goa
RJ
Rajasthan

GJ
Gujarat
SK
Sikkim

HR
Haryana
TN
Tamil Nadu

HP
Himachal Pradesh
TR
Tripura

JH
Jharkhand
TS[4][5]
Telangana

JK
Jammu and Kashmir
UK
Uttarakhand

KA
Karnataka
UP
Uttar Pradesh

KL
Kerala
WB
West Bengal

text: Former codes[edit]

text: List of codes that is no longer in use:

text:
Code
State

OR
Orissa

UA
Uttaranchal

text: Districts KL 7[edit]

text: Since all the states have two or more districts, the district is given the charge of registering the vehicle. A vehicle bears the registration of the district in which it is bought rather than the district of residence of the owner. In many states, officials insist that the plates be changed to the local numbers if the owner shifts residence.

text: The number of districts in the state need not equal the number of permutations of the district field of the licence plate. Often, in large cities the geographical district can be split into two or more administered regions, each governed by an RTO. A case is the Kanchipuram District which has the plate bearings TN 11, TN 14, TN 19, TN 21, TN 22, TN 85.

text: Also the 01 digit may reflect the capital district of the state, though it may not always be the case.

text: In some states such as West Bengal, each RTO issues two numbers, one for commercial vehicles and another for private vehicles. E.g. Asansol, has the numbers WB 38 for private vehicles and WB 37 for commercial or public ones.

text: Unique numbering[edit]

text: The last four digits numbers are unique to the vehicle. Usually, the lower 100 numbers are government registered numbers, but it may not always be the case. Special "lucky" numbers (also called fancy numbers) such as 3333 or 6666 fetch a premium and may touch above ₹ 100,000.

text: Prior to 2005, Karnataka used to charge ₹ 1000 for obtaining a unique last four digit number. These numbers used to be issued either from the current running series or from one or two future series. When the numbering system was computerized numbers could be issued from any future series. However the Karnataka RTO steeply hiked these charges to ₹ 6000 if the number to be obtained is in the current series, and ₹ 25,000 if it was to be issued from a future series. It was increased again in 2010 from ₹ 6,000 to ₹ 20,000, and from ₹ 25,000 to ₹ 75,000.[6]

text: As of 2007, Maharashtra has increased the price of unique numbers to the range of ₹ 25,000 to ₹ 125,000. In 2012, Maharashtra increased the price from ₹ 125,000 to ₹ 200,000.

text: In Uttarakhand, number 0001 and 0786 has the highest charge of ₹ 50,000.

text: In Gujarat, RTO is charging Rs. 500 for 2-wheeler vehicles and Rs. 1000 for 4-wheeler vehicles for chosen numberplate, but the chosen numberplate not be unique, Ex 4521, 6523, etc. For VIP number 1 (4-wheeler vehicle), RTO distribute an application form to bid for unique numberplate which will be attached with amount of money. The highest payer of the amount will get the unique number like 1. Sometimes it takes ₹ 200,000 to ₹ 500,000 (maximum) for this type of number.

text: In Andhra Pradesh the RTO Follows the Auction system for unique numbers. The highest bidder gets the number. Numbers like 0909 0999 0099 0009 are in high demand always and also numbers like 0786 have a high premium and maximum bidders for the auction.

text: Unique letters[edit]

text: If all the 9999 numbers are used up, the RTO adds the letter A before the number space so that more numbers can be accommodated. In some states, the two letters also give the description of the make of the vehicle.

text: The letters may also reflect the subdivision of the district if the district is geographically large.

text: In Tamil Nadu, the letter G is reserved for Government (both the Union Government of India and State Governments) vehicles and the letter N is reserved for Government Transport Buses, while A to F, H to M and P to Z are for passenger vehicles of all kinds, including commercial vehicles. For e.g. TN 60 AG 3333 could be a government vehicle registered in Theni, whereas a TN 58 N 4006 could be a government Bus registered in Madurai District.

text: In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, the letter Z is reserved for the State Road Transport (APSRTC)and TSRTC buses (AP**Z, TS**Z, and so on). The letter P (AP 18P, TS 9P, and so on;— Vijayawada RTO and Khairatabad RTO) is reserved for the state police vehicles.the letters T, U, V, W, X, Y is reserved for commercial ones, going on as TA, TB..., UA, UB... and so on whereas rest of the letters are reserved for private passenger vehicles of all kinds.

text: In Kerala, the number series KL 15 is reserved for the Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) buses. For e.g. KL 15 3431 is an Ashok Leyland KSRTC bus with vehicle code TS-340. Otherwise, all registrations are common, even for commercial vehicles. Also, KL 01 (Thiruvananthapuram RTO) issues registrations for police vehicles around the state.

text: In Assam, AS 20 is reserved for government buses and AS 30 and AS 31 is reserved for Assam state police. To register commercial vehicles, the letter C is used and goes on like AC, BC, etc. For private vehicles of all kinds, registrations are common.

text: In West Bengal, there are different number codes for commercial vehicles and private vehicles. RTOs have assigned the letter T to some commercial vehicles, e.g. WB 04 TE, and so on. In areas like Alipur, Barasat, Barrackpore and Howrah, letters were assigned for different classes of vehicles for private vehicles. Now, the same letters are used for all types of vehicles. Kolkata's main RTO at Beltala (WB01, WB02, WB03 and WB04) also has separate RTO number codes for two wheelers and private cars, as well as goods and passenger vehicles

text: In Jharkhand, all registrations are common, even for commercial vehicles.

text: In Odisha, all registrations are common, even for commercial vehicles.

text: In Jammu and Kashmir, all registrations are common, even for commercial vehicles. However, the letter Y is used for all government buses.

text: In Punjab, all registrations are common, even for commercial vehicles. However, PB01 is used to register tourist vehicles.

text: In Bihar, all RTO's assigns the letter P for passenger vehicles (Commercial vehicles and SUVs) and G for goods vehicles, e.g. BR 01 PC 2433 is a BSRTC bus in Patna. However, for private vehicles, all registrations are common.

text: In Himachal Pradesh HP 01 and HP 02 are reserved for tourist vehicles and also the first letter of the district is used, e.g. HP 01 D refers to a taxi in Dharamshala. Otherwise, all registrations are common, even for commercial vehicles.

text: In Maharashtra, the two letters in each RTO is classified for a different kind of vehicle, e.g. MH 14 BT is assigned for MSRTC buses in Pimpri, MH 02 CR is for commercial vehicles in Mumbai, MH 31 SW is for two wheelers in Nagpur, MH 04 GM is for cars in Thane, MH 12 JK is for special purpose vehicles in Pune and MH 15 DC is for cars, MH 15 Z is for auto rickshaw and MH 15 FV is for goods vehicle in Nashik city.

text: Karnataka started number series KA 01 AA 1111 from 1 January 1990. While issuing these numbers they reserved AA for certain categories of vehicles. Numbers issued without AA e.g. KA 01 1111 was for commercial vehicles, E for two wheelers and M for cars. The letter G is reserved for Government vehicles, F for KSRTC and BMTC buses, T for Tractor and trailer. The letters I and O, were never issued. In all cases when the last number 9999 is exhausted the next letter is used for that vehicle category. So blank, A, B, C, D for commercial vehicles; T for tractors and trailers; E, H, J, K L, Q, R, S, U, V, W, X, Y for two wheelers; M, N, P, Z for passenger vehicles. Additional letters are added as each series is exhausted e.g. M, MA, F, FA and so on.

