document_title: History of paper

question_text: what was paper made of in ancient china

question_tokens: what was paper made of in ancient china

root

text: History of paper

text: Precursors: papyrus and amate[edit]

text: The word "paper" is etymologically derived from papyrus, Ancient Greek for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant which was used in ancient Egypt and other Mediterranean societies for writing long before paper was used in China.[2] Papyrus however are plants pressed and dried, while paper is made from fibers whose properties have been changed by maceration or disintegration.[3]

tag: p

text: It is lucky chance that the date of CE 105 was recorded, because Cai Lun, the official involved, who seems to have introduced some improvements in paper manufacture, worked at the palace as a eunuch. Yet just because the new technology was not trumpeted at the time does not mean that it had no effect. On the contrary: up to this point China was lagging behind those Mediterranean societies where papyrus was used and where light, inexpensive scrolls could be created. But thereafter the advantage swung the other way, since papyrus, which is composed of organic material not as highly processed as paper, was prone to splitting and deterioration at a much greater rate; this may be why vellum eventually came to dominate, especially in the harsher climate of Northern Europe. Paper, by contrast, gave a good, uniform writing surface that could be smoothly rolled and unrolled without damage, while remaining relatively durable.[4]

text: In the pre-Columbian Americas, a type of early bark paper known as amate was used as a folded writing material for codices. The earliest sample of amate was found at Huitzilapa near the Magdalena Municipality, Jalisco, Mexico, belonging to the shaft tomb culture.[5]

text: Paper in China[edit]

text: Archaeological evidence of papermaking predates the traditional attribution given to Cai Lun,[6] an imperial eunuch official of the Han dynasty (202 BC-AD 220), thus the exact date or inventor of paper can not be deduced. The earliest extant paper fragment was unearthed at Fangmatan in Gansu province, and was likely part of a map, dated to 179-141 BC.[7] Fragments of paper have also been found at Dunhuang dated to 65 BC and at Yumen pass, dated to 8 BC.[8]

text: "Cai Lun's" invention, recorded hundreds of years after it took place, is dated to 105 AD. The innovation is a type of paper made of mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishing nets, old rags, and hemp waste which reduced the cost of paper production, which prior to this, and later, in the West, depended solely on rags.[8][9][4]

text: Techniques[edit]

text: During the Shang (1600–1050 BC) and Zhou (1050-256 BC) dynasties of ancient China, documents were ordinarily written on bone or bamboo (on tablets or on bamboo strips sewn and rolled together into scrolls), making them very heavy, awkward, and hard to transport. The light material of silk was sometimes used as a recording medium, but was normally too expensive to consider. The Han dynasty Chinese court official Cai Lun (ca. 50–121) is credited as the inventor of a method of papermaking (inspired by wasps and bees) using rags and other plant fibers in 105 CE.[4] However, the discovery of specimens bearing written Chinese characters in 2006 at Fangmatan in north-east China's Gansu Province suggests that paper was in use by the ancient Chinese military more than 100 years before Cai, in 8 BC, and possibly much earlier as the map fragment found at the Fangmatan tomb site dates from the early 2nd century BC.[7] It therefore would appear that "Cai Lun's contribution was to improve this skill systematically and scientifically, fix a recipe for papermaking".[10]

text: The record in the Twenty-Four Histories says[11]

text: The production process may have originated from the practice of pounding and stirring rags in water, after which the matted fibres were collected on a mat. The bark of Paper Mulberry was particularly valued and high quality paper was developed in the late Han period using the bark of tan (檀; sandalwood). In the Eastern Jin period a fine bamboo screen-mould treated with insecticidal dye for permanence was used in papermaking. After printing was popularized during the Song dynasty the demand for paper grew substantially. In the year 1101, 1.5 million sheets of paper were sent to the capital.[11]

text: Uses[edit]

text: Open, it stretches; closed, it rolls up. it can be contracted or expanded; hidden away or displayed.[8]

text: Among the earliest known uses of paper was padding and wrapping delicate bronze mirrors according to archaeological evidence dating to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han from the 2nd century BC.[12] Padding doubled as both protection for the object as well as the user in cases where poisonous "medicine" were involved, as mentioned in the official history of the period.[12] Although paper was used for writing by the 3rd century AD,[1] paper continued to be used for wrapping (and other) purposes. Toilet paper was used in China from around the late 6th century.[13] In 589, the Chinese scholar-official Yan Zhitui (531-591) wrote: "Paper on which there are quotations or commentaries from Five Classics or the names of sages, I dare not use for toilet purposes".[13] An Arab traveler who visited China wrote of the curious Chinese tradition of toilet paper in 851, writing: "... [the Chinese] do not wash themselves with water when they have done their necessities; but they only wipe themselves with paper".[13]

text: During the Tang dynasty (618–907) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea. In the same period, it was written that tea was served from baskets with multi-colored paper cups and paper napkins of different size and shape.[12] During the Song dynasty (960–1279) the government produced the world's first known paper-printed money, or banknote (see Jiaozi and Huizi). Paper money was bestowed as gifts to government officials in special paper envelopes.[13] During the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368), the first well-documented Europeans in Medieval China, the Venetian merchant Marco Polo remarked how the Chinese burned paper effigies shaped as male and female servants, camels, horses, suits of clothing and armor while cremating the dead during funerary rites.[14]

text: Impact of paper[edit]

text: According to Timothy Hugh Barrett, paper played a pivotal role in early Chinese written culture, and a "strong reading culture seems to have developed quickly after its introduction, despite political fragmentation."[15] Indeed the introduction of paper had immense consequences for the book world. It meant books would no longer have to be circulated in small sections or bundles, but in their entirety. Books could now be carried by hand rather than transported by cart. As a result individual collections of literary works increased in the following centuries.[16]

text: Textual culture seems to have been more developed in the south by the early 5th century, with individuals owning collections of several thousand scrolls. In the north an entire palace collection might have been only a few thousand scrolls in total.[17] By the early 6th century, scholars in both the north and south were capable of citing upwards of 400 sources in commentaries on older works.[18] A small compilation text from the 7th century included citations to over 1,400 works.[19]

text: The personal nature of texts was remarked upon by a late 6th century imperial librarian. According to him, the possession of and familiarity with a few hundred scrolls was what it took to be socially accepted as an educated man.[20]

text: According to Endymion Wilkinson, one consequence of the rise of paper in China was that "it rapidly began to surpass the Mediterranean empires in book production."[8] During the Tang dynasty, China became the world leader in book production. In addition the gradual spread of woodblock printing from the late Tang and Song further boosted their lead ahead of the rest of the world.[21]

text: From the fourth century CE to about 1500, the biggest library collections in China were three to four times larger than the largest collections in Europe. The imperial government book collections in the Tang numbered about 5,000 to 6,000 titles (89,000 juan) in 721. The Song imperial collections at their height in the early twelfth century may have risen to 4,000 to 5,000 titles. These are indeed impressive numbers, but the imperial libraries were exceptional in China and their use was highly restricted. Only very few libraries in the Tang and Song held more than one or two thousand titles (a size not even matched by the manuscript collections of the grandest of the great cathedral libraries in Europe).[22]

text: However despite the initial advantage afforded to China by the paper medium, by the 9th century its spread and development in the middle east had closed the gap between the two regions. Between the 9th to early 12th centuries, libraries in Cairo, Baghdad, and Cordoba held collections larger than even the ones in China, and dwarfed those in Europe. From about 1500 the maturation of paper making and printing in Southern Europe also had an effect in closing the gap with the Chinese. The Venetian Domenico Grimani's collection numbered 15,000 volumes by the time of his death in 1523. After 1600, European collections completely overtook those in China. The Bibliotheca Augusta numbered 60,000 volumes in 1649 and surged to 120,000 in 1666. In the 1720s the Bibliotheque du Roi numbered 80,000 books and the Cambridge University 40,000 in 1715. After 1700, libraries in North America also began to overtake those of China, and toward the end of the century, Thomas Jefferson's private collection numbered 4,889 titles in 6,487 volumes. The European advantage only increased further into the 19th century as national collections in Europe and America exceeded a million volumes while a few private collections, such as that of Lord Action, reached 70,000.[22]

text: European book production began to catch up with China after the introduction of the mechanical printing press in the mid fifteenth century. Reliable figures of the number of imprints of each edition are as hard to find in Europe as they are in China, but one result of the spread of printing in Europe was that public and private libraries were able to build up their collections and for the first time in over a thousand years they began to match and then overtake the largest libraries in China.[21]

text: Paper became central to the three arts of China - poetry, painting, and calligraphy. In later times paper constituted one of the 'Four Treasures of the Scholar's Studio,' alongside the brush, the ink, and the inkstone.[23]

text: Paper in Asia[edit]

text: After its origin in central China, the production and use of paper spread steadily. It is clear that paper was used at Dunhuang by AD 150, in Loulan in the modern-day province of Xinjiang by 200, and in Turpan by 399. Paper was concurrently introduced in Japan sometime between the years 280 and 610.[24]

