document_title: Under-19 Cricket World Cup

question_text: 18 which team did india defeat in the final to win the icc u19 world cup for the record 4th time

text: Under-19 Cricket World Cup

text: Results[edit]

text:
Year

Host(s)

Final venue

Result

Winner

Margin

Runner-up

1988

 Australia

Adelaide

 Australia202/5 (45.5 overs)

Australia won by 5 wicketsscorecard

 Pakistan201 (49.3 overs)

1998

 South Africa

Johannesburg

 England242/3 (46 overs)

England won by 7 wicketsscorecard

 New Zealand241/6 (50 overs)

2000

 Sri Lanka

Colombo

 India180/4 (40.4 overs)

India won by 6 wicketsscorecard

 Sri Lanka178 (48.1 overs)

2002

 New Zealand

Lincoln

 Australia209/3 (45.1 overs)

Australia won by 7 wicketsscorecard

 South Africa206/9 (50 overs)

2004

 Bangladesh

Dhaka

 Pakistan230/9 (50 overs)

Pakistan won by 25 runsscorecard

 West Indies205 (47.1 overs)

2006

 Sri Lanka

Colombo

 Pakistan109 (41.1 overs)

Pakistan won by 38 runsscorecard

 India71 (18.5 overs)

2008

 Malaysia

Puchong

 India159 (45.4 overs)

India won by 12 runs (D/L)scorecard

 South Africa103/8 (25 overs)

2010

 New Zealand

Lincoln

 Australia207/9 (50 overs)

Australia won by 25 runsscorecard

 Pakistan182 (46.4 overs)

2012

 Australia

Townsville

 India227/4 (47.4 overs)

India won by 6 wicketsscorecard

 Australia225/8 (50 overs)

2014

 UAE

Dubai

 South Africa134/4 (42.1 overs)

South Africa won by 6 wicketsscorecard

 Pakistan131 (44.3 overs)

2016

 Bangladesh

Dhaka

 West Indies146/5 (49.3 overs)

West Indies won by 5 wicketsscorecard

 India145 (45.1 overs)

2018

 New Zealand

Mount Maunganui

 India220/2 (38.5 overs)

India won by 8 wicketsscorecard

 Australia216 (47.2 overs)

2020

 South Africa

to be determined

text: History[edit]

text: 1988 (Winner: Australia)[edit]

text:
The inaugural event was titled the McDonald's Bicentennial Youth World Cup, and was held in 1988 as part of the Australian Bicentenary celebrations. It took place in South Australia and Victoria. Teams from the seven Test-playing nations, as well as an ICC Associates XI, competed in a round-robin format. Australia lost only one match, their final round-robin game against Pakistan by which time they had qualified for the semis. They went on to beat Pakistan by five wickets in the final, thanks to an unbeaten hundred from Brett Williams. England and West Indies made up the last four, but India were the real disappointments. After opening with a good win against England, they suffered hefty defeats in four matches to be knocked out early.
The tournament was notable for the number of future international players who competed. Future England captains Nasser Hussain and Mike Atherton played, as did Indian spinner Venkatapathy Raju, New Zealand all-rounder Chris Cairns, Pakistanis Mushtaq Ahmed  and Inzamam-ul-Haq, Sri Lankan Sanath Jayasuriya, and West Indians Brian Lara, Ridley Jacobs, and Jimmy Adams.
Australia's Brett Williams was the leading run-scorer, with 471 runs at an average of 52.33. Wayne Holdsworth from Australia and Mushtaq Ahmed were the leading wicket-takers, with 19 wickets at averages of 12.52 and 16.21 respectively.

text: 1998 (Winner: England)[edit]

text:
England were the unexpected winners of the second Under-19 World Cup in South Africa. In 1998, the event was relaunched in South Africa as a biennial tournament. The only previous tournament of its kind was held ten years earlier. In addition to the nine Test-playing nations, there were teams from Bangladesh, Kenya, Scotland, Ireland, Denmark, Namibia and Papua New Guinea. The teams were divided into four pools, named after Gavaskar, Sobers, Cowdrey and Bradman, and the top two sides from each progressed to two Super League pools, whose winners advanced to the final. In order to give everyone a decent amount of cricket, the non-qualifiers competed in a Plate League, won by Bangladesh, who beat West Indies in the final. West Indies failed to qualify for the Super League after a fiasco concerning the composition of their squad - they arrived with seven players who contravened the age restrictions for the tournament. The Super League, in which every game was covered live on South African satellite television, also threw up a number of shocks and tense finishes; both pools came down to net run-rate at the finish. England, from being down and almost out, beat Pakistan - who surprisingly lost all three of their games - but lost a rain-affected match to India. Australia had beaten India and Pakistan and were favourites to reach the final. Only a massive defeat by England could deny them: but that is precisely what they suffered. In front of a crowd of about 6,000 at Newlands, they were bowled out for 147. New Zealand joined England in the final, where a century from England's Stephen Peters won the day.
Chris Gayle was the tournament's leading run-scorer, with 364 runs at an average of 72.80. West Indian Ramnaresh Sarwan and Zimbabwean Mluleki Nkala were the leading wicket-takers, with 16 wickets at 10.81 and 13.06 respectively.

text: 2000 (Winner: India)[edit]

text: The 2000 tournament was held in Sri Lanka, and replicated the format from 1998. Participating nations included the nine Test-playing nations, as well as Bangladesh, Kenya, Ireland, Namibia, Holland, Nepal and a combined team from the Americas development region. To the disappointment of a large crowd at Colombo's SSC, Sri Lanka fell at the final hurdle in a final dominated by India. The winners remained unbeaten throughout, and destroyed Australia by 170 runs in the semi-final to underline their supremacy. In the other semi-final, Sri Lanka delighted a crowd of 5000 at Galle by beating Pakistan. The fact that three of the four semi-finalists were from Asia and so more attuned to the conditions was coincidental - they played the better cricket and, in Pakistan's case, had a very experienced squad. England, the defending champions, were most disappointing, and they won only one match against a Test-playing country, and that a last-ball victory over Zimbabwe. South Africa, one of the favourites, were desperately unlucky to be eliminated after three no-results gave them three points while Nepal, with four points courtesy of one win over Kenya, went through to the Super League instead. The format of the tournament was as in 1997-98, with four groups of four and then a Super League and final. Graeme Smith was the tournament's leading run-scorer, with 348 runs at an average of 87.00. Pakistan's Zahid Saeed was the leading wicket-taker, with 15 wickets at 7.60. India's Yuvraj Singh was named Man of the Series. India clinched the title for the first time under the captaincy of Mohammed Kaif.

text: 2002 (Winner: Australia)[edit]

text: The fourth Under-19 World Cup held in New Zealand only confirmed Australia's dominance of the game, and from their opening match, when they obliterated Kenya by 430 runs, through to their comprehensive victory over South Africa in the final, they were never threatened. Participating nations included the ten Test-playing nations, plus Canada, Kenya, Namibia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, and Scotland. Their captain, Cameron White, was singled out for praise for his leadership, and he chipped in with 423 runs at 70.50. And they didn't rely on pace either, playing only two seamers and four slow bowlers, with Xavier Doherty, a slow left-armer, leading the wicket-takers with 16 at 9.50 and all without a single wide. In contrast, India, the holders, underperformed in their semi-final against South Africa, a team they had easily beaten a week or so earlier. They also suffered embarrassing defeats to neighbours Pakistan and Bangladesh. Pakistan, however, provided the main upset when they lost to Nepal by 30 runs, and Nepal also gave England a few uneasy moments. Zimbabwe won the plate competition, with their expected opponents, Bangladesh, beaten in the semi-final by Nepal. Australian Cameron White was the tournament's leading run-scorer, with 423 runs at an average of 70.50 and Xavier Doherty was the leading wicket-taker, with 16 wickets at 9.50. Tatenda Taibu, Zimbabwe's captain, was Man of the Series for his 250 runs and 12 wickets, not to mention his wicket-keeping in between bowling stints.

text: 2004 (Winner: Pakistan)[edit]

text: The 2004 tournament was held in Bangladesh. More than 350,000 spectators saw the 54 matches played in the tournament. The finale ended with a close final between the two best teams - West Indies and Pakistan. It was won by Pakistan by 25 runs against West Indies and a 30,000 crowd acclaimed the victorious Pakistanis almost as their own. The players, from the ten Test countries and six other nations, were feted wherever they went, and the appetite for cricket was remarkable: even Zimbabwe v Canada sold out. The shock was the elimination from the main competition of holders Australia, bowled out for 73 and beaten by Zimbabwe in the group stage when Tinashe Panyangara took 6 for 31, the second-best figures in the competition's history. And Australia then lost to Bangladesh in the plate final amid thumping drums and gleeful celebrations. The downside was the quality of the cricket, which was often mediocre on some indifferent pitches, and the reporting of six unidentified bowlers for having suspect actions. Pakistan would have finished unbeaten but for a hiccup against England - when both teams had already qualified for the semis. England reached the last four, which was progress, and Alastair Cook looked a class apart. But they came unstuck against West Indies' spinners in the semi-final. India completed the semi-finalists. Dhawan and Suresh Raina were the backbone of a strong batting line-up, and Raina's 90 from just 38 balls against the hapless Scots was as brutal an innings as one will see at any level. Both looked international-class already, though faced with a tough task breaking into their senior side's formidable top order. The captain Ambati Rayudu had been hailed as the next great batting hope, having scored a century and a double in a first-class match at the age of 17. But he did not score the runs promised and was banned by the referee John Morrison from the semi-final after allowing a funereal over-rate during the Super League win against Sri Lanka: eight overs were bowled in the first 50 minutes. India's Shikhar Dhawan was named Man of the Tournament, and was the tournament's leading run-scorer, with 505 runs at an average of 84.16. Bangladeshi Enamul Haque was the leading wicket-taker, with 22 wickets at 10.18.

text: 2006 (Winner: Pakistan)[edit]

text: This tournament was always going to struggle to live up to the overwhelming response that greeted the previous event in Bangladesh. Despite free tickets the matches were sparsely attended even when the home side were in action, but it shouldn't detract from an impressive two weeks which finished with Pakistan securing their second consecutive title in an extraordinary final against India at the Premadasa Stadium. Pakistan crumbled to 109, but in a thrilling passage of play reduced India to 9 for 6. Nasir Jamshed, and Anwar Ali, two of the success stories of the tournament, did the damage and there was no way back for India who fell 38 runs short. These two teams and Australia were the pick of the sides and along with England - who surpassed expectation to reach the semi-finals after beating a talented Bangladesh side - made up the final four. A number of players caught the eye, notably Australia captain Moises Henriques, the Indian batsmen Cheteshwar Pujara - the tournament's leading run-scorer - and teammate Rohit Sharma, along with legspinner Piyush Chawla, who a few weeks later made his Test debut against England. However, perhaps the best story of the tournament was Nepal claiming the Plate trophy after a thrilling victory against New Zealand having also beaten South Africa during the event

text: 2008 (Winner: India)[edit]

text:
It was the first time the tournament was held in an Associate Member country. The 2008 Under-19 Cricket World Cup was held in Malaysia from 17 February to 2 March 2008. Along with hosts , 15 other teams battled in 44 matches packed into 15 days across three cities. India, still smarting from the loss in the previous edition had reason to be upbeat with Tanmay Srivastava, a mature batsman who eventually finished as the tournament's leading run-getter, in their ranks. Australia and England had forgettable campaigns, coming up short against the big teams after making mincemeat of the minnows. Defending champions Pakistan were fortuitous to reach the semi-finals as their batsmen never really got going and, against South Africa in the semi-finals, their luck finally ran out while chasing 261. New Zealand, boosted by Man of the Tournament Tim Southee, were impressive before losing to India in a narrow run-chase under lights and cloudy skies in the other semi-final. South Africa's captain Wayne Parnell had played a major role in ensuring their passage to the summit clash, picking up the most wickets in the tournament en route. But they had lost to India in the group stages and lightning did strike twice. India under the  leadership of Virat Kohli now india captain, after being bowled out for 159, emerged triumphant by 12 runs under the D/L method and were crowned champions for the second time.
[2]

text: 2010 (Winner: Australia)[edit]

text: The 2010 Under-19 Cricket World Cup was held in New Zealand in January 2010.  The tournament was hosted in New Zealand after the ICC took it away from Kenya on the flimsiest of reasons which ridiculed its own mission to spread the game. Kenya were further kicked by the ICC as their side was not allowed to participate as it had not won the African qualifying event - a weakened side had been fielded as at the time, as hosts, they did not need to qualify. As it was, New Zealand did a decent job but crowds were dismal and the group stages were as tediously predictable as in the senior tournament, with the better-funded big nations dominating. South Africa did beat Australia in a good match but a dead rubber. The competition came alive in the quarter-finals as West Indies beat England and Sri Lanka defeated South Africa. The best tie of the competition came when Pakistan beat fierce rivals India by two wickets with three balls remaining in a low-scoring match. The final between Australia and Pakistan was a rematch of the first tournament, and Australia won by 25 runs in a game where fortunes ebbed and flowed throughout.