text: In Madhya Pradesh the numbering system is similar to other states, with a few exceptions: MP 01 and MP 02 are reserved for the state government, while MP 03 is reserved for the police. Other vehicles are registered in RTOs starting from MP 04. In Madhya Pradesh vehicles used in agricultural purpose are numbered with series A (e.g. AA, AB, AC etc.), big cars by B, small cars by C, special purpose vehicle such as ambulance, crane etc. by D, medium size goods vehicle by G, heavy vehicles by H, small loading vehicle by L, motor cycles by M, passenger buses by P, passenger auto by R, Scooter by S, taxis by T and passengers by E, F, I, J, K, N, Q, U to Z.

text: When a series is exhausted or reaches MZ, the RTO can start any other series. For example, Bhopal adopted AM, DM, EM following M while Indore started NA, NB, NC, and now series Q is running. This allocation is similar in Chhattisgarh also.

text: In Goa, the letter X is reserved for the State Road Transport (Kadamba Transport Corporation) buses (e.g. GA 03 X 0109). The letters T, U, V, W, Y, Z are reserved for commercial vehicles, whereas the letter G is reserved for government vehicles. Again, the two letter in each RTO is classified for a different kind of vehicle, e.g. GA 07 C is for cars in Panaji and GA 03 AB is for two wheelers in Mapusa.

text: In Uttar Pradesh, all registrations are common for private vehicles. Districts use G for government vehicles and any letter for commercial. Currently most districts use T, AT, BT, etc.; some use N, AN, BN, etc., and a few use B, H, etc.

text: In Uttarakhand, the letter C is reserved for goods vehicles, T for Taxis, P for public transport vehicles and G for government vehicles and A, B, D to O, Q to S, and U to Z for private passenger vehicles of all kinds, with an additional letter added later such as TA, CA, GA, PA and so on.

text: For example, the official vehicle of the state Home Secretary uses the number "UK 07 GF 9999" and that of the Director General (Information and Public Relations) uses the number "UK 07 GE 9000". The vehicle of the Chairman of the State Sugar Corporation has the number "UK 07 GE 0900".

text: The registration number of the official vehicle of the now ousted Chief Minister read "UK 07 GB 0999".

text: Further, UK 07 TA 0251 could be a taxi in Dehradun and UK 07 PA 0250 could be a local bus in Dehradun.

text: In the North East excluding Assam:

text:
Meghalaya issues ML 01, ML 02, ML 03 for government vehicles including transport, and registration is common for all vehicles.
Sikkim issues the letter P as prefix for all types of private vehicles and T for taxis, J for commercial jeeps, B for buses, and Z, D for other commercial vehicles. For state transport buses, the SK 04 XXXX series of Jorethang was used and have now gone back to register them under B series.
Arunachal Pradesh issues AR 02 for its government buses, otherwise all registrations are common, even for commercial vehicles.
Nagaland issues different letters for all types of vehicles.
In Tripura, Mizoram and Manipur, all registrations are common, even for commercial vehicles.

text: In Gujarat, government vehicles have number plate with letter G and GJ, which is reserved for government firm vehicles. (e.g. : GJ 18 G 5123 and GJ 18 GJ 6521). All other letters except G are used by passenger vehicles. The letters T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z are reserved for commercial vehicles and goes on in the series AT, AU, ..., BT, BU, ..., and so on.

text: Also, the number series GJ 18 Y is reserved for the Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation (GSRTC) buses (e.g. GJ 18 Y 5432). GJ 18 V was used earlier. After the completion of this series GJ 18 Y was used (e.g. GJ 18 V 8844). Currently, GJ 18 Z is in use. All other letters used for passengers. Also a letter is prefixed for usage in all classes of vehicles, e.g. GJ 01 J to JS are for two wheelers in Ahmedabad, and GJ 01 R to RS are reserved for private four wheelers in Ahmedabad. However, after the exhaustion of private series in Ahmedabad, vehicles are being registered with the T to Z suffix pattern to meet the demand.

text: In Delhi, the following letters are used for registration- A for ambulances, B for mini buses, C for cars, F for numbers on demand for private vehicles, G for trucks, K for school vehicles, L for trucks, N for NRIs (e.g. DL 3C NA, DL 2S ND), P is for buses, Q are for commercial three wheelers, R for autorickshaws and radio taxis, S for two wheelers, T for city taxis, Y for private taxis, V, W, E, U, M, Z for other commercial vehicles. DL 1 at Mall Road registers only A, E, G, K, L, M, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W, Y and Z.

text: In Chandigarh, the following letters are used for registration: T is for trucks, G is for government vehicles. CH 02 registers commercial vehicles. Registration for all private vehicles is common.

text: In Rajasthan, the following letters are used for registration: M, S, B for two wheelers, C for cars, P for buses, G for trucks, T for taxis and tourist passenger vehicles. Earlier, numbers between 1 and 50 were used, e.g. RJ 14 2M and RJ 14 6C were used for vehicles but now this system has been stopped.

text: In Haryana, there are different codes for commercial vehicles and different for private vehicles. Private registrations are common.

text: In the union territories of Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Daman and Diu, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli, all registrations are common, even for commercial vehicles.

text: High Security Registration plates[edit]

text: On June 1, 2005, the Government of India had amended rule 50 of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989, mandating introduction of new tamper proof High Security Registration (HSRP) number plates.[7][8] All new motorised road vehicles that came into the market after that needed to adhere to the new plates, while existing vehicles had been given two years to comply. Features incorporated include the number plate having a patented chromium hologram,[7] a laser numbering containing the alpha-numeric identification of both the testing agency and manufacturers and a retro-reflective film bearing a verification inscription "India" at a 45-degree inclination. The characters are embossed on the plate for better visibility. The letters "IND" were printed in a light shade of blue on the observers left side under the hologram.[7] However it has yet to be implemented since the various state Governments has not yet appointed an official source for manufacture of these plates,[9] due to a disputes which is currently in various Indian courts.[8][9] On 8 April 2011 the Supreme Court of India summoned the transport secretaries of Delhi, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh for contempt of court proceedings regarding nonenforcement of the high-security registration plates.[10] The Supreme Court on 30 November 2004, had clarified that all states had to comply with the scheme.[10] Currently all of North East including Assam, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir, West Bengal, Karnataka and Goa are the only states which have complied in full. The states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Maharashtra have not proceeded after having called tenders.[10] Besides these states some of the other states have also taken action to implement the new scheme.[10]

text: Haryana and Punjab has launched the High Security Registration Plates Scheme in the state. High Security Registration Plates have been made mandatory in for all new and old vehicles.[11]

text: Maharashtra announced that it had planned to implement new number plates soon.[12]

text: Gujarat, West Bengal, Assam, Madhya Pradesh and some other states have also started giving high security number plates for vehicle.

text: Military vehicles[edit]

text: Military vehicles have a unique numbering system unlike any other licence numbers. The numbers are registered by the Ministry of Defence in New Delhi. The first (or the third) character is an upward-pointing arrow. This is known as a Broad Arrow, whose origins lie in the UK Office of Ordnance and is still used in many parts of the British Commonwealth on assorted army items, not just vehicles. The next two digits (or the two succeeding the arrow) signify the year in which the Military procured the vehicle. The next is the base code, followed by the serial number. The letter ending after the serial number indicates the class of the vehicle (e.g. ↑10A266162W).