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: Paper spread to Vietnam in the 3rd century.[16]

text: Korea[edit]

text: Paper spread to Korea in the 4th century.[16]

text: Japan[edit]

text: Paper spread to Japan in the 5th century.[16]

text: India[edit]

text: Paper spread to India in the 7th century.[16][25] However, the use of paper was not widespread there until the 12th century.[26]

text: Islamic world[edit]

text: After the defeat of the Chinese in the Battle of Talas in 751 (present day Kyrgyzstan), the invention spread to the Middle East.[27]

text: The legend goes,[28] the secret of papermaking was obtained from two Chinese prisoners from the Battle of Talas, which led to the first paper mill in the Islamic world being founded in Samarkand in Sogdia (modern-day Uzbekistan). There was a tradition that Muslims would release their prisoners if they could teach ten Muslims any valuable knowledge.[29] There are records of paper being made at Gilgit in Pakistan by the sixth century, in Samarkand by 751, in Baghdad by 793, in Egypt by 900, and in Fes, Morocco around 1100.[30]

text: The laborious process of paper making was refined and machinery was designed for bulk manufacturing of paper. Production began in Baghdad, where a method was invented to make a thicker sheet of paper, which helped transform papermaking from an art into a major industry.[31] The use of water-powered pulp mills for preparing the pulp material used in papermaking, dates back to Samarkand in the 8th century,[32] though this should not be confused with paper mills (see Paper mills section below). The Muslims also introduced the use of trip hammers (human- or animal-powered) in the production of paper, replacing the traditional Chinese mortar and pestle method. In turn, the trip hammer method was later employed by the Chinese.[33] Historically, trip hammers were often powered by a water wheel, and are known to have been used in China as long ago as 40 BC or maybe even as far back as the Zhou Dynasty (1050 BC–221 BC).[34]

text: By the 9th century, Muslims were using paper regularly, although for important works like copies of the revered Qur'an, vellum was still preferred.[35] Advances in book production and bookbinding were introduced.[36][unreliable source] In Muslim countries they made books lighter—sewn with silk and bound with leather-covered paste boards; they had a flap that wrapped the book up when not in use. As paper was less reactive to humidity, the heavy boards were not needed. By the 12th century in Marrakech in Morocco a street was named "Kutubiyyin" or book sellers which contained more than 100 bookshops.[37]

text: The earliest recorded use of paper for packaging dates back to 1035,[contradictory] when a Persian traveler visiting markets in Cairo noted that vegetables, spices and hardware were wrapped in paper for the customers after they were sold.[38] Since the First Crusade in 1096, paper manufacturing in Damascus had been interrupted by wars, but its production continued in two other centres. Egypt continued with the thicker paper, while Iran became the center of the thinner papers. Papermaking was diffused across the Islamic world, from where it was diffused further west into Europe.[39] Paper manufacture was introduced to India in the 13th century by Muslim merchants, where it almost wholly replaced traditional writing materials.[35]

text: Paper in Europe[edit]

text: The oldest known paper document in the West is the Mozarab Missal of Silos from the 11th century, probably using paper made in the Islamic part of the Iberian Peninsula. They used hemp and linen rags as a source of fiber. The first recorded paper mill in the Iberian Peninsula was in Xàtiva in 1056.[40][41] Papermaking reached Europe as early as 1085 in Toledo and was firmly established in Xàtiva, Spain by 1150. It is clear that France had a paper mill by 1190, and by 1276 mills were established in Fabriano, Italy and in Treviso and other northern Italian towns by 1340. Papermaking then spread further northwards, with evidence of paper being made in Troyes, France by 1348, in Holland sometime around 1340–1350, in Mainz, Germany in 1320, and in Nuremberg by 1390 in a mill set up by Ulman Stromer.[42] This was just about the time when the woodcut printmaking technique was transferred from fabric to paper in the old master print and popular prints. There was a paper mill in Switzerland by 1432 and the first mill in England was set up by John Tate in 1490 near Stevenage in Hertfordshire,[43] but the first commercially successful paper mill in Britain did not occur before 1588 when John Spilman set up a mill near Dartford in Kent.[44] During this time, paper making spread to Poland by 1491, to Austria by 1498, to Russia by 1576, to the Netherlands by 1586, to Denmark by 1596, and to Sweden by 1612.[30]

text: Arab prisoners who settled in a town called Borgo Saraceno in the Italian Province of Ferrara introduced Fabriano artisans in the Province of Ancona[clarification needed] the technique of making paper by hand. At the time they were renowned for their wool-weaving and manufacture of cloth. Fabriano papermakers considered the process of making paper by hand an art form and were able to refine the process to successfully compete with parchment which was the primary medium for writing at the time. They developed the application of stamping hammers to reduce rags to pulp for making paper, sizing paper by means of animal glue, and creating watermarks in the paper during its forming process. The Fabriano used glue, obtained by boiling scrolls or scraps of animal skin to size the paper; it is suggested that this technique was recommended by the local tanneries. The introduction of the first European watermarks in Fabriano was linked to applying metal wires on a cover laid against the mould which was used for forming the paper.[45]

text: They adapted the waterwheels from the fuller's mills to drive a series of 3 wooden hammers per trough. The hammers were raised by their heads by cams fixed to a waterwheel's axle made from a large tree trunk.[46][47]

text: Americas[edit]

text: In the Americas, archaeological evidence indicates that a similar bark-paper writing material was used by the Mayans no later than the 5th century AD.[48] Called amatl, it was in widespread use among Mesoamerican cultures until the Spanish conquest. The paper is created by boiling and pounding the inner bark of trees, until the material becomes suitable for art and writing.

text: These materials made from pounded reeds and bark are technically not true paper, which is made from pulp, rags, and fibers of plants and cellulose.

text: European papermaking spread to the Americas first in Mexico by 1575 and then in Philadelphia by 1690.[30]

text: Paper mills[edit]

text: The use of human and animal powered mills was known to Chinese and Muslim papermakers. However, evidence for water-powered paper mills is elusive among both prior to the 11th century.[49][50][51][52] The general absence of the use of water-powered paper mills in Muslim papermaking prior to the 11th century is suggested by the habit of Muslim authors at the time to call a production center not a "mill", but a "paper manufactory".[53]

text: Donald Hill has identified a possible reference to a water-powered paper mill in Samarkand, in the 11th-century work of the Persian scholar Abu Rayhan Biruni, but concludes that the passage is "too brief to enable us to say with certainty" that it refers to a water-powered paper mill.[54] This is seen by Halevi as evidence of Samarkand first harnessing waterpower in the production of paper, but notes that it is not known if waterpower was applied to papermaking elsewhere across the Islamic world at the time.[55] Burns remains sceptical, given the isolated occurrence of the reference and the prevalence of manual labour in Islamic papermaking elsewhere prior to the 13th century.[56]

text: Clear evidence of a water-powered paper mill dates to 1282 in the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon.[57] A decree by the Christian king Peter III addresses the establishment of a royal "molendinum", a proper hydraulic mill, in the paper manufacturing centre of Xàtiva.[57] The crown innovation originates from the Muslim Mudéjar community in the Moorish quarter of Xàtiva, where paper mills were a Muslim Mudejar operated enterprise.[58] However, it appears to be resented by sections of the local Muslim papermakering community; the document guarantees them the right to continue the way of traditional papermaking by beating the pulp manually and grants them the right to be exempted from work in the new mill.[57] Paper making centers began to multiply in the late 13th century in Italy, reducing the price of paper to one sixth of parchment and then falling further; paper making centers reached Germany a century later.[59]

text: The first paper mill north of the Alps was established in Nuremberg by Ulman Stromer in 1390; it is later depicted in the lavishly illustrated Nuremberg Chronicle.[60] From the mid-14th century onwards, European paper milling underwent a rapid improvement of many work processes.[61]

text: Fiber sources[edit]

text: Before the industrialisation of the paper production the most common fibre source was recycled fibres from used textiles, called rags. The rags were from hemp, linen and cotton.[62] A process for removing printing inks from recycled paper was invented by German jurist Justus Claproth in 1774.[62] Today this method is called deinking. It was not until the introduction of wood pulp in 1843 that paper production was not dependent on recycled materials from ragpickers.[62]

text: 19th century advances in papermaking[edit]

text: Although cheaper than vellum, paper remained expensive, at least in book-sized quantities, through the centuries, until the advent of steam-driven paper making machines in the 19th century, which could make paper with fibres from wood pulp. Although older machines predated it, the Fourdrinier papermaking machine became the basis for most modern papermaking. Nicholas Louis Robert of Essonnes, France, was granted a patent for a continuous paper making machine in 1799. At the time he was working for Leger Didot with whom he quarrelled over the ownership of the invention. Didot sent his brother-in-law, John Gamble, to meet Sealy and Henry Fourdrinier, stationers of London, who agreed to finance the project. Gamble was granted British patent 2487 on 20 October 1801. With the help particularly of Bryan Donkin, a skilled and ingenious mechanic, an improved version of the Robert original was installed at Frogmore, Hertfordshire, in 1803, followed by another in 1804. A third machine was installed at the Fourdriniers' own mill at Two Waters. The Fourdriniers also bought a mill at St Neots intending to install two machines there and the process and machines continued to develop.

text: However, experiments with wood showed no real results in the late 18th century and at the start of the 19th century. By 1800, Matthias Koops (in London, England) further investigated the idea of using wood to make paper, and in 1801 he wrote and published a book titled Historical account of the substances which have been used to describe events, and to convey ideas, from the earliest date, to the invention of paper.[63] His book was printed on paper made from wood shavings (and adhered together). No pages were fabricated using the pulping method (from either rags or wood). He received financial support from the royal family to make his printing machines and acquire the materials and infrastructure needed to start his printing business. But his enterprise was short lived. Only a few years following his first and only printed book (the one he wrote and printed), he went bankrupt. The book was very well done (strong and had a fine appearance), but it was very costly.[64][65][66]

text: Then in the 1830s and 1840s, two men on two different continents took up the challenge, but from a totally new perspective. Both Friedrich Gottlob Keller and Charles Fenerty began experiments with wood but using the same technique used in paper making; instead of pulping rags, they thought about pulping wood. And at about the same time, by mid-1844, they announced their findings. They invented a machine which extracted the fibres from wood (exactly as with rags) and made paper from it. Charles Fenerty also bleached the pulp so that the paper was white. This started a new era for paper making. By the end of the 19th-century almost all printers in the western world were using wood in lieu of rags to make paper.[67]

text: Together with the invention of the practical fountain pen and the mass-produced pencil of the same period, and in conjunction with the advent of the steam driven rotary printing press, wood based paper caused a major transformation of the 19th century economy and society in industrialized countries. With the introduction of cheaper paper, schoolbooks, fiction, non-fiction, and newspapers became gradually available by 1900. Cheap wood based paper also meant that keeping personal diaries or writing letters became possible and so, by 1850, the clerk, or writer, ceased to be a high-status job.

