document_title: List of wars involving the United States

question_text: what was the first war of the united states

text: 18th century wars[edit]

text:
Conflict
Combatant 1
Combatant 2
Result for the United States and/or its Allies

American Revolution
(1775–1783) Location: Eastern North America, Gibraltar, India, Caribbean Sea, and the Atlantic

The Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, which began negotiations between Great Britain and the United States.

 United States
 France

 Canadian Auxiliaries

 Spain
 Iroquois

 Oneida
 Tuscarora

Watauga Association
Catawba
 Lenape
 Choctaw

 Dutch Republic

 Mysore

 Great Britain
 Loyalists
 German Auxiliaries
 Iroquois

 Onondaga
 Mohawk
 Cayuga
 Seneca

 Cherokee

Victory

Treaty of Paris
Britain recognizes the independence of the United States of America

Chickamunga War
(1776–1795)
Location: Old Southwest

Abduction of Daniel Boone's daughter by the Cherokee

 United States
 Cherokee
Victory

Northwest Indian War
(1785–1793)
Location: Northwest Territory

The Battle of Fallen Timbers

 United States
Chickasaw
Choctaw
Western Confederacy

List

Council of Three Fires
 Iroquois Confederacy
Seven Nations of Canada
Wabash Confederacy (Wea, Piankashaw, and others)
Illini Confederacy
Wyandot
Mississaugas
Menominee
Shawnee
Lenape
Miami
Kickapoo
Kaskaskia
Chickamauga Cherokee (or "Lower Cherokee")
Upper Muscogee

 Great Britain

 British North America

Victory

Treaty of Greenville
British withdrawal
American occupation of the Northwest Territory

Shays' Rebellion
(1786–1787)
Location: Massachusetts

Shays' troops are repulsed from the armory at Springfield, Massachusetts in early 1787.

 United States
Anti-Government Protesters
Victory

Problems with the Articles of Confederation spur U.S. Constitutional Convention

Whiskey Rebellion
(1791–1794)
Location: Western Pennsylvania

George Washington reviews troops before their march to suppress the rebellion in western Pennsylvania.

 United States
Frontier tax protesters
Victory

Armed resistance eliminated
Minor tax evasion

Quasi-War
(1798–1800)
Part of the French Revolutionary Wars
Location: Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, and the Mediterranean

USS Constellation vs. L'Insurgente

 United States
Co-belligerent:
 Great Britain

 France

 Guadeloupe

Victory

Peaceful cessation of Franco-American alliance
End of French privateer attacks on American shipping
American neutrality and renunciation of claims by France

text: 19th century wars[edit]

text:
Conflict
Combatant 1
Combatant 2
Result for the United States and/or its Allies

First Barbary War
(1801–1805)
Part of the Barbary Wars
Location: Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Tripoli.

Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon at Derna, April 1805.

 United States
 Sweden
 Eyalet of Tripolitania
 Sultanate of Morocco
Victory

Peace treaty

1811 German Coast Uprising
(1811)
Location: Territory of Orleans

 United States
Rebel slaves
Supported by:
 Haiti

Victory

Suppression and later trials

Tecumseh's War
(1811)
Location: Northwest River Ohio

The Battle of Tippecanoe

 United States
Tecumseh's Confederacy

List

Shawnee
Red Sticks
Ojibway
Chickamauga
Meskwaki
 Iroquois
Miami
Mingo
Odawa
Kickapoo
Lenape
Mascouten
Potawatomi
Sauk
Wyandot

Victory

Peace treaty

War of 1812
(1812–1815)
Location: Eastern and Central North America

General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders, by painter Edward Percy Moran in 1910.

 United States
Choctaw
Cherokee Nation
Creek Allies
 United Kingdom

 British North America

Tecumseh's Confederacy

List

Shawnee
Red Sticks
Ojibway
Chickamauga
Meskwaki
 Iroquois
Miami
Mingo
Odawa
Kickapoo
Lenape
Mascouten
Potawatomi
Sauk
Wyandot

 Spain (1814)
Stalemate
Treaty of Ghent; Status quo ante bellum with no boundary changes

British assault on Sacket's Harbor repulsed
American invasions of British North America repulsed
British invasions of the United States repulsed
Defeat of Tecumseh's Confederacy

Creek War
(1813–1814)
Location: Southern United States

The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, 1814

 United States
Lower Creeks
Cherokee Nation
Choctaw
Red Stick Creek
Victory

Treaty of Fort Jackson

Second Barbary War
(1815)
Part of the Barbary Wars
Location: Mediterranean Sea and the Barbary states.

Decatur's Squadron off Algiers.

 United States
 Regency of Algiers
Victory

Peace treaty

First Seminole War
(1817–1818)
Location: Pensacola, Florida

Barracks and tents at Fort Brooke near Tampa Bay.

 United States
Seminole

 Spanish Florida

Victory

Texas–Indian Wars
(1820–1875)
Location: Texas

A Kiowa ledger drawing depicting a battle between Southern Plains Indians and the U.S. Army during the Red River War.

 Spain

 Mexico

 Republic of Texas
 United States

 Comanche
Victory

Arikara War
(1823)
Location: Missouri River

 United States
Arikara
Victory

The Arikara eventually settled with the Mandan and Hidatsa on the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota

Aegean Sea Anti-Piracy Operations
(1825–1828)
Location: Off Greece, Aegean Sea

Greek pirate boats attacking the HMS Comet.

 United States
 Greek Pirates
Victory

Defeat of Greek pirates
HMS Comet liberated by American forces
Message of thanks issued to Louis Goldsborough from the British government

Winnebago War
(1827)
Location: Illinois and Michigan Territory

 United States
Prairie La Crosse Ho-Chunks
with a few allies
Victory

Ho-Chunks cede lead mining region to the United States

First Sumatran expedition
(1832)
Location: Aceh Sultanate

U.S. Infantry assaulting the Acehnese forts at Kuala Batu in 1832.

 United States
 Netherlands
Chiefdom of Kuala Batee
Victory

Black Hawk War
(1832)
Location: Illinois and Michigan Territory

Native women and children fleeing the Battle of Bad Axe.

 United States
Ho-Chunk
Menominee
 Dakota
Potawatomi
Black Hawks British Band
Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi allies
Victory

Second Seminole War
(1835–1842)
Location: Florida, United States

U.S. Marines search for Seminoles in the Everglades

 United States
Seminole
Victory

3,800 Seminoles transported to the Indian Territory
300 remain in Everglades

Second Sumatran expedition
(1838)
Location: Aceh Sultanate

 United States
 Netherlands
Chiefdom of Kuala Batee
Victory

Aroostook War
(1838)
Location: Maine & New Brunswick

 United States
 United Kingdom

 British North America

Compromise
Webster–Ashburton Treaty

Modern border of Maine and New Brunswick agreed upon
British (Canadian) withdrawal from territory claimed by the United States

Ivory Coast Expedition
(1842)
Location: Ivory Coast

Veterans of the expedition on board Saratoga in 1842.

 United States
 Bereby
Victory

Mexican–American War
(1846–1848)
Location: Texas, New Mexico, California, and Mexico

2nd Dragoons charge the enemy at the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, 1846.

 United States
 California Republic
 Mexico
Victory

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexican Cession
Mexican recognition of Texas and California (among other territories) as independent; end of conflict between Mexico and Texas

Cayuse War
(1847–1855)
Location: Oregon

 United States
Cayuse
Victory

Apache Wars
(1851–1900)
Location: Southwestern United States

US Cavalry dash for cover while fighting Apaches, by F. Remington

 United States
Apache
Ute
Yavapai
Victory

Apaches moved to reservations

Puget Sound War
(1855–1856)
Location: Washington

 United States
Snoqualmie
Nisqually
Muckleshoot
Puyallup
Klickitat
Haida
Tlingit
Victory

Indians relocated to Siletz, Grand Ronde, and Coast Reservations

First Fiji Expedition
(1855)
Location: Fiji

 United States
Fiji
Victory

Rogue River Wars
(1855–1856)
Location: Rogue Valley

 United States
Rogue River people
Victory

Indians relocated to Siletz, Grand Ronde, and Coast Reservations

Third Seminole War
(1855–1858)
Location: Pensacola, Florida

 United States
Seminole
Victory

Yakima War
(1855–1858)
Location: Washington Territory

Seattleites evacuate to the town blockhouse as USS Decatur opens fire on advancing tribal forces.

 United States
Snoqualmie
Yakama
Walla Walla tribe
Umatilla tribe
Nez Perce tribe
Cayuse tribe
Victory

Peace treaty

Second Opium War
(1856–1859)
Location: China

Palikao's bridge, on the evening of the battle, by Émile Bayard

 British Empire
 French Empire
 United States
 Qing dynasty
Victory

Treaties of Tientsin
Southern Kowloon ceded to the United Kingdom

Utah War
(1857–1858)
Location: Utah Territory and Wyoming

 United States
Deseret / Utah Mormons (Nauvoo Legion)
Compromise

Resolution through negotiation
Brigham Young replaced as governor of the territory
Full amnesty for charges of sedition and treason issued to the citizens of Utah Territory by President James Buchanan on the condition that they accept American Federal authority

Navajo Wars
(1858–1866)
Location: New Mexico

Fort Defiance

 United States
Navajo
Victory

Long Walk of the Navajo
Navajos moved to reservations

Second Fiji Expedition
(1859)
Location: Fiji

 United States
Fiji
Victory

John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
(1859)
Location: West Virginia

Harper's Weekly illustration of U.S. Marines attacking John Brown's "Fort" Teresa Baine

 United States
Abolitionist Insurgents
Victory

First and Second Cortina War
(1859–1861)
Location: Texas and Mexico

 United States

 Confederate States

 Mexico
Victory

Paiute War
(1860)
Location: Pyramid Lake, Nevada

 United States
Paiute
Shoshone
Bannock
Victory

American Civil War
(1861–1865)
Location: United States

The Battle of Antietam, by Kurz & Allison.

 United States
 Confederate States
Victory

Territorial integrity preserved
Dissolution of the Confederacy
Slavery abolished
Lincoln assassinated
Beginning of the Reconstruction Era

Yavapai Wars
(1861–1875)
Location: Arizona

 United States
Yavapai
Apache
Yuma
Mohave
Victory

Dakota War of 1862
(1862)
Location: Minnesota and Dakota

The Siege of New Ulm, Minnesota on August 19, 1862

 United States
 Dakota Sioux
Victory

Colorado War
(1863–1865)
Location: Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska

 United States
 Cheyenne
 Arapaho
 Sioux
Victory

Military and congressional hearings against John Chivington

Shimonoseki War
(1863–1864)
Location: Kanmon Straits

Capture of a Choshu battery at Shimonoseki by British sailors and marines.

 British Empire
 Dutch Empire
 French Empire
 United States
 Chōshū Domain
Victory

Chōshū pays an indemnity of $3,000,000.

