document_title: macOS version history

question_text: what is the product name for os x version 10.11

root

text: macOS version history

text: Development[edit]

text: Development outside of Apple[edit]

text: After Apple removed Steve Jobs from management in 1985, he left the company and attempted — with funding from Ross Perot[6] and from his own pockets — to create the "next big thing". The result was NeXT. As the first workstation to include a DSP and high-capacity optical disc drive, NeXT hardware was advanced for its time, but was expensive relative to the rapidly commoditizing workstation market and marred by design problems. The hardware was phased out in 1993; however, the company's object-oriented operating system NeXTSTEP had a more lasting legacy.

tag: p

text: NeXTSTEP was based on the Mach kernel developed at CMU (Carnegie Mellon University)[7] and BSD, an implementation of Unix dating back to the 1970s. It featured an object-oriented programming framework based on the Objective-C language. This environment is known today in the Mac world as Cocoa. It also supported the innovative Enterprise Objects Framework database access layer and WebObjects application server development environment, among other notable features.

text: All but abandoning the idea of an operating system, NeXT managed to maintain a business selling WebObjects and consulting services, but was never a commercial success. NeXTSTEP underwent an evolution into OPENSTEP which separated the object layers from the operating system below, allowing it to run with less modification on other platforms. OPENSTEP was, for a short time, adopted by Sun Microsystems. However, by this point, a number of other companies — notably Apple, IBM, Microsoft, and even Sun itself — were claiming they would soon be releasing similar object-oriented operating systems and development tools of their own. (Some of these efforts, such as Taligent, did not fully come to fruition; others, like Java, gained widespread adoption.)

text: On February 4, 1997, Apple Computer acquired NeXT for $427 million, and used OPENSTEP as the basis for Mac OS X, as it was called at the time.[8] Traces of the NeXT software heritage can still be seen in macOS. For example, in the Cocoa development environment, the Objective-C library classes have "NS" prefixes, and the HISTORY section of the manual page for the defaults command in macOS straightforwardly states that the command "First appeared in NeXTStep."

text: Internal development[edit]

text: Meanwhile, Apple was facing commercial difficulties of its own. The decade-old classic Mac OS had reached the limits of its single-user, co-operative multitasking architecture, and its once-innovative user interface was looking increasingly outdated. A massive development effort to replace it, known as Copland, was started in 1994, but was generally perceived outside Apple to be a hopeless case due to political infighting and conflicting goals. By 1996, Copland was nowhere near ready for release, and the project was eventually cancelled. Some elements of Copland were incorporated into Mac OS 8, released on July 26, 1997.

text: After considering the purchase of BeOS — a multimedia-enabled, multi-tasking OS designed for hardware similar to Apple's — the company decided instead to acquire NeXT and use OPENSTEP as the basis for their new OS. Avie Tevanian took over OS development, and Steve Jobs was brought on as a consultant. At first, the plan was to develop a new operating system based almost entirely on an updated version of OPENSTEP, with the addition of a virtual machine subsystem — known as the Blue Box — for running "classic" Macintosh applications. The result was known by the code name Rhapsody, slated for release in late 1998.

text: Apple expected that developers would port their software to the considerably more powerful OPENSTEP libraries once they learned of its power and flexibility. Instead, several major developers such as Adobe told Apple that this would never occur, and that they would rather leave the platform entirely. This "rejection" of Apple's plan was largely the result of a string of previous broken promises from Apple; after watching one "next OS" after another disappear and Apple's market share dwindle, developers were not interested in doing much work on the platform at all, let alone a re-write.

text: Changed direction under Jobs[edit]

text: Apple's financial losses continued and the board of directors lost confidence in CEO Gil Amelio, asking him to resign. The board asked Steve Jobs to lead the company on an interim basis, essentially giving him carte blanche to make changes to return the company to profitability. When Jobs announced at the World Wide Developer's Conference that what developers really wanted was a modern version of the Mac OS, and Apple was going to deliver it[citation needed], he was met with thunderous applause. Over the next two years, major effort was applied to porting the original Macintosh APIs to Unix libraries known as Carbon. Mac OS applications could be ported to Carbon without the need for a complete re-write, making them operate as native applications on the new operating system. Meanwhile, applications written using the older toolkits would be supported using the "Classic" Mac OS 9 environment. Support for C, C++, Objective-C, Java, and Python were added, furthering developer comfort with the new platform.

text: During this time, the lower layers of the operating system (the Mach kernel and the BSD layers on top of it[9]) were re-packaged and released under the Apple Public Source License. They became known as Darwin. The Darwin kernel provides a stable and flexible operating system, which takes advantage of the contributions of programmers and independent open-source projects outside Apple; however, it sees little use outside the Macintosh community[citation needed]. During this period, the Java programming language had increased in popularity, and an effort was started to improve Mac Java support. This consisted of porting a high-speed Java virtual machine to the platform, and exposing macOS-specific "Cocoa" APIs to the Java language.

text: The first release of the new OS — Mac OS X Server 1.0 — used a modified version of the Mac OS GUI, but all client versions starting with Mac OS X Developer Preview 3 used a new theme known as Aqua. Aqua was a substantial departure from the Mac OS 9 interface, which had evolved with little change from that of the original Macintosh operating system: it incorporated full color scalable graphics, anti-aliasing of text and graphics, simulated shading and highlights, transparency and shadows, and animation. A key new feature was the Dock, an application launcher which took advantage of these capabilities. Despite this, OS X maintained a substantial degree of consistency with the traditional Mac OS interface and Apple's own Apple Human Interface Guidelines, with its pull-down menu at the top of the screen, familiar keyboard shortcuts, and support for a single-button mouse. The development of Aqua was delayed somewhat by the switch from OpenStep's Display PostScript engine to one developed in-house that was free of any license restrictions, known as Quartz.

text: Releases[edit]

text: With the exception of Mac OS X Server 1.0 and the original public beta, the first several macOS versions were named after big cats. Prior to its release, version 10.0 was code named "Cheetah" internally at Apple, and version 10.1 was code named internally as "Puma". After the code name "Jaguar" for version 10.2 received publicity in the media, Apple began openly using the names to promote the operating system: 10.3 was marketed as "Panther", 10.4 as "Tiger", 10.5 as "Leopard", 10.6 as "Snow Leopard", 10.7 as "Lion", and 10.8 as "Mountain Lion". "Panther", "Tiger", and "Leopard" were registered as trademarks, and Apple registered "Lynx" and "Cougar", but these were allowed to lapse,[10] with Apple instead using the name of iconic locations in California for subsequent releases: 10.9 was called "Mavericks", 10.10 was called "Yosemite", 10.11 was called "El Capitan", and 10.12 was called "Sierra".

text: Public Beta: "Kodiak"[edit]

text: On September 13, 2000 Apple released a $29.95[11] "preview" version of Mac OS X (internally codenamed Kodiak) in order to gain feedback from users.[12] It marked the first public availability of the Aqua interface, and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback. Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to function in spring 2001.[13]

text: Version 10.0: "Cheetah"[edit]

text: On March 24, 2001, Apple released Mac OS X 10.0 (internally codenamed Cheetah).[14] The initial version was slow, incomplete, and had very few applications available at the time of its launch, mostly from independent developers. While many critics suggested that the operating system was not ready for mainstream adoption, they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve. Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community as a great accomplishment, for attempts to completely overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996, and delayed by countless setbacks. Following some bug fixes, kernel panics became much less frequent.

text: Version 10.1: "Puma"[edit]

text: Later that year on September 25, 2001, Mac OS X 10.1 (internally codenamed Puma) was released.[15] It had better performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. Apple released 10.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users, in addition to the US$129 boxed version for people running Mac OS 9. It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped-down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems.[16] On January 7, 2002, Apple announced that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products by the end of that month.[17]

text: Version 10.2: "Jaguar"[edit]

text: On August 23, 2002,[18] Apple followed up with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar, the first release to use its code name as part of the branding.[19] It brought great raw performance improvements, a sleeker look, and many powerful user-interface enhancements (over 150, according to Apple[20] ), including Quartz Extreme for compositing graphics directly on an ATI Radeon or Nvidia GeForce2 MX AGP-based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM, a system-wide repository for contact information in the new Address Book, and an instant messaging client named iChat.[21] The Happy Mac which had appeared during the Mac OS startup sequence for almost 18 years was replaced with a large grey Apple logo with the introduction of Mac OS X 10.2.

text: Version 10.3: "Panther"[edit]

text: Mac OS X 10.3 Panther was released on October 24, 2003. In addition to providing much improved performance, it also incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface. Panther included as many or more new features as Jaguar had the year before, including an updated Finder, incorporating a brushed-metal interface, Fast user switching, Exposé (Window manager), FileVault, Safari, iChat AV (which added videoconferencing features to iChat), improved Portable Document Format (PDF) rendering and much greater Microsoft Windows interoperability.[22] Support for some early G3 computers such as "beige" Power Macs and "WallStreet" PowerBooks was discontinued.

text: Version 10.4: "Tiger"[edit]

text: Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger was released on April 29, 2005. Apple stated that Tiger contained more than 200 new features.[23] As with Panther, certain older machines were no longer supported; Tiger requires a Mac with a built-in FireWire port. Among the new features, Tiger introduced Spotlight, Dashboard, Smart Folders, updated Mail program with Smart Mailboxes, QuickTime 7, Safari 2, Automator, VoiceOver, Core Image and Core Video. The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services. On January 10, 2006, Apple released the first Intel-based Macs along with the 10.4.4 update to Tiger. This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC-based Macs and the new Intel-based machines, with the exception of the Intel release dropping support for the Classic environment.[24] Only PowerPC Macs can be booted from retail copies of the Tiger client DVD, but there is a Universal DVD of Tiger Server 10.4.7 (8K1079) that can boot both PowerPC and Intel Macs.

text: Version 10.5: "Leopard"[edit]

text: Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard was released on October 26, 2007. It was called by Apple "the largest update of Mac OS X". Leopard supports both PowerPC- and Intel x86-based Macintosh computers; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz, and at least 512 MB of RAM to be installed. The single DVD works for all supported Macs (including 64-bit machines). New features include a new look, an updated Finder, Time Machine, Spaces, Boot Camp pre-installed,[25] full support for 64-bit applications (including graphical applications), new features in Mail and iChat, and a number of new security features. Leopard is an Open Brand UNIX 03 registered product on the Intel platform. It was also the first BSD-based OS to receive UNIX 03 certification.[1][26] Leopard dropped support for the Classic Environment and all Classic applications,[27] and was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture.

