document_title: List of Family Guy cast members

question_text: who does voice of stewie in family guy

question_tokens: who does voice of stewie in family guy

text: List of Family Guy cast members

text: Current cast[edit]

text: From seasons 1 to 4, Family Guy had four main cast members. Since season 5, there have been five main cast members. The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1.

text: Seth MacFarlane[edit]

text: Seth MacFarlane voices three of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, and Stewie Griffin.[1] MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself, believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it.[2] MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design.[3] Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison,[4] especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady.[5] MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian.[2]

text: MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time only characters, most prominently those of neighbour Glenn Quagmire, news anchor Tom Tucker, Lois' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr. Hartman.[6] He explained on the Graham Norton Show that the voice for Glenn Quagmire is based on 1940s and 1950s radio commercials[7]. He is the only voice to be in every episode.

text: Alex Borstein[edit]

text: Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin, Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown and Lois' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt.[8] Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv. She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was "really sight unseen".[9] At the time, Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles, in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins.[8][9] The voice was originally slower (and deeper for the original series), but when MacFarlane heard it, he replied "Make it a little less fucking annoying ... and speed it up, or every episode will last four hours."[8]

text: Mila Kunis[edit]

text: Mila Kunis voices Meg Griffin.[6] Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character, in part due to her performance on That '70s Show.[10] MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition, instructing her to speak slower, and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more. Once she claimed that she had it under control, MacFarlane hired her.[10] Kunis described her character as "the scapegoat". She further explained, "Meg gets picked on a lot. But it's funny. It's like the middle child. She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not. She's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation. And it's fun."[11]

text: Seth Green[edit]

text: Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman.[6][12] Green stated that he did an impression of the "Buffalo Bill" character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition.[13] His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald's.[14]

text: Mike Henry[edit]

text: Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown, John Herbert The Pervert and various other characters. A Family Guy writer and producer, he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory (see below) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005. Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show, he also voices Cleveland's step-son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text: In addition to both its main cast and guest stars, Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors. Some appear in nearly every episode each season, while others appear less frequently. Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters, while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags.

text: The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors:

text:
Actor
Character(s)
No. of Episodes
(Out of 245 produced)
Notes

Benjamin, H. JonH. Jon Benjamin
Carl
14
Since 2006.

Breckenridge, AlexandraAlexandra Breckenridge
Various women
63
Since 2005. Currently voices most female “extras” not voiced by Alex Borstein.

Brennan, JohnnyJohnny Brennan
Goldman, MortMort Goldman, Horace the bartender
77

Callaghan, SteveSteve Callaghan
Various
37
Also the current showrunner and executive producer of Family Guy and former showrunner/EP of American Dad!. [15]

Garman, RalphRalph Garman
Various
138

Lakin, ChristineChristine Lakin
Kinney, JoyceJoyce Kinney
23
Since 2010.

LaMarr, PhilPhil LaMarr
Williams, OllieOllie Williams and the Quahog judge
56

MacFarlane, RachaelRachael MacFarlane
Olivia and various women
54
Formerly one of the most frequent female voices. She reduced her number of appearances per season after joining American Dad! in 2005 but still appears several times per season. Seth MacFarlane's sister.

Osment, EmilyEmily Osment
Various
20
Since 2012.

Richardson, Kevin MichaelKevin Michael Richardson
Jerome and Cleveland Jr.
30
Since 2009.

Sheridan, ChrisChris Sheridan
Various
33
Also a Family Guy writer.

Smith, DannyDanny Smith
Various, including Evil Monkey, Al Harrington and Ernie, the Giant Chicken
189
Also a Family Guy writer.

Sulkin, AlecAlec Sulkin
Christ, JesusJesus Christ and various others
147
Since 2005, Also a Family Guy writer.

Tatasciore, FredFred Tatasciore
Various
36

Tilly, JenniferJennifer Tilly
Swanson, BonnieBonnie Swanson
42
Has recurred as the Griffin's neighbor since the first season.

Viener, JohnJohn Viener
Various
182
Since 2005, he has been one of the most frequently heard male voices aside from Seth MacFarlane. Also a Family Guy writer.

Warburton, PatrickPatrick Warburton
Swanson, JoeJoe Swanson
163
Has appeared as the Griffins' neighbor since the first season, and usually appears in most episodes each season. Warburton is the most frequently appearing one-character actor in the supporting repertory.

Wingert, WallyWally Wingert
Various
41

Cole, GaryGary Cole
Various
38
Cole appeared frequently in the earlier seasons, but still pops up now and then to play Meg and Chris' principal, Mr. Shepherd.

text: In addition to the above, the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series:

text:
Actor
Character(s)
No. of Episodes
Notes

Alan, LoriLori Alan
Simmons, DianeDiane Simmons
63
Left the show in season nine when her character was killed off. Was replaced in the series' context by Christine Lakin's Joyce Kinney

Alazraqui, CarlosCarlos Alazraqui
Weed, Mr.Mr. Weed
10
Peter's first boss, Mr. Weed, was killed off early in the series' run.

Barrymore, DrewDrew Barrymore
Russell, JillianJillian Russell
12
Played Jillian, Brian's former girlfriend. The character still appears in background roles

Hartman, ButchButch Hartman
Various
8

Henry, MikeMike Henry
Cleveland Brown, Herbert, Bruce, Consuela, and various others

Was promoted to main cast in 2005. Also a Family Guy writer.

Hentemann, MarkMark Hentemann
Opie and various others
45
Recently left Family Guy to work on another Seth MacFarlane project. Also a Family Guy writer.

Fisher, CarrieCarrie Fisher
Angela
19
Has recurred as Peter's boss several times per season since 2005. Died in 2016.

Strong, TaraTara Strong
Various, as well as Meg's singing voice
21
Appeared frequently in the first four seasons. Returned briefly in 2010-2012 and again for one episode in 2014.

Sullivan, NicoleNicole Sullivan
Goldman, MurielMuriel Goldman
27
Muriel was killed off in season nine.

Whitman, MaeMae Whitman
Various
10
Was a recurring younger female voice for several seasons between 2008-2010.

Wild, WellesleyWellesley Wild
Various
14
No longer a recurring voice (since 2013). He was a producer, but left the show.

Wilhoit, LisaLisa Wilhoit
D'Amico, ConnieConnie D'Amico
22
Meg's friend Beth hasn't appeared in the series since 2007, while Meg's bully Connie had stopped appearing in the series after 2012, but eventually resurfaced towards the end of season 15 in early 2017. Her most recent appearance to date is a cameo early in season 16 during late 2017.

West, AdamAdam West
Mayor West, AdamAdam West
93
Played a warped, possibly younger version of himself as the mayor of Quahog. Died in 2017.

text: Recurring guest voices[edit]

text: The recurring guest voices include Adam Carolla as Death, Patrick Stewart as Susie Swanson, Scott Grimes as Kevin Swanson and Sanaa Lathan as Donna Tubbs Brown. Previous recurring guests included Phyllis Diller in three episodes as Peter's Mother, Thelma, and Charles Durning as Peter's father, Francis. Both characters have since died, but Durning returned once to play Francis as a ghost. Early in the show's run, Fred Willard and Jane Lynch had a recurring role as a family of nudists. James Woods as James Woods.

text: Casting changes[edit]

text:
Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season (14 episodes), but, because of a contractual agreement, was never credited.[16] Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five, as well as schoolwork.[17]
Norm Macdonald voiced the character of Death in a second season episode of Family Guy. He was subsequently replaced by Adam Carolla in all other appearances.
Jon Cryer originally voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance, before the role was passed temporarily onto Seth MacFarlane. The character was written out of the series for several years, with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned.
Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character in the third season.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Actor
Award
Category
Role
Result
Ref.

2000
Seth MacFarlane
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Voice-Over Performance
Stewie Griffin
Won
[18]

2009
Seth MacFarlane
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Voice-Over Performance
Peter Griffin
Won
[19]

2006
Seth MacFarlane
Annie Award
Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
Stewie Griffin
Won
[20]

2007
Mila Kunis
Annie Award
Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
Meg Griffin
Won
[21]


document_title: Gho

question_text: gho is the national clothes of which country

root

text: Gho

text: The gho or g'ô (Dzongkha: བགོ, IPA: [ɡ̊hoː˨])[1] is the traditional and national dress for men in Bhutan. Introduced in the 17th century by Ngawang Namgyal, 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche, to give the Ngalop people a more distinctive identity, it is a knee-length robe tied at the waist by a cloth belt known as the kera (སྐེད་རགས་).[2][3][4] On festive occasions, it is worn with a kabney.

tag: p

text: The government of Bhutan requires all men to wear the gho if they work in a government office or school. Men are also required to wear the gho on formal occasions. In its modern form, the law dates from 1989, but the driglam namzha dress code is much older.


document_title: Huddersfield Town A.F.C.

question_text: when did huddersfield get promoted to the premier league

text: Huddersfield Town A.F.C.

text: History[edit]

text: In 1910, just three years after being founded, Huddersfield entered the Football League for the first time. In November 1919 a fund-raising campaign was needed to avoid a move to Leeds. Citizens of Huddersfield were asked to buy shares in the club for £1 each, and the club staved off the proposed merger. The team went on to reach the 1920 FA Cup Final and win promotion to Division One.

text: In 1926, Huddersfield became the first English team to win three successive league titles – a feat that only three other clubs (Arsenal, Liverpool and Manchester United) have been able to match – under the leadership of legendary manager and pioneer Herbert Chapman and his successor Cecil Potter. Huddersfield Town also won the FA Cup and Charity Shield in 1922 and have been runners-up on four other occasions in the FA Cup. During the club's heyday in the 1920s and 1930s, on 27 February 1932 the club achieved a record attendance of 67,037 during their FA Cup 6th round tie against Arsenal at Leeds Road. This attendance has been bettered by only 13 other clubs in the history of the Football League.

text: After the Second World War, the club began a gradual decline, losing its First Division status in 1952. They came straight back up, but were relegated again three seasons later. Before the start of the 1969–70 season, Huddersfield Town adopted the nickname "The Terriers". They won the Second Division title that season, spending the next two seasons in the top flight. After that they moved up and down through the lower three divisions for 45 years.

text: In 1998, the club attracted the attention of local businessman Barry Rubery and, after protracted takeover talks, he took over the running of the club, promising significant investment as the club sought Premiership status. However, the club did not make it back to the top flight and fell two divisions. The club was sold by Rubery to David Taylor and under Taylor's ownership, slipped into administration. In the summer of 2003, the Terriers came out of administration under the new ownership of Ken Davy.

text: In 2010–11, Huddersfield went 43 games unbeaten, the second-highest in the league after Arsenal's 49-match run of 2003–04.