Snake War
(1864–1868)
Locations: Oregon, Nevada, California, and Idaho

 United States
Paiute
Bannock
Shoshone
Victory

Powder River War
(1865)
Location: Powder River State

 United States
 Sioux
 Cheyenne
 Arapaho
Stalemate

Red Cloud's War
(1866–1868)
Location: Powder River State

The Fetterman Massacre

 United States
 Lakota
 Cheyenne
 Arapaho
Defeat

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
Legal control of Powder River Country ceded to Native Americans
Creation of the Great Sioux Reservation (including the Black Hills)

Formosa Expedition
(1867)
Location: Southern Formosa (Taiwan)

US Marines and Sailors attack Formosan pirates.

 United States
Paiwan
Defeat

American withdrawal after Marine commander killed, subsequent Formosan retreat[1]
No other casualties

Comanche Campaign
(1867–1875)
Location: Western United States

Battle of Beecher Island. One soldier and three horses have fallen, while others continue to wage the battle.

 United States
 Cheyenne
 Arapaho
 Comanche
Kiowa
Victory

United States expedition to Korea
(1871)
Location: Ganghwado

American forces after capturing the Deokjin Fort during the Battle of Ganghwa in 1871.

 United States
 Joseon Dynasty
Victory

United States-Korea Treaty of 1882

Modoc War
(1872–1873)
Location: California and Oregon

Engraving of soldiers recovering the bodies of the slain May 3, 1873.

 United States
 Modoc
Victory

Red River War
(1874–1875)
Location: Texas

 United States
 Cheyenne
 Arapaho
 Comanche
Kiowa
Victory

End to the Texas-Indian Wars

Las Cuevas War
(1875)
Location: Texas and Mexico

Texan soldiers.

 United States
 Mexico
Victory

Cattle returned to Texas

Great Sioux War of 1876
(1876–1877)
Location: Montana, Dakota and Wyoming

Custer's last stand at Little Bighorn.

 United States
 Lakota
 Dakota Sioux
 Northern Cheyenne
 Arapaho
Victory

Legal control of Powder River Country ceded to the United States

Buffalo Hunters' War
(1876–1877)
Location: Texas and Oklahoma

 United States
 Comanche
Apache
Victory

Nez Perce War
(1877)
Location: Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana

Chief Joseph's band in the Battle of Bear Paw Mountain

 United States
Nez Perce
Palouse
Victory

Bannock War
(1878)
Location: Idaho, Oregon, and Wyoming

 United States
Bannock
Shoshone
Paiute
Victory

Cheyenne War
(1878–1879)
Location: Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota and Montana

Aftermath of the Battle of "The Pit."

 United States
 Cheyenne
Victory

Sheepeater Indian War
(1879)
Location: Idaho

 United States
Shoshone
Victory

Victorio's War
(1879–1881)
Location: Mexico

 United States
 Mexico
Apache
Victory

White River War
(1879–1880)
Location: Colorado

 United States
Ute
Victory

Pine Ridge Campaign
(1890–1891)
Location: South Dakota

Mass grave for the dead Lakota after the conflict at Wounded Knee Creek.

 United States
 Sioux
Victory

Garza Revolution
(1891–1893)
Location: Texas and Mexico

3rd Cavalry Troopers searching a suspected Revolutionist, 1892

 Mexico
 United States
Garzistas
Victory

Rio de Janeiro Affair
(1894)
Location: Brazil

 First Brazilian Republic
 United States
 Brazilian mutineers
Victory

End of rebel blockade.
Rio de Janeiro reopened to American commerce.

Yaqui Wars
(1896–1918)
Location: Arizona and Mexico

10th Cavalry soldiers holding Yaqui prisoners at their camp in Bear Valley, January 9, 1918.

 United States
 Mexico
 Yaqui
Pima
Opata
Victory

Second Samoan Civil War
(1898–1899)
Location: Samoa

Samoan warriors and American servicemen during the Siege of Apia in March 1899.

Samoa
 United States
Mataafans
 Germany
Compromise

Allies and Rebels compromise for peace Tripartite Convention
United States acquires American Samoa
United Kingdom withdraws claim in exchange for concessions in the Solomon Islands
Germany acquires German Samoa
Mata'afa Iosefo becomes paramount chief of Samoa

Spanish–American War
(1898)
Location: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam

Teddy Roosevelt and the "Rough Riders" charge Spanish positions during the Battle of San Juan Hill.

 United States
 Cuban Revolutionaries
 Filipino Revolutionaries
 Spain

 Cuba
 Guam
 Philippines
 Puerto Rico

Victory

Treaty of Paris
Protectorate over Cuba
Collapse of the Spanish Empire
Generation of '98 among Spanish intellectuals

Philippine–American War
(1899–1902)
Location: Philippines

Kurz & Allison print of the Battle of Quingua.

1899-1902
 United States

 Military Government

1902-1906
 United States

 Civil Government

1899-1902
 Philippine Republic

 Negros Republic
 Zamboanga Republic

Limited Foreign Support:
 Empire of Japan

Shishi

1902-1906
 Tagalog Republic

Irrenconcilables

Victory

Occupation of the Philippines
Establishment of the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
General Emilio Aguinaldo captured and exiled
Dissolution of the First Philippine Republic

Moro Rebellion
(1899–1913)
Philippines

The 8th Infantry Regiment defeat the Moros in the four-day battle of Bagsak Mountain on Jolo Island in the Philippines.

 United States
 Moro
 Remnants of the Sulu Sultanate
Victory

Boxer Rebellion
(1899–1901)
Location: China

Corporal Titus, of the 14th Infantry Regiment, scaling the walls of Peking.

 United Kingdom
 Russia
 Japan
 France
 United States
 Germany
 Italy
 Austria-Hungary
 Righteous Harmony Society (Boxers)
 China
Victory

Rebellion suppressed
Signing of the Boxer Protocol
Provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing

text: 20th century wars[edit]

text:
Conflict
Combatant 1
Combatant 2
Result for the United States and/or its Allies

Crazy Snake Rebellion
(1909)
Location: Oklahoma

Creek prisoners of war.

 United States
Creek
Victory

Border War
(1910–1919)
Part of the Mexican Revolution
Location: Mexico–United States border

American troops of the 16th Infantry Regiment rest for the night on 27 May 1916

 United States
 Mexico
 Germany
Victory

Seditionist insurgency suppressed
Permanent border wall established
Pancho Villa's troops no longer an effective fighting force[2]

Negro Rebellion
(1912)
Part of the Banana Wars
Location: Cuba

USS Mississippi in Cuba

 Cuba
 United States
 Cuban PIC
Victory

Rebellion suppressed
Dissolution of the PIC

Occupation of Nicaragua
(1912–1933)
Part of the Banana Wars
Location: Nicaragua

US Marines holding a captured Sandinista flag.

 United States
 Nicaragua
 Nicaraguan Liberals
 Sandinistas
Victory

Nicaragua occupied until 1933.
Great Depression marked US withdrawal in 1933.
Change of regime in Nicaragua.

Bluff War
(1914–1915)
Location: Utah and Colorado

Prisoners of the Bluff War in Thompson, Utah, waiting to board a train for their trial in Salt Lake City.

 United States
Ute
Paiute
Victory

Occupation of Veracruz
(1914)
Part of the Mexican Revolution
Location: Mexico

American ships at Veracruz

 United States
 Mexico
Victory

Veracruz occupied

Occupation of Haiti
(1915–1934)
Part of the Banana Wars
Location: Haiti

2nd Marine Regiment in Haiti

 United States
 Haiti
 Haitian Rebels
Victory

Haiti occupied

Occupation of the Dominican Republic
(1916–1924)
Part of the Banana Wars
Location: Dominican Republic

US Marines in the Occupation of the Dominican Republic.

 United States
 Dominican Republic
Victory

Dominican Republic occupied

World War I
(1914–1918)
Location: Europe, Africa, Asia, Middle East, the Pacific Islands, and coast of North and South America

Two US troops pass by dead German soldiers on a battlefield.

 France
 British Empire

 United Kingdom
 Canada
 Newfoundland
 Australia
 New Zealand
 India
 South Africa

 Russia
 United States
 China
 Italy
 Japan
 Serbia
 Montenegro
 Romania
 Belgium
 Greece
 Portugal
 Brazil

 Germany
 Austria-Hungary
 Ottoman Empire
 Bulgaria
Victory

End of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires
Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East
Transfer of German colonies and regions of the former Ottoman Empire to other powers
Establishment of the League of Nations

Russian Civil War
(1918–1920)
Location: Russia, Mongolia, and Iran

US troops march through Russia before the Battle of Romanovka.

 White Movement
 British Empire

 United Kingdom
 Canada
 Australia
 India

 Japan
 Czechoslovakia
 Greece
 Poland
 United States
 France
 Romania
 Serbia
 Italy
 China

 Russian SFSR
 Far Eastern Republic
 Latvian SSR
 Ukrainian SSR
 Commune of Estonia
 Mongolian Communists
Defeat

Allied withdrawal from Russia
Bolshevik victory over White Army
Some Supplies captured at Vladivostok
Humanitarian effort

Last Indian Uprising
(1923)
Location: Utah

Ute and Paiute prisoners of war.

 United States
Ute
Paiute
Victory

World War II
(1939–1945)
Location: Europe, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa, North and South America

U.S. Army Soldiers advancing at dawn in the cover of a M4 Sherman tank, during the Battle of Bougainville, 1944.

 Soviet Union
 United States
 United Kingdom
 China
 France
 Poland
 Canada
 Australia
 New Zealand
 India
 South Africa
 Yugoslavia
 Greece
 Denmark
 Norway
 Netherlands
 Belgium
 Luxembourg
 Czechoslovakia
 Brazil
 Mexico
 Ethiopia
 Mongolia
 Philippines
 Viet Minh
 KLA
 Albania
 Germany
 Japan
 Italy
 Hungary
 Romania
 Bulgaria
 Finland
 Thailand
 Manchukuo
 Mengjiang
 Croatia
 Slovakia
Victory

Collapse of the Third Reich
Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires
Creation of the United Nations
Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers
Beginning of the Cold War

Korean War
(1950–1953)
Part of the Cold War
Location: Korea

American soldiers in the Korean war with the Browning M1919A6 LMG.

 South Korea
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Australia
 Belgium
 Canada
 France
 Philippines
 Colombia
 Ethiopia
 Greece
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 South Africa
 Thailand
 Turkey
 North Korea
 China
 Soviet Union
Stalemate

North Korean invasions of South Korea repelled
Subsequent United Nations invasion of North Korea repelled
Subsequent Chinese-North Korean-Soviet invasion of South Korea repelled
Korean Armistice Agreement. Although this ended the actual fighting in the Korean Peninsula, the war is not (technically) over because a peace treaty was never signed

Laotian Civil War
(1953–1975)
Part of the Indochina Wars and Cold War
Location: Laos

A U.S. Air Force Bell UH-1P from the 20th Special Operations Squadron "Green Hornets" at a base in Laos, 1970.

 Kingdom of Laos
 United States
 South Vietnam
 Thailand
Supported by:
 Philippines
 Taiwan

 Pathet Lao
 North Vietnam
Supported by:
 Soviet Union
 China

Defeat

Establishment of the Lao People's Democratic Republic.

