document_title: Child safety seat

question_text: when did the first car seat come out

question_tokens: when did the first car seat come out

root

text: Child safety seat

text: History[edit]

text: Since the first car was manufactured and put on the market in the early 1900s, many modifications and adjustments have been implemented to protect those that drive and ride in motorized vehicles. Most restraints were put into place to protect adults without regard for young children. Though child seats were beginning to be manufactured in the early 1930s, their purpose was not the safety of children. The purpose was to act as booster seats to bring the child to a height easier for the driving parent to see them. It was not until 1962 that two designs with the purpose of protecting a child were developed independently.[5] British inventor Jean Ames created a rear-facing child seat with a Y-shaped strap similar to today's models.[6] American Leonard Rivkin, of Denver Colorado, designed a forward-facing seat with a metal frame to protect the child.[7] It is noted that seat belts for adults were not standard equipment in automobiles until the 1960s.

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text: Classifications[edit]

text: There are several types of car seats, which vary in the position of the child and size of the seat. The United Nations standard ECE R44/04[8] categorizes these into 4 groups: 0-3. Many car seats combine the larger groups 1, 2 and 3. Some new car models includes stock restraint seats by default.

text: Group 0[edit]

text: Group 0 baby seats, or infant carriers, keep the baby locked up in a rear-facing position and are secured in place by a standard adult seat belt and/or an ISOFIX fitting.

text: Group 0 carrycots hold the baby lying on its back.

text: Carrycots are secured by both seat belts in the rear seat of the car. Both types have handles to allow them to be easily moved into and out of the car.

text:
Position: Laying (in carrycots), rear-facing (in infant carriers), no airbags (with the exception of curtain airbags).
Recommended weight: Birth to 10 kg (22 lb)
Approximate age: Birth to 15 month

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text:
Car Seat - Middle Back Seat

Car Seat - Not in Front Seat

text: Fastened carrycots[edit]

text: Carrycots or infant car beds are used for children that cannot sit in a regular baby seat, such as premature infants or infants that suffer from apnea. A carrycot is a restraint system intended to accommodate and restrain the child in a supine or prone position with the child's spine perpendicular to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle. Carrycots are designed to distribute the restraining forces over the child's head and body, excluding its limbs, in the event of a big crash. It must be put on the rear seat of the car. Some models can be changed to face forward after the baby has reached the weight limit which is normally about 15-20 kilograms.

text: Carrycots generally include a stomach belt and a connection to the (three points) safety belt.

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2008)

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text: Infant carriers[edit]

text: 'Infant carrier' means a restraint system intended to accommodate the child in a rearward-facing semi-recumbent position. This design distributes the restraining forces over the child's head and body, excluding its limbs, in the event of the frontal collision.

text: For young infants, the seat used is an infant carrier with typical weight recommendations of 5-20 lb. Most infant seats made in the US can now be used up to at least 22 pounds (10.0 kg) and 29 inches (74 cm), with some going up to 35 pounds (16 kg). In the past, most infant seats in the US went to 20 pounds (9.1 kg) and 26 inches (66 cm). Infant carriers are often also called "Bucket Seats" as they resemble a bucket with a handle. Some (but not all) seats can be used with the base secured, or with the carrier strapped in alone. Some seats do not have bases. Infant carriers are mounted rear-facing and are designed to "cocoon" against the back of the vehicle seat in the event of a collision, with the impact being absorbed in the outer shell of the restraint. Rear-facing seats are deemed the safest, and in the US children must remain in this position until they are at least 1 year of age and at least 20 pounds (9.1 kg). although it is recommended to keep them rear-facing until at least 2 years old or until they outgrow the rear-facing car seat height and weight, whichever is longer.

text: Group 0+[edit]

text: Group 0+ car seats commonly have a chassis permanently fixed into the car by an adult seat belt and can be placed into some form of baby transport using the integral handle if it is the specific model. Rear-facing child seats are inherently safer than forward-facing child seats because they provide more support for the child's head in the event of a sudden deceleration. Although some parents are eager to switch to a forward-facing child seat because it seems more "grown up," various countries and car seat manufacturers recommend that children continue to use a rear-facing child seat for as long as physically possible[9]

text:
Position: Sitting, rear-facing, no airbag(with the exception of curtain airbags).
Recommended weight: Birth (2–3 kg) to 13 kg (29 lb).
Approximate age: Birth to 15 months

text: Convertible seats[edit]

text: Convertible seats can be used throughout many stages. Many convertible seats will transition from a rear-facing seat, to a forward-facing seat, and some then can be used as a booster seat. Many convertible seats allow for 2.3–18 kg (5-40 lb.) rear-facing, allowing children to be in the safer rear-facing position up to a weight of 18 kg (40 lbs).

text: Convertible safety seats can be installed as either rear-facing or forward-facing. There is a large selection available to choose from and weight limits, height limits, and extra features vary from seat to seat and by manufacturer. Seats with a 5-point harness are considered safer than those with an overhead shield[10]

text: Convertibles aren't considered the best choice for a newborn because the bottom harness slots are often above the shoulders of most newborns. A seat with low bottom harness slots can be used if it is desired to use a convertible from birth.

text: Rear-facing weight limits range from 20 to 50 lb (9.1 to 22.7 kg) depending on the manufacturer and country of origin. Forward-facing limits range from 20 to 90 lb (9.1 to 40.8 kg) depending on the seat model and the manufacturer and country of origin.

text: Most convertible seats in the U.S. have at least a 35 pounds (16 kg) rear-facing weight limit, most now to go to 40 pounds (18 kg), some 45 pounds (20 kg) and a few 50 pounds (23 kg). The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that children remain rear-facing until they outgrow their convertible seat, regardless of how old they are. Children can remain in a rear-facing seat until they have either outgrown the weight limit for their seat, or the top of their head is within 1 inch (25 mm) of the top of the shell of the car seat.[11]

text: Group 1[edit]

text: A permanent fixture in the car using an adult seat belt to hold it in place and a five-point baby harness to hold the infant.

text:
Position: Sitting, recommended rear-facing but forward-facing is legal, no airbag (with the exception of curtain airbags).
Recommended weight: 9 to 18 kg (20 to 40 lb)
Approximate age: 9 months to 4 years (Although older children can fit too sometimes)

text: It is recommended that children sit rear-facing for as long as possible. In Scandinavian countries, for example, children sit rear-facing until around 4 years old. Rear-facing car seats are significantly safer in frontal collisions, which are the most likely to cause severe injury and death.[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Rear-facing group 1 car seats are becoming more widespread but are still difficult to source in many countries.

text: Group 2[edit]

text: A larger seat than the Group 1 design. These seats use an adult seat belt to hold the child in place.

text:
Position: Sitting, forward-facing or rear-facing (make sure the seat is certified for up to 25 kg)
Recommended weight: 15 kg to 25 kg (33 lb to 55 lb)
Approximate age: 4 to 6 years (Although older children can sometimes fit)

text: Group 3[edit]

text: Also known as booster seats, these position the child so that the adult seat belt is held in the correct position for safety and comfort.

text:
Position: Sitting, forward-facing
Recommended weight: 22 kg to 36 kg (48 lb to 76 lb)
Approximate age: 4 to 10, and above if the child is not 36 kg yet

text: Booster seats[edit]

text: Booster seats are recommended for children until they are big enough to properly use a seat belt. Seat belts are engineered for adults, and are thus too big for small children. In the United States, for children under the age of 4 and/or under 40 pounds (18 kg), a seat with a 5-point harness is suggested instead of a booster seat.[23]

text: Booster seats lift the child and allow the seat belt to sit firmly across the collar bone and chest, with the lap portion fitted to the hips. If the seat belt is not across the collar bone and the hips, it will ride across the neck and the stomach and cause internal injuries in the event of a collision.

text: There are two main types of boosters: high back (some of which have energy absorbing foam) and no back. A new generation of booster seats comes with rigid Isofix (Latch) connectors that secure to the vehicle's anchors, improving the seat's stability in the event of a collision.

text: The consumer group Which? is calling on manufacturers and retailers to phase out backless boosters, as it says they don't provide enough protection in side-impact crashes and could put children at risk.[24] So while backless booster cushions are better than using no child seat at all, they do not provide adequate protection in all circumstances.

text: Front-facing restraints[edit]

text: Used for Groups I, II and III.

text: After reaching one year of age and 20 pounds (9.1 kg), children may travel in forward-facing seats. Most Scandinavian countries require children to sit rear-facing until at least the age of 4 years. This has contributed to Sweden having the lowest rate of children killed in traffic in international comparisons.[25]

text: By law (in Canada and some US states), children need to be restrained until they are 4-years old and 40 pounds (18 kg). After the requirement is met, they can move into a booster seat.

text: Safety information[edit]

text: All child restraints have an expiration date. On average, most seats expire 6 years from the date of manufacture, although this can vary by manufacturer. Expiration dates are highly debated, with proponents and manufacturers claiming that older carseats can degrade over time to be less effective and that changing laws and regulations necessitate an expiration date. In addition, maintenance and parts are often not available for older models. Opponents argue that it is simply for their legal protection and to sell more carseats, and point out that manufacturers have noted that the plastics in most carseats long outlast the expiration date.

text: Like motorcycle and race car helmets, child restraints are tested for use in just one crash event. This means that if the restraint is compromised in any way (with or without the child in it), owners are strongly suggested to replace it. This is due to the uncertainty with how a compromised child restraint will perform in subsequent crashes.[citation needed]

text: The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) provides guidance on the reuse of child restraint systems after a crash. Replacement of child restraints is recommended following a moderate or severe crash in order to ensure a continued high level of protection for child passengers. However, recent studies demonstrate that child restraints can withstand minor crash impacts without any documented degradation in subsequent performance.[26]

text: A minor crash is defined by the NHTSA as one in which all of the following apply:

text:
A visual inspection of the child safety seat, including inspection under any easily movable seat padding, does not reveal any cracks or deformation that might have been caused by the crash
The vehicle in which the child safety seat was installed was capable of being driven from the scene of the crash
The vehicle door nearest the child safety seat was undamaged
There were no injuries to any of the vehicle occupants
The air bags (if any) did not deploy

text: Crashes that meet all of these criteria are much less severe than the dynamic testing requirement for compliance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 213 and are highly unlikely to affect future child safety seat performance.[26]

text: Child restraints are sometimes the subject of manufacturing recalls.[27] Recalls vary in severity; sometimes the manufacturer will send an additional part for the seat, other times they will provide an entirely new seat.