text: The original wood-based paper was acidic due to the use of alum and more prone to disintegrate over time, through processes known as slow fires. Documents written on more expensive rag paper were more stable. Mass-market paperback books still use these cheaper mechanical papers (see below), but book publishers can now use acid-free paper for hardback and trade paperback books.

text: Determining provenance[edit]

text: Determining the provenance of paper is a complex process that can be done in a variety of ways. The easiest way is using a known sheet of paper as an exemplar. Using known sheets can produce an exact identification. Next, comparing watermarks with those contained in catalogs or trade listings can yield useful results. Inspecting the surface can also determine age and location by looking for distinct marks from the production process. Chemical and fiber analysis can be used to establish date of creation and perhaps location.[68][page needed]


document_title: Use Your Illusion Tour

question_text: when did guns n roses play milton keynes bowl

text: Use Your Illusion Tour

text: History

text: The Use Your Illusion Tour was a promotional tour for the albums Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II. The tour started on May 24, 1991, approximately when the long-awaited follow-up to G N' R Lies was to be released, and ended over two years later. The release date of the album, or albums, since there were now two of them, was pushed back to September but the tour began as originally scheduled.  The tour marked a high point in the popularity of Guns N' Roses, with a total of over 7 million[1] fans attending, and accompanied by high worldwide album sales.

text: Live recordings from the tour would later be issued as a two video/DVD set, Use Your Illusion I and II, featuring footage from a 1992 concert in Tokyo, Japan and would also provide content for the 2-disc set Live Era: '87-'93. The tour also provided a large volume of footage for music videos, including "Dead Horse" and their popular cover of Paul McCartney's "Live and Let Die". Also, at one time, footage of much of the tour was to be released as a documentary, titled The Perfect Crime. The footage consisted of Guns N' Roses' time on the road, concert footage, and information about the riots and other major events of the tour. It was never released and never spoken about after the tour. Slash mentioned in his biography that Axl is in control of the footage and that Slash would be interested in viewing it, as he thought it captured some "killer moments" from the tour.[citation needed]

text: The conduct of the band, and particularly Axl Rose, during the Use Your Illusion Tour generated negative press, notably from the magazines Spin, Kerrang!, Circus, and Hit Parader. These magazines were mentioned in the song "Get in the Ring" where Axl Rose attacked writers who had written negative articles dealing with Rose's attitude.

text: The shows were all varied, as a setlist was never chosen by the band. They did, however, usually open with "Welcome to the Jungle", "It's So Easy", "Nightrain" or "Perfect Crime" and would shortly after one another play "Mr. Brownstone" or "Live and Let Die", and closed with "Paradise City". Each show featured many guitar solos from Slash (including the Theme From the Godfather) and a drum solo from drummer Matt Sorum, usually 6 minutes in length.[citation needed]

text: The Use Your Illusion Tour was massive not just in the number and size of performances, but also in its technical aspects and the size of the crew. A total of 130 working personnel traveled with the band during the tour, with the band using two different stages to enable faster setup.[2] The trade magazine Performance named the tour crew "Crew of the Year" for 1991.

text: Duff McKagan revealed in a 2015 interview that the band didn't make profit on the tour until 1993 due to the extravagant costs.[2]

text: Notable events

text: At the June 10, 1991 show, at Saratoga Performing Arts Center, Axl Rose requested that the crowd chant "Get In The Ring!". This was recorded for the song of that name on Use Your Illusion II.

text: On June 13, 1991, during the show in Philadelphia, Rose erupted after a fan fought with GNR photographer Robert John. When the fan kicked the camera out of his hands, Rose cursed him out and challenged him to a fight. After the fan was ejected from the concert, the show continued.

text: On Tuesday, July 2, 1991, at a show at the Riverport Amphitheatre in Maryland Heights, Missouri near St. Louis, Rose spotted a spectator recording the concert with a video camera and jumped into the audience after him when concert security failed to respond to his request to apprehend the man. Returning to the stage, Axl declared: "Well, thanks to the lame-ass security, I'm going home!" then slammed the mic on the stage, sparking the infamous Riverport riot. Axl then stormed off the stage; some people thought when he slammed the mic, because of the noise, that he shot someone. Slash told them, "He just slammed his mic on the floor. We're outta here." He proceeded to throw his guitar pick into the crowd and follow Axl. The band followed. The band was looking to come back out and finish the show, but as police and security tried to calm down the audience, a riot broke out. The footage was captured by Robert John who was documenting the entire tour. Sixty fans were injured. The band lost most of their equipment and Axl was charged with inciting a riot. He was acquitted due to lack of evidence.

text: On August 3, 1991, the day mixing of the Illusion albums was finished, The band played the longest show of the tour at the L.A. Forum. It lasted three and a half hours.[3]

text: On November 7, 1991, Izzy Stradlin quit the band after the release of Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II; his last show was on August 31, 1991, at Wembley Stadium. On December 5, replacement rhythm guitarist Gilby Clarke made his debut in Worcester, at the first show after the release of Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II.

text: On April 13 and 14, 1992, two concerts had to be canceled when a warrant was issued for Rose's arrest due to the St. Louis show.

text: On April 20, 1992, the band performed at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, an effort for AIDS Awareness in London. The band was a controversial addition to the lineup, as many in the gay community were still angry over Rose using a gay slur in "One in a Million." The band opened with "Paradise City" and closed with "Knockin' on Heaven's Door." During the famous "Paradise City" opening, Axl pointed at protesters in the audience and yelled, "SHOVE IT!"[citation needed][clarification needed] He had planned to address the controversy between songs, but was asked not to by the band as it would pull the spotlight from Queen and Freddie Mercury. As Slash concluded a short cover of Alice Cooper's "Only Women Bleed", Duff McKagan kept an eye on Axl, who approached the front of the stage. When Slash finished the song, then strummed the beginning of "Knockin' on Heaven's Door", McKagan walked over to Rose and shook his hand in appreciation. Later in the show, Slash joined Joe Elliott of Def Leppard and the surviving members of Queen for "Tie Your Mother Down." Rose sang "We Will Rock You" and finished "Bohemian Rhapsody" with Elton John and Queen. The show was broadcast live around the world via satellite, gathering the largest audience for a music concert in history.

text: On August 8, 1992, in Montreal, Quebec during the famously troubled GNR-Metallica Stadium Tour portion, Metallica frontman/guitarist James Hetfield's left arm was badly burned due to misunderstanding about pyrotechnics added to Metallica's stage setup. Metallica was forced to end their set early. However, Guns were not present at the arena to begin before the scheduled time, leaving fans to wait several hours before they took the stage. A few songs into the very late set, audio problems resulted in the band not being able to hear themselves play. Axl stormed off stage due to vocal issues, sparking a riot that spilled into the streets.

text: On November 25, 1992, the band performed in Caracas, Venezuela, in front of a crowd of 45,000. Just two days later, the Venezuela Air Force launched a failed military coup, making it impossible for half of the band's crew and all of their equipment to leave the country.[citation needed]

text: On November 30, 1992, the band performed for the first time in Bogotá, Colombia. When they started to play "November Rain", a soft rain fell over the city and stopped right after they finished the song. Rose later stated this was a special moment for him because "November Rain" was #1 in Colombia for 60 weeks. Rose stated that the band were at risk of electrocution and must stop to dry the stage. The band moved backstage and returned to finish with "Don't Cry" and "Paradise City."

text: On December 2, 1992, the band performed in Santiago, Chile, at Estadio Nacional in front of 85,535 people, breaking an attendance record in the stadium. At their arriving at Chile, Rose attacked some graphic reporters and a cameraman was injured. Before the concert, Rose got drunk and arrived at the stadium two hours late. While the band performed "Civil War" some people threw bottles to the stage, and Rose stopped four minutes into the show. The concert ended with 50 people arrested outside the stadium, and a teenage fan with several injuries, dying two days later.

text: In February 1993, Gilby Clarke told BBC Radio 1's Friday Rock Show: "For the last year and a half, we had a film crew with us. They do film every show and things backstage: hotel rooms, everything. And what we're gonna do at the end of the whole tour – which is actually after we're done in Europe – is put it all together, and we are gonna make a movie. It's pretty candid right now, so it's gonna be really great. The difference between ours and Madonna's is that ours isn't scripted. This movie is actually things that are happening around us." He also said GN'R would record an MTV Unplugged during their stay in Russia. Neither of these plans came to fruition.[4]

text: Stradlin returned for several shows in 1993, deputizing for an injured Clarke. "It was weird," he recalled. "We toured Greece, Istanbul, London [sic]. I liked that side of it – seeing some places I'd never seen… [But] money was a big sore point. I did the dates just for salary… [At the end] I didn't actually say 'See you', cos they were all fucked up… It was like playing with zombies."[5]

text: On July 17, 1993, the band performed in Buenos Aires, Argentina at River Plate Stadium in front of 80,000 people. It was their last show with most of the Use Your Illusion-era lineup (Rose, Slash, McKagan, Sorum, Reed, and Clarke). The tour was renamed the "Skin N' Bones Tour" for the last couple of legs and included an unplugged performance in a living room set. A highlight of the night was Cozy Powell dressed as a Domino's Pizza delivery boy playing drums with Sorum.