text: 2012 (Winner: India)[edit]

text: The 2012 Under-19 Cricket World Cup was held in the Tony Ireland Stadium, Australia. Along with the ten test playing nations, Afghanistan, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Ireland, Scotland and Namibia also participated in this tournament. Australia lost against India in the final on 26 August 2012. India's third U19 World Cup meant they tied for the most wins with Australia. Sri Lanka could not go through into the last eight but won the Plate championship by defeating Afghanistan by 7 wickets. Reece Topley of England was the highest wicket taker whereas Anamul Haque of Bangladesh was the top run getter. India won the final against Australia with 14 balls to spare and 6 wickets remaining. Captain Unmukt Chand played a match winning knock of 111* not out in 130 balls with the help of 6 sixes & 7 fours. Sandeep Sharma also excelled with four wickets under his belt.

text: 2014 (Winner: South Africa)[edit]

text:
The 2014 Under-19 Cricket World-Cup was held in Dubai (U.A.E.) in 2014. It was the first time that U.A.E. had hosted an ICC event. Afghanistan was the only non-full member to qualify for the Quarter Finals. This was the first time that Afghanistan reached the last eight of this tournament, courtesy of their stellar performance against Australia in the group stage. In fact, this was the second time that a non-test playing nation qualified for the Super League/Quarter Finals, Nepal being the first one in the 2000 edition.
India wobbled in the Quarter Finals against England and finally lost in the final over. This was the first semi-final berth for England in the last four editions. Pakistan beat England in the semis to reach its fifth Under-19 Final, becoming the first team to do so. South Africa beat Australia in the second semi-final. In a one-sided final, South Africa beat Pakistan and claimed its maiden U-19 World Cup title. Corbin Bosch, son of former South African cricketer late Tertius Bosch, was the Man of the Match in the finals and Aiden Markram was the Man of the Series. South Africa did not lose even a single match in the entire tournament.

text: 2016 (Winner: West Indies)[edit]

text: The 2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup was held in Bangladesh. It was the eleventh edition of the Under-19 World Cup, and the second to be held in Bangladesh. On 5 January 2016,  Australia announced that the Australian squad had pulled out of the tournament, citing security reasons.[3] Defending champions South Africa were knocked out of the tournament in the group stage, with back-to-back defeats to Bangladesh and Namibia.[4] This was the first time that two non-test playing nations – Nepal and Namibia – qualified for the Super League/Quarterfinals. The West Indies defeated India by five wickets in the final, claiming their first title.[5] Bangladesh's captain Mehedi Hasan was named player of the tournament, while England's Jack Burnham and Namibia's Fritz Coetzee led the tournament in runs and wickets, respectively.

text: 2018 (Winner: India)[edit]

text: The 2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup was held in New Zealand. India and  Australia played in the finals at Mount Maunganui on Feb 3 2018. It was the 12th Edition of the Under-19 World Cup. India defeated Australia by 8 wickets, with Manjot Kalra scoring a match-winning 101*.[6] The Man of the match was awarded to Manjot Kalra, while player of the tournament was awarded to Shubman Gill. India now holds the most wins record in Under-19 World Cup.

text: Summary of all teams in all tournaments[edit]

text: In the table below, teams are sorted by best performance, then winning percentage, then (if equal) by alphabetical order.[7]

text:
Team

Appearances

Best result

Statistics

Total

First

Latest

Played

Won

Lost

Tie

NR

Win%

 India

12
1988
2018
Champions (2000, 2008, 2012, 2018)
77
58
18
0
1
76.31

 Australia

11
1988
2018
Champions (1988, 2002, 2010)
73
54
17
0
2
76.05

 Pakistan

12
1988
2018
Champions (2004, 2006)
75
53
21
0
1
71.62

 South Africa

11
1998
2018
Champions (2014)
67
47
19
0
1
71.21

 West Indies

12
1988
2018
Champions (2016)
77
47
30
0
0
61.03

 England

12
1988
2018
Champions (1998)
75
44
30
0
1
59.45

 Sri Lanka

12
1988
2018
Runner-up (2000)
74
40
33
0
1
54.79

 New Zealand

12
1988
2018
Runner-up (1998)
72
33
38
0
1
46.47

 Bangladesh

11
1998
2018
3rd place (2016)
70
48
20
1
1
70.28

 Afghanistan

5
2010
2018
4th place (2018)
30
14
15
0
1
48.27

 Zimbabwe

11
1998
2018
6th place (2004)
68
31
37
0
0
45.58

 Namibia

9
1998
2018
7th place (2016)
53
10
42
1
0
19.81

   Nepal

7
2000
2016
8th place (2000, 2016)
43
21
21
0
1
50.00

 Ireland

8
1998
2018
10th place (2010)
55
19
35
1
0
35.45

 Kenya

4
1998
2018
11th place (1998)
23
6
17
0
0
26.08

 Scotland

7
1998
2016
11th place (2012)
42
12
30
0
0
28.57

 Canada

6
2002
2018
11th place (2010)
35
6
27
1
1
19.11

 United States

2
2006
2010
12th place (2006)
11
2
8
0
1
20.00

 United Arab Emirates

1
2014
2014
12th place (2014)
6
1
5
0
0
16.67

 Papua New Guinea

8
1998
2018
12th place (2008, 2010)
47
3
44
0
0
6.38

 Denmark

1
1998
1998
13th place (1998)
6
2
4
0
0
33.33

 Netherlands

1
2000
2000
14th place (2000)
6
1
4
0
1
20.00

 Hong Kong

1
2010
2010
14th place (2010)
6
1
5
0
0
16.67

 Uganda

2
2004
2006
14th place (2004, 2006)
12
2
10
0
0
16.67

 Bermuda

1
2008
2008
15th place (2008)
5
1
4
0
0
20.00

 Malaysia

1
2008
2008
16th place (2008)
5
1
4
0
0
20.00

 Fiji

1
2016
2016
16th place (2016)
6
0
6
0
0
0.00

Defunct teams

ICC Associates

1
1988
1988
8th place (1988)
7
0
7
0
0
0.00

Americas

1
2000
2000
16th place (2000)
6
0
6
0
0
0.00

text: Note: the win percentage excludes no results and counts ties as half a win.

text: Team result by tournament[edit]

text:
Legend

1st

Champions

2nd

Runners-up

3rd

Third place

Q

Qualified for upcoming tournament

§

Team qualified for tournament, but withdrew

†

Team was ineligible for tournament

Hosts

text:
Team

1988

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

2018

2020

Total

 Afghanistan

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
16th
10th
7th
9th
4th
Q
5

 Australia

1st
4th
4th
1st
10th
3rd
6th
1st
2nd
4th
§
2nd
Q
11

 Bangladesh

—
9th
10th
11th
9th
5th
8th
9th
7th
9th
3rd
6th
Q
11

 Bermuda

—
—
—
—
—
—
15th
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

 Canada

—
—
—
15th
15th
—
—
11th
—
15th
15th
12th
—
6

 Denmark

—
13th
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

 England

4th
1st
6th
7th
4th
4th
5th
8th
5th
3rd
6th
7th
Q
12

 Fiji

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
16th
—
—
1

 Hong Kong

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
14th
—
—
—
—
—
1

 India

6th
5th
1st
3rd
3rd
2nd
1st
6th
1st
5th
2nd
1st
Q
12

 Ireland

—
14th
12th
—
11th
13th
13th
10th
12th
—
13th
13th
—
9

 Kenya

—
11th
13th
14th
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
15th
—
4

 Malaysia

—
—
—
—
—
—
16th
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

 Namibia

—
15th
15th
12th
—
15th
11th
—
16th
13th
7th
14th
—
9

 Netherlands

—
—
14th
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

   Nepal

—
—
8th
10th
13th
9th
10th
—
13th
—
8th
—
—
7

 New Zealand

7th
2nd
7th
6th
8th
10th
4th
7th
4th
10th
12th
8th
Q
12

 Pakistan

2nd
7th
3rd
5th
1st
1st
3rd
2nd
8th
2nd
5th
3rd
Q
12

 Papua New Guinea

—
16th
—
16th
16th
—
12th
12th
14th
16th
—
16th
—
8

 South Africa

†
3rd
9th
2nd
7th
11th
2nd
5th
3rd
1st
11th
5th
Q
11

 Scotland

—
12th
—
13th
12th
16th
—
—
11th
14th
14th
—
—
7

 Sri Lanka

5th
6th
2nd
8th
5th
6th
7th
4th
9th
8th
4th
9th
Q
12

 Uganda

—
—
—
—
14th
14th
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2

 United Arab Emirates

—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
12th
—
—
—
1

 United States

—
—
—
—
—
12th
—
15th
—
—
—
—
—
2

 West Indies

3rd
10th
5th
4th
2nd
8th
9th
3rd
6th
6th
1st
10th
Q
12

 Zimbabwe

—
8th
11th
9th
6th
7th
14th
13th
15th
11th
10th
11th
Q
11

Defunct teams

 Americas

—
—
16th
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

 ICC Associates

8th
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1

Total

8
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16

text: Records[edit]

text: Team records[edit]

text:
480/6 (50 overs) –  Australia vs.  Kenya, 20 January 2002
436/4 (50 overs) –  New Zealand vs.  Kenya, 17 January 2018
425/3 (50 overs) –  India vs.  Scotland, 16 February 2004

text:
22 (22.3 overs) –  Scotland vs.  Australia, 22 February 2004
41 (28.4 overs) –  Canada vs.  South Africa, 25 January 2002
41 (11.4 overs) –  Bangladesh vs.  South Africa, 24 February 2008

text:
9 –  Australia, 2002–2004
8 –  India 2000–2002, 2008–2010, 2012–2014;  Bangladesh 2004–2006;  Pakistan 2006–2008;  Australia 2010–2012

text:
21 –  Papua New Guinea, 1998–2008
16 –  Papua New Guinea, 2012–present
11 –  Namibia, 2008–2014
10 –  Canada, 2002–2004;

text: Individual records[edit]

text:
20 –  Kanishka Chaugai, 2002–2006
19 –  Stefan Swanepoel, 1998–2002;  Greg Thompson, 2004–2008
18 –  Moneeb Iqbal, 2002–2006;  Hashmatullah Shahidi, 2010–2014

text:
606 –  Eoin Morgan, 2004–2006
585 –  Babar Azam, 2010–2012
566 –  Sarfaraz Khan, 2014–2016
548 –  Kraigg Braithwaite, 2010–2012
537 –  Kanishka Chaugai, 2002–2006