text: The purchase of a used seat is not recommended. Due to the aforementioned concerns regarding expiry dates, crash testing, and recalls, it is often impossible to determine the history of the child restraint when it is purchased second-hand.

text: Children traveling by plane are safer in a child safety seat than in a parent's arms. The FAA and the AAP recommend that all children under 40 lb use a child safety seat on a plane. Booster seats cannot be used on airplanes because they don't have shoulder belts.

text: Parents should not put children into safety seats with thick winter coats on. The coat will flatten in an accident and the straps will not be snug enough to keep the child safe.[28] An alternative would be placing a coat on the child backwards after buckling the child in.

text: Straps on the harness should be snug on the child, parents should not be able to pinch the straps away from the shoulders of the child. The straps also need to be placed at the proper height for the child.

text: Seat placement[edit]

text: A study of car crash data from 16 U.S. states found that children under the age of 3 were 43% less likely to be injured in a car crash if their car seat was fastened in the center of the back seat rather than on one side. Results were based on data from 4,790 car crashes involving children aged 3 and younger between 1998 and 2006. According to data, the center position was the safest but least used position. However, economist Steven Levitt (see below) has demonstrated that car seats do not reduce fatalities when compared to regular seat belts.[29]

text: The move from having car seats in the front passenger seat to having them in the back seat, facing backwards, may make it easier for a busy, distracted parent to leave an infant in the car.[30] Each year, between 30 and 50 infants die of heat illness and hypothermia in the United States after being left in a car.[30]

text: Law[edit]

text: Europe[edit]

text: Directive 2003/20/EC of the European Parliament and the Council[31] has mandated the use of child-restraint systems in vehicles effective May 5, 2006. Children less than 135 centimetres (53 in) tall in vehicles must be restrained by an approved child restraint system suitable for the child's size.[32] In practice, child restraint systems must be able to be fitted to the front, or other rows of seats. Children may not be transported using a rearward-facing child restraint system in a passenger seat protected by a front air bag, unless the air bag has been deactivated.[citation needed]

text: For a child restraint to be sold or used within any of the 56 UNECE member states it must be approved by the standards of UNECE Regulation 44/04, Directive 77/541/EEC or any other subsequent adaptation thereto. In order to be granted ECE R44 approval the child restraint must comply with several design, construction and production conformity standards.[33] If approval is granted the seat can display an orange label with the unique approval license number, the type of approval, the mass group approved for and the details of the manufacturer.

text: However, until May 9, 2008 member states may have permitted the use of child restraint systems approved in accordance with their national standards. EuroNCAP has developed a child-safety-protection rating to encourage improved designs. Points are awarded for universal child-restraint anchorages ISOFIX, the quality of warning labels and deactivation systems for front-passenger airbags.

text: 2013: New EU I-Size regulation is introduced: “i-Size” is the name of a new European safety regulation, UNECE Regulation 129 that affects car seats for children under 15 months of age. It came into effect in July 2013 and provides extra protection in several ways, most notably by providing rearward facing travel for children up to 15 months instead of 9 to 12 months, which the previous EU regulation advised. Read more about I-Size. This new regulation is to be phased in between 2013 and 2018 and will be run in parallel to UNECE R44/04 until 2018 when it completely supersedes it.

text: Australia[edit]

text: Australian laws regarding infants in motor vehicles were revised on November 9, 2009.[citation needed]

text: By law every child restraint sold in Australia must carry the Australian Standard AS/NZ1754 sticker (pictured right). Most overseas child restraints, including restraints from Europe and the USA, do not comply with these Standards and cannot legally be used in Australia. This also applies for ISOFIX child restraints imported from Europe or the USA.

text:
Children under seven must be restrained in a suitable, approved child restraint or booster seat.
Children under six months must be restrained in a rear-facing position.
Children between six months and under four years must be restrained in a rear- or forward-facing restraint.
Children between four and under seven must be restrained in a forward-facing restraint or booster seat.

text: In Australia there are six different types (Type A to Type F) of child restraints under the mandatory standard. Note: these restraints are NOT based on weight but on HEIGHT. All car seats with the AS/NZ1754 sticker will have height markers. These markers show clearly for what height the seat is appropriate.

text: The six types are:

text:
Type A: Rearward-facing or transversely installed restraint with a harness or other means of holding the child back
Type B: Forward-facing chair with a harness
Type C: Forward-facing harness without a chair
Type D: Rearward-facing chair with harness
Type E: a restraint that consists of either:

a booster seat or booster cushion used with a Type C child restraint and a seat belt, or with a lap-sash seat belt,
a converter seat suitable for children who weigh 18 to 32 kg.

Type F: A restraint that consists of either:

a booster seat used in conjunction with a Type C child restraint and a seatbelt, or with a lap-sash seatbelt, suitable for children approximately 4 to 10 years of age, or
a converter used in conjunction with a seatbelt, suitable for children approximately 8 to 10 years of age.

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text: Combination Type A/B: Child restraints can also be a combination of the above types. For example, a Type A/B converter seat.

text: The responsibility for children under the age of 16 using restraints or safety belts correctly rests with the driver. In Queensland, penalties for drivers not ensuring that passengers under the age of 16 are properly restrained involve a fine of A$300 and three demerit points. In Victoria the penalty is a fine of A$234 and three demerit points.[citation needed] Possible suspension or cancellation of license may also apply.

text: Exemptions to the law[edit]

text:
Laws regarding taxis vary by state for infants. For children up to seven, a child restraint must be used if available, otherwise the child must use a properly fastened and adjusted seat belt.[citation needed]
A child traveling in a police or emergency vehicle.
If a child has a medical condition or physical disability that makes it impractical to use a child restraint and the driver has a certificate from a doctor indicating this is the case.[34]

text: Austria[edit]

text: All children who are smaller than 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) and younger than 14 years old must use a booster or car seat appropriate to their weight. A child must be either 14 years old or 4'11" to ride without a booster seat.

text: Canada[edit]

text:
Child restraint requirements vary from province to province.
The strictest province law requires children who are younger than 10 years and smaller than 4 ft 9 in to use a booster seat.
For safety reasons, it is generally advised to use a booster seat until the child reaches a height of 4 ft 9 in.

text: Germany[edit]

text:
All children younger than 12 years and smaller than 150 cm (4 ft 11 in)[35] must use a booster seat or child-safety seat appropriate to their weight. The Department of Transport advises that children continue to use a seat when they are 12 years or older but smaller than 150 cm (4 ft 11 in).
It is highly recommended that children younger than 14 years sit in the back seat or use a booster seat in the front seat.

text: Israel[edit]

text: 1961 Israeli transportation law states that every passenger and driver in the vehicle must either have a seat belt or a safety seat. A child under the age of 3 must be set in an approved safety seat, and until the age of 8 the child needs to be in a booster or a safety seat. Up until one year a child must ride rear-facing. The 1983 law banned children up to the age of three from sitting in front seats,[36] The Israeli transportation regulation states that a child under the weight of 36 kg, height of 140 cm, or age of 8 will use some kind of safety chair.[37]

text: The Israeli regulation states that a Sal Kal (he:סל קל lit. easy basket) is equal to European group 0 and group 0+ regulations[38]

text: An Urban legend[39] in Israel states that nursery homes and hospitals will not allow exit with an infant if a SalKal (infant carry one safety seat) is not presented.[40]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: NZ Transport Agency governs the rules and sets standards for the health and safety aspects with respect to child restraints in New Zealand. Their guidelines dictate the minimum legal requirements for a New Zealand vehicle from the safety perspective. The correct fitting of a car seat can protect individuals and can be a life saver. This page provides details on qualified seat installation processes and approved standardized marks to look out for in child restraints. The Agency trains and certifies NZTA certified child restraint technicians who are authorized to install child safety seats.[41]

text: The NZ Transport Agency, as of March 16, 2012[42] stated that it is mandatory for the passengers to obey few below stated laws while travelling in a vehicle. These rules are regulations are set as per the age of the passengers. As of November 1, 2013, the rules are changing to mandate the use of approved child restraints for children aged 0–6. For children aged 7 a restraint must be used when it is available in the vehicle.[43]

text: Rules and regulations for different categories of age[edit]

text:
Children aged under 7 years must use an approved child restraint, unless they are travelling in a public bus, shuttle or taxi and an approved child restraint is not available.
Children aged 7 years must use an approved child restraint if one is available.
Children aged 8 years and over are not required to use a child restraint.

text: In all cases, children not in child safety seats must use a seat belt. Special rules apply to children travelling in vehicles first registered (in New Zealand or elsewhere) before 1 November 1979, since these vehicles are not required to be fitted with seat belts on all seats.

text: New Zealand Approved Marks for child restraints[edit]

text: All child restraints must meet the standards set by the NZ Transport Agency. There are different marks to indicate this approval from the safety perspective. Approved marks/symbols are shown in the table below:[45]

text:
Symbol Description
Standard followed

Tick Mark
Australia and New Zealand standard - AS/NZ 1754

'E' mark and a number
European Standard - ECE 44

'S' mark
United States Standard - FMVSS 213

text: The number after 'E' in the ECE 44 standard indicates as to which country certifies the child restraint. Hence the number differs between countries. The EU (European Union) also has similar symbols to indicate safety standards for children travelling in a vehicle.

