document_title: Murder of Skylar Neese

question_text: what is the lifetime movie death clique based on

text: Murder of Skylar Neese

text: Background information[edit]

text: Victim[edit]

text: Skylar Annette Neese was the only child of Mary and Dave Neese. At that time Mary Neese worked as an administrative assistant in a cardiac lab and Dave Neese was a product assembler at Walmart. Skylar was an honors student at University High School who wanted to become a criminal lawyer. She worked at Wendy's with two close friends.

text: Perpetrators[edit]

text: Shelia Rae Eddy is the only child of Tara Clendenen and Greg Eddy. Shelia was born in Blacksville, West Virginia. Her parents divorced in 2000 when her father got into a car accident that left him with a traumatic brain injury and permanent disability. Tara struggled as a single mother, working as an accountant for a car dealership. In October 2010, Tara moved in with her new husband, Jim Clendenen, to Morgantown, West Virginia, where Shelia started attending Morgantown High School and became an honors student.[citation needed]

text: Rachel Shoaf, grew up in Morgantown. She is the only daughter of Rusty and Patricia Shoaf.

text: Both perpetrators attended University High School along with their victim.[5]

text: Disappearance[edit]

text: On July 5, 2012, Neese returned to her family's Star City, West Virginia apartment after working a shift at Wendy's. She disappeared from her home that night. Neese's apartment complex surveillance video showed Skylar leaving the apartment, via her bedroom window, at 12:30 A.M. on July 6, 2012 and getting into a sedan.[1] Neese's father said that she did not take her cell phone charger, her window was left open, and she planned on coming home.[6]

text: Murder[edit]

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text: Late in the evening of July 5, 2012, Shelia Eddy and Rachel Shoaf convinced Neese to sneak out with them. Neese, who had recently fallen out with the two, was initially hesitant. After a series of phone calls and texts from the girls, Neese changed her mind.

text: At approximately 12:30 a.m., Neese climbed out of her bedroom window, crossed the street and got into the back seat of an unidentified 4 door sedan. Over the course of the police and FBI investigation, the vehicle was identified as that of Shelia Eddy. The three girls then headed north from Star City via U.S. Route 19. They had planned to travel along U.S. Route 7, but turned around after spotting a State Police car parked in front of a gambling lounge; they wound up taking an alternate road to Blacksville.

text: They eventually arrived at their destination just across the state border in Pennsylvania, a spot where all three of the girls would occasionally smoke marijuana. Shoaf and Eddy had been planning Neese's murder for months. They left Eddy's house prepared to carry out the assault on Neese, bringing with them kitchen knives, paper towels, bleach, cleaning cloths, clean clothes, and a shovel. They concealed the knives on their persons, and hid the remaining items in the trunk of Shelia's vehicle.

text: Once the girls were out of the vehicle, they told Neese they had forgotten to bring a lighter. Neese volunteered to go back to the vehicle for hers. Once Neese had turned her back on Shoaf and Eddy they began counting to their agreed upon signal of "3". Once they gave the signal, Shoaf and Eddy began to stab Neese. Neese attempted to run, but wasn't able to make it more than a few feet. Shoaf tackled her to the ground and continued with the assault. During the attack, Neese managed to wrestle Shoaf's knife from her and cut her knee in an attempt to defend herself. Eddy continued to stab Neese until there was complete silence and "Neese's neck stopped making gurgling sounds." Neese had died from over 50 stab wounds.

text: Afterwards, Shoaf and Eddy attempted to bury Neese's body. The girls dragged Neese's body to the side of the road that ran along a creek. However, the soil there was too hard and rocky for them to dig like they had originally planned, so they covered Skylar's body with rocks, fallen branches, and dirt. Shoaf and Eddy then returned to the car to clean up themselves and the murder scene. Upon completion of the attack and clean up, Shoaf and Eddy left the scene, disposed of their blood-soaked clothing and returned to their homes.

text: Investigation[edit]

text: For months police investigated several unproductive leads in Neese's disappearance.[7] Neese was initially considered to be a runaway by law enforcement authorities, and an Amber Alert was not immediately issued in connection with her disappearance.[4] An early tip indicated that Neese had been seen in North Carolina, but the Star City Police Department determined that the person spotted was not Neese.[8] Neese's parents posted flyers about their missing daughter in the Monongalia County region.[9] Police determined that the unknown sedan in which Skylar Neese was last seen belonged to Eddy and interviewed her. Eddy admitted to picking up Neese but stated that she had dropped her off an hour later.[10] The FBI and the West Virginia State Police joined the search for Skylar Neese on September 10, 2012, and began interviewing Neese's school friends.[10]

text: A major break in the case was made when Rachel Shoaf admitted plotting with Shelia Eddy to kill her.[7][11][12] The motivation Shoaf gave for the murder was they "didn't like her".[7][13] Dave Neese stated that these two girls were among his daughter's best friends,[14] and that Shelia Eddy had even helped the family look for her by distributing missing person fliers.[15][16] After her confession, Rachel Shoaf led investigators to Neese's body.[11] On March 13, 2013, U.S. Attorney William J. Ihlenfeld, II issued a press release[17] stating that a body found in Wayne Township, Greene County, Pennsylvania[18][19][20] on January 16, 2013 had been identified as the remains of Neese. Neese's remains were found less than 30 miles away from her home.[2]

text: Neese maintained a close relationship with Eddy from when they were children but the friendship became strained when they met Shoaf while at high school. Neese reportedly became upset to see Eddy and Shoaf become close and allegedly witnessed the pair have sex at a sleepover. It was said the girls may have feared their secret tryst would become public. [21]

text: Criminal charges[edit]

text: On May 1, 2013, Rachel Shoaf pled guilty to second-degree murder.[3][22] According to the court transcript, Shoaf said that she and Shelia Eddy picked up Neese in Eddy's car. The girls drove to Pennsylvania, got out of the car, and began socializing. At a pre-arranged time, Shoaf and Eddy stabbed Skylar to death on the count of three.[23] The teens attempted to bury Neese's body, but were unable to do so and instead covered the body with branches. The court transcript indicates that other students overheard conversations between Shoaf and Eddy about the murder plot, but failed to report it, thinking they were joking.[3] According to Shoaf's plea agreement,[24] she pled guilty to murder in the second degree by "unlawfully, feloniously, willfully, maliciously and intentionally causing the death of Skylar Neese by stabbing her and causing fatal injuries". In the plea agreement, the State of West Virginia will recommend a sentence of 40 years incarceration.[22][24] Shoaf's family issued a public apology for her actions through their lawyer.[25]

text: On September 4, 2013, West Virginia prosecutors publicly identified Shelia Eddy as the second alleged perpetrator of the murder of Skylar Neese and announced that she would be tried as an adult.[26] Eddy was indicted by a grand jury on September 6, 2013 with one count of kidnapping, one count of first-degree murder, and one count of conspiracy to commit murder.[27] Shelia Eddy pled not guilty to these charges.[28]

text: The date of the trial was originally set for January 28, 2014.[29] However, facing the prospect of charges from both federal and Pennsylvania authorities in addition to the West Virginia charges, Shelia Eddy pled guilty to first-degree murder. As a result, Eddy was sentenced to 15 years to life in prison as there was no capital punishment in West Virginia.[30]

text: Following her guilty plea on May 1, 2013, Rachel Shoaf was remanded on charges of second-degree murder and sentenced to 10 to 30 years in prison.[31][32]

text: Skylar's Law[edit]

text: An Amber Alert was not issued in Neese's disappearance because the circumstances did not meet all four criteria for an alert to be issued: (1) a child is believed to be abducted; (2) the child is under 18; (3) the child may be in danger of death or serious injury; (4) there is sufficient information to indicate the Amber Alert would be helpful.[33] A waiting period of 48 hours had to elapse before a "teenager" could be considered missing.[34] A West Virginia state legislator from the Neese family home district introduced a bill[35] called Skylar's Law to modify West Virginia's Amber Alert plan to issue immediate public announcements when any child is reported missing and in danger, regardless of whether the child is believed to have been kidnapped.[2][36] Opinion columns appeared in both West Virginia and national media in support of Skylar's Law,[37][38] some of which also acknowledged criticism and drawbacks of the legislation.[37] On March 27, 2013, the West Virginia House of Delegates approved Skylar's Law with a 98-0 vote.[4] On April 12, 2013, the West Virginia Senate unanimously passed the law, but made minor technical changes [39] to the bill which the House of Delegates voted to accept on the same day.[40] West Virginia Governor Earl Ray Tomblin signed the legislation into law in May 2013.[6]

text: National media attention[edit]

text: On May 31, 2013, Anderson Cooper covered the story of Skylar Neese's murder.

text: On March 7, 2014, Dateline NBC aired an episode entitled "Something Wicked" which chronicled the story of Skylar Neese's murder.

text: On March 10, 2014, the Dr. Phil show covered Skylar's story: Best Friends Betrayal. Her parents Dave and Mary were both present, as were two women who described themselves as "second mothers" to Rachel Shoaf.