text: Version 10.6: "Snow Leopard"[edit]

text: Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard was released on August 28, 2009, the last version to be available on disc. Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS X, the development of Snow Leopard was deliberately focused on "under the hood" changes, increasing the performance, efficiency, and stability of the operating system. For most users, the most noticeable changes are these: the disk space that the operating system frees up after a clean installation compared to Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, a more responsive Finder rewritten in Cocoa, faster Time Machine backups, more reliable and user friendly disk ejects, a more powerful version of the Preview application, as well as a faster Safari web browser. An update introduced support for the Mac App Store, Apple's digital distribution platform for macOS applications and subsequent macOS upgrades.[28] Snow Leopard only supports machines with Intel CPUs, requires at least 1 GB of RAM, and drops default support for applications built for the PowerPC architecture (Rosetta can be installed as an additional component to retain support for PowerPC-only applications).[29]

text: Version 10.7: "Lion"[edit]

text: Mac OS X 10.7 Lion was released on July 20, 2011. It brought developments made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily navigable display of installed applications (Launchpad) and (a greater use of) multi-touch gestures, to the Mac. This release removed Rosetta, making it incapable of running PowerPC applications. It dropped support for 32-bit Intel processors and requires 2GB of memory. Changes made to the GUI (Graphical User Interface) include the Launchpad (similar to the home screen of iOS devices), auto-hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are being used, and Mission Control, which unifies Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen applications within a single interface.[30] Apple also made changes to applications: they resume in the same state as they were before they were closed (similar to iOS). Documents auto-save by default.

text: Version 10.8: "Mountain Lion"[edit]

text: OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released on July 25, 2012. It incorporates some features seen in iOS 5, which include Game Center, support for iMessage in the new Messages messaging application, and Reminders as a to-do list app separate from iCal (which is renamed as Calendar, like the iOS app). It also includes support for storing iWork documents in iCloud. 2GB of memory is required.[31] Notification Center, which makes its debut in Mountain Lion, is a desktop version similar to the one in iOS 5.0 and higher. Application pop-ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes more Chinese features, including support for Baidu as an option for Safari search engine.[32] Notification Center is added, providing an overview of alerts from applications. Notes is added, as an application separate from Mail, synching with its iOS counterpart[33][34] through the iCloud service. Messages, an instant messaging software application,[35] replaces iChat.[36]

text: Version 10.9: "Mavericks"[edit]

text: OS X 10.9 Mavericks was released on October 22, 2013, as a free update through the Mac App Store worldwide.[37] It places emphasis on battery life, Finder enhancements, other enhancements for power users, and continued iCloud integration, as well as bringing more of Apple's iOS apps to the OS X platform. iBooks and Apple Maps applications were added. Mavericks requires 2GB of memory to operate. It is the first version named under Apple's then-new theme of places in California, dubbed Mavericks after the surfing location.[38][39] Unlike previous versions of OS X, which had progressively decreasing prices since 10.6, 10.9 was available at no charge to all users of compatible systems running Snow Leopard (10.6) or later,[40] beginning Apple's policy of free upgrades for life on its operating system and business software.[41]

text: Version 10.10: "Yosemite"[edit]

text: OS X Yosemite was released to the general public on October 16, 2014, as a free update through the Mac App Store worldwide. It featured a major overhaul of user interface, replaced skeuomorphism with flat graphic design and blurred translucency effects, following the aesthetic introduced with iOS 7. It introduced features called Continuity and Handoff, which allow for tighter integration between paired OS X and iOS devices: the user can handle phone calls or text messages on either their Mac or their iPhone, and edit the same Pages document on either their Mac or their iPad. A later update of the OS included Photos as a replacement for iPhoto and Aperture.

text: Version 10.11: "El Capitan"[edit]

text: OS X El Capitan was revealed on June 8, 2015, during the WWDC keynote speech.[42] It was made available as a public beta in July and was made available publicly on September 30, 2015. Apple described this release as containing "Refinements to the Mac Experience" and "Improvements to System Performance" rather than new features. Refinements include public transport built into the Maps application, GUI improvements to the Notes application, as well as adopting San Francisco as the system font. Metal API, an application enhancing software, had debuted in this operating system, being available to "all Macs since 2012".[43]

text: Version 10.12: "Sierra"[edit]

text: macOS Sierra was revealed on June 13, 2016, during the WWDC keynote speech. It was released publicly on September 20, 2016.

text: Version 10.13: "High Sierra"[edit]

text: macOS High Sierra was announced on June 5, 2017, during the WWDC keynote speech. It was released on September 25, 2017. The release includes many under-the-hood improvements, including a switch to Apple File System (APFS), the introduction of Metal 2, support for HEVC video, and improvements to VR support. In addition, numerous changes were made to standard applications including Photos, Safari, Notes, and Spotlight.[44]

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Timeline of Macintosh operating systems

tag: table


document_title: Tashkent Declaration

question_text: indian prime minister is associated with tashkent agreement

text: Tashkent Declaration

text: Overview[edit]

text: A meeting was held in Tashkent in the Uzbek SSR, USSR (now Uzbekistan) from 4-10 January 1966 to try to create a more permanent settlement.[2]

text: The Soviets, represented by Premier Alexei Kosygin, moderated between Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistani President Muhammad Ayub Khan.

text: The Tashkent conference, under United Nations, American and Soviet pressure, compelled India and Pakistan to give away the conquered regions of each other and return to the 1949 ceasefire line in Kashmir.[3][4]

text: Declaration[edit]

text: The conference was viewed as a great success and the declaration that was released was hoped to be a framework for lasting peace. The declaration stated that[1] Indian and Pakistani forces would pull back to their pre-conflict positions, pre-August lines,[1] no later than 25 February 1966,[2] the nations would not interfere in each other's internal affairs, economic and diplomatic relations would be restored, there would be an orderly transfer of prisoners of war, and the two leaders would work towards improving bilateral relations.[2]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: The agreement was criticized in India because it did not contain a no-war pact or any renunciation of guerrilla warfare in Kashmir. After signing the agreement, Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri died in Tashkent of natural causes.[2]

text: In accordance with the Tashkent Declaration, talks at the ministerial level were held on 1 and 2 March 1966. Despite the fact that these talks were unsuccessful, diplomatic exchange continued throughout the spring and summer. No result was achieved out of these talks, as there was a difference of opinion over the Kashmir issue. Euphoria had built up during the 1965 war, which had led to the development of a public perception in Pakistan that they were going to win the war. News of the Tashkent Declaration shocked the people of Pakistan who were expecting something different. Things further worsened as Ayub Khan refused to comment and went into seclusion instead of announcing the reasons for signing the agreement. Demonstrations and rioting erupted at various places throughout Pakistan.[2] In order to dispel the anger and misgiving of the people, Ayub Khan decided to lay the matter before the people by addressing the nation on 14 January, 1966. It was the difference over Tashkent Declaration, which eventually led to the removal of Z. A. Bhutto from Ayub’s government, who later on launched his own party, called the Pakistan People’s Party. Although Ayub Khan was able to satisfy the misgiving of the people, the Tashkent Declaration greatly damaged his image and was one of the factors that led to his downfall.[5]


document_title: List of Miami Dolphins broadcasters

question_text: what radio station is the miami dolphin game on

text: List of Miami Dolphins broadcasters

text: Radio announcers[edit]

text:
Years
Flagship station
Play-by-play
Color commentator
Sideline reporter

1966
AM 610 WIOD
Mel Allen
Dan Bossler

1967-69
AM 610 WIOD
Bob Gallagher
Henry Barrow

1970
AM 610 WIOD
Joe Croghan
Larry King
Henry Barrow

1971
AM 610 WIOD
Rick Weaver
Larry King
Henry Barrow

1972
AM 610 WIOD
Rick Weaver
Lou Creekmur
Henry Barrow

1973
AM 610 WIOD
Rick Weaver
Fred Woodson
Henry Barrow

1974-76
AM 610 WIOD
Rick Weaver
Allan Minter

1977-91
AM 610 WIOD
Rick Weaver
Hank Goldberg
Henry Barrow

1992-93
AM 610 WIOD
Rick Weaver
Jim Mandich

1994-01
AM 610 WIOD
Bill Zimpfer
Jim Mandich

2002-04
AM 560 WQAM
Howard David
Jim Mandich

2005-06
AM 790 WAXY
Jimmy Cefalo
Joe Rose
Nat Moore

2007-2009
AM 560 WQAM
Jimmy Cefalo
Jim Mandich and Joe Rose

2010
AM 940 WINZ / FM 105.9 WBGG
Jimmy Cefalo or Dick Stockton (week 4)
Jim Mandich and Joe Rose

2011–2015
AM 940 WINZ / FM 105.9 WBGG
Jimmy Cefalo
Bob Griese[2] and Joe Rose
Kim Bokamper and Keith Sims[3]

2016-Present
AM 560 WQAM / FM KISS 99.9 WKIS
Jimmy Cefalo
Jason Taylor (Preseason) Bob Griese (Regular season) and Joe Rose
Kim Bokamper and Keith Sims

text: Preseason television announcers[edit]

text:
Year
Play-by-play
Analyst(s)
Field reporter(s)

1972
Bob Gallagher
Dave Kocourek
Bob Halloran

1973
Jim Thacker

1974

1975
Bob Halloran
Hank Stram
Jane Chastain and Tony Segreto

1976
Roger Twibell
Tony Segreto and Nick Buoniconti

1977
Tony Segreto

1978
Paul Hornung (2 games) or
Frank Buetel (1 game)

1979
Paul Hornung

1980
Chuck Dowdle
Tim Foley

1981
Curt Gowdy

1982
Chuck Dowdle

1983
Roger Twibell
Bob Griese
Jim Gallagher & John Loesing

1984

1985
Jay Randolph
Andy Leopold

1986
Walt Gray

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993
Brad Nessler

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998
Bob Griese and Nat Moore

1999

2000
Bob Neal
Bob Griese

2001
Craig Bolerjack
Bob Griese and Trevor Matich

2002
Bob Griese and Nat Moore
Kim Bokamper

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010
Dick Stockton

2011

2012

2013
Jesse Agler

2014
Dick Stockton

2015

text: Regular season television coverage[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: From their inaugural season in 1966 until the end of the 1988 season, the majority of the Dolphins' games were carried on WSVN, as it was the Miami area's NBC affiliate (NBC carried the AFL/AFC package from 1965–97). In 1989, after NBC purchased CBS affiliate WTVJ (then on channel 4), NBC programming, and thus the Dolphins games, moved there. Prior to that time, WTVJ starting in 1973 aired sold-out Dolphins home games in which they played an NFC opponent (CBS had the NFC package at that time). From 1989 through 1993, those games would air on WCIX (then on channel 6), which was bought by CBS.

text: In 1994, the NFC package moved to Fox, and WSVN (which became the Fox affiliate after the network purchases of WTVJ and WCIX) starting airing the Dolphins' interconference home games. In 1998, the AFC package moved to CBS and, locally, the former WCIX, now known as WFOR (as it had swapped dial positions with WTVJ three years earlier).

text: WPLG was the local carrier of Monday Night Football games through 2005. When the Dolphins play on Monday nights, they now air locally on WSFL-TV.

text: WFOR produces the local telecasts of the Dolphins' preseason games, pre-empting CBS programming which is shown on sister station WBFS-TV. The preseason games are simulcast in the adjacent West Palm Beach television market on area CW affiliate WTVX, which was a sister station of WFOR from 1997 until 2008; all regular-season games are currently telecast by that market's CBS affiliate WPEC.


document_title: Glasgow Coma Scale

question_text: what would a score of 15 on the glascow coma scale indicate

text: Glasgow Coma Scale

text: Elements of the scale[edit]

text:
Glasgow Coma Scale [2]