text:
505 –  Shikhar Dhawan, 2004
471 –  Brett Williams, 1988
423 –  Cameron White, 2002
421 –  Donovan Pagon, 2002
420 –  Jack Burnham, 2016

text:
191 (152 balls) –  Hasitha Boyagoda, vs.  Kenya, 23 January 2018
180 (144 balls) –  Jakob Bhula, vs.  Kenya, 17 January 2018
176 (129 balls) –  Donovan Pagon, vs.  Scotland, 21 January 2002
174 (150 balls) –  Daniel Lawrence, vs.  Fiji, 27 January 2016
166 (137 balls) –  Keagan Simmons, vs.  Canada, 26 January 2018

text:
245 –  Jakob Bhula and Rachin Ravindra, vs.  Kenya, 17 January 2018
303 –  Daniel Lawrence and Jack Burnham, vs.  Fiji, 27 January 2016
175* –  Abeed Janmohamed and Thomas Odoyo, vs.  Scotland, 12 January 1998
212 –  Cameron White and Dan Christian, vs.  Scotland, 25 January 2002
157 –  Shamar Springer and Jyd Goolie, vs.  Fiji, 31 January 2016
164 –  Umair Masood and Salman Fayyaz, vs.  West Indies, 8 February 2016
119 –  Alick Athanaze and Nyeem Young, vs.  Kenya, 20 January 2018
102* –  Ejaz Nawaz and Frank Nijman, vs. Americas, 23 January 2000
136 –  Nicolas Pooran and Jerome Jones, vs.  Australia, 23 February 2014
73* –  Steven Eno and Timothy Mou, vs.  Afghanistan, 24 January 2010

text:
27 –  Moises Henriques, 2004–2006;  Greg Thompson, 2004–2008
26 –  Abhishek Sharma, 2002–2004
25 –  Tim Bresnan, 2002–2004
23 –  Paras Khadka, 2004–2008;  Wayne Parnell, 2006–2008;  Rahul Vishwakarma, 2008–2012;  Raymond Haoda, 2010–2012

text:
22 –  Enamul Haque, 2004
19 –  Wayne Holdsworth, 1988;  Mushtaq Ahmed, 1988;  Riaz Afridi, 2004;  Reece Topley, 2012
18 –  Tariq Mahmood, 2004;  Wayne Parnell, 2008

text:
8/35 (9.4 overs) –  Lloyd Pope, vs.  England,  23 January 2018
7/15 (6.5 overs) –  Jason Ralston, vs.  Papua New Guinea, 19 January 2018
7/19 (9.2 overs) –  Jeewan Mendis, vs.  Zimbabwe, 24 January 2002
7/20 (8.1 overs) –  Trent Boult, vs.  Malaysia, 21 February 2008
6/3 (6.2 overs) –  Rahul Vishwakarma, vs.  Papua New Guinea, 23 August 2012

text:
23 years, 312 days –  Thomas Nielsen, vs.  Namibia, 22 January 1998
21 years, 131 days –  Chris Alu, vs.  Kenya, 22 January 1998
21 years, 51 days –  Sam Skeete, vs.  Pakistan, 10 March 1988

text: Note: age restrictions were relaxed for some teams at the early editions of the tournament.

text: By tournament[edit]

text:
Year
Player of the final
Player of the tournament
Most runs
Most wickets

1988
 Brett Williams
not awarded
 Brett Williams (471)
 Wayne Holdsworth (19) Mushtaq Ahmed (19)

1998
 Stephen Peters
not awarded
 Chris Gayle (364)
 Ramnaresh Sarwan (16) Mluleki Nkala (16)

2000
 Reetinder Sodhi
 Yuvraj Singh
 Graeme Smith (348)
 Zahid Saeed (15)

2002
 Aaron Bird
 Tatenda Taibu
 Cameron White (423)
 Xavier Doherty (16) Waddington Mwayenga (16)

2004
 Asif Iqbal
 Shikhar Dhawan
 Shikhar Dhawan (505)
 Enamul Haque (22)

2006
 Anwar Ali
 Cheteshwar Pujara
 Cheteshwar Pujara (349)
 Moises Henriques (16)

2008
 Ajitesh Argal
 Tim Southee
 Tanmay Srivastava (262)
 Wayne Parnell (18)

2010
 Josh Hazlewood
 Dominic Hendricks
 Dominic Hendricks (391)
 Raymond Haoda (15)

2012
 Unmukt Chand
 Will Bosisto
 Anamul Haque (365)
 Reece Topley (19)

2014
 Corbin Bosch
 Aiden Markram
 Shadman Islam (406)
 Anuk Fernando (15)

2016
 Keacy Carty
 Mehedi Hasan
 Jack Burnham (420)
 Fritz Coetzee (15)

2018
 Manjot Kalra
 Shubman Gill
 Alick Athanaze (418)
 Anukul Roy (14) Qais Ahmad (14) Faisal Jamkhandi (14)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/u-19-world-cup/under-19-world-cup-manjot-ton-brings-india-their-fourth-world-cup-triumph/articleshow/62767093.cms

Jump up ^ "Indiatimes Cricket". Indiatimes Cricket. Retrieved 2008-03-02.

Jump up ^ "Australia pull out of U-19 World Cup due to security concerns". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 5 January 2016.

Jump up ^ "Namibia stun SA; Burnham ton helps England sail on". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 4 February 2016.

Jump up ^ "West Indies win U-19 world cup". ESPNcricinfo. 14 February 2016.

Jump up ^ http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8368/game/1116941/australia-under-19s-vs-india-under-19s-final-under-19s-world-cup-2017-18/

Jump up ^ Under-19s World Cup / Records / Result summary – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 14 February 2016.

Jump up ^ ESPNcricinfo

Jump up ^ Records / Under-19s World Cup / Lowest totals [ESPNcricinfo].

Jump up ^ Under-19 World Cup most consecutive victories – CricketArchive. Retrieved 10 November 2015.

Jump up ^ Under-19 World Cup most consecutive defeats – CricketArchive. Retrieved 27 January 2018.

Jump up ^ ESPNcricinfo.

Jump up ^ ESPNcricinfo.

Jump up ^ ESPNcricinfo

Jump up ^ ESPNcricinfo

Jump up ^ ESPNcricinfo

Jump up ^ ESPNcricinfo

Jump up ^ ESPNcricinfo

Jump up ^ ESPNcricinfo.

Jump up ^ Under-19 World Cup oldest players – CricketArchive. Retrieved 10 November 2015.


document_title: Battle of the Boyne

question_text: who led the jacobite army at the battle of the boyne

root

text: Battle of the Boyne

text: Background[edit]

text: The battle was the decisive[citation needed] encounter in a war that was primarily about James's attempt to regain the thrones of England and Scotland, resulting from the Invitation to William and William's wife, Mary, to take the throne. It is regarded[by whom?] as a crucial moment[citation needed] in the struggle between Irish Protestant and Catholic interests.

tag: p

text: The previous year William had sent the Duke of Schomberg to take charge of the Irish campaign.[citation needed] He was a 75-year-old professional soldier who had accompanied William during the Glorious Revolution. Under his command, affairs had remained static and very little had been accomplished, partly because the English troops suffered severely from fever.[citation needed] William, dissatisfied with the state of affairs in Ireland, decided to take charge in person.

text: In an Irish context, the war was a sectarian and ethnic conflict, in many ways a re-run of the Irish Confederate Wars of 50 years earlier. For the Jacobites, the war was fought for Irish sovereignty, religious tolerance for Catholicism, and land ownership. The Catholic upper classes had lost almost all their lands after Cromwell's conquest, as well as the right to hold public office, practise their religion, and sit in the Irish Parliament. They saw the Catholic King James as a means of redressing these grievances and securing the autonomy of Ireland from England.[citation needed] To these ends, under Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel, they had raised an army to restore James after the Glorious Revolution. By 1690, they controlled all of Ireland except for the province of Ulster. Most of James II's troops at the Boyne were Irish Catholics; however, there were also Scots-Irish Presbyterians fighting for James II.

text: The majority of Irish people were Jacobites and supported James II due to his 1687 Declaration of Indulgence or, as it is also known, the Declaration for the Liberty of Conscience, that granted religious freedom to all denominations in England and Scotland and also due to James II's promise to the Irish Parliament of an eventual right to self-determination.[1][2]

text: Conversely, for the Williamites, the war was about maintaining Protestant and English rule in Ireland. They feared for their lives and their property if James and his Catholic supporters were to rule Ireland, nor did they trust the promise of tolerance, seeing the Declaration of Indulgence as a ploy to re-establish Catholicism as the sole state religion. In particular, they dreaded a repeat of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, which had been marked by widespread killing. For these reasons, Protestants fought en masse for William of Orange. Many Williamite troops at the Boyne, including their very effective irregular cavalry, were Ulster Protestants, who called themselves "Enniskilliners" and were referred to by contemporaries as "Scots-Irish". These "Enniskilliners" were mostly the descendants of Anglo-Scottish border reivers and large numbers of these reivers had settled around Enniskillen in County Fermanagh, hence the name "Enniskilliners".[citation needed]

text: Ironically, historian Derek Brown notes that if the battle is seen as part of the War of the Grand Alliance, Pope Alexander VIII was an ally of William and an enemy to James; the Papal States were part of the Grand Alliance with a shared hostility to the Catholic Louis XIV of France, who at the time was attempting to establish dominance in Europe and to whom James was an ally.[3]

text: Commanders[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The opposing armies in the battle were led by the Roman Catholic King James II of England, Scotland, and Ireland and opposing him, his nephew and son-in-law, the Protestant King William III ("William of Orange") who had deposed James the previous year. James's supporters controlled much of Ireland and the Irish Parliament. James also enjoyed the support of his cousin, Louis XIV, who did not want to see a hostile monarch on the throne of England. Louis sent 6,000 French troops to Ireland to support the Irish Jacobites. William was already Stadtholder of the Netherlands and was able to call on Dutch and allied troops from Europe as well as England and Scotland.

text: James was a seasoned officer who had proven his bravery when fighting for his brother – King Charles II – in Europe, notably at the Battle of the Dunes (1658). However, recent historians have noted that he was prone to panicking under pressure and making rash decisions, possibly due to the onset of the dementia which would overtake him completely in later years.

text: William, although a seasoned commander, was hardly one of history's great generals and had yet to win a major battle. Many of his battles ended in stalemates, prompting at least one modern historian to argue that William lacked an ability to manage armies in the thick of conflict. William's success against the French had been reliant upon tactical manoeuvres and good diplomacy rather than force. His diplomacy had assembled the League of Augsburg, a multi-national coalition formed to resist French aggression in Europe. From William's point of view, his taking power in England and the ensuing campaign in Ireland was just another front in the war against France in general, and Louis XIV in particular.

text: James II's subordinate commanders were Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, who was Lord Deputy of Ireland and James's most powerful supporter in Ireland; and the French general Lauzun. William's second-in-command was the Duke of Schomberg. Born in Heidelberg, Germany, Schomberg had formerly been a Marshal of France, but, being a Huguenot, was compelled to leave France in 1685 because of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

text: Armies[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Williamite army at the Boyne was about 36,000 strong, composed of troops from many countries.[4] Around 20,000 troops had been in Ireland since 1689,[citation needed] commanded by Schomberg.[4] William himself arrived with another 16,000 in June 1690.[citation needed] William's troops were generally far better trained and equipped than James's.[4] The best Williamite infantry were from Denmark and the Netherlands, professional soldiers equipped with the latest flintlock muskets.[citation needed] There was also a large (4,200)[citation needed] contingent of French Huguenot troops fighting with the Williamites. William did not have a high opinion of his English and Scottish troops,[citation needed] with the exception of the Ulster Protestant "skirmishers" who had held Derry in the previous year.[citation needed] The English and Scottish troops were felt to be politically unreliable,[citation needed] since James had been their legitimate monarch up to a year before. Moreover, they had only been raised recently and had seen little battle action.