text: On April 12, 2014, Lifetime aired Death Clique, a fictional drama inspired by the story of Skylar Neese's murder. It has since been made available on Netflix.

text: On July 18, 2014, ABC's 20/20 covered Skylar's story in the episode called "Unfriended".[41]

text: On October 22, 2014 LMN's show I Killed My BFF covered Skylar's story using parent and friend commentaries in an episode titled "Real Life Heathers".[42]

text: On November 14, 2014 Investigation Discovery's show See No Evil covered Skylar's story in an episode titled "Skylar Neese". The show uses the real-life surveillance video of Skylar to piece together the last few hours of her life. First person interviews with her family, friends, and the investigators are used, along with limited dramatic recreation.[43]

text: On March 26, 2016 ReelzChannel show Copycat Killers covered Skylar's story in an episode titled "Heathers".

text: On August 7, 2016 Oxygen Channel showed Skylar's story on Snapped.

text: On October 28, 2016 Investigation Discovery showed Skylar's story on an episode of Suspicion titled "A Daughter Disappears."


document_title: List of chemical element name etymologies

question_text: was originally identified by its latin name argentum

root

text: Table[edit]

text:
Element

Language of origin

Original word

Meaning

Symbol origin

Description

89
Actinium
Ac
Greek
ἀκτίς (aktis)
beam
Greek aktinos
ἀκτίς, ἀκτῖνος (aktis; aktinos), which means "beam (ray)".

13
Aluminium
Al
Latin
alumen
alum (literally: bitter salt)[1]
Latin alumen
Latin alumen, which means "alum" (literally "bitter salt").

95
Americium
Am

America

toponym: the Americas
Named for the Americas, because it was discovered in the United States (by analogy with europium) (the name of the continent America is derived from the name of the Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci).

51
Antimony
Sb
Greek? via Medieval Latin and Middle English[2]

ἀντί + μόνος(anti monos);antimonium/antimonie[3]
various

Possibly from Greek ἀντί + μόνος (anti monos), approximately meaning "opposed to solitude", as believed never to exist in pure form, or ἀντί + μοναχός (anti monachos) for "monk-killer" (in French folk etymology, anti-moine "monk's bane"), because many early alchemists were monks, and antimony is poisonous. This may also be derived from the Pharaonic (ancient Egyptian), Antos Ammon (expression), which could be translated as "bloom of the god Ammo". The symbol Sb is from Latin name stibium, which is derived from Greek Στίβι stíbi, a variant of στίμμι stimmi (genitive: στίμμεος or στίμμιδος), probably a loan word from Arabic or Egyptian       sdm meaning "eyepaint".[4] Littré suggests that the first form is derived from *stimmida, a hypothetical alternative accusative of stimmi (the canonical accusative of the noun is the same as the nominative: stimmi). The Arabic word for the substance, as "mark" or "the cosmetic", can appear as تحميض، ثمود، وثمود، وثمود  ithmid, athmoud, othmod or uthmod.[5]

18
Argon
Ar
Greek
ἀργόν (argon)
inactive
descriptive: argon
Greek argon means "inactive" (literally "slow").

33
Arsenic
As
Syriac/Persian via Greek, Latin, Old French, and Middle English
ἀρσενικόν (arsenikon)
orpiment
Greek arsenikon
From Greek ἀρσενικόν (arsenikon), which is adapted from the Syriac ܠܐ ܙܐܦܢܝܐ (al) zarniqa[6] and Persian, زرنيخ (zarnik), "yellow orpiment". Ἀρσενικόν (arsenikon) is paretymologically related to the Greek word ἀρσενικός (arsenikos), which means "masculine" or "potent". These words were adapted as the Latin arsenicum and Old French arsenic, which is the source for the English arsenic.[6]

85
Astatine
At
Greek
ἄστατος (astatos)
unstable
Greek astatos
ἄστατος (astatos) means "unstable".[7]

56
Barium
Ba
Greek via Modern Latin
βαρύς (barys)
heavy
Greek barys
βαρύς (barys) means "heavy". The oxide was initially called "barote", then "baryta", which was modified to "barium" to describe the metal. Sir Humphry Davy gave the element this name because it was originally found in baryte, which shares the same source.[8]

97
Berkelium
Bk
Anglo-Saxon via English
University of California, Berkeley

toponym: Berkeley, California
Named for the University of California, Berkeley, where it was discovered. Berkeley, California, was named in honour of George Berkeley. "Berkeley" is derived from Old English beorce léah, which means birch lea.

4
Beryllium
Be
Sanskrit, Pali, and Prakrit via Greek, Latin, Old French, and Middle English
City of Belur via Greek βήρυλλος (beryllos)
a blue-green spar (beryllium aluminium cyclosilicate, Be3Al2(SiO3)6). Possibly related to the name of Belur.
descriptive (colour): beryl
βήρυλλος beryllos, denoting beryl, which contains beryllium.[9] The word is derived (via Latin: beryllus and French: béryl) from the Greek βήρυλλος, bērullos, a blue-green spar, from Prakrit veruliya (वॆरुलिय), from Pāli veḷuriya (वेलुरिय); veḷiru (भेलिरु) or, viḷar (भिलर्), "to become pale," in reference to the pale semiprecious gemstone beryl.[10] The word is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit word वैडूर्य vaidurya, which might be related to the name of the Indian city of Belur.[11]

83
Bismuth
Bi
Modern Latin from German
bisemutum
white mass
descriptive (colour): bisemutum
bisemutum is derived from German Wismuth, perhaps from weiße Masse, and means "white mass", due to its appearance.

107
Bohrium
Bh

Bohr, Niels

eponym: Niels Bohr
Named in honour of Niels Bohr, who made fundamental contributions to the understanding of atomic structure and quantum mechanics.[12]
Unnilseptium was used as a temporary systematic element name.

5
Boron
B
Arabic, Medieval Latin, Anglo-Norman, Middle French, and Middle English
بورق (buraq)

Latin borax from Arabic
From the Arabic بورق (buraq), which refers to borax. Possibly derived from the Persian, بوره (burah). The Arabic was adapted as Medieval Latin baurach, Anglo-Norman boreis, and Middle English boras, which became the source of the English "boron".

35
Bromine
Br
Greek via French
βρόμος (brómos)[13]
dirt or stench (of he-goats)[14]
Greek bromos
βρόμος (brómos) means "stench (lit. clangor)", due to its characteristic smell.

48
Cadmium
Cd
Greek/Latin
καδμεία (kadmeia)
calamine or Cadmean earth
Greek kadmia
From Latin cadmia, which is derived from Greek καδμεία (kadmeia) and means "calamine", a cadmium-bearing mixture of minerals. Cadmium is named after Cadmus (in Greek: Κάδμος Kadmos), a character in Greek mythology and calamine is derived from Le Calamine, the French name of the Belgian town of Kelmis.

55
Caesium
Cs
Latin
caesius
blue-gray[15] or sky blue
descriptive (colour): Latin caesius
From Latin caesius, which means "sky blue". Its identification was based upon the bright-blue lines in its spectrum, and it was the first element discovered by spectrum analysis.

20
Calcium
Ca
Greek/Latin
χάλιξ/calx
χάλιξ means "pebble", and calx means limestone[16]
Latin calx
From Latin calx, which means "lime". Calcium was known as early as the first century when the Ancient Romans prepared lime as calcium oxide.

98
Californium
Cf
English
California

toponym: State and University of California
Named for California, the U.S. state of California and for the University of California, Berkeley. (The origin of the state's name is disputed.)

6
Carbon
C
Latin via French
charbone
charcoal
Latin carbo
From the French, charbone, which in turn came from Latin carbō, which means "charcoal" and is related to carbōn, which means "a coal". (The  German and Dutch names, "Kohlenstoff" and "koolstof", respectively, both literally mean "coal matter".) These words were derived from the PIE base *ker- meaning heat, fire, or to burn.[17]

58
Cerium
Ce
Latin
Ceres
grain, bread
astrological;mythological Ceres
Named after the asteroid Ceres, discovered two years earlier. (The asteroid, now classified as a dwarf planet, was named after Ceres, the goddess of fertility in Roman mythology.)[18] Ceres is derived from PIE *ker-es- from base *ker- meaning to grow.[19][20]

17
Chlorine
Cl
Greek
χλωρός (chlorós)
pale green[21]
descriptive (colour): Greek chloros
From Greek χλωρός (chlorós), which means "yellowish green" or "greenish yellow", because of the colour of the gas.

24
Chromium
Cr
Greek via French
χρῶμα (chróma)
colour
descriptive (colour): Greek chroma
From Greek χρῶμα (chróma), "colour", because of its multicoloured compounds. This word was adapted as the French chrome, and adding the suffix -ium created the English "chromium".[22]

27
Cobalt
Co
German
Kobold
evil spirit
German kobold
From German Kobold, which means "evil spirit". The metal was named by miners, because it was poisonous and troublesome (polluted and degraded other mined elements, such as nickel). Other sources cite the origin in the silver miners' belief that cobalt had been placed by "Kobolds", who had stolen the silver. Some also think that the name may have been derived from Greek κόβαλος, kobalos, which means "mine" and which may have common roots with kobold, goblin, and cobalt.