1
2
3
4
5
6

Eye
Does not open eyes
Opens eyes in response to painful stimuli
Opens eyes in response to voice
Opens eyes spontaneously
N/A
N/A

Verbal
Makes no sounds
Incomprehensible sounds
Utters incoherent words
Confused, disoriented
Oriented, converses normally
N/A

Motor
Makes no movements
Extension to painful stimuli (decerebrate response)
Abnormal flexion to painful stimuli (decorticate response)
Flexion / Withdrawal to painful stimuli
Localizes to painful stimuli
Obeys commands

text: Note that a motor response in any limb is acceptable.[3] The scale is composed of three tests: eye, verbal and motor responses. The three values separately as well as their sum are considered. The lowest possible GCS (the sum) is 3 (deep coma or death), while the highest is 15 (fully awake person).

text: Eye response (E)[edit]

text: There are four grades starting with the most severe:

text:
No eye opening
Eye opening in response to pain stimulus. (a peripheral pain stimulus, such as squeezing the lunula area of the patient's fingernail is more effective than a central stimulus such as a trapezius squeeze, due to a grimacing effect).[4]
Eye opening to speech. (Not to be confused with the awakening of a sleeping person; such patients receive a score of 4, not 3.)
Eyes opening spontaneously

tag: ol

text: Verbal response (V)[edit]

text: There are five grades starting with the most severe:

text:
No verbal response
Incomprehensible sounds. (Moaning but no words.)
Inappropriate words. (Random or exclamatory articulated speech, but no conversational exchange. Speaks words but no sentences.)
Confused. (The patient responds to questions coherently but there is some disorientation and confusion.)
Oriented. (Patient responds coherently and appropriately to questions such as the patient’s name and age, where they are and why, the year, month, etc.)

text: Motor response (M)[edit]

text: There are six grades:

text:
No motor response
Decerebrate posturing accentuated by pain (extensor response: adduction of arm, internal rotation of shoulder, pronation of forearm and extension at elbow, flexion of wrist and fingers, leg extension, plantarflexion of foot)
Decorticate posturing accentuated by pain (flexor response: internal rotation of shoulder, flexion of forearm and wrist with clenched fist, leg extension, plantarflexion of foot)
Withdrawal from pain (absence of abnormal posturing; unable to lift hand past chin with supraorbital pain but does pull away when nailbed is pinched)
Localizes to pain (purposeful movements towards painful stimuli; e.g., brings hand up beyond chin when supraorbital pressure applied)
Obeys commands (the patient does simple things as asked)

text: Interpretation[edit]

text: Individual elements as well as the sum of the score are important. Hence, the score is expressed in the form "GCS 9 = E2 V4 M3 at 07:35".

text: Generally, brain injury is classified as:

text:
Severe, GCS < 8–9
Moderate, GCS 8 or 9–12 (controversial)[5]
Minor, GCS ≥ 13.

tag: ul

text: Tracheal intubation and severe facial/eye swelling or damage make it impossible to test the verbal and eye responses. In these circumstances, the score is given as 1 with a modifier attached (e.g. "E1c", where "c" = closed, or "V1t" where t = tube). Often the 1 is left out, so the scale reads Ec or Vt. A composite might be "GCS 5tc". This would mean, for example, eyes closed because of swelling = 1, intubated = 1, leaving a motor score of 3 for "abnormal flexion".

text: The GCS has limited applicability to children, especially below the age of 36 months (where the verbal performance of even a healthy child would be expected to be poor). Consequently, the Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale was developed for assessing younger children.

text: Revisions[edit]

text:
Glasgow Coma Scale: While the 15-point scale is the predominant one in use, this is in fact a modification and is more correctly referred to as the Modified Glasgow Coma Scale. The original scale was a 14-point scale, omitting the category of "abnormal flexion". Some centres still use this older scale, but most (including the Glasgow unit where the original work was done) have adopted the modified one.
The Rappaport Coma/Near Coma Scale made other changes.
Meredith W., Rutledge R, Fakhry SM, EMery S, Kromhout-Schiro S have proposed calculating the verbal score based on the measurable eye and motor responses.
The most widespread revision has been the Simplified Motor and Verbal Scales which shorten the respective sections of the GCS without loss of accuracy.[6]
The GCS for intubated patients is scored out of 10 as the verbal component falls away

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The GCS has come under pressure from some researchers who take issue with the scale's poor inter-rater reliability and lack of prognostic utility.[7] Although there is no agreed-upon alternative, newer scores such as the Simplified motor scale and FOUR score have also been developed as improvements to the GCS.[8] Although the inter-rater reliability of these newer scores has been slightly higher than that of the GCS, they have not gained consensus as replacements.[9]


document_title: List of Dewey Decimal classes

question_text: where do biographies go in the dewey decimal system

text: List of Dewey Decimal classes

text: Class 000 – Computer science, information & general works[edit]

text:
000 Computer science, knowledge & systems

000 Computer science, information & general works
001 Knowledge
002 The book (writing, libraries, and book related topics)
003 Systems
004 Data processing & computer science
005 Computer programming, programs & data
006 Special computer methods
007-009 [Unassigned]

010 Bibliographies

010 Bibliography
011 Bibliographies
012 Bibliographies of individuals
013 [Unassigned]
014 Bibliographies of anonymous & pseudonymous works
015 Bibliographies of works from specific places
016 Bibliographies of works on specific subjects
017 General subject catalogs
018 Catalogs arranged by author, date, etc.
019 Dictionary catalogs

020 Library & information sciences

020 Library & information sciences
021 Library relationships (with archives, information centers, etc.)
022 Administration of physical plant
023 Personnel management
024 [Unassigned]
025 Library operations
026 Libraries for specific subjects
027 General libraries
028 Reading & use of other information media
029 [Unassigned]

030 Encyclopedias & books of facts

030 General encyclopedic works
031 Encyclopedias in American English
032 Encyclopedias in English
033 Encyclopedias in other Germanic languages
034 Encyclopedias in French, Occitan, and Catalan
035 Encyclopedias in Italian, Romanian, and related languages
036 Encyclopedias in Spanish & Portuguese
037 Encyclopedias in Slavic languages
038 Encyclopedias in Scandinavian languages
039 Encyclopedias in other languages

040 Unassigned (formerly Biographies)
050 Magazines, journals & serials

050 General serial publications
051 Serials in American English
052 Serials in English
053 Serials in other Germanic languages
054 Serials in French, Occitan, and Catalan
055 Serials in Italian, Romanian, and related languages
056 Serials in Spanish & Portuguese
057 Serials in Slavic languages
058 Serials in Scandinavian languages
059 Serials in other languages

060 Associations, organizations & museums

060 General organizations & museum science
061 Organizations in North America
062 Organizations in British Isles; in England
063 Organizations in central Europe; in Germany
064 Organizations in France & Monaco
065 Organizations in Italy & adjacent islands
066 Organizations in Iberian peninsula & adjacent islands
067 Organizations in eastern Europe; in Russia
068 Organizations in other geographic areas
069 Museum science

070 News media, journalism & publishing

070 News media, journalism, and publishing
071 Newspapers in North America
072 Newspapers in British Isles; in England
073 Newspapers in central Europe; in Germany
074 Newspapers in France & Monaco
075 Newspapers in Italy & adjacent islands
076 Newspapers in Iberian peninsula & adjacent islands
077 Newspapers in eastern Europe; in Russia
078 Newspapers in Scandinavia
079 Newspapers in other geographic areas

080 Quotations

080 General collections
081 Collections in American English
082 Collections in English
083 Collections in other Germanic languages
084 Collections in French, Occitan, Catalan
085 Collections in Italian, Romanian, & related languages
086 Collections in Spanish & Portuguese
087 Collections in Slavic languages
088 Collections in Scandinavian languages
089 Collections in other languages

090 Manuscripts & rare books

090 Manuscripts and rare books
091 Manuscripts
092 Block books
093 Incunabula
094 Printed books
095 Books notable for bindings
096 Books notable for illustrations
097 Books notable for ownership or origin
098 Prohibited works, forgeries, and hoaxes
099 Books notable for format

text: Class 100 – Philosophy & psychology[edit]

text:
100 Philosophy

100 Philosophy & psychology
101 Theory of philosophy
102 Miscellany
103 Dictionaries & encyclopedias
104 [Unassigned]
105 Serial publications
106 Organizations & management
107 Education, research, related topics of philosophy
108 Groups of people
109 History & collected biography

110 Metaphysics

110 Metaphysics
111 Ontology
112 No longer used—formerly Methodology
113 Cosmology (Philosophy of nature)
114 Space
115 Time
116 Change
117 Structure
118 Force and energy
119 Number and quantity

120 Epistemology

120 Epistemology, causation, and humankind
121 Epistemology (Theory of knowledge)
122 Causation
123 Determinism and indeterminism
124 Teleology
125 No longer used—formerly Infinity
126 The self
127 The unconscious & the subconscious
128 Humankind
129 Origin & destiny of individual souls

130 Parapsychology & occultism

130 Parapsychology & occultism
131 Parapsychological and occult methods for achieving well-being, happiness, success
132 No longer used—formerly Mental derangements
133 Specific topics in parapsychology & occultism
134 No longer used—formerly Mesmerism & Clairvoyance
135 Dreams & mysteries
136 No longer used—formerly Mental characteristics
137 Divinatory graphology
138 Physiognomy
139 Phrenology

140 Philosophical schools of thought

140 Specific philosophical schools and viewpoints
141 Idealism & related systems & doctrines
142 Critical philosophy
143 Bergsonism & intuitionism
144 Humanism & related systems & doctrines
145 Sensationalism
146 Naturalism & related systems & doctrines
147 Pantheism & related systems & doctrines
148 Dogmatism, eclecticism, liberalism, syncretism, & traditionalism
149 Other philosophical systems & doctrines

150 Psychology

150 Psychology
151 No longer used—formerly Intellect
152 Sensory perception, movement, emotions, & physiological drives
153 Conscious mental processes & intelligence
154 Subconscious & altered states & processes
155 Differential & developmental psychology
156 Comparative psychology
157 No longer used—formerly Emotions
158 Applied psychology
159 No longer used—formerly Will

160 Philosophical logic

160 Philosophical logic
161 Induction
162 Deduction
163-164 Not assigned or no longer used
165 Fallacies & sources of error
166 Syllogisms
167 Hypotheses
168 Argument & persuasion
169 Analogy

170 Ethics

170 Ethics (Moral philosophy)
171 Ethical systems
172 Political ethics
173 Ethics of family relationships
174 Occupational ethics
175 Ethics of recreation, leisure, public performances, communication
176 Ethics of sex & reproduction
177 Ethics of social relations
178 Ethics of consumption
179 Other ethical norms

180 Ancient, medieval, & Eastern philosophy

180 Ancient, medieval, eastern philosophy
181 Eastern philosophy
182 Pre-Socratic Greek philosophies
183 Sophistic, Socratic, related Greek philosophies
184 Platonic philosophy
185 Aristotelian philosophy
186 Skeptic & Neoplatonic philosophies
187 Epicurean philosophy
188 Stoic philosophy
189 Medieval Western philosophy