Lebanon Crisis
(1958)
Location: Lebanon

US Marine sits in a foxhole and points his machine gun toward Beirut.

 Lebanon
 United States
 Lebanese Opposition:

 INM
 LCP
 PSP

Victory

US-Lebanese occupation of the port and international airport of Beirut
Withdrawal of US forces

Bay of Pigs Invasion
(1961)
Part of the Cold War
Location: Cuba

 CDRF
 United States
 Cuba
Defeat

Invasion of Cuba suppressed

Vietnam War
(1965–1973[a], 1975[b])
Part of the Cold War and Indochina Wars
Location: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos

1st Cavalry Division, Battle of Ia Drang, 1965.

 South Vietnam
 United States
 South Korea
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Thailand
 Philippines
 Khmer Republic
 Kingdom of Laos
 North Vietnam
 Viet Cong
 Khmer Rouge
 Pathet Lao
 China
 North Korea

Supported by:
 Soviet Union

Defeat

Withdrawal of American forces from Indochina
North Vietnamese victory over South Vietnam
Dissolution of the Republic of Vietnam
Communist governments take power in South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
South Vietnam is annexed by North Vietnam

Communist insurgency in Thailand
(1965-1983)
Part of the Cold War
Location: Thailand

Ta Ko Bi Cave, a former hideout used by communist rebels.

 Thailand
 Taiwan (until July 1967)
 United States
 Malaysia
 Communist Party of Thailand
 Pathet Lao
Supported by:
 North Vietnam (until 1976)
 Vietnam (from 1976)
 People Republic of China (1971–1978)
 Malayan Communist Party
 Khmer Rouge (until 1978)[3][4]
 North Korea[4]

Victory

Amnesty declared on 23 April 1980 by the Thai government.
Order 66/2523 signed by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda.
Communist insurgency declines and ends in 1983.

Korean DMZ Conflict
(1966–1969)
Part of the Korean conflict and the Cold War
Location: Korean Demilitarized Zone

ROK and US troop stationed at the DMZ, 1967.

 South Korea
 United States
 North Korea
Victory

North Korean failure to launch an insurgency in South Korea

Dominican Civil War
(1965)
Location: Dominican Republic

US soldiers push a child underneath a Jeep to protect him during a firefight in Santo Domingo on May 5, 1965.

 Dominican Loyalists
 United States
 Inter-American Peace Force

 Brazil
 Paraguay
 Nicaragua
 Costa Rica
 El Salvador
 Honduras

 Dominican Constitutionalists
Victory

Fall of the Bosch regime
Joaquín Balaguer elected as the new president

Insurgency in Bolivia
(1966–1967)
Part of the Cold War
Location: Bolivia

 Bolivia
 United States

 CIA

 Ejército de Liberación Nacional
Victory

CIA supported Bolivian armed groups oppress Che Guevara's guerrilla forces
Che Guevara captured and executed

Cambodian Civil War
(1967–1975)
Location: Cambodia

US troops and tanks entering town in Cambodia.

 Kingdom of Cambodia (1967–1970)
 Khmer Republic (1970–1975)
 United States
 South Vietnam
Other Supports

 Australia
 Canada
 France
 India
 Thailand

 National United Front of Kampuchea
 Khmer Rouge
 Khmer Rumdo
 Khmer Việt Minh
 North Vietnam
 Việt Cộng
Other Supports

 China
 Czechoslovakia
 Soviet Union

Defeat

Fall of the Kingdom of Cambodia
Creation but eventual collapse of the Khmer Republic
Creation of the Democratic Kampuchea
Beginning of the Cambodian genocide

War in South Zaire
(1978)
Location: Zaire

 Zaire
 France
 Belgium
 United States
 Morocco
 Front for the National Liberation of the Congo

Supported by:
 Angola
 Cuba
 Soviet Union

Victory

FNLC forces repelled
Thousands of civilians evacuated from Kolwezi

Operation Eagle Claw
(1980)
Part of the Iranian hostage crisis
Location: Iran

Wreckage at the Desert One base in Iran.

 United States
 Iran
Blunder

1 helicopter and 1 transport aircraft destroyed
5 helicopters abandoned/captured

Gulf of Sidra encounter
(1981)
Location: Gulf of Sidra

 United States
 Libya
Victory

Deterioration of US-Libyan relation

Lebanese Civil War
(1982–1984)
Location: Lebanon

US Marines on patrol in Beirut, April 1983

 Lebanese Armed Forces

 UNIFIL
Multinational Force in Lebanon:

 United States
 France
 Italy

 Syria

 Arab Deterrent Force

 Saudi Arabia
 Sudan
 UAE
 Libya
 South Yemen

 Lebanese National Movement
 Jammoul
 PLO

 Amal Movement

 Iran

 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps

 Hezbollah

 Islamic Unification Movement

 Lebanese Front
 Army of Free Lebanon
SLA
Supported by:
 Ba'athist Iraq

 Israel
Defeat

Multinational forces fail to prevent collapse of Lebanese Army into sectarian militias.[5][6]
Taif Agreement
Multinational forces evacuated after the US embassy and US Marine barracks are bombed by the Islamic Jihad Organization.
Multinational forces oversee withdrawal of Palestine Liberation Organization.
PLO expelled from Lebanon
Southern Lebanon goes into crisis
Civil war continues until 1990
President Hafez al-Assad continues his occupation Lebanon until his son and later president Bashar al-Assad orders a with withdrawal from the country

Invasion of Grenada
(1983)
Part of the Cold War
Location: Grenada

American soldiers in mortar positions in Grenada.

 United States
 Barbados
 Jamaica
 Antigua and Barbuda
 Dominica
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Saint Lucia
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 PRG of Grenada
 Cuba
Military advisors:

List

 Soviet Union
 North Korea
 East Germany
 Libya

Victory

Military dictatorship of Hudson Austin deposed
Defeat of Cuban military presence
Restoration of Constitutional Government

Action in the Gulf of Sidra
(1986)

Libyan corvette obliterated after attempting to fire on US forces

 United States
 Libya
Victory

Libyan naval forces damaged or destroyed
Libyan air defenses damaged

Bombing of Libya
(1986)
Part of the Cold War
Location: Libya

USAF F-111 taking off for Libya

 United States
 Libya
Victory

Ground targets destroyed.
Failed Libyan Scud missile response
Muammar Gaddafi survived

Tanker War
(1987–1988)
Location: Persian Gulf

Iranian frigate Sahand after being attacked by U.S. aircraft.

 United States
 Iran
Victory

Successful operations against Iran during the Iran–Iraq War

Tobruk encounter
(1989)
Location: Mediterranean Sea

Gun camera depicting the last remaining MiG-23 fighters exploding after being shot down.

 United States
 Libya
Victory

Two Libyan MiG-23 fighters shot down

Invasion of Panama
(1989–1990)
Location: Panama

U.S. troops prepare to take a neighborhood in Panama City, December 1989.

 United States
 Panamanian Opposition
 Panama
Victory

Dictator Manuel Noriega deposed

Gulf War
(1990–1991)
Location: Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Israel

M1 Abrams tanks of the 3rd Armored Division advance on Medina Ridge.

 Kuwait
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Saudi Arabia
 France
 Canada
 Egypt
 Syria
 Qatar
 Bahrain
 United Arab Emirates
 Oman
 Bangladesh
 Iraq
Victory

Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait; Emir Jaber III restored
Sanctions against Iraq

Iraqi No-Fly Zone Enforcement
(1991–2003)
Location: Iraq

A Tomahawk cruise missile is fired from an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer during Operation Desert Fox in December 1998.

 United States
 United Kingdom
 France
 Australia
 Belgium
 Netherlands
 Saudi Arabia
 Turkey
 Italy
 Iraq
Victory

Various bombings of Iraqi forces both arial and naval
Mass numbers of Iraqi targets killed or destroyed
Reduction in Iraqi air defense
Beginning of the Iraq War

First Intervention in the Somali Civil War
(1992–1995)
Location: Somalia

US Marines on patrol in Somalia.

 United States
 United Kingdom
 Spain
 Saudi Arabia
 Malaysia
 Pakistan
 Italy
 India
 Greece
 Germany
 France
 Canada
 Botswana
 Belgium
 Australia
 New Zealand
 Somali National Alliance
United Nations operational success

Failure to capture SNA leader Mohamed Farrah Aidid.
Withdrawal of US forces following losses in Battle of Mogadishu.
The UN mandate saved close to 100,000 lives, before and after US withdrawal.
Civil war is ongoing.

Bosnian War
(1992–1995)
Part of the Yugoslav Wars
Location: Bosnia and Herzegovina

Russian and American troops on a joint patrol around the Bosnian town of Zvornik on the afternoon of 29 February 1996.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

 Herzeg-Bosnia
 Croatia

 United States
 Belgium
 Canada
 Denmark
 France
 Germany
 Italy
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Portugal
 Spain
 Turkey
 United Kingdom

 Republika Srpska
 YPA
 Serbian Krajina
 Western Bosnia
 FR Yugoslavia
Victory

Dayton Accords
Internal partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Over 101,000 dead, 65,000 Bosniaks, 28,000 Serbs, 8,000 Croats
Deployment of NATO-led IFOR to uphold the peace agreement
High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina established to implement the peace agreement.

Intervention in Haiti
(1994–1995)
Location: Haiti

US troops arrive in Haiti.

 United States
 Poland
 Argentina
 Haiti
Victory

Reinstatement of Jean-Bertrand Aristide as president of Haiti

Kosovo War
(1998–1999)
Part of the Yugoslav Wars
Location: Serbia

Bombing of Novi Sad.

 KLA
 AFRK
 Albania
 Croatia
 United States
 Belgium
 Canada
 Czech Republic
 Denmark
 France
 Germany
 Hungary
 Italy
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Portugal
 Poland
 Spain
 Turkey
 United Kingdom
 FR Yugoslavia
Victory

Yugoslav forces pull out of Kosovo
De facto separation of Kosovo from FR Yugoslavia under UN administration
UN Resolution 1244 confirming Kosovo as part of FRY
Return of Albanian refugees
Ethnic cleansing of Serbs from Kosovo
KLA veterans join the UÇPMB, starting the Preševo insurgency
Russia uses Kosovo as pretext for Crimea, Abhasia and South Osetia interventions

Operation Infinite Reach
(1998)
Location: Sudan and Afghanistan

al-Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan.