112
Copernicium
Cn
Polish via Latin
Copernicus, Nicolaus
Polish surname, literally: "copper nickel"
eponym: Nicolaus Copernicus
Named in honour of Nicolaus Copernicus. Ununbium was used as a temporary systematic element name, and it was referred to as eka-mercury.

29
Copper
Cu
Greek? via Latin, West Germanic, Old English, and Middle English[23]
Κύπριος (Kyprios)?
who/which is from Cyprus
toponym: Latin Cuprum
Possibly derived from Greek Κύπριος (Kyprios) (which comes from Κύπρος (Kypros), the Greek name of Cyprus) via Latin cuprum, West Germanic *kupar, Old English coper/copor, and Middle English coper. The Latin term, during the Roman Empire, was aes cyprium; "aes" was the generic term for copper alloys such as bronze). Cyprium means "Cyprus" or "which is from Cyprus", where so much of it was mined; it was simplified to cuprum and then eventually Anglicized as copper (Old English coper/copor).

96
Curium
Cm

Curie, Marie and Pierre

eponym: Pierre and Marie Curie and the -um ending
Named in honour of Marie and Pierre Curie, who discovered radium and researched radioactivity.

110
Darmstadtium
Ds
German
Darmstadt
proper name, literally: "intestine city"
toponym
Named for Darmstadt, where it was discovered (GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research, located in Wixhausen, a small suburb north of Darmstadt).  It has also been called eka-platinum and temporarily by IUPAC ununnilium (Uun).[24][25]

105
Dubnium
Db
Russian
Дубна (Dubna)

toponym
Named for Dubna (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, U.S.S.R.) where it was discovered. Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley proposed hahnium (Ha), in honour of Otto Hahn, for his pioneering work in radioactivity and radiochemistry, but the proposal was rejected.
Unnilpentium was used as a temporary systematic element name.[12]

66
Dysprosium
Dy
Greek
δυσπρόσιτος (dysprositos)
hard to get at
descriptive
Derived from Greek δυσπρόσιτος (dysprositos), which means "hard to get at".

99
Einsteinium
Es
German
Einstein, Albert
German-Jewish surname, which means "one stone"
eponym
Named in honour of Albert Einstein, for his work on theoretical physics,  which included the photoelectric effect.

68
Erbium
Er
Swedish
Ytterby
proper name, literally: "outer village"
toponym
Named after the village of Ytterby in Sweden, where large concentrations of yttria and erbia are located. Erbia and terbia were confused at this time. After 1860, what had been known as terbia was renamed erbia, and after 1877, what had been known as erbia was renamed terbia.

63
Europium
Eu
Ancient Greek
Εὐρώπη (Europe)
broad-faced or well-watered
toponym;mythological
Named for Europe, where it was discovered. Europe was named after the fictional Phoenician princess Europa.

100
Fermium
Fm
Italian
Fermi, Enrico
Italian surname, from ferm- "fastener" and -i[26]
eponym
Named in honour of Enrico Fermi, who developed the first nuclear reactor, quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics.
Unnilnilium would have been used as a temporary systematic element name if the IUPAC system had been in place at the time.[12]

114
Flerovium
Fl
Russian
Flerov, Georgy
Russian surname
eponym
Named in honour of Georgy Flyorov, who was at the forefront of Soviet nuclear physics and founder of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where the element was discovered.
Ununquadium was used as a temporary systematic element name.[12]

9
Fluorine
F
Latin
fluor
a flowing

From fluorspar, one of its compounds (calcium fluoride, CaF2).

87
Francium
Fr
French
France
proper name (Land of the Franks)
toponym
Named for France, where it was discovered (at the Curie Institute (Paris)).

64
Gadolinium
Gd

Gadolin, Johan

eponym
Named in honour of Johan Gadolin, who was one of the founders of Nordic chemistry research, discovered yttrium, and pioneered laboratory exercise teaching. (Gadolinite, the mineral, is also named for him.)

31
Gallium
Ga
Latin
Gallia
Gaul (Ancient France)
toponym
From Latin Gallia, which means Gaul (Ancient France), and also gallus, which means "rooster". The element was obtained as free metal by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, who named gallium after France, his native land, and also, punningly, after himself, as Lecoq, which means "the rooster", or in Latin, gallus.
Gallium was called eka-aluminium by Mendeleev who predicted its existence.[25]

32
Germanium
Ge
Latin
Germania
Germany
toponym
From Latin Germania, which means "Germany". Germanium has also been called eka-silicon by Mendeleev.[25]

79
Gold
Au
Anglo-Saxon via Middle English
gold

descriptive (colour): Latin aurum
From the Anglo-Saxon, "gold", from PIE *ghel- meaning "yellow/ bright".  Au is from Latin aurum, which means "shining dawn".[27]

72
Hafnium
Hf
Latin
Hafnia
Copenhagen
toponym
From Latin Hafnia, which means "Copenhagen" of Denmark.

108
Hassium
Hs
Latin
Hassia
Hesse
toponym
Derived from Latin Hassia, which means Hesse, the German state where it was discovered (at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt).[12] It has also been called eka-osmium[25] and temporarily by IUPAC unniloctium (Uno).[12]

2
Helium
He
Greek
ἥλιος (hélios)
sun
astrological;mythological
Named after the Greek ἥλιος (helios), which means "the sun" or the mythological sun-god.[18] It was first identified by its characteristic emission lines in the Sun's spectrum.

67
Holmium
Ho
Latin
Holmia
Stockholm
toponym
Derived from Latin Holmia, which means Stockholm.

1
Hydrogen
H
Greek via Latin and French
ὕδωρ (root: ὑδρ-) + -γενής (-genes)
water + begetter
descriptive
From French hydrogène[28] and Latin hydro- and -genes, derived from the Greek ὕδωρ γείνομαι (hydor geinomai), meaning "Ι beget water".

49
Indium
In
Greek via Latin and English
indigo

descriptive (colour)
Named after indigo, because of an indigo-coloured spectrum line. The English word indigo is from Spanish indico and Dutch indigo (from Portuguese endego), from Latin indicum "indigo," from Greek ἰνδικόν, indikon, "blue dye from India".

53
Iodine
I
Greek via French
ἰώδης (iodes)
violet
descriptive (colour)
Named after the Greek ἰώδης (iodes), which means "violet", because of the colour of the gaseous phase. This word was adapted as the French iode, which is the source of the English "iodine".[29]

77
Iridium
Ir
Greek via Latin
ἴρις (genitive: ἴριδος)
of rainbows
descriptive (colour)
Named after the Latin noun iris, which means "rainbow, iris plant, iris of the eye", because many of its salts are strongly coloured; Iris was originally the name of the goddess of rainbows and a messenger in Greek mythology.[18]

26
Iron
Fe
Anglo-Saxon via Middle English

īsern(earlier: īren/īsen)/yren/yron
holy metal or strong metal[30]
descriptive: Anglo-Saxon
From the Anglo-Saxon īsern  which is derived from Proto-Germanic isarnan meaning "holy metal" or "strong metal". The symbol Fe is from Latin ferrum, meaning "iron".

36
Krypton
Kr
Greek
κρυπτός (kryptos)
hidden
descriptive
From Greek κρυπτός (kryptos), which means "hidden one", because of its colourless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous properties, as well as its rarity in nature (like other noble gases).

57
Lanthanum
La
Greek
λανθάνειν (lanthanein)
to lie hidden

From Greek lanthanein, "to lie (hidden)".

103
Lawrencium
Lr

Lawrence, Ernest O.

eponym
Named in honour of Ernest O. Lawrence, who was involved in the development of the cyclotron.
The symbol has been Lr since 1963; formerly Lw was used. Unniltrium would have been used as a temporary systematic element name if the IUPAC system had been in place at the time.[12]

82
Lead
Pb
Anglo-Saxon
lead

The symbol Pb is from the Latin name plumbum, hence the English "plumbing".[18][31]

3
Lithium
Li
Greek
λίθος (lithos)
stone

From Greek λίθος (lithos) "stone", because it was discovered from a mineral while other common alkali metals (sodium and potassium) were discovered from plant tissue.

116
Livermorium
Lv
English
American surname

toponym
Named in honour of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, which collaborated in the discovery and is in Livermore, California, in turn named after the rancher Robert Livermore.
Ununhexium was used as a temporary systematic element name.[12]

71
Lutetium
Lu
Latin
Lutetia
Paris
toponym
Named after the Latin Lutetia (Gaulish for "place of mud"), the city of Paris.[12]

12
Magnesium
Mg
Greek
Μαγνησία (Magnesia)

toponym
From the Ancient Greek Μαγνησία (Magnesia) (district in Thessaly), where discovered.

25
Manganese
Mn
Greek via Latin, Italian, and French
Μαγνησία(Magnesia;Medieval Latin: magnesia)

Magnesia
descriptive
From Latin Magnesia, ultimately from Greek; Magnesia evolved into "manganese" in Italian and into "manganèse" in French.