text: On 26 May 2012, following a penalty shoot-out in the 2012 Football League One play-off Final victory over Sheffield United, Huddersfield were promoted to the Championship. The shoot-out was the longest contested in the current League One play-offs format. After eleven rounds, the final score was 8–7 to Huddersfield, with the winning goal being scored by goalkeeper Alex Smithies.

text: In November 2015, German-born ex-US international David Wagner was appointed head coach, becoming the first person born outside the British Isles to manage the club in their 107-year history.

text: On 29 May 2017, the club successfully earned promotion to the Premier League for the first time (since the rebranding in 1992) and the English top flight for the first time since 1972, beating Reading 4–3 on penalties following a 0–0 draw after extra time in the Championship play-off Final.

text: On 9 May 2018, the club secured safety from relegation, earning another season in the Premier League, following a 1–1 draw against Chelsea.[1]

text: Badge and colours[edit]

text: The club spent over five years debating what colour the kit should be. It ranged from salmon pink to plain white or all-blue to white with blue yoke. Eventually in 1913, the club adopted the blue-and-white jersey that remains to this day.

text: The club badge is based on the coat of arms of Huddersfield. Town first used a badge on its shirts for the 1920 FA Cup Final based on the local Huddersfield Corporation coat of arms. It appeared again with a Yorkshire Rose for the 1922 FA Cup Final and again for the finals of 1928, 1930 and 1938. The club's main colours (blue and white) are evident throughout the badge both in the mantling and in the shield, in the form of stripes. Two Yorkshire White Roses and Castle Hill form part of the history of the club and the area.

text: Town stuck with the same principal design (blue and white stripes) until 1966, when Scottish manager Tom Johnston introduced all-blue shirts. The next badge did not feature until the 1966–67 season, when the simple "HTFC" adorned the Town's all-blue shirts.

text: When the club adopted the nickname "The Terriers" for the 1969–70 season, the blue and white stripes returned and with it a red terrier with the words "The Terriers", just in time for their promotion to the big time, the First Division. The terrier sits on top of the crest with a ball on a blanket of blue and white stripes. The Terriers was introduced to the badge shortly after "The Terriers" was adopted as the nickname and mascot of the club.

text: After relegation to the Fourth Division, Town returned to all-blue shirts with the return of Tom Johnston in 1975. This time they only lasted two seasons and the return of simply "HTFC" badge. This lasted from 1975–1977. Stripes returned from the 1977–78 season and has been the club's home kit ever since. The red Terrier returned to the shirt for the 1978–79 season. In 1980, Town adopted what remains their badge today based on the coat of arms of Huddersfield. This is both the club badge and playing shirt badge and is held in high esteem by Town fans.

text: In 2000, Town changed badge to a circular design, but that was never popular and following a change of board, returned to the heraldic-style badge. The badge was further redeveloped with a small but significant adaptation in February 2005. The club took the decision to remove "A.F.C." from the text leaving only the wording 'Huddersfield Town'. The current board said that this was in keeping with the time and to make merchandise easier to produce and to make slicker looking promotional material.

text: Stadium[edit]

text: Leeds Road (1908–1994)

tag: ul

text:
Kirklees Stadium (1994–present)
Named "Alfred McAlpine Stadium" (1994–2004)
Named "Galpharm Stadium" (2004–2012)
Named "John Smith's Stadium" (2012–present)

text: Huddersfield are the only team to have played at each of the top four levels of English football at two different grounds.[2][3]

text: Rivals[edit]

text: Leeds United are considered to be the club's main rival, with Huddersfield having the better head-to-head record of the two teams. Huddersfield have won 32 of the 78 derbies between the two sides with 19 draws and 27 Leeds wins.[4] Huddersfield's other local rivals are Bradford City; this is due to both clubs having had roughly the same league status for the last couple of decades and therefore it could be argued that they are closest rivals out of the three West Yorkshire teams.

text: There are smaller rivalries with Barnsley, Roses rivals Oldham Athletic and formerly with near neighbours Halifax Town. Manchester City were also once considered rivals during the time that the two clubs were competing in the old First Division.

text: Affiliated clubs[edit]

text:
Huddersfield Town Ladies F.C.
 Yorkshire County Cricket Club

text: Sponsors[edit]

text: Main club sponsors and kit suppliers[edit]

text: The main club sponsors also have the right to have their identity on the shirts.

text:
Season(s)

Kit supplier

Club Sponsor

1975–1979
Bukta
none

1979–1982
Barralan

1982–1984
Bukta
Central Mirfield

1984–1986
Daihatsu

1986–1987
Eagle
Greenall's

1987–1989
Matchwinner

1989–1991
Beaver

1991–1993
Gola
Gola

1993–1994
Super League
Pulse (Home)Vileda (Away)

1994–1995
Pulse (Home)Panasonic 3DO (Away)

1995–1997
Panasonic

1997–1999
Pony

1999–2001
Mitre

2001–2002
Bloggs
Prime Time Recruitment

2002–2003
VOI

2003–2005
Admiral

2005–2007
Yorkshire Building Society

2007–2009
Mitre
CasinoRed

2009–2010
Yorkshire Air Ambulance (Home)Radian B (Away)

2010–2011
Kirklees College (Home)Radian B (Away)

2011–2012
Umbro

2012–2013
Rekorderlig (Home)Radian B (Away)

2013–2014
Puma

2014–2015
Rekorderlig (Home)Radian B (Away)Covonia (3rd)

2015–2017
Pure Legal Limited (Home)Radian B (Away)Covonia (3rd)

2017–2018
OPE Sports (chest), PURE Legal (sleeve)

2018–present
Umbro[5]
OPE Sports (chest), Leisu Sports (sleeve)

tag: table

text: Managers[edit]

text: Players[edit]

text: First-team squad[edit]

text: Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

text:
No.

Position

Player

1

GK

Jonas Lössl

2

DF

Tommy Smith (captain)

5

DF

Terence Kongolo

6

MF

Jonathan Hogg

7

MF

Juninho Bacuna

8

MF

Philip Billing

9

FW

Elias Kachunga

10

MF

Aaron Mooy

11

FW

Adama Diakhaby

12

GK

Ben Hamer

14

MF

Ramadan Sobhi

15

DF

Chris Löwe

17

MF

Rajiv van La Parra

No.

Position

Player

18

FW

Isaac Mbenza (on loan from Montpellier)

19

MF

Danny Williams

20

FW

Laurent Depoitre

21

MF

Alex Pritchard

23

FW

Collin Quaner

24

FW

Steve Mounié

25

DF

Mathias Jørgensen

26

DF

Christopher Schindler

27

DF

Jon Gorenc Stanković

29

MF

Abdelhamid Sabiri

31

GK

Ryan Schofield

33

DF

Florent Hadergjonaj

37

DF

Erik Durm

text: Out on loan[edit]

text:
No.

Position

Player

13

GK

Joel Coleman (on loan to Shrewsbury Town until 30 June 2019)

—

MF

Jack Payne (on loan to Bradford City until 30 June 2019)

—

MF

Lewis O'Brien (on loan to Bradford City until 30 June 2019)

No.

Position

Player

—

MF

Regan Booty (on loan to Aldershot Town until 30 June 2019)

—

FW

Rekeil Pyke (on loan to Wrexham until 30 June 2019)

text: Development squad[edit]

text: Player achievements[edit]

text: Full and U-21 Internationals[edit]

text: Only players who gained caps while at the club included. Players who gained U21 caps are italicised.

text:
Australia
 Jason Davidson
 Aaron Mooy
Belgium
 Isaac Mbenza (loan)
Benin
 Steve Mounié
Bermuda
 Nahki Wells
Canada
 David Edgar (loan)
DR Congo
 Elias Kachunga
Denmark
 Philip Billing
 Mathias Jørgensen
 Jonas Lössl
Egypt
 Ramadan Sobhi
England
 Pat Beasley
 Andy Booth
 George Brown
 Fred Bullock
 Austen Campbell
 Jack Cock
 Roy Goodall
 Harold Hassall
 Bob Kelly
 Bill McGarry
 Vic Metcalfe
 Michael O'Grady
 Kasey Palmer (loan)
 Jack Robinson (loan)
 Billy Smith
 Ron Staniforth
 Clem Stephenson
 Ted Taylor
 Hugh Turner
 Sam Wadsworth
 Ken Willingham
 Ray Wilson
 Tom Wilson
 Alf Young

Germany
 Abdelhamid Sabiri
Jamaica
 Jermaine Beckford (loan)
 Theo Robinson (loan)
Montserrat
 Junior Mendes
Netherlands
 Terence Kongolo
Northern Ireland
/ Harry Baird
/ Laurie Cumming
 Peter Doherty
/ Charlie Gallogly
/ Bill Hayes
/ James Macauley
 Johnny McKenna
 Jimmy Nicholson
 Oliver Norwood
 Martin Paterson
Republic of Ireland
 James Berrett
 Graham Carey (loan)
 Michael Collins
 Mick Fairclough
 James Hand
/ Bill Hayes
 Thomas Heary
 Danny Kane
 Richard Keogh (loan)
 Kevin Kilbane (loan)
 John McAliskey
 Mick Meagan
 Stephen Murphy
 Derek O'Connor
 Robbie Ryan
 Pat Saward
 Sean Scannell

Scotland
 Scott Arfield
 Paul Dixon
 Joe Harper
 Alex Jackson
 Denis Law
 Jordan Rhodes
 David Steele
 Murray Wallace
 Jimmy Watson
Slovenia
 Jon Gorenc Stanković
Switzerland
 Florent Hadergjonaj
United States
 John Thorrington
 Danny Williams
Wales
 Marcus Browning
 Jake Charles
 Steve Doyle
 David Evans
 Lee Fowler
 Emyr Huws (loan)
 Steve Jenkins
 Joey Jones
 Dick Krzywicki
 Wilf Lewis
 Joel Lynch
 Charlie Morris
 Jazz Richards (loan)
 Iwan Roberts
 Joe Wright

text: English Football Hall of Fame members[edit]

text: Several ex-players/managers associated with Huddersfield Town are represented in the English Football Hall of Fame, which was created in 2002 as a celebration of those who have achieved at the very peak of the English game. To be considered for induction players/managers must be 30 years of age or older and have played/managed for at least five years in England.[7]

text:
2002 –  Denis Law,  Bill Shankly,   Peter Doherty
2003 –  Herbert Chapman
2008 –  Ray Wilson
2010 –  Clem Stephenson

text: Football League 100 Legends[edit]

text: The Football League 100 Legends is a list of "100 legendary football players" produced by The Football League in 1998, to celebrate the 100th season of League football. Three former Huddersfield players made the list.