text: Spain[edit]

text:
Front seats: children younger than 12 years or smaller than 4 feet 5 inches must use a child-safety seat. Persons bigger than 135 cm (4 ft 5 in) may use the adult safety belt.
Rear seats: persons smaller than 135 cm must use a child-safety seat. Also true for kids younger than 12 years.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: From September 18, 2006, All children under the age of 12 have to use some form of child car seat, unless they are taller than 135 cm (4 ft 5in).[46][47]

text: United States[edit]

text:
Child restraint requirements differ for the various states in the United States.
In Florida and South Dakota, children who are four years or older can use an adult seat belt without a child safety seat. In the rest of the country, a booster seat or otherwise appropriate child restraint is required until the child is between five and nine years old, depending on the state.
Most states include in their law a requirement that all infants ride rear-facing until they are BOTH one year of age AND at least 20 pounds.[48] Though it is not included in every state's law, no child safety restraint marketed to the US will accommodate an infant less than 20 pounds, some no less than 22 pounds, in a forward-facing position. As of 2011, most children ride rear-facing until they are at least 2 years of age.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) advises the use of a child restraint or a booster seat for all children who are shorter than 4 ft 9 in, regardless of age and weight, or even longer if the belts hit the child at the wrong place. Some booster seats can be used for children up to 60 inches and 120 pounds.
Many state laws prefer that children 12 years and younger sit in the back seat if available. Some states, as is the case in Michigan, forbid placing a child under the age of 4 years in a front seat if a rear seat is available.
Some states require that all child safety seats be used in full accordance with the manufacturer's instructions in what is sometimes referred to as a "proper use clause".

text: Manufacturing[edit]

text: Though there are hundreds of variations of makes and models in the world of child safety seats, the materials used in the manufacturing process are basically the same. Factories in which the seats are put together receive loads of polypropylene pellets.[49] Foam makes up the padding of the individual seats, while vinyl and fabrics are used to make up the covers for the seats as well as the harnesses.

text: A safety seat increases the safety of a properly restrained child in the case of a motor vehicle accident. The safety seat includes foam padding, fabric covers, a harness, and buckles or attaching mechanisms. Labels and instructions are also attached. Every child safety seat will have an expiration date on it. The Safe Kids USA organization does not recommend using a child safety seat that is more than 6 years old[citation needed]. Periodically, child safety seats are recalled by manufacturers for safety reasons. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration posts a link to recent recall information at nhtsa.gov.

text: Types[edit]

text: There are different types of child safety seats for children of different sizes and ages.

text:
Infant seats - Child safety seats made specifically for infants are the smallest and have carrying handles for easy carrying and loading. Newborns are most often placed in a rear-facing seat. These seats are designed for infants is up to 22 pounds (10.0 kg) to 32 pounds (15 kg), depending on the model.
Convertible seats - Similar to the infant seat, the convertible seat can be used in a rear- or forward-facing position and is used for children typically beginning at 5 pounds (2.3 kg) up to 50 pounds (23 kg). The rear-facing position is used for children until they weigh more than 20 pounds (9.1 kg) and are at least two years old. Research studies and crash test results show that children are safer in a rear-facing child safety seat. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends keeping children in a rear-facing seat until “they are 2 years of age or until they reach the highest weight or height allowed by their car safety seat’s manufacturer” (www.healthychildren.org).

text:
Combination seats - The combination seat or five-point booster is a forward-facing seat that has a five-point harness system. It can be modified to a belt-positioning booster by removing some webbing[50]
Booster seats - The earlier described combination seat can become a high back belt positioning booster. There is also a high back belt positioning booster that is available for that purpose only. The other type of belt positioning booster is the low back or no back booster. The major differences between the low and high back booster seats are head support and improved protection in side-impact collisions. Vehicles with a bench seating and no headrest are required to use a high back booster. The purpose of the booster seats is to provide elevation to the child so the shoulder belt rests appropriately on the shoulder blade and does not ride up the child’s neck. It also provides “hips” that the seat belt can rest securely across and remain on the large bones of the child instead of resting across the soft tissue of the abdomen. This seat is available for children over 40 pounds (18 kg) up to over 100 pounds (45 kg).[51] From the ages of eight to twelve, children may have outgrown their booster seats and can be permitted to use regular adult seat restraints. It is suggested that, until the age of thirteen, the child remains in the back seat.

text: Hazards[edit]

text: Manufacturers have quality controls to ensure seats are properly put together and packaged. However, it is not guaranteed that the included instructions are always adhered to and correctly followed. Up to 95% of the safety seats that are installed may not be the right seat for the child, may be hooked into the vehicle loosely, may be hooked with an incompatible belt in the vehicle, may have harnesses incorrectly fastened in some way, or may be incorrectly placed in front of air bags. In 1997, six out of ten children who were killed in vehicle crashes were not correctly restrained.[49]

text: Along with the problem of instructions not being followed properly, there are other hazards that can affect children involving these safety seats. A recent study[clarification needed] attributed many cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) to the prolonged sitting or lying position these infants are in when putting the safety seats to use. When researchers reviewed more than 500 infant deaths, it was found that 17 of these deaths occurred while the infant was in a device such as a child safety seat. The age of the most occurring rates of death by SIDS in a child safety device was found to be under one month, having six of the 17 deaths happen in this age group. Although SIDS has been found to be a high risk regarding child safety seats, a coroner in Quebec also stated that “putting infants in car seats…causes breathing problems and should be discouraged."[52] His warning came after the death of a two-month-old boy who was left to nap in a child safety seat positioned inside his crib rather than the crib itself. The death was linked to positional asphyxiation.[52] This means that the child was in a position causing him to slowly lose his supply of oxygen. Coroner Jacques Robinson said it's common for a baby's head to slump forward while in a car seat that is not properly installed in a car and that can diminish a baby's ability to take in oxygen. "The car seat is for the car," he said. "It's not for a bed or sleeping." Robinson added, however, he has nothing against car seats when they are properly used. The coroner said that it is common for a baby’s head to “slump forward while in a car seat and that it diminishes oxygen”.[52]

text: The American Academy of Pediatrics says to “make sure the seat is at the correct angle so your infant’s head does not flop forward. Many seats have angle indicators or adjusters that can help prevent this. If your seat does not have an angle adjuster, tilt the car safety seat back by putting a rolled towel or other firm padding (such as a pool noodle) under the base near the point where the back and bottom of the vehicle seat meet.” Safety seats come with an instruction booklet with additional information on the appropriate angle for the seat.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: There has been some criticism of forward-facing child safety seats, in particular by the economist Steven D. Levitt, author of the popular book Freakonomics. In a 2005 article in the New York Times, Levitt suggests that the available data does not support the necessity of forward-facing child safety seats for children over two years old, arguing that the cheaper and simpler alternative of seat belts offers similar protection as forward-facing seats.[53] Levitt was a guest at the TED conference in the same year, and gave a lecture making the same case.[29] Levitt's study and findings have been criticized and refuted by subsequent peer reviewed studies, which found child safety seats offer a considerable safety advantage over seat belts alone.[54]


document_title: Roo Stewart

question_text: who plays roo stewart's mum in home and away

question_tokens: who plays roo stewart 's mum in home and away

text: Roo Stewart

text: Casting[edit]

text: In 1987, Clarke auditioned for the roles of Carly Morris, Lynn Davenport and Bobby Simpson; but was unsuccessful each time. After the series had finished filming their pilot episode, producers changed their minds and invited Clarke to audition for the role of Roo, which she won. Clarke told a reporter from TV Life that she was "really pleased" because she thought Roo was a "great character".[1]

text: Character development[edit]

text: Characterisation[edit]

text:
“

Roo is the much-hated character who attempts to sabotage her father's marriage to Ailsa and who nearly fools Frank into marrying her by claiming that she is carrying his baby. There are two sides to her personality; to the adults she is charming and personable. To people her own age she is boy-crazy and scheming.

”

— Kesta Desmond on Roo (1990).[2]

text: Roo's personality gained an unwelcome reception amongst viewers. Clarke said that "everyone" hated Roo and revealed that people would "boo" at her while attending promotional appearances.[3] On one occasion Clarke had to leave a shopping centre because females were shouting "slut" at her.[4] Clarke said that Roo is "a cow" but defended her because Roo ultimately ends up suffering.[5]

text: Teenage pregnancy[edit]

text: In the serial's first season, Alan Bateman wanted Home and Away to tackle serious social issues and a few months later Roo became the first character to have a teenage pregnancy.[6] The production team felt that Roo's pregnancy was "risque" because Home and Away was aired in an early evening time-slot. Clarke said she did not know what it was like to be pregnant and had to carry out research. While filming the storyline, Clarke was required to wear a bag filled with lentils beneath her clothing. This was to give the impression that Roo was pregnant, and as her pregnancy progressed more lentils were added to the bag to maintain continuity.[7] Clarke remained unaware of how to portray a convincing birth scene. The wife of the episode's director had previously given birth during a complicated labour. She helped Clarke with her research, which also included watching child birth videos. Clarke said that while she had learned most aspects of labour, not experiencing the actual pain of birth resulted in her feeling unprepared for the scenes. The birth scenes were filmed over the period of one day, consisting of more than fifteen shoots. Clarke said the dramatic breathing left her "dizzy" and even caused her to hyperventilate.[7]

text: Departure and return[edit]

text: Clarke played the role of Roo from 1988, until the character was written out a year later after Clarke quit the show.[8][9] Clarke has been asked to return to the show and reprise her role as Roo many times, but she has never agreed.[10]

text: In August 2010, it was announced that Roo would be returning to Home and Away.[8] Producers decided to recast the role after Clarke became busy with other television shows and her career as a children's singer.[10] Former All Saints actress, Georgie Parker was given the role and she began filming her first scenes in the same month.[8][11] Of her casting, Parker said "I'm thrilled to be back at Channel Seven and to be part of Home and Away. Working with Ray is a joy. We are having a fantastic time together. The whole cast and crew have been wonderful".[8] Of the decision to bring the character back, series producer Cameron Welsh said "We had such a positive reaction to Emily Symons's return as Marilyn; we trust the fans will love having an original character such as Roo back in the Bay. Securing Georgie Parker to bring her back to our screens is a real coup for the show".[8]