text: First typical setlist

text: (Taken from the Inglewood, California Great Western Forum show on August 3, 1991)

text:
"Perfect Crime"
"Mr. Brownstone"
"Right Next Door To Hell"
"Bad Obsession"
"Live and Let Die" (originally performed by Paul McCartney and Wings)
"It's So Easy"
"Yesterdays"
"Dust N' Bones"
"Double Talkin' Jive"
"Civil War"
"Patience"
"You Could Be Mine"
"November Rain"
"My Michelle"
"14 Years"
"Nightrain"
"Welcome to the Jungle"
"Pretty Tied Up"
"Rocket Queen"
"Don't Cry" (Original) (with Shannon Hoon of Blind Melon)
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" (originally performed by Bob Dylan)
"You Ain't the First" (with Shannon Hoon of Blind Melon)
"Used to Love Her"
"Move to the City"
"Sweet Child o' Mine"
"You're Crazy" (with Sebastian Bach of Skid Row)
"Locomotive"
"Out ta Get Me"
"Dead Horse"
"Estranged"
"Paradise City"

tag: ol

text: Second typical setlist

text: (Taken from the Tokyo, Japan Tokyo Dome show on February 22, 1992)

text:
"Nightrain"
"Mr. Brownstone"
"Live and Let Die" (originally performed by Paul McCartney and Wings)
"It's So Easy"
"Bad Obsession"
"Attitude"  (originally performed by the Misfits)
"Pretty Tied Up"
"Welcome to the Jungle"
"Don't Cry" (Original)
"Double Talkin' Jive"
"Civil War"
"Wild Horses" (originally performed by The Rolling Stones)
"Patience"
"You Could Be Mine"
"November Rain"
"Sweet Child o' Mine"
"So Fine"
"Rocket Queen"
"Move to the City"
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" (originally performed by Bob Dylan)
"Estranged"
"Paradise City"

text: Third typical setlist

text: (Taken from the Stuttgart, Germany Neckarstadion show on May 28, 1992)

text:
"It's So Easy"
"Mr. Brownstone"
"Live and Let Die" (originally performed by Paul McCartney and Wings)
"Bad Obsession"
"Attitude"  (originally performed by the Misfits)
"Don't Cry" (Original)
"Double Talkin' Jive"
"Civil War"
"Welcome to the Jungle"
"Wild Horses" (originally performed by The Rolling Stones)
"Patience"
"It's Alright" (originally performed by Black Sabbath)
"November Rain"
"You Could Be Mine"
"Sweet Child o' Mine"
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" (originally performed by Bob Dylan)
"Estranged"
"Paradise City"

text: Fourth typical setlist

text: (Taken from the Paris, France Hippodrome de Vincennes show on June 6, 1992)

text:
"It's So Easy"
"Mr. Brownstone"
"Live and Let Die" (originally performed by Paul McCartney and Wings)
"Attitude"  (originally performed by the Misfits)
"Bad Obsession"
"Always on the Run" (originally performed by Lenny Kravitz) (with Lenny Kravitz)
"Double Talkin' Jive"
"Civil War"
"Wild Horses" (originally performed by The Rolling Stones)
"Patience"
"You Could Be Mine"
"It's Alright" (originally performed by Black Sabbath)
"November Rain"
"Sweet Child o' Mine"
"Welcome to the Jungle"
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" (originally performed by Bob Dylan)
"Mama Kin" (originally performed by Aerosmith) (with Steven Tyler and Joe Perry of Aerosmith)
"Train Kept A-Rollin'" (originally performed by Tiny Bradshaw) (with Steven Tyler and Joe Perry of Aerosmith)
"Don't Cry" (Original)
"Paradise City"

text: Fifth typical setlist

text: (Taken from the Buenos Aires, Argentina River Plate Stadium show on July 17, 1993)

text:
"Nightrain"
"Mr. Brownstone"
"Yesterdays"
"Live and Let Die" (originally performed by Paul McCartney and Wings)
"Attitude"  (originally performed by the Misfits)
"Welcome to the Jungle"
"Double Talkin' Jive"
"Dead Flowers" (originally performed by The Rolling Stones)
"You Ain't the First"
"You're Crazy"
"Used to Love Her"
"Patience"
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" (originally performed by Bob Dylan)
"November Rain"
"Dead Horse"
"You Could Be Mine"
"Sweet Child o' Mine"
"Paradise City"

text: Tour dates

text:
Date

City

Country

Venue

Rock in Rio II

January 20, 1991

Rio de Janeiro

Brazil

Maracanã Stadium

January 23, 1991

Warm-up shows

May 9, 1991

San Francisco

United States

Warfield Theatre

May 11, 1991

Los Angeles

Pantages Theatre

May 16, 1991

New York City

The Ritz

North America

May 24, 1991

East Troy

United States

Alpine Valley Music Theatre

May 25, 1991

May 28, 1991

Noblesville

Deer Creek Music Center

May 29, 1991

June 1, 1991

Grove City

Capital Music Center

June 2, 1991

Toledo

Toledo Speedway

June 4, 1991

Richfield

Richfield Coliseum

June 5, 1991

June 7, 1991

Toronto

Canada

CNE Grandstand

June 8, 1991

June 10, 1991

Saratoga Springs

United States

Saratoga Performing Arts Center

June 11, 1991

Hershey

Hersheypark Stadium

June 13, 1991

Philadelphia

The Spectrum

June 15, 1991

Bristol

Lake Compounce

June 17, 1991

Uniondale

Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum

June 19, 1991

Landover

Capital Centre

June 20, 1991

June 21, 1991

Bristol

Bristol Motor Speedway

June 22, 1991

Hampton

Hampton Coliseum

June 23, 1991

Charlotte

Charlotte Coliseum

June 25, 1991

Greensboro

Greensboro Coliseum

June 26, 1991

Knoxville

Thompson–Boling Arena

June 29, 1991

Lexington

Rupp Arena

June 30, 1991

Birmingham

Birmingham Race Course

July 2, 1991

Maryland Heights

Riverport Amphitheatre

July 3, 1991

July 4, 1991

Tinley Park

World Music Theater

July 6, 1991

Bonner Springs

Sandstone Amphitheater

July 8, 1991

Dallas

Coca-Cola Starplex Amphitheatre

July 9, 1991

July 11, 1991

Denver

McNichols Sports Arena

July 12, 1991

Englewood

Fiddler's Green Amphitheatre

July 13, 1991

Salt Lake City

Salt Palace Arena

July 16, 1991

Tacoma

Tacoma Dome

July 17, 1991

July 19, 1991

Mountain View

Shoreline Amphitheatre

July 20, 1991

July 23, 1991

Sacramento

ARCO Arena

July 25, 1991

Costa Mesa

Pacific Amphitheatre

July 26, 1991

July 29, 1991

Inglewood

Great Western Forum

July 30, 1991

August 2, 1991

August 3, 1991

Europe

August 13, 1991

Helsinki

Finland

Helsinki Ice Hall

August 14, 1991

August 16, 1991

Stockholm

Sweden

Globen

August 17, 1991

August 19, 1991

Copenhagen

Denmark

Forum Copenhagen

August 21, 1991

Oslo

Norway

Oslo Spectrum

August 24, 1991

Mannheim

Germany

May Market Area

August 31, 1991

London

United Kingdom

Wembley Stadium

North America

December 5, 1991

Worcester

United States

Worcester Centrum

December 6, 1991

December 9, 1991

New York City

Madison Square Garden

December 10, 1991

December 13, 1991

December 16, 1991

Philadelphia

The Spectrum

December 17, 1991

December 28, 1991

St. Petersburg

Suncoast Dome

December 31, 1991

Miami Gardens

Joe Robbie Stadium

January 3, 1992

Baton Rouge

LSU Assembly Center

January 4, 1992

Biloxi

Mississippi Coast Coliseum

January 7, 1992

Memphis

Pyramid Arena

January 9, 1992

Houston

The Summit

January 10, 1992

January 13, 1992

Fairborn

Nutter Center

January 14, 1992

January 21, 1992

Minneapolis

Target Center

January 22, 1992

January 25, 1992

Paradise

Thomas & Mack Center

January 27, 1992

San Diego

San Diego Sports Arena

January 28, 1992

January 31, 1992

Chandler

Compton Terrace

February 1, 1992

Asia

February 19, 1992

Tokyo

Japan

Tokyo Dome

February 20, 1992

February 22, 1992

North America

April 1, 1992

Mexico City

Mexico

Palacio de los Deportes

April 2, 1992

April 6, 1992

Oklahoma City

United States

Myriad Arena

April 9, 1992

Rosemont

Rosemont Horizon

April 10, 1992

April 13, 1992

Auburn Hills

The Palace

April 14, 1992

Europe

April 20, 1992

London

United Kingdom

Wembley Stadium(The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert)

May 16, 1992

Slane

Ireland

Slane Concert

May 20, 1992

Prague

Czechoslovakia

Strahov Stadium

May 22, 1992

Budapest

Hungary

Népstadion

May 23, 1992

Vienna

Austria

Donauinsel Stadium

May 26, 1992

Berlin

Germany

Olympiastadion

May 28, 1992

Stuttgart

Cannstatter Wasen

May 30, 1992

Cologne

Müngersdorfer Stadion

June 3, 1992

Hanover

Niedersachsenstadion

June 5, 1992

Werchter

Belgium

Werchter Park

June 6, 1992

Paris

France

Paris Hippodrome

June 13, 1992

London

United Kingdom

Wembley Stadium

June 14, 1992

Manchester

Maine Road

June 16, 1992

Gateshead

Gateshead International Stadium

June 20, 1992

Würzburg

Germany

Talavera-Mainwiese

June 21, 1992

Basel

Switzerland

St. Jakob Stadium

June 23, 1992

Rotterdam

Netherlands

Feijenoord Stadion

June 24, 1992

Ghent

Belgium

Expo Hall

June 27, 1992

Turin

Italy

Stadio delle Alpi

June 28, 1992

Rome

TBA

June 30, 1992

Seville

Spain

Estadio Benito Villamarín

July 2, 1992

Lisbon

Portugal

Estádio José Alvalade

July 4, 1992

Madrid

Spain

Vicente Caladron Stadium

July 5, 1992

Barcelona

Olympic Stadium

North AmericaSee also: Guns N' Roses/Metallica Stadium Tour

July 17, 1992

Washington, D.C.