190 Modern Western philosophy (19th-century, 20th-century)

190 Modern Western & other noneastern philosophy
191 Philosophy of the United States and Canada
192 Philosophy of the British Isles
193 Philosophy of Germany and Austria
194 Philosophy of France
195 Philosophy of Italy
196 Philosophy of Spain and Portugal
197 Philosophy of Russia
198 Philosophy of Scandinavia & Finland
199 Philosophy in other geographic areas

text: Class 200 – Religion[edit]

text:
200 Religion

200 Religion
201 Religious mythology, general classes of religion, interreligious relations and attitudes, social theology
202 Doctrines
203 Public worship and other practices
204 Religious experience, life, practice
205 Religious ethics
206 Leaders and organization
207 Missions and religious education
208 Sources
209 Sects and reform movements

210 Philosophy & theory of religion

210 Philosophy & theory of religion
211 Concepts of God
212 Existence, ways of knowing God, attributes of God
213 Creation
214 Theodicy
215 Science & religion
216 No longer used—formerly Evil
217 No longer used—formerly Prayer
218 Humankind
219 No longer used—formerly Analogies

220 The Bible

220 Bible
221 Old Testament (Tanakh)
222 Historical books of Old Testament
223 Poetic books of Old Testament
224 Prophetic books of Old Testament
225 New Testament
226 Gospels & Acts
227 Epistles
228 Revelation (Apocalypse)
229 Apocrypha, pseudepigrapha, & intertestamental works

230 Christianity

230 Christianity
231 God
232 Jesus Christ & his family
233 Humankind
234 Salvation & grace
235 Spiritual beings
236 Eschatology
237 No longer used—formerly Future state
238 Creeds, confessions of faith, covenants, & catechisms
239 Apologetics & polemics

240 Christian practice & observance

240 Christian moral and devotional theology
241 Christian ethics
242 Devotional literature
243 Evangelistic writings for individuals and families
244 No longer used—formerly Religious fiction
245 No longer used—formerly Hymnology
246 Use of art in Christianity
247 Church furnishings & related articles
248 Christian experience, practice, life
249 Christian observances in family life

250 Christian orders & local church

250 Local Christian church and Christian religious orders
251 Preaching (Homiletics)
252 Texts of sermons
253 Pastoral office and work (Pastoral theology)
254 Parish administration
255 Religious congregations & orders
256 No longer used—formerly Religious societies
257 No longer used—formerly Parochial schools, libraries, etc.
258 No longer used—formerly Parochial medicine
259 Pastoral care of families, of specific groups of people

260 Social & ecclesiastical theology

260 Christian social and ecclesiastical theology
261 Social theology and interreligious relations and attitudes
262 Ecclesiology
263 Days, times, places of religious observance
264 Public worship
265 Sacraments, other rites & acts
266 Missions
267 Associations for religious work
268 Religious education
269 Spiritual renewal

270 History of Christianity

270 History, geographic treatment, biography of Christianity
271 Religious congregations and orders in church history
272 Persecutions in church history
273 Doctrinal controversies and heresies in general church history
274 Christianity in Europe
275 Christianity in Asia
276 Christianity in Africa
277 Christianity in North America
278 Christianity in South America
279 History of Christianity in other areas

280 Christian denominations

280 Denominations and sects of Christian church
281 Early church & Eastern churches
282 Roman Catholic Church
283 Anglican churches
284 Protestant denominations of Continental origin & related body
285 Presbyterian churches, Reformed churches centered in America, Congregational churches
286 Baptist, Restoration Movement, Adventist churches
287 Methodist churches; churches related to Methodism
288 No longer used—formerly Unitarian
289 Other denominations & sects

290 Other religions

290 Other religions
291 No longer used—formerly Comparative religion
292 Classical religion (Greek & Roman religion)
293 Germanic religion
294 Religions of Indic origin
295 Zoroastrianism (Mazdaism, Parseeism)
296 Judaism
297 Islam, Bábism & Bahá'í Faith
298 No longer used—formerly Mormonism
299 Religions not provided for elsewhere

text: Class 300 – Social sciences[edit]

text:
300 Social sciences, sociology & anthropology

300 Social sciences
301 Sociology & anthropology
302 Social interaction
303 Social processes
304 Factors affecting social behavior
305 Groups of people
306 Culture & institutions
307 Communities
308 No longer used—formerly Polygraphy
309 No longer used—formerly History of sociology

310 Statistics

310 Collections of general statistics
311 No longer used—formerly Theory and methods
312 No longer used—formerly Population
313 No longer used—formerly Special topics
314 General statistics of Europe
315 General statistics of Asia
316 General statistics of Africa
317 General statistics of North America
318 General statistics of South America
319 General statistics of Australasia, Pacific Ocean islands, Atlantic Ocean islands, Arctic islands, Antarctica

320 Political science

320 Political science (Politics & government)
321 Systems of governments & states
322 Relation of state to organized groups & their members
323 Civil & political rights
324 The political process
325 International migration & colonization
326 Slavery & emancipation
327 International relations
328 The legislative process
329 Not assigned or no longer used

330 Economics

330 Economics
331 Labor economics
332 Financial economics
333 Economics of land & energy
334 Cooperatives
335 Socialism & related systems
336 Public finance
337 International economics
338 Production
339 Macroeconomics & related topics

340 Law

340 Law
341 Law of nations
342 Constitutional & administrative law
343 Military, defense, public property, public finance, tax, commerce (trade), industrial law
344 Labor, social service, education, cultural law
345 Criminal law
346 Private law
347 Procedure & courts
348 Laws, regulations, cases
349 Law of specific jurisdictions, areas, socioeconomic regions, regional intergovernmental organizations

350 Public administration & military science

350 Public administration & military science
351 Public administration
352 General considerations of public administration
353 Specific fields of public administration
354 Public administration of economy & environment
355 Military science
356 Foot forces & warfare
357 Mounted forces & warfare
358 Air & other specialized forces & warfare; engineering & related services
359 Sea forces & warfare

360 Social problems & social services

360 Social problems & services; associations
361 Social problems & services
362 Social problems of & services to groups of people
363 Other social problems & services
364 Criminology
365 Penal & related institutions
366 Secret associations & societies
367 General clubs
368 Insurance
369 Associations

370 Education

370 Education
371 Schools & their activities; special education
372 Primary education (elementary education)
373 Secondary education
374 Adult education
375 Curricula
376 No longer used—formerly Education of women
377 No longer used—formerly Ethical education
378 Higher education (Tertiary education)
379 Public policy issues in education

380 Commerce, communications, & transportation

380 Commerce, communications, transportation
381 Commerce (Trade)
382 International commerce (Foreign trade)
383 Postal communication
384 Communications
385 Railroad transportation
386 Inland waterway & ferry transportation
387 Water, air, space transportation
388 Transportation
389 Metrology & standardization

390 Customs, etiquette, & folklore

390 Customs, etiquette, folklore
391 Costume & personal appearance
392 Customs of life cycle & domestic life
393 Death customs
394 General customs
395 Etiquette (Manners)
396 No longer used—formerly Women's position and treatment
397 No longer used—formerly outcast studies
398 Folklore
399 Customs of war & diplomacy

text: Class 400 – Language[edit]

text:
400 Language

400 Language
401 Philosophy & theory; international languages
402 Miscellany
403 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances
404 Special topics of language
405 Serial publications
406 Organizations & management
407 Education, research, related topics
408 Groups of people
409 Geographic treatment & biography

410 Linguistics

410 Linguistics
411 Writing systems of standard forms of languages
412 Etymology of standard forms of languages
413 Dictionaries of standard forms of languages
414 Phonology & phonetics of standard forms of languages
415 Grammar of standard forms of languages
416 No longer used—formerly Prosody
417 Dialectology & historical linguistics
418 Standard usage (Prescriptive linguistics)
419 Sign languages

420 English & Old English languages

420 English & Old English (Anglo-Saxon)
421 Writing system, phonology, phonetics of standard English
422 Etymology of standard English
423 Dictionaries of standard English
424 No longer used—formerly English thesauruses
425 Grammar of standard English
426 No longer used—formerly English prosodies
427 Historical & geographical variations, modern nongeographic variations of English
428 Standard English usage (Prescriptive linguistics)
429 Old English (Anglo-Saxon)

430 German & related languages

430 German and related languages
431 Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of standard German
432 Etymology of standard German
433 Dictionaries of standard German
434 Not assigned or no longer used
435 Grammar of standard German
436 Not assigned or no longer used
437 Historical & geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of German
438 Standard German usage (Prescriptive linguistics)
439 Other Germanic languages

440 French & related languages

440 French & related Romance languages
441 Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of standard French
442 Etymology of standard French
443 Dictionaries of standard French
444 Not assigned or no longer used
445 Grammar of standard French
446 Not assigned or no longer used
447 Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of French
448 Standard French usage (Prescriptive linguistics)
449 Occitan Catalan, Franco-Provençal

450 Italian, Romanian, & related languages

450 Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican
451 Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of standard Italian
452 Etymology of standard Italian
453 Dictionaries of standard Italian
454 Not assigned or no longer used
455 Grammar of standard Italian
456 Not assigned or no longer used
457 Historical & geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of Italian
458 Standard Italian usage (Prescriptive linguistics)
459 Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican

460 Spanish, Portuguese, Galician

460 Spanish, Portuguese, Galician
461 Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of standard Spanish
462 Etymology of standard Spanish
463 Dictionaries of standard Spanish
464 Not assigned or no longer used
465 Grammar of standard Spanish
466 Not assigned or no longer used
467 Historical & geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of Spanish
468 Standard Spanish usage (Prescriptive linguistics)
469 Portuguese

470 Latin & Italic languages

470 Latin & related Italic languages
471 Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of classical Latin
472 Etymology of classical Latin
473 Dictionaries of classical Latin
474 Not assigned or no longer used
475 Grammar of classical Latin
476 Not assigned or no longer used
477 Old, postclassical, Vulgar Latin
478 Classical Latin usage (Prescriptive linguistics)
479 Other Italic languages

480 Classical & modern Greek languages

480 Classical Greek & related Hellenic languages
481 Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of classical Greek
482 Etymology of classical Greek
483 Dictionaries of classical Greek
484 Not assigned or no longer used
485 Grammar of classical Greek
486 Not assigned or no longer used
487 Preclassical & postclassical Greek
488 Classical Greek usage (Prescriptive linguistics)
489 Other Hellenic languages

490 Other languages

490 Other languages
491 East Indo-European & Celtic languages
492 Afro-Asiatic languages
493 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages
494 Altic, Uralic, Hyperborean, Dravidian languages, miscellaneous languages of south Asia
495 Languages of East & Southeast Asia
496 African languages
497 North American native languages
498 South American native languages
499 Non-Austronesian languages of Oceania, Austronesian languages, miscellaneous languages

text: Class 500 – Science[edit]

text:
500 Science

500 Natural sciences & mathematics
501 Philosophy & theory
502 Miscellany
503 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances
504 Not assigned or no longer used
505 Serial publications
506 Organizations & management
507 Education, research, related topics
508 Natural history
509 History, geographic treatment, biography

510 Mathematics

510 Mathematics
511 General principles of mathematics
512 Algebra
513 Arithmetic
514 Topology
515 Analysis
516 Geometry
517 Not assigned or no longer used
518 Numerical analysis
519 Probabilities & applied mathematics