text:
Clem Stephenson
 Peter Doherty
 Denis Law

text: Player of the Year (Hargreaves Memorial Trophy)[edit]

text:
Year

Winner

1975
 Terry Dolan

1976
 Terry Gray

1977
 Kevin Johnson

1978
 Mick Butler

1979
 Alan Starling

1980
 Malcolm Brown

1981
 Mark Lillis

1982
 Mick Kennedy

1983
 David Burke

1984
 Paul Jones

1985
 David Burke

1986
 Joey Jones

1987
 Duncan Shearer

1988
 Simon Trevitt

1989
 Steve Hardwick

Year

Winner

1990
 Lee Martin

1991
 Graham Mitchell

1992
 Iwan Roberts

1993
 Neil Parsley

1994
 Steve Francis

1995
 Ronnie Jepson

1996
 Tom Cowan

1997
 Tom Cowan

1998
 Jon Dyson

1999
 Nico Vaesen

2000
 Jamie Vincent

2001
 Craig Armstrong

2002
 Leon Knight

2003
 Martin Smith

2004
 Jon Worthington

Year

Winner

2005
 Nathan Clarke

2006
 Andy Booth

2007
 David Mirfin

2008
 Andy Holdsworth

2009
 Gary Roberts

2010
 Peter Clarke

2011
 Peter Clarke

2012
 Jordan Rhodes

2013
 James Vaughan

2014
 Adam Clayton

2015
 Jacob Butterfield

2016
 Nahki Wells

2017
 Aaron Mooy

2018
 Christopher Schindler

text: Young Player of the Year (Incomplete)[edit]

text:
2009 –  Alex Smithies
2010 –  Alex Smithies
2011 –  Jordan Rhodes
2012 –  Jack Hunt
2013 –  Murray Wallace
2014 –  Tommy Smith
2015 –  Conor Coady
2016 –  Philip Billing
2017 –  Philip Billing
2018 –  Florent Hadergjonaj

text: PFA Team of the Year[edit]

text: The following have been included in the PFA Team of the Year whilst playing for Huddersfield Town:

text:
1975–76:  Geoff Hutt (Fourth Division)
1976–77:  Terry Poole (Fourth Division)
1979–80:  Malcolm Brown,  Ian Robins (Fourth Division)
1980–81:  Malcolm Brown (Third Division)
1981–82:  Malcolm Brown (Third Division)
1982–83:  Malcolm Brown (Third Division)
1991–92:  Simon Charlton,  Chris Marsden,  Iwan Roberts (Third Division)
1992–93:  Simon Charlton (Division Two)
1994–95:  Tom Cowan,  Andy Booth (Division Two)
2003–04:  Efe Sodje (Division Three)
2010–11:  Anthony Pilkington (League One)
2011–12:  Jack Hunt,  Jordan Rhodes (League One)
2016–17:  Aaron Mooy (Championship)

text: League history[edit]

text:
Division 2: 1910–11 – 1919–20
Division 1: 1920–21 – 1951–52
Division 2: 1952–53
Division 1: 1953–54 – 1955–56
Division 2: 1956–57 – 1969–70
Division 1: 1970–71 – 1971–72
Division 2: 1972–73
Division 3: 1973–74 – 1974–75
Division 4: 1975–76 – 1979–80
Division 3: 1980–81 – 1982–83
Division 2: 1983–84 – 1987–88
Division 3: 1988–89 – 1991–92
Division 2 (Third Tier): 1992–93 – 1994–95
Division 1 (Second Tier): 1995–96 – 2000–01
Division 2 (Third Tier): 2001–02 – 2002–03
Division 3 (Fourth Tier): 2003–04
League One (Third Tier): 2004–05 – 2011–12
Championship (Second Tier): 2012–13 – 2016–17
Premier League (First Tier): 2017–18 – 2018–19

text: Honours[edit]

text: League[edit]

text: First Division (top tier)

text:
Champions (3): 1923–24, 1924–25, 1925–26
Runners-up: 1926–27, 1927–28, 1933–34
Third-place: 1922–23, 1935–36, 1953–54

text: Second Division (second tier)

text:
Champions (1): 1969–70
Runners-up: 1919–20, 1952–53
Play-offs Winners: 2017

text: Third Division (third tier)

text:
Promoted: 1982–83
Play-offs Winners: 1995, 2012

text: Fourth Division (fourth tier)

text:
Champions (1): 1979–80
Play-offs Winners: 2004

text: Cup[edit]

text: FA Cup

text:
Winners (1): 1922
Runners-up (4): 1920, 1928, 1930, 1938

text: Football League Cup

text: Semi-finalists: 1968

text: FA Charity Shield

text:
Winners (1): 1922
Never played: 1924 (Newcastle United), 1925 (Sheffield United), 1926 (Bolton Wanderers).

text: Football League Trophy

text:
Runners-up: 1994
Area finalists (2): 2002, 2011

text: Yorkshire Electricity Cup

text: Winners: 1994–95

text: International[edit]

text: Tournoi de Pentecôte du Red Star

text: Winners: 1921[8]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Club officials[edit]

text:
Chairman

Dean Hoyle

Directors

Dean HoyleAnn HoughSean JarvisRoger Burnley

Chief Executive

Julian Winter

Operations Director

Ann Hough

Commercial Director

Sean Jarvis

Financial Director

Darren Bryant

Lifetime

Ken Davy

text: Last updated: 3 March 2016Source:Who's Who

text: Coaching and medical staff[edit]

text:
Position

Staff

Head Coach

 David Wagner

Assistant Head Coach

 Christoph Bühler

First Team Coach

 Andrew Hughes

Sporting Director

 Olaf Rebbe

Academy Manager

 Steve Weaver

Head of Academy Recruitment

Vacant

Head of Goalkeeping

 Paul Clements

Head of Strength & Conditioning

 Dan Hughes

Head of Sports Science

 John Iga

Physiotherapist

 Ian Kirkpatrick

First Team Post Match Analyst

 Chris West

First Team Opposition Analyst

 Jansen Moreno[9]

U23 Manager

 Mark Hudson

U18 Manager

 Leigh Bromby

Assistant Academy Manager

 Graham Yates

Head of Coaching

Vacant

Academy Physiotherapist

 Jon Worthington

Player Liaison Officer

 Mark Fagan

text: Last updated: 11 January 2018Source: Who's Who


document_title: Primary succession

question_text: what organisms begin the soil making process in primary succession

text: Primary succession

text: Occurrence[edit]

text: In primary succession pioneer species like lichen, algae and fungi as well as other abiotic factors like wind and water start to "normalize" the habitat. Primary succession begins on rock formations, such as volcanoes or mountains, or in a place with no organisms or soil. Primary succession leads to conditions nearer optimum for vascular plant growth; pedogenesis or the formation of soil, and the increased amount of shade are the most important processes. [5].

text: These pioneer lichen, algae, and fungi are then dominated and often replaced by plants better adapted to less harsh conditions, these plants include vascular plants like grasses and some shrubs that are able to live in thin soils that are often mineral based. Water and nutrient levels increase with the amount of succession exhibited [6].

text: The early stages of primary succession are dominated by species with small propagules (seed and spores) which can be dispersed long distances. The early colonizers—often algae, fungi, and lichens—stabilize the substrate. Nitrogen supplies are limited in new soils, and nitrogen-fixing species tend to play an important role early in primary succession.[7] Unlike in primary succession, the species that dominate secondary succession, are usually present from the start of the process, often in the soil seed bank. In some systems the successional pathways are fairly consistent, and thus, are easy to predict. In others, there are many possible pathways. For example, nitrogen-fixing legumes alter successional trajectories.[8]

text: Spores of lichen or fungus, being the pioneer species, are spread onto a land of rocks. Then, the rocks are broken down into smaller pieces via secretion of acidic substances from the lichen, who colonize by altering soil hydrology [9]. Organic matter gradually accumulates, favoring the growth of herbaceous plants like grasses, ferns and herbs. These plants further improve the habitat by creating more organic matter when they die, and providing habitats for insects and other small animals [10]. This leads to the occurrence of larger vascular plants like shrubs, or trees. More animals are then attracted to the area and a climax community is reached.

text: Examples[edit]

text: One good example of primary succession takes place after a volcano has erupted. The lava flows into the ocean and hardens into new land. The resulting barren land is first colonized by pioneer organisms, like algae, which pave the way for later, less hardy plants, such as hardwood trees, by facilitating pedogenesis, especially through the biotic acceleration of weathering and the addition of organic debris to the surface regolith. An example of this is the island of Surtsey, which is an island formed in 1963 after a volcanic eruption from beneath the sea. Surtsey is off the South coast of Iceland and is being monitored to observe primary succession in progress. About thirty species of plant had become established by 2008 and more species continue to arrive, at a typical rate of roughly 2–5 new species per year.[11]

text: Another example takes place after a glacier in Signy Island, South OrkneyIslands, Maritime Antarctic. Glacier retreat is becoming more normal with the warming climate, and lichens and mosses are the first colonizers. The study, conducted by Favero-Longo et al. found that lichen species diversity varies based on the environmental conditions of the previously existing earth that is first exposed and the lichens reproductive patterns. [12]


document_title: The Great British Bake Off

question_text: who won the great british baking show 2016

text: The Great British Bake Off

text: Background[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The idea of the baking competition was conceived by producer Anna Beattie after she spoke to a friend who had seen 'bake-offs' in America.[6] Beattie was also inspired by the classic English village fête baking competitions; she said: "I loved that idea of village fetes and an old-fashioned baking competition with people who only wanted to bake a good cake."[5] However, Beattie failed to interest any channel in the idea for four years. In early 2009, they pitched the idea to Janice Hadlow, the then controller of BBC Two.[7] The pitch was successful, and Hadlow and the Commissioning Editor Charlotte Moore commissioned the programme,[8][9] which was then developed over the next six months. The development team first selected Mary Berry as a judge, and following an audition Paul Hollywood was also appointed. Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc were approached to be presenters of the show.[7] Reproducing the surroundings of the English village fête, the series is filmed in bunting-draped marquees in scenic gardens.[10]

text: Broadcast and personnel changes[edit]

text: On 17 August 2010, the first episode of The Great British Bake Off was shown on BBC Two.[11] It stayed on BBC Two for four years, grew in popularity and become the most popular programme on that channel. In its fifth series it was moved to BBC One where it stayed for three years. It was the most-watched programme on British television in 2015 and 2016.[12][13] Following extended negotiations, Love Productions announced that the seventh series of the show would be the last broadcast by the BBC. On 12 September 2016, Love agreed to a three-year deal to broadcast the show on Channel 4.[14][2] Giedroyc and Perkins subsequently announced that they would not be returning when the show moves to its new network.[15] On 22 September, Berry announced that she would also be leaving the show when it moved to Channel 4,[16] while Hollywood later announced he would stay.[17] In March 2017, it was announced that Prue Leith would join Hollywood as judge, while Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig would take over as presenters.[18]

text: Format[edit]

text: The programme operates on a weekly elimination process to find the best all-around baker from the contestants, who are all amateurs. The applicants to the show are assessed by a researcher, followed by an audition in London with two of their bakes. They then undergo a screen test and an interview with a producer. A second audition involves the applicants baking two recipes for the judges in front of the cameras.[6] Ten contestants were chosen for the first series, twelve for the following two series, thirteen for the fourth, and back to twelve from series five onwards.