109
Meitnerium
Mt

Meitner, Lise

eponym
Named in honour of Lise Meitner, who shared discovery of nuclear fission.[12] It has also been called eka-iridium[25] and temporarily by IUPAC unnilennium (Une).[12]

101
Mendelevium
Md

Mendeleyev, Dmitri

eponym
Named in honour of Dmitri Mendeleyev, who invented periodic table.[32] It has also been called eka-thulium[25] and would have been temporarily called, by IUPAC, unnilunium (Unu) if the IUPAC system had been in place at the time.[12]

80
Mercury
Hg
Latin
Mercurius
Mercury
mythological
Named after Mercury, the god of speed and messenger of the Gods, as was the planet Mercury named after the god. The symbol Hg is from the Greek words ὕδωρ and ἀργυρός (hydor and argyros), which became the Latin hydrargyrum; both mean "water-silver", because it is a liquid like water (at room temperature), and has a silvery metallic sheen.[18][33]

42
Molybdenum
Mo
Greek
μόλυβδος (molybdos)
lead-like
descriptive
From Greek μόλυβδος (molybdos), "lead".

115
Moscovium
Mc
Latin
Moscovia
Moscow
toponym
Named after Moscow Oblast, where the element was discovered. It has also been called eka-bismuth[25] and temporarily by IUPAC ununpentium (Uup).[12]

60
Neodymium
Nd
Greek
νέος δίδυμος (neos didymos)
new twin
descriptive
Derived from Greek νέος διδύμος (neos didymos), which means "new twin", because didymium separated into praseodymium and neodymium. The metals have different-coloured salts, which helps distinguish them.[34]

10
Neon
Ne
Greek
νέος (neos)
new

From Greek "νέος" (neos), which means "new".

93
Neptunium
Np
Latin
Neptunus
Neptune
astrological;mythological
Named for Neptune, the planet. (The planet was named after the god Neptune, the god of oceans in Roman mythology.)[18]

28
Nickel
Ni
Swedish via German[35]
Kopparnickel/Kupfernickel
copper-coloured ore
descriptive
From the Swedish kopparnickel, meaning "copper-coloured ore"; this referred to the ore niccolite from which it was obtained.[36]

113
Nihonium
Nh
Japanese
日本 (Nihon)
Japan
toponym
Named after Japan, where the element was discovered. It has also been called eka-thallium[25] and temporarily by IUPAC ununtrium (Uut).[12]

41
Niobium
Nb
Greek
Νιόβη (Niobe)
snowy
mythological
Named after Niobe, daughter of Tantalus in Classical mythology.[12][18] The alternate name columbium comes from  Columbia, personification of America.

7
Nitrogen
N
Greek via Latin and French
νίτρον (Latin: nitrum) -γενής (-genes)
native-soda begetter
descriptive
From French "nitrogène",[37] derived from Greek νίτρον γείνομαι (nitron geinomai), meaning "I form/beget native-soda (niter)".[38] Also used was azoth, from Andalusian Arabic al-zuq, from the Classical Arabic name of the element.

102
Nobelium
No

Nobel, Alfred

eponym
Named in honour of Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite and instituted the Nobel Prizes foundation.
Unnilbium would have been used as a temporary systematic element name if the IUPAC system had been in place at the time.[12]

118
Oganesson
Og
Russian
Оганесян (Oganessian)
Yuri Oganessian
eponym
Named after Yuri Oganessian, a great contributor to the field of synthesizing superheavy elements. It has also been called eka-radon[25] and temporarily by IUPAC ununoctium (Uuo).[12]

76
Osmium
Os
Greek via Modern Latin
ὀσμή (osme)
a smell
descriptive
From Greek ὀσμή (osme), meaning "a smell"; the tetroxide is foul-smelling.

8
Oxygen
O
Greek via French
ὀξύ γείνομαι (oxy geinomai)/oxygène
to bring forth acid

From Greek ὀξύ γείνομαι (oxy geinomai), which means "Ι bring forth acid", as it was believed to be an essential component of acids. This phrase was corrupted into the French oxygène, which became the source of the English "oxygen".[39]

46
Palladium
Pd
Greek via Latin
Παλλάς (genitive: Παλλάδος) (Pallas)
little maiden[40]
astrological;mythological
Named after Pallas, the asteroid discovered two years earlier. (The asteroid was named after Pallas Athena, goddess of wisdom and victory.)[18] The word Palladium is derived from Greek Παλλάδιον and is the neuter version of Παλλάδιος, meaning "of Pallas".[41]

15
Phosphorus
P
Greek via Latin[42]
φῶς + -φόρος (phos + -phoros)
light-bearer
descriptive
From Greek φῶς + -φόρος (phos + phoros), which means "light bearer", because white phosphorus emits a faint glow upon exposure to oxygen.  Phosphorus was the ancient name for Venus, or Hesperus, the (Morning Star).[18]

78
Platinum
Pt
Spanish via Modern Latin
platina (del Pinto)
little silver (of the Pinto River)[43]
descriptive
From the Spanish, platina, which means "little silver", because it was first encountered in a silver mine. Platina can also mean "stage (of a microscope)", and the modern Spanish is platino. Platina is a diminutive of plata (silver); it is a loan word from French plate or Provençal plata (sheet of metal) and is the origin of the English "plate".[44]

94
Plutonium
Pu
Greek via Latin
Πλούτων (Ploutōn) via Pluto
god of wealth[45]
astrological;mythological
Named after Pluto, the dwarf planet, because it was discovered directly after Neptunium and is higher than Uranium in the periodic table, so by analogy with the ordering of the planets. (The planet Pluto was named after Pluto, a Greek god of the dead)[18] Πλούτων (Ploutōn) is related to the Greek word πλοῦτος (ploutos) meaning "wealth".

84
Polonium
Po
Latin
Polonia
Poland
toponym
Named after Poland, homeland of discoverer Marie Curie.  Was also called radium F.

19
Potassium
K
Modern Latin via Dutch and English[46]
potassa; potasch via potash[47]
pot-ash

From the English "potash", which means "pot-ash" (potassium compound prepared from an alkali extracted in a pot from the ash of burnt wood or tree leaves).  Potash is a literal translation of the German Potaschen, which means "pot ashes".[46] The symbol K is from the Latin name kalium, from Arabic القلي (al qalīy), which means "calcined ashes".

59
Praseodymium
Pr
Greek
πράσιος δίδυμος (prasios didymos)
green twin
descriptive
From Greek πράσιος δίδυμος (prasios didymos), meaning "green twin", because didymium separated into praseodymium and neodymium, with salts of different colours; praseodymium oxide is green.

61
Promethium
Pm
Greek
Προμηθεύς (Prometheus)
forethought[48]
mythological
Named after Prometheus, who stole the fire of heaven and gave it to mankind (in Classical mythology).[18]

91
Protactinium
Pa
Greek
πρῶτος + ἀκτίς
first beam element
descriptive?
Derived from former name protoactinium, from the Greek prefix proto "first" + Neo-Latin actinium from Greek ἀκτίς (gen.: ἀκτῖνος) "ray" + Latin -ium.[49]

88
Radium
Ra
Latin via French
radius
ray
descriptive
From Latin radius meaning "ray", because of its radioactivity.

86
Radon
Rn
Latin via German and English[50]
Radium

Contraction of radium emanation, since the element appears in the radioactive decay of radium. An alternative, rejected name was niton (Nt), from Latin nitens "shining", because of the radioluminescence of radon.

75
Rhenium
Re
Latin
Rhenus
Rhine
toponym
From Latin Rhenus, the river Rhine.

45
Rhodium
Rh
Greek
ῥόδον (rhodon)
rose
descriptive (colour)
From Greek ῥόδον (rhodon), which means "rose". From rose-red compounds.

111
Roentgenium
Rg

Röntgen,Wilhelm Conrad

eponym
Named in honour of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who produced and detected X-rays. It has also been called eka-gold[25] and temporarily by IUPAC unununium (Uuu).[12]

37
Rubidium
Rb
Latin
rubidus
deepest red
descriptive (colour)
From Latin rubidus, which means "deepest red", because of the colour of a spectral line.

44
Ruthenium
Ru
Latin
Ruthenia
Ruthenia, Kievan Rus' [51]
toponym
From Latin Ruthenia, geographical exonym for Kievan Rus'.

104
Rutherfordium
Rf

Rutherford, Ernest

eponym
Named in honour of Baron Ernest Rutherford, who pioneered the Bohr model of the atom. Rutherfordium has also been called kurchatovium (Ku), named in honour of Igor Vasilevich Kurchatov, who helped develop understanding of the uranium chain reaction and the nuclear reactor.
Unnilquadium was used as a temporary systematic element name.[12]

62
Samarium
Sm

Samarsky-Bykhovets, Vasili

eponym
Named after samarskite, the mineral. (Samarskite was named after Colonel Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets, a Russian mine official.)