520 Astronomy

520 Astronomy & allied sciences
521 Celestial mechanics
522 Techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials
523 Specific celestial bodies & phenomena
524 Not assigned or no longer used
525 Earth (Astronomical geography)
526 Mathematical geography
527 Celestial navigation
528 Ephemerides
529 Chronology

530 Physics

530 Physics
531 Classical mechanics
532 Fluid mechanics
533 Pneumatics (Gas mechanics)
534 Sound & related vibrations
535 Light & related radiation
536 Heat
537 Electricity & electronics
538 Magnetism
539 Modern physics

540 Chemistry

540 Chemistry & allied sciences
541 Physical chemistry
542 Techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials
543 Analytical chemistry
544 No longer used-formerly Qualitative analysis
545 No longer used-formerly Quantitative analysis
546 Inorganic chemistry
547 Organic chemistry
548 Crystallography
549 Mineralogy

550 Earth sciences & geology

550 Earth sciences
551 Geology, hydrology, meteorology
552 Petrology
553 Economic geology
554 Earth sciences of Europe
555 Earth sciences of Asia
556 Earth sciences of Africa
557 Earth sciences of North America
558 Earth sciences of South America
559 Earth sciences of Australasia, Pacific Ocean islands, Atlantic Ocean islands, Arctic islands, Antarctica, extraterrestrial worlds

560 Fossils & prehistoric life

560 Paleontology
561 Paleobotany; fossil microorganisms
562 Fossil invertebrates
563 Miscellaneous fossil marine & seashore invertebrates
564 Fossil Mollusca & Molluscoidea
565 Fossil Arthropoda
566 Fossil Chordata
567 Fossil cold-blooded vertebrates
568 Fossil Aves (birds)
569 Fossil Mammalia

570 Biology

570 Biology
571 Physiology & related subjects
572 Biochemistry
573 Specific physiological systems in animals, regional histology & physiology in animals
574 Not assigned or no longer used
575 Specific parts of & physiological systems in plants
576 Genetics and evolution
577 Ecology
578 Natural history of organisms & related subjects
579 Natural history of microorganisms, fungi, algae

580 Plants

580 Plants
581 Specific topics in natural history of plants
582 Plants noted for specific vegetative characteristics and flowers
583 Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledones)
584 Liliopsida (Monocotyledones)
585 Pinophyta (Gymnosperms)
586 Cryptogamia (Seedless plants)
587 Pteridophyta
588 Bryophyta
589 No longer used-formerly Forestry

590 Animals (Zoology)

590 Animals
591 Specific topics in natural history of animals
592 Invertebrates
593 Miscellaneous marine & seashore invertebrates
594 Mollusca & Molluscoidea
595 Arthropoda
596 Chordata
597 Cold-blooded vertebrates
598 Aves (Birds)
599 Mammalia (Mammals)

text: Class 600 – Technology[edit]

text:
600 Technology

600 Technology (Applied sciences)
601 Philosophy & theory
602 Miscellany
603 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances
604 Technical drawing, hazardous materials technology; groups of people
605 Serial publications
606 Organizations
607 Education, research, related topics
608 Patents
609 History, geographic treatment, biography

610 Medicine & health

610 Medicine & health

610.3 Medical encyclopedias
610.6 Medical organizations & professions
610.72 Medical research
610.9 Geography and history of medicine

611 Human anatomy, cytology, histology

611.2 Respiratory (lung, respiratory system)
611.3 Gastrointestinal (dental anatomy)
611.6 Genitourinary (genital system)
611.7 Musculoskeletal (seed coat)
611.8 Anatomy of the sense organs and nervous system

611.82 Anatomy of the brain

611.9 Topographic anatomy (back)

612 Human physiology
613 Personal health & safety

613.023 Professions hygiene and health
613.1 Role of the natural environment
613.2 Diet (food hygiene, nutrition, diet, nutritional value of food and beverages)
613.4 Cleanliness Care (hygiene and personal cleanliness, personal care)
613.5 Role of unnatural environment (housing, housing, temperature)
613.6

613.62 Hygiene in the business (industrial hygiene)
613.66 Self Defense

613.7 Condition physique (bodybuilding, fitness, forme physique)[4]

613.7046 Hatha yoga, yoga physique[5]
613.71 Exercising, sports (aerobics, sauna, appearance surveillance and physical form)[6]
613.79 Relaxation, sleep[7]

614 Forensic medicine; incidence of injuries, wounds, disease; public preventive medicine
615 Pharmacology and therapeutics
616 Diseases
617 Surgery, regional medicine, dentistry, ophthalmology, otology, audiology
618 Gynecology, obstetrics, pediatrics, geriatrics
619 No longer used-formerly Experimental medicine

620 Engineering

620 Engineering & Applied operations
621 Applied physics
622 Mining & related operations
623 Military & nautical engineering
624 Civil engineering
625 Engineering of railroads, roads
626 Not assigned or no longer used
627 Hydraulic engineering
628 Sanitary engineering
629 Other branches of engineering

630 Agriculture

630 Agriculture & related technologies
631 Specific techniques; apparatus, equipment, materials
632 Plant injuries, diseases, pests
633 Field & plantation crops
634 Orchards, fruits, forestry
635 Garden crops (Horticulture)
636 Animal husbandry
637 Processing dairy & related products
638 Insect culture
639 Hunting, fishing, conservation, related technologies

640 Home & family management

640 Home & family management
641 Food & drink
642 Meals & table service
643 Housing & household equipment
644 Household utilities
645 Household furnishings
646 Sewing, clothing, management of personal and family life
647 Management of public households (Institutional housekeeping)
648 Housekeeping
649 Child rearing; home care of people with disabilities & illnesses

650 Management & public relations

650 Management & auxiliary services
651 Office services
652 Processes of written communication
653 Shorthand
654-656 Not assigned or no longer used
657 Accounting
658 General management
659 Advertising & public relations

660 Chemical engineering

660 Chemical engineering & related technologies
661 Technology of industrial chemicals
662 Technology of explosives, fuels, related products
663 Beverage technology
664 Food technology
665 Technology of industrial oils, fats, waxes, gases
666 Ceramic & allied technologies
667 Cleaning, color, coating, related technologies
668 Technology of other organic products
669 Metallurgy

670 Manufacturing

670 Manufacturing
671 Metalworking processes & primary metal products
672 Iron, steel, other iron alloys
673 Nonferrous metals
674 Lumber processing, wood products, cork
675 Leather & fur processing
676 Pulp & paper technology
677 Textiles
678 Elastomers & elastomer products
679 Other products of specific kinds of materials

680 Manufacture for specific uses

680 Manufacture of products for specific uses
681 Precision instruments & other devices
682 Small forge work (Blacksmithing)
683 Hardware & household appliances
684 Furnishings & home workshops
685 Leather & fur goods, & related products
686 Printing & related activities
687 Clothing & accessories
688 Other final products, & packaging technology
689 Not assigned or no longer used

690 Construction of buildings

690 Construction of buildings
691 Building materials
692 Auxiliary construction practices
693 Construction in specific types of materials & for specific purposes
694 Wood construction
695 Roof covering
696 Utilities
697 Heating, ventilating, air-conditioning engineering
698 Detail finishing
699 Not assigned or no longer used

text: Class 700 – Arts & recreation[edit]

text:
700 Arts

700 The Arts
701 Philosophy & theory of fine & decorative arts
702 Miscellany of fine & decorative arts
703 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances of fine & decorative arts
704 Special topics in fine & decorative arts
705 Serial publications of fine & decorative arts
706 Organizations & management of fine & decorative arts
707 Education, research, related topics of fine & decorative arts
708 Galleries, museums, private collections of fine & decorative arts
709 History, geographic treatment, biography

710 Area planning & landscape architecture

710 Area planning & landscape architecture
711 Area planning (Civic art)
712 Landscape architecture (Landscape design)
713 Landscape architecture of trafficways
714 Water features in landscape architecture
715 Woody plants in landscape architecture
716 Herbaceous plants in landscape architecture
717 Structures in landscape architecture
718 Landscape design of cemeteries
719 Natural landscapes

720 Architecture

720 Architecture
721 Architectural materials & structural elements
722 Architecture from earliest times to ca. 300
723 Architecture from ca. 300 to 1399
724 Architecture from 1400
725 Public structures
726 Buildings for religious & related purposes
727 Buildings for educational & research purposes
728 Residential & related buildings
729 Design & decoration of structures & accessories

730 Sculpture, ceramics, & metalwork

730 Sculpture & related arts
731 Processes, forms, subjects of sculpture
732 Sculpture from earliest times to ca. 500, sculpture of nonliterate peoples
733 Greek, Etruscan, Roman sculpture
734 Sculpture from ca. 500 to 1399
735 Sculpture from 1400
736 Carving & carvings
737 Numismatics & sigillography
738 Ceramic arts
739 Art metalwork

740 Graphic arts & decorative arts

740 Graphic arts
741 Drawing & drawings
742 Perspective in drawing
743 Drawing & drawings by subject
744 Not assigned or no longer used
745 Decorative arts
746 Textile arts
747 Interior decoration
748 Glass
749 Furniture & accessories

750 Painting

750 Painting & paintings
751 Techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials, forms
752 Color
753 Symbolism, allegory, mythology, legend
754 Genre paintings
755 Religion
756 Not assigned or no longer used
757 Human figures
758 Nature, architectural subjects & cityscapes, other specific subjects
759 History, geographic treatment, biography

760 Printmaking & prints

760 Printmaking & prints
761 Relief processes (Block printing)
762 Not assigned or no longer used
763 Lithographic processes (Planographic processes)
764 Chromolithography & serigraphy
765 Metal engraving
766 Mezzotinting, aquatinting, & related processes
767 Etching & drypoint
768 Not assigned or no longer used
769 Prints

770 Photography, computer art, film, video

770 Photography, computer art, cinematography, videography
771 Techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials
772 Metallic salt processes
773 Pigment processes of printing
774 No longer used-formerly Holography
775 No longer used-formerly Digital photography
776 Computer art (Digital art)
777 Cinematography & Videography
778 Specific fields & special kinds of photography
779 Photographic images

780 Music

780 Music
781 General principles & musical forms
782 Vocal music
783 Music for single voices
784 Instruments & Instrumental ensembles & their music
785 Ensembles with only one instrument per part
786 Keyboard, mechanical, electrophonic, percussion instruments
787 Stringed instruments (Chordophones)
788 Wind instruments (Aerophones)
789 Not assigned or no longer used

790 Sports, games & entertainment

790 Recreational & performing arts
791 Public performances
792 Stage presentations
793 Indoor games & amusements
794 Indoor games of skill
795 Games of chance
796 Athletic & outdoor sports & games
797 Aquatic & air sports
798 Equestrian sports & animal racing
799 Fishing, hunting, shooting

text: Class 800 – Literature[edit]

text:
800 Literature, rhetoric & criticism

800 Literature (Belles-lettres) & rhetoric
801 Philosophy & theory
802 Miscellany
803 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances
804 Not assigned or no longer used
805 Serial publications
806 Organizations & management
807 Education, research, related topics
808 Rhetoric & collections of literary texts from more than two literatures
809 History, description, critical appraisal of more than two literatures