text: In each episode, the amateur bakers are given three challenges: a signature bake, a technical challenge, and a show-stopper.[6] The three challenges take place over two days, and the filming takes up to 16 hours a day. The contestants are assessed by the judges who then choose a "Star Baker" for the week (introduced in series 2), and a contestant is also eliminated. In the final round, three bakers are left and a winner is chosen from the three.

text: In the first series, the location of the cast and crew moves from town to town each week, but starting from the second series, the competition is held in one location in a specially constructed marquee. Interspersed in the programme are the background of the contestants as well as video vignettes on the history of baking. What each baker intends to bake during a particular challenge is illustrated using animated graphics. These graphics have been created by illustrator Tom Hovey since the show's inception in 2010.[19][20]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Premiere
Finale
Winner
Runners-up
Average UK viewers
(millions)[21][22]
Timeslot
Channel

1
6
17 August 2010
21 September 2010
Edd Kimber
Miranda Gore Browne
2.77
Tuesday
8:00 pm
BBC Two

Ruth Clemens

2
8
14 August 2011
4 October 2011
Joanne Wheatley
Holly Bell
4.00

Mary-Anne Boermans

3
10
14 August 2012
16 October 2012
John Whaite
Brendan Lynch
5.00

James Morton

4
10
20 August 2013
22 October 2013
Frances Quinn
Kimberley Wilson
7.35

Ruby Tandoh

5
10
6 August 2014
8 October 2014
Nancy Birtwhistle
Luis Troyano
10.04
Wednesday
8:00 pm
BBC One

Richard Burr

6
10
5 August 2015
7 October 2015
Nadiya Hussain
Ian Cumming
12.50

Tamal Ray

7
10
24 August 2016
26 October 2016
Candice Brown
Andrew Smyth
13.85

Jane Beedle

8
10
29 August 2017
31 October 2017
Sophie Faldo
Kate Lyon
9.29
Tuesday
8:00 pm
Channel 4

Steven Carter-Bailey

text: Series 1 (2010)[edit]

text: Series 1 of The Great British Bake Off saw ten home bakers take part in a bake-off to test their baking skills as they battled to be crowned the Great British Bake Off's best amateur baker. Each week the nationwide tour saw the bakers put through three challenges in a particular discipline. The rounds took place in various locations across the UK, with the final round being held at Fulham Palace, London.

text: The three finalists were Ruth Clemens, Miranda Gore Browne, and Edd Kimber. On 21 September 2010, Edd Kimber was crowned the best amateur baker.[23]

text: Series 2 (2011)[edit]

text: The number of amateur baker contestants increased to twelve for the second series. Unlike Series 1, this year The Great British Bake Off stayed in one location – Valentines Mansion, a 17th-century mansion house in Redbridge, London.

text: All the Series 2 finalists were female: Holly Bell, Mary-Anne Boermans, and the winning contestant Joanne Wheatley.[24]

text: Series 3 (2012)[edit]

text: A third series of The Great British Bake Off began on 14 August 2012.[25] The series was filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset.

text: In contrast to Season 2, there was an all-male final. The finalists were Brendan Lynch, James Morton and John Whaite,[26] who won the final in a surprise result.[27]

text: Series 4 (2013)[edit]

text: The fourth series of The Great British Bake Off started on 20 August 2013 on BBC Two. The series was again filmed at Harptree Court in East Harptree, Somerset.[28] The all-female final was won by Frances Quinn, with Ruby Tandoh and Kimberley Wilson as runners up.[29]

text: In the U.S., the fourth series was broadcast as season 2 on PBS.

text: Series 5 (2014)[edit]

text: The fifth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 6 August 2014 on BBC One. This series was filmed at Welford Park in Berkshire.[30] There were twelve bakers taking part. Mary Berry and Paul Hollywood returned as judges, whilst Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc continued to present the series. Richard Burr was awarded the largest number of star baker designations of any series so far, but was beaten by Nancy Birtwhistle in the final.

text: A spin-off show The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice, hosted by comedian Jo Brand on BBC Two, was also launched as a companion series this year. Each episode was broadcast two days after the main show but later moved to the same night. The show includes interviews with eliminated contestants.[31]

text: In the U.S., the fifth series was broadcast as season 1 on PBS.

text: Series 6 (2015)[edit]

text: The sixth series began on 5 August 2015[32] on BBC One, again from Welford Park in Berkshire. Spin-off show The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice returned for a second series, with Jo Brand as host. This series was won by Nadiya Hussain, with Ian Cumming and Tamal Ray as runners up.[33]

text: In the U.S., the sixth series was broadcast as season 3 on PBS.

text: Series 7 (2016)[edit]

text: The seventh series began on 24 August 2016 on BBC One, once again from Welford Park in Berkshire, a later than usual start following the BBC's coverage of the Olympic Games.[34] This series was won by Candice Brown, with Jane Beedle and Andrew Smyth as runners up.

text: In the U.S., the seventh series was broadcast as season 4 on PBS.

text: Series 8 (2017)[edit]

text: The eighth series of The Great British Bake Off began airing on 29 August 2017.[35] This is the first series of The Great British Bake Off to be broadcast on Channel 4 following its move from the BBC.[36] The series features new hosts Noel Fielding and Sandi Toksvig, and new judge Prue Leith along with returning judge Paul Hollywood. This series was won by Sophie Faldo, with Kate Lyon and Steven Carter-Bailey finishing as runners-up.

text: Incomplete bakes and other incidents[edit]

text: As of the sixth series, there have been four incomplete bakes.

text:
In Series 2, Robert Billington accidentally dropped his tiered showstopper while applying finishing touches to the cake. Both judges and presenters came to his aid to salvage the bottom tier of his cake. He was able to present the incomplete showstopper as a single-tiered cake.
In Series 3, John Whaite was unable to complete his bake after he suffered a severe cut to his finger on the food processor. He tried to continue working on his strudel wearing a rubber glove, but the bleeding required medical attention and he therefore had to abandon the last bake. As a result, no one was eliminated that week.[37]
In Series 4, contestant Deborah accidentally used Howard's custard instead of her own. As a result, Howard was forced to use Deborah's custard, and this was taken into account by the judges.[38]
In Series 5, during the Baked Alaska challenge, Iain Watters's ice cream melted for reasons that were not entirely clear, although the editing of the show suggested that it had been caused by another contestant's actions. He threw his ice cream into the bin in frustration and left the tent. He returned shortly after, and as he had no cake for judging (he produced his bin instead, and the incident was labelled "bingate"), he was eliminated from the competition. The event that led to his departure provoked extreme anger from the viewers.[39]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The early reviews for the first series were mixed. Lucy Mangan of The Guardian wondered if "competitive baking [is] a contradiction in terms" and found the proceedings humourless.[40] Iain Hollingshead of The Daily Telegraph was scathing, describing the presenters as "annoying", the judge Paul Hollywood as looking "sinister without being interesting", and that the audience would be so bored that they "could certainly forgive the cameraman if he were to commit hara-kiri in a giant pool of egg and flour."[41]

text: However, reviews from the later series were more positive. Andrew Collins of The Guardian called it "the nicest show on television" and judged it the best TV programme of 2012.[42][43] Rachel Ward of The Daily Telegraph thought the programme "had just the right consistency of mouth-watering morsels, good humour, and fascinating history",[44] while Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent considered the contest "perfectly baked".[45]

text: Bake Off was moved to Channel 4 in 2017, and reviews of the programme on the channel were largely positive, although a few felt that it did not compare well to the BBC version.[46][47][48] Mark Lawson of The Guardian described the programme on Channel 4 as "both exactly the same but also just subtly different enough", and that "only someone desperate to dislike the re-plated show could argued that [it] has soured, spoiled or binned its recipe".[49] Michael Hogan of The Telegraph thought that "Mary, Mel and Sue might be gone but the show's recipe remains as winning as ever. The four Cs – chemistry, camaraderie, comedy, cakes – were all present and correct."[50] Anna Leszkiewicz of the New Statesman however considered that while the format had been left largely unchanged and the contestants "irresistibly likeable", "every single change to the show has been for the worse".[47]

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: The show has become a significant part of British culture and is credited with spurring an interest in home baking, with supermarkets and department stores in the UK reporting sharp rises in sales of baking ingredients and accessories.[51][52] It was also credited with reviving the Women's Institute, whose membership reached its highest level since the 1970s.[53] The show also boosted the sales of bakery books and the number of baking clubs, and independent bakeries also showed an increase. According to one analyst, more than three-fifths of adults have baked at home at least once in 2013 compared with only a third in 2011.[54]

text: TV ratings[edit]

text: The first series of The Great British Bake Off premiered in August 2010 with moderate ratings of just over 2 million viewers for its first episode.[55] This was enough to place it in BBC Two's top ten for that week, and over the series the audience grew to over three million, with the semi-final and final both achieving first place in BBC Two's weekly ratings. During the second series, the ratings gradually increased, and it became a surprise hit with nearly 4 million watching each episode.[56] Week two was the last time that the show was out-rated by another BBC Two programme in the same week (it came second to the drama Page Eight); from then until the show's move to BBC One, every competition episode would be the channel's number one rated programme of the week. By its final episode it had averaged 4.56 million viewers, peaking at 5.1 million in its last 15 minutes.[57]

text: The ratings continued to strengthen in the third series, and the show began to beat its competition in its timeslot.[58] The final of the series where John Whaite was crowned the winner saw its highest rating yet, with an average of 6.5 million viewers that peaked at 7.2 million, which made it the second highest-rated BBC Two-originated show after Top Gear since at least 2006.[59][60] The fourth series achieved some of the highest ratings seen on BBC Two. The viewer count for its premiere episode was more than two million higher than that of the previous series,[61] while the final episode was seen by 9.1 million viewers at its peak, more than twice the number of viewers on BBC One and ITV.[62] The final episode is the most-watched show on BBC Two since the present ratings system was introduced in 2002, beating the previous record set by Top Gear.[63] As a result of its high ratings, the show was moved to BBC One.[64]

text: After its move to BBC One, the opening episode was watched by over 7 million viewers according to overnight figures, beating the figure of 5.6 million for the opening episode of the previous year.[65] the Bingate controversy surrounding episode four helped the show gain its biggest ever audience of 10.3 million viewers, with 2 million people who watched it on BBC iPlayer.[66] The final of the show gained an overnight viewing figure of 12.29 million, then the highest viewing figure of the year for a non-sporting event on UK TV.[67] In the following year, the top ten ratings for 2015 was also dominated by The Great British Bake Off, with seven of the year's ten most-watched television programmes being episodes of the show, topped by the final episode with 15.05 million viewers.[68] In the last series on the BBC in 2016, nine of the top ten most-watched programmes of the year were episodes of the show, with 16.03 million viewers watching the finale.[69]