21
Scandium
Sc
Latin
Scandia
Scandinavia
toponym
Named from Latin Scandia, which means Scandinavia; formerly eka-boron.[25]

106
Seaborgium
Sg
Swedish via English
Seaborg, Glenn Teodor
Swedish surname, literally: "Lake Mountain"
eponym
Named in honour of Glenn T. Seaborg, who discovered the chemistry of the transuranium elements, shared in the discovery and isolation of ten elements, and developed and proposed the actinide series. Other names: eka-tungsten[25] and temporarily by IUPAC unnilhexium (Unh).[12]

34
Selenium
Se
Greek
σελήνη (selene)
moon
astrological;mythological
From Greek σελήνη (selene), which means "Moon", and also moon-goddess Selene.[18]

14
Silicon
Si
Latin
silex, -icis
flint
descriptive
From Latin "silex" or "silicis", which means "flint", a kind of stone (chiefly silicon dioxide).

47
Silver
Ag
Akkadian via Anglo-Saxon and Middle English
𒊭𒁺𒁍/𒊭𒅈𒇥; siolfor/seolfor
to refine, smelt
Latin argentum
From the Anglo-Saxon, seolfor which was derived from Proto-Germanic *silubra-; compare Old High German silabar; and has cognates in Balto-Slavic languages: Church Slavonic: sĭrebro, Lithuanian: sidabras, Old Prussian sirablan. Possibly borrowed from Akkadian 𒊭𒅈𒇥 sarpu "refined silver" and related to 𒊭𒁺𒁍 sarapu "to refine, smelt".[52] Alternatively, possibly from one of the Pre-Indo-European languages, compare Basque: zilar. The symbol Ag is from the Latin name argentum, which is derived from PIE *arg-ent-.

11
Sodium
Na
English
soda

From the English "soda", used in names for sodium compounds such as caustic soda, soda ash, and baking soda. Probably from Italian sida (or directly from Medieval Latin soda) "a kind of saltwort," from which soda was obtained, of uncertain origin.[53]

The symbol Na is from the Modern Latin noun natrium, derived from Greek νίτρον (nítron), "natural soda, a kind of salt" + Latin -ium.[54] The original source is either the Arabic word نطرون natrun or the Egyptian word     netjeri.[55]

38
Strontium
Sr
Scottish Gaelic via English
Sròn an t-Sìthein; Strontian
proper name (literally: "nose [i.e., 'point'] of the fairy hill)"
toponym
Named after strontianite, the mineral. (Strontianite was named after the town of Strontian, the source of the mineral in Scotland.)

16
Sulfur
S
LatinProto-Indo-European
Old Latin sulpur(later sulphur, sulfur) PIE *swépl̥(genitive *sulplós),nominal derivative of *swelp.[56]
> PIE *swelp 'to burn'
Latin sulfur
The word came into Middle English from Anglo-Norman sulfre, itself derived through Old French soulfre from Late Latin sulfur.[57]

73
Tantalum
Ta
Greek
Τάνταλος (Tantalus)
Tantalus; possibly "the bearer" or "the sufferer"[58]
mythological
Named after the Greek Τάνταλος ("Tantalus"), who was punished after death by being condemned to stand knee-deep in water. If he bent to drink the water, it drained below the level he could reach (in Greek mythology). This was considered similar to tantalum's general non-reactivity (that is, "unreachability") because of its inertness (it sits among reagents and is unaffected by them).[18]

43
Technetium
Tc
Greek
τεχνητός (technetos)
artificial
descriptive
From Greek τεχνητός (technetos), which means "artificial", because it was the first artificially produced element. Technetium has also been called eka-manganese.[25]

52
Tellurium
Te
Latin
Tellus
Earth

From Latin tellus ("Earth").

117
Tennessine
Ts
Cherokee via English
Tennessee
Tennessee
toponym
Named after Tennessee (itself named after the Cherokee village of ᏔᎾᏏ /tanasi/), where important work for one of the steps to synthesise the element was done. It has also been called eka-astatine[25] and temporarily by IUPAC ununseptium (Uus).[12]

65
Terbium
Tb
Swedish
Ytterby
Proper name (literally: outer village)
toponym
Named after Ytterby, the village in Sweden where the element was first discovered.

81
Thallium
Tl
Greek
θαλλός (thallos)
green twig
descriptive
From Greek θαλλός (thallos), which means "a green shoot (twig)", because of its bright-green spectral emission lines.

90
Thorium
Th
Old Norse
Þōrr (modern English Thor)
thunder
mythological
Named after Thor, a god associated with thunder in Norse mythology.[18]  The former name ionium (Io) was given early in the study of radioactive elements to the 230Th isotope.

69
Thulium
Tm
Greek
Θούλη, Θύλη[59]
a mythical country
mythological
Named after Thule, an ancient Roman and Greek name (Θούλη, Θύλη) for a mythical country in the far north, perhaps Scandinavia. By the same token, thulia, its oxide.

50
Tin
Sn
Anglo-Saxon via Middle English
tin

Borrowed from a Proto-Indo-European language, and has cognates in several Germanic and Celtic languages.[60]  The symbol Sn is from its Latin name stannum.

22
Titanium
Ti
Greek

ΤιτάνTitan(gen.: Τιτάνος)
Titans, sons of Gaia
mythological
For the "Titans", the first sons of Gaia in Greek mythology.[18]

74
Tungsten
W
Swedish and Danish
tung sten
heavy stone
descriptive
From the Swedish and Danish "tung sten", which means "heavy stone". The symbol W is from the scientific name wolfram.  The names wolfram or volfram are still used in Swedish and several other languages. [12]

92
Uranium
U
Greek via Latin
Οὐρανός (Ouranos); Uranus
sky
astrological;mythological
Named after the planet Uranus, which had been discovered eight years earlier in 1781. The planet was named after the god Uranus, the god of sky and heaven in Greek mythology.[18]

23
Vanadium
V
Old Norse
Vanadís
"Dís of the Vanir"
mythological
From Vanadís, one of the names of the Vanr goddess Freyja in Norse mythology, because of multicoloured chemical compounds deemed beautiful.[18]

54
Xenon
Xe
Greek
ξένος (xenos)
foreign

From the Greek adjective ξένος (xenos), which means "foreign, a stranger".

70
Ytterbium
Yb
Swedish
Ytterby
proper name, literally: "outer village"
toponym
Named after ytterbia, the (oxide) compound of ytterbium. (The compound ytterbia was named after Ytterby, the Swedish village (near Vaxholm) where the mineral gadolinite was also found.)[12]

39
Yttrium
Y
Swedish
Ytterby
proper name, literally: "outer village"
toponym
Named after yttria, the (oxide) compound of yttrium. (The compound yttria was named after Ytterby, the village where the mineral gadolinite was also found.)[12]

30
Zinc
Zn
German
Zink
Cornet

From German Zink which is related to Zinken "prong, point", probably alluding to its spiky crystals. May be derived from Old Persian.

40
Zirconium
Zr
Syriac/Persian via Arabic and German
ܙܐܪܓܥܢܥ zargono,[61] زرگون (zargûn)
gold-like

From Arabic زركون (zarkûn). Derived from the Persian, زرگون (zargûn), which means "gold-like". Zirkon is the German variant of these and is the origin of the English "zircon".[62]

tag: table


document_title: List of North Carolina hurricanes

question_text: what is the highest category hurricane to hit north carolina

text: List of North Carolina hurricanes

text: Climatology[edit]

text: As to statistical hurricane research between 1883 and 1996 by the North Carolina State Climatology Office, a tropical cyclone makes landfall along the coastline about once every four years. An estimated 17.5 percent of all North Atlantic tropical cyclones have affected the state.[4] Additionally, the remnants of a few Pacific tropical cyclones struck the state.[5] Cape Hatteras is most affected by storms within the state, though Cape Lookout and Cape Fear are also regularly affected; the increased activity in three areas is because it protrudes from elsewhere along the Atlantic coastline.[4] After Southern Florida, Cape Hatteras has the lowest return period, or the frequency at which a certain intensity or category of hurricane can be expected within 86 mi (139 km) of a given location, in the country.[6] As the Outer Banks are a narrow strip of low-lying land, hurricanes occasionally leave portions of the land partially or fully submerged.[7] Additionally, the remnants of inland tropical cyclones have produced flooding and landslides in the state's western region.[8]

tag: p

text: Tropical cyclones have affected North Carolina in every month between May and December; about 35 percent of the storms struck the state in September, and 80 percent affected the state between August and October, which coincides with the peak of the hurricane season. The earliest storm to affect the state was Subtropical Storm Andrea on May 7, 2007, and the latest was a tropical storm that moved across the Outer Banks on December 2, 1925. The strongest storm to strike the state was Hurricane Hazel on October 15, 1954, which made landfall as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale.[9]

text: The list of North Carolina hurricanes before 1900 encompasses 139 tropical cyclones that affected the U.S. state of North Carolina. Collectively, cyclones in North Carolina during the time period resulted in over 775 direct fatalities during the period. Seven cyclones affected the state in the 1893 season, which was the year with the most tropical cyclones devastating the state during the time period. From the beginning of the official Atlantic hurricane record in 1851 to 1899, there were 12 years without a known tropical cyclone affecting the state.