 United States
 al-Qaeda
 Sudan

Harkat-ul-Mujahideen
 Lashkar-e-Taiba
Blunder

al-Qaeda suffers damage and casulties however its senior leaders survive the strikes
Al-Shifa pharmaceutical plant destroyed
Al-Qaeda propaganda victory leads to Osama bin Laden's image be praised in the Muslim world as a symbol of resistance

text:
^ Direct U.S. involvement ended in 1973 with the Paris Peace Accords. Air Force and Special Ops continued some operations until April 1975; President Ford in a televised speech on April 23, 1975 declared the end of Vietnam War.
^ The war reignited on 13 December 1974 with offensive operations by North Vietnam, leading to victory over South Vietnam in under two months.

text: 21st century wars[edit]

text:
Conflict
Combatant 1
Combatant 2
Result for the United States and/or its Allies

War in Afghanistan
(2001–present)
Part of the War on Terror
Location: Afghanistan

Marines from the 2/8 Battalion firing on an enemy position in Garmsir, July 3, 2009

 Resolute Support Mission
 Afghanistan
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Australia
 Croatia
 Czech Republic
 Georgia
 Germany
 Italy
 Romania
 Spain
 Turkey

Formerly:
 ISAF
 Taliban

Islamic Jihad Union
Haqqani network

Allied groups
 HIG
 al-Qaeda
 IJU[7]

IMU

Taliban splinter groups

Fidai Mahaz

 IS-Affiliates:

Wilayat Khorasan (ISIL-K)

2001 invasion:
 Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

Talibani Army
Salafist extremists
055 Brigade

Ongoing

American-led coalition invasion and occupation of Afghanistan
Destruction of al-Qaeda training camps
Fall of the Taliban government
Establishment of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan under the Karzai administration
Start of Taliban insurgency
Osama bin Laden killed by US Navy SEALs inside his compound in a raid in Pakistan
NATO implements a support mission
Escape of Ayman al-Zawahiri
Withdrawal halted and prolonged presence in region set in place

Iraq War
(2003–2011)
Part of the Iraqi Insurgency and War on Terror
Location: Iraq

U.S. Marines from 1st Battalion, 5th Marines fire at insurgent positions during the First Battle of Fallujah.

 United States
 Iraq
 United Kingdom
 South Korea
 Italy
 Georgia
 Poland
 Spain
 Netherlands
 Ukraine
 Romania
 MNF–I

 Ba'ath Loyalists

 Islamic State of Iraq
 al-Qaeda in Iraq
 Mahdi Army
 Special Groups
 IAI
 Ansar al-Sunnah

Invasion 2003:
 Iraq

Victory

Invasion and occupation of Iraq
Overthrow of Ba'ath Party government and execution of Saddam Hussein
Iraqi insurgency, emergence of al-Qaeda in Iraq, and Sectarian Violence and another civil war[8][9]
Subsequent reduction in violence and depletion of al-Qaeda in Iraq[10][11]
Establishment of democratic elections and formation of new democratic government
U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement
Withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq in 2011
Stronger Iranian influence in Iraq[dubious – discuss][12][13][14]
Escalation of sectarian insurgency after U.S. withdrawal leading to the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, the successor of al-Qaeda in Iraq[9][15]
Iraqi Civil War (2014-2017)
Return of US forces to Iraq in 2014 to combat ISIL

War in North-West Pakistan
(2004–present)
Part of the War on Terror
Location: Pakistan

AH-64 Apache helicopters have been accused of illegally intercepting Pakistani territory many times through 2008 and 2012.

 Pakistan

 United States
 United Kingdom

 Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
 al-Qaeda
 Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
 Turkistan Islamic Party
 Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi

 ISIS-affiliates:

Khorasan
Jundallah
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
Jamaat-ul-Ahrar

Ongoing

On going insurgency in the Northern tribal regions of Pakistan as well as in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Ongoing drone attacks by the United States

War in Somalia
(2007–present)
Location: Somalia and North Eastern Kenya

Marine unit preparing to land abroad a US vessel near the Somali coast.

 Somalia
 United States
 United Kingdom
 Kenya
 Ethiopia
 AMISOM
 Al-Shabaab
 Hizbul Islam
Alleged support:  Eritrea

Ongoing

Drone strikes in Somalia
Raids against al-Shabaab militants conducted by U.S. Special Forces
Multiple al-Shabaab senior members killed
U.S. backed Ethiopian invasion in 2006
Kenyan intervention
Newly formed federal government established in 2012
Power struggle within Al-Shabaab
Continued insurgency
Expanded American military operations

Operation Ocean Shield
(2009–2016)
Part of the OEF–Horn of Africa
Location: Indian Ocean

A tall plume of black smoke rises from a destroyed pirate vessel that was struck by the USS Farragut in March 2010.

 NATO
 United States
 Malaysia
 Norway
 United Kingdom
 New Zealand
 Denmark
 Netherlands
 Italy
 South Korea
 India
Somali pirates
Victory

Number of pirate attacks have decreased dramatically since the start of such operations, however attacks still occur near the coast waters of Oman, Yemen, Kenya, and Somalia
The US Office of Naval Intelligence have officially reported that in 2013, only 9 incidents of piracy were reported and that neither of them were successfully hijacked
Piracy drops 90% [16]

American-led intervention in Libya
(2011)
Part of the Libyan Crisis
Location: Libya

US vessels launch missiles in support of the Libyan Civil War.

 United States
 United Kingdom
 Belgium
 Bulgaria
 Canada
 Denmark
 France
 Greece
 Italy
 Netherlands
 Norway
 Romania
 Spain
 Turkey
 Sweden
 Jordan
 Qatar
 United Arab Emirates
 Libya
Victory

Overthrow of Gaddafi government and Death of Muammar Gaddafi
Assumption of interim control by National Transitional Council (NTC)
Diplomatic recognition of NTC as sole governing authority for Libya by 105 countries, UN, EU, AL and AU
Post-civil war violence in Libya, leading to the ongoing civil war in 2014[17]

American-led intervention in Iraq
(2014–2017)
Part of the Iraqi Civil War, Spillover of the Syrian Civil War, and the ISIS campaign
Location: Iraq

A Royal Danish Air Force F-16, October 2016

 United States
 Iraq
 Kurdistan
 Australia
 Belgium
 Canada
 Denmark
 France
 Germany
 Jordan
 Morocco
 Netherlands
 United Kingdom
 Turkey

 Iran
 Hezbollah

 Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
Victory

Over 10,000 American airstrikes conducted in Iraq since 2014
Heavy damaged caused to ISIS forces resulting in loses of about 40% of its held territory by 2016, and by December 2017, its remaining strongholds were destroyed leaving small pockets of fleers.
Multinational humanitarian support to civilians and arming of local ground troops and militias
Advising and training of Iraqi forces
Massive numbers of war crimes committed by ISIS including ethnic cleansing, murder, rape, and enslavement. Additionally there are reports of organ trafficking

American-led intervention in Syria
(2014–present)
Part of the Syrian Civil War and ISIS campaign
Location: Syria

Aleppo, Karm al Jabal neighborhood, 2013

 United States

 Syrian Democratic Forces

 Democratic Federation of Northern Syria

 IFB
 People's Protection Units
 Women's Protection Units

 CJTF-OIR Members:
 United Kingdom
 France
 Australia
 Canada
 Jordan
 Denmark
 Netherlands
 Belgium
 Lebanon
 Morocco
 Saudi Arabia
 UAE
 Qatar
 Bahrain

 Turkey

 Turkish-backed rebels

 Israel (limited involvement; against Hezbollah and government forces only)

Formerly:
 Free Syrian Army (2011-2017)

 ISIS

 al-Qaeda linked groups:

 al-Nusra Front
 Khorasan group
 Tahrir al-Sham
 Jaysh al-Sunna
 Jund al-Aqsa
 Ahrar al-Sham

Partial Support:
 Qatar
 UAE
 Saudi Arabia

 Syria (limited encounters with US and Israel)
Supported by:
 Russia
 Iran
 Hezbollah
 China

Ongoing

Over 11,200 American and allied airstrikes hit ISIS and other extremist groups within Syria
Thousands of ISIS targets destroyed/militants killed
Chemical attack in Ghouta
American support for anti-Assad rebels
Deployment of U.S. Marines and Special Forces
Syrian government forces capture and liberate Aleppo
Massive amounts of war crimes and human rights violations
Chemical attack in Khan Shaykhun results in a retaliatory naval strike in the Shayrat Airbase, where it was believed the warplanes that conducted to chemical strikes had originated from
Russian-Turkish crisis
Various confrontations and airstrikes, including a downing of a Syrian SU-17 between the United States and Syrian government
Multiple incidents between Israel and Syria, including several Syrian S-200 missiles launched toward Israeli fighter jets during an Israeli Air Force mission inside Syrian territory, and an Israeli F-16 shot down by Syrian Air Defense forces after retaliatory strikes against Iranian targets near Damascus after a Syrian drone crossed into Israeli airspace
Turkish invasion of Afrin

Yemeni Civil War
(2015–present)
Location: Yemen

American drone flys over central Yemen during targeted killing oprations.

 Hadi government

Saudi-led Coalition:
 Saudi Arabia
 United Arab Emirates
 Senegal
 Sudan
 Qatar (2015-2017)

Under 1000 troops:

 Bahrain
 Egypt
 Kuwait
 Jordan
 Morocco

 United States
 France
 United Kingdom
 Supreme Political Council
 Houthis
 Ahrar al-Najran

Supported by:
 Iran
 Hezbollah
 North Korea

 AQAP

 Ansar al-Sharia

 IS-affiliated groups:

 Wilayah al-Yaman

Ongoing

Yemen's capital city of Sana'a falls under Houthi control
Saudi-led coalition begin to bomb Houthi rebel positions
Aden becomes the new capital for the Hadi government
Cholera outbreak in 2016
Former Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh killed in fire fight by a sniper during the ongoing battle in Sana'a
Targeted killing program against radical groups in the region continue since 2002; intensify after beginning of civil war
U.S. Naval blockade put in place in attempt to assist Saudi Arabia in preventing Iranian weapons from moving weapons into Houthi territory
Raids against al-Qaeda conducted U.S. Special Forces
Several Arab nations cut ties with Qatar after allegations of cooperating with Iran
Famine caused by war is affecting over 17 million people leaving 50,000 children to be a risk of dying in 2017

American intervention in Libya
(2015–present)
Part of the Second Libyan Civil War
Location: Libya

Harrier Jump Jet prepares for takeoff to Sirte, Libya.