text: The Jacobites were 23,500 strong.[4] James had several regiments of French troops, but most of his manpower was provided by Irish Catholics. The Jacobites' Irish cavalry, who were recruited from among the dispossessed Irish gentry, proved themselves to be high calibre troops during the course of the battle.[citation needed] However, the Irish infantry, predominantly peasants who had been pressed into service, were not trained soldiers. They had been hastily trained, poorly equipped, and only a minority of them had functional muskets. In fact, some of them carried only farm implements such as scythes at the Boyne.[5] Furthermore, the Jacobite infantry who actually had firearms were all equipped with the obsolete matchlock musket.[citation needed]

text: The battle[edit]

text: William had landed in Carrickfergus in Ulster on 14 June 1690 O.S. and marched south, intending to take Dublin. He was heard to remark that "the place was worth fighting for".[citation needed] James chose to place his line of defence on the River Boyne, around 30 miles (48 km) from Dublin. The Williamites reached the Boyne on 29 June. The day before the battle, William himself had a narrow escape when he was wounded in the shoulder by Jacobite artillery while surveying the fords over which his troops would cross the Boyne.

text: The battle itself was fought on 1 July O.S. (11th N.S.), for control of a ford on the Boyne near Drogheda, about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) northwest of the hamlet of Oldbridge (and about 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi) west-northwest of the modern Boyne River Bridge). William sent about a quarter of his men to cross the river at Roughgrange, about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) west of Donore and about 6 miles (9.7 km) southwest of Oldbridge. The Duke of Schomberg's son, Meinhardt, led this crossing, which Irish dragoons in picquet under Neil O'Neill unsuccessfully opposed.[citation needed] James, an inexperienced general, thought that he might be outflanked and sent half his troops, along with most of his artillery, to counter this move. What neither side had realised was that there was a deep, swampy ravine at Roughgrange. Because of this ravine, the opposing forces there could not engage each other, but literally sat out the battle. The Williamite forces went on a long detour march which, later in the day, almost saw them cut off the Jacobite retreat at the village of Naul.[citation needed]

text: At the main ford near Oldbridge, William's infantry, led by the elite Dutch Blue Guards, forced their way across the river, using their superior firepower to slowly drive back the enemy foot soldiers, but were pinned down when the Jacobite cavalry counter-attacked. Having secured the village of Oldbridge, some Williamite infantry tried to hold off successive cavalry attacks with disciplined volley fire, but were scattered and driven into the river, with the exception of the Blue Guards. William's second-in-command, the Duke of Schomberg, and George Walker were killed in this phase of the battle.[citation needed] The Williamites were not able to resume their advance until their own horsemen managed to cross the river and, after being badly mauled, managed to hold off the Jacobite cavalry until they[clarification needed] retired and regrouped at Donore, where they once again put up stiff resistance before retiring.

text: The Jacobites retired in good order. William had a chance to trap them as they retreated across the River Nanny at Duleek, but his troops were held up by a successful rear-guard action. The Dutch secretary of King William, Constantijn Huygens Jr., has given a good description (in Dutch) of the battle and its aftermath, including subsequent cruelties committed by the victorious soldiers.[6]

text: The casualty figures of the battle were quite low for a battle of such a scale—of the 50,000 or so participants, about 2,000 died.[citation needed] Three-quarters of the dead were Jacobites. William's army had far more wounded. At the time, most casualties of battles tended to be inflicted in the pursuit of an already-beaten enemy; this did not happen at the Boyne, as the counter-attacks of the skilled Jacobite cavalry screened the retreat of the rest of their army, and in addition William was always disinclined to endanger the person of James, since he was the father of his wife, Mary. The Jacobites were badly demoralised by the order to retreat, which lost them the battle. Many of the Irish infantrymen deserted. The Williamites triumphantly marched into Dublin two days after the battle. The Jacobite army abandoned the city and marched to Limerick, behind the River Shannon, where they were unsuccessfully besieged.

text: Soon after the battle, William issued the Declaration of Finglas, offering full pardons to ordinary Jacobite soldiers, but not to their leaders. After his defeat, James did not stay in Dublin, but rode with a small escort to Duncannon and returned to exile in France, even though his army left the field relatively unscathed. James's loss of nerve and speedy exit from the battlefield enraged his Irish supporters, who fought on until the Treaty of Limerick in 1691; he was derisively nicknamed Seamus a' chaca ("James the shit") in Irish.

text: There is an oral tradition[citation needed] stating that no battle took place at all, that a symbolic victory was shown by the crossing of the River Boyne and that the total fatalities were a result of Williamite cavalry attacking the local able-bodied men.

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: The battle was overshadowed by the defeat of an Anglo-Dutch fleet by the French two days earlier at the Battle of Beachy Head, a far more serious event in the short term; only on the continent was the Boyne treated as an important victory. Its importance lay in the fact that it was the first proper victory for the League of Augsburg, the first-ever alliance between the Vatican and Protestant countries. The victory motivated more nations to join the alliance and in effect ended the fear of a French conquest of Europe.

text: The Boyne also had strategic significance for both England and Ireland. It marked the beginning of the end of James's hope of regaining his throne by military means and probably assured the triumph of the Glorious Revolution. In Scotland, news of this defeat temporarily silenced the Highlanders supporting the Jacobite rising, which Bonnie Dundee had led. In Ireland, the Boyne fully assured the Jacobites that they could successfully resist William.[citation needed] But it was a general victory for William and is still celebrated by the Protestant Orange Order on the Twelfth of July. Ironically, due to the political situation mentioned above, the Pope also hailed the victory of William at the Boyne, ordered the bells of the Vatican to be rung in celebration.[citation needed]

text: The civil war in Ireland ended with the Treaty of Limerick. It allowed James to leave for France and allowed most Irish land owners to keep their land provided that they swore allegiance to William of Orange. Few did so within two years and the concession was withdrawn from the remainder.

text: Commemoration[edit]

text: Originally, the 12 July commemoration was that of the Battle of Aughrim,[8] symbolising Irish Protestants' victory in the Williamite war in Ireland. At Aughrim, which took place a year after the Boyne, the Jacobite army was destroyed, deciding the war in the Williamites' favour. The Boyne, which, in the old Julian calendar, took place on 1 July O.S., was treated as less important, third after Aughrim and the anniversary of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 on 23 October O.S.

text: In 1752, the Gregorian calendar was also adopted in Ireland.[9] However, even after this date, "The Twelfth" continued to be commemorated at Aughrim, on 12 July NS,[8] following the usual historical convention of commemorating events of that period within Great Britain and Ireland by mapping the Julian date directly onto the modern Gregorian calendar date (as happens for example with Guy Fawkes Night on 5 November). But, after the Orange Order was founded in 1795 amid sectarian violence in County Armagh, the two events were combined in the late 18th century.[8]

text: "The Twelfth" in Great Britain and Ireland today[edit]

text: The Battle of the Boyne remains a controversial topic today in Northern Ireland, where some Protestants remember it as the great victory over Catholics that resulted in the sovereignty of Parliament and the Protestant monarchy.

text: In recent decades, "The Twelfth" has often been marked by confrontations, as members of the Orange Order attempt to celebrate the date by marching past or through what they see as their traditional route. Some of these areas, however, now have a nationalist majority who object to marches passing through what they see as their areas.

text: Each side thus dresses up the disputes in terms of the other's alleged attempts to repress them; Nationalists still see Orange Order marches as provocative attempts to "show who is boss", whilst Unionists insist that they have a right to "walk the Queen's highway". Since the start of The Troubles, the celebrations of the battle have been seen as playing a critical role in the awareness of those involved in the unionist/nationalist tensions in Northern Ireland.

text: The battlefield today[edit]

text: The site of the Battle of the Boyne sprawls over a wide area west of the town of Drogheda. In the County Development Plan for 2000, Meath County Council rezoned the land at the eastern edge of Oldbridge, at the site of the main Williamite crossing, to residential status. A subsequent planning application for a development of over 700 houses was granted by Meath County Council and this was appealed against by local historians to An Bord Pleanala (The Planning Board). In March 2008, after an extremely long appeal process, An Bord Pleanala approved permission for this development to proceed. However, due to the current[when?] economic climate in Ireland, no work has yet[when?] started on this development.

text: The current Interpretive Centre dedicated to informing tourists and other visitors about the battle is about 1-mile (1.6 km) to the west of the main crossing point. The battle's other main combat areas, at Duleek, Donore and Plattin, along the Jacobite line of retreat, are marked with tourist information signs.

text: On 4 April 2007, in a sign of improving relations between unionist and nationalist groups, the newly elected First Minister of Northern Ireland, the Reverend Ian Paisley, was invited to visit the battle site by the Taoiseach (Prime Minister) Bertie Ahern later in the year. Following the invitation, Paisley commented that "such a visit would help to demonstrate how far we have come when we can celebrate and learn from the past so the next generation more clearly understands". On 10 May, the visit took place, and Paisley presented the Taoiseach with a Jacobite musket in return for Ahern's gift at the St Andrews talks of a walnut bowl made from a tree from the site. A new tree was also planted in the grounds of Oldbridge House by the two politicians to mark the occasion.[10]


document_title: List of states and union territories of India by area

question_text: which state is the largest state of india

text: List[edit]

text:
Rank
State / Territory
Area (km2)
Region
National Share (%)
Country of comparable size
Ref

1
Rajasthan
342,239
Northern
10.41
 Republic of the Congo

2
Madhya Pradesh
308,245
Central
9.37
 Oman

3
Maharashtra
307,713
Western
9.36
 Oman

4
Uttar Pradesh
240,928
Central
7.33
 Uganda

5
Jammu and Kashmir
222,236
Northern
6.76
 Guyana
[note 1]

6
Gujarat
196,024
Western
5.96
 Senegal

7
Karnataka
191,791
Southern
5.83
 Senegal

8
Andhra Pradesh
162,968
Southern
4.87
 Tunisia

9
Odisha
155,707
Eastern
4.73
 Bangladesh

10
Chhattisgarh
135,191
Central
4.11
 Greece

11
Tamil Nadu
130,058
Southern
3.95
 Nicaragua

12
Telangana
112,077
Southern
3.49
 Honduras

13
Bihar
94,163
Eastern
2.86
 Hungary

14
West Bengal
88,752
Eastern
2.70
 Serbia

15
Arunachal Pradesh
83,743
Northeastern
2.54
 Austria

16
Jharkhand
79,714
Eastern
2.42
 Czech Republic

17
Assam
78,438
Northeastern
2.38
 Czech Republic

18
Himachal Pradesh
55,673
Northern
1.70
 Croatia

19
Uttarakhand
53,483
Northern
1.62
 Costa Rica

20
Punjab
50,362
Northern
1.53
 Costa Rica

21
Haryana
44,212
Northern
1.34
 Denmark

22
Kerala
38,863
Southern
1.18
 Bhutan

23
Meghalaya
22,429
Northeastern
0.68
 Djibouti

24
Manipur
22,327
Northeastern
0.68
 Belize

25
Mizoram
21,081
Northeastern
0.64
 El Salvador

26
Nagaland
16,579
Northeastern
0.50
 Swaziland

27
Tripura
10,486
Northeastern
0.31
 Lebanon

28
Sikkim
7,096
Northeastern
0.21
 French Southern and Antarctic Lands

29
Goa
3,702
Western
0.11
 French Polynesia

UT1
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
8,249
Bay of Bengal
0.25
 Puerto Rico