text: Historical data prior to 1700 is sparse due to lack of significant European settlements along the coastline; the few storms listed are largely records from Roanoke Colony and later the Province of Carolina. Modern meteorologists believe early storms were tropical cyclones, though due to the time period confirmation is impossible.[10] One theory explaining the disappearance of Roanoke Colony suggests a hurricane destroyed the village, though there is no evidence to prove the theory. It is considered unlikely due to lack of damage to a fence around the village, on which the villagers left an inscription.[11]

text: Between 1900 and 1949, 75 tropical cyclones or their remnants affected the state. Collectively, cyclones in North Carolina during that time period resulted in 53 total fatalities during the period, as well as about $328 million in damage (2008 USD). Tropical cyclone affected the state in all but nine seasons. In the 1916 season, five storms affected the state, which was the season with the most storms devastating the state. The strongest hurricanes to affect the state during the time period were the 1933 Outer Banks hurricane and the 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, which produced winds of Category 3 status on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale within the state.[2] The 1933 Outer Banks hurricane was the deadliest hurricane in the state during the time period, which killed 21 people.[12] The remnants of a hurricane in 1940 dropped heavy rainfall in the state, which caused over $150 million in damage (2008 USD) from flooding and landslides.[13]

text: A total of 79 tropical or subtropical cyclones affected North Carolina between 1950 and 1979. Collectively, cyclones during the time period resulted in 37 total fatalities during the period, as well as about $3 billion in damage (2008 USD). A cyclone affected the state in every year during the time period, and in three seasons a total of five cyclones assailed the state. The strongest hurricane to hit the state during the time period was Hurricane Hazel, which struck the state as a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. Hazel was both the costliest and deadliest cyclone during the period, causing over $1 billion in damage (2008 USD) and 19 deaths.[14] Most storms affected the state in September, though cyclones lashed the state between May and October.

text: The period from 1980 to the present encompasses 120 tropical or subtropical cyclones that affected the state. Collectively, cyclones in North Carolina during the time period resulted in over $10 billion in damage (2010 USD), primarily from hurricanes Fran and Floyd. Additionally, tropical cyclones in North Carolina were responsible for 77 direct fatalities and at least 44 indirect casualties during the period. Eight cyclones affected the state in the 1985 season, which was the year with the most tropical cyclones striking the state. Every year included at least one tropical cyclone affecting the state.

text: The strongest hurricane to hit the state during the time period was Hurricane Fran in 1996, which struck near Wilmington as a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale; Hurricane Emily in 1993 brushed the Outer Banks also as a Category 3 hurricane.[2] The deadliest hurricane during the period was Hurricane Floyd in 1999, which caused 35 fatalities and record–breaking flooding in the eastern portion of the state.[15][16] Hurricane Irene hit the Outer Banks on August 27th 2011 as a Category 1, making it the first of its kind to make landfall since Hurricane Ike in 2008.

text: North Carolina major hurricanes[edit]

text: The following major hurricanes either made landfall on the state or brought winds of Category 3 status to the state. Storms are listed since 1851, which is the official start of the Atlantic hurricane database.[2]

text:
Storm

Saffir–SimpsonCategory

Date of landfall

Year

Landfall intensity(in knots)

Landfall location

Unnamed

3

August 19

1879

100

Cape Lookout

San Ciriaco

3

August 18

1899

105

Hatteras

Unnamed

3

September 16

1933

100

Ocracoke

Great Atlantic Hurricane

3

September 14

1944

100

Cape Hatteras

Hurricane Hazel

4

October 15

1954

115

Near South Carolina/North Carolina state line

Hurricane Connie

3

August 12

1955

100

Portsmouth

Hurricane Ione

3

September 19

1955

100

Morehead City

Hurricane Helene

3

September 27

1958

100

Offshore Outer Banks

Hurricane Donna

3

September 12

1960

100

Emerald Isle

Hurricane Diana

3

September 13

1984

100

Cape Fear

Hurricane Emily

3

August 31

1993

100

Offshore Hatteras Island

Hurricane Fran

3

September 5

1996

100[17]

Cape Fear

text: Deadly storms[edit]

text: The table lists hurricanes by death tolls of over 20 fatalities. Direct deaths are those that are directly caused by the storm passage, such as drownings or deaths from being struck by windblown objects. Indirect deaths, which are not included in the toll of Hurricane Floyd, are those that are related to the storm, but not directly from its storm effects. Due to lack of data, many early hurricanes have overall death tolls that do not specify indirect or direct.

text:
Total deaths

Name

Year

Number of deaths

"San Ciriaco"
1899
20+

"Outer Banks Hurricane"
1933
21

Hurricane Matthew
2016
28

Hurricane Florence
2018
39

Unnamed
1772
50

Unnamed
1883
53

Hurricane Floyd
1999
57

"Racer's Storm"
1837
90

"Independence Hurricane"
1775
163

Unnamed
1857
424


document_title: Ghost of Christmas Present

question_text: when does the ghost of christmas present visit scrooge

text: Ghost of Christmas Present

text: Description[edit]

text: The Ghost of Christmas Present is the second of the three spirits (after the visitations by Jacob Marley and the Ghost of Christmas Past) that haunt the miser Ebenezer Scrooge, in order to prompt him to repent. When he first appears before Scrooge, he invites him to "come in and know me better, man." According to Dickens' novel, the Ghost of Christmas Present appears to Scrooge as "a jolly giant" with dark brown curls. He wears a fur-lined green robe and on his head a holly wreath set with shining icicles. He carries a large torch, made to resemble a cornucopia, and appears accompanied by a great feast. He states that he has had "more than eighteen hundred" brothers and later reveals the ability to change his size to fit into any space. He also bears a scabbard with no sword in it, a representation of peace on Earth and good will toward men.

text: The spirit transports Scrooge around the city, showing him scenes of festivity and also deprivation that are happening as they watch, sprinkling a little warmth from his torch as he travels. Amongst the visits are Scrooge's nephew, and the family of his impoverished clerk, Bob Cratchit. Scrooge takes an interest in Cratchit's desperately-ill son, Tiny Tim, and asks the Ghost if Tim will live. The Ghost first states that "If these shadows remain unaltered by the Future, the child will die," and then – quick to use Scrooge's past heartless comments to two charitable solicitors against him – states, "What then? If he be like to die, he had better do it, and decrease the surplus population." The spirit then warns Scrooge to "forebear that wicked tongue until you have discovered for yourself what the surplus is, and where it is." and chillingly tells him "It may be, that in the sight of heaven, you are more worthless and less fit to live than MILLIONS like this poor man's child."

text: The spirit finally reveals to Scrooge two emaciated children, subhuman in appearance and loathsome to behold, clinging to his robes, and names the boy as Ignorance and the girl as Want. The spirit warns Scrooge, "Beware them both, and all of their degree, but most of all beware this boy, for on his brow I see that written which is Doom unless the writing be erased." The spirit once again quotes Scrooge, who asks if the grotesque children have "no refuge, no resource," and the spirit retorts with more of Scrooge's own words: "Are there no prisons? Are there no workhouses?"

text: The Ghost of Christmas Present, having already aged, reveals that he will only exist on Earth for a "very brief" time, implied to be that single Christmas holiday. He finally disappears at the stroke of midnight on Twelfth Night, and leaves Scrooge to face the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, as it approaches "like a mist along the ground."

text: Appearance in various film adaptations[edit]