text: The first series broadcast by Channel 4 opened with average viewing figures of 5.8 million, rising to 6.5 million to include those watching on Channel 4+1, and 9.46 million for the 7-day rating.[70] Although the overnight figure was the lowest for an opening episode since 2013, it was Channel 4's biggest audience since the Opening Ceremony of the 2012 Paralympics.[71] This series attracted an average audience of 9 million viewers on Channel 4.[72]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Product placement sanction[edit]

text: In September 2012, production company Love Productions was sanctioned by the BBC for product placement of Smeg fridges. The issue came to light after a viewer wrote to the Radio Times complaining of "blatant product promotion". After an investigation, the BBC said Love Production's loan agreement with Smeg did not meet editorial guidelines and was being revised for the third series, and that appropriate retrospective hire payments would be made.[73] The BBC asked Smeg to remove a notice from its website promoting its association with the show, which it has since done.[74]

text: Favouritism[edit]

text: During the fourth series, there were accusations of favouritism towards female contestants after the last man Glenn Cosby was eliminated from the show;[75] however, similar claims were not made the previous year over the all-male final, or even the year before, when there was also an all-female quarter-final. The fourth series also suffered allegations of Paul Hollywood's favouritism towards Ruby Tandoh,[76][77] and personal attacks on Tandoh by various people including the chef Raymond Blanc.[78][79][80] Both Paul Hollywood and Ruby Tandoh denied the accusation.[81][82]

text: Baked Alaska controversy ("Bingate")[edit]

text: In the fourth episode of the fifth series, there was controversy around the elimination of contestant Iain Watters. During the final showstopper round contestants were tasked with producing a Baked Alaska. Iain's ice cream was shown as having not set and in a show of frustration he threw his bake in the bin. The editing of the show suggested that another contestant, Diana Beard, had caused the failure by removing the ice cream from a freezer, and the perceived "sabotage" resulted in a uproar on social media networks.[83] However, unseen footage broadcast in the accompanying programme An Extra Slice shows Luis holding the large floor freezer that contained Iain's ice cream open as he piped the sides of his own baked Alaska, while Mel warns him to pipe quickly and close the freezer. Later in the episode, when Iain removes his ice cream to begin the next step of his dish, it is still quite soft, indicating it went into the freezer he shared with Diana without being completely frozen. Various members of the cast posted comments in support of Diana[84] and a BBC spokesman later issued a statement that "Diana removing Iain's ice cream from the freezer for less than a minute was in no way responsible for Iain's departure."[85]

text: More than 800 complaints were lodged with the BBC over the incident and some also complained to the communication watchdog Ofcom.[86]

text: Use of innuendo[edit]

text: A number of viewers complained to the BBC feedback show Points of View in the fifth series about the "constant smutty remarks" from the presenters Mel and Sue.[87][88] This series was seen as having more innuendos than previous ones; some reviewers noted the "extra pinch of saucy spice" and "the increasingly filthy-minded hosts Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins",[89][90][91] while the Daily Mail argued that the "smutty" innuendos made the show no longer fit for family entertainment.[92] The series 3 winner John Whaite however argued that innuendo is part of what made the show a success,[93] whilst judge Paul Hollywood described the innuendos as banter in the spirit of the Carry On films and is a part of British culture,[94] a view shared by others.[95][96]

text: Clones, legal challenges and move to Channel 4[edit]

text: The success of The Great British Bake Off led to the BBC commissioning many other series closely following the format from Love Productions for example The Great British Sewing Bee and The Great Pottery Throw Down. However the 2014 series Hair using the same format was produced in house by the BBC, Love Productions responded by making preparations to sue the BBC for infringing their copyright.[97][98] Although the matter was kept quiet, with the BBC settling out of court and compensating Love Productions,[97][98] the matter soured relations between the BBC and Love Productions.[98] In September 2016, it was announced that the BBC had lost the broadcast rights of the show to Channel 4.[99] Channel 4 offered £25 million for the show outbidding the £15 million offered by the BBC.[99] In January 2017 the BBC waived its rights to keep the program off the air until 2018, and wished the programme "well for the future".[100]

text: Accidental revealing of Series 8 winner[edit]

text: On 31 October 2017, judge Prue Leith accidentally revealed the winner of Series 8 on Twitter twelve hours before the finale was due to air. This caused uproar among many fans of the show. She quickly deleted the tweet and apologised to the fans who saw the tweet.[101]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The Great British Bake Off was nominated for a Rose d'Or in the Lifestyle section of the 2012 competition and won.[102][103] The programme has been nominated a number of times in various categories for the BAFTA awards and won in 2012, 2013, and 2016.[104][105] It also won two 2015 National Television Award for Skills Challenge Show.[106]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Results
Ref.

2012
Rose d'Or
Lifestyle
The Great British Bake Off
Won
[107]

BAFTA TV Awards
Features
Anna Beattie, Andy Devonshire, Simon Evans, Richard McKerrow
Won
[108]

YouTube Audience Award
The Great British Bake Off
Nominated
[104]

2013
Features
Anna Beattie, Kieran Smith, Amanda Westwood, Scott Tankard
Won
[109]

Radio Times Audience Award
The Great British Bake Off
Nominated
[109]

National Television Award
Factual Entertainment
Nominated
[110]

2014
BAFTA TV Awards
Features
Anna Beattie, Amanda Westwood, Samantha Beddoes, Simon Evans
Nominated
[111]

National Television Award
Factual Entertainment
The Great British Bake Off
Nominated
[112]

2015
BAFTA TV Awards
Features
Anna Beattie, Samantha Beddoes, Andy Devonshire, Simon Evans
Nominated
[113]

Radio Times Audience Award
The Great British Bake Off
Nominated
[114]

National Television Award
Skills Challenge Show
Won
[115]

2016
National Television Award
Challenge Show
Won
[115]

BAFTA
Features
The Great British Bake Off production team
Won
[116]

Radio Times audience award
The Great British Bake Off
Nominated
[116]

2017
National Television Award
Challenge Show
The Great British Bake Off
Nominated
[117]

TV judge
Mary Berry
Won
[118]

BAFTA
Features
The Great British Bake Off production team
Nominated
[119]

text: International broadcast and versions[edit]

text: The UK version of The Great British Bake Off is broadcast in many countries and it has been sold to 196 territories as of 2015.[120] The format has also been sold to 20 territories by 2015, making it the third most successful BBC format after Dancing with the Stars (Strictly Come Dancing) and The Weakest Link.[121] Many of these shows have been successful.[122][123] The Junior Bake Off format has also been sold to Thailand.[124]

text: Beginning in 2014, the US broadcaster PBS has aired several series of the show under the name The Great British Baking Show.[125] The change of name was necessary due to the fact that "Bake-Off" is a registered trademark of Pillsbury in the United States. The fifth series was broadcast as Season 1 in Winter 2014–2015;[126] the fourth series was then broadcast as Season 2 in Fall 2015,[127] the sixth series was broadcast as Season 3 in Summer 2016, and the seventh series was broadcast as Season 4 in Summer 2017.

text: The CBC began broadcasting The Great British Bake Off in Canada in August 2016, starting with the sixth series and also with the Great British Baking Show title. The seventh series aired the year after.[128]

text: International versions[edit]

text: Current and upcoming versions include:[129]

text: Legend:      Airing or in production        No longer airing

text:
Country
Local title
Host(s)
Judges
Channel
Premiere

 Argentina
Bake Off Argentina, El Gran Pastelero
(Bake Off Argentina, The Great Baker)
Christophe Krywonis
Paula Chaves[130]
TBA
Telefe[131]
2018

 Australia
The Great Australian Bake Off
Shane Jacobson
Anna Gare[132]
Dan Lepard
Kerry Vincent
Nine Network[133]
9 July 2013

Claire Hooper
Mel Buttle
Maggie Beer
Matt Moran[134]
LifeStyle Food
13 October 2015

 Belgium
De MeesterBakker
(The Master Baker)
Rani De Coninck
Sofie Dumont
Bernard Proot
vtm
4 April 2012

 Brazil
Bake Off Brasil
Carolina Fiorentino (2017–)
Ticiana Villas Boas (2015–16)
Fabrizio Fasano Jr.
Beca Milano (2017–)
Carolina Fiorentino (2015–16)
SBT
Discovery Home & Health
26 July 2015

Bake Off SBT
Carolina Florentino
Danilo Gentili
Ratinho
Fabrizio Fasano Jr.
Beca Milano
23 December 2017

Júnior Bake Off Brasil
Carolina Florentino
6 January 2018

 Bulgaria
Bake Off: Най-сладкото състезание
(Bake Off: The Sweetest Competition)
Aleksandra Raeva
Raffi Bohosyan
Julia Pandzherova
Yuri Baltaliyski
Nova TV
15 November 2016

 Canada
The Great Canadian Baking Show
Dan Levy
Julia Chan
Bruno Feldeisen
Rochelle Adonis
CBC
1 November 2017

 Denmark
Den store bagedyst
(The Great Baking Contest)
Timm Vladimir
Mette Blomsterberg
Jan Friis-Mikkelsen
DR1
28 August 2012[135]

 Estonia
Eesti parim pagar[136]
Kristjan Rabi (2015)
Indrek Vaheoja (2015)
Alari Kivisaar
Angeelika Kang
Ants Uustalu
TV3
31 August 2015

 Finland
Koko Suomi leipoo[137]
(The whole of Finland bakes)
Anne Kukkohovi
Mika Parviainen
Sami Granroth
MTV3[138]
24 September 2013

 France
Le Meilleur Pâtissier[139][140]
(The Best Baker)
Julia Vignali
Cyril Lignac
Jacqueline Mercorelli
M6[141]
RTL-TVI (Belgium)
26 November 2012

 Germany
Das große Backen
(The great Bake)
Britt Hagedorn (2013)
Meltem Kaptan (2013)
Enie van de Meiklokjes (2014–16)
Annika Lau (2017)
Christian Hümbs
Enie van de Meiklokjes (2013)
Andrea Schirmaier-Huber (2013–14)
Betty Schliephake-Burchardt (2015–17)
Sat.1
1 December 2013

 Hungary
Ide süss!
(Az ország nagy cukrászversenye)
Hajós András
Sass Dániel
Baracskay Angéla
Szabadfi Szabolcs
Viasat 3
26 March 2018

 Ireland
The Great Irish Bake Off
Anna Nolan[142]
Biddy White Lennon
Paul Kelly[143]
TV3
19 September 2013