text: Diplomatic plates[edit]

text: Vehicle belonging to foreign missions bear the plates UN, CD or CC, which stand for United Nations, Diplomatic Corps or Consular Corps respectively. A diplomatic plate numbered 13 CC xxxx would refer to country 13, probably a country close to the letter A or B. For example, a vehicle bearing the number 77 CD xxxx in India refers to a vehicle owned by either the United States mission in India or by a person working with the mission.

text: Cars bearing UN, CD or CC licence plates are granted the level of diplomatic immunity or consular immunity corresponding to whom the vehicle has been attributed to by the Indian Ministry of External Affairs. Immunity is void if a UN, CD or CC licence-plated vehicle is driven by a chauffeur or non-diplomat in an absence of an accredited member of the diplomatic or consular corps.

text: Table of codes (applies to CC and CD only, incomplete):

text:
Number
Country

1
 Afghanistan

2
 Algeria

6
 Pakistan

7
 Bangladesh

5
 Australia

11
 Britain

15
 Canada

17
 China

25
 France

27
 Germany

30
 Kyrgyz

35
 Iraq

42
 Republic of Korea

45
 Lebanon

48
 Mexico

52
 Netherlands

67
 Sweden

68
  Switzerland

71
 Thailand

72
 Trinidad and Tobago

73
 Turkey

75
 Russia

77
 United States

78
 Uruguay

89
 Pakistan

93
 Belarus

95
 South Africa

98
 Uzbekistan

99
 Kazakhstan

102
 Iceland

104
 Tunisia

109
 Israel

112
 Bosnia and Herzegovina

113
 Suriname

125
 Ecuador

128
 Tajikistan

134
 Botswana

134
 Dominican Republic

137
 Malta

145
 Burundi

153
 Guinea

text: Other numbering[edit]

text: Other numbering include the special numbers allotted to public transportation such as buses, taxis and auto-rickshaws. The numbers are registered by the organization which run the services and are usually printed on the side of the vehicle. This mechanism is used for unique identification.

text: Temporary numbers[edit]

text: As soon as a vehicle is purchased, the dealer of the vehicle issues a temporary licence sticker known colloquially as a TR (To Register) number. In Maharashtra (TC test certificate no.is given).This is valid for one month, during which the owner must register the vehicle in the controlling RTO of the area in which the owner is residing to get a standard licence plate. Some states like Tamil Nadu do not allow vehicles with TR numbers on the road, the dealer will hand over the vehicle to the purchaser only after the registration process is done. To register a vehicle, it has to be presented to the RTO's office, where a Motor Vehicle Inspector will verify the applicant's address and other details, confirm that the engine and chassis numbers are identical to what is written in the application and issues a permanent registration certificate which is usually valid for 20 years. The permanent registration certificate is one of the four important documents a vehicle plying on the road should always have; the others being a valid insurance certificate, a pollution under control (PUC) certificate and the driver's licence. For public utility vehicles like buses, trucks, taxis and pick-up vans, there are a number of additional documents like a road-worthiness certificate and a transportation permit.

text: History[edit]

text: Before 1939, only one letter with four numbers were issued (e.g. N 7612).

text: From 1939 until 1947, two letters and four numbers scheme were issued (e.g. KA 9823).

text: From 1947 until to the late 1980s (June 30, 1989), the Indian licence plate system followed the scheme:

text: BMU 7711

text: Where B was the state code (e.g. C for Karnataka since K was allotted to Kerala); MU were letters of the specific RTO; and 7711 was the unique licence plate number.[13] Older vehicles still exhibit this legally valid numbering scheme.

text: In Portuguese Goa, which was annexed by India in 1961, the scheme was Ixx-99-99 (before 1937 I-99999), second letters and third letters reserved by district.

text: When Madhya Pradesh was known as Central Province (then using code C), all vehicle license plates began with:

text:
CPZ — For All Government vehicles
CPP — Central Province Police
CPX — where "X" represented the district code (for example, vehicles registered in Jabalpur had a registration plate starting with CPJ)

text: When renamed to Madhya Pradesh, then using code M:

text:
MPZ — For all Government vehicles
MPP — Madhya Pradesh Police
MPX — where "X" represented the district (for example, vehicles registered in Jabalpur had a registration plate starting with MPJ)

text: In the early 2000s, the number plate colouring scheme changed from white over black (BMU 7711) to black over white (BMU 7711) for private non-commercial vehicles, and from black over white (BMU 7711) to black over yellow (BMU 7711) for all other vehicles. The usage of the older colour scheme was made illegal after a period during which both styles were tolerated..


document_title: Bloodletting (The Walking Dead)

question_text: who shot rick's son in the walking dead

question_tokens: who shot rick 's son in the walking dead

text: Bloodletting (The Walking Dead)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In a flashback, Lori Grimes (Sarah Wayne Callies) is talking with other mothers about a fight she had with her husband, Rick (Andrew Lincoln). Rick's partner, Shane Walsh (Jon Bernthal), pulls up in a police cruiser and tells Lori that Rick has been severely wounded in a highway shootout. Lori then tells her and Rick's son, Carl (Chandler Riggs) the news, causing him to break down in tears.

text: In the present, Carl has been accidentally shot by a man named Otis (Pruitt Taylor Vince), who was hunting for deer. Otis brings Rick, Carl and Shane to a veterinarian named Hershel Greene (Scott Wilson), for whom Otis works as a farm hand. Hershel lives with his daughters Maggie (Lauren Cohan) and Beth (Emily Kinney), Beth's boyfriend Jimmy (James Allen McCune), and Otis' wife Patricia (Jane McNeill). He treats Carl, but he reveals that the bullet was broken into six fragments. Rick must donate blood to Carl in order to keep him alive.

text: Lori, Glenn (Steven Yeun), Carol (Melissa McBride), Daryl (Norman Reedus), and Andrea (Laurie Holden) are still searching for Carol's daughter, Sophia (Madison Lintz), when they overhear a gunshot. Meanwhile, on the highway, Dale (Jeffrey DeMunn) believes that T-Dog (IronE Singleton) has contracted a blood infection from the wound he received in the previous episode, and both search for antibiotics, but they fail to find any.

text: At the Greene farm, Hershel reveals that Carl needs major surgery to live, and that he will need a respirator. Otis suggests that they might find supplies at a nearby high school—where the Federal Emergency Management Agency has set up a trailer—although the place is likely overrun with walkers. Otis and Shane decide to get the supplies, while Maggie retrieves Lori from the group and brings her to the Greene home. Rick and Hershel discuss the walker epidemic; Rick believes there is no cure, while Hershel has faith that there could be one.

text: The group searching for Sophia returns to the highway, where Daryl reveals that he has a bag containing painkillers and doxycycline antibiotics that T-Dog can take. Shane and Otis retrieve the supplies, but are spotted by walkers. The two have no choice but to barricade themselves in the high school.