text: Parker called her "a colourful character who has a strong history with the origin of the show".[10] Parker has said the grown up Roo is very different from the teenager. She said "She was a colourful character when she left. She lost her mother when she was very young, and I think that when girls lose their mothers, they can go off the rails - and that's exactly what Roo did".[10] Parker added that she gets to play the adult who may have learned from past mistakes.[10] During an interview, Meagher said the adult Roo is "still full of energy, bluff and bravado. She's had a few financial problems and is possibly running away from a bloke."[12] He added that Alf has trouble getting her to tell him the truth, but he is "pleased to see her back in the Bay."[12]

text: Meningitis[edit]

text: In July 2014, the character was diagnosed with meningitis.[13] After returning from an extended trip to Las Vegas to look after her injured aunt Colleen Smart (Lyn Collingwood), Roo was very secretive about her times away. Within a day, Roo started showing symptoms of an illness.[13] Parker explained "This illness hits her fast and hard. She's lethargic, but thinks it's just jetlag. She also has a splitting headache that affects her eyes, and she's low on energy. It's all very out of character."[13] Roo's decision to keep quiet about her trip meant that nobody had any idea what was wrong with her. Roo fell unconscious at home and the situation became very serious.[13] Roo was eventually diagnosed with meningitis. Her condition later took a turn for the worse and she suffered a seizure.[14] In order to treat her, the doctors needed to know about her trip and her foster-daughter Maddy Osborne (Kassandra Clementi) found her passport, which revealed that she had been to Peru. With the information, the doctors were able to treat Roo and save her life.[14]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Roo begins to resent her father's relationship with Ailsa Hogan (Judy Nunn) out of loyalty to her late mother, Martha (Alison Mulvaney). Roo begins dating Frank Morgan (Alex Papps) and they start a band with Lance Smart (Peter Vroom) and Martin Dibble (Craig Thompson). Roo's continued obsession with Ailsa drives a rift between her and Frank, despite nearly sleeping with him as an act of rebellion over Ailsa staying over. Roo contacts her aunt, Morag Bellingham (Cornelia Frances), who is a judge and asks her to do a background check on Ailsa. At Alf and Ailsa's engagement party, Roo reveals Ailsa went to prison for killing her abusive father. However, Ailsa's friends and Frank, side with her. Roo begins a feud with Bobby Simpson (Nicolle Dickson), Ailsa's friend. Tired of her behaviour, Alf sends Roo to boarding school in Sydney.

text: Roo begins dating Brett Macklin (Gerry Sont) and she gets pregnant. Brett's reaction to this to book an abortion for her. Roo returns to Summer Bay and tries convincing Frank that he is the baby's father. She pretends to accept Alf and Ailsa's relationship so she will be allowed to stay. Roo sleeps with Frank and arranges for Alf to catch them together. She tells her aunt, Celia Stewart (Fiona Spence), that she is pregnant with Frank's baby. Frank agrees to marry her and Roo tries to accept Alf and Ailsa's marriage. Brett turns up and tells Roo the mumps has left him infertile and that he now wants the baby. She refuses to let him back into her life, so Brett goes to Morag, who tries to talk Roo into changing her mind. In the middle of her wedding, she reveals that Frank is not the father of her baby. Frank drives off in anger and swerves off the road to avoid Bobby and the car falls into a ditch, almost killing him.

text: The incident leaves Roo an outcast within the town. Morag tries to persuade her to move to the city with her, but Celia talks her out of it. Brett applies for custody, but Roo suggests they sort it out between themselves. She begins helping Brett's family as they set up a business in the Bay. She is pleased when Alf and Ailsa's differences over the development causes them to split up. With Ailsa returning to town to be Christopher Fletcher's (Ashleigh Bell-Weir) godmother, Roo fakes stomach pains to stop Alf attending the christening. However, by hyperventilating she sends herself into premature labour and gives birth to a baby girl, who she names, Martha (Burcin Kapkin). She is pleased when Frank seems to take an interest, until she learns that he is dating Bobby. Brett tries to force Roo into giving him custody of Martha. He kidnaps the baby and Roo considered suicide, before she is informed that Brett had returned Martha. Roo refuses to press charges and the couple realise that they cannot raise Martha, so they give her up for adoption. Roo then begins to accept Ailsa, when she and Alf reconcile.

text: Roo decides to take a break from the Bay and when she returns, she reveals that she has a new boyfriend, David Lee (Anthony Wong). Alf and Celia are slightly shocked as David is Chinese and they are uncomfortable with Roo being in a mixed race relationship. Alf eventually gives the pair his blessing, but David later leaves town. Frank and Bobby marry and Roo is stunned to learn Bobby is Morag's daughter and thus her cousin. Roo takes a job at the Macklin Corporation. Her manager, Nicholas Walsh (Robert Taylor), sends nasty letters to Ailsa and frames Roo, with help from Morag. With Alf and Ailsa believing the letters are from her, Roo moves in with Celia and then with Morag. When Alf discovers the truth, he apologises and Roo moves back in. She then starts dating Simon Yates (Christopher Saunders).

text: Ailsa becomes pregnant, which pleases Roo. Alf and Tom Fletcher (Roger Oakley) go missing on a fishing trip and Ailsa goes into premature labour. Roo stays as her half-brother Duncan (Allana Ellis) is born, shortly before Alf is found. Roo finds herself working closely with Frank and when he is offered a promotion in the city, he celebrates by kissing Roo. She feels guilty about the kiss and when Frank goes to the city without Bobby, everyone assumes he and Roo had an affair. Roo is upset when Sally Fletcher (Katie Ritchie) blames her for the break-up. Bobby tells her that she and Frank would have broken up anyway and gives them her blessing. Roo then goes to the city to meet Frank and tells him she wants to give their relationship another go. Frank and Roo marry, but they split by the time Frank returns to town. Roo later moves to New York, where she is joined for a time by both Martha and Duncan. In 2005, Roo has a near fatal car-accident and Alf and Morag fly to New York to be with her while she recovers.

text: Five years later, Roo returns to Summer Bay. Alf is shocked to see her and Roo tells him that she has come for a visit as a job fell through and she had some frequent-flyer miles to use up. Roo starts receiving texts and calls from her boyfriend, Tim, and her bank manager. Colleen Smart is also shocked to see Roo and starts mentioning all the bad things she did in the past, until Alf tells her to stop. Robert Robertson (Socratis Otto) questions Roo about Martha and Hugo Austin (Bernard Curry) for the Federal Police and she states that she has not been in contact with them. Roo later tries to persuade Hugo's mother, Gina (Sonia Todd), to give them the money Hugo left behind, but Gina is reluctant. Gina runs a credit check on Roo and discovers that she is broke. Roo denies wanting the money for herself. Roo advises Alf to get a lawyer when rumours begin to circulate that he killed Penn Graham (Christian Clark). Gina gets Roo to take a job with John Palmer (Shane Withington), who pays her with Hugo's money. Roo attends Bianca Scott's (Lisa Gormley) bridal shower and wedding, before leaving for the States.

text: On her return, Roo finds Alf has gone travelling and her aunt Morag has been placed in charge of the caravan park. Roo goes to the relaunch of Angelo Rosetta's (Luke Jacobz) restaurant where she gets drunk and wakes up in bed with Miles Copeland (Josh Quong Tart). Angelo offers Roo a room at his place and tries to make a pass at her. John hires Roo to organise sponsorship for the upcoming surf carnival. Roo becomes close friends with Nicole Franklin (Tessa James) and Marilyn Chambers (Emily Symons). She also gets on well with Marilyn's partner, Sid Walker (Robert Mammone). Roo supports Nicole during her pregnancy and she asks her to be present at the birth. Roo also supports Romeo Smith's (Luke Mitchell) attempts to start a charter business. Laura Carmody (Roxanne Wilson) arrives in the Bay and reveals she and Roo are old friends. Roo invites Laura to stay with her and they work together on a hospital fundraiser. Roo invites Romeo to accompany her on a business trip to Hawaii and he brings Indigo Walker (Samara Weaving) with them. When they announce that they are getting married, Roo calls Sid and he flies over. Sid kisses Roo, but she rejects him because he is with Marilyn. However, she runs after his taxi, but fails to stop him leaving.

text: When she returns home, Roo is shocked to learn Marilyn and Sid have broken up. She and Sid kiss again and agree to be a couple. Roo and Laura organise a ball at Sid's farm and Roo tries to make peace with Marilyn. Bianca is raped at the ball and Roo criticises Laura for selling tickets to the River Boys. Alf disapproves of Roo's relationship with Sid, as he is worried about how he will treat her. Roo and Marilyn eventually become friends again and Roo breaks up with Sid when she realises his family will always be a priority over her. Roo takes over the running of the Diner due to staff shortages and she starts dating Harvey Ryan (Marcus Graham), despite being warned not to by Romeo, Indi and Sid. Roo and Harvey break up when she learns he sabotaged Alf's boat. Roo is disgusted when Harvey tries to blackmail John and she persuades Alf to stand against him during the council elections. Roo later takes a job alongside Harvey and becomes jealous of him and his girlfriend, Fleur Simpson (Alys Daroy). Roo and Harvey later get back together and she is surprised when his ex-wife, Mel (Allison Cratchley), and daughter, Lottie (Morgan Weaving), arrive in Summer Bay.

text: Sid tells Roo that Harvey had a young son who drowned and she becomes upset that Harvey did not tell her. Harvey admits to Roo that he and the Mayor rigged the election, so he would win. Harvey is arrested and Roo stands by him. She later tells Harvey that she loves him. Roo bonds with Lottie and agrees that she can move in with her and Harvey, when Mel goes to the city. Lottie and Mel eventually leave the Bay and Harvey asks Roo to marry him. Roo's ex-boyfriend, Tim (Jonny Pasvolsky), comes to the Bay and tries to win Roo back. Harvey and Roo marry and they take in teen runaways Maddy Osborne and Spencer Harrington (Andrew Morley). Harvey sails around the world with his best friend, Winston Markman (John Batchelor). Winston returns a few months later to tell Roo that he lost Harvey. Roo holds a memorial service for Harvey and says goodbye. Roo is delighted when Harvey eventually returns. However, he cannot cope being back in the Bay, causing problems with his marriage. Roo decides the best thing for them to do is get divorced. Harvey agrees and leaves the Bay.