United States

RFK Stadium

July 18, 1992

East Rutherford

Giants Stadium

July 21, 1992

Pontiac

Pontiac Silverdome

July 22, 1992

Indianapolis

Hoosier Dome

July 25, 1992

Orchard Park

Rich Stadium

July 26, 1992

Pittsburgh

Three Rivers Stadium

July 29, 1992

East Rutherford

Giants Stadium

August 8, 1992

Montreal

Canada

Olympic Stadium

August 25, 1992

Avondale

United States

Phoenix International Raceway

August 27, 1992

Las Cruces

Aggie Memorial Stadium

August 29, 1992

New Orleans

The Superdome

September 2, 1992

Orlando

Florida Citrus Bowl

September 4, 1992

Houston

Astrodome

September 5, 1992

Irving

Texas Stadium

September 7, 1992

Columbia

Williams-Brice Stadium

September 9, 1992

Los Angeles

Pauley Pavilion

September 11, 1992

Foxborough

Foxboro Stadium

September 13, 1992

Toronto

Canada

CNE Grandstand

September 15, 1992

Minneapolis

United States

Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome

September 17, 1992

Kansas City

Arrowhead Stadium

September 19, 1992

Denver

Mile High Stadium

September 24, 1992

Oakland

Oakland Coliseum (Day on the Green 1992)

September 27, 1992

Los Angeles

Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

September 30, 1992

San Diego

Jack Murphy Stadium

October 3, 1992

Pasadena

Rose Bowl

October 6, 1992

Seattle

Kingdome

South America

November 25, 1992

Caracas

Venezuela

Caracas Polyhedron

November 29, 1992

Bogotá

Colombia

Estadio El Campín

December 2, 1992

Santiago

Chile

Estadio Nacional de Chile

December 5, 1992

Buenos Aires

Argentina

River Plate Stadium

December 6, 1992

December 10, 1992

São Paulo

Brazil

Arena Anhembi

December 12, 1992

December 13, 1992

Rio de Janeiro

Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet

Asia / Oceania

January 12, 1993

Tokyo

Japan

Tokyo Dome

January 14, 1993

January 15, 1993

January 30, 1993

Sydney

Australia

Eastern Creek Raceway

February 1, 1993

Melbourne

Calder Park Raceway

February 6, 1993

Auckland

New Zealand

Mount Smart Stadium

North America

February 23, 1993

Austin

United States

Frank Erwin Center

February 25, 1993

Birmingham

Jefferson Civic Arena

March 6, 1993

New Haven

New Haven Coliseum

March 8, 1993

Portland

Cumberland County Civic Center

March 9, 1993

Hartford

Hartford Civic Center

March 12, 1993

Hamilton

Canada

Copps Coliseum

March 16, 1993

Augusta

United States

Augusta Civic Center

March 17, 1993

Boston

Boston Garden

March 20, 1993

Iowa City

Carver–Hawkeye Arena

March 21, 1993

Fargo

Fargodome

March 24, 1993

Winnipeg

Canada

Winnipeg Arena

March 26, 1993

Saskatoon

Saskatchewan Place

March 28, 1993

Edmonton

Northlands Coliseum

March 30, 1993

Vancouver

BC Place

April 1, 1993

Portland

United States

Memorial Coliseum

April 3, 1993

Sacramento

ARCO Arena

April 4, 1993

Reno

Lawlor Events Center

April 7, 1993

Salt Lake City

Delta Center

April 9, 1993

Rapid City

Don Barnett Arena

April 10, 1993

Omaha

Omaha Civic Auditorium

April 13, 1993

Auburn Hills

The Palace of Auburn Hills

April 14, 1993

Atlanta

The Omni

April 15, 1993

Roanoke

Roanoke Civic Center

April 16, 1993

Chapel Hill

Dean Smith Center

April 18, 1993

Virginia Beach

Virginia Beach Amphitheatre

April 21, 1993

Guadalajara

Mexico

Estadio Jalisco

April 23, 1993

Mexico City

Palacio de los Deportes

April 24, 1993

April 27, 1993

Monterrey

Estadio Universitario

April 28, 1993

May 1, 1993

Cincinnati

United States

Riverfront Coliseum

May 3, 1993

Providence

Providence Civic Center

May 4, 1993

Albany

Knickerbocker Arena

May 6, 1993

Amherst

Mullins Center

Europe / Israel

May 22, 1993

Tel Aviv

Israel

Hayarkon Park

May 24, 1993

Athens

Greece

Olympic Stadium

May 26, 1993

Istanbul

Turkey

Inonu Stadium

May 29, 1993

Milton Keynes

United Kingdom

National Bowl

May 30, 1993

June 2, 1993

Vienna

Austria

Praterstadion

June 5, 1993

Nijmegen

Netherlands

Goffertpark

June 6, 1993

June 8, 1993

Copenhagen

Denmark

Gentofte Stadion

June 10, 1993

Oslo

Norway

Valle Hovin

June 12, 1993

Stockholm

Sweden

Stockholm Olympic Stadium

June 16, 1993

Basel

Switzerland

St. Jakob Stadium

June 18, 1993

Bremen

Germany

Weserstadion

June 19, 1993

Cologne

Müngersdorfer Stadion

June 22, 1993

Karlsruhe

Wildparkstadion

June 25, 1993

Frankfurt

Waldstadion

June 26, 1993

Munich

Olympiastadion

June 29, 1993

Modena

Italy

Stadio Comunale

June 30, 1993

July 2, 1993

Cava de' Tirreni

Stadio Simonetta Lamberti

July 5, 1993

Barcelona

Spain

Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys

July 6, 1993

Madrid

Vicente Calderón Stadium

July 8, 1993

Nancy

France

Zénith de Nancy

July 9, 1993

Lyon

Halle Tony Garnier

July 11, 1993

Werchter

Belgium

Rock Werchter

July 13, 1993

Paris

France

Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy

South America

July 16, 1993

Buenos Aires

Argentina

River Plate Stadium

July 17, 1993

tag: table

text: Personnel

text:
W. Axl Rose – lead vocals, piano, whistle, whistling, acoustic guitar, tambourine, backing vocals
Slash – lead guitar, acoustic guitar, backing vocals, talkbox, slide guitar
Izzy Stradlin – rhythm guitar, backing vocals, acoustic guitar, lead vocals (1991; 1993 – five shows)
Duff McKagan – bass, backing vocals, lead vocals, drum
Matt Sorum – drums, percussion, backing vocals, drum
Dizzy Reed – keyboards, piano, backing vocals, percussion, organ, tambourine
Gilby Clarke – rhythm guitar, backing vocals, drum (1991–1993)

tag: ul

text:
Teddy Andreadis – keyboards, backing vocals, harmonica, tambourine (1991–1993)
Roberta Freeman – backing vocals, tambourine (1991–1993)
Traci Amos – backing vocals, tambourine (1991–1993)
Diane Jones – backing vocals, tambourine (1991–1993)
Cece Worrall-Rubin – saxophone (1991–1993)
Anne King – trumpet (1991–1993)
Lisa Maxwell – horns (1991–1993)

text:
Shannon Hoon
Sebastian Bach
Lenny Kravitz (June 6, 1992)
Steven Tyler (June 6, 1992)
Joe Perry (June 6, 1992)
Brian May (June 13, 1992)
Ronnie Wood (January 15, 1993)[6]
Michael Monroe (May 30, 1993)[7]
Tyranny of Time
Soundgarden
Dumpster
Raging Slab
Faith No More
Skid Row
Smashing Pumpkins
My Little Funhouse
Blind Melon
El Conde del Guacharo
Estadio El Campín
Nine Inch Nails
Brian May (some shows with his band)
Body Count
Motörhead
Pearls & Swine
Rose Tattoo
The Cult
Soul Asylum
Meduza
Suicidal Tendencies
Red Fun
Quireboys

text: Songs played

text: From Appetite for Destruction:

text:
"Welcome to the Jungle"
"It's So Easy"
"Nightrain"
"Out ta Get Me"
"Mr. Brownstone"
"Paradise City"
"My Michelle"
"Sweet Child o' Mine"
"You're Crazy"
"Rocket Queen"

text: From G N' R Lies:

text:
"Reckless Life"[8]
"Nice Boys"
"Move to the City"
"Mama Kin/Train Kept A-Rollin'" (with Steven Tyler and Joe Perry of Aerosmith)
"Patience"
"Used to Love Her"
"You're Crazy" (Acoustic)

text: From Use Your Illusion I:

text:
"Right Next Door To Hell"
"Dust N' Bones"
"Live and Let Die"
"Don't Cry" (Original)
"Perfect Crime"
"You Ain't the First"
"Bad Obsession"
"Back Off Bitch"[9]
"Double Talkin' Jive"
"November Rain"
"The Garden"
"Garden Of Eden"
"Bad Apples"
"Dead Horse"
"Coma"

text: From Use Your Illusion II:

text:
"Civil War"
"14 Years"
"Yesterdays"
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door"
"Breakdown"
"Pretty Tied Up"
"Locomotive"
"So Fine"
"Estranged"
"You Could Be Mine"
"Don't Cry" (Alt. Lyrics)

text: From "The Spaghetti Incident?":

text:
"Since I Don't Have You" (Intro)
"Attitude"

text: Other commonly performed songs:

text:
"It's Alright" (Black Sabbath cover)
"Wild Horses" (The Rolling Stones cover)
"Dead Flowers" (The Rolling Stones cover)
"Always on the Run" (Lenny Kravitz cover) (with Lenny Kravitz)
"Theme From the Godfather" (Nino Rota cover) (Guitar Solo)
"Imagine" (John Lennon cover) (Intro)
"Dust In The Wind" (Todd Rundgren cover) (Intro)
"It Tastes Good, Don't It?" (Unreleased original) (played during Rocket Queen)
"I Was Only Joking" (Rod Stewart cover) (Intro)
"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" (The Beatles cover) (Intro)
"Only Women Bleed" (Alice Cooper cover) (Intro)
"Mother" (Pink Floyd cover) (Intro)
"Pinball Wizard" (The Who cover) (Intro)
"The One" (Elton John cover) (Intro)
"One" (U2 cover) (Intro)
"Sail Away Sweet Sister" (Queen cover) (Intro)
"Bad Time" (Grand Funk Railroad cover) (Intro)
"Let It Be" (The Beatles cover) (Guitar Solo)


document_title: Home run

question_text: who hit the longest home run in mlb history

question_tokens: who hit the longest home run in mlb history

text: Home run

text: Types of home runs[edit]

text: Out of the park[edit]

text: In modern times a home run is most often scored when the ball is hit over the outfield wall between the foul poles (in fair territory) before it touches the ground (in flight), and without being caught or deflected back onto the field by a fielder. A batted ball is also a home run if it touches either foul pole or its attached screen before touching the ground, as the foul poles are by definition in fair territory. Additionally, many major-league ballparks have ground rules stating that a batted ball in flight that strikes a specified location or fixed object is a home run; this usually applies to objects that are beyond the outfield wall but are located such that it may be difficult for an umpire to judge.