text: Production[edit]

text: "Bloodletting" was written by Glen Mazzara and directed by Ernest Dickerson.[2][3] In June 2011, it was announced that Scott Wilson, Lauren Cohan, and Pruitt Taylor Vince would appear on the second season as recurring characters.[4][5] In an interview with TV Guide, Gale Anne Hurd explained that Wilson's character, Hershel Greene, served as a patriarchal figure for the group. She continued: "He's a veterinarian with a great sense of humanity and a very unique take on the [walkers]." According to Hurd, Scott Wilson was cast because of his "tremendous scope and gravitas".[4] Hurd also stated that Cohan's character, Greene's daughter Maggie, was a woman in her twenties who eventually becomes a romantic interest for Glenn (Steven Yeun).[4] Further, Cohan added in an interview with the Philadelphia Daily News that Maggie was a Christian from a sheltered background. In preparation for her role, she spent a few months in Los Angeles, California to work with a dialect coach.[6] Emily Kinney also joined the cast as Hershel's younger daughter and Maggie's half-sister, Beth.

text: Principal photography commenced in Newnan, Georgia at Newnan High School in July 2011, after approval was received from the city council and the Coweta County School System. Site preparation initiated on July 1, and filming began at the gymnasium of the school over a period of four days from July 7–8 and again from July 11–12.[7] The location was temporarily renovated to mirror an abandoned Federal Emergency Management Agency camp.[7] Michael Riley, the production manager for the episode, contacted the Newnan Police Department to collaborate with producers.[7] Because of the large size of the filming location, Riley's production company notified surrounding neighborhoods, to avoid inconvenience.[7]

text: "Bloodletting" begins with a flashback of Rick Grimes' relationship with Lori, before she became romantically linked to Shane. In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Robert Kirkman asserted that it "speaks to Shane and his relationship to Lori and Rick in the early days."[8] He continued:

text: "A lot of people think of Shane as a clear villain and that he did a bad thing. But if you really analyze that situation, he’s a good guy and has done the right thing at every turn. Because he's done that, and it’s not working out for him, it’s driving him crazy. So we really wanted to show that he’s a tragic figure much more than a villainous figure. It’s just a series of unfortunate situations that have led to him slowly losing himself in this world. Popping back in time and showing his concern for Rick and how he cares for Lori and Carl, I thought that would be a good thing to do."[8]

text: During a scene on the road, Daryl reveals a plastic bag of Merle's drug stash he originally kept in hiding from the crew, only bringing it out to aid T-Dog's rising fever. In the bag are doxycyclin (because, Daryl explains, Merle occasionally catches the clap), painkillers, ecstasy, and methamphetamine. The meth is blue, leading to speculations that it was a reference to the famous blue meth prepared by Walter White in the television series, Breaking Bad.[9] In his interview in the after-show Talking Dead, Kirkman stated that the scene was "a little Easter egg we were doing for AMC fans."[9]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: "Bloodletting" was first broadcast on October 23, 2011 in the United States on AMC. The episode received 6.70 million viewers and attained a 3.6 rating in the 18-49 demographic, according to Nielsen ratings.[10] An encore presentation gained an additional 2.077 million viewers and garnered a 1.0 rating in the 18-49 demographic.[10] Along with becoming the highest-rated program on basic cable for the night, "Bloodletting" became the second highest-rated program of the week on basic cable, scoring higher than the season finale of Jersey Shore, but garnering less than a game between the Miami Dolphins and the New York Jets as part of the 2011 NFL season.[11] Total viewership and ratings for the episode were moderately down from the previous episode, "What Lies Ahead", which was watched by 7.26 million viewers and attained a 3.8 rating in the 18-49 demographic, according to the Nielsen ratings.[12]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The episode was well received by television critics. Ology writer Josh Harrison gave the episode a nine out of ten rating, and opined that the episode was a "home run episode" for the series. Harrison continued: "Its central conflict is intense, its action is solid, and its new arrivals are engaging characters in their own right. Light on the gore and heavy on the drama—just how I like my Sunday night zombie adventures."[13] Scott Meslow from The Atlantic gave the episode a positive review, deeming it as an improvement from the previous episode, and appreciated that the episode had opened up new plot points for future episodes to come. Meslow wrote, "At the bare minimum, The Walking Dead should be exciting, and the final moments of "Bloodletting" provides more than enough action."[14] Echoing similar sentiments, Catherine Gee of The Daily Telegraph gave the episode a 3.5 out of 5 stars, and compared it to the second season premiere, opining: "It may have been a calmer episode but there was no shortage of story to chew on."[15] Joe Oesterle of Mania.com commended the opening sequence of the episode, and praised the performances of Lincoln and Bernthal. Oesterle wrote, "Andrew Lincoln and Jon Bernthal [...] gave a fine bit of acting, and I found it interesting how the character Rick started looking and walking a little bit zombish after giving blood. The scenes between the two men were moving, and if you listened close you could decipher the main differences between these two cowboy cops. Rick is bound and determined to get back to his wife and let her know their son is in mortal danger, without ever doubting his own ability to successfully complete the mission, while Shane on the other hand is not quite as automatically selfless and heroic."[16] In conclusion, Oesterle gave "Bloodletting" a 'B' grade.[16] Eric Goldman of IGN gave the episode an 8.5 out of ten, signaling a "great" response. Goldman stated that it was an improvement over the last episode, and that it had a great scare moment and cliffhanger.[17] Similarly, Paste's Josh Jackson gave the episode an 8.3 out of ten rating, signifying a "commendable" rating.[18] Steve West of Cinema Blend expressed that "Bloodletting" was superior to the previous episode, opining that it was "a character strengthening episode." He continued: "Even those throwaway threads are immensely important to what’s about to go down at the Green farm."[19]

text:
It was, by and large, a tedious hour, as most "Oh my god, will this boy die?" hours tend to be. There was some fun zombie action during the assault on the school, and we got a wince inducing surgery scene as the doctor pulled out a fragment of bullet from Carl's stomach, but in between this was a lot of talking, and little of it served much purpose beyond filling time.
“
”

– Zach Handlen of The A.V. Club[20]

tag: div

text: Some television critics were less enthusiastic about the episode. Zack Handlen from The A.V. Club felt that the episode was inferior to the previous episode, deeming it tedious.[20] He wrote, "'Bloodletting' was a step down from last week's première, mostly because it focused more on conversations than scares. Much as I want this show to find some way to do its characters right, those conversations were bland, providing no new information beyond, hey, it would suck to have your son get shot in front of you, huh?"[20] Concluding his review, Handlen gave the episode a 'B–' grade.[20] In concurrence, Nate Rawlings of Time stated: "For an episode titled 'Bloodletting' there was surprisingly little of it last night. What we got instead were outpourings of emotion and frustration. Two entries in, and it's already clear that the show wants to strike a balance between gore and humanity."[21] Andrew Conrad of the Chicago Tribune was unhappy with the episode; he expressed disappointment with the low amount of zombie sequences, writing, "It must be a bit of a relief for the show's make-up department, but I'd like to see at least one walker every ten minutes or so."[22]


document_title: Rock of Love with Bret Michaels

question_text: how many seasons of rock of love are there

text: Rock of Love with Bret Michaels

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
Season
Season premiere
Season finale
Reunion show
Winner
Runner Up
Number of Contestants
Number of Episodes

Season One
July 15, 2007
(1.6M viewers[5])
September 30, 2007
(5.4M viewers[6])
October 7, 2007
(3.9M viewers[7])
Jes Rickleff
Heather Chadwell
25a
13