text: When Colleen has an accident, Roo flies to Las Vegas to care for her. On her return, she becomes ill and collapses. She is diagnosed with meningitis and has to have fluid removed from her brain, but she shows no improvement. Nate Cooper (Kyle Pryor) discovers growths on her brain and her family learn that Roo went to Peru, where she had suffered a reaction to her inoculations. Roo is given antiviral drugs and recovers. Roo plans Marilyn and John's wedding. At the reception, she is informed that Maddy has stolen her credit card to buy clothes. Maddy is later fired from the gym for stealing and Roo pays off her debt, preferring that Maddy owes her instead. When Maddy learns that she has ovarian cancer, Roo supports her through her treatment. Alf collapses during a school field trip to a war memorial and he is diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder. He experiences mood swings and Roo encourages him to speak to a therapist. James Edmunds (Myles Pollard) returns to the Bay and offers Roo a job as a lecturer at the university. She and James get on well and begin dating. Roo and Maddy then move in with James. He later proposes to her and she accepts. James and Roo try to get married quickly, but their wedding is stopped by Alf who thinks James lied about where he used to work. James and Roo then decide to put the wedding on hold. Roo later discovers James is already married with children, and has been lying to her all along. She calls off their engagement, but continues her relationship with him. After James confesses to Roo that he also lied to her about his parents being alive, she finally breaks up with him.

text: When Roo visits her brother Duncan in Hawaii, she meets James Mayvers (Tim Ross) and they begin a relationship. Roo initially tries to keep the relationship a secret due to the age gap between them, but Morag soon catches them together. Roo faints and is convinced by Morag that she is going through the menopause. However, she soon learns she is pregnant. James tells Roo that he does not want children and asks her to have an abortion, but she refuses and decides to the raise the child as a single parent. James's father David Mayvers (Noel Hodda) offers Roo $250,000 with the condition that she or her child does not contact James. Roo turns the offer down. While driving back from the pharmacy, she collapses in pain. Nate and Tori Morgan (Penny McNamee) find her and diagnose a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. She undergoes surgery, but loses the baby. Roo leaves town to try and find Martha, but she is unsuccessful and returns home.

text: Reception[edit]

text: A writer for Ausculture named Roo fifth on their Top Ten Aussie Soap Villains list.[15] They called Roo "evil" for trying to break up Alf's relationship with Ailsa, lying to and trying to marry Frank, leaving him at the altar and later having an affair with him.[15] They added "If she hadn't already left town, I wouldn't have been surprised to hear that she was driving the speedboat that struck down Summer Bay's beloved butch Bobby and killed her. On the plus side, she does have the rather hilarious name of 'Roo'."[15] Andrew Mercado described Roo as Alf Stewart's (Ray Meagher) "Minxy teenage daughter" in his book, Super Aussie soaps: behind the scenes of Australia's best loved TV shows.[16] A TV Week columnist describe Roo as "Summer Bay's original spoilt brat" who was never very far from drama.[10]

text:
A Holy Soap writer stated that Roo's most memorable moment was "Bowling over her dad Alf by unexpectedly arriving back in Summer Bay after more than two decades away."[17] The Herald Sun said Roo is "Manipulative, mysterious and returned from living what she claims was the high life in New York", they predicted that her motives for returning to the Bay would puzzle viewers.[18] When she slept with Miles, The Sun's television magazine Buzz said: "Will she ever give up her wild-child way?"[19]
Jaci Stephen writing for the Daily Mail highlighted the fact that Roo and Sid were fighting an attraction for one another. She said she could guess they would give into their desires in a number of "days rather than weeks."[20] Laura Morgan writing for All About Soap hoped Roo would not steal Sid from Marilyn and said: "Keep your hands off that Sid, Roo!"[21] When Roo finds happiness with Harvey, Stephen predicted that it would take one week before Roo became unhappy again.[22]


document_title: The Ghost & Mrs. Muir (TV series)

question_text: who played mrs. muir in the ghost and mrs. muir

text: The Ghost & Mrs. Muir (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series stars Hope Lange as Carolyn Muir, a young widow and writer who rents Gull Cottage, near the fictional fishing village of Schooner Bay, Maine, along with her two children, a housekeeper (played by Reta Shaw) and their dog. The cottage is haunted by the ghost of its former owner Daniel Gregg, a 19th-century sea captain, played by Edward Mulhare. Charles Nelson Reilly plays wacky local man Claymore Gregg, who rents the cottage to Mrs. Muir without telling her it is haunted by his ancestor.

text: The book of the same name, by R.A. Dick, was published in 1945. It was brought to the silver screen in 1947 with Gene Tierney playing Mrs. Muir and Rex Harrison as Captain Gregg. While the movie had been a romantic fantasy combining comic and dramatic elements, the series focused much more on laughs.

text: Production and reception[edit]

text: The story was developed as a TV series by Jean Holloway and filmed at the Hollywood Studios. Hope Lange won two Emmy Awards for Lead Actress in a Comedy Series for 1968–1969 and 1969–1970. Despite Lange's consecutive Emmy wins, the show struggled in the ratings and only ran for two seasons. During its first year on NBC, it followed Get Smart; its Big Three competition was My Three Sons on CBS and The Lawrence Welk Show on ABC.

text: In Spring 1969, NBC canceled the series. ABC picked it up and scheduled it to be shown on Thursday nights at 7:30 P.M. in September 1969, followed by That Girl and Bewitched. The series was again unsuccessful in beating out another hit CBS series, Family Affair. As a result, ABC canceled The Ghost & Mrs. Muir in Spring 1970. Ironically, the following year Family Affair was itself canceled by CBS after a five-year run because it was in the same time slot as the NBC hit variety series The Flip Wilson Show.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Hope Lange as Carolyn Muir, a widowed writer.
Edward Mulhare as Captain Daniel Gregg. The captain is a poltergeist, able to affect things not only in the house but also at a distance, and can appear and disappear at will. He can only be seen and heard by the people he chooses. His bad temper can affect the weather.
Charles Nelson Reilly as Claymore Gregg, the town clerk among other jobs, who is a great nephew of Capt. Gregg (although the captain is often ashamed of this and claims that Claymore is not related to him), and Mrs. Muir's landlord. He is one of the few who knows of the captain's continued presence, and is usually terrified of his ancestor. Reilly made this terror of "The Captain" a running gag during his appearances on The Hollywood Squares.
Reta Shaw as Martha Grant, the housekeeper. Towards the end of the series, the Captain reveals himself to her. But during most of the series, she is unaware of the ghost.
Kellie Flanagan as nine-year-old Candace 'Candy' Muir, Mrs. Muir's daughter; a tomboy with short hair. Starting in the second episode of season two, she can also see and hear the Captain.
Harlen Carraher as Jonathan Muir, Mrs. Muir's son; at the beginning of the series, he can see, hear and talk to the Captain.
Scruffy as Scruffy, the Muirs' Wire Fox Terrier.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: DVD release[edit]

text: On April 16, 2014, Madman Entertainment released both seasons on DVD in Region 4 (Australia ) for the very first time. In July 2014 Amazon.com started selling both seasons of the Ghost & Mrs. Muir in the United States.[1][2]


document_title: Answering machine

question_text: when did the first answering machine come out

text: Answering machine

text: History[edit]

text: Most 20th century answering machines used magnetic recording which Valdemar Poulsen invented in 1898.[2] The creation of the first practical automatic answering device for telephones, however, is in dispute. Clarence Hickman worked for Bell Laboratories from 1930 where he developed methods for the magnetic recording and working on the recognition of speech patterns and electromechanical switching systems.[3] In 1934, he developed a tape-based answering machine which phone company AT&T, as the owner of Bell Laboratories, kept under wraps for years for fear that an answering machine would result in fewer telephone calls.[4] Many claim it was William Muller in 1935, but it could have been created already in 1931 by William Schergens whose device used phonographic cylinders.[5] Ludwig Blattner promoted a telephone answering machine in 1929 based on his Blattnerphone magnetic recording technology.[6] In 1935 inventor Benjamin Thornton developed a machine to record voice messages from the caller. The device reportedly also was able to keep track of the time the recordings were made.[7] Although many sources maintain that he invented it in 1935, Thornton had actually filed a patent in 1930 (Number 1831331) for this machine, which utilized a phonographic record as the recording medium.[8]

text: A commercial answering machine, the Tel-Magnet, offered in the United States in 1949, played outgoing messages and recorded incoming messages on a magnetic wire. It was priced at $200 but was not a commercial success.[9]

text: In 1949 the first commercially successful answering machine was the Electronic Secretary created by inventor Joseph Zimmerman and businessman George W. Danner, who founded Electronic Secretary Industries in Wisconsin. The Electronic Secretary used the then state-of-the-art technology of a 45 rpm record player for announcements and a wire recorder for message capture and playback. Electronic Secretary Industries was purchased in 1957 by General Telephone and Electronics.[10][11][12] Another commercially successful answering machine was the Ansafone created by inventor Dr. Kazuo Hashimoto, who was employed by a company called Phonetel. This company began selling the first answering machines in the US in 1960.[13]

text: Answering machines became more widely used after the restructuring of AT&T in 1984, which was when the machines became affordable and sales reached one million units per year in the US.[14][15] While early answering machines used magnetic tape technology, most modern equipment uses solid state memory storage; some devices use a combination of both, with a solid-state circuit for the outgoing message and a cassette for the incoming messages. James P Mitchell displayed a working prototype of a digital outgoing message with a taped incoming system at an Iowa State University VEISHEA engineering openhouse in April 1982. This system won a gold award from the Engineering department.[16] In 1983, Kazuo Hashimoto received a patent for a digital answering machine architecture with US Patent 4,616,110.[17] The first digital answering machine brought to the market was AT&T's 1337; an activity led by Trey Weaver. Mr. Hashimoto sued AT&T but quickly dropped the suit because the AT&T architecture was significantly different from his patent.