NCT
Delhi
1,484
Northern
0.04
 Faroe Islands

UT2
Puducherry
492
Southern
0.01
 Andorra

UT3
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
491
Western
0.01
 Andorra

UT4
Chandigarh
114
Northern
0.003
 Wallis and Futuna

UT5
Daman and Diu
112
Western
0.003
 Montserrat

UT6
Lakshadweep
32
Arabian Sea
0.001
 Macau

**
Disputed area (between states)
23

0.0007
 Nauru
[note 2]
[note 3]

India
3,287,263[a]

100

text: Source:Area of states[3]

text: The area figures of states and union territories do not add up to area of India because:

text:
The shortfall of 7 km2. area of Madhya Pradesh and 3 km2. area of Chhattisgarh is yet to be resolved by the Survey of India.[3]
Disputed area of 13 km2. between Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh is neither included in Puducherry nor in Andhra Pradesh.[3]
Area figures includes the area under occupation by Pakistan and China. The area includes 13,297+64,817 = 78,114  km2. of disputed area under occupation of Pakistan, 5,180  km2. of disputed area handed over by Pakistan to China and 37,555  km2 of disputed area under occupation of China 5,180+37,555=42,735 sq km .[3]

tag: ul


document_title: Kaala Teeka

question_text: what is the real name of kali in kala teeka

text: Kaala Teeka

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Kaala Teeka is the story of Vishwaveer Jha (Bhupinder Singh) and his quest to keep his only daughter, Gauri, safe and protected. Vishwaveer discovers that an abandoned baby girl is able to protect Gauri from a familial curse, and he adopts her, naming her Kaali and making her Gauri's "kaala teeka".

text: After 5 years

text: Kaali continues protecting Gauri in every way. Gauri (Fenil Umriger), being Vishwaveer's (Bhupinder Singh) only child, is brought up surrounded with comforts, while Vishwaveer doesn't treat Kaali (Simran Pareenja) very well. She is mistreated by Kalyani (Mita Vashisht), who is Vishwaveer's sister in law. Vishwaveer's first wife, Manjiri (Daljeet Kaur Bhanot), who doesn't have children, adores Kaali and brings her up as her own daughter.

text: Kalyani plots to kill Gauri to get revenge from Vishwaveer for an old matter. She kills Kaali first, so that she is unable to protect Gauri. However, Kaali survives, and relates the incident to Manjiri, who decides to make Kalyani pay.

text: Kaali and Manjiri confront Kalyani in a temple, where Kalyani ends up killing Manjiri by strangling her, and making it look like Kaali did it. When the family finds out, Vishwaveer decides to take the blame on himself and go to jail in Kaali's place, so that Kaali can stay with Gauri and continue to protect her. As a result, Vishwaveer goes to jail for 14 years.

text: After 14 years

text: Kaali and Gauri grow up. Kaali (Simran Pareenja) is very intelligent and a good singer, but all credits are taken by Gauri (Fenil Umriger). Kaali writes exams for her and sings for her. A guy named Yug (Rohan Gandotra) hears Kaali's voice and is taken aback by her voice. He tries to search for her but is unable to find her. Everyone thinks that it is Gauri who sings and Yug also thinks the same, but he is not able to find Gauri. Vishwaveer Jha, while searching for a suitable groom for Gauri, comes across Yug and resolves to get her married to him. Gauri initially refuses but Kaali convinces her, and she eventually falls in love with Yug and agrees for marriage after testing him a couple of times. When Yug's grandmother rejects the proposal considering Vishwa to be a criminal, he brainwashes Neel (Gauri's brother) into trying to rape Sharmila (Yug's sister). Neel attempts to do so, but is held back by his conscience at the last minute. In order to save Sharmila's reputation, Yug's grandmother agrees to get Yug married to Gauri in exchange for Neel (Nivin A. Ramani) marrying Sharmila. Meanwhile, it is revealed that Manjiri is still alive. She lost her memory 14 years ago and saved Yug's life, after which his father took her in as his sister. She is now living with Yug.

text: After a while Kaali finds out that Manjiri is still alive and with the help of Yug brings her memory back. Yug-Gauri and Neel-Sharmila are now scheduled to get married. Instead destiny wants to bring Yug and Kaali together who have fallen in love. Yug is actually Kaali's childhood ramji.

text: The show goes on with Manjiri and Yug supporting Kali in each and every step to get back love of her Badke papa and prove him superstitions are waste. Gauri's kundli's truth comes out and Kaali is forced to agree to be her kala teeka again and go to Yug's house. She gets anxious and encounters Vishwa and decides to leave. Manjiri and Kali get kidnapped by Kalyani, and Yug saves them. Kalyani is arrested and Manjiri goes back to Vishwa and demands Kali and Yug's alliance. Gauri drinks poison but she is saved and Vishwa realises that it was not Kali being kaala teeka that worked for Gauri but her prayers were the ones which truly worked. He fixes Yug and Kali's alliance to which leela agrees only because of a hidden motto and she doesn't want Kali to be her daughter in law. Therefore, Leela and Gauri team up. Yug marries kali but everyone get tricked as they assume it is Gauri who is getting married to Yug. Yug doesn't trust Kali anymore and goes with Gauri. He starts to hate Kali.

text: Time passes by and Yug finally finds out the truth behind Gauri and gets married with Kali once again. Gauri then plans to make Kali seem dead by injecting some type of medicine on her but that plan fails when her injection breaks. Instead, she puts the poison in the safety pin and hooks it on Kali's doli. Kali is pricked by the safety pin. While performing rituals and praying in the temple at Yug's house, Kali faints. They call the doctor but the doctor tells everyone that Kali is dead. Just then, Yug realizes that it could have been Gauri and goes to her hotel to drag her there. She fakes and does some drama of crying and says she will bring Kali back to life by burning kapur on her hand. She has already put chemical on her hand to make sure her palm doesn't burn. The poison wears off and Kali regains conscientious, leaving everyone believing Gauri. However Yug does not believe Gauri and sends her out of the house. Gauri vows for revenge. She comes back as a servant and starts to make Leela believe an evil spirit is haunting her. She brings a fake astrologer in and he tells that Yug should be 21 kilometers away from the house. Leela and Yug believe it and he leaves. Later with the help of the astrologer, Gauri makes it look like Kali has the evil spirit inside her and Leela decides to sacrifice Kali. Manjiri comes to Yug's house and discovers that there is a pooja going on and asks for Kali, who is locked in a room. Manjiri gets suspicious and follows the car leading to the ashram. She bring in a real astrologer and the truth behind Gauri gets revealed to everyone. Kali, enraged, slaps Gauri for her deeds and Gauri later reveals to everyone that Leela did not want Kali to be her daughter in law and encouraged Gauri that Yug would be married to her. Yug gets distraught and leaves while Gauri and the fake astrologer get arrested. Gauri vows to destroy his whole family. After three months however, gauri who is released from jail returns and reveals to everyone that she is pregnant by yug. Because of this yug allows her to stay until the child is born. Later it is then revealed that kaali is also pregnant. This matter however, is only known by gauri and vishwa as they bribed the nurse to get her reports before she does. In order to make sure that kaali and yug stay apart gauri plans to have Kali thrown out of the house which is eventually carried out by yug himself, as he does so vishwa then takes kaali to the top of a cliff and reveals her pregnancy to her just as he is about to push her off. Vishwa pushes Kali off of the cliff but Kali hangs onto a branch. Vishwaveer throws rock at her and she falls. Afterwards, Kali's suicide note comes and everyone believes Kali to be dead. Leela asks Yug to marry Gauri and give the child a legitimate name. Yug agrees to marry Gauri. Meanwhile, Kali doesn't die and is saved by a Mentally Challenged Man Nandu. Kali asks Nandu to take her to Choudhary House. Nandu takes her there but returns. There back in his village, some kids tease him as Kali's Husband. He becomes shy but later marries her.And then takes her to the Hospital where he gets to know that Kali is in coma.

text: After 7 months

text: Yug is now turned as a puppet for Vishwaveer. Vishwaveer is the new landlord of Choudhary House.Nandu is seen taking care of Kali in the Hospital. The nurses discuss that Kali has lost her child.Gauri and Yug travel to Birpur. On there way Gauri gets labour pain and Yug takes her to the same Hospital where Kali is admitted. Vishwa finds out that Kali is in the hospital. Meanwhile, Gauri delivers a baby girl and names it Naina. Naina gets kidnapped by Vishwa, after being told that baby is threat to his life and Kali finds out about Yug and Gauri and decides to commit suicide on the same river Vishwa places Naina in a basket and floating away. Kali feels the basket and finds a baby and decides to live. She raises the baby. Unknown to Kali is that the baby is Yug and Gauri's baby, who are distraught after their baby went missing, and names it Naina. It is revealed that Vishwa attempted to kill Yug and Gauri's baby because of a superstition that says the baby is a threat to him. Manjiri later finds Kali at a temple and Kali reveals that she was once pregnant with Yug's child and Vishwa threw her off the cliff for the sake of Gauri. Manjiri vows revenge on Vishwa and brings her to Yug's house. Gauri does not like this and tries to kill Naina. However it backfires. Meanwhile, Nandu finds out that Vishwa attempted to kill Kali and vows not to spare him. Fearing that the truth would come out, Vishwa gets rid of all the evidence he could find. He also find out that Kali's daughter is actually Gauri's daughter. Vishwa attempts to kill Kali and the baby but fails because of Nandu. Manjiri later finds out about this and scolds Vishwa and reveals her revenge against him. Kali and Naina disappeared once again and Manjiri threatens to kill Vishwa if he does not reveal where Kali and Naina are. It is later revealed that Kali had planned this to get the truth from Vishwa. Later, while Vishwa and Purohit conduct a Pooja, assuming that Kali is dead, Kali pretends to be a spirit to get Vishwa to say the truth. With the help of Nandu and Manjiri, Kali gets the truth out. Yug gets distraught by hearing this and a chandelier falls on Kali. While she is hospitalized Manjiri reveals the truth behind Vishwa and Gauri. Yug later gets Purohit and Vishwa arrested but they escape. Naina gets kidnapped again and Kali and Manjiri finds her. Vishwa finds Kali and Manjiri an threatens to kill Kali and Naina. Before he could, Manjiri grabs a thrishul and stabs Vishwa, killing him. After his funeral, Yug asks Kali for forgiveness but Kali rejects saying that she is not a doll to play with. Nandu offers Kali to stay at his place but Yug threatens to kill Naina if Kali leaves. Kali stays but scolds Yug for being selfish and will only stay for Naina's sake. Leela declares Kali Naina's official mother as Gauri is too dangerous for the number of sins she committed. At this time, a tantrik named Devri is introduced and reveals to be Nandu's brother. Kali and Manjiri get suspicious about Devri and ask a priest at an ashram and Purohit, as he has no other option. Manjiri and Kali discover that Vishwa had a Kaala Teeka and that Devri is his Kaala Teeka. They also discovers Devri's intentions to kill Naina to gain evil powers. It is also revealed in Nandu's kundli that Nandu is Naina's Kaala Teeka. Discovering that Devri is a threat, Yug bans Devri from coming into the house while Devri plot to kill Naina is underway. Devri also decides to kill Kali because she is an obstacle that he has to overcome to kill Naina. But Manjiri and Nandu save them and Nandu and Kali get married for Naina's protection. This infuriates Yug and decides to kill Nandu but is stopped by Gauri. Devri decides to kill Nandu in order to get Naina but stabs himself. He is rushed to the hospital. Yug later snatched Naina from Kali saying that she is no longer her mother. Yug meets with an accident and Naina and Yug are hospitalized. Devri donates blood to Naina but Kali would forgive him if he goes to jail. But Devri escaped and forms another plan to kill Naina. Jamuna soon finds out about this and warns Kali. Kali decides to kill Devri. Purohit later finds out that only Kali and Nandu can kill Devri. Nandu does not want to kill Devri. Kali decides to kill Devri with the help of Yug, she was successful. But Devri is still alive and attempted to drown Kali but is saved by Nandu and Nandu kills Devri.