Season Two
January 13, 2008
(3.72M viewers[8])
April 13, 2008
(5.03M viewers[9])
April 20, 2008
(3.15M viewers[10])
Ambre Lake
Daisy de la Hoya
20
14

Season Three
January 4, 2009
(2.1M viewers[11])
April 12, 2009
(3.2M viewers[2])
April 19, 2009
Taya Parker
Mindy Hall
23b
13

text:
aThere were 25 contestants, but 5 got eliminated before they entered the house. One of the five talked Big John into giving her another chance.
bThere were 20 contestants at the beginning of the season, but later 3 new girls were added.

text: Production and legal problems[edit]

text: In April 2008 a breach-of-contract lawsuit was filed against both Michaels and the show's producers by the owner of the mansion, Ray Sahranavard. He claims that there was about $380,000 worth of damages done to the mansion, and that the producers failed to get insurance that they had previously promised to purchase for the house. Sahranavard stated that there were multiple holes in the walls and ceilings, the doors had been removed, and that almost the entire interior of the house had been repainted. He also claimed that most of the landscaping was either dead or dying.[12]

text: A crew member from 51 Minds Entertainment was involved in an auto accident on Interstate 57 in southern Illinois during production of Rock Of Love Bus. The crew member, who is not an associate of Bret Michaels or part of his tour staff, was traveling alone to the next location stop for the series. The accident resulted in two fatalities in one car and injuries to two passengers in another vehicle. The crew member survived and was released from the hospital.[13]

text: Contestants[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Ambre Lake: Winner of Rock of Love 2. She appeared in the 2002 film, Sweet Home Alabama as a wedding planner,[14] and she starred in Tangled Web[15] and Witch Hunters.[16] She was also a featured fitness model in the Timekeeper Willis Boot Camp DVD.[17] Ambre made a guest appearance on the third season of Rock of Love along with Heather Chadwell as Bret's friends.
Angelique Morgan: Morgan, also known as "Frenchy" from Rock of Love 2 also appeared on Rock of Love: Charm School, placing twelfth, I Love Money 2, placing sixth.
Ashley "A-Bomb" Klarich: Ashley was a contestant on Rock of Love Bus, where she placed fifth. She was a contestant on the third season of Charm School with Ricki Lake, where she was one of the two runners-up.
Aubry Fisher: Aubry was a contestant on Rock of Love 2 but Bret revealed the last pass after Aubry decided to withdraw from the competition even though she was about to be eliminated. Aubry later appeared on the third and fourth seasons of LA Ink.
Beverly Palmer: Beverly was a contestant Rock of Love Bus, where she placed fourth. She appeared on the third season of Charm School, but was disqualified on the first episode due to physical violence with another cast member.
Brandi "Hambone" Cunningham: Appeared on the first season of Rock of Love. She has modeled alongside Megan Hauserman, Kristy Joe Muller, and Destiney Sue Moore in a Guitar World photoshoot.[18] She later went on to do pornography using the stage name "Brittany Burke".[19] She also appeared on I Love Money, and Rock of Love: Charm School, placing seventh on both shows.
Brandi Mahon: Placed fourth on the first season of Rock of Love. She was the winner of Rock of Love: Charm School. She previously did pornography using the name "Pamela".[20]
Brittaney Starr: Starr, from Rock of Love Bus, is a singer/songwriter and porn star. Since the show she appeared on the third season of Charm School, where she was expelled in Episode 4, placing ninth.
Brittanya O'Campo: Brittanya was in the final six on Rock of Love Bus. She was a contestant on the third season of Charm School, and was expelled in episode 9, placing fourth she had also appeared on I Love Money 4 placing sixth.
Cindy "Rodeo" Steedle: Rodeo is a single mother who was one of the two contestants eliminated in the fourth episode of Rock of Love. She later made a guest appearance on Rock of Love 2 in one of the challenges. Rodeo also appeared as a contestant on I Love Money and Rock of Love: Charm School, where she came in eleventh place on both shows.
Courtney Van Dusen: Courtney was one of the first contestants to be eliminated on Rock of Love 2 and later was one of the first to be expelled on Rock of Love: Charm School.
Daisy de la Hoya: Daisy was the runner-up of Rock of Love 2. Daisy claimed to be the niece of boxer Oscar De La Hoya in Episode 10. In a VH1 Extra video posted on VH1's web site, Jessica and Megan discover that the name Vanessa Mossman is printed on the checked-luggage tag attached to Daisy's luggage, causing them to suspect that is actually Daisy's real name.[21] She has her own reality dating show called Daisy of Love.
Dallas Harrison: Appeared on Rock of Love, being one of the contestants eliminated in the third episode of the show. She later appeared on Rock of Love: Charm School, where she came in eighth place. In 2009 she appeared in a Wendy's commercial. Harrison also appeared in a late night ExtaMax commercial.
Destiney Moore: Destiney placed third on Rock of Love 2. Moore has worked as an actress. She has modeled alongside Megan Hauserman, Kristy Joe Muller, and Brandi Cunningham in a Guitar World photoshoot.[18] She also appeared on I Love Money, placing thirteenth, and was the runner-up on Rock of Love: Charm School.
Farrah Sinclair: Farrah appeared on Rock of Love Bus, where she made it to the final 7. She was later cast on Charm School, where she quit in the third episode due to not being able to get along with some of her fellow cast mates.
Gia Lynn: Appeared on Rock of Love Bus, where she was one of the five that were the first contestants to be sent home. Gia was later cast on Charm School. She placed thirteenth because she was the second to be expelled. She also was believed to be a reserve on the cancelled show third season of I Love Money.
Heather Chadwell: Heather was the runner-up of season one of Rock of Love. Chadwell appeared in the second and third season of Rock of Love as Bret's friend. She also has appeared on Rock of Love: Charm School placing fourth, I Love Money, placing ninth, and various countdown shows on VH1. Heather also made cameo appearances in TV shows such as Californication and on the fifth season of the It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia where she played one of the models for Paddy's Pub brand merchandise. She was a contestant on Jerry Springer's dating show, Baggage, where she chose to go on a date with bachelor number one, Jimmy.
Inna Dimitrenko: Inna appeared on Rock of Love 2, where she made it to the final seven. She later joined Rock of Love: Charm School, finishing in ninth place.
Jamie Ross: Jamie appeared on Rock of Love Bus, placing third. Jamie is the personal assistant of American Idol singer Constantine Maroulis.[22]
Jessica Kinni: Jessica placed fourth on Rock of Love 2. Kinni was later cast on Rock of Love: Charm School, coming in fifth place after Sharon did a double elimination where she agreed with remaining girls by choosing her over Kristi Jo on who should need Charm School the least.
Kristy Joe Muller: Appeared on Rock of Love 2, placing sixth after quitting. Since Rock of Love 2, she was cast on Rock of Love: Charm School where she again placed sixth before Sharon did a double elimination the night that she also eliminated Jessica. She has also modeled for Playboy.[23] and Guitar World alongside Megan Hauserman, Brandi Cunningham, and Destiney Sue Moore.[18]
Lacey Conner: Lacey appeared on the first season of Rock of Love where she finished in third. She is a member of the band Nocturne. She placed third on Rock of Love: Charm School and made guest appearances on the second season and third season of Rock of Love. Lacey was a contestant on the canceled third season of I Love Money. she was believed to have placed sixth on the show.[24]
Marcia "Brazil" Alves: Marcia was a contestant on Rock of Love Bus, where she was eliminated in the fourth episode, leaving her in twelfth. She also was a contestant on the third season of Charm School with Ricki Lake, where she was one of the two runners-up. Marcia was also in fourth season of I Love Money where she had been eliminated on the fourth episode placing fourteenth. Marcia was also a contestant on the canceled third season of I Love Money. She was believed to have been eliminated in the first episode.[24]
Megan Hauserman: Megan appeared on Rock of Love 2, finishing in fifth place. Before the show, she was the winner on season three of Beauty and the Geek, and modeled as a Playboy Cybergirl. Since Rock of Love, Megan was cast on I Love Money, placing third after quitting in the finale, and Rock of Love: Charm School, placing tenth. She also modeled for a Guitar World photoshoot alongside Brandi Cunningham, Kristy Joe Muller, Destiney Sue Moore.[18] Megan had her own VH1 reality dating show entitled Megan Wants a Millionaire, but was it cancelled on August 23, 2009 because of the controversy surrounding one of the shows contestants, Ryan Jenkins.
Mindy Hall: Mindy was the runner-up of Rock of Love Bus. She was the winner of the fourth season of I Love Money. Her twin sister Cindy Hall was a contestant on the reality show Survivor: Guatemala.
Natasha McCollum: Natasha was a contestant Rock of Love Bus. She has been cast on the third season of Charm School, and was eliminated in Episode 5, leaving her in eighth place. She later went on to do pornography under the stage name "Scarlett Mei Dior".
Nikki Shamdasani: Nikki was eliminated in the first episode of Rock of Love Bus and is a graffiti artist and "DJ" under the name DJ Lady Tribe.
Raven Masterson: Raven was eliminated on the first episode of Rock of Love and was soon cast on Rock of Love: Charm School, but quit in the first episode saying she did not want to be there. She has done pornography using the name "Fiona".[25]
Tamara Witmer: Witmer appeared on season one of Rock of Love and is also a model. She was the first contestant eliminated on I Love Money 2. She was Playboy's Miss August 2005.
Taya Parker: Taya was the winner of Rock of Love Bus. Parker was Penthouse Pet of the Year for 2009.[26] Parker has also posed for Playboy on several of their web sites[27]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The theme song for the Rock of Love series is "Go That Far", which is the first single from the Bret Michaels album Rock My World, the soundtrack to the "Rock of Love" series. Rock My World is the fifth music album by Bret Michaels. This album is a greatest hits compilation featuring songs from his last two studio albums and also features three new tracks plus a remixed track. All the music heard during the Rock of Love series is on the album. The album charted at #40 on The Billboard 200, #4 on the Top Independent Albums, #4 on the Top Hard Rock Albums and #16 on the Top Rock Albums chart.[28]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Season 1 has been released in the US, but it is censored.[29] All three seasons have been released uncensored in Australia by Shock Records. A Box Set containing all 3 seasons was released in 2011.