810 American literature in English

810 American literature in English
811 American poetry in English
812 American drama in English
813 American fiction in English
814 American essays in English
815 American speeches in English
816 American letters in English
817 American humor & satire in English
818 American miscellaneous writings in English
819 No longer used-formerly Puzzle activities

820 English & Old English literatures

820 English & Old English (Anglo-Saxon) literatures
821 English Poetry
822 English drama
823 English fiction
824 English essays
825 English speeches
826 English letters
827 English humor & satire
828 English miscellaneous writings
829 Old English (Anglo-Saxon) literature

830 German & related literatures

830 German literature & literatures of related languages
831 German poetry
832 German drama
833 German fiction
834 German essays
835 German speeches
836 German letters
837 German humor & satire
838 German miscellaneous writings
839 Other Germanic literatures

840 French & related literatures

840 French literature & literatures of related Romance languages
841 French poetry
842 French drama
843 French fiction
844 French essays
845 French speeches
846 French letters
847 French humor & satire
848 French miscellaneous writings
849 Occitan, Catalan, Franco-Provençal literatures

850 Italian, Romanian, & related literatures

850 Literatures of Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican languages
851 Italian poetry
852 Italian drama
853 Italian fiction
854 Italian essays
855 Italian speeches
856 Italian letters
857 Italian humor & satire
858 Italian miscellaneous writings
859 Literatures of Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican languages

860 Spanish, Portuguese, Galician literatures

860 Literatures of Spanish, Portuguese, Galician languages
861 Spanish poetry
862 Spanish drama
863 Spanish fiction
864 Spanish essays
865 Spanish speeches
866 Spanish letters
867 Spanish humor & satire
868 Spanish miscellaneous writings
869 Literatures of Portuguese & Galician languages

870 Latin & Italic literatures

870 Latin literature & literatures of related Italic languages
871 Latin poetry
872 Latin dramatic poetry & drama
873 Latin epic poetry & fiction
874 Latin lyric poetry
875 Latin speeches
876 Latin letters
877 Latin humor & satire
878 Latin miscellaneous writings
879 Literatures of other Italic languages

880 Classical & modern Greek literatures

880 Classical Greek literature & literatures of related Hellenic languages
881 Classical Greek poetry
882 Classical Greek drama
883 Classical Greek epic poetry & fiction
884 Classical Greek lyric poetry
885 Classical Greek speeches
886 Classical Greek letters
887 Classical Greek humor & satire
888 Classical Greek miscellaneous writings
889 Modern Greek literature

890 Other literatures

890 Literatures of other specific languages and language families
891 East Indo-European & Celtic literatures
892 Afro-Asiatic literatures
893 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic literatures
894 Literatures of Altaic, Uralic, Hyperborean, Dravidian languages; literatures of miscellaneous languages of Southeast Asia
895 Literatures of East & Southeast Asia
896 African literatures
897 Literatures of North American native languages
898 Literatures of South American native languages
899 Literatures of non-Austronesian languages of Oceania, of Austronesian languages, of miscellaneous languages

text: Class 900 – History & geography[edit]

text:
900 History

900 History, geography, & auxiliary disciplines
901 Philosophy & theory of history
902 Miscellany of history
903 Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances of history
904 Collected accounts of events
905 Serial publications of history
906 Organizations & management of history
907 Education, research, related topics of history
908 History with respect to groups of people
909 World history

910 Geography & travel

910 Geography & travel
911 Historical geography
912 Graphic representations of surface of earth and of extraterrestrial worlds
913 Geography of & travel in ancient world
914 Geography of & travel in Europe
915 Geography of & travel in Asia
916 Geography of & travel in Africa
917 Geography of & travel in North America
918 Geography of & travel in South America
919 Geography of & travel in Australasia, Pacific Ocean islands, Atlantic Ocean islands, Arctic islands, Antarctica, & on extraterrestrial worlds

920 Biography & genealogy

920 Biography, genealogy, insignia
921-928 This range is reserved as an optional location for biographies, which are shelved alphabetically by subject's last name.
929 Genealogy, names, insignia

930 History of ancient world (to ca. 499)

930 History of ancient world to ca. 499
931 China to 420
932 Egypt to 640
933 Palestine to 70
934 South Asia to 647
935 Mesopotamia to 637 & Iranian Plateau to 637
936 Europe north & west of Italian Peninsula to ca. 499
937 Italian Peninsula to 476 & adjacent territories to 476
938 Greece to 323
939 Other parts of ancient world

940 History of Europe

940 History of Europe
941 British Isles
942 England & Wales
943 Germany & neighboring central European countries
944 France & Monaco
945 Italy, San Marino, Vatican City, Malta
946 Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar, Portugal
947 Russia & neighboring east European countries
948 Scandinavia
949 Other parts of Europe

950 History of Asia

950 History of Asia
951 China & adjacent areas
952 Japan
953 Arabian Peninsula & adjacent areas
954 India & neighboring south Asian countries;
955 Iran
956 Middle East (Near East)
957 Siberia (Asiatic Russia)
958 Central Asia
959 Southeast Asia

960 History of Africa

960 History of Africa
961 Tunisia & Libya
962 Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan
963 Ethiopia & Eritrea
964 Morocco, Ceuta, Melilla Western Sahara, Canary Islands
965 Algeria
966 West Africa & offshore islands
967 Central Africa & offshore islands
968 Republic of South Africa & neighboring southern African countries
969 South Indian Ocean islands

970 History of North America

970 History of North America
971 Canada
972 Mexico, Central America, West Indies, Bermuda
973 United States
974 Northeastern United States (New England & Middle Atlantic states)
975 Southeastern United States (South Atlantic states)
976 South central United States
977 North central United States
978 Western United States
979 Great Basin & Pacific Slope region of United States

980 History of South America

980 History of South America
981 Brazil
982 Argentina
983 Chile
984 Bolivia
985 Peru
986 Colombia & Ecuador
987 Venezuela
988 Guiana
989 Paraguay & Uruguay

990 History of other areas

990 History of Australasia, Pacific Ocean islands, Atlantic Ocean islands, Arctic islands, Antarctica, extraterrestrial worlds
991-992 Not assigned or no longer used
993 New Zealand
994 Australia
995 New Guinea & neighboring countries of Melanesia
996 Polynesia & other Pacific Ocean islands
997 Atlantic Ocean islands
998 Arctic islands & Antarctica
999 Extraterrestrial worlds


document_title: List of US Open men's singles champions

question_text: who has the most us open tennis titles

question_tokens: who has the most us open tennis titles

text: List of US Open men's singles champions

text: History[edit]

text: The men's singles' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition. From 1884 to 1911, the event started with a knockout phase, the All-Comers singles, whose winner faced the defending champion in a challenge round. The All-Comers winner was awarded the title six times (1888, 1893, 1898, 1901, 1904, 1907) in the absence of the previous year's champion. The challenge round system was abolished with the 1912 edition.[7] Since 1881, all matches but the All-Comers final and the challenge round were played as the best-of-three sets, before the event switched to best-of-five for all rounds in 1886. Best-two-out-of-three-sets matches were reintroduced for early rounds in 1917, from 1943 to 1945, and from 1975 to 1978.[7] Before 1884, the winner of the next game at five-games–all took the set in every match except the All-Comers final and the challenge round, which were won by the player who had at least six games and at least two games more than his opponent. This advantage format was introduced for the final sets of early rounds in 1884, and used for all sets in all rounds from 1887 to 1969.[7] The tie-break system was introduced in 1970 for all sets, in its best-of-nine points sudden death version until 1974, and in its best-of-13 points lingering death version since 1975.[7][4][8] In addition, the US Open is the only slam to have a fifth set tie-break, which has never occurred in the final since the tie-break was instituted.[9]

text: The court surface changed twice, from grass (1881–1974), to Har-Tru clay (1975–1977), to DecoTurf hard courts, since 1978.[10] The only man to win on all three surfaces, which are grass, Har-Tru clay, and DecoTurf hard was Jimmy Connors.

text: The champion receives a full-size replica of the event's trophy engraved with his name.[11] In 2010, the winner received prize money of US$1,700,000.[12] A bonus pool of $1,000,000 is also to US Open champions who have clinched the first place of the US Open Series.[13]

text: In the U.S. National Championships, Richard Sears (1881–1887), William Larned (1901–1902, 1907–1911) and Bill Tilden (1920–1925, 1929) hold the record for most titles in the men's singles, with seven victories each. Four of Sears' wins and all of Larned's, came within the challenge round format, and they won respectively only thrice and twice after going through a complete draw. Sears also holds the all-time record for most consecutive titles, with seven from (1881 to 1887); the first win came when the event was closed to foreign participants. Without the challenge round, the record stands at six, and is held by Tilden (1920–1925).[3]

text: During the US Open, since the inclusion of the professional tennis players, Jimmy Connors (1974, 1976, 1978, 1982–1983), Pete Sampras (1990, 1993, 1995–1996, 2002), and Roger Federer (2004–2008) have won the most championships, with five titles. Federer has had the most consecutive wins, with five (2004–2008).[3]

text: Champions[edit]

text:
Regular competition

USNLTA clubs members only event *

All Comers' winner, Challenge round winner ‡

Defending champion, Challenge round winner †

All Comers' winner, no Challenge round ◊

text: U.S. National Championships[edit]

text:
Year
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[3][2]