text: A batted ball that goes over the outfield wall after touching the ground is not a home run, but an automatic double for the batter (often colloquially called a "ground rule double").

text: A fielder is allowed to reach over the wall to attempt to catch the ball as long as his feet are on or over the field during the attempt, and if the fielder successfully catches the ball while it is in flight the batter is out, even if the ball had already passed the vertical plane of the wall. However, since the fielder is not part of the field, a ball that bounces off a fielder (including his glove) and over the wall without touching the ground is still a home run. A fielder may not deliberately throw his glove, cap, or any other equipment or apparel to stop or deflect a fair ball, and an umpire may award a home run to the batter if a fielder does so on a ball that, in the umpire's judgment, would have otherwise been a home run (this is rare in modern professional baseball).[3]

text: A home run accomplished in any of the above manners is an automatic home run. The ball is dead, even if it rebounds back onto the field (e.g., from striking a foul pole), and the batter and any preceding runners cannot be put out at any time while running the bases. However, if one or more runners fail to touch a base or one runner passes another before reaching home plate, that runner or runners can be called out on appeal, though in the case of not touching a base a runner can go back and touch it if doing so won't cause them to be passed by another preceding runner and they have not yet touched the next base (or home plate in the case of missing third base). This stipulation is in Approved Ruling (2) of Rule 7.10(b).[3]

text: Inside-the-park home run[edit]

text: An inside-the-park home run occurs when a batter hits the ball into play and is able to circle the bases before the fielders can put him out. Unlike with an outside-the-park home run, the batter-runner and all preceding runners are liable to be put out by the defensive team at any time while running the bases. This can only happen if the ball does not leave the ballfield.

text: In the early days of baseball, outfields were relatively much more spacious, reducing the likelihood of an over-the-fence home run, while increasing the likelihood of an inside-the-park home run, as a ball getting past an outfielder had more distance that it could roll before a fielder could track it down.

text: With outfields much less spacious and more uniformly designed than in the game's early days, inside-the-park home runs are now a rarity. They are usually the result of a ball being hit by a very fast runner, coupled with an outfielder either misjudging the flight of the ball (e.g., diving and missing) or the ball taking an unexpected bounce. Either way, this sends the ball into open space in the outfield and thereby allows the batter-runner to circle the bases before the defensive team can put him out. The speed of the runner is crucial as even triples are relatively rare in most modern ballparks.

text: If any defensive play on an inside-the-park home run is labeled an error by the official scorer, a home run is not scored; instead, it is scored as a single, double, or triple, and the batter-runner and any applicable preceding runners are said to have taken all additional bases on error. All runs scored on such a play, however, still count.

text: An example of an unexpected bounce occurred during the 2007 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at AT&T Park in San Francisco on July 10, 2007. Ichiro Suzuki of the American League team hit a fly ball off the right-center field wall, which caromed in the opposite direction from where National League right fielder Ken Griffey, Jr. was expecting it to go. By the time the ball was relayed, Ichiro had already crossed the plate standing up. This was the first inside-the-park home run in All-Star Game history, and led to Suzuki being named the game's Most Valuable Player.

text: Number of runs batted in[edit]

text: Home runs are often characterized by the number of runners on base at the time. A home run hit with the bases empty is seldom called a "one-run homer", but rather a solo home run, solo homer, or "solo shot". With one runner on base, two runs are scored (the baserunner and the batter) and thus the home run is often called a two-run homer or two-run shot. Similarly, a home runs with two runners on base is a three-run homer or three-run shot.

text: The term "four-run homer" is seldom used; instead, it is nearly always called a "grand slam". Hitting a grand slam is the best possible result for the batter's turn at bat and the worst possible result for the pitcher and his team.

text: Grand slam[edit]

text: A grand slam occurs when the bases are "loaded" (that is, there are base runners standing at first, second, and third base) and the batter hits a home run. According to The Dickson Baseball Dictionary, the term originated in the card game of contract bridge. An inside-the-park grand slam is a grand slam that is also an inside-the-park home run, a home run without the ball leaving the field, and it is very rare, due to the relative rarity of loading the bases along with the significant rarity (nowadays) of inside-the-park home runs.

text: On July 25, 1956, Roberto Clemente became the only MLB player to have ever scored a walk-off inside-the-park grand slam in a 9–8 Pittsburgh Pirates win over the Chicago Cubs, at Forbes Field.

text: On April 23, 1999, Fernando Tatís made history by hitting two grand slams in one inning, both against Chan Ho Park of the Los Angeles Dodgers. With this feat, Tatís also set a Major League record with 8 RBI in one inning.

text: On July 29, 2003 against the Texas Rangers, Bill Mueller of the Boston Red Sox became the only player in major league history to hit two grand slams in one game from opposite sides of the plate. In fact, he hit three home runs in that game, and his two grand slams were in consecutive at-bats.

text: On August 25, 2011 the New York Yankees became the first team to hit three grand slams in one game vs the Oakland A's. The Yankees eventually went on to win the game 22–9, after trailing 7–1.

text: Specific situation home runs[edit]

text: These types of home runs are characterized by the specific game situation in which they occur, and can theoretically occur on either an outside-the-park or inside-the-park home run.

text: Walk-off home run[edit]

text: A walk-off home run is a home run hit by the home team in the bottom of the ninth inning, any extra inning, or other scheduled final inning, which gives the home team the lead and thereby ends the game. The term is attributed to Hall of Fame relief pitcher Dennis Eckersley,[4] so named because after the run is scored, the losing team has to "walk off" the field.

text: Two World Series have ended via the "walk-off" home run. The first was the 1960 World Series when Bill Mazeroski of the Pittsburgh Pirates hit a 9th inning solo home run in the 7th game of the series off New York Yankees pitcher Ralph Terry to give the Pirates the World Championship. The second time was the 1993 World Series when Joe Carter of the Toronto Blue Jays hit a 9th inning 3-run home run off Philadelphia Phillies pitcher Mitch Williams in Game 6 of the series, to help the Toronto Blue Jays capture their second World Series Championship in a row.

text: Such a home run can also be called a "sudden death" or "sudden victory" home run. That usage has lessened as "walk-off home run" has gained favor. Along with Mazeroski's 1960 shot, the most famous walk-off or sudden-death homer would probably be the "Shot Heard 'Round the World" hit by Bobby Thomson to win the 1951 National League pennant for the New York Giants.

text: A walk-off home run over the fence is an exception to baseball's one-run rule. Normally if the home team is tied or behind in the ninth or extra innings the game ends as soon as the home team scores enough runs to achieve a lead. If the home team has two outs in the inning, and the game is tied, the game will officially end either the moment the batter successfully reaches 1st base or the moment the runner touches home plate—whichever happens last. However, this is superseded by the "ground rule", which provides automatic doubles (when a ball-in-play hits the ground first then leaves the playing field) and home runs (when a ball-in-play leaves the playing field without ever touching the ground). In the latter case, all base runners including the batter are allowed to cross the plate.

text: Lead-off home run[edit]

text: A lead-off home run is a home run hit by the first batter of a team, the leadoff hitter of the first inning of the game. In MLB, Rickey Henderson holds the record with 81 lead-off home runs.[5] Craig Biggio holds the National League record with 53, second overall to Henderson.[6]

text: In 1996, Brady Anderson set a Major League record by hitting a lead-off home run in four consecutive games.

text: Back-to-back[edit]

text:
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text: When two consecutive batters each hit a home run, this is described as back-to-back home runs. It is still considered back-to-back even if both batters hit their home runs off different pitchers. A third batter hitting a home run is commonly referred to as back-to-back-to-back.

text: Four home runs in a row by consecutive batters has only occurred nine times in the history of Major League Baseball. Following convention, this is called back-to-back-to-back-to-back. The most recent occurrence was on July 27, 2017, when the Washington Nationals hit four in a row against the Milwaukee Brewers in Nationals Park as Brian Goodwin (baseball), Wilmer Difo, Bryce Harper and Ryan Zimmerman homered off pitcher Michael Blazek. Blazek became the fourth pitcher to surrender back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs, following Paul Foytack on July 31, 1963, Chase Wright on April 22, 2007, and Dave Bush.

text: On August 14, 2008, the Chicago White Sox defeated the Kansas City Royals 9-2. In this game, Jim Thome, Paul Konerko, Alexei Ramírez, and Juan Uribe hit back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs in that order. Thome, Konerko, and Ramirez blasted their homers off of Joel Peralta, while Uribe did it off of Rob Tejeda. The next batter, veteran backstop Toby Hall, tried aimlessly to hit the ball as far as possible, but his effort resulted in a strike out.