 Italy
Bake Off Italia – Dolci in forno[144]
(Bake Off Italy – Sweets in the oven)
Benedetta Parodi
Ernst Knam
Clelia d'Onofrio
Damiano Carrara
Real Time[145]
November 2013

 Israel
בייק אוף ישראל[146]
(Bake Off Israel)
Paula Rosenberg
Aya Kremerman
Ran Shmueli
Oded Brenner
Carine Goren
Channel 2
9 April 2016

 Netherlands
Heel Holland Bakt
(All of Holland bakes)
Martine Bijl[147]
(2013–15)
André van Duin
(2016–present)
Robèrt van Beckhoven
Janny van der Heijden
MAX (NPO 1)
5 June 2013[148]

 Norway
Hele Norge baker
(All of Norway Bakes)
Line Verndal
Pascal Dupuy
Øyvind Lofthus[149]
TV3[150]
10 March 2013[151]

 Poland
Bake Off – Ale Ciacho!
(Bake Off – What A Cake!)
Anna Gacek
Paulina Mikuła[152]
Krzysztof Ilnicki
Gosia Molska[153]
TVP2
5 September 2016[154]

 Portugal
Best Bakery – A Melhor Pastelaria de Portugal
(Best Bakery – The Best Pastry in Portugal)
Ana Guiomar
Luca Arguelles
Telmo Moutinho
SIC
3 October 2016

 Romania
Bake Off Romania[155]
Nicolle Stanese[156]
Alex Stan
Simona Pope
Tudor Constantinescu
Pro TV
29 February 2016[157]

 South Africa
The Great South African Bake Off[158]
Anne Hirsch
Lentswe Bhengu
Shirley Guy
Tjaart Walraven
BBC Lifestyle
8 October 2015

 Sweden
Hela Sverige bakar[159]
(All of Sweden Bakes)
Tilde de Paula
Johan Sörberg
Birgitta Rasmussen
TV4 (Sjuan)
20 September 2012

Hela kändis-Sverige bakar[160]
(Celebrity All of Sweden Bakes)
11 November 2014

 Turkey
Ver Fırına
Burcu Esmersoy
Arda Türkmen
Emel Başdoğan
TV8[161]
20 October 2014[162]

 Ukraine
Великий пекарський турнір
(Great Bakers Tournament)
Yuri Gorbunov[163]
Serge Markovic
Catherine Ahronik
Olga Ganushchak
1+1[164]
1 September 2013[165]

 United States
The American Baking Competition[166][167]
Jeff Foxworthy
Marcela Valladolid
Paul Hollywood
CBS[168]
29 May 2013[169]

 United States
The Great American Baking Show
Ayesha Curry
Anthony Adams
Johnny Iuzzini
Paul Hollywood[170]
ABC
30 November 2015 (as The Great Holiday Baking Show)[171][172][173][174]

text: The Great Sport Relief Bake Off[edit]

text:
The Great Sport Relief Bake Off

Genre

Cooking
Baking

Presented by

Mel Giedroyc
Jennifer Saunders (2016)
Ed Byrne (2014, 2016)
Sarah Millican (2016)
Sue Perkins (2014)
Jo Brand (2014)
Omid Djalili (2014)

Judges

Mary Berry
Paul Hollywood

Country of origin
United Kingdom

Original language(s)
English

No. of series
3

No. of episodes
12

Production

Running time
60 minutes

Production company(s)
Love Productions

Release

Original network
BBC Two (2012–2013)
BBC One (2014–2016)

Picture format
16:9

Original release
10 January 2012 (2012-01-10) – 23 February 2016 (2016-02-23)

text: Episode viewing figures from BARB.[175]

text: Series 1 (2012)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers
(millions)

1
Traybake
Wholemeal Cheese Scones
Meringue Dessert
Angela Griffin
10 January 2012 (2012-01-10)
3.52

James Wong

Joe Swift

Sarah Hadland

2
Savoury Flan
Banana & Chocolate Chip Loaves
Layered Cake
Arlene Phillips
11 January 2012 (2012-01-11)
2.79

Fi Glover

Gus Casely-Hayford

Saira Khan

3
Classic Crumble
Coffee & Walnut Cake
24 Miniature Tarts
Alex Deakin
12 January 2012 (2012-01-12)
2.56

Alex Langlands

Anita Rani

Pearl Lowe

4
Trio of Baked Biscuits
6 Sausage Rolls
Covered Tiered Occasion Cake
Angela Griffin
13 January 2012 (2012-01-13)
3.43

Anita Rani

Fi Glover

text: Series 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Guest host
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers
(millions)

1
Sue Perkins
12 Sandwich Biscuits
Tarte Tatin
3D Novelty Cake
Bonnie Wright
13 January 2014 (2014-01-13)
4.37

Johnny Vaughan

Michael Vaughan

Samantha Bond

2
Jo Brand
12 Gingerbread Biscuits
Banoffee Pie
Chocolate Cake
Greg Rutherford
14 January 2014 (2014-01-14)
5.07

Jane Horrocks

Jason Gardiner

Kirsty Young

3
Omid Djalili
Traybake
Iced Ring Dougnuts
Layered Cakes
Emma Freud
15 January 2014 (2014-01-15)
5.02

Jamelia[176]

Michael Ball

Victoria Pendleton

4
Ed Byrne
Pizzas
Eccles Cakes
Tiered Cakes
Alistair McGowan
16 January 2014 (2014-01-16)
4.94

Doon Mackichan

Helen Skelton

Rochelle Humes

text: Series 3 (2016)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Guest host
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers
(millions)

1
Mel Giedroyc
Canapés
Paris–Brest
Trophy Cake
David James
27 January 2016 (2016-01-27)
6.03

Jason Manford

Maddy Hill

Samantha Cameron

2
Jennifer Saunders
American Muffins
Football Pie
Tiered Cake
Chris Kamara
3 February 2016 (2016-02-03)
7.44

Ed Balls

Kimberley Walsh

Victoria Coren Mitchell

3
Ed Byrne
Savoury tarts
Chocolate and Beetroot Tray Bake
3D Biscuits
Geri Horner
17 February 2016 (2016-02-17)
7.12

Jermaine Jenas

John Simpson

Louise Redknapp

4
Sarah Millican
Open-top Pie
Salmon Roulade
Cupcakes
Ade Edmondson
24 February 2016 (2016-02-24)
6.74

Alison Steadman

Morgana Robinson

Will Young

text: The Great Comic Relief Bake Off[edit]

text:
The Great Comic Relief Bake Off

Genre

Cooking
Baking

Presented by

Mel Giedroyc (2013, 2015)
Sue Perkins (2015)
Jo Brand (2015)
Ed Byrne (2015)

Judges

Mary Berry
Paul Hollywood

Country of origin
United Kingdom

Original language(s)
English

No. of series
2

No. of episodes
8

Production

Running time
60 minutes

Production company(s)
Love Productions

Release

Original network
BBC Two (2013)
BBC One (2015)

Picture format
16:9

Original release
21 January 2013 (2013-01-21) – 4 March 2015 (2015-03-04)

text: Series 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers
(millions)

1
Shortbread
Custard Slices
Portrait Cake
Jo Brand
21 January 2013 (2013-01-21)
4.17

Stephen K. Amos

Lorna Watson

Ingrid Oliver

2
Iced Biscuits
Bakewell Tart
Gateaux
Warwick Davis
22 January 2013 (2013-01-22)
4.44

Duncan Bannatyne

Simon Reeve

Andy Akinwolere

3
Scones
Chocolate Eclairs
Novelty Cake
Ellie Simmonds
23 January 2013 (2013-01-23)
4.34

Kirsty Wark

Julia Bradbury

Bob Mortimer

4
Chocolate Biscuits
Lemon Meringue Pie
Comic Relief Birthday Cake
Claudia Winkleman
24 January 2013 (2013-01-24)
4.39

Ed Byrne

Martha Kearney

Helen Glover

text: Series 2 (2015)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Guest host
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers
(millions)

1
Sue Perkins
Giant Cookie or Biscuit
12 Mini Fruit Tarts
Tiered Chocolate Cake
Dame Edna Everage
11 February 2015 (2015-02-11)
7.75

Joanna Lumley

Jennifer Saunders

Lulu

2
Mel Giedroyc
24 cupcakes
20 profiteroles
Marble "Building" Cake
Jonathan Ross
18 February 2015 (2015-02-18)
8.39

Zoe Sugg

Gok Wan

Abbey Clancy

3
Jo Brand
24 Shortbread
6 Mini Pork Pies
Triple-tiered Pavlova
Sarah Brown
25 February 2015 (2015-02-25)
7.92

David Mitchell

Michael Sheen

Jameela Jamil

4
Ed Byrne
Tray Bake
12 Crumpets
Vegetable Self Portrait Cake
Alexa Chung
4 March 2015 (2015-03-04)
8.21

Victoria Wood

Chris Moyles

Kayvan Novak

text: The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off[edit]

text:
The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off

Genre

Cooking
Baking

Presented by

Sandi Toksvig
Noel Fielding

Judges

Prue Leith
Paul Hollywood

Country of origin
United Kingdom

Original language(s)
English

No. of series
1

No. of episodes
5

Production company(s)
Love Productions

Release

Original network
Channel 4

Picture format
16:9

Original release
6 March 2018 – present

text: Series 1 (2018)[edit]

text:
Episode No.
Signature Challenge
Technical Challenge
Showstopper Challenge
Contestants
Airdate
Viewers
(millions)

1
12 cupcakes
6 crepes suzette
3D biscuit scene
Roisin Conaty
6 March 2018 (2018-03-06)
5.45

Martin Kemp

Harry Hill

Bill Turnbull

2
24 scones
Devil's food cake
Self-portrait croquembouches
Nick Hewer
13 March 2018 (2018-03-13)
5.26

Perri Kiely

Stacey Solomon

Ricky Wilson

3
Loaf cake
8 Tiramisu sandwich biscuits
Meringue towers
Ella Eyre
20 March 2018 (2018-03-20)

Ruth Davidson

Jamie Laing

Tim Minchin

4
12 blondies
6 fruit turnovers
Secret passion cake
Griff Rhys Jones
27 March 2018 (2018-03-27)

Joe Lycett

Lee Mack

Melanie Sykes

5

Aisling Bea
3 April 2018 (2018-04-03)

Alan Carr

Kadeena Cox

Teri Hatcher


document_title: List of Olympic Games host cities

question_text: where was the last 10 summer olympic games held

text: List of Olympic Games host cities

text: Olympic host cities[edit]

text:
City
Country
Continent
Summer (Olympiad)
Winter
Year
Opening Ceremony
Closing Ceremony

Athens
 Greece
Europe
S005I
—
1896
000000002017-04-06-0000April 6
000000002017-04-15-0000April 15

Paris
 France
Europe
S005II
—
1900
000000002017-05-14-0000May 14
000000002017-10-28-0000October 28