1881
 USA
Sears, RichardRichard Sears *
 USA
Glyn, WilliamWilliam Glyn
6–0, 6–3, 6–2

1882
 USA
Sears, RichardRichard Sears
 USA
Clark, ClarenceClarence Clark
6–1, 6–4, 6–0

1883
 USA
Sears, RichardRichard Sears
 USA
Dwight, JamesJames Dwight
6–2, 6–0, 9–7

1884
 USA
Sears, RichardRichard Sears †
 USA
Taylor, HowardHoward Taylor
6–0, 1–6, 6–0, 6–2

1885
 USA
Sears, RichardRichard Sears †
 USA
Brinley, GodfreyGodfrey Brinley
6–3, 4–6, 6–0, 6–3

1886
 USA
Sears, RichardRichard Sears †
 USA
Beeckman, Robert LivingstonRobert Livingston Beeckman
4–6, 6–1, 6–3, 6–4

1887
 USA
Sears, RichardRichard Sears †
 USA
Slocum, HenryHenry Slocum
6–1, 6–3, 6–2

1888
 USA
Slocum, HenryHenry Slocum ◊
 USA
Taylor, HowardHoward Taylor
6–4, 6–1, 6–0

1889
 USA
Slocum, HenryHenry Slocum †
 USA
Shaw, QuincyQuincy Shaw
6–3, 6–1, 4–6, 6–2

1890
 USA
Campbell, OliverOliver Campbell ‡
 USA
Slocum, HenryHenry Slocum
6–2, 4–6, 6–3, 6–1

1891
 USA
Campbell, OliverOliver Campbell †
 USA
Hobart, ClarenceClarence Hobart
2–6, 7–5, 7–9, 6–1, 6–2

1892
 USA
Campbell, OliverOliver Campbell †
 USA
Hovey, FrederickFrederick Hovey
7–5, 3–6, 6–3, 7–5

1893
 USA
Wrenn, RobertRobert Wrenn ◊
 USA
Hovey, FrederickFrederick Hovey
6–4, 3–6, 6–4, 6–4

1894
 USA
Wrenn, RobertRobert Wrenn †
 GBR
Goodbody, ManliffeManliffe Goodbody
6–8, 6–1, 6–4, 6–4

1895
 USA
Hovey, FrederickFrederick Hovey ‡
 USA
Wrenn, RobertRobert Wrenn
6–3, 6–2, 6–4

1896
 USA
Wrenn, RobertRobert Wrenn ‡
 USA
Hovey, FrederickFrederick Hovey
7–5, 3–6, 6–0, 1–6, 6–1

1897
 USA
Wrenn, RobertRobert Wrenn †
 GBR
Eaves, WilberforceWilberforce Eaves
4–6, 8–6, 6–3, 2–6, 6–2

1898
 USA
Whitman, MalcolmMalcolm Whitman ◊
 USA
Davis, DwightDwight Davis
3–6, 6–2, 6–2, 6–1

1899
 USA
Whitman, MalcolmMalcolm Whitman †
 USA
Paret, Jahial ParmlyJahial Parmly Paret
6–1, 6–2, 3–6, 7–5

1900
 USA
Whitman, MalcolmMalcolm Whitman †
 USA
Larned, WilliamWilliam Larned
6–4, 1–6, 6–2, 6–2

1901
 USA
Larned, WilliamWilliam Larned ◊
 USA
Wright, BealsBeals Wright
6–2, 6–8, 6–4, 6–4

1902
 USA
Larned, WilliamWilliam Larned †
 GBR
Doherty, ReginaldReginald Doherty
4–6, 6–2, 6–4, 8–6

1903
 GBR
Doherty, LaurenceLaurence Doherty ‡
 USA
Larned, WilliamWilliam Larned
6–0, 6–3, 10–8

1904
 USA
Ward, HolcombeHolcombe Ward ◊
 USA
Clothier, WilliamWilliam Clothier
10–8, 6–4, 9–7

1905
 USA
Wright, BealsBeals Wright ‡
 USA
Ward, HolcombeHolcombe Ward
6–2, 6–1, 11–9

1906
 USA
Clothier, WilliamWilliam Clothier ‡
 USA
Wright, BealsBeals Wright
6–3, 6–0, 6–4

1907
 USA
Larned, WilliamWilliam Larned ◊
 USA
LeRoy, RobertRobert LeRoy
6–2, 6–2, 6–4

1908
 USA
Larned, WilliamWilliam Larned †
 USA
Wright, BealsBeals Wright
6–1, 6–2, 8–6

1909
 USA
Larned, WilliamWilliam Larned †
 USA
Clothier, WilliamWilliam Clothier
6–1, 6–2, 5–7, 1–6, 6–1

1910
 USA
Larned, WilliamWilliam Larned †
 USA
Bundy, TomTom Bundy
6–1, 5–7, 6–0, 6–8, 6–1

1911
 USA
Larned, WilliamWilliam Larned †
 USA
McLoughlin, MauriceMaurice McLoughlin
6–4, 6–4, 6–2

1912
 USA
McLoughlin, MauriceMaurice McLoughlin
 USA
Johnson, WallaceWallace Johnson
3–6, 2–6, 6–2, 6–4, 6–2

1913
 USA
McLoughlin, MauriceMaurice McLoughlin
 USA
Williams, Richard NorrisRichard Norris Williams
6–4, 5–7, 6–3, 6–1

1914
 USA
Williams, Richard NorrisRichard Norris Williams
 USA
McLoughlin, MauriceMaurice McLoughlin
6–3, 8–6, 10–8

1915
 USA
Johnston, BillBill Johnston
 USA
McLoughlin, MauriceMaurice McLoughlin
1–6, 6–0, 7–5, 10–8

1916
 USA
Williams, Richard NorrisRichard Norris Williams
 USA
Johnston, BillBill Johnston
4–6, 6–4, 0–6, 6–2, 6–4

1917
 USA
Murray, Robert LindleyRobert Lindley Murray[f]
 USA
Niles, NathanielNathaniel Niles
5–7, 8–6, 6–3, 6–3

1918
 USA
Murray, Robert LindleyRobert Lindley Murray
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden
6–3, 6–1, 7–5

1919
 USA
Johnston, BillBill Johnston
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden
6–4, 6–4, 6–3

1920
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden
 USA
Johnston, BillBill Johnston
6–1, 1–6, 7–5, 5–7, 6–3

1921
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden
 USA
Johnson, WallaceWallace Johnson
6–1, 6–3, 6–1

1922
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden
 USA
Johnston, BillBill Johnston
4–6, 3–6, 6–2, 6–3, 6–4

1923
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden
 USA
Johnston, BillBill Johnston
6–4, 6–1, 6–4

1924
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden
 USA
Johnston, BillBill Johnston
6–1, 9–7, 6–2

1925
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden
 USA
Johnston, BillBill Johnston
4–6, 11–9, 6–3, 4–6, 6–3

1926
 FRA
Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste
 FRA
Borotra, JeanJean Borotra
6–4, 6–0, 6–4

1927
 FRA
Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden
11–9, 6–3, 11–9

1928
 FRA
Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet
 USA
Hunter, FrancisFrancis Hunter
4–6, 6–4, 3–6, 7–5, 6–3

1929
 USA
Tilden, BillBill Tilden
 USA
Hunter, FrancisFrancis Hunter
3–6, 6–3, 4–6, 6–2, 6–4

1930
 USA
Doeg, JohnJohn Doeg
 USA
Shields, FrankFrank Shields
10–8, 1–6, 6–4, 16–14

1931
 USA
Vines, EllsworthEllsworth Vines
 USA
Lott, GeorgeGeorge Lott
7–9, 6–3, 9–7, 7–5

1932
 USA
Vines, EllsworthEllsworth Vines
 FRA
Cochet, HenriHenri Cochet
6–4, 6–4, 6–4

1933
 GBR
Perry, FredFred Perry
 AUS
Crawford, JackJack Crawford
6–3, 11–13, 4–6, 6–0, 6–1

1934
 GBR
Perry, FredFred Perry
 USA
Allison, WilmerWilmer Allison
6–4, 6–3, 3–6, 1–6, 8–6

1935
 USA
Allison, WilmerWilmer Allison
 USA
Wood, SidneySidney Wood
6–2, 6–2, 6–3

1936
 GBR
Perry, FredFred Perry
 USA
Budge, DonDon Budge
2–6, 6–2, 8–6, 1–6, 10–8

1937
 USA
Budge, DonDon Budge
 GER
Cramm, Gottfried vonGottfried von Cramm
6–1, 7–9, 6–1, 3–6, 6–1

1938
 USA
Budge, DonDon Budge
 USA
Mako, GeneGene Mako
6–3, 6–8, 6–2, 6–1

1939
 USA
Riggs, BobbyBobby Riggs
 USA
Van Horn, WelbyWelby Van Horn
6–4, 6–2, 6–4

1940
 USA
McNeill, DonDon McNeill
 USA
Riggs, BobbyBobby Riggs
4–6, 6–8, 6–3, 6–3, 7–5

1941
 USA
Riggs, BobbyBobby Riggs
 USA
Kovacs, FrankFrank Kovacs
5–7, 6–1, 6–3, 6–3

1942
 USA
Schroeder, TedTed Schroeder
 USA
Parker, FrankFrank Parker
8–6, 7–5, 3–6, 4–6, 6–2

1943
 USA
Hunt, JosephJoseph Hunt
 USA
Kramer, JackJack Kramer
6–3, 6–8, 10–8, 6–0

1944
 USA
Parker, FrankFrank Parker
 USA
Talbert, BillBill Talbert
6–4, 3–6, 6–3, 6–3

1945
 USA
Parker, FrankFrank Parker
 USA
Talbert, BillBill Talbert
14–12, 6–1, 6–2

1946
 USA
Kramer, JackJack Kramer
 USA
Brown, TomTom Brown
9–7, 6–3, 6–0

1947
 USA
Kramer, JackJack Kramer
 USA
Parker, FrankFrank Parker
4–6, 2–6, 6–1, 6–0, 6–3

1948
 USA
Gonzales, PanchoPancho Gonzales
 RSA
Sturgess, EricEric Sturgess
6–2, 6–3, 14–12

1949
 USA
Gonzales, PanchoPancho Gonzales
 USA
Schroeder, TedTed Schroeder
16–18, 2–6, 6–1, 6–2, 6–4

1950
 USA
Larsen, ArthurArthur Larsen
 USA
Flam, HerbertHerbert Flam
6–3, 4–6, 5–7, 6–4, 6–3

1951
 AUS
Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman
 USA
Seixas, VicVic Seixas
6–4, 6–1, 6–1

1952
 AUS
Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman
 USA
Mulloy, GardnarGardnar Mulloy
6–1, 6–2, 6–3

1953
 USA
Trabert, TonyTony Trabert
 USA
Seixas, VicVic Seixas
6–3, 6–2, 6–3

1954
 USA
Seixas, VicVic Seixas
 AUS
Hartwig, RexRex Hartwig
3–6, 6–2, 6–4, 6–4

1955
 USA
Trabert, TonyTony Trabert
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
9–7, 6–3, 6–3

1956
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
 AUS
Hoad, LewLew Hoad
4–6, 6–2, 6–3, 6–3

1957
 AUS
Anderson, MalcolmMalcolm Anderson
 AUS
Cooper, AshleyAshley Cooper
10–8, 7–5, 6–4

1958
 AUS
Cooper, AshleyAshley Cooper
 AUS
Anderson, MalcolmMalcolm Anderson
6–2, 3–6, 4–6, 10–8, 8–6

1959
 AUS
Fraser, NealeNeale Fraser
 USA
Olmedo, AlexAlex Olmedo
6–3, 5–7, 6–2, 6–4

1960
 AUS
Fraser, NealeNeale Fraser
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
6–4, 6–4, 9–7

1961
 AUS
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
7–5, 6–3, 6–2

1962
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 AUS
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
6–2, 6–4, 5–7, 6–4

1963
 MEX
Osuna, RafaelRafael Osuna
 USA
Froehling, FrankFrank Froehling
7–5, 6–4, 6–2

1964
 AUS
Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson
 AUS
Stolle, FredFred Stolle
6–4, 6–2, 6–4

1965
 ESP
Santana, ManuelManuel Santana
 RSA
Drysdale, CliffCliff Drysdale
6–2, 7–9, 7–5, 6–1

1966
 AUS
Stolle, FredFred Stolle
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
4–6, 12–10, 6–3, 6–4

1967
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
 USA
Graebner, ClarkClark Graebner
6–4, 6–4, 8–6

text: US Open[edit]

text:
Year[d]
Country
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Score in the final[3][2]

1968
 USA
Ashe, ArthurArthur Ashe[b]
 NED
Okker, TomTom Okker
14–12, 5–7, 6–3, 3–6, 6–3

1969
 AUS
Laver, RodRod Laver
 AUS
Roche, TonyTony Roche
7–9, 6–1, 6–2, 6–2

1970
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
 AUS
Roche, TonyTony Roche
2–6, 6–4, 7–6(5–2), 6–3[g]