text:
Season
Release dates
Discs

Region 1
Region 0

1
8 April 2008[30]
1 November 2008[31]
3 (R1)
4 (R0)

2

14 March 2009[32]
4

3

8 September 2010[33]
4

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text:
I Love Money features contestants from Rock of Love, I Love New York, Real Chance of Love, and Flavor of Love competing in different challenges for the ultimate prize of $250,000.
Rock of Love: Charm School features contestants from the first two seasons of Rock of Love competing for the title of "Charm School Queen" and a cash prize of $100,000.
Daisy of Love features Rock of Love 2 runner-up Daisy de la Hoya in her own dating show.
Charm School with Ricki Lake features 14 contestants from Rock of Love Bus and season one of Real Chance of Love who learn self-improvement through selfless acts and charity work. The winner will be named "Charm School Queen" and win the cash prize of $100,000.
Megan Wants a Millionaire features Megan Hauserman from Rock of Love 2 in her own dating show spin-off. The show premiered on August 2, 2009,[34] but was canceled on August 23, 2009, due to controversy involving castmember Ryan Jenkins.
Bret Michaels: Life As I Know It features Bret Michaels from Rock of Love in a new show spin-off. This show is going to be about Bret Michaels, his family, and his lifestyle.
Rock of Love Girls: Where Are They Now followed up with several of the girls from the show, showing where their lives have taken them since the filming of the show. Those that appeared included Heather, Lacey, Rodeo, Brandi C., and Tamara from Rock of Love, Daisy, Destiney, Megan, Kristy Joe, and Angelique from Rock of Love 2, and Taya, Mindy, Ashley, Farrah, and Marcia from Rock of Love Bus.

text: After the show[edit]

text: Brandi C, Rodeo, Heather, Megan, and Destiney appeared on the first season of I Love Money, finishing in 11th, 7th, 9th, 3rd, and 5th, respectively.

text: Tamara and Angelique appeared on I Love Money 2, where Tamara was the first to be eliminated, and Angelique came in sixth place.

text: Marcia and Lacey appeared on cancelled I Love Money 3 where Marcia was the first to be eliminated, and Lacey came in sixth.

text: Marcia, Brittanya, and Mindy appeared on I Love Money 4. Marcia came in fourteenth, Brittanya in sixth, and Mindy ultimately won the competition.

text: Marcia and Lacey will appear on the re-filming of I Love Money 3 as I Love Money 5.

text: Megan starred on her own dating show called Megan Wants a Millionaire, with Brandi C.

text: Rock Of Love: Charm School featured girls from the first two seasons. Brandi M, Lacey, Heather, Brandi C, Dallas, Rodeo, Raven, Destiney, Jessica, Kristy Joe, Inna, Megan, Angelique and Courtney. Brandi M. was the winner.

text: Charm School with Ricki lake featured girls from Rock of Love Bus, and Real Chance of Love. Beverly, Gia, Farrah, Brittaney Starr, Natasha, Brittanya, Marcia, and Ashley were all contestants, but none won the competition.

text: Bret Michaels: Life As I Know It.

text: Erin Martin, who was eliminated during the second season premiere of Rock of Love, competed on the second season of The Voice as a member of Cee Lo Green's team. Despite having won a battle round against fellow competitors the Shields Brothers, her vocal performance has been panned by fans and critics alike, as well as Voice coach Cee Lo Green himself. On April 10, 2012, she was eliminated along with teammate Tony Vincent.

text: Angelique "Frenchy" Morgan appeared on Celebrity Big Brother 14 as a contestant, and became the 3rd housemate to be evicted.

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: The show was parodied in a sketch on the February 23, 2008 episode of Saturday Night Live.[35]

text: Michaels and the series were also parodied in the video for Eminem's "We Made You".[36]

text: The upcoming Paul Rothbart film, Sole Mates to be released in 2012, features a celebrity reality dating show called Soul Mate loosely modeled on Rock of Love.

text: The show can be seen playing on a television in a scene in the 2008 film Step Brothers.

text: The show can be seen playing on a television in the third episode of the U.S. reality competition television series Whodunnit?.


document_title: Justice League (film)

question_text: who plays the flash in the new justice league

text: Justice League (film)

text: Synopsis

text: Months after the events of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice[2] and inspired by Superman's apparent sacrifice for humanity, Bruce Wayne and Diana Prince assemble a team of metahumans consisting of Barry Allen, Arthur Curry, and Victor Stone to face the catastrophic threat of Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons who are on the hunt for three Mother Boxes on Earth.[3][4]

text: Cast

text:
Ben Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman:
The benefactor of the group of meta-humans, a wealthy socialite and the owner of Wayne Enterprises, who also dedicates himself to protecting Gotham City from its criminal underworld as a highly trained, masked vigilante equipped with many powerful tools and weapons.