text: After 8 months

text: Kali is now pregnant with Nandu's child and Naina is shown to have grown up and causing trouble for Kali, Yug and Gauri. Naina runs to a forest and Kali finds her there. while she was there, she gives birth to Nandu's child and names her Pavitra. A nearby tantrik revealed that Pavitra would not be able to live for no longer than seven years.

text: After 5 years

text: Nandu had died when he killed Devri. Yug decide to adopt Pavitra. Gauri get jealous to Kaali because she think that Kaali was take her life. Gauri becomes angry after knowing that Kaali and Yug get closer again. She then burned the house. Everybody is dead but Kaali is trapped in her room. Naina and Pavitra was saved and they ran away from the house. Gauri chases them and wants to kill Pavitra. But fuel tank of her car was leaked and her car was exploded, Gauri dead. In the next day, Chulbuli comes home and is shocked to see the house was burned. Naina and Pavitra go back home and meet Chulbuli. They feel sad when everybody found dead. But Kaali still trapped in her room. They search Kaali and the found her, they take Kaali to hospital. Suddenly, Kaali wake up and hug Naina and Pavitra. Purohit come to hospital and ask forgiveness to Kaali. Purohit confess that myth about kaala teeka of Gauri is just a hoax. He made up the story about kaala teeka because he was treated by Vishwaveer. Kaali forgive him and make him promise to not tell about superstition anymore. Kaali want Chulbuli to take care of her daughters. Kaali closed her eyes and she died. A few days later, Jamuna come home and want to take Pavitra to stay with her. Naina, Chulbuli and Pavitra herself didn't let her to take Pavitra. Chulbuli say to Purohit to bring Naina and Pavitra to Neelkanth and Sharmila in the city to avoid Jamuna. But before that happen, Jamuna comes and takes pavitra away. Moving to Bhimpur, the bus in which they were traveling meets with an accident and Jamuna dies. Pavitra faints, falls into the river, and she floats away to another village. Maai finds her and says that she will take care of her.

text: After 14 years

text: Naina ( Sukirti Kandpal )lives in Mumbai and Pavitra ( Simran Pareenja ), in Bhimpur village. Naina goes to college and on every holiday she goes to several villages in search of Pavitra. This time she went to Bhimpur. In Bhimpur She stays at a girl's house called Barki ( Simran Pareenja ), which she helped during a bus accident. Naina doesn't know that the girl in whose house she is staying is pavitra. In bhimpur there is a rite called "Ganga Darpan" in which innocent girls are decked up as brides and are send to the other village, in order to do prostitution. But the villagers are not aware of this. They think that the girls are being send to an Ashram for being Sanyasi's all their lives. This all is a big sex scandal. In all of this the Thakur of the village ( Parag Tyagi ) and the Mahant was involved. However Naina tried to exposed the Thakur and the Mahant in front of the villagers, but nobody listened to her and she was sent back to Mumbai. But Naina didn't gave up and went back to Bhimpur, this time with Chulbuli chachi and Dimpy. There Naina met Krishna ( Karan Sharma ), the son of the Thakur.There was a glimpse of love at first sight. With the help of Krishna and Barki, Naina created a Plan to expose the Thakur. The 45th time Barki was chosen for the "Ganga Darpan" and Naina wanted to stop this and she succeed, but The thakur accused Mahant and he was sent to jail instead of the both of them. Then all the girls returned to their parents. However the thakur tried to kill Naina and Krishna, but couldn't succeed. One day Mai ( Barki's Mother ) wanted to remove all the proof of pavitra's existence, but could't do it because Barki got to know that she is Pavitra. Naina saves Barki and they got back to the village. Thakur didn't stop his cunning and slimy tricks. He harms Naina and Marries her, cheating Krishna who was about to get married to Naina, in order to rape Naina, because she exposed him. Naina lost her memory. pavitra marries krishna to enter Thakurs mansion in order to save Naina .Thakur kidnaps Dimpy, Chulbuli Chachi and Chutki. When the others got to know that the 3 got kidnapped, they started to haunt and taunt thakur so that he tells that where Chulbuli Chachi, Chutki and Dimpy are.When Thakur was fed up and had enough, he tried to kill Krishna, naina, Pavitra and Mai. But they didn't died. They returned in Thakurs life to make him pay for his sins, but they didn't succeed in their plans. Thakur now tried to create a rift between Naina and Pavitra, but Pavitra Promised that she will make everything right, how it was before. Chulbuli chachi, Dimpy and Chutki managed to escape from the goons den and went to the mansion. Meanwhile, Naina regains her memory. She accuses and abuses Pavitra for marrying Krishna. Now she wants to avenge Pavitra by taking her back to Mumbai, but Thakur didn't want to let go off Naina, because his revenge isn't complete yet. He want to have sex with Naina. He said that Naina and Pavitra only can leave this village if they unmarry Back ( Krishna with pavitra and Naina with Thakur ). But the opposite happens. Pavitra goes in the room of Thakur to save Naina, but then Krishna arrives in the room of the Thakur. After that the thakur beats Krishna up, for stopping him. Meanwhile, the Mahant arrives with the villagers and The Thakurayan to expose thakur in front of the villagers. Thakurayan succeeds in her plans and the Thakur gets arrested.Now Naina is all set to go to Mumbai, but Pavitra is sad. Pavitra gets married to Krishna in full tradition. Krishna is now the thakur of the village and Pavitra, the thakurayan. On their home way to Mumbai.Naina's car meets with an accident, because Purohitji told them that if Pavitra and Naina doesn't live together, they won't remain happy in life, because of their half-swastik tattoo on their arms. Naina regains consciousness, and they both go home. From that day, they swore that they will never ever support and believe in Superstition, and if they ever see an activity of superstition, they will take action. The story ends with Pavitra and Naina doing an aatma- shanti pooja for kaali, promising that they will love and help each other and other people in life.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
Simran Pareenja as Pavitra Krishna Sinha (Kali's daughter)
Sukirti Kandpal as Naina Yug Chaudhury (Main female lead ) protagonist

Karan Sharma as Krishna Sinha (Main Male Lead)
Pratima Kazmi as Maai (Pavitra's adoptive mother)
Parag Tyagi as Thakur dev Sinha( Antagonist)
Hifsa Sharma as Dimpy (Naina's friend)
Ashita Dhawan as Chachi Chulbuli
Praveen Hingonia as Bablu (Krishna's friend)
Shriyansh Tiwari as Heera (Thakur's right hand)
Varun sharma as shambhu (Thakur's left hand )

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
Simran Pareenja as Kali Nandu Singh (Nandu's wife, Yug's ex-wife) (former female lead) (died)
Daljiet Kaur as Manjari Vishwaveer Jha/Manjima/Mukta (died)
Fenil Umrigar as Gauri Jha Chaudhary (former female Lead) (died)
Rohan Gandotra as Yug Chaudhary (Gauri's husband) (former male lead) (died)
Mayank Gandhi as Nandu Singh (Kali's husband) (died)
Vineet Raina as DevriSingh (Nandu's brother) (situational antagonist) (died)
Sargam Khurana as younger Kali (former female lead)[3]
Bhupinder Singh as Vishwa/Badke Papa/Acharya Vishwaveer Jha (main antagonist) (died)[3][3][3][4]
Adaa Narang as younger Gauri Vishwaveer Jha (former female lead)[3]
Rajesh Puri as Raj Purohit
Geeta Agarwal as Leelavati Chaudhary (Died)
Pratichee Mishra as Jamuna (Nandu's mother) (Died)
Mita Vashisht as Jethi Maa (former main antagonist)
Akshara Singh as Madhuri Vishwaveer Jha (antagonist)
Mona Ambegaonkar as Kalyani Jha (former antagonist)
Surya Sharma as Aryan (antagonist)
Nivin Ramani as Neelkanth Jha/Sharmila's husband[5]
Meenu Panchal as Sharmila Neelkanth Jha
Uncredited as Raghu Choudhary
Ashita Dhawan as Chachi Chulbuli[6]
Uncredited as Jagtudi Maa
Sara Khan as Dancer in Temple (Special appearance in crossover episode with Sarojini)


document_title: Army Combat Uniform

question_text: when does the new army uniform come out

question_tokens: when does the new army uniform come out

text: Army Combat Uniform

text: History[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In early 2004, some U.S. Army soldiers in Iraq were issued the "Close Combat Uniform" a variant of the Desert Camouflage Uniform (DCU) that featured new innovations such as shoulder pockets affixed with hook-and-loop "Velcro" fasteners, chest-worn rank insignia, and a new collar. The experimental features used on the CCU were eventually incorporated into the ACU,[5] which was publicly announced in June 2004.[6]

text: Initial fielding[edit]

text: The process of replacing the U.S. Army's woodland pattern BDU and DCU with the ACU was to begin in April 2005. However, the fielding process began two months earlier through the Rapid Fielding Initiative.

text: Soldiers from the 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team were the first U.S. Army unit to receive the ACU, subsequently deploying the entire Brigade into OIF combat in May 2005. Initial reception of the ACU was mixed, with complaints of insufficient durability and excessive maintenance.[7]

text: Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP)[edit]

text: The ACU originally used the Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP), which used a pixelated pattern of tan, gray and green (Desert Sand 500, Urban Gray 501 and Foliage Green 502) and was intended to work equally well in desert, woodland, and urban environments.[8] It is aesthetically similar to the USMC's MARPAT and Canadian CADPAT camouflage scheme. The shade black was omitted from the uniform since it is highly visible both to the naked eye and to modern optics.[9] Pure black, when viewed through night vision devices, appears excessively dark and creates an undesirable high-contrast image. The pattern proved to be ineffective in certain environments, and is scheduled to be fully phased out of the Army by 30 September 2019.[10]

text: Operation Enduring Freedom Camouflage Pattern (MultiCam)[edit]

text: Beginning in late 2010 U.S. Army soldiers deployed to Afghanistan (starting with the 173rd Airborne Brigade) were issued an Army-developed variant of the Crye Precision "MultiCam" pattern, which was far more effective in Afghanistan's terrain.[11] These flame-retardant uniforms are designed to prevent third-degree burns, along with up to thirty percent of second degree burns. Additionally, the uniforms are treated with the chemical permethrin to help protect soldiers from insect-borne diseases like malaria. Some U.S. Army soldiers during the latter stages of the Iraq War also wore the ACU in MultiCam; some were seen wearing them as late as December 2011, when the United States withdrew its military forces from the country at the end of the war. This particular version has been replaced by the newer ACU in the Operational Camouflage Pattern.

text: Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP)[edit]

text: In May 2014, the Army unofficially announced that the Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP) would replace UCP on the ACU. The original "Scorpion" pattern was developed at United States Army Soldier Systems Center by Crye Precision in 2002 for the Objective Force Warrior program. Crye later modified and trademarked their version of the pattern as MultiCam, which was selected for use by U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan in 2010. After talks to officially adopt MultiCam broke down over costs in late 2013, the Army began experimenting with the original Scorpion pattern, creating a variant code named "Scorpion W2", noting that while a pattern can be copyrighted, a color palette cannot and that beyond 50 meters the actual pattern is "not that relevant." The pattern resembles MultiCam with muted greens, light beige, and dark brown colors, but uses fewer beige and brown patches and no vertical twig and branch elements.[12] On 31 July 2014, the Army formally announced that the pattern would begin being issued in uniforms in summer 2015. The official name is intended to emphasize its use beyond Afghanistan to all combatant commands.[13] The UCP pattern is planned to be fully replaced by the OCP on the ACU by 1 October 2019.[14] ACUs printed in OCP first became available for purchase on 1 July 2015, with deployed soldiers already being issued uniforms and equipment in the new pattern.[15]

text: Components[edit]

text: The ACU features hook-and-loop fasteners, also known by the genericized trademark Velcro, on its sleeve pockets.