text: Answering and ending calls[edit]

text: There are two possibilities for answering an incoming call: (1) waiting arbitrarily long for operator intervention, or (2) automatically answering after a specified number of rings in a certain state of the TAD (e.g. "toll saving" below). This is useful if the owner is screening calls and does not wish to speak with all callers.

text: In any case after going off-hook, the calling party should be informed about the call having been answered (in most cases this starts the charging), either by some remark of the operator, or by some greeting message of the TAD, or addressed to non-human callers (e.g. fax machines) by implementing an appropriate protocol over the land line. In some cases the terminal equipment answering a call just sends a slightly modified ringback tone to the caller, while processing the protocol.

text: Similarly, the called equipment can end a call by going on-hook deliberately, because of some specific signalling, or because of some time out.

text: Pure voice operation[edit]

text: In case of voice-only environments any accepted call can be directly handed over to a TAD, which may be preemptively superseded by a human operated handset, taking control by simply going off hook itself, forcing the TAD (back) on hook. Voice signals may simply be captured to and replayed from analogue media (mostly tapes), but the later TADs shifted to digital storage, with all of its convenience for compression and handling, for both the greeting as for the recorded messages.

text: Greeting message[edit]

text: Most modern answering machines have a system for greeting. The owner may record a message that will be played back to the caller, or an automatic message will be played if the owner does not record one. This holds especially for the TADs with digitally stored greeting messages or for earlier machines (before the rise of microcassettes) with a special endless loop tape, separate from a second cassette, dedicated to recording.

text: There have been answer-only devices with no recording capabilities, where the greeting message had to inform callers of a state of current unattainability, or e.g. about availability hours. In recording TADs the greeting usually contains an invitation to leave a message "after the beep".

text: Greeting messages are partly considered as an art form, expressing the creativity and attractiveness of the operator of the TAD via remarkable wording and sound staging.

text: Recording messages[edit]

text: On a two-cassette answerphone, there is an outgoing cassette, which after the specified number of rings plays a pre-recorded message to the caller. Once the message is complete, the outgoing cassette stops and the incoming cassette starts recording the caller's message, and then stops when the caller hangs up.

text: Single-cassette answering machines contain the outgoing message at the beginning of the tape and incoming messages on the remaining space. They first play the announcement, then fast-forward to the next available space for recording, then record the caller's message. If there are many previous messages, fast-forwarding through them can cause a significant delay. This delay is taken care of by playing back a beep to the caller, when the TAD is ready to record. This beep is often referred to in the greeting message, requesting to start the message to be recorded "after the beep".

text: TADs with digital storage for the recorded messages do not show this delay, of course.

text: Remote control[edit]

text: A TAD may offer a remote control facility, whereby the answerphone owner can ring the home number and, by entering a code on the remote telephone's keypad, can listen to recorded messages, or delete them, even when away from home.

text: Many devices offer a "toll saver" function for this purpose. Thereby the machine increases the number of rings after which it answers the call (typically by two, resulting in four rings), if no unread messages are currently stored, but answers after the set number of rings (usually two) if there are unread messages. This allows the owner to find out whether there are messages waiting; if there are none, the owner can hang up the phone on the, e.g., third ring without incurring a call charge.

text: Some machines also allow themselves to be remotely activated, if they have been switched off, by calling and letting the phone ring a certain large number of times (usually 10-15). Some service providers do not allow for a that large number of rings, and abandon such calls.

text: In the early days of TADs a special transmitter for DTMF tones (dual-tone multi-frequency signalling) was regionally required for remote control, since the formerly employed pulse dialling is not apt to convey appropriate signalling along an active connection, and the dual-tone multi-frequency signalling was implemented stepwise.

text: Combined operation[edit]

text: This refers to analogue sites, which support voice-, fax- and data-transmission via land lines by adhering to specific protocols, established by the ITU-T. Any incoming call is not identifiable with respect to these properties in advance of going "off hook" by the terminal equipment. So after going off hook the calls must be switched to appropriate devices and only the voice-type is immediately accessible to a human, but perhaps, nevertheless should be routed to a TAD (e.g. after the caller has identified itself, or has been identified by a recognized caller ID).

text: Starting with the integration of faxing devices into computers via Fax modems the automated answering of voice calls by a computer went live via specific software, like e.g. TalkWorks. These systems allowed for quite elaborate voice box systems, navigated via dual-tone multi-frequency signaling, allowing a computer on a (single) telephony line to sound like a professional telephony system with hierarchical fax and message boxes with an automatic call distributor, where a caller might deposit his messages, leave his faxes behind, might listen to specific messages, or start a fax-back service.

text: Besides these solutions, mostly requiring a constantly running computer, since a wake-on-ring function then (~1995) started to take too much time to boot up an operating system, a few so-called selfmodems were available from e.g. U.S.-Robotics or ELSA Technology: the Sportster MessagePlus, the 56K Message Modem External, and the MicroLink Office. These devices answered incoming calls by playing a welcome message while discriminating fax calls (CNG-tone at 1100 Hz) from voice calls, storing an incoming fax, or a voice massage, respectively. A computer was only necessary afterwards to retrieve the faxes, or for storing the voice messages. In case of a full storage the devices changed their welcome message to another, prerecorded message, played on answering incoming calls, possibly explaining to be incommunicado.


document_title: 40-yard dash

question_text: what was deion sanders 40 yard dash time

text: 40-yard dash

text: Timing method and track comparisons[edit]

text: In terms of judging a person's speed, the best method of timing is through lasers which start and stop the times when passed through. A laser start (from a stationary position) is more accurate for measuring pure speed as it does not register a runner's reaction time. However, the method of timing a 40-yard dash can affect the accuracy by as much 0.5 seconds (with the manual stopwatch method). The National Football League (NFL) did not begin using partial electronic timing (started by hand, stopped electronically) at the NFL Scouting Combine until 1999.[2] [3] For purposes of measurement at the Combine, the run is made along the lower sideline from the 40 yard-line to the end zone, which has built-in rundown space.

text: In track and field races, the runner must react to the starting gun, which takes approximately 0.24 seconds, based on FAT timing. A runner with a reaction time less than .100 is subject to disqualification as that is deemed too fast of a reaction time. In contrast, for electronically timed 40-yard dashes, the runner is allowed to start when he wishes, and a timer hand-starts the clock. This aspect means that comparisons with track times are impossible given that a reaction time is not factored in. Furthermore, the use of hand-timing in the 40-yard dash can considerably alter a runner's time; the methods are not comparable to the rigorous electronic timing used in track and field.

text: Jacoby Ford, who ran a 4.28 s in the 2010 NFL Combine, had a collegiate best of 6.51 s in the 60-meter dash (outside the top-40 of the all-time lists).[4] This highlights the difficulties in comparing track running times to football 40-yard times due to the different timing methods.[5]

text: Records[edit]

text: Auburn's Bo Jackson claims to have run a 40-yard dash with a time of 4.13 s.[6][7] A time of 4.18 run by Jackson within the same week added some support to the legitimacy of the times.[8][9] Texas Tech's Jakeem Grant was hand-timed by a New Orleans Saints scout as running a 4.10 in 2016, potentially beating Jackson's record.[10] Deion Sanders ran a 4.27-second 40-yard dash in 1989.[11]

text: In 2013, Carlin Isles recorded a time of 4.22 at a Detroit Lions facility during a workout.[12]

text: In 2017 Olympic sprinter Christian Coleman ran a time of 4.12 seconds on turf in response to claims that NFL players are as fast as Usain Bolt.[13]

text: Records at the NFL Scouting Combine[edit]

text: This is a list of the official 40-yard dash results of 4.30 seconds or better recorded at the NFL Scouting combine since 1999, the first year electronic timing was implemented at the NFL Scouting Combine.[14][15]

text:
Time
Name
Height
Weight
Position
College
Year
Draft
R

4.22
John Ross
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
190 lb (86 kg)
Wide receiver
Washington
2017
No. 9 overall by Cincinnati Bengals
[16]

4.24
Rondel Menendez
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
192 lb (87 kg)
Wide receiver
Eastern Kentucky
1999
No. 247 overall by Atlanta Falcons

Chris Johnson
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
192 lb (87 kg)
Running back
East Carolina
2008
No. 24 overall by Tennessee Titans

4.26
Jerome Mathis
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
184 lb (83 kg)
Wide receiver
Hampton
2005
No. 114 overall by Houston Texans

Dri Archer
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
173 lb (78 kg)
Running back
Kent State
2014
No. 97 overall by Pittsburgh Steelers

4.27
Stanford Routt
6 ft 2 in (188 cm)
193 lb (88 kg)
Cornerback
Houston
2005
No. 38 overall by Oakland Raiders

Marquise Goodwin
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
181 lb (82 kg)
Wide receiver
Texas
2013
No. 78 overall by Buffalo Bills

4.28
Champ Bailey
6 ft 0 in (183 cm)
192 lb (87 kg)
Cornerback
Georgia
1999
No. 7 overall by Washington Redskins

Jacoby Ford
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
190 lb (86 kg)
Wide receiver
Clemson
2010
No. 108 overall by Oakland Raiders

Jalen Myrick
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
200 lb (91 kg)
Cornerback
Minnesota
2017
No. 222 overall by Jacksonville Jaguars
[17]

J. J. Nelson
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
156 lb (71 kg)
Wide receiver
UAB
2015
No. 159 overall by Arizona Cardinals
[18]

DeMarcus Van Dyke
6 ft 1 in (185 cm)
187 lb (85 kg)
Cornerback
Miami
2011
No. 81 overall by Oakland Raiders

4.29
Fabian Washington
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
188 lb (85 kg)
Cornerback
Nebraska
2005
No. 23 overall by Oakland Raiders

Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie
6 ft 2 in (188 cm)
184 lb (83 kg)
Cornerback
Tennessee State
2008
No. 16 overall by the Arizona Cardinals

Josh Robinson
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
199 lb (90 kg)
Cornerback
UCF
2012
No. 66 overall by Minnesota Vikings

4.30
Darrent Williams
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
176 lb (80 kg)
Cornerback
Oklahoma State
2005
No. 56 overall by Denver Broncos

Tye Hill
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
185 lb (84 kg)
Cornerback
Clemson
2006
No. 15 overall by St. Louis Rams

Yamon Figurs
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
174 lb (79 kg)
Wide receiver
Kansas State
2007
No. 74 overall by Baltimore Ravens

Darrius Heyward-Bey
6 ft 2 in (188 cm)
210 lb (95 kg)
Wide receiver
Maryland
2009
No. 7 overall by Oakland Raiders
[19]

text: Average time by position[edit]

text: According to a five-year NFL combine report, wide receivers and cornerbacks had the fastest average times at 4.55, followed by running backs at 4.59. The following average times were measured between 2008 and 2012 at the NFL combine.[20]

text:
Position
Time

Wide receiver
4.55

Cornerback
4.55

Running back
4.59

Safety
4.62

Outside linebacker
4.74

Tight end
4.77

Fullback
4.80

Inside linebacker
4.80

Quarterback
4.87

Defensive end
4.88

Defensive tackle
5.13

Center
5.30

Offensive tackle
5.32

Offensive guard
5.36


document_title: J'son (comics)

question_text: who is peter quill's dad in the comics

question_tokens: who is peter quill 's dad in the comics

text: J'son (comics)

text: Publication history[edit]

text: Emperor Jason of Spartax first appeared in Marvel Preview #11 and was created by Chris Claremont and John Byrne. Emperor Jason was the father of the Star-Lord character who had been introduced in Marvel Preview #4.

text: In 2000, a character named Prince Jason of Spartax is introduced in Inhumans Vol. 3 #2. He was originally meant to be the same Marvel Preview #11 Jason, but from earlier in time.

text: After 2004 when Peter Quill was introduced into the Earth-616 continuity, the problems that were caused by Quill's presence in the then present-day Marvel Universe were never officially explained by Marvel Comics.

text: In 2013, King J'son of Spartax was introduced in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 #0.1. As reimagined by writer Brian Michael Bendis and artist Steve McNiven, this character is definitively identified as being the father of the Star-Lord who existed in the present-day Marvel Universe of Earth-616. Due to the continuity issues that this revised origin story caused, Marvel Comics decided that there were two versions of Star-Lord and that the events of Marvel Preview #11 and other appearances of the "classic" Star-Lord were to be officially designated as occurring in Earth-791.[citation needed] It is assumed[original research?] that Prince Jason of Spartax from Inhumans Vol. 3 still exists in Earth-616, but is a different character from Emperor J'son of Spartax from Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. There is no official explanation for these continuity issues.

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: When J'son's ship crash lands on Earth, he is taken in by Meredith Quill. The two form a relationship while J'son makes repairs to his ship. Eventually, J'son is forced to leave to return home and fight in a war. He leaves, not knowing Meredith is pregnant with Peter Quill.[1]

text: Years later, J'son is revealed to be the King of the Spartax planetary system. J'son joined other members of the Galactic Council to declare the Earth off-limits to extraterrestrial interaction. Once his son defended Earth from a Badoon attack, J'son sent Spartoi soldiers to capture him and his team called the Guardians of the Galaxy. However, the Guardians managed to escape and flee.[2]

text: In an attempt to finally get rid of the Guardians and make his son join him, all of the Guardians were separately dealt with by the Spartoi and its allies. However, they didn't count with the Guardians' ally Captain Marvel, who saved Peter Quill from J'son and the Spartoi Empire. As he was escaping, Quill discredited J'son to the whole empire revealing him as a heartless murderer. The entire Spartoi Empire rebelled against J'son, who was forced to flee.[3]

text: With no longer an empire or fortune as seen in The Black Vortex storyline, J'son became the villain known as Mister Knife and started building a criminal empire. He put a bounty on his son, and also assembled the Slaughter Squad to recover the Black Vortex.[4]

text: Because of the price put on his head, Star-Lord began raiding Mister Knife's crime syndicate, unaware that he was dealing with his own father. After the Slaughter Squad managed to finally capture Star-Lord while he was on a date with Kitty Pryde, Mister Knife revealed his identity to his son.[5]

text: After Peter escaped with the help of Kitty Pryde, who traveled all the way from Earth to save him, J'son was tracked down to a planet where Thanos' son Thane is and convinced him to join his cause.[6]

text: After Star-Lord and Kitty Pryde decided to steal the Black Vortex from J'son with the sole purpose to annoy him, Mister Knife sent the Slaughter Lords to hunt them down and recover the Vortex. After numerous failed attempts to recover the Vortex, Mister Knife managed to get his hands on it. As part of a deal with Thane, he submitted to the Black Vortex and used his cosmically enhanced power to encase the entirety of Spartax in his amber construct. The trapped Spartax was later traded to the Brood by Mister Knife, in exchange for taking advantage of their expansion and acquiring one planet for every ten worlds they conquered ever since.[7]

text: At a moment when Captain Marvel retrieved the Black Vortex, she was cornered by Thane and J'son, who demanded she give them the Vortex back. When Thane tried to use his powers to encase Carol in amber, she used the Black Vortex as a shield and deflected the attack towards J'son.[8]

text: J'son remained encased in the amber construct floating through Spartax's orbit, until he was found by the Collector, who was too late to recover the Vortex, but settled for adding J'son to his collection.[9] J'son's amber construct imprisonment was later recovered by his daughter Victoria and brought back to Spartax.[10]

text: Powers and abilities[edit]

text: J'son of Spartax uses Spartax weapons.

text: Other versions[edit]

text: Jason first appears in Marvel Preview #11, but after Peter Quill's introduction to Earth-616 in 2004, this issue and other appearances of "classic" Star-Lord have been officially designated as occurring in Earth-791 due to continuity issues.[citation needed] In this issue, Star-Lord meets his father and learns of his past. Years earlier, Jason was summoned by his father when war broke out between the Spartoi and the Ariguans. On his way back home, he was forced to crash land on Earth, where he fell in love with a human woman named Meredith Quill. The two began a year-long relationship before Jason was forced to leave to wage war for Spartax. Wishing to shield Meredith from the pain of his departure, Jason erased her memories of him. Meredith would later go on to give birth to his son Peter Quill. Jason would eventually go on take his father's place as emperor. After telling Star-Lord this story, Jason offered him a place as heir to the throne. Peter refused, and in his stead Jason adopted Kip Holm as future heir.[11]

text: Inhumans Vol. 3[edit]

text: Jason is from the Spartoi Empire where the Spartoi are a sister race to the Shi'ar, separating from their cousins millions of years ago. He was the only son of the previous Emperor Eson, and therefore was Prince and sole heir to the throne. Rejecting his idealism, the ruling Council of Ministers prevented J'son from taking the throne. The future emperor would be educated, as per Spartax tradition, by being brought up on dozens of the Empire's planets working many professions, including servant, miner, poet, soldier and pilot - excelling in the latter two.[12]

text: When Ronan the Accuser of the Kree Empire forced the Inhuman Royal Family to attempt to assassinate the Empress Lilandra, ruler of the neighboring Shi'ar Empire during a wedding ceremony that would symbolically unite the Shi'ar and Spartoi, J'son (who had been seen with the Inhumans) was accused of being part of the plot. For this, he was banished and deemed unworthy of the throne.[13]

text: While the events of Inhumans Vol. 3 take place in Earth-616, this incarnation of Jason causes continuity issues with the J'son introduced in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3. For this reason, it is assumed that these are two difference characters, although no official explanation has been given for these continuity issues.

text: In other media[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: J'son first appears in the Guardians of the Galaxy episode "Don't Stop Believing", voiced by Jonathan Frakes.[14] He is the Emperor of Spartax and the father of Peter Quill by Meredith Quill as well as being the father of Captain Victoria. In addition, he is a secret ally of Thanos.

text: Film[edit]

text: In Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, Ego the Living Planet is the father of the Marvel Cinematic Universe version of Star-Lord rather than J'son. Director and writer James Gunn explained why he made the change: "I just don't like the character [J'son] very much," he said. "I also thought it was too much like a Star Wars thing because of the royalty and all of that."[15]


document_title: FIFA U-17 World Cup

question_text: who is the winner of under 17 world cup

question_tokens: who is the winner of under 17 world cup

text: FIFA U-17 World Cup

text: Structure[edit]

text: Each tournament consists of a group phase, in which four teams play against one another and standings in the group table decide which teams advance, followed by a knockout phase of successive matches where the winning team advances through the competition and the losing team is eliminated. This continues until two teams remain to contest the final, which decides the tournament winner. The losing semi-finalists also contest a match to decide third place.

text: From 1985 to 2005 there were 16 teams in the competition, divided into four groups of four teams each in the group phase. Each team played the others in its group and the group winner and runner up qualified for the knockout phase. From 2007 the tournament was expanded to 24 teams, divided into six groups of four teams each. The top 2 places in each group plus the four best third-placed teams advanced to the knockout phase.

text: Competition matches are played in two 45-minute halves (i.e., 90 minutes in total). In the knockout phase, until the 2011 tournament, if tied at the end of 90 minutes an additional 30 minutes of extra time were played, followed by a penalty shoot-out if still tied. Starting with the 2011 tournament, the extra time period was eliminated to avoid player burnout, and all knockout games progress straight to penalties if tied at the end of 90 minutes.

text: Qualification[edit]

text: The host nation of each tournament qualifies automatically. The remaining teams qualify through competitions organised by the six regional confederations. For the first edition of the tournament in 1985, all of the teams from Europe plus Bolivia appeared by invitation of FIFA.

text:
Confederation
Championship

AFC (Asia)
AFC U-16 Championship

CAF (Africa)
African Under-17 Championship

CONCACAF (North, Central America and Caribbean)
CONCACAF Under-17 Championship

CONMEBOL (South America)
South American Under-17 Football Championship

OFC (Oceania)
OFC U-17 Championship

UEFA (Europe)
UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship

text: Results[edit]

text: Summaries[edit]

text: FIFA U-16 World Championship[edit]

text:
Year
Hosts

Final

Third place match

Number of teams

Champions
Score
Runners-up
Third place
Score
Fourth place

1985
Details
 China

Nigeria
2–0

West Germany

Brazil
4–1

Guinea
16

1987
Details
 Canada

Soviet Union
1–1 (a.e.t.)
4–2 (p)

Nigeria

Ivory Coast
2–1 (a.e.t.)