 United States
 Libya
 Islamic State in Libya

Wilayat Tripolitania
Wilayah Barqah
Wilayah al-Fizan

Ongoing

American air strikes and drone operations help liberate the city of Sirte from ISIS affiliated forces
About 500 airstrikes carried in Libya
Continued civil war


document_title: Deputy Prime Minister of Canada

question_text: who takes over if the prime minister of canada died

root

text: Deputy Prime Minister of Canada

text: History[edit]

text: The position of deputy prime minister was created by Pierre Trudeau in 1977, largely to recognize the long years of service of Allan J. MacEachen.[1] Before then, Trudeau had given the title of Senior Minister to a member of his cabinet.[1] The last to occupy that position was Paul Hellyer.[1]

tag: p

text: Joe Clark's government did not have a deputy prime minister. Similarly, Prime Minister Stephen Harper did not designate a deputy prime minister,[2] meaning Canada's most recent deputy prime minister was Anne McLellan, who in 2006, was also the first deputy prime minister to lose her seat in the House of Commons.

text: Harper gave special status in the line of authority to members of his cabinet: under an order-in-council issued by Governor General Michaëlle Jean on February 6, 2006—the day Harper was appointed prime minister—when "the prime minister is unable to perform the functions of his office", Lawrence Cannon, then Jim Prentice, then the balance of the Cabinet by order of precedence, were "authorized to act for the prime minister".[3] This order was followed by a number of others updating the list; in each case, the status as the top person on that list was accorded to the vice-chair of the cabinet's Priorities and Planning Committee.[4] Previous prime ministers have had similar orders-in-council, under which the deputy prime minister and then the balance of the Cabinet, in order of precedence, have been authorized to act for the prime minister. Media analysts generally credited the top person on these lists as being the de facto deputy prime minister,[4] although the title was never conferred. These "order of precedence" lists have no status as a formal line of succession, however, and would carry no special weight in determining who would take over as the new prime minister if an incumbent died in office or was forced to suddenly resign in advance of a leadership convention.

text: Cannon seconded the pro forma bill to start the first session of the 39th Canadian Parliament; the bill is introduced before the House takes the Speech from the Throne under consideration to maintain the right of the House to consider matters other than those directed to it by the crown. Traditionally, either the Deputy Prime Minister or Government House Leader seconds this bill.[5]

text: Similarly, no deputy prime minister has been named in the cabinet of incumbent Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. Ralph Goodale is deputy leader of the Liberal Party and ranks first in the "order of precedence" in the current cabinet, and an order in council designated him as first in line to assume the Prime Minister's duties in the event Trudeau ever became incapacitated.[6] However, media analysts focused on Dominic Leblanc, who despite being lower in the official order of precedence serves on numerous cabinet committees and as the government's liaison with the Senate, as being the "de facto deputy prime minister".[7]

text: Duties[edit]

text: The official duties of the deputy prime minister are to answer questions pertaining to overall government policy during Question Period and to chair the Cabinet in the absence of the prime minister. The office has no standing in law and does not carry any formal duties or tasks—that is, it is without a portfolio—though, the prime minister may negotiate or assign specific tasks in conjunction with the title. With the exception of Herb Gray, all deputy prime ministers have held a portfolio alongside this title.

text: One deputy prime minister, Sheila Copps, attracted controversy in 1993 after asserting that she was "in charge" of government business while the then Prime Minister, Jean Chrétien, was out of the country. After she left politics, she wrote that although the position of deputy prime minister is only ceremonial, "very often, the DPM's job was to protect the prime minister from the political damage that Question Period can inflict on a leader", further citing the experience of Erik Nielsen during the Sinclair Stevens scandal.[8]

text: Succession[edit]

text: Unlike the Vice President of the United States, the deputy prime minister does not automatically assume the office of prime minister if the incumbent of the latter office dies or resigns. Although he or she would become the acting prime minister on a temporary caretaker basis to ensure continuity of government function during the immediate period of transition, the deputy prime minister does not automatically become the new permanent prime minister: constitutional convention actually requires the governor general to consult the governing party regarding the permanent succession, and to call on a member of that party's caucus to assume the prime ministership. No policy or convention precludes the deputy prime minister from being chosen as the new prime minister in such a scenario, but none assures it, either—the party caucus would be free to recommend any new leader of its choice to the governor general. Barring extraordinary circumstances, the governor general is expected to follow the wishes of the party, although officially he or she retains the authority to make the final decision. That being the case, no Prime Minister has died in office or resigned suddenly (except following his or her party's electoral defeat) since the 1890s, many decades before the office of Deputy Prime Minister was created.

text: In the provinces of Canada, the deputy premier also does not automatically succeed to the office of premier in the event of a sudden resignation or death. Unlike at the federal level, however, there have been instances where the governing party recommended that the deputy premier serve as premier on an interim basis until a permanent successor was chosen—most notably, Dan Miller ascended from the deputy premiership to the premiership of British Columbia in 1999, following the resignation of Glen Clark, and Kathy Dunderdale ascended from the deputy premiership to the premiership of Newfoundland and Labrador in 2010, following the resignation of Danny Williams.

text: Extended notice is usually given when a sitting prime minister does not plan to lead his/her party into another election. Leadership contests to determine the successor to a prime minister are usually held during the final days of the incumbent's term, and are traditionally a lengthy and competitive process. In almost all cases, the outgoing prime minister hands over power directly to their designated successor, without any interim prime minister. By contrast, during leadership contests for the official opposition party, the leader of the opposition has often (though not always) been occupied by an interim parliamentary leader. The opposition party's deputy leader (assuming that post is occupied) is often chosen for this role unless (s)he plans to run in the leadership election, in which case someone else would be chosen since it would be considered harmful to the election process if the interim leader was to be one of the candidates.

text: Legally speaking, any "interim" Prime Minister appointed by the Governor General would not merely be an "Acting Prime Minister", and would have the full powers and prerogatives of any other prime minister.

text: Succession chances[edit]

text: Chrétien is the only deputy prime minister who has become prime minister. However, no deputy prime minister has directly (or within one parliamentary term) ascended to the position of prime minister or party leader. By contrast, five Ministers of Finance have become Prime Minister; Sir Charles Tupper, R.B. Bennett, John Turner, Jean Chrétien, and Paul Martin. All but Chrétien (during his 1984 leadership bid) were considered the front-runners to succeed the outgoing prime minister or party leader. Chrétien was finance minister from 1977–79, deputy prime minister in the short-lived government of John Turner in 1984, was the front-runner when he mounted his successful 1990 leadership bid, and became prime minister after his party won a majority in the 1993 election.

text: Though Paul Martin did not hold the title of deputy prime minister during his tenure in cabinet, as finance minister, he was considered to be more influential than Copps while she was deputy prime minister. Martin's successor, John Manley, was the only finance minister to also hold the title of deputy prime minister, from 2002–2003. When Martin became prime minister, however, Deputy Prime Minister Anne McLellan generally had precedence over Finance Minister Ralph Goodale. McLellan turned out to be Canada's most recent deputy prime minister; the Liberals were defeated in 2006 and she lost her seat, opting to retire from politics afterwards.

text: In the 2003 Liberal leadership convention the then former and then current deputy prime ministers, Sheila Copps and John Manley (also the finance minister), respectively, were candidates, but neither were successful in their bids, losing to Paul Martin. Copps and Manley did not run for re-election to the House of Commons in 2004, and neither contested the Liberal leadership in 2006 that was triggered when Martin resigned.

text: Deputy Prime Ministers[edit]

text: Key:

text:
No.
Portrait
Name
Term of office
Political party
Ministry

1

Allan MacEachen
September 16, 1977
June 4, 1979
Liberal
20 (P. E. Trudeau)

–

none
June 4, 1979
March 3, 1980
–
21 (Clark)

(1)

Allan MacEachen
March 3, 1980
June 30, 1984
Liberal
22 (P. E. Trudeau)

2

Jean Chrétien
June 30, 1984
September 17, 1984
Liberal
23 (Turner)

3

Erik Nielsen
September 17, 1984
June 30, 1986
Progressive Conservative
24 (Mulroney)

4

Don Mazankowski
June 30, 1986
June 25, 1993
Progressive Conservative

5

Jean Charest
June 25, 1993
November 4, 1993
Progressive Conservative
25 (Campbell)

6

Sheila Copps
November 4, 1993
April 30, 1996
Liberal
26 (Chrétien)

–

none[NB 1]
April 30, 1996
June 19, 1996
–

(6)

Sheila Copps
June 19, 1996
June 11, 1997
Liberal

7

Herb Gray
June 11, 1997
January 15, 2002
Liberal

8

John Manley
January 15, 2002
December 12, 2003
Liberal

9

Anne McLellan
December 12, 2003
February 6, 2006
Liberal
27 (Martin)

–

none[NB 2]
February 6, 2006
Present
–
28 (Harper)
29 (J. Trudeau)

tag: table

text: Acting prime minister[edit]

text: Prior to the creation of the position of deputy prime minister, a prime minister would routinely name a member of the cabinet to temporarily act on the prime minister's behalf while the prime minister was away from the regular duties of his job for a period of time, such as being out of the country on a working visit or a vacation. The delegate was thus a caretaker, whose role was to oversee the routine day-to-day functioning of the government and cabinet during the prime minister's absence; for example, in his capacity as acting prime minister, Mitchell Sharp ordered a precautionary one-day shutdown of government offices in Ottawa on August 20, 1970, as the storm that had spawned the Sudbury, Ontario, tornado headed toward Ottawa.[9] An acting prime minister did not otherwise have the authority to act independently of the sitting prime minister in a legislative or political capacity, nor would an acting prime minister be considered to have actually served as prime minister. As well the acting prime minister was not given the title The Right Honourable, even during the acting period.

text: Due to the routine and relatively minor nature of the role, few to no research sources exist to provide a complete list of everyone who was ever named as acting prime minister. However, John Diefenbaker's selection of Ellen Fairclough as acting prime minister on February 19 and 20, 1958, is historically noteworthy as Fairclough was the first woman ever designated.

text: Senior Minister[edit]

text: Prior to the creation of this position, the position of "Senior Minister" was a ceremonial position used in a similar manner, heading the order of precedence.[1] Upon the absence of the Prime Minister, the Senior Minister would become the Acting Prime Minister.[10]

text:
No.
Portrait
Name
Term of office
Political party
Ministry

1

Paul Hellyer
April 30, 1968[10]
April 23, 1969[11]
Liberal
20 (P. E. Trudeau)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ There was no deputy prime minister in 1996 when Copps, after being challenged on her 1993 campaign promise to resign if the government did not repeal the Goods and Services Tax, resigned from Parliament and recontested her seat in a byelection. Chrétien did not name a replacement during Copps' absence from Parliament. After winning the byelection and returning to Parliament, Copps was reappointed to the position.
Jump up ^ Harper did not name a deputy prime minister, although in practice Lawrence Cannon (Member of Parliament for the district of Pontiac, Quebec) was named second below Harper in the order of precedence. Following Cannon's defeat in the 2011 election, Leader of the Government in the Senate Marjory LeBreton was named the first minister to act for Harper in his absence.
J. Trudeau also did not name a deputy prime minister.

tag: ol


document_title: Kingdom (biology)

question_text: who proposed the five kingdom classification of living organisms

text: Kingdom (biology)

text: Definition and associated terms[edit]

text: When Carl Linnaeus introduced the rank-based system of nomenclature into biology in 1735, the highest rank was given the name "kingdom" and was followed by four other main or principal ranks: class, order, genus and species.[1] Later two further main ranks were introduced, making the sequence kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus and species.[2] In the 1960s a rank was introduced above kingdom, namely domain (or empire), so that kingdom is no longer the highest rank.