text: Jacket[edit]

text: The ACU jacket originally used hook-and-loop-backed attachments to secure items such as name tapes, rank insignia, and shoulder patches and tabs, as well as recognition devices such as the U.S. flag patch and the infrared (IR) tab. Originally only pin-on skill badges were authorized for wear on the ACU, with no more than 5 at any one time.

text: In the summer of 2011, regulations were changed to allow for wearing of sew-on embroidered skill badges like the ones worn on the older BDUs. The 5-badge limit remained in effect, and there could be no mixing of sew-on and pin-on badges. At the same time, the US Army tape, personal nametapes, and rank insignia could be sewn-on at the wearers preference.[16] Skill tabs, such as the President's Hundred Tab, Special Forces, Ranger, and Sapper are worn on the left sleeve pocket flap, and are subject to a 3-tab-only rule.[17] A tab that is an integral part of a unit patch, such as the "Mountain" or "Airborne" tab, is not counted against the rule. The U.S. Army Chaplain insignia is the only authorized army branch insignia to be worn on the ACU. It is centered 1/8 inch above the right name tape. The insignia may be the metal pin-on variety or the black embroidered insignia on digitized fabric with Velcro fasteners.[18]

text: Near Infrared (NIR) Signature Management Technology is incorporated to minimize the infrared silhouette. Permanent IR IFF squares are sewn to each shoulder to help identify friendly personnel when night vision devices are used, and are protected by Velcro tabs in garrison or when not in use.

text: Three U.S. flag insignia are authorized for wear with the ACU: full-color, full-color IR, and subdued IR. The U.S. flag insignia (full-color or subdued) is worn on the right shoulder pocket flap of the ACU coat. The subdued version is only worn as directed under tactical or field conditions.[19] On the right shoulder of the ACU, the U.S. flag is depicted with the union (stars) to the viewer's right, instead of the usual left (flag's own right); this is to give the impression of the flag moving forward with the wearer. Subdued shoulder sleeve insignia are always worn.

text: The jacket's Mandarin collar was intended to be worn up in combat to fit with the Improved Outer Tactical Vest (IOTV) body armor, and worn in the down position otherwise. With the change of pattern to OCP, the Velcro tab that closed the Mandarin collar was removed, along with other Velcro closures.[20]

text: The front closure is zippered and reinforced with Velcro, designed for use with OTV. The tilted chest pockets, cuffs, and elbow pad insert pockets also utilize hook-and-loop closure. There is a three slot pen pocket on the left arm of the jacket, and blouse bellows for increased mobility. The jacket is worn so that it bottom is between the bottom of the pocket and the top of the cargo pocket.

text: In the field, the jacket may be replaced by the flame resistant Army Combat Shirt when worn directly under the IOTV.[21]

text: Trousers[edit]

text: The ACU trousers (or ACU pants) are worn with a two-inch nylon web belt, and feature Velcro pouches for knee pad inserts, two forward-tilted thigh storage pockets with elastic drawstring and Velcro for closure during movement, and two calf storage pockets one on each pant leg with a Velcro closure. ACU trousers with flame resistant materials are being issued for use in Iraq and Afghanistan.[21]

text: The updates to the ACU trousers in late 2010 included removal of Velcro fasteners from forward-tilted thigh cargo pocket flaps which were replaced with 3 buttons. This change was introduced gradually from 2009 onward and is now in full effect. Two buttons are standard (same function as on BDU trouser cargo pockets), while the third button located at the very end of the pocket can be used to allow for more load and extra volume in cargo pockets. On the small calf pockets the 3-piece Velcro (2 square hook on pocket and one rectangular loop patch on the flap) have been replaced with a single button in 2012. Buttons were re-introduced and replaced Velcro on pockets after numerous complaints from soldiers in the field.

text: The belt loops are of new design, much wider (double width) and there is 8 of them now compared to 7 in the past. The waist adjustment cord has been removed and replaced by the Velcro waistband fine-adjusters, one at each hip. Instead of a knee pocket which could only accommodate soft knee inserts in the past, the knee area now features multi-layered comprehensive design which allows external hard-type knee pads to be inserted and secured. Back of the knee area has Velcro hook and loop patches to further secure knee inserts around the knee area. Cuffs at the bottom of the trousers do not use drawstrings anymore for blousing; those have been again replaced by the Velcro cuff adjusters. Further changes as part of the transition to OCP removed the pockets for insertable knee pads altogether, along with the replacement of more Velcro with buttons.[20]

text: To be able to differentiate the FRACU from ACU at a distance, a small square inch tan patch is affixed to the left sleeve cuff on the jacket and the middle of the left cargo pocket flap on the trousers.

text: Headgear[edit]

text: Typically, the ACU is worn with the Advanced Combat Helmet, a patrol cap, or a boonie hat and/or fleece cap as appropriate in winter months. The patrol cap is a kepi-styled straight-sided, flat-topped soft cap, with a double thick bill and internal pocket. When in garrison, the maroon, tan, and green berets may be worn by paratroopers, Army Rangers, and Army Special Forces respectively. The green micro fleece cap is authorized for field and garrison use outside of unit PT, per local command.[22] A name tape is worn on the back of the patrol cap. Sew-on rank is recommended but pin-on rank is authorized on the ACU Patrol Cap and ACU Boonie Hat. The MICH (Modular Integrated Communications Helmet) Camouflage cover rank must be sewn on if worn but is often not used as the night vision device mount would obstruct it.

text: T-shirt[edit]

text: The ACU is worn with a moisture-wicking sand colored T-shirt.[23] A coyote brown T-shirt is authorized with ACU-OCPs, and will become the sole authorized T-shirt upon completion of the full transition to OCP in 2019.[20]

text: Footwear[edit]

text: The ACU is worn with tan Army Combat Boots and olive drab cotton socks. Commercial versions of this boot are authorized without limitation, complying with the following regulations—must be 8 to 10 inches in height, be made of tan rough side out cattle hide leather with a plain toe and tan rubber outsoles, and be without zippers, metal cleats, or side tabs.[24] The Mountain Combat Boot is available for difficult terrain, and the Extreme Cold Vapor Barrier Boots for cold weather. As with the T-shirt, coyote brown boots are authorized with OCP and will become the sole boot authorized following the completion of the transition in 2019.[20]


document_title: All India Radio

question_text: who suggested the name 'akashvani' for all india radio

question_tokens: who suggested the name ' akashvani ' for all india radio

text: All India Radio

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Ākāśavāni (आकाशवाणी) is a Sanskrit word meaning "celestial announcement," or "voice from the sky/heaven". In Hindu, Jain and Buddhist holy traditions, Akashvanis often featured in stories as a medium of communication from the heavens to mankind.

text: "Akashvani" was first used in the context of radio by M. V. Gopalaswamy after setting up the nation’s first private radio station in his residence, "Vittal Vihar" (about 200 yards from AIR’s current location in Mysore) in 1936.[3] Akashvani seemed to be an appropriate name for a radio broadcaster and was later adopted as All India Radio's on-air name in 1957.

text: History[edit]

text: During the British Raj, broadcasting began in July 1923 with programmes by the Bombay Presidency Radio Club and other radio clubs. According to an agreement of 23 July 1927, the private Indian Broadcasting Company LTD (IBC) was authorised to operate two radio stations; the Bombay station began on 23 July 1927, and the Calcutta station followed on 26 August 1927. However, on 1 March 1930, the company went into liquidation. The government took over the broadcasting facilities, beginning the Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) on 1 April 1930 on an experimental basis for two years, and then permanently in May 1932. On 8 June 1936, the ISBS was renamed All India Radio.[2]

text: On 1 October 1939, the External Service began with a broadcast in Pushtu; it was intended to counter radio propaganda from Germany directed to Afghanistan, Iran and the Arab nations. 1939 also saw the opening of the Dhaka station of eastern India, in what is now Bangladesh. This station catered and nurtured the pioneers of Bengali intellectuals. The foremost among them, Natyaguru Nurul Momen, became the trailblazer of talk-show in 1939. In 1942 he wrote and directed the first modern radio-play of this station. When India became independent in 1947, the AIR network had only six stations (in Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Lucknow, and Tiruchirappalli); three radio stations at Lahore, Peshawar and Karachi fell in the share of Pakistan. The total number of radio sets at that time was about 275,000 in India. On 3 October 1957, the Vividh Bharati Service was launched, to compete with Radio Ceylon. Television broadcasting began in Delhi in 1959 as part of AIR, but was split off from the radio network as Doordarshan on 1 April 1976.[4] FM broadcasting began on 23 July 1977 in Chennai, and was expanded during the 1990s.[5]

text: Domestic services[edit]

text: AIR has many services in a number of languages, each serving different regions across India.

text: Vividh Bharati[edit]

text: Vividh Bharati is one of the best-known services of AIR. Its name roughly translates as "Diverse Indian", and it is also known as the Commercial Broadcasting Service (CBS). It is the commercially most accessible of the AIR networks and is popular in Mumbai and other large cities. Vividh Bharati offers a wide range of programmes including news, film music and comedy programs. It operates on different medium wave-band frequencies for each city.

text: Some programs broadcast on Vividh Bharati are:

text:
Hawa-mahal: Radio plays based on novels and plays
Santogen ki mehfil: Comedy

text: Baluchi Programme on AIR[edit]

text: AIR is planning to produce programmes in the Baluchi language, sources claim.[6]

text: Other services include[edit]

text:
Primary Channel [7]
National Channel[8]

text: Regional services[edit]

text: The headquarters of the Regional Deputy Directors General are located at Delhi and Chandigarh (NR), Lucknow and Bhopal (CR), Guwahati (NER), Kolkata (ER), Mumbai and Ahmedabad (WR), Chennai and Bangalore (SR).[9] All frequencies are in kHz, unless otherwise noted.

text:
Northern regional service

City
Frequency
City
Frequency
City
Frequency

Agra
1530
Ajmer
603
Allahabad
1026

Almora
999
Barmer
1458
Bikaner
1395

chairhara(budgam)
1485
srinagar
819
srinagar
666

Delhi C (Vividh Bharti) (विविध भारती)
1368
Delhi D (Yuv-vani) (युव वाणी)
1017
Delhi (National Channel)
1215