text:
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text:
In the 1935 film Scrooge he is played by Oscar Asche. Also unlike most versions he is bald and clean shaven.
In the 1938 film A Christmas Carol he is played by Lionel Braham.
In the 1951 film Scrooge he is played by Francis De Wolff.
In the 1962 TV special Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol, he appears before the Ghost of Christmas Past was meant to.
In the 1970 musical adaptation Scrooge, Kenneth More portrays the main character. After a song ("I Like Life"), the ghost takes Scrooge to Cratchit's house to see a brief argument after Bob claims that the dinner is courtesy of Scrooge instead of Bob's compensation, followed by a song by Tiny Tim ("The Beautiful Day"). After questioning the ghost about Tiny Tim, the ghost takes Scrooge to his nephew's house for a round of "The Minister's Cat" before the ghost leaves Scrooge back in his home to meet the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come. "Ignorance" and "Want" do not appear in this adaptation.
In the Academy Award-winning animated film A Christmas Carol (1971) he is played by Felix Felton.
In a 1979 Dutch musical De Wonderbaarlijke Genezing van (The Wonderfull Cure of) Ebenezer Scrooge, he is played by Paul van Gorcum.
In the Disney 1983 animated adaptation titled Mickey's Christmas Carol, Willie the Giant (voiced by Will Ryan) portrays the ghost. "Ignorance" and "Want" do not appear in this adaptation.
In the 1984 film starring George C. Scott, the spirit is portrayed by Edward Woodward. He appears almost exactly as described in Dickens' book.
The Jetsons episode The Jetsons Christmas Carol portrays the spirit as of course a "present", a festively wrapped gift box with enough of a sense of humor to illustrate the pun: "I'm Spirit #2!" he announces to Spacely.
In Blackadder's Christmas Carol (1988) Ebenezer Blackadder is visited by "the Spirit of Christmas" (played by Robbie Coltrane) who bears a close resemblance to the Ghost of Christmas Present of Dickens' version.
The 1988 film Scrooged's incarnation of the ghost is a violent, shrill fairy played by Carol Kane.
In A Flintstones Christmas Carol the spirit is portrayed by the unnamed man who was seen earlier in the cartoon disguised as Santa Claus, ringing a bell outside a department store.
The Ghost of Christmas Present is featured in The Muppet Christmas Carol. He appears as a full-bodied Muppet with the face and voice performed by Jerry Nelson and his in-suit performer is Don Austen. Like in Mickey's Christmas Carol, "Ignorance" and "Want" don't appear. As he disappears after midnight strikes, he warns Scrooge of the coming of the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come before saying (in a variation of the ghost's well-known line) "Go forth and know him better, man." The Ghost of Christmas Present is featured in the "Holiday Time!" entry of The Muppets Character Encyclopedia.
In the 1993 Alvin and the Chipmunks episode, released as Alvin's Christmas Carol, the Ghost of Christmas Present is portrayed by Theodore, who dresses in a Santa Claus suit and carries a sack which Alvin presumes is full of gifts. Through his sack, he shows Alvin how his family is celebrating Christmas while coping with his desire for personal happiness, much to Alvin's surprise, and how he is Mr. Carroll's only visitor with his paper route. Ignorance and Want do not appear in this rendition.
In Ebbie the spirit is portrayed by Lorena Gale, who also played a gift wrapping employee of Dobson's.
In the 1998 animated musical television film An All Dogs Christmas Carol, Sasha becomes the spirit appearing to Carface Carruthers.
In the 1999 film starring Patrick Stewart, the spirit is portrayed by Desmond Barrit.
Roger Taylor of Duran Duran fame portrays the spirit in A Diva's Christmas Carol (2000).
In A Carol Christmas (2003), William Shatner portrayed a TV talk show host named "Dr. Bob" (who habitually spouts off cliches) appears before Carol Cartman as the spirit later in the movie.
In Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas, Yosemite Sam (Maurice LaMarche) is portrayed as the Ghost of Christmas Present.
In the 2009 film Disney's A Christmas Carol, the ghost greatly resembles the version in the novel. (Jim Carrey voices all three ghosts, and Scrooge himself.) This version is depicted dying at length when midnight strikes (to the point of dissolving into a skeleton before the twelfth strike) and his warning about Ignorance and Want is also shortened, only saying "Beware them both" as the forms of Ignorance and Want rapidly turn into adults and repeat Scrooge's unkind comments he had said to the charitable gentlemen from earlier (Ignorance appearing in a prison cell, and Want being put in a straitjacket to be taken to a workhouse).
In the Doctor Who's 2010 Christmas Special, Amy Pond dressed up as a police officer presents herself in a hologram as the Ghost of Christmas Present, eventually getting interrupted at some reprises by Rory Williams dressed up as a Roman after some remarks.
He is represented by DeStorm Power as Kanye West rapping against Scrooge in the third season of Epic Rap Battles of History where he is known as "the ghost of whats right now".
In the Thomas and Friends episode, Diesel's Ghostly Christmas, the Ghost of Christmas Present is portrayed by Paxton.
In the 2016 My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic episode "A Hearth's Warming Tail", Pinkie Pie (Andrea Libman) represents the "Spirit of Hearth's Warming Presents", named such for her avocation of gift-giving. She tours Snowfall Frost across the town to Snow Dash's Hearth's Warming Party singing "Pinkie's Present".
In the Animaniacs episode "A Christmas Plotz" The Ghost of Christmas Present is played by Dot Warner dressed in Victorian clothing. After emerging from a present (Dot: "ha ha get it, it's a pun") she shows Plotz a movie about Ralph the Guard's life on Christmas Eve.

tag: ul


document_title: Australian magpie

question_text: what is a group of australian magpies called

text: Australian magpie

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: The Australian magpie was first described by English ornithologist John Latham in 1801 as Coracias tibicen, the type collected in the Port Jackson region.[4][a] Its specific epithet derived from the Latin tibicen "flute-player" or "piper" in reference to the bird's melodious call.[6][7] An early recorded vernacular name is piping poller, written on a painting by Thomas Watling, one of a group known collectively as the Port Jackson Painter,[8] sometime between 1788 and 1792.[9] Tarra-won-nang,[8] or djarrawunang, wibung, and marriyang were names used by the local Eora and Darug inhabitants of the Sydney Basin.[10] Booroogong and garoogong were Wiradjuri words, and carrak was a Jardwadjali term from Victoria.[11] Among the Kamilaroi, it is burrugaabu,[12] galalu, or guluu.[13] It was known as Warndurla among the Yindjibarndi people of the central and western Pilbara.[14] Other names used include piping crow-shrike, piper, maggie, flute-bird and organ-bird.[7] The term bell-magpie was proposed to help distinguish it from the European magpie but failed to gain wide acceptance.[15]

text: The bird was named for its similarity in colouration to the European magpie; it was a common practice for early settlers to name plants and animals after European counterparts.[9] However, the European magpie is a member of the Corvidae, while its Australian counterpart is placed in the family Artamidae (although both are members of a broad corvid lineage). The Australian magpie's affinities with butcherbirds and currawongs were recognised early on and the three genera were placed in the family Cracticidae in 1914 by John Albert Leach after he had studied their musculature.[16] American ornithologists Charles Sibley and Jon Ahlquist recognised the close relationship between woodswallows and the butcherbirds in 1985, and combined them into a Cracticini clade,[17] in the Artamidae.[18] The Australian magpie is placed in its own monotypic genus Gymnorhina which was introduced by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1840.[19][20] The name of the genus is from the Ancient Greek gumnos for "naked" or "bare" and rhis, rhinos "nostrils".[21] Some authorities such as Glen Storr in 1952 and Leslie Christidis and Walter Boles in their 2008 checklist, have placed the Australian magpie in the butcherbird genus Cracticus, arguing that its adaptation to ground-living is not enough to consider it a separate genus.[18][22] A molecular genetic study published in a 2013 showed that the Australian magpie is a sister taxon to the black butcherbird (Melloria quoyi) and that the two species are in turn sister to a clade that includes the other butcherbirds in the genus Cracticus. The ancestor to the two species is thought to have split from the other butcherbirds between 8.3 and 4.2 million years ago, during the late Miocene to early Pliocene, while the two species themselves diverged sometime during the Pliocene (5.8–3.0 million years ago).[23]

text: The Australian magpie was subdivided into three species in the literature for much of the twentieth century—the black-backed magpie (G. tibicen), the white-backed magpie (G. hypoleuca), and the western magpie (G. dorsalis).[24] They were later noted to hybridise readily where their territories crossed, with hybrid grey or striped-backed magpies being quite common. This resulted in them being reclassified as one species by Julian Ford in 1969,[25] with most recent authors following suit.[18]

text: Subspecies[edit]

text: There are currently thought to be nine subspecies of the Australian magpie, although there are large zones of overlap with intermediate forms between the taxa. There is a tendency for birds to become larger with increasing latitude, the southern subspecies being larger than those further north, except the Tasmanian form which is small.[26] The original form, known as the black-backed magpie and classified as Gymnorhina tibicen, has been split into four black-backed races:

text:
G. tibicen tibicen, the nominate form, is a large subspecies found in southeastern Queensland, from the vicinity of Moreton Bay through eastern New South Wales to Moruya, New South Wales almost to the Victorian border. It is coastal or near-coastal and is restricted to east of the Great Dividing Range.[7]
G. tibicen terraereginae, found from Cape York and the Gulf Country southwards across Queensland to the coast between Halifax Bay in the north and south to the Mary River, and central and western New South Wales and into northern South Australia, is a small to medium-sized subspecies.[7] The plumage is the same as that of subspecies tibicen, although the female has a shorter black tip to the tail. The wings and tarsus are shorter and the bill proportionally longer.[27] It was originally described by Gregory Mathews in 1912, its subspecies name a Latin translation, terra "land" reginae "queen's" of "Queensland". Hybridisation with the large white-backed subspecies tyrannica occurs in northern Victoria and southeastern New South Wales; intermediate forms have black bands of varying sizes in white-backed area. Three-way hybridisation occurs between Bega and Batemans Bay on the New South Wales south coast.[28]
G. tibicen eylandtensis, the Top End magpie, is found from the Kimberley in northern Western Australia, across the Northern Territory through Arnhem Land and Groote Eylandt and into the Gulf Country.[29] It is a small subspecies with a long and thinner bill, with birds of Groote Eylandt possibly even smaller than mainland birds.[30] It has a narrow black terminal tailband,[31] and a narrow black band; the male has a large white nape, the female pale grey.[30] This form was initially described by H. L. White in 1922. It intergrades with subspecies terraereginae southeast of the Gulf of Carpentaria.[30]
G. tibicen longirostris, the long-billed magpie, is found across northern Western Australia, from Shark Bay into the Pilbara.[29] Named in 1903 by Alex Milligan, it is a medium-sized subspecies with a long thin bill. Milligan speculated the bill may have been adapted for the local conditions, slim fare meaning the birds had to pick at dangerous scorpions and spiders.[32] There is a broad area of hybridisation with the western dorsalis in southern central Western Australia from Shark Bay south to the Murchison River and east to the Great Victoria Desert.[33]