text: Prefixes can be added so subkingdom (subregnum) and infrakingdom (also known as infraregnum) are the two ranks immediately below kingdom. Superkingdom may be considered as an equivalent of domain or empire or as an independent rank between kingdom and domain or subdomain. In some classification systems the additional rank branch (Latin: ramus) can be inserted between subkingdom and infrakingdom, e.g., Protostomia and Deuterostomia in the classification of Cavalier-Smith.[3]

text: Modern view[edit]

text: The three domains of life[edit]

text: From around the mid-1970s onwards, there was an increasing emphasis on comparisons of genes at the molecular level (initially ribosomal RNA genes) as the primary factor in classification; genetic similarity was stressed over outward appearances and behavior. Taxonomic ranks, including kingdoms, were to be groups of organisms with a common ancestor, whether monophyletic (all descendants of a common ancestor) or paraphyletic (only some descendants of a common ancestor).[citation needed] Based on such RNA studies, Carl Woese thought life could be divided into three large divisions and referred to them as the "three primary kingdom" model or "urkingdom" model.[4] In 1990, the name "domain" was proposed for the highest rank.[5] This term represents a synonym for the category of dominion (lat. dominium), introduced by Moore in 1974.[6] Unlike Moore, Woese et al. (1990) did not suggest a Latin term for this category, which represents a further argument supporting the accurately introduced term dominion.[7] Woese divided the prokaryotes (previously classified as the Kingdom Monera) into two groups, called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, stressing that there was as much genetic difference between these two groups as between either of them and all eukaryotes.

text: According to genetic data, although eukaryote groups such as plants, fungi, and animals may look different, they are more closely related to each other than they are to either the Eubacteria or Archaea. It was also found that the eukaryotes are more closely related to the Archaea than they are to the Eubacteria. Although the primacy of the Eubacteria-Archaea divide has been questioned, it has been upheld by subsequent research.[8] There is no consensus on how many kingdoms exist in the classification scheme proposed by Woese.

text: Kingdoms of the Eukaryota[edit]

text: In 2004, a review article by Simpson and Roger noted that the Protista were "a grab-bag for all eukaryotes that are not animals, plants or fungi". They held that only monophyletic groups should be accepted as formal ranks in a classification and that - while this approach had been impractical previously (necessitating "literally dozens of eukaryotic 'kingdoms'") - it had now become possible to divide the eukaryotes into "just a few major groups that are probably all monophyletic".[9]

text: On this basis, the diagram opposite (redrawn from their article) showed the real "kingdoms" (their quotation marks) of the eukaryotes.[9] A classification which followed this approach was produced in 2005 for the International Society of Protistologists, by a committee which "worked in collaboration with specialists from many societies". It divided the eukaryotes into the same six "supergroups".[10] The published classification deliberately did not use formal taxonomic ranks, including that of "kingdom".

text:
Life

Domain Bacteria

Bacteria

Domain Archaea

Archaea

Domain Eukaryota

Excavata — Various flagellate protozoa

Amoebozoa — most lobose amoeboids and slime moulds

Opisthokonta — animals, fungi, choanoflagellates, etc.

Rhizaria — Foraminifera, Radiolaria, and various other amoeboid protozoa

Chromalveolata — Stramenopiles (Brown Algae, Diatoms etc.), Haptophyta, Cryptophyta (or cryptomonads), and Alveolata

Archaeplastida (or Primoplantae) — Land plants, green algae, red algae, and glaucophytes

text: In this system the multicellular animals (Metazoa) are descended from the same ancestor as both the unicellular choanoflagellates and the fungi which form the Opisthokonta.[10] Plants are thought to be more distantly related to animals and fungi.

text: However, in the same year as the International Society of Protistologists' classification was published (2005), doubts were being expressed as to whether some of these supergroups were monophyletic, particularly the Chromalveolata,[11] and a review in 2006 noted the lack of evidence for several of the supposed six supergroups.[12]

text: As of 2010[update], there is widespread agreement that the Rhizaria belong with the Stramenopiles and the Alveolata, in a clade dubbed the SAR supergroup,[13] so that Rhizaria is not one of the main eukaryote groups.[14][15][16][17][18] Beyond this, there does not appear to be a consensus. Rogozin et al. in 2009 noted that "The deep phylogeny of eukaryotes is an extremely difficult and controversial problem."[19] As of December 2010[update], there appears to be a consensus that the 2005 six supergroup model does not reflect the true phylogeny of the eukaryotes and hence how they should be classified, although there is no agreement as to the model which should replace it.[15][16][20]

text: Historical development[edit]

text: The classification of living things into animals and plants is an ancient one. Aristotle (384–322 BC) classified animal species in his History of Animals, while his pupil Theophrastus (c. 371–c. 287 BC) wrote a parallel work, the Historia Plantarum, on plants.[21]

text: Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) laid the foundations for modern biological nomenclature, now regulated by the Nomenclature Codes, in 1735. He distinguished two kingdoms of living things: Regnum Animale ('animal kingdom') and Regnum Vegetabile ('vegetable kingdom', for plants). Linnaeus also included minerals in his classification system, placing them in a third kingdom, Regnum Lapideum.

text:
Life

Regnum Vegetabile

Regnum Animale

text: In 1674, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, often called the "father of microscopy", sent the Royal Society of London a copy of his first observations of microscopic single-celled organisms. Until then, the existence of such microscopic organisms was entirely unknown. Despite this, Linnaeus did not include any microscopic creatures in his original taxonomy.

text: At first, microscopic organisms were classified within the animal and plant kingdoms. However, by the mid-19th century, it had become clear to many that "the existing dichotomy of the plant and animal kingdoms [had become] rapidly blurred at its boundaries and outmoded".[22] In 1866, Ernst Haeckel proposed a third kingdom of life, the Protista, for "neutral organisms" which were neither animal nor plant. Haeckel revised the content of this kingdom a number of times before settling on a division based on whether organisms were unicellular (Protista) or multicellular (animals and plants).[22]

text:
Life

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Animalia

text: The development of the electron microscope revealed important distinctions between those unicellular organisms whose cells do not have a distinct nucleus (prokaryotes) and those unicellular and multicellular organisms whose cells do have a distinct nucleus (eukaryotes). In 1938, Herbert F. Copeland proposed a four-kingdom classification, elevating the protist classes of bacteria (Monera) and blue-green algae (Phycochromacea) to phyla in the novel Kingdom Monera.[22]

text: The importance of the distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes gradually became apparent. In the 1960s, Stanier and van Niel popularised Édouard Chatton's much earlier proposal to recognise this division in a formal classification. This required the creation, for the first time, of a rank above kingdom, a superkingdom or empire, later called a domain.[23]

text:
Life

Domain Bacteria

Kingdom Monera

Empire Eukaryota

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

text: The differences between fungi and other organisms regarded as plants had long been recognised by some; Haeckel had moved the fungi out of Plantae into Protista after his original classification,[22] but was largely ignored in this separation by scientists of his time. Robert Whittaker recognized an additional kingdom for the Fungi. The resulting five-kingdom system, proposed in 1969 by Whittaker, has become a popular standard and with some refinement is still used in many works and forms the basis for new multi-kingdom systems. It is based mainly upon differences in nutrition; his Plantae were mostly multicellular autotrophs, his Animalia multicellular heterotrophs, and his Fungi multicellular saprotrophs. The remaining two kingdoms, Protista and Monera, included unicellular and simple cellular colonies.[24] The five kingdom system may be combined with the two empire system:

text:
Life

Empire Prokaryota

Kingdom Monera

Empire Eukaryota

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

text: In the Whittaker system, Plantae included some algae. In other systems (e.g., Margulis system), Plantae included just the land plants (Embryophyta).

text: Despite the development from two kingdoms to five among most scientists, some authors as late as 1975 continued to employ a traditional two-kingdom system of animals and plants, dividing the plant kingdom into Subkingdoms Prokaryota (bacteria and cyanophytes), Mycota (fungi and supposed relatives), and Chlorota (algae and land plants).[25]

text: Cavalier-Smith's systems[edit]

text: Eight kingdoms[edit]

text: Thomas Cavalier-Smith thought at first, as it was nearly consensually admitted at that time, that the difference between eubacteria and archaebacteria was so great (particularly considering the genetic distance of ribosomal genes) that they needed to be separated into two different kingdoms, hence splitting the empire Bacteria into two kingdoms. He then divided Eubacteria into two subkingdoms: Negibacteria (Gram negative bacteria) and Posibacteria (Gram positive bacteria).

text: Technological advances in electron microscopy allowed the separation of the Chromista from the Plantae kingdom. Indeed, the chloroplast of the chromists is located in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum instead of in the cytosol. Moreover, only chromists contain chlorophyll c. Since then, many non-photosynthetic phyla of protists, thought to have secondarily lost their chloroplasts, were integrated into the kingdom Chromista.

text: Finally, some protists lacking mitochondria were discovered.[26] As mitochondria were known to be the result of the endosymbiosis of a proteobacterium, it was thought that these amitochondriate eukaryotes were primitively so, marking an important step in eukaryogenesis. As a result, these amitochondriate protists were separated from the protist kingdom, giving rise to the, at the same time, superkingdom and kingdom Archezoa. This was known as the Archezoa hypothesis. This superkingdom was opposed to the Metakaryota superkingdom, grouping together the five other eukaryotic kingdoms (Animalia, Protozoa, Fungi, Plantae and Chromista).

text: Six kingdoms[edit]

text: In 1998, Cavalier-Smith published a six-kingdom model,[3] which has been revised in subsequent papers. The version published in 2009 is shown below.[14] (Compared to the version he published in 2004,[27] the alveolates and the rhizarians have been moved from Kingdom Protozoa to Kingdom Chromista.) Cavalier-Smith no longer accepts the importance of the fundamental eubacteria–archaebacteria divide put forward by Woese and others and supported by recent research.[8] His Kingdom Bacteria includes Archaebacteria as a phylum of the subkingdom Unibacteria which comprises only one other phylum: the Posibacteria. The two subkingdoms Unibacteria and Negibacteria of kingdom Bacteria (sole kingdom of empire Prokaryota) are opposed according to their membrane topologies. The bimembranous-unimembranous transition is thought to be far more fundamental than the long branch of genetic distance of Archaebacteria, viewed as having no particular biological significance. Cavalier-Smith does not accept the requirement for taxa to be monophyletic ("holophyletic" in his terminology) to be valid. He defines Prokaryota, Bacteria, Negibacteria, Unibacteria and Posibacteria as valid paraphyletic (therefore "monophyletic" in the sense he uses this term) taxa, marking important innovations of biological significance (in regard of the concept of biological niche).

text: In the same way, his paraphyletic kingdom Protozoa includes the ancestors of Animalia, Fungi, Plantae and Chromista. The advances of phylogenetic studies allowed Cavalier-Smith to realize that all the phyla thought to be archezoans (i.e. primitively amitochondriate eukaryotes) had in fact secondarily lost their mitochondria, most of the time by transforming them into new organelles: hydrogenosomes. This means that all living eukaryotes are in fact metakaryotes, according to the significance of the term given by Cavalier-Smith. Some of the members of the defunct kingdom Archezoa, like the phylum Microsporidia, were reclassified into kingdom Fungi. Others were reclassified in kingdom Protozoa like Metamonada which is now part of infrakingdom Excavata.

text: The diagram below does not represent an evolutionary tree.

text:
Life

Empire Prokaryota

Kingdom Bacteria — includes Archaebacteria as part of a subkingdom

Empire Eukaryota

Kingdom Protozoa — e.g. Amoebozoa, Choanozoa, Excavata

Kingdom Chromista — e.g. Alveolata, cryptophytes, Heterokonta (Brown Algae, Diatoms etc.), Haptophyta, Rhizaria