St. Louis[a]
 United States
North America
S005III
—
1904
000000002017-07-01-0000July 1
000000002017-11-23-0000November 23

London[c]
 United Kingdom
Europe
S005IV
—
1908
000000002017-04-27-0000April 27
000000002017-10-31-0000October 31

Stockholm
 Sweden
Europe
S005V
—
1912
000000002017-05-05-0000May 5
000000002017-07-22-0000July 22

Berlin
 Germany
Europe
S006VI
—
1916
Cancelled due to WWI[4]

Antwerp[d]
 Belgium
Europe
S007VII
—
1920
000000002017-04-20-0000April 20
000000002017-09-12-0000September 12[5]

Chamonix
 France
Europe
—
W001I
1924
000000002017-01-25-0000January 25
000000002017-02-04-0000February 4[6]

Paris
 France
Europe
S008VIII
—
000000002017-05-04-0000May 4
000000002017-07-27-0000July 27[7]

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
Europe
—
W002II
1928
000000002017-02-11-0000February 11
000000002017-02-19-0000February 19[8]

Amsterdam
 Netherlands
Europe
S009IX
—
000000002017-05-17-0000May 17
000000002017-08-12-0000August 12[9]

Lake Placid
 United States
North America
—
W003III
1932
000000002017-02-04-0000February 4
000000002017-02-15-0000February 15[10]

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
S010X
—
000000002017-07-30-0000July 30
000000002017-08-14-0000August 14[11]

Garmisch-Partenkirchen
 Nazi Germany
Europe
—
W004IV
1936
000000002017-02-06-0000February 6
000000002017-02-16-0000February 16[12]

Berlin
 Nazi Germany
Europe
S011XI
—
000000002017-08-01-0000August 1
000000002017-08-16-0000August 16[13]

Sapporo
Garmisch-Partenkirchen[e]
 Empire of Japan
 Nazi Germany
Asia
Europe
—
W005aV
1940
Cancelled due to WWII[4]

Tokyo
Helsinki[f]
 Empire of Japan
 Finland
Asia
Europe
S012XII
—

Cortina d'Ampezzo
 Italy
Europe
—
W005bV
1944

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
S013XIII
—

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
Europe
—
W005cV
1948
000000002017-01-30-0000January 30
000000002017-02-08-0000February 8

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
S014XIV
—
000000002017-07-29-0000July 29
000000002017-08-14-0000August 14

Oslo
 Norway
Europe
—
W006VI
1952
000000002017-02-14-0000February 14
000000002017-02-25-0000February 25

Helsinki
 Finland
Europe
S015XV
—
000000002017-07-19-0000July 19
000000002017-08-03-0000August 3

Cortina d'Ampezzo
 Italy
Europe
—
W007VII
1956
000000002017-01-26-0000January 26
000000002017-02-05-0000February 5

Melbourne
Stockholm[g]
 Australia
 Sweden
Oceania
Europe
S016XVI
—
000000002017-11-22-0000November 22
000000002017-06-10-0000June 10
000000002017-12-08-0000December 8
000000002017-06-17-0000June 17

Squaw Valley
 United States
North America
—
W008VIII
1960
000000002017-02-18-0000February 18
000000002017-02-28-0000February 28

Rome
 Italy
Europe
S017XVII
—
000000002017-08-25-0000August 25
000000002017-09-11-0000September 11

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe
—
W009IX
1964
000000002017-01-29-0000January 29
000000002017-02-09-0000February 9

Tokyo
 Japan
Asia
S018XVIII
—
000000002017-10-10-0000October 10
000000002017-10-24-0000October 24

Grenoble
 France
Europe
—
W010X
1968
000000002017-02-06-0000February 6
000000002017-02-18-0000February 18

Mexico City
 Mexico
North America
S019XIX
—
000000002017-10-12-0000October 12
000000002017-10-27-0000October 27

Sapporo
 Japan
Asia
—
W011XI
1972
000000002017-02-03-0000February 3
000000002017-02-13-0000February 13

Munich
 West Germany
Europe
S020XX
—
000000002017-08-26-0000August 26
000000002017-09-11-0000September 11

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe
—
W012XII
1976
000000002017-02-04-0000February 4
000000002017-02-15-0000February 15

Montreal
 Canada
North America
S021XXI
—
000000002017-07-17-0000July 17
000000002017-08-01-0000August 1

Lake Placid
 United States
North America
—
W013XIII
1980
000000002017-02-12-0000February 12
000000002017-02-24-0000February 24

Moscow
 Soviet Union
Europe[h]
S022XXII
—
000000002017-07-19-0000July 19
000000002017-08-03-0000August 3

Sarajevo
 Yugoslavia
Europe
—
W014XIV
1984
000000002017-02-07-0000February 7
000000002017-02-19-0000February 19

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
S023XXIII
—
000000002017-07-28-0000July 28
000000002017-08-12-0000August 12

Calgary
 Canada
North America
—
W015XV
1988
000000002017-02-13-0000February 13
000000002017-02-28-0000February 28

Seoul
 South Korea
Asia
S024XXIV
—
000000002017-09-17-0000September 17
000000002017-10-02-0000October 2

Albertville
 France
Europe
—
W016XVI
1992
000000002017-02-08-0000February 8
000000002017-02-23-0000February 23

Barcelona
 Spain
Europe
S025XXV
—
000000002017-07-25-0000July 25
000000002017-08-09-0000August 9

Lillehammer
 Norway
Europe
—
W017XVII
1994
000000002017-02-12-0000February 12
000000002017-02-27-0000February 27

Atlanta
 United States
North America
S026XXVI
—
1996
000000002017-07-19-0000July 19
000000002017-08-04-0000August 4

Nagano
 Japan
Asia
—
W018XVIII
1998
000000002017-02-07-0000February 7
000000002017-02-22-0000February 22

Sydney
 Australia
Oceania
S027XXVII
—
2000
000000002017-09-15-0000September 15
000000002017-10-01-0000October 1

Salt Lake City
 United States
North America
—
W019XIX
2002
000000002017-02-08-0000February 8
000000002017-02-24-0000February 24

Athens
 Greece
Europe
S028XXVIII
—
2004
000000002017-08-13-0000August 13
000000002017-08-29-0000August 29

Turin
 Italy
Europe
—
W020XX
2006
000000002017-02-10-0000February 10
000000002017-02-26-0000February 26

Beijing[i]
 China
Asia
S029XXIX
—
2008
000000002017-08-08-0000August 8
000000002017-08-24-0000August 24

Vancouver
 Canada
North America
—
W021XXI
2010
000000002017-02-12-0000February 12
000000002017-02-28-0000February 28

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
S030XXX
—
2012
000000002017-07-27-0000July 27
000000002017-08-12-0000August 12

Sochi
 Russia
Europe[h]
—
W022XXII
2014
000000002017-02-07-0000February 7
000000002017-02-23-0000February 23

Rio de Janeiro
 Brazil
South America
S031XXXI
—
2016
000000002017-08-05-0000August 5
000000002017-08-21-0000August 21

Pyeongchang
 South Korea
Asia
—
W023XXIII
2018
000000002017-02-09-0000February 9
000000002017-02-25-0000February 25

Tokyo
 Japan
Asia
S032XXXII
—
2020
000000002017-07-24-0000July 24
000000002017-08-09-0000August 9

Beijing
 China
Asia
—
W024XXIV
2022
000000002017-02-04-0000February 4
000000002017-02-20-0000February 20

Paris
 France
Europe
S033XXXIII
—
2024
000000002017-08-02-0000August 2
000000002017-08-18-0000August 18

TBD
TBD

—
W025XXV
2026
(TBD)

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
S034XXXIV
—
2028
000000002017-07-21-0000July 21
000000002017-08-06-0000August 6

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games[edit]

text:
List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games

City
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total

London
 United Kingdom
Europe
3 (1908, 1948, 2012)
0
3

Paris
 France
Europe
3 (1900, 1924, 2024)
0

Los Angeles
 United States
North America
3 (1932, 1984, 2028)
0

Athens
 Greece
Europe
2 (1896, 2004)
0
2

Beijing
 China
Asia
1 (2008)
1 (2022)

Tokyo
 Japan
Asia
2 (1964, 2020)
0

Lake Placid
 United States
North America
0
2 (1932, 1980)

Innsbruck
 Austria
Europe
0
2 (1964, 1976)

St. Moritz
  Switzerland
Europe
0
2 (1928, 1948)

text: The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games.

text: Number of Olympic Games by country[edit]

text:
List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games

Rank
Country
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total

1
 United States
North America
5 (1904, 1932, 1984, 1996, 2028)
4 (1932, 1960, 1980, 2002)
9

2
 France
Europe
3 (1900, 1924, 2024)
3 (1924, 1968, 1992)
6

3
 Japan
Asia
2 (1940, 1964, 2020)
2 (1940, 1972, 1998)
4

4
 United Kingdom
Europe
3 (1908, 1944, 1948, 2012)
0
3

5
 Canada
North America
1 (1976)
2 (1988, 2010)
3

6
 Italy
Europe
1 (1960)
2 (1944, 1956, 2006)
3

7
 Nazi Germany/ West Germany/ Germany
Europe
2 (1916, 1936, 1972)
1 (1936, 1940)
3

8
 China
Asia
1 (2008)
1 (2022)
2

9
 South Korea
Asia
1 (1988)
1 (2018)
2

10
 Soviet Union/ Russia
Europe
1 (1980)
1 (2014)
2

11
 Greece
Europe
2 (1896, 2004)
0
2

12
 Australia
Oceania
2 (1956, 2000)
0
2

13
 Norway
Europe
0
2 (1952, 1994)
2

14
 Austria
Europe
0
2 (1964, 1976)
2

15
  Switzerland
Europe
0
2 (1928, 1940, 1948)
2

16
 Brazil
South America
1 (2016)
0
1

17
 Spain
Europe
1 (1992)
0
1

18
 SFR Yugoslavia/ Bosnia and Herzegovina
Europe
0
1 (1984)
1

19
 Mexico
North America
1 (1968)
0
1

20
 Finland
Europe
1 (1940, 1952)
0
1

21
 Netherlands
Europe
1 (1928)
0
1

22
 Belgium
Europe
1 (1920)
0
1

23
 Sweden
Europe
1 (1912)
0
1

text: Number of Olympic Games by continent[edit]

text:
Rank
Continent
Summer Olympics
Winter Olympics
Total

1
Europe
17 (1896, 1900, 1908, 1912, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1936, 1940
1944, 1948, 1952, 1960, 1972, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2012, 2024)
13 (1924, 1928, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956
1964, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1992, 1994, 2006, 2014)
30