Henry Cavill as Kal-El / Clark Kent / Superman:
A Kryptonian survivor and journalist for the Daily Planet with superhuman abilities, who seemingly died after the events of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. In February 2016, Cavill announced on social media that he had already started exercising for the film in advance of principal photography.[5]

Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman:
An antiquities dealer and acquaintance of Wayne who is actually an immortal Amazonian warrior princess from Themyscira and daughter of Zeus, who possesses superhuman attributes and abilities inherited from her parents.

Jason Momoa as Arthur Curry / Aquaman:
The king of the undersea nation of Atlantis, whose meta-human aquatic abilities and superhuman physical attributes originate from his Atlantean physiology.

Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / Flash:
A Central City police forensic investigator, who can move at superhuman speeds with his ability to tap into the Speed Force.

Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg:
A former college athlete who, after being cybernetically reconstructed with a Mother Box after a nearly fatal accident, has powers that allow him to manipulate technology and to turn his arms to cannons. Fisher portrays the character through the assistance of motion capture performance, for the cybernetic portion of his body.[6]

Ciarán Hinds as Steppenwolf:
A general of the alien race, the New Gods, from the planet Apokolips who is charged with hunting down the three Mother Boxes on Earth for his nephew and commanding officer Darkseid.[4][7] The character had previously appeared in the extended Ultimate Edition of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, in which he communicates with Lex Luthor through Kryptonian hologram technology. In March 2017, Ciarán stated that Steppenwolf is old, tired and trying to get out of his enslaved position under Darkseid.[8] Hinds will portray the villain through use of motion capture performance and received help in that process from his friend Liam Neeson, who had recently done similar work in A Monster Calls.[9]

Amy Adams as Lois Lane: An undaunted and compassionate award-winning journalist for the Daily Planet and the primary love interest for Clark Kent / Superman.[10]
Willem Dafoe as Nuidis Vulko: An Atlantean advisor to Aquaman.[11]
Jesse Eisenberg as Lex Luthor: The hereditary CEO of LexCorp who is incarcerated following the events of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[12][13][14]
Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth: Bruce Wayne's butler, chief of security, and trusted confidant.[15]
Diane Lane as Martha Kent: Clark Kent's adoptive mother.[10]
Connie Nielsen as Queen Hippolyta: Diana Prince's mother and the Amazonian queen.[10]
J. K. Simmons as James Gordon: The Commissioner of the Gotham City Police Department and close ally of Batman.[10]

text: Joe Morton and Robin Wright reprise their roles as Dr. Silas Stone, a scientist at S.T.A.R. Labs and Victor Stone's father, and as General Antiope, Hippolyta's sister and Diana's aunt/mentor, from Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and Wonder Woman, respectively.[16][17] Amber Heard, Billy Crudup, and Kiersey Clemons will portray Mera, Dr. Henry Allen, and Iris West, respectively.[10][16] Julian Lewis Jones and Michael McElhatton have been cast in undisclosed roles.[18][19]

text: Production

text: Development

text: In February 2007, it was announced that Warner Bros. hired husband and wife duo Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a script for a Justice League film.[20] The news came around the same time that Joss Whedon's long-developed Wonder Woman film had been cancelled,[21] as well as The Flash, written and directed by David S. Goyer.[22] Reportedly titled Justice League: Mortal,[23] Michele and Kiernan Mulroney submitted their script to Warner Bros. in June 2007, receiving positive feedback,[24] which prompted the studio to immediately fast track production in the hopes of filming to begin before the 2007-2008 Writers Guild of America strike.[25] Warner Bros. was less willing to proceed with development with a sequel to Superman Returns, having been disappointed with the box office return. Brandon Routh was not approached to reprise the role of Superman in Justice League: Mortal,[26] nor was Christian Bale from Batman Begins.[27] Warner Bros. intended for Justice League: Mortal to be the start of a new film franchise, and to branch out into separate sequels and spin-offs.[28] Shortly after filming finished with The Dark Knight,[29] Bale stated in an interview that "It'd be better if it doesn't tread on the toes of what our Batman series is doing," though he personally felt it would make more sense for Warner Bros. to release the film after The Dark Knight Rises.[27] Jason Reitman was the original choice to direct Justice League, but he turned it down, as he considers himself an independent filmmaker and prefers to stay out of big budget superhero films.[30] George Miller signed to direct in September 2007,[25] with Barrie Osbourne producing[31] on a projected $220 million budget.[32]

text: The following month roughly 40 actors and actresses were auditioning for the ensemble superhero roles, among them were Joseph Cross, Michael Angarano, Max Thieriot, Minka Kelly, Adrianne Palicki and Scott Porter. Miller intended to cast younger actors as he wanted them to "grow" into their roles over the course of several films.[29] D. J. Cotrona was cast as Superman,[28] along with Armie Hammer as Batman.[33] Jessica Biel reportedly declined the Wonder Woman role after being in negotiations.[34] The character was also linked to actresses Teresa Palmer and Shannyn Sossamon, along with Mary Elizabeth Winstead, who confirmed that she had auditioned.[35] Ultimately Megan Gale was cast as Wonder Woman,[36] while Palmer was cast as Talia al Ghul, whom Miller had in mind to act with a Russian accent.[37] The script for Justice League: Mortal would have featured John Stewart as Green Lantern, a role originally offered to Columbus Short.[38] Hip hop recording artist and rapper Common was cast,[39] with Adam Brody as Barry Allen / Flash,[40] and Jay Baruchel as the lead villain, Maxwell Lord.[41] Longtime Miller collaborator Hugh Keays-Byrne had been cast in an unnamed role, rumored to be Martian Manhunter. Aquaman had yet to be cast.[29][32] Marit Allen was hired as the original costume designer before her untimely death in November 2007,[42] and the responsibilities were assumed by Weta Workshop.[43]

text: However, the writers strike began that same month and placed the film on hold. Warner Bros. had to let the options lapse for the cast,[44] but development was fast tracked once more in February 2008 when the strike ended. Warner Bros. and Miller wanted to start filming immediately,[45] but production was pushed back three months.[28] Originally, the majority of Justice League: Mortal would be shot at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney,[32] with other locations scouted nearby at local colleges,[31] and Sydney Heads doubling for Happy Harbor.[23] The Australian Film Commission had a say with casting choices, giving way for George Miller to cast Gale, Palmer and Keays-Bryne, all Australian natives. The production crew was composed entirely of Australians, but the Australian government denied Warner Bros. a 40 percent tax rebate as they felt they had not hired enough Australian actors.[32][46] Miller was frustrated, stating that "A once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for the Australian film industry is being frittered away because of very lazy thinking. They're throwing away hundreds of millions of dollars of investment that the rest of the world is competing for and, much more significantly, highly skilled creative jobs."[47] Production offices were then moved to Vancouver Film Studios in Canada. Filming was pushed back to July 2008, while Warner Bros was still confident they could release the film for a summer 2009 release.[48][49]