Kingdom Plantae — e.g. glaucophytes, red and green algae, land plants

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Animalia

text: Seven kingdoms[edit]

text: Cavalier-Smith and his collaborators revised the classification in 2015, and published it in PLOS ONE. In this scheme they reintroduced the division of prokaryotes into two kingdoms, Bacteria (=Eubacteria) and Archaea (=Archaebacteria). This is based on the consensus in the Taxonomic Outline of Bacteria and Archaea (TOBA) and the Catalogue of Life.[28]

text: Summary[edit]

text: A summary of the different kinds of proposed classification schemes presented in this article is summarized in the table below.

text:
Linnaeus
1735[29]
Haeckel
1866[30]
Chatton
1925[31][32]
Copeland
1938[33][34]
Whittaker
1969[35]
Woese et al.
1977[36][37]
Woese et al.
1990[38]
Cavalier-Smith
1993[39][40][41]
Cavalier-Smith
1998[42][43][44]
Ruggiero et al.
2015[45]

2 kingdoms
3 kingdoms
2 empires
4 kingdoms
5 kingdoms
6 kingdoms
3 domains
8 kingdoms
6 kingdoms
7 kingdoms

(not treated)
Protista
Prokaryota
Monera
Monera
Eubacteria
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Bacteria
Bacteria

Archaebacteria
Archaea
Archaebacteria
Archaea

Eukaryota
Protista
Protista
Protista
Eucarya
Archezoa
Protozoa
Protozoa

Protozoa

Chromista
Chromista
Chromista

Vegetabilia
Plantae
Plantae
Plantae
Plantae
Plantae
Plantae
Plantae

Fungi
Fungi
Fungi
Fungi
Fungi

Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia
Animalia

text: The kingdom-level classification of life is still widely employed as a useful way of grouping organisms, notwithstanding some problems with this approach:

text:
Kingdoms such as Bacteria represent grades rather than clades, and so are rejected by phylogenetic classification systems.
The most recent research does not support the classification of the eukaryotes into any of the standard systems. As of April 2010[update], no set of kingdoms is sufficiently supported by research to attain widespread acceptance. In 2009, Andrew Roger and Alastair Simpson emphasized the need for diligence in analyzing new discoveries: "With the current pace of change in our understanding of the eukaryote tree of life, we should proceed with caution."[46]

tag: ul

text: Virus[edit]

text: There is ongoing debate as to whether viruses, obligate intracellular parasites that lack metabolism and are not capable of replication outside of a host, can be included in the tree of life.[47][48][49] If included, their placement in the tree would be problematic since it is suspected that viruses have arisen multiple times, and they have a penchant for accumulating nucleotide sequences from their hosts. A principal reason for inclusion comes from the discovery of unusually large and complex viruses, such as Mimivirus, that possess typical cellular genes.[50]


document_title: The Post (film)

question_text: when did they start production on the post

text: The Post (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1966 Vietnam, State Department military analyst Daniel Ellsberg accompanies U.S. troops in combat, documenting the progress of U.S. military activities in the region for Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. On the return flight home, McNamara expresses to Ellsberg and William Macomber his view that the war in Vietnam is hopeless, yet, upon landing, McNamara expresses to the press his confidence in the war effort. Ellsberg overhears this, and becomes disillusioned. Years later, now working for the RAND Corporation, a civilian military contractor, Ellsberg surreptitiously photocopies classified reports documenting the country's decades-long involvement in the conflict in Vietnam, dating back to the Truman administration. Ellsberg then leaks these documents to reporters at The New York Times.

text: Newspaper heiress Katharine Graham tries to balance her social life with her responsibility as owner and publisher of The Washington Post, following the deaths of her husband, and her father. She is troubled over preparations for the newspaper's stock market launch, a move she recognizes as important for strengthening the paper's economic stability. Graham lacks experience and is frequently overruled by more assertive men who advise or work for her, such as editor-in-chief Ben Bradlee, and board member Arthur Parsons. Bradlee tries in vain to match The New York Times's ability to get scoops. Meanwhile, McNamara, Graham's longtime friend, confides in her that he is to be the subject of unflattering coverage by the Times. The story turns out to be an exposé of the government's long-running deception of the American public. However, the series is halted by a court injunction against further publication by the Times.

text: Post assistant editor Ben Bagdikian tracks down Ellsberg as the source for the leak, who provides Bagdikian with copies of the same material given to the Times. A hand-picked team of Post reporters sorts through the piles of papers, searching for the headline stories. The lawyers for the Post advise against publishing the material, lest the Nixon administration bring criminal charges against them. Graham talks to McNamara, Bradlee, and trusted Post chairman Fritz Beebe, agonizing over the decision of whether to publish. The situation is made even more complicated when the Post's lawyers discover that Bagdikian's source is the same as the Times's, possibly putting Graham in contempt of court. If charges are brought against the company, Graham could destroy the newspaper she sees as a family legacy. Alternately, if she were to win any legal challenge, the Post could instead establish itself as an important journalistic institution. She chooses to run the story.

text: The White House retaliates, and in short order the Post and Times appear together before the Supreme Court to plead their First Amendment argument for the right to publish the material. Meanwhile, newspapers across the country pick up the story in solidarity with the Post and Times. The court rules 6–3 in the newspapers' favor, vindicating Graham's decision. Nixon demands that the Post should be barred from the White House. One year later, a security guard discovers a break-in in progress at the Watergate complex.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Meryl Streep as Katharine Graham
Tom Hanks as Ben Bradlee
Sarah Paulson as Antoinette "Tony" Pinchot Bradlee
Bob Odenkirk as Ben Bagdikian
Tracy Letts as Fritz Beebe
Bradley Whitford as Arthur Parsons
Bruce Greenwood as Robert McNamara
Matthew Rhys as Daniel Ellsberg
Alison Brie as Lally Graham
Carrie Coon as Meg Greenfield
Jesse Plemons as Roger Clark
David Cross as Howard Simons
Michael Stuhlbarg as A. M. Rosenthal
Zach Woods as Anthony Essaye
Pat Healy as Philip L. Geyelin
John Rue as Gene Patterson
Rick Holmes as Murrey Marder
Philip Casnoff as Chalmers Roberts
Jessie Mueller as Judith Martin
Stark Sands as Donald E. Graham
Michael Cyril Creighton as Jake
Brent Langdon as Paul Ignatius
Christopher Innvar as James L. Greenfield
James Riordan as Vice Admiral Joseph Francis Blouin
Kelly AuCoin as Assistant Attorney General Maroney
Cotter Smith as William Macomber
Jennifer Dundas as Liz Hylton

text: Production[edit]

text: In October 2016 Amy Pascal won a bid for the rights to the screenplay The Post, written by Liz Hannah.[14] In February 2017, Steven Spielberg had halted pre-production on The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara after a casting setback, and consequently opened his schedule to other potential films to direct.[4] The following month, it was announced that Spielberg was in negotiations to direct and produce the film, with Meryl Streep and Tom Hanks in talks for the roles of Katharine Graham and Ben Bradlee, respectively.[15] The Post is the first time that Spielberg, Streep, and Hanks had all worked together on a film.[16][17]

text: Spielberg read the screenplay and decided to direct the film as soon as possible, citing that "when I read the first draft of the script, this wasn't something that could wait three years or two years — this was a story I felt we needed to tell today."[18] Spielberg worked on The Post while post-production work continued on the visual-effects-heavy Ready Player One, a situation familiar to him from concurrently producing, in the early 1990s, Jurassic Park and Schindler's List.[19] Josh Singer was hired to re-write the screenplay ten weeks before filming.[20]

text: As filming commenced, a number of New York Times figures who were associated with the Pentagon Papers case—among them James Greenfield, James Goodale, Allan Siegal, and Max Frankel—objected to the film's production due to the script's lack of emphasis on the Times' role in breaking the story.[21] Goodale, who was at the time the Times's in-house counsel, later called the film "a good movie but bad history."[22]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The film began principal photography in New York on May 30, 2017.[23] On June 6, 2017, it was announced that the project, retitled The Papers, would also star Alison Brie, Carrie Coon, David Cross, Bruce Greenwood, Tracy Letts, Bob Odenkirk, Sarah Paulson, Jesse Plemons, Matthew Rhys, Michael Stuhlbarg, Bradley Whitford, and Zach Woods.[24] On August 25, 2017, the film's title reverted to The Post.[25] Spielberg finished the final cut of the film on November 6, 2017, with the final sound mix also completed along with the musical score a week later, on November 13.[26]

text: Costume design[edit]

text: Writing for The New York Times, Manogla Dargis indicated some high points in the costume design used in the film stating, "The costume designer Ann Roth subtly brightens Katharine, taking her from leaden gray to free-flowing gold.".[27]

text: Music[edit]

text:
When Steven first approached me about [The Post], we talked about Kay Graham and Ben Bradlee and what opportunities the film might present for me. When I've thought about it, I've never been in a newsroom – you know, with the clattering of a thousand typewriters in those days... Now no one's using them, it's all silent. But it must have been quite a noisy environment, really – everyone running back and forth. So I thought, "Well, how are you gonna get any music in a newsroom?"

—John Williams on composing the score

tag: div

text: The score for the film was written by John Williams; it is his 28th collaboration with Spielberg.[28] The music is a combination of traditional orchestral instrumentation and what Williams has called "very light, computerised electronic effects."[29] Williams was originally attached to write the music for Spielberg's Ready Player One, but, because both films had similar post-production schedules, Williams chose to work on The Post, while Alan Silvestri composed for Ready Player One. [29] Spielberg has said that The Post was a rare instance in which he went to the recording sessions "having not heard a note" in advance.[30]

text: Recording began on October 30, 2017 in Los Angeles.[31] The soundtrack was released digitally by Sony Classical Records on December 22, 2017 and in physical form on January 12, 2018.[32]

text:
The Post (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Film score by John Williams

Released

December 22, 2017 (2017-12-22) (Digital)
January 12, 2018 (2018-01-12) (Physical)

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
40:10

Label
Sony Classical

Producer
John Williams

John Williams chronology

Star Wars:
The Last Jedi
(2017)String Module Error: Match not found2017
The Post
(2017)