Diskit
1602
Faizabad
1485
Gorakhpur
909

Jaipur A
1476
Jalandhar A
837
Jalandhar B
702

Jammu A
990
Jodhpur A
531
Kalpa (Kinnaur)
1584

Kargil A
684
Kargil B
1584
Khalsi
1485

Kota
1413
Kupwara
1350
Leh
1053

Lucknow A
747
Lucknow C
1278
Mathura
1584

Najibabad
954
Naushera
1089
Nyoma
1485

Padam
1589
Pauri
1602
Pithoragarh
1602

Rampur
895
Rohtak
1143
Shimla
774

budgam
1116
budgamA
1224
srinagar C
918

Tiesuru
1602
Udaipur
1125
Uttarkashi
1602

Varanasi A
1242
Sawai Madhopur
101.5
Raebareli
102.8

text:
Northeast regional service

City
Frequency
City
Frequency

Agartala
1269
Guwahati A
729

Shillong
864
Imphal
822

text:
Eastern regional service

City
Frequency
City
Frequency

Bhagalpur
1458, 1206
Chinsurah (Kolkata A, 1 MW)
594 & 1134 Akashvani Maitree

Cuttack A
972
Darbhanga
1296

Jamshedpur
1544
Kolkata A
657

Kolkata B
1008
Kolkata C (Vividh Bharati)
1323

Patna A
621
Ranchi A
549

Muzaffarpur A
100.1 MHz
Muzaffarpur B
106.4 MHz

Kolkata (FM Rainbow)
107
Kolkata (FM Gold)
100.2

Kurseong
1440KHz
Siliguri
711 Khz

text: Mysore || 100.06

text:
Western regional service

City
Frequency
City
Frequency

Ahmedabad A
846
Aurangabad
1521

Bhopal A
1593
Chhindwara
102.2 MHz

Chhatarpur
675
Gwalior
1386

Indore A
648
Jalgaon
963

Mumbai A
1044
Mumbai B (Asmita Marathi Programme)
558

Mumbai C (Vividh Bharati)
1188
Nagpur A
585

Nagpur B (National Channel, 1 MW)
1566
Panaji A
1287

Panaji B (Vividh Bharati)
828
Pune A
792

Rajkot A
810
Ratnagiri
1143

Solapur
1602
Sangli
1251

Parbhani A
102.0

text: External services[edit]

text: The external services of All India Radio broadcast in 27 languages to countries outside India—primarily via high-power shortwave band broadcasts, although medium wave is also used to reach neighbouring countries. In addition to broadcasts targeted at specific countries by language, there is a General Overseas Service broadcasting in English with 8¼ hours of programming each day aimed at a general international audience. The external broadcasts were begun on 1 October 1939 by the British government to counter the propaganda of the Nazis directed at the Afghan people. The first broadcasts were in Pushto, beamed to Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier Province. Soon broadcasts began in other languages including Dari, Persian, Arabic, English, Burmese, Japanese, Chinese, Malay and French. The external services broadcast in sixteen foreign and eleven Indian languages, with a total programme output of 70¼ hours per day on medium- and shortwave frequencies.

text:
External service transmitter sites

Location
Number of transmitters
kW
Frequency
DRM !

Aligarh (HPT)
4
250

Bengaluru (SPT)
6
500

100 kW

Chennai (Madras)
1
100
720 kHz
MW

Gorakhpur
1
50

Guwahati
1
50

Jalandhar (Goraya)
1
300
702 kHz
MW

Khampur-Delhi (HPT)
7
250

Khampur-Delhi (SPT)
2
500

Kingsway-Delhi
3
50

Kingsway-Delhi
2
100

Kolkata-Chinsurah/Mogra (SPT)
1
1000
1134 kHz and 594 kHz(Kolkata - A)
1142 KHZMW

Mumbai (Malad)
1
100

Nagpur (SPT)
1
1000
1566 kHz
MW

Panaji (HPT)
2
250

Rajkot (SPT)
1
1000
1071 kHz AIR URDU
1080 kHz(2 MegaWatt)Vividha Bharti

Tuticorin
1
200
1053  kHz
MW

text: Two high powered FM stations of All India Radio are under installation in Amritsar and Fazilka in Punjab to supplement the programs put out from transmitters operating from Jalandhar, New Delhi, Chandigarh and Mumbai and to improve the broadcast services during disturbed weather conditions in the border regions of Punjab.

text: Today, the External Services Division of All India Radio broadcasts daily in 57 transmissions with almost 72 hours covering over 108 countries in 27 languages, out of which 15 are foreign and 12 Indian. The foreign languages are Arabic, Baluchi, Burmese, Chinese, Dari, French, Indonesian, Persian, Pushtu, Russian, Sinhala, Swahili, Thai, Tibetan and English (General Overseas Service). The Indian languages are Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Kokani, Kashmiri, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Nepali, Punjabi, Saraiki, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.

text: The longest daily broadcast is the Urdu Service to Pakistan, around the clock on DTH and on short- and mediumwave for 12¼ hrs. The English-language General Overseas Service are broadcast 8¼ hours daily. During Hajj, there are special broadcasts beamed to Saudi Arabia in Urdu. The external services of AIR are also broadcast to Europe in DRM (Digital Radio Mondiale) on 9950 kHz between 1745-2230 UTC.

text: The transmissions are broadcast by high-power transmitters located at Aligarh, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Gorakhpur, Guwahati, Mumbai and Panaji on shortwave and from Jalandhar, Kolkata, Nagpur, Rajkot and Tuticorin on mediumwave. Soon All India Radio Amritsar will start a booster service on FM band too. Some of these transmitters are 1000 kW (1 MW) or 500 kW. Programs are beamed to different parts of the world except the Americas and received in very good Reception Quality in the Target areas. In each language service, the program consists of news, commentary, a press review, talks on matters of general or cultural interest, feature programmes, documentaries and music from India and the target region. Most programs originate at New Broadcasting House on Parliament Street in New Delhi, with a few originating at SPT Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Jalandhar, Kolkata, HPT Malad Mumbai, Thiruvananthapuram and Tuticorin.

text: The External Services Division of AIR is a link between India and rest of the world, especially in countries with Indian emigrants and people of Indian origin. It broadcasts the Indian point of view on matters of national and international importance, and demonstrates the Indian way of life through its programs. QSL cards (which are sought-after by international radio hobbyists) are issued to radio hobbyists by AIR in New Delhi for reception reports of their broadcasts.

text: Direct-To-Home service (DTH)[edit]

text: Direct-to-home service is the one in which a large number of channels are digitally compressed, encrypted, uplinked and beamed down over a territory from a very high power satellite. The DTH signals can be received directly at homes with the help of a small sized dish receive unit containing a Dish Antenna installed at the building’s roof-top or on the wall facing clear south and one indoor.[10] DTH service is offered on 21 channels via Insat.

text: DTH Channels List[edit]

text:
AIR Agartala - Bengali & Kokborok
AIR Aizawl - Mizo
AIR Assamese
AIR Bangla
AIR Bhopal - Hindi
AIR FM Gold Chennai - Tamil, Hindi & English
AIR FM Gold Delhi - Hindi & English
AIR FM Gold Kolkata - Bengali, Hindi & English
AIR FM Gold Mumbai - Hindi, Marathi & Gujarati
AIR FM Rainbow Bangalore - Kannada, Hindi & English
AIR FM Rainbow Chennai - Tamil & English
AIR FM Rainbow India - Hindi & English
AIR FM Rainbow Kolkata - Bengali, Hindi & English
AIR FM Rainbow Mumbai - Hindi, English & Marathi
AIR Gujarati
AIR Hindi
AIR Imphal - Manipuri
AIR Itanagar - Nyishi, Hindi & English
AIR Jaipur - Hindi & Rajasthani
AIR Kannada
AIR Kohima - Nagamese, Hindi & English
AIR Lucknow - Hindi & Urdu
AIR Malayalam
AIR Marathi
AIR National - Hindi & English
AIR North-East - Hindi & English
AIR Odia
AIR Patna - Hindi, Urdu & Bihari
AIR Punjabi
AIR Rohtak - Hindi & Haryanvi
AIR Shimla - Hindi & Himachali
AIR Tamil
AIR Telugu
AIR Urdu
AIR Varanasi - Hindi & Urdu
AIR Vijayawada - Telugu
Raagam - Indian Classical Music
Radio Kashmir Jammu - Dogri, Urdu & Hindi
Radio Kashmir Srinagar - Kashmiri, Urdu & Hindi
Vividh Bharati - Hindi

text: Other services[edit]

text: Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM)[edit]

text: Details of the transmissions and frequencies are as follows:

text:
0130 - 0230 UTC on 11715 kHz Nepali (Nepal)
0315-0415 UTC on 15185 kHz Hindi, (E.Africa, Mauritius)
0415-0430 UTC on 15185 kHz Gujarati, (E.Africa, Mauritius)
0430-0530 UTC on 15185 kHz Hindi(E.Africa, Mauritius)
1300 - 1500 UTC on 15050 kHz Sinhala (Sri Lanka)
1615-1715 UTC on 15140 kHz Russian (E. Europe)
2245-0045 UTC on 11645 GOS-I English (NE Asia)

text: Above transmissions are in addition to following existing DRM txn's:

text:
0900-1200 on 6100 Vividh Bharati, DRM NVIS
1745-1945 UTC on 9950 English W. Europe)
1945-2045 UTC on 9950 Hindi (W. Europe)
2045-2230 UTC on 9950 English (W. Europe)

text: News-on-phone service[edit]

text: All India Radio launched news-on-phone service on 25 February 1998 in New Delhi; it now has service in Chennai, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Indore, Patna and Bangalore. The service is accessible through STD, ISD and local calls. There are plans to establish the service in 11 more cities: Ahmedabad, Bhopal, Guwahati, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Jaipur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Ranchi, Shimla and Thiruvananthapuram. English and Hindi hourly news bulletins may be heard live.[11] News in MP3 format may be directly played from the site, and filenames are time-stamped. AIR news bulletins are available in nine regional languages (Tamil, Kannada, Gujarati, Bengali, Marathi, North East, Punjabi, Telugu and Urdu).

text: Documentaries[edit]

text: There is a long tradition of documentary features on AIR. There is great interest in radio documentaries, particularly in countries like India, Iran, South Korea and Malaysia. The doyen of English Features was Melville De Mellow and of Hindi Features was Shiv Sagar Mishra. This format has been revived because of its flexibility, cost-cutting capacity, messaging potential and creative potential with producers employed with AIR, all across the nation.

text: Central Drama Unit[edit]

text: AIR's Central Drama Unit is responsible for the national broadcast of plays. Plays produced by the CDU are translated and produced by regional stations. Since its inception in the 1960s the unit has produced more than 1,500 plays, and the CDU is a repository of old scripts and productions. The National Programme of Plays is broadcast by the CDU of AIR the fourth Thursday of each month at 9.30 pm. On the National Programme of Plays, the same play is produced in 22 Indian languages and broadcast at the same time by all regional and national network stations. The CDU also produces Chain Plays, half-hour dramas broadcast in succession by a chain of stations.

text: Social Media Cell[edit]

text: News Service Division's Social Media Cell is responsible for providing AIR news on new media platforms viz. websites, Twitter, Facebook and SMS. Social Media Cell was established on 20 May 2013.


document_title: Everett Brown

question_text: who played big sam in gone with the wind

text: Everett Brown

text:
Everett Brown

in The Duke Is Tops (1938)

Born
Everett G. Brown
(1902-01-01)1 January 1902
Smith County, Texas, U.S.

Died
14 October 1953(1953-10-14) (aged 51)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.

Years active
1927-1953

text: Everett G. Brown (January 1, 1902 – October 14, 1953) was an American actor.

text: Biography[edit]

text: Born in Texas, Brown appeared in about 40 Hollywood films between 1927 and 1953. His roles were small most of the time and most of his film appearances were uncredited. He often portrayed natives or slaves, certainly most memorable as "Big Sam", the kind-hearted field foreman of Tara, in Gone with the Wind (1939). He also played a supporting role in Congo Maisie with Ann Sothern and the Native in Ape Costume in the classic King Kong. Brown retired from film business in 1940, only to return in 1949 to make four films before his early death. He is buried in Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles.

text: Selected filmography[edit]

text:
South Sea Love (1927)
The Mask of Fu Manchu (1932)
I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932)
Nagana (1933)
King Kong (1933) as Native in Ape Costume (uncredited)
Les Miserables (1935)
Tarzan Escapes (1936)
Nothing Sacred (1937)
Boys Town (1938)
The Duke Is Tops (1939)
Gone with the Wind (1939) as Big Sam, Field Foreman
Congo Maisie (1940)
Rope of Sand (1949)

text: Web[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Everett Brown.

text: Everett Brown on IMDb

text: 1902 births1953 deathsPeople from Smith County, Texas20th-century American male actors

text: Articles with hCards