text: On April 22, 2007 the Boston Red Sox were trailing the New York Yankees 3–0 when Manny Ramirez, J. D. Drew, Mike Lowell and Jason Varitek hit back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs to put them up 4–3. They eventually went on to win the game 7–6 after a three-run home run by Mike Lowell in the bottom of the 7th inning. On September 18, 2006 trailing 9–5 to the San Diego Padres in the 9th inning, Jeff Kent, J. D. Drew, Russell Martin, and Marlon Anderson of the Los Angeles Dodgers hit back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs to tie the game. After giving up a run in the top of the 10th, the Dodgers won the game in the bottom of the 10th, on a walk-off two run home run by Nomar Garciaparra. J. D. Drew has been part of two different sets of back-to-back-to-back-to-back home runs. In both occurrences, his homer was the second of the four.

text: On September 30, 1997, in the sixth inning of Game One of the American League Division Series between the New York Yankees and Cleveland Indians, Tim Raines, Derek Jeter and Paul O'Neill hit back-to-back-to-back home runs for the Yankees. Raines' home run tied the game. New York went on to win 8–6. This was the first occurrence of three home runs in a row ever in postseason play. The Boston Red Sox repeated the feat in Game Four of the 2007 American League Championship Series, also against the Indians.

text: Twice in MLB history have two brothers hit back-to-back home runs. On April 23, 2013, brothers Melvin Upton, Jr. (formerly B.J. Upton) and Justin Upton hit back-to-back home runs.[7] The first time was on September 15, 1938, when Lloyd Waner and Paul Waner performed the feat.[8]

text: Simple back-to-back home runs are a relatively frequent occurrence. If a pitcher gives up a homer, he might have his concentration broken and might alter his normal approach in an attempt to "make up for it" by striking out the next batter with some fastballs. Sometimes the next batter will be expecting that and will capitalize on it. A notable back-to-back home run of that type in World Series play involved "Babe Ruth's called shot" in 1932, which was accompanied by various Ruthian theatrics, yet the pitcher, Charlie Root, was allowed to stay in the game. He delivered just one more pitch, which Lou Gehrig drilled out of the park for a back-to-back shot, after which Root was removed from the game.

text: In Game 3 of the 1976 NLCS, George Foster and Johnny Bench hit back-to-back homers in the last of the ninth off Ron Reed to tie the game. The Series-winning run was scored later in the inning.

text: Another notable pair of back-to-back home runs occurred on September 14, 1990, when Ken Griffey, Sr. and Ken Griffey, Jr. hit back-to-back home runs, off Kirk McCaskill, the only father-and-son duo to do so in Major League history.

text: On May 2, 2002, Bret Boone and Mike Cameron of the Seattle Mariners hit back-to-back home runs off of starter Jon Rauch in the first inning of a game against the Chicago White Sox. The Mariners batted around in the inning, and Boone and Cameron came up to bat against reliever Jim Parque with two outs, again hitting back-to-back home runs and becoming the only pair of teammates to hit back-to-back home runs twice in the same inning.[9]

text: On June 19, 2012, José Bautista and Colby Rasmus hit back-to-back home runs and back-to-back-to-back home runs with Edwin Encarnación for a lead change in each instance.[clarification needed]

text: On July 23, 2017 Whit Merrifield, Jorge Bonifacio, and Eric Hosmer of the Kansas City Royals hit back to back to back home runs in the fourth inning against the Chicago White Sox. The Royals went on to win the game 5-4.

text: Consecutive home runs by one batter[edit]

text: The occurrence of individuals hitting home runs in consecutive at-bats is not unusual, but three or more is rare. If a player hits three home runs in a game, it is termed a hat-trick (which is also used for a player getting three strikeouts in a game). The record for consecutive home runs by a batter under any circumstances is 4. Of the sixteen players (through 2012) who have hit 4 in one game, six have hit them consecutively. Twenty-eight other batters have hit four consecutive across two games.

text: Bases on balls do not count as at-bats, and Ted Williams holds the record for consecutive home runs across the most games, 4 in four games played, during September 17–22, 1957, for the Red Sox.[10] Williams hit a pinch-hit homer on the 17th; walked as a pinch-hitter on the 18th; there was no game on the 19th; hit another pinch-homer on the 20th; homered and then was lifted for a pinch-runner after at least one walk, on the 21st; and homered after at least one walk on the 22nd. All in all, he had 4 walks interspersed among his 4 homers.

text: In World Series play, Reggie Jackson hit a record three in one Series game, the final game (Game 6) in 1977. But those three were a part of a much more impressive feat. He walked on four pitches in the second inning of game 6. Then he hit his three home runs on the first pitch of his next three at bats, off of three different pitchers (4th inning- Hooten, 5th inning- Sosa, 8th inning- Hough). He had also hit one in his last at bat of the previous game, giving him four home runs on four consecutive swings. (His home run in game 5 was also hit on the first pitch, although this did not add to any significant streak.) The four in a row set the record for consecutive homers across two Series games.

text: In Game 3 of the World Series in 2011, Albert Pujols hit three home runs to tie the record with Babe Ruth and Reggie Jackson. The St. Louis Cardinals went on to win the World Series in Game 7 at Busch Stadium. In Game 1 of the World Series in 2012, Pablo Sandoval of the San Francisco Giants hit three home runs on his first three at-bats of the Series, also tying the record with Pujols, Jackson, and Ruth.

text: Nomar Garciaparra holds the record for consecutive home runs in the shortest time in terms of innings: 3 homers in 2 innings, on July 23, 2002, for the Boston Red Sox.

text: Home run cycle[edit]

text: An offshoot of hitting for the cycle, a "home run cycle" is where a player hits a solo, 2-run, 3-run, and grand slam all in one game. This is an extremely rare feat, as it requires the batter to not only hit four home runs in a game (which itself has only occurred 18 times in the Major Leagues[11]), but also to hit those home runs with the specific number of runners already on base. Although it is a rare accomplishment, it is largely dependent on circumstances outside the player's control, such as his preceding teammates' ability to get on base, as well as the order in which he comes to bat in any particular inning.

text: Another variant of the home run cycle would be the "natural home run cycle", which would require a batter to hit a solo, 2-run, 3-run, and grand slam in that order.

text: Though multiple home run cycles have been recorded in collegiate baseball,[12][13] the only home run cycle in a professional baseball game belongs to Tyrone Horne, who stroked four long balls for the minor league, Double-A Arkansas Travelers in a game against the San Antonio Missions on July 27, 1998.[14]

text: A major league player has come close to hitting for the home run cycle several times. Recent examples include:

text:
April 2, 1997, Tino Martinez of the New York Yankees, was a grand slam away from accomplishing this feat against his former team, the Seattle Mariners. He hit a 3-run home run in the first inning, a 2-run home run in the third inning and a solo shot in the fifth inning; all off starting pitcher Scott Sanders.[15]
April 26, 2005 Alex Rodriguez of the New York Yankees hit 3 home runs off Los Angeles Angels pitcher Bartolo Colón. Rodriguez hit a 3-run home run, 2-run home run, and a grand slam in the first, third, and fourth innings, respectively.[16]
May 16, 2008 Jayson Werth of the Philadelphia Phillies hit 3 home runs off Toronto Blue Jays pitchers David Purcey and Jesse Litsch. Werth hit a 3-run home run, a grand slam, and a solo home run in the second, third, and fifth innings, respectively.[17]
June 26, 2009, Andre Ethier of Los Angeles Dodgers hit a three-run home run off Jason Vargas in the second, a two-run home run off Roy Corcoran in the sixth, and a solo home run off Miguel Batista in the eighth inning in a game against Seattle Mariners.[18]
July 7, 2009, Paul Konerko of the Chicago White Sox hit a solo home run in the second inning off Cleveland Indians pitcher Jeremy Sowers, a grand slam in the sixth inning off reliever Chris Perez, and a two-run home run in the seventh inning off reliever Winston Abreu.[19]
August 1, 2009, Andrew McCutchen of the Pittsburgh Pirates hit a solo home run in the first inning, a two run home run in the fourth inning, and a three run home run in the sixth inning of a game against the Washington Nationals.[20]
September 17, 2010, Shin-Soo Choo of the Cleveland Indians, hit three home runs against the Kansas City Royals. Choo hit a 2-run homer in the fourth inning, a Grand Slam in the sixth inning and a solo home run in the eighth inning.[21]
June 21, 2015, J.D. Martinez of the Detroit Tigers, hit three home runs against the New York Yankees. Martinez hit a 2-run homer in the first inning, a solo home run in the fifth inning and a 3-run homer in the sixth inning[22]
August 21, 2015, Yoenis Céspedes of the New York Mets, hit three home runs against the Colorado Rockies: a grand slam in the second inning, a solo home run in the fourth inning, and a two-run home run in the sixth inning.[23]
August 29, 2015, Edwin Encarnación of the Toronto Blue Jays hit three home runs against the Detroit Tigers: a 3-run home run in the first inning, a 2-run home run in the sixth inning, and a grand slam in the seventh inning.[24]
September 26, 2015, Jarrett Parker of the San Francisco Giants hit three home runs against the Oakland Athletics: a solo home run in the second inning, a 2-run home run in the seventh inning, and a grand slam in the eighth inning.[25]
June 6, 2017, Scooter Gennett of the Cincinnati Reds hit four home runs against the St. Louis Cardinals: a grand slam in the third inning, a 2-run home run in the fourth inning, a solo home run in the sixth inning, and a 2-run home run in the eighth inning. He had an opportunity for a 3-run home run in the 1st inning, which resulted in a RBI single.[26]

text: History[edit]

text: In the early days of the game, when the ball was less lively and the ballparks generally had very large outfields, most home runs were of the inside-the-park variety. The first home run ever hit in the National League was by Ross Barnes of the Chicago White Stockings (now known as the Chicago Cubs), in 1876. The home "run" was literally descriptive. Home runs over the fence were rare, and only in ballparks where a fence was fairly close. Hitters were discouraged from trying to hit home runs, with the conventional wisdom being that if they tried to do so they would simply fly out. This was a serious concern in the 19th century, because in baseball's early days a ball caught after one bounce was still an out. The emphasis was on place-hitting and what is now called "manufacturing runs" or "small ball".