1971
 USA
Smith, StanStan Smith
 TCH
Kodeš, JanJan Kodeš
3–6, 6–3, 6–2, 7–6(5–3)

1972
 ROU
Năstase, IlieIlie Năstase
 USA
Ashe, ArthurArthur Ashe
3–6, 6–3, 6–7(1–5), 6–4, 6–3

1973
 AUS
Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe
 TCH
Kodeš, JanJan Kodeš
6–4, 1–6, 4–6, 6–2, 6–3

1974
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
 AUS
Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall
6–1, 6–0, 6–1

1975
 ESP
Orantes, ManuelManuel Orantes
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
6–4, 6–3, 6–3

1976
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
6–4, 3–6, 7–6(11–9), 6–4

1977
 ARG
Vilas, GuillermoGuillermo Vilas
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
2–6, 6–3, 7–6(7–4), 6–0

1978
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
6–4, 6–2, 6–2

1979
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
 USA
Gerulaitis, VitasVitas Gerulaitis
7–5, 6–3, 6–3

1980
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
7–6(7–4), 6–1, 6–7(5–7), 5–7, 6–4

1981
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
 SWE
Borg, BjörnBjörn Borg
4–6, 6–2, 6–4, 6–3

1982
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
6–3, 6–2, 4–6, 6–4

1983
 USA
Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
6–3, 6–7(2–7), 7–5, 6–0

1984
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
6–3, 6–4, 6–1

1985
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
 USA
McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe
7–6(7–1), 6–3, 6–4

1986
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
 TCH
Mečíř, MiloslavMiloslav Mečíř
6–4, 6–2, 6–0

1987
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
 SWE
Wilander, MatsMats Wilander
6–7(7–9), 6–0, 7–6(7–4), 6–4

1988
 SWE
Wilander, MatsMats Wilander
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
6–4, 4–6, 6–3, 5–7, 6–4

1989
 FRG
Becker, BorisBoris Becker
 TCH
Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl
7–6(7–2), 1–6, 6–3, 7–6(7–4)

1990
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
6–4, 6–3, 6–2

1991
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
 USA
Courier, JimJim Courier
6–2, 6–4, 6–0

1992
 SWE
Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
3–6, 6–4, 7–6(7–5), 6–2

1993
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 FRA
Pioline, CédricCédric Pioline
6–4, 6–4, 6–3

1994
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
 GER
Stich, MichaelMichael Stich
6–1, 7–6(7–5), 7–5

1995
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
6–4, 6–3, 4–6, 7–5

1996
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 USA
Chang, MichaelMichael Chang
6–1, 6–4, 7–6(7–3)

1997
 AUS
Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter
 GBR
Rusedski, GregGreg Rusedski
6–3, 6–2, 4–6, 7–5

1998
 AUS
Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter
 AUS
Philippoussis, MarkMark Philippoussis
6–3, 3–6, 6–2, 6–0

1999
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
 USA
Martin, ToddTodd Martin
6–4, 6–7(5–7), 6–7(2–7), 6–3, 6–2

2000
 RUS
Safin, MaratMarat Safin
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
6–4, 6–3, 6–3

2001
 AUS
Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
7–6(7–4), 6–1, 6–1

2002
 USA
Sampras, PetePete Sampras
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
6–3, 6–4, 5–7, 6–4

2003
 USA
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
 ESP
Ferrero, Juan CarlosJuan Carlos Ferrero
6–3, 7–6(7–2), 6–3

2004
  CHE
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 AUS
Hewitt, LleytonLleyton Hewitt
6–0, 7–6(7–3), 6–0

2005
  CHE
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 USA
Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi
6–3, 2–6, 7–6(7–1), 6–1

2006
  CHE
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 USA
Roddick, AndyAndy Roddick
6–2, 4–6, 7–5, 6–1

2007
  CHE
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
7–6(7–4), 7–6(7–2), 6–4

2008
  CHE
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
6–2, 7–5, 6–2

2009
 ARG
del Potro, Juan MartínJuan Martín del Potro
  CHE
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
3–6, 7–6(7–5), 4–6, 7–6(7–4), 6–2

2010
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–2

2011
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
6–2, 6–4, 6–7(3–7), 6–1

2012
 GBR
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
7–6(12–10), 7–5, 2–6, 3–6, 6–2

2013
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
6–2, 3–6, 6–4, 6–1

2014
 HRV
Čilić, MarinMarin Čilić
 JPN
Nishikori, KeiKei Nishikori
6–3, 6–3, 6–3

2015
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
  CHE
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4

2016
  CHE
Wawrinka, StanStan Wawrinka
 SRB
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
6–7(1–7), 6–4, 7–5, 6–3

2017
 ESP
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
 RSA
Anderson, KevinKevin Anderson
6–3, 6–3, 6–4

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Multiple champions[edit]

text:
Event only for USNLTA club members only*

Title defended in the challenge round

text:
Player
Amateur Era
Open Era
All-time
Years

 Larned, WilliamWilliam Larned (USA)
7
0
7
1901, 1902, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911

 Sears, RichardRichard Sears (USA)
7
0
7
1881*, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887

 Tilden, BillBill Tilden (USA)
7
0
7
1920, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1929

 Connors, JimmyJimmy Connors (USA)
0
5
5
1974, 1976, 1978, 1982, 1983

 Sampras, PetePete Sampras (USA)
0
5
5
1990, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2002

 Federer, RogerRoger Federer (CHE)
0
5
5
2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008

 McEnroe, JohnJohn McEnroe (USA)
0
4
4
1979, 1980, 1981, 1984

 Wrenn, RobertRobert Wrenn (USA)
4
0
4
1893, 1894, 1896, 1897

 Campbell, OliverOliver Campbell (USA)
3
0
3
1890, 1891, 1892

 Lendl, IvanIvan Lendl (TCH)
0
3
3
1985, 1986, 1987

 Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal (ESP)
0
3
3
2010, 2013, 2017

 Perry, FredFred Perry (GBR)
3
0
3
1933, 1934, 1936

 Whitman, MalcolmMalcolm Whitman (USA)
3
0
3
1898, 1899, 1900

 Agassi, AndreAndre Agassi (USA)
0
2
2
1994, 1999

 Budge, DonDon Budge (USA)
2
0
2
1937, 1938

 Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic (SRB)
0
2
2
2011, 2015

 Edberg, StefanStefan Edberg (SWE)
0
2
2
1991, 1992

 Emerson, RoyRoy Emerson (AUS)
2
0
2
1961, 1964

 Fraser, NealeNeale Fraser (AUS)
2
0
2
1959, 1960

 Gonzales, PanchoPancho Gonzales (USA)
2
0
2
1948, 1949

 Johnston, BillBill Johnston (USA)
2
0
2
1915, 1919

 Kramer, JackJack Kramer (USA)
2
0
2
1946, 1947

 Lacoste, RenéRené Lacoste (FRA)
2
0
2
1926, 1927

 Laver, RodRod Laver (AUS)
1
1
2
1962, 1969

 McLoughlin, MauriceMaurice McLoughlin (USA)
2
0
2
1912, 1913

 Murray, LindleyLindley Murray (USA)
2
0
2
1917, 1918

 Newcombe, JohnJohn Newcombe (AUS)
1
1
2
1967, 1973

 Parker, FrankFrank Parker (USA)
2
0
2
1944, 1945

 Rafter, PatrickPatrick Rafter (AUS)
0
2
2
1997, 1998

 Riggs, BobbyBobby Riggs (USA)
2
0
2
1939, 1941

 Rosewall, KenKen Rosewall (AUS)
1
1
2
1956, 1970

 Sedgman, FrankFrank Sedgman (AUS)
2
0
2
1951, 1952

 Slocum, HenryHenry Slocum (USA)
2
0
2
1888, 1889

 Trabert, TonyTony Trabert (USA)
2
0
2
1953, 1955

 Vines, EllsworthEllsworth Vines (USA)
2
0
2
1931, 1932

 Williams, Richard NorrisRichard Norris Williams (USA)
2
0
2
1914, 1916

text: Champions by country[edit]

text: Former country ¤

text:
Country
Amateur Era
Open Era
All-time
First title
Last title

 United States (USA)
66
19
85
1881
2003

 Australia (AUS)
12
6
18
1951
2001

  Switzerland (CHE)
0
6
6
2004
2016

 United Kingdom (UK/GBR)[h]
4
1
5
1903
2012

 Spain (ESP)
1
4
5
1965
2017

 Czechoslovakia (TCH) ¤[i]
0
3
3
1985
1987

 France (FRA)
3
0
3
1926
1928

 Sweden (SWE)
0
3
3
1988
1992

 Argentina (ARG)
0
2
2
1977
2009

 Serbia (SRB)
0
2
2
2011
2015

 Croatia (HRV)
0
1
1
2014
2014

 Germany (GER)[j]
0
1
1
1989
1989

 Mexico (MEX)
1
0
1
1963
1963

 Romania (ROU)
0
1
1
1972
1972

 Russia (RUS)
0
1
1
2000
2000


document_title: Ross Malinger

question_text: who played the little boy in sleepless in seattle

text: Ross Malinger

text:
Ross Malinger

Born
Ross Aaron Malinger
(1984-07-07) July 7, 1984 (age 33)
Redwood City, California, U.S.

Occupation
Actor, Business Manager

Years active
1990–2006

text: Ross Aaron Malinger[1] (born July 7, 1984) is an American actor and business manager. He is best known for his roles as Jonah Baldwin in the 1993 movie Sleepless in Seattle, starring Tom Hanks and as Bobby Jameson in the 1997 Disney comedy film Toothless, starring Kirstie Alley. He and Kirstie Alley both co-starred in the 1995 film Peter and the Wolf. He played Adam Lippman, the Bar Mitzvah boy who liked Elaine's "Shiksa appeal", in the Seinfeld episode "The Serenity Now".

text: Life and career[edit]

text: Malinger was born in Redwood City, California, the son of Laura, a producer, and Brian Malinger, a producer and sales representative.[1]

text: Malinger co-starred with Jean-Claude Van Damme in the 1995 film Sudden Death. Though it was a box office disappointment, he earned $1.1 million,[citation needed] a contrast from Sleepless in Seattle, for which he only earned $24,000,[citation needed] even though it launched his career.

text: He provided the original voice of T.J. Detweiler on the animated series Recess. He did not reprise the role in the next seasons, as he was replaced by Andrew Lawrence. He was a recurring character on the teen drama Party of Five.

text: He also provided the voice for the puppy Spike, part of the "Riley Gang" in Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco; and played the role of Payton Shoemaker in Little Bigfoot.

text: He starred with Shelley Long and Treat Williams on the CBS comedy Good Advice, which lasted two seasons, 1993 to 1994.

text: He was in an episode of Touched by an Angel playing Nick Albright, a troubled teenager after his parents' separation.

text: He appeared in the episode "Shattered" on Without a Trace (which aired on April 27, 2006) as Jason McMurphy.

text: As of 2008, Malinger worked as a general manager at Automotive Legends in Malibu.[2]