Italy
16

1989
Details
 Scotland

Saudi Arabia
2–2 (a.e.t.)
5–4 (p)

Scotland

Portugal
3–0

Bahrain
16

text: FIFA U-17 World Championship[edit]

text:
Year
Hosts

Final

Third place match

Number of teams

Champions
Score
Runners-up
Third place
Score
Fourth place

1991
Details
 Italy

Ghana
1–0

Spain

Argentina
1–1 (a.e.t.)
4–1 (p)

Qatar
16

1993
Details
 Japan

Nigeria
2–1

Ghana

Chile
1–1 (a.e.t.)
4–2 (p)

Poland
16

1995
Details
 Ecuador

Ghana
3–2

Brazil

Argentina
2–0

Oman
16

1997
Details
 Egypt

Brazil
2–1

Ghana

Spain
2–1

Germany
16

1999
Details
 New Zealand

Brazil
0–0 (a.e.t.)
8–7 (p)

Australia

Ghana
2–0

United States
16

2001
Details
 Trinidad and Tobago

France
3–0

Nigeria

Burkina Faso
2–0

Argentina
16

2003
Details
 Finland

Brazil
1–0

Spain

Argentina
1–1 (a.e.t.)
5–4 (p)

Colombia
16

2005
Details
 Peru

Mexico
3–0

Brazil

Netherlands
2–1

Turkey
16

text: FIFA U-17 World Cup[edit]

text:
Year
Hosts

Final

Third place match

Number of teams

Champions
Score
Runners-up
Third place
Score
Fourth place

2007
Details
 South Korea

Nigeria
0–0 (a.e.t.)
3–0 (p)

Spain

Germany
2–1

Ghana
24

2009
Details
 Nigeria

Switzerland
1–0

Nigeria

Spain
1–0

Colombia
24

2011
Details
 Mexico

Mexico
2–0

Uruguay

Germany
4–3

Brazil
24

2013
Details
 UAE

Nigeria
3–0

Mexico

Sweden
4–1

Argentina
24

2015
Details
 Chile

Nigeria
2–0

Mali

Belgium
3–2

Mexico
24

2017
Details
 India

England
5–2

Spain

Brazil
2–0

Mali
24

2019
Details
TBD

24

text:
Key:

aet - after extra time
PSO - match won on penalty shootout

text: Performances by countries[edit]

text:
Rank
Team
Titles
Runners-up
Third Place
Fourth Place
Medals

1
 Nigeria
5 (1985, 1993, 2007, 2013, 2015)
3 (1987, 2001, 2009)

8

2
 Brazil
3 (1997, 1999, 2003)
2 (1995, 2005)
2 (1985, 2017)
1 (2011)
7

3
 Ghana
2 (1991, 1995)
2 (1993, 1997)
1 (1999)
1 (2007)
5

4
 Mexico
2 (2005, 2011)
1 (2013)

1 (2015)
3

5
 Soviet Union
1 (1987)

1

 Saudi Arabia
1 (1989)

1

 France
1 (2001)

1

  Switzerland
1 (2009)

1

 England
1 (2017)

1

10
 Spain

4 (1991, 2003, 2007, 2017)
2 (1997, 2009)

6

11
 Germany

1 (1985)
2 (2007, 2011)
1 (1997)
3

12
 Mali

1 (2015)

1 (2017)
1

13
 Scotland

1 (1989)

1

 Australia

1 (1999)

1

 Uruguay

1 (2011)

1

16
 Argentina

3 (1991, 1995, 2003)
2 (2001, 2013)
3

17
 Ivory Coast

1 (1987)

1

 Portugal

1 (1989)

1

 Chile

1 (1993)

1

 Burkina Faso

1 (2001)

1

 Netherlands

1 (2005)

1

 Sweden

1 (2013)

1

 Belgium

1 (2015)

1

24
 Colombia

2 (2003, 2009)
–

25
 Guinea

1 (1985)
–

 Italy

1 (1987)
–

 Bahrain

1 (1989)
–

 Qatar

1 (1991)
–

 Poland

1 (1993)
–

 Oman

1 (1995)
–

 United States

1 (1999)
–

 Turkey

1 (2005)
–

text: Performances by continental zones[edit]

text: Africa is the most successful continental zone with 7 tournament wins (5 for Nigeria, 2 for Ghana) and 6 times as runner up. Notably the 1993 final was contested by two African teams, when the final has been contested by two teams from the same confederation. The African teams repeated the 1993 final with Mali replacing Ghana (Disqualified for age violation) in 2015 when Nigeria and Mali made it to the last two standing and Nigeria got their fifth win.

text: South America has 3 tournament wins and has been runner up three times. Additionally Argentina has finished in third place on 3 occasions, Chile has done so on one occasion and Colombia has finished in fourth place twice, but neither of the latter two have ever appeared in the final.

text: Europe has 4 tournaments wins (1 each for France, USSR, Switzerland and England) and has been runner up 6 times. Spain has been runner up on 4 occasions. Additionally Portugal and Netherlands have won third-place medals in 1989 and 2005 respectively.

text: The CONCACAF zone has 2 tournament wins (for Mexico in 2005 and 2011), this confederation has reached the final three times (with Mexico).

text: Asia has 1 tournament win (for Saudi Arabia in 1989), the only time that a team from this confederation has reached the final and the only time an Asian team won a FIFA tournament in male category. (Australia was runner up in 1999 but at that time was in the Oceania Football Confederation).

text: Oceania has no tournament wins and 1 occasion as runner up (for Australia in 1999). Australia has since moved to the Asian confederation.

text: This tournament is peculiar in that the majority of titles have gone to teams from outside the strongest regional confederations (CONMEBOL and UEFA). Of the fifteen editions held so far, nine (60 percent of the total) have been won by teams from North and Central America, Africa and Asia.

text:
Confederation (continent)
Performances

Winners
Runners-up
Third
Fourth

CAF (Africa)
7 times: Nigeria (5), Ghana (2)
6 times: Nigeria (3), Ghana (2), Mali (1)
3 times: Ghana (1), Côte d'Ivoire (1), Burkina Faso (1)
3 times: Ghana (1), Guinea (1), Mali (1)

UEFA (Europe)
4 times: France (1), Soviet Union (1), Switzerland (1), England (1)
6 times: Spain (4), Germany (1), Scotland (1)
8 times: Germany (2), Spain (2), Belgium (1), Netherlands (1), Portugal (1), Sweden (1)
4 times: Germany (1), Italy (1), Poland (1), Turkey (1)

CONMEBOL (South America)
3 times: Brazil (3)
3 times: Brazil (2), Uruguay (1)
6 times: Argentina (3), Brazil (2), Chile (1)
5 times: Brazil (1), Argentina (2), Colombia (2)

CONCACAF (North, Central America and Caribbean)
2 times: Mexico (2)
1 time: Mexico (1)
None
2 times: Mexico (1), United States (1)

AFC (Asia)
1 time: Saudi Arabia (1)
None
None
3 times: Bahrain (1), Qatar (1), Oman (1)

OFC (Oceania)
None
1 time: Australia (1)
None
None

text: Awards[edit]

text: At every tournament three awards are presented:

text:
The Golden Shoe is awarded to the top goalscorer of tournament.
The Golden Ball is awarded to the most valuable player of the tournament.
The Fair Play Award is presented to the team with the best disciplinary record in the tournament.

text:
Tournament
Golden Ball
Golden Shoe Award
Goals
Golden Glove
Fair Play Award

 1985 China
 William
 Marcel Witeczek
8
Not Awarded
 West Germany

 1987 Canada
 Philip Osundu
 Moussa Traoré
5
 Soviet Union

 1989 Scotland
 James Will
 Fode Camara
3
 Bahrain

 1991 Italy
 Nii Lamptey
 Adriano
4
 Argentina

 1993 Japan
 Daniel Addo
 Wilson Oruma
6
 Nigeria

 1995 Ecuador
 Mohamed Kathiri
 Daniel Allsopp
5
 Brazil

 1997 Egypt
 Sergio Santamaría
 David
7
 Argentina

 1999 New Zealand
 Landon Donovan
 Ishmael Addo
7
 Mexico

 2001 Trinidad and Tobago
 Florent Sinama Pongolle
 Florent Sinama Pongolle
9
 Nigeria

 2003 Finland
 Cesc Fàbregas
 Cesc Fàbregas
5
 Costa Rica

 2005 Peru
 Anderson
 Carlos Vela
5
 North Korea

 2007 South Korea
 Toni Kroos
 Macauley Chrisantus
7
 Costa Rica

 2009 Nigeria
 Sani Emmanuel
 Borja
5
 Benjamin Siegrist
 Nigeria

 2011 Mexico
 Julio Gómez
 Souleymane Coulibaly
9
 Jonathan Cubero
 Japan

 2013 United Arab Emirates
 Kelechi Iheanacho
 Valmir Berisha
7
 Dele Alampasu
 Nigeria

 2015 Chile
 Kelechi Nwakali
 Victor Osimhen
10
 Samuel Diarra
 Ecuador

 2017 India
 Phil Foden
 Rhian Brewster
8
 Gabriel Brazão
 Brazil

text: Records and statistics[edit]