text: With production delays continuing, and the success of The Dark Knight in July 2008,[50] Warner Bros. decided to focus on the development of individual films featuring the main heroes, allowing director Christopher Nolan to separately complete his Batman trilogy with The Dark Knight Rises in 2012. Gregory Noveck, senior vice president of creative affairs for DC Entertainment stated "we're going to make a Justice League movie, whether it's now or 10 years from now. But we're not going to do it and Warners is not going to do it until we know it's right."[51] Actor Adam Brody joked "They [Warner Brothers] just didn't want to cross their streams with a whole bunch of Batmans in the universe."[52] Warner Bros. relaunched development for the solo Green Lantern film, released in 2011 as a critical and financial disappointment. Meanwhile, film adaptations for The Flash and Wonder Woman continued to languish in development while filming for a Superman reboot was commencing in 2011 with Man of Steel, produced by Nolan and written by Batman screenwriter David S. Goyer. Shortly after filming had finished for Man of Steel, Warner Bros hired Will Beall to write the script for a new Justice League film.[53] Warner Bros. president Jeff Robinov explained that Man of Steel would be "setting the tone for what the movies are going to be like going forward. In that, it's definitely a first step."[54] The film included references to the existence of other superheroes in the DC Universe,[55] and setting the tone for a shared fictional universe of DC Comics characters on film.[56] Goyer stated that should Green Lantern appear in a future installment, it would be a rebooted version of the character and not connected to the 2011 film.[57] With the release of Man of Steel in June 2013, Goyer was hired to write a sequel, as well as a new Justice League, with the Beall draft being scrapped.[58] The sequel was later revealed to be Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, a team up film featuring Ben Affleck as Batman, Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman, and Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg in a minor role that will become more significant in leading up to the proposed Justice League film. The universe is separate from Nolan and Goyer's work on The Dark Knight trilogy, although Nolan is still involved as an executive producer for Batman v Superman.[59] In April 2014, it was announced that Zack Snyder would also be directing Goyer's Justice League script.[60] Warner Bros. was reportedly courting Chris Terrio to rewrite Justice League the following July, after having been impressed with his rewrite of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[61] On October 15, 2014, Warner Bros. announced the film would be released in two parts, with Part One releasing on November 17, 2017, and Part Two on June 14, 2019. Snyder will direct both films.[62] In early July 2015, EW revealed that the script for Justice League Part One had been completed by Terrio.[63] Zack Snyder stated that the film will be inspired by the New Gods comic series by Jack Kirby.[4] Although Justice League was initially announced as a two-part film with the second part releasing two years after the first, Snyder announced in June 2016 that they would be two distinct, separate films and not one film split into two parts, both being stand-alone stories.[64][65]

text: Casting

text: In April 2014, Ray Fisher was cast as Victor Stone / Cyborg, and was set to cameo in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice followed by a larger role in Justice League.[66][67] Henry Cavill, Ben Affleck, Gal Gadot, Diane Lane and Amy Adams are also expected to reprise their roles from Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[62][68] In October 2014, Jason Momoa was cast as Arthur Curry / Aquaman and debuted as the character in Dawn of Justice.[69][70] On October 20, 2014, Momoa told ComicBook.com that the Justice League film would be coming first and that is what they were preparing for, and he did not know if the solo Aquaman film would be prior to Justice League or post. He thought it might be the origin of where Aquaman came from.[71] On January 13, 2016, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Amber Heard was in negotiations to appear in the film as Aquaman's love interest Mera.[72] In March 2016, producer Charles Roven said that Green Lantern would not appear in any film before Justice League Part Two, and stated that they "could put Green Lantern in some introduction in Justice League 2, or barring that, a movie after."[73] Also in March, The Hollywood Reporter announced that J. K. Simmons was cast as Commissioner James Gordon,[74] and Heard was confirmed to join the cast as Mera.[75] Adams also confirmed that she would reprise her role as Lois Lane in both Justice League films.[76] The following month, Simmons confirmed that he would play Gordon.[77] By April 2016, Willem Dafoe was cast in an undisclosed role,[78] later revealed to be Nuidis Vulko.[11] Cavill confirmed that he would return for both Justice League films.[79] In May 2016, Jeremy Irons confirmed he will appear as Alfred Pennyworth.[15] That same month, Jesse Eisenberg stated that he would reprise his role as Lex Luthor, and in June 2016, he confirmed in an interview with Shortlist magazine of his return.[80][81] In July 2016, Julian Lewis Jones was cast in an undisclosed role.[18] Laurence Fishburne, who portrays Perry White in the DCEU, said he declined to reprise his role in this film due to scheduling conflicts.[82] In April 2017, Michael McElhatton revealed that he has a role in the film.[19]

text: Filming

text: In July 2015, it was revealed that filming would begin in spring 2016 after Wonder Woman ended principal photography.[83] Principal photography commenced on April 11, 2016, with shooting taking place at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, as well as various locations around London, Scotland, Los Angeles and in Djúpavík in the Westfjords [84] of Iceland.[78][85][86] Snyder's longtime cinematographer Larry Fong was replaced by Fabian Wagner due to scheduling conflicts.[86] Affleck was also revealed to be serving as executive producer.[87] In May 2016, it was revealed that Geoff Johns and Jon Berg will be producing the Justice League films and they will also be in charge of the DC Extended Universe after the largely negative critical reception of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[88] Geoff Johns confirmed on June 3, 2016, that the title of the film is Justice League.[89] That same month, Irons stated that the Justice League storyline will be more linear and simple, in comparison to the theatrical version of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[90] Johns later stated that the film would be "hopeful and optimistic" in comparison to the previous DCEU films.[91] Filming wrapped in October 2016.[92][93][94]

text: Post-production

text: In May 2017, Snyder stepped down during post-production of the film to properly deal with the death of his daughter. Joss Whedon, who Snyder had previously brought on to rewrite some additional scenes, took over to handle post-production duties in Snyder's place.[95] In July 2017, it was announced the film was undergoing two months of reshoots in London and Los Angeles, with Warner Bros. putting about $25 million into them (more than the typical $6–10 million additional filming costs).[96] The reshoots coincided with Cavill's shooting schedule for Mission: Impossible 6, for which he had grown a mustache which he was contracted to keep while filming, so Justice League's VFX team had to resort to using special effects to digitally remove the mustache in post.[97]

text: Rumors circulated in August 2017 thanks to reports from movie blog Batman on Film[98] that the reshoots were more extensive than usual because previous cuts of the movie had been deemed “unwatchable” by the studio, prompting the studio to completely change the tone of the film.[96]

text: Music

text: In March 2016, Hans Zimmer, who composed the score for Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, stated that he is officially retired from the "superhero business".[99] By June 2016 he was replaced by Junkie XL, who wrote and composed the soundtrack of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice with Zimmer.[100] In June 2017, Danny Elfman was announced to have replaced Junkie XL.[101]

text: Release

text: Justice League is scheduled to be released on November 17, 2017.[62] The film will get an IMAX release.[102]

text: Sequel

text: A sequel was scheduled to be released in June 2019,[62] but has since been delayed to accommodate the release for a standalone Batman film.[103] In March 2017, producer Charles Roven announced that Zack Snyder would return as director.[104]