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"The Papers"
3:56

2.
"The Presses Roll"
5:01

3.
"Nixon's Order"
1:47

4.
"The Oak Room, 1971"
1:46

5.
"Setting the Type"
2:34

6.
"Mother and Daughter"
3:23

7.
"Scanning the Papers"
2:23

8.
"Two Martini Lunch"
2:34

9.
"Deciding to Publish"
5:42

10.
"The Court's Decision and End Credits"
11:04

Total length:
40:10

text: Release[edit]

text: The Post premiered at the Newseum in Washington, D.C. on December 14, 2017.[33] It began a limited theatrical release in the United States on December 22, 2017, and a wide release on January 12, 2018.[34] The film is distributed internationally through Amblin Partners' distribution agreements with Universal Pictures, Reliance Entertainment, and Entertainment One Films.[35] The film was released by Reliance in India.[36] Tom Hanks has expressed disinterest in appearing at a potential White House screening for Donald Trump.[37]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: The first official image from The Post was released on October 31, 2017.[38] The trailer for The Post premiered exclusively on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, on November 7, 2017,[39] and the film's poster, designed by BLT Communications, was released the next day.[40][41] The first TV spot, titled "Uncover the Truth", was released on November 21, 2017.[42][43]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of April 1, 2018[update], The Post has grossed $81.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $87 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $168.7 million, against a production budget of $50 million.[5]

text: During The Post's limited opening weekend, December 22 to 24, it grossed $526,011 (and a total of $762,057 over the four-day Christmas weekend) from nine theaters. The following weekend, the film grossed $561,080 for a per-theater average of $62,342, one of the highest of 2017.[44] The film had its wide release alongside the openings of The Commuter, Paddington 2 and Proud Mary, and was projected to gross around $20 million from 2,819 theaters over the weekend.[45] It made $5.9 million on its first day and $18.6 million over the weekend (and a four-day MLK weekend total of $23.4 million), finishing second at the box office behind holdover Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle.[46] 66% of its opening weekend audience was over the age of 35.[47] It dropped 37% the following weekend to $12.2 million, finishing 4th behind Jumanji and newcomers 12 Strong and Den of Thieves.[48] It dropped to 5th in its third week of wide release, grossing $8.9 million.[49]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 88% based on 321 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Post's period setting belies its bitingly timely themes, brought compellingly to life by director Steven Spielberg and an outstanding ensemble cast."[50] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 83 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[51] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale,[46][52] while PostTrak reported 63% of audience members gave the film a "definite recommend".[47]

text: Alonso Duralde of TheWrap praised the acting and Spielberg's direction, though noted the script as being too on-the-nose at times, saying, "The Post passes the trickiest tests of a historical drama: It makes us understand that decisions that have been validated by the lens of history were difficult ones to make in the moment, and it generates suspense over how all the pieces fell into place to make those decisions come to fruition."[53] David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film an A– and wrote: "Nobody needs to be reminded that history tends to go in circles, but The Post is so vital because it captures the ecstasy of trying to break the chain and bend things towards justice; defending the fundamental tenets of the Constitution hasn't been this much fun since Hamilton."[54]

text: Chris Nashawaty, writing for Entertainment Weekly, gave the film a positive review, but also compared it with previous journalism films such as All the President's Men and stating: "Spielberg makes these crucial days in American history easy to follow. But if you look at The Post next to something like All the President's Men, you see the difference between having a story passively explained to you and actively helping to untangle it. That's a small quibble with an urgent and impeccably acted film. But it's also the difference between a very good movie and a great one."[55]

text: Manohla Dargis of The New York Times awarded the film an NYT Critic's Pick with a strong acknowledgment of Spielberg as director stating, "Mostly, (the Post decision to publish) went down fast, a pace that Mr. Spielberg conveys with accelerated rhythms, flying feet, racing cameras and an enjoyably loose approach to the material. With his virtuosic, veteran crew, Mr. Spielberg paints the scene vividly and with daubs of beauty; most notably, he creates distinct visual realms for the story’s two main overlapping, at times colliding worlds. Katharine reigns over one; at first she’s all but entombed in her darkly lighted, wood-paneled empire. Ben rules the other, overseeing the talking and typing warriors of the glaring, noisily freewheeling newsroom".[56]

text: Matt Bobkin, writing for Exclaim!, gave the film a 6 out of 10 score, saying the film "has all the makings of an awards season hit, but is too calculated to reflect today's ragged, tenuous sociopolitical climate."

text: Portrayal of The New York Times[edit]

text: The film downplays the role that journalists from The New York Times had in the leak of the Pentagon Papers and emphasizes The Washington Post's involvement.[57][58] In an interview with the Columbia Journalism Review, former New York Times associates James Greenfield, who coordinated the Pentagon Papers project as the Times’ foreign editor; James Goodale, the Times’ general counsel at the time; and Max Frankel, the Times' Washington bureau chief when the Papers were published, criticized the film's more minor portrayal of the paper.[59] The New York Times had not only published the Pentagon Papers before The Washington Post, but had also set the stage for the major legal battle between the press and the United States government.[57] The newspaper also won the 1972 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for its contributions. The 1972 Pulitzer jury of journalists noted in their recommendation not only the significance of Daniel Ellsberg's Pentagon Papers leak, but also that of Times reporters Neil Sheehan, Hedrick Smith, Fox Butterfield and E. W. Kenworthy, and stated that their effort was “a combination of investigative reporting, analysis, research, and writing — all of which added to a distinctly meritorious public service, not only for readers of The Times but also for an entire nation.”[58] Goodale noted in an article for The Daily Beast that the Times published the Papers after Ellsberg had leaked them to Sheehan, and further stated that the film "creates a false impression that the Post was a major player in such publication. It’s as though Hollywood had made a movie about the Times’ triumphant role in Watergate."[22] On PBS NewsHour, Goodale further said, “Although a producer has artistic license, I think it should be limited in a situation such as this, so that the public comes away with an understanding of what the true facts are in this case . . . And I think that if you’re doing a movie now, when [President Donald] Trump is picking on the press for ‘fake news’, you want to be authentic. You don’t want to be in any way fake.”[60]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards
February 5, 2018
Best Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated
[61]
[62]

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Best Time Capsule
The Post
Nominated

Readers' Choice Poll
The Post
Nominated

Academy Awards
March 4, 2018
Best Picture
Amy Pascal, Steven Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger
Nominated
[63]
[64]

Best Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Alliance of Women Film Journalists
January 9, 2018
Best Ensemble Cast – Casting Director
Ellen Lewis
Nominated
[65]

Best Woman Screenwriter
Liz Hannah and Josh Singer
Nominated

American Cinema Editors
January 26, 2018
Best Edited Feature Film – Dramatic
Michael Kahn and Sarah Broshar
Nominated
[66]

American Film Institute
January 5, 2018
Top Ten Films of the Year
The Post
Won
[67]

Art Directors Guild
January 27, 2018
Excellence in Production Design for a Period Film
Rick Carter
Nominated
[68]

Casting Society of America
January 18, 2018
Big Budget – Drama
Rori Bergman, Karlee Fomalont, Ellen Lewis and Kate Sprance
Nominated
[69]

Cinema For Peace Awards
February 19, 2018
Most Valuable Film of the Year
The Post
Won
[70]

Critics' Choice Movie Awards
January 11, 2018
Best Acting Ensemble
The cast of The Post
Nominated
[71]

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated

Best Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Best Editing
Michael Kahn and Sarah Broshar
Nominated

Best Original Screenplay
Liz Hannah and Josh Singer
Nominated

Best Picture
The Post
Nominated

Best Score
John Williams
Nominated

Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association
December 13, 2017
Best Film
The Post
2nd Place
[72]

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
4th Place

Best Actor
Tom Hanks
5th Place

Best Actress
Meryl Streep
5th Place

Detroit Film Critics Society
December 7, 2017
Best Ensemble
The cast of The Post
Won
[73]

Best Screenplay
Liz Hannah and Josh Singer
Nominated

Florida Film Critics Circle
December 23, 2017
Best Cinematography
Janusz Kamiński
Nominated
[74]
[75]

Georgia Film Critics Association
January 12, 2018
Best Production Design
Rick Carter, Kim Jennings and Deborah Jensen
Nominated
[76]

Best Original Score
John Williams
Nominated

Best Ensemble
The cast of The Post
Nominated

Gold Derby Awards
February 1, 2018
Best Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated
[77]

Golden Globe Awards
January 7, 2018
Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama
Tom Hanks
Nominated
[78]

Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Best Motion Picture – Drama
The Post
Nominated

Best Original Score
John Williams
Nominated

Best Screenplay
Liz Hannah and Josh Singer
Nominated

Houston Film Critics Society
January 6, 2018
Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Nominated
[79]

Best Original Screenplay
Liz Hannah and Josh Singer
Nominated

Best Picture
The Post
Nominated

Best Score
John Williams
Nominated

Humanitas Prize
February 16, 2018
Feature – Drama
Liz Hannah and Josh Singer
Nominated
[80]

IndieWire Critics Poll
December 19, 2017
Best Picture
The Post
10th Place
[81]

National Board of Review
January 4, 2018
Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Won
[82]
[83]

Best Actress
Meryl Streep
Won

Best Film
The Post
Won

National Society of Film Critics
January 6, 2018
Best Supporting Actor
Michael Stuhlbarg
2nd Place[a]
[84]

New York Film Critics Online
December 10, 2017
Top 10 Films
The Post
Won
[85]

Online Film Critics Society
December 28, 2017
Best Ensemble
The cast of The Post
Nominated
[86]
[87]

Producers Guild of America Awards
January 20, 2018
Best Theatrical Motion Picture
Amy Pascal, Steven Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger
Nominated
[88]

San Diego Film Critics Society
December 11, 2017
Best Editing
Michael Kahn and Sarah Broshar
Nominated
[89]

Best Ensemble
The cast of The Post
Nominated

San Francisco Film Critics Circle
December 10, 2017
Best Editing
Michael Kahn
Nominated
[90]

Saturn Awards
June 2018
Best Thriller Film
The Post
Pending
[91]

Seattle Film Critics Society
December 18, 2017
Best Picture of the Year
The Post
Nominated
[92]

Best Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Best Ensemble
The cast of The Post
Nominated

St. Louis Film Critics Association
December 17, 2017
Best Actor
Tom Hanks
Nominated
[93]

Best Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated

Best Director
Steven Spielberg
Nominated

Best Editing
Michael Kahn and Sarah Broshar
Nominated

Best Original Score
John Williams
Nominated

Best Picture
The Post
Runner-up

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
December 8, 2017
Best Actress
Meryl Streep
Nominated
[94]

Best Ensemble
The cast of The Post
Nominated

Best Portrayal of Washington D.C.
The Post
Won

Women Film Critics Circle
December 17, 2017
Karen Morley Award
The Post
Nominated
[95]
[96]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Also nominated for Call Me by Your Name and The Shape of Water


document_title: 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony

question_text: who sang at opening ceremony world cup 2018

text: 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony

text: Performance[edit]

text: Former Brazilian World Cup-winning striker Ronaldo walked out with a child wearing a Russia 2018 shirt. English pop singer Robbie Williams then took centre stage with a rendition of "Let Me Entertain You" before Russian soprano Aida Garifullina was carried out on to the pitch on the back of a "firebird" float. Williams sang a section of "Feel" before he and Garifullina performed a duet of "Angels" as performers emerged, dressed in the flags of all 32 teams and carrying a sign bearing the name of each nation. Ronaldo returned with the official ball – the Adidas Telstar 18 – which was sent into space with the International Space Station crew in March and came back to Earth in early June. Williams then sung "Rock DJ"  in an encore as the pitch was being cleared for the first match.[4]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: During the encore, Williams accidentally "gave the finger". He stated on This Morning, "I was under a lot of pressure because there was one minute left, and I didn't know how I was gonna do half a minute. So I just did a one-minute countdown..."[5] Fox in the US apologised for the incident.[5] The incident was not shown on ITV in the UK who had cut away prior to the encore.[5]