2
North America
7 (1904, 1932, 1968, 1976, 1984, 1996, 2028)
6 (1932, 1960, 1980, 1988, 2002, 2010)
13

3
Asia
4 (1940, 1964, 1988, 2008, 2020)
4 (1940, 1972, 1998, 2018, 2022)
8

4
Oceania
2 (1956, 2000)
0
2

5
South America
1 (2016)
0
1

6
Africa
0
0
0

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a Originally awarded to Chicago, but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World's Fair.[14][15]
b The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held, and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949[16]
c The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome, but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted.[17]
d The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend, Belgium and in Amsterdam, Netherlands.
e The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo, but were moved to Garmisch-Partenkirchen before being cancelled.
f The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo, but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled.
g Equestrian events were held in Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies, just like the regular Summer Olympics.[18]
h Russia/Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia. However, the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees. Also, Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia. (Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary, being just south of the Greater Caucasus' western end; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe.)
i Equestrian events were held in China's Hong Kong SAR.[19] Although Hong Kong's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition, it was an integral part of the Beijing Games (unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid, separate flame, etc.).[20]
j Calgary is actively working with the Canadian Olympic Committee in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics.
k Innsbruck is actively working with the Austrian Olympic Committee in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics.
l Lillehammer is actively working with the Norwegian Olympic Committee in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics.
m Sion is actively working with the Swiss Olympic Association in considering a bid for the 2026 Winter Olympics.


document_title: Climate of Antarctica

question_text: what is the warmest recorded temperature in antarctica

text: Climate of Antarctica

text: Temperature[edit]

text: The lowest reliably measured temperature of a continuously occupied station on Earth of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) was on 21 July 1983 at Vostok Station.[4][5] For comparison, this is 10.7 °C (19.3 °F) colder than subliming dry ice (at sea level pressure). The altitude of the location is 3,900 meters (12,800 feet).

text: The lowest recorded temperature of any location on Earth's surface at 81°48′S 63°30′E / 81.8°S 63.5°E / -81.8; 63.5 was revised with new data in 2018 in nearly 100 locations, ranging from −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F)[6] to −98 °C (−144.4 °F).[7] This unnamed part of the Antarctic plateau, between Dome A and Dome F, was measured on August 10, 2010, and the temperature was deduced from radiance measured by the Landsat 8 and other satellites, and discovered during a National Snow and Ice Data Center review of stored data in December, 2013[8] but revice by researcher on June 25 2018.[9][10] This temperature is not directly comparable to the -89.2 quoted above, since it is a skin temperature deduced from satellite-measured upwelling radiance, rather than a thermometer-measured temperature of the air 1.5 m (4.9 ft) above the ground surface.

text: The highest temperature ever recorded on the Antarctic continent was 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) at Esperanza Base, on the Antarctic Peninsula, on 24 March 2015.[11] A higher temperature of 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) at Signy Research Station on 30 January 1982 is the record for the Antarctic region encompassing all land and ice south of 60S.[12]

text:
The mean annual temperature of the interior is −57 °C (−70.6 °F). The coast is warmer; on the coast Antarctic average temperatures are around -10°C (in the warmest parts of Antarctica) and in the elevated inland they average about -55°C in Vostok.
[13]
[14].
Monthly means at McMurdo Station range from −26 °C (−14.8 °F) in August to −3 °C (26.6 °F) in January.[15]
At the South Pole, the highest temperature ever recorded was −12.3 °C (9.9 °F) on 25 December 2011.[16] Along the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures as high as 15 °C (59 °F) have been recorded,[clarification needed] though the summer temperature is below 0 °C (32 °F) most of the time. Severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean. East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation.[citation needed] The Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate. Higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing.

text: Precipitation[edit]

text: The total precipitation on Antarctica, averaged over the entire continent, is about 166 millimetres (6.5 inches) per year (Vaughan et al., J Climate, 1999). The actual rates vary widely, from high values over the Peninsula (15 to 25 inches a year) to very low values (as little as 50 millimetres (2.0 inches) in the high interior (Bromwich, Reviews of Geophysics, 1988). Areas that receive less than 250 millimetres (9.8 inches) of precipitation per year are classified as deserts. Almost all Antarctic precipitation falls as snow.[17] Rainfall is rare and mainly occurs during the summer in coastal areas and surrounding islands.[17] Note that the quoted precipitation is a measure of its equivalence to water, rather than being the actual depth of snow. The air in Antarctica is also very dry. The low temperatures result in a very low absolute humidity, which means that dry skin and cracked lips are a continual problem for scientists and expeditioners working in the continent.

text: Weather condition classification[edit]

text: The weather in Antarctica can be highly variable, and the weather conditions can often change dramatically in short periods of time. There are various classifications for describing weather conditions in Antarctica; restrictions given to workers during the different conditions vary by station and nation.

text:
[18]
[19]
[20]

text: Ice cover[edit]

text:
Nearly all of Antarctica is covered by a sheet of ice that is, on average, a mile thick or more (1.6 km). Antarctica contains 90% of the world's ice and more than 70% of its fresh water. If all the land-ice covering Antarctica were to melt — around 30 million cubic kilometres (7.2 million cubic miles) of ice — the seas would rise by over 60 metres (200 feet).[21] This is, however, very unlikely within the next few centuries. The Antarctic is so cold that even with increases of a few degrees, temperatures would generally remain below the melting point of ice. Higher temperatures are expected to lead to more precipitation, which takes the form of snow. This would increase the amount of ice in Antarctica, offsetting approximately one third of the expected sea level rise from thermal expansion of the oceans.[22]
During a recent decade, East Antarctica thickened at an average rate of about 1.8 centimetres per year while West Antarctica showed an overall thinning of 0.9 centimetres per year.[23] For the contribution of Antarctica to present and future sea level change, see sea level rise. Because ice flows, albeit slowly, the ice within the ice sheet is younger than the age of the sheet itself.

text:
Morphometric data for Antarctica (from Drewry, 1983)

Surface

Area  (km²)

Percent

Mean ice thickness  (m)

Volume  (km³)

Percent

Inland ice sheet

11,965,700

85.97

2,450

29,324,700

97.00

Ice shelves

1,541,710

11.08

475

731,900

2.43

Ice rises

78,970

.57

670

53,100

.18

Glacier ice (total)

13,586,380

2,160

30,109,800¹

Rock outcrop

331,690

2.38

Antarctica (total)

13,918,070

100.00

2,160

30,109,800¹

100.00

¹The total ice volume is different from the sum of the component parts because individual figures have been rounded.

text:
Regional ice data (from Drewry and others, 1982; Drewry, 1983)

Region

Area  (km²)

Mean icethickness  (m)

Volume  (km³)

East Antarctica

Inland ice

9,855,570

2,630

25,920,100

Ice shelves

293,510

400

117,400

Ice rises

4,090

400

1,600

West Antarctica (excluding Antarctic Peninsula)

Inland ice sheet

1,809,760

1,780

3,221,400

Ice shelves

104,860

375

39,300

Ice rises

3,550

375

1,300

Antarctic Peninsula

Inland ice sheet

300,380

610

183,200

Ice shelves

144,750

300

43,400

Ice rises

1,570

300

500

Ross Ice Shelf

Ice shelf

525,840

427

224,500

Ice rises

10,320

500

5,100

Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf

Ice shelf

472,760

650

307,300

Ice rises

59,440

750

44,600

text: Ice shelves[edit]

text: This section needs attention from an expert in glaciers. The specific problem is: unintelligible English and lack of clarity. WikiProject Glaciers may be able to help recruit an expert. (April 2017)

text:
About 75% of the coastline of Antarctica is ice shelves. The utmost parts consist of floating ice until the grounding line of land based glaciers is reached, which is determined through affords such as Operation IceBridge. Ice shelves lose mass through iceberg breakup (calving), or basal melting due to warm ocean water under the ice [24]
. Melting or breakup of floating shelf ice does not directly affect global sea levels; however, ice shelves have a buttressing effect on the ice flow behind them. If ice shelves break up, the ice flow behind them may accelerate, resulting in increasing melt of the Antarctic ice sheet and an increasing contribution to sea level.

text: Known changes in coastline ice:

text:
Around the Antarctic Peninsula:
1936–1989: Wordie Ice Shelf significantly reduced in size.
1995: Ice in the Prince Gustav Channel disintegrated.
Parts of the Larsen Ice Shelf broke up in recent decades.
1995: The Larsen A ice shelf disintegrated in January 1995.
2001: 3,250 square kilometres (1,250 square miles) of the Larsen B ice shelf disintegrated in February 2001. It had been gradually retreating before the breakup event.
2015: A study concluded that the remaining Larsen B ice-shelf will disintegrate by the end of the decade, based on observations of faster flow and rapid thinning of glaciers in the area.[25]

text: The George VI Ice Shelf, which may be on the brink of instability,[26] has probably existed for approximately 8,000 years, after melting 1,500 years earlier.[27] Warm ocean currents may have been the cause of the melting.[28] Not only the ice sheets are losing mass, but they are losing mass at an accelerating rate.[29]

text: Global warming[edit]

text:
The continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is positive and significant at >0.05 °C/decade since 1957.[30][31][32][33]
The West Antarctic ice sheet has warmed by more than 0.1 °C/decade in the last 50 years, and is strongest in winter and spring.  Although this is partly offset by fall cooling in East Antarctica, this effect is restricted to the 1980s and 1990s.[30][31][32]

text: Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change:

text: The British Antarctic Survey, which has undertaken the majority of Britain's scientific research in the area, stated in 2009:[35]

text:
West Antarctic ice loss could contribute to 1.4 metres (4 feet 7 inches) sea level rise
Antarctica predicted to warm by around 3 °C (5.4 °F) over this century
10% increase in sea ice around the Antarctic
Rapid ice loss in parts of the Antarctic
Warming of the Southern Ocean will cause changes in Antarctic ecosystem
Hole in ozone layer, which has shielded most of Antarctica from global warming

text: The area of strongest cooling appears at the South Pole, and the region of strongest warming lies along the Antarctic Peninsula. A possible explanation is that loss of UV-absorbing ozone may have cooled the stratosphere and strengthened the polar vortex, a pattern of spinning winds around the South Pole. The vortex acts like an atmospheric barrier, preventing warmer, coastal air from moving into the continent's interior. A stronger polar vortex might explain the cooling trend in the interior of Antarctica.[36]

text: In their latest study (20 September 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.[37]

text: There is also evidence for widespread glacier retreat around the Antarctic Peninsula.[38]

text: Researchers reported on 21 December 2012 in Nature Geoscience that from 1958 to 2010, the average temperature at the mile-high Byrd Station rose by 2.4 °C (4.3 °F), with warming fastest in its winter and spring.  The spot which is in the heart of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is one of the fastest-warming places on Earth. In 2015, the temperature showed changes but in a stable manner and the only months that have drastic change in that year are August and September. It also did show that the temperature was very stable throughout the year.[39][40][41][42]