text: The home run's place in baseball changed dramatically when the live-ball era began after World War I. First, the materials and manufacturing processes improved significantly, making the now-mass-produced, cork-centered ball somewhat more lively. Batters such as Babe Ruth and Rogers Hornsby took full advantage of rules changes that were instituted during the 1920s, particularly prohibition of the spitball, and the requirement that balls be replaced when worn or dirty. These changes resulted in the baseball being easier to see and hit, and easier to hit out of the park. Meanwhile, as the game's popularity boomed, more outfield seating was built, shrinking the size of the outfield and increasing the chances of a long fly ball resulting in a home run. The teams with the sluggers, typified by the New York Yankees, became the championship teams, and other teams had to change their focus from the "inside game" to the "power game" in order to keep up.

text: Before 1931, a ball that bounced over an outfield fence during a major league game was considered a home run. The rule was changed to require the ball to clear the fence on the fly, and balls that reached the seats on a bounce became ground rule doubles in most parks. A carryover of the old rule is that if a player deflects a ball over the outfield fence without it touching the ground, it is a home run.

text: Also, until approximately that time, the ball had to not only go over the fence in fair territory, but to land in the bleachers in fair territory or to still be visibly fair when disappearing behind a wall. The rule stipulated "fair when last seen" by the umpires. Photos from that era in ballparks, such as the Polo Grounds and Yankee Stadium, show ropes strung from the foul poles to the back of the bleachers, or a second "foul pole" at the back of the bleachers, in a straight line with the foul line, as a visual aid for the umpire. Ballparks still use a visual aid much like the ropes; a net or screen attached to the foul poles on the fair side has replaced ropes. As with American football, where a touchdown once required a literal "touch down" of the ball in the end zone but now only requires the "breaking of the [vertical] plane" of the goal line, in baseball the ball need only "break the plane" of the fence in fair territory (unless the ball is caught by a player who is in play, in which case the batter is called out).

text: Babe Ruth's 60th home run in 1927 was somewhat controversial, because it landed barely in fair territory in the stands down the right field line. Ruth lost a number of home runs in his career due to the when-last-seen rule. Bill Jenkinson, in The Year Babe Ruth Hit 104 Home Runs, estimates that Ruth lost at least 50 and as many as 78 in his career due to this rule.

text: Further, the rules once stipulated that an over-the-fence home run in a sudden-victory situation would only count for as many bases as was necessary to "force" the winning run home. For example, if a team trailed by two runs with the bases loaded, and the batter hit a fair ball over the fence, it only counted as a triple, because the runner immediately ahead of him had technically already scored the game-winning run. That rule was changed in the 1920s as home runs became increasingly frequent and popular. Babe Ruth's career total of 714 would have been one higher had that rule not been in effect in the early part of his career.

text: Records[edit]

text: Major League Baseball keeps running totals of all-time home runs by team, including teams no longer active (prior to 1900) as well as by individual players. Gary Sheffield hit the 250,000th home run in MLB history with a grand slam on September 8, 2008.[27] Sheffield had hit MLB's 249,999th home run against Gio González in his previous at-bat.

text: The all-time, verified professional baseball record for career home runs for one player, excluding the U. S. Negro Leagues during the era of segregation, is held by Sadaharu Oh. Oh spent his entire career playing for the Yomiuri Giants in Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball, later managing the Giants, the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks and the 2006 World Baseball Classic Japanese team. Oh holds the all-time home run world record, having hit 868 home runs in his career.

text: In Major League Baseball, the career record is 762, held by Barry Bonds, who broke Hank Aaron's record on August 7, 2007, when he hit his 756th home run at AT&T Park off pitcher Mike Bacsik.[28] Only eight other major league players have hit as many as 600: Hank Aaron (755), Babe Ruth (714),[28] Alex Rodriguez (696), Willie Mays (660), Ken Griffey, Jr. (630),[28] Jim Thome (612), Sammy Sosa (609).[28] and Albert Pujols (600).

text: The single season record is 73, set by Barry Bonds in 2001.[28] Other notable single season records were achieved by Babe Ruth who hit 60 in 1927, Roger Maris, with 61 home runs in 1961, and Mark McGwire, who hit 70 in 1998.[28]

text: Negro League slugger Josh Gibson's Baseball Hall of Fame plaque says he hit "almost 800" home runs in his career. The Guinness Book of World Records lists Gibson's lifetime home run total at 800. Ken Burns' award-winning series, Baseball, states that his actual total may have been as high as 950. Gibson's true total is not known, in part due to inconsistent record keeping in the Negro Leagues. The 1993 edition of the MacMillan Baseball Encyclopedia attempted to compile a set of Negro League records, and subsequent work has expanded on that effort. Those records demonstrate that Gibson and Ruth were of comparable power. The 1993 book had Gibson hitting 146 home runs in the 501 "official" Negro League games they were able to account for in his 17-year career, about 1 homer every 3.4 games. Babe Ruth, in 22 seasons (several of them in the dead-ball era), hit 714 in 2503 games, or 1 homer every 3.5 games. The large gap in the numbers for Gibson reflect the fact that Negro League clubs played relatively far fewer league games and many more "barnstorming" or exhibition games during the course of a season, than did the major league clubs of that era.

text: Other legendary home run hitters include Jimmie Foxx, Mel Ott, Ted Williams, Mickey Mantle (who on September 10, 1960, mythically hit "the longest home run ever" at an estimated distance of 643 feet (196 m), although this was measured after the ball stopped rolling[29]), Reggie Jackson, Harmon Killebrew, Ernie Banks, Mike Schmidt, Dave Kingman, Sammy Sosa[28] (who hit 60 or more home runs in a season 3 times), Ken Griffey, Jr. and Eddie Mathews. In 1987, Joey Meyer of the Denver Zephyrs hit the longest verifiable home run in professional baseball history.[30][31] The home run was measured at a distance of 582 feet (177 m) and was hit inside Denver's Mile High Stadium.[30][31] Major League Baseball's longest verifiable home run distance is about 575 feet (175 m), by Babe Ruth, to straightaway center field at Tiger Stadium (then called Navin Field and before the double-deck), which landed nearly across the intersection of Trumbull and Cherry.[citation needed]

text: The location of where Hank Aaron's record 755th home run landed has been monumented in Milwaukee.[32] The hallowed spot sits outside Miller Park, where the Milwaukee Brewers currently play. Similarly, the point where Aaron's 715th homer landed, upon breaking Ruth's career record in 1974, is marked in the Turner Field parking lot. A red-painted seat in Fenway Park marks the landing place of the 502-ft home run Ted Williams hit in 1946, the longest measured homer in Fenway's history; a red stadium seat mounted on the wall of the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, marks the landing spot of Harmon Killebrew's record 520-foot shot in old Metropolitan Stadium.

text: Instant replay[edit]

text: Replays "to get the call right" have been used extremely sporadically in the past, but the use of instant replay to determine "boundary calls"—home runs and foul balls—was not officially allowed until 2008.

text: In a game on May 31, 1999, involving the St. Louis Cardinals and Florida Marlins, a hit by Cliff Floyd of the Marlins was initially ruled a double, then a home run, then was changed back to a double when umpire Frank Pulli decided to review video of the play. The Marlins protested that video replay was not allowed, but while the National League office agreed that replay was not to be used in future games, it declined the protest on the grounds it was a judgment call, and the play stood.[33][34]

text: In November 2007, the general managers of Major League Baseball voted in favor of implementing instant replay reviews on boundary home run calls.[35] The proposal limited the use of instant replay to determining whether a boundary/home run call is:

text:
A fair (home run) or foul ball
A live ball (ball hit fence and rebounded onto the field), ground rule double (ball hit fence before leaving the field), or home run (ball hit some object beyond the fence while in flight)
Spectator interference or home run (spectator touched ball after it broke the plane of the fence).

text: On August 28, 2008, instant replay review became available in MLB for reviewing calls in accordance with the above proposal. It was first utilized on September 3, 2008 in a game between the New York Yankees and the Tampa Bay Rays at Tropicana Field.[36] Alex Rodriguez of the Yankees hit what appeared to be a home run, but the ball hit a catwalk behind the foul pole. It was at first called a home run, until Tampa Bay manager Joe Maddon argued the call, and the umpires decided to review the play. After 2 minutes and 15 seconds, the umpires came back and ruled it a home run.

text: About two weeks later, on September 19, also at Tropicana Field, a boundary call was overturned for the first time. In this case, Carlos Peña of the Rays was given a ground rule double in a game against the Minnesota Twins after an umpire believed a fan reached into the field of play to catch a fly ball in right field. The umpires reviewed the play, determined the fan did not reach over the fence, and reversed the call, awarding Peña a home run.

text: Aside from the two aforementioned reviews at Tampa Bay, replay was used four more times in the 2008 MLB regular season: twice at Houston, once at Seattle, and once at San Francisco. The San Francisco incident is perhaps the most unusual. Bengie Molina, the Giants' catcher, hit what was first called a single. Molina then was replaced in the game by Emmanuel Burriss, a pinch-runner, before the umpires re-evaluated the call and ruled it a home run. In this instance though, Molina was not allowed to return to the game to complete the run, as he had already been replaced. Molina was credited with the home run, and two RBIs, but not for the run scored which went to Burriss instead.

text: On October 31, 2009, in the fourth inning of Game 3 of the World Series, Alex Rodriguez hit a long fly ball that appeared to hit a camera protruding over the wall and into the field of play in deep left field. The ball ricocheted off the camera and re-entered the field, initially ruled a double. However, after the umpires consulted with each other after watching the instant replay, the hit was ruled a home run, marking the first time an instant replay home run was hit in a playoff game.[37]