text: The white-backed magpie, originally described as Gymnorhina hypoleuca by John Gould in 1837, has also been split into races:

text:
G. tibicen tyrannica, a very large white-backed form found from Twofold Bay on the New South Wales far south coast, across southern Victoria south of the Great Dividing Range through to the Coorong in southeastern South Australia. It was first described by Schodde and Mason in 1999.[29] It has a broad black tail band.[31]
G. tibicen telonocua, found from Cowell south into the Eyre and Yorke Peninsulas in southern South Australia, as well as the southwestern Gawler Ranges. Described by Schodde and Mason in 1999,[29] its subspecific name is an anagram of leuconota "white-backed". It is very similar to tyrannica, differing in having a shorter wing and being lighter and smaller overall. The bill is relatively short compared with other magpie subspecies. Intermediate forms are found in the Mount Lofty Ranges and on Kangaroo Island.[26]
G. tibicen hypoleuca now refers to a small white-backed subspecies with a short compact bill and short wings, found on King and Flinders Islands, as well as Tasmania.[29]
The western magpie, G. tibicen dorsalis was originally described as a separate species by A. J. Campbell in 1895 and is found in the fertile south-west corner of Western Australia.[29] The adult male has a white back and most closely resembles subspecies telonocua, though it is a little larger with a longer bill and the black tip of its tail plumage is narrower. The female is unusual in that it has a scalloped black or brownish-black mantle and back; the dark feathers there are edged with white. This area appears a more uniform black as the plumage ages and the edges are worn away. Both sexes have black thighs.[33]
The New Guinean magpie, G. tibicen papuana, is a little-known subspecies found in southern New Guinea.[29] The adult male has a mostly white back with a narrow black stripe, and the female a blackish back; the black feathers here are tipped with white similar to subspecies dorsalis. It has a long deep bill resembling that of subspecies longirostris.[34] Genetically it is closely related to a western lineage of Australian magpies comprising subspecies dorsalis, longirostris and eylandtensis, suggesting their ancestors occupied in savannah country that was a land bridge between New Guinea and Australia and was submerged around 16,500 years ago.[35]

text: Description[edit]

text: The adult magpie is a fairly solid, sturdy bird ranging from 37 to 43 cm (14.5 to 17 in) in length with a 65–85 cm (25.5–33.5 in) wingspan, and weighing 220–350 g (7.8–12.3 oz).[29] Its robust wedge-shaped bill is bluish-white bordered with black, with a small hook at the tip. The black legs are long and strong.[36] The plumage is pure glossy black and white; both sexes of all subspecies have black heads, wings and underparts with white shoulders. The tail has a black terminal band. The nape is white in the male and light greyish-white in the female. Mature magpies have dull red eyes, in contrast to the yellow eyes of currawongs and white eyes of Australian ravens and crows.[37] The main difference between the subspecies lies in the "saddle" markings on the back below the nape. Black-backed subspecies have a black saddle and white nape.[29] White-backed subspecies have a wholly white nape and saddle. The male Western Australian subspecies dorsalis is also white-backed, but the equivalent area in the female is scalloped black.[37]

text: Juveniles have lighter greys and browns amidst the starker blacks and whites of their plumage;[38] two- or three-year-old birds of both sexes closely resemble and are difficult to distinguish from adult females.[36] Immature birds have dark brownish eyes until around two years of age.[36] Australian magpies generally live to around 25 years of age,[39] though ages of up to 30 years have been recorded.[40] The reported age of first breeding has varied according to area, but the average is between the ages of three and five years.[41]

text: Well-known and easily recognisable, the Australian magpie is unlikely to be confused with any other species. The pied butcherbird has a similar build and plumage, but has white underparts unlike the former species' black underparts. The magpie-lark is a much smaller and more delicate bird with complex and very different banded black and white plumage. Currawong species have predominantly dark plumage and heavier bills.[37]

text: Vocalisations[edit]

text:
Song

The "gargled" vocalizations of the Australian magpie.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: One of Australia's most highly regarded songbirds, the Australian magpie has a wide variety of calls, many of which are complex. Pitch may vary over up to four octaves,[42] and the bird can mimic over 35 species of native and introduced bird species, as well as dogs and horses.[43] Magpies have even been noted to mimic human speech when living in close proximity to humans.[44] Its complex, musical, warbling call is one of the most familiar Australian bird sounds. In Denis Glover's poem "The Magpies", the mature magpie's call is described as quardle oodle ardle wardle doodle,[45] one of the most famous lines in New Zealand poetry, and as waddle giggle gargle paddle poodle, in the children's book Waddle Giggle Gargle by Pamela Allen.[46]

text: When alone, a magpie may make a quiet musical warbling; these complex melodious warbles or subsongs are pitched at 2–4 KHz and do not carry for long distances. These songs have been recorded up to 70 minutes in duration and are more frequent after the end of the breeding season.[47] Pairs of magpies often take up a loud musical calling known as carolling to advertise or defend their territory; one bird initiates the call with the second (and sometimes more) joining in.[48] Often preceded by warbling,[43] carolling is pitched between 6 and 8 kHz and has 4–5 elements with slurring indistinct noise in between.[49] Birds will adopt a specific posture by tilting their heads back, expanding their chests, and moving their wings backwards.[50] A group of magpies will sing a short repetitive version of carolling just before dawn (dawn song), and at twilight after sundown (dusk song), in winter and spring.[43]

text: Fledgling and juvenile magpies emit a repeated short and loud (80 dB), high-pitched (8 kHz) begging call.[51] Magpies may indulge in beak-clapping to warn other species of birds.[52] They employ several high pitched (8–10 kHz) alarm or rallying calls when intruders or threats are spotted. Distinct calls have been recorded for the approach of eagles and monitor lizards.[53]

text: Distribution and habitat[edit]

text: The Australian magpie is found in the Trans-Fly region of southern New Guinea, between the Oriomo River and Muli Strait, and across most of Australia, bar the tip of Cape York,[54] the Gibson and Great Sandy Deserts, and southwest of Tasmania.[55] Birds taken mainly from Tasmania and Victoria were introduced into New Zealand by local Acclimatisation Societies of Otago and Canterbury in the 1860s, with the Wellington Acclimatisation Society releasing 260 birds in 1874. White-backed forms are spread on both the North and eastern South Island, while black-backed forms are found in the Hawke's Bay region.[56] Magpies were introduced into New Zealand to control agricultural pests, and were therefore a protected species until 1951.[57] They are thought to affect native New Zealand bird populations such as the tui and kererū, sometimes raiding nests for eggs and nestlings,[57] although studies by Waikato University have cast doubt on this,[58] and much blame on the magpie as a predator in the past has been anecdotal only.[59] Introductions also occurred in the Solomon Islands and Sri Lanka, although the species has failed to become established. It has become established in western Taveuni in Fiji, however.[56]

text: The Australian magpie prefers open areas such as grassland, fields and residential areas such as parks, gardens, golf courses, and streets, with scattered trees or forest nearby. Birds nest and shelter in trees but forage mainly on the ground in these open areas.[60] It has also been recorded in mature pine plantations; birds only occupy rainforest and wet sclerophyll forest in the vicinity of cleared areas.[54] In general, evidence suggests the range and population of the Australian magpie has increased with land-clearing, although local declines in Queensland due to a 1902 drought, and in Tasmania in the 1930s have been noted; the cause for the latter is unclear but rabbit baiting, pine tree removal, and spread of the masked lapwing (Vanellus miles) have been implicated.[61]

text: Behaviour[edit]

text: The Australian magpie is almost exclusively diurnal, although it may call into the night, like some other members of the Artamidae.[62] Natural predators of magpies include various species of monitor lizard and the barking owl.[63] Birds are often killed on roads or electrocuted by powerlines, or poisoned after killing and eating house sparrows or mice, rats or rabbits targeted with baiting.[64] The Australian raven may take nestlings left unattended.[65]

text: On the ground, the Australian magpie moves around by walking, and is the only member of the Artamidae to do so; woodswallows, butcherbirds and currawongs all tend to hop with legs parallel. The magpie has a short femur (thigh bone), and long lower leg below the knee, suited to walking rather than running, although birds can run in short bursts when hunting prey.[66]

text: The magpie is generally sedentary and territorial throughout its range, living in groups occupying a territory, or in flocks or fringe groups. A group may occupy and defend the same territory for many years.[64] Much energy is spent defending a territory from intruders, particularly other magpies, and different behaviours are seen with different opponents. The sight of a raptor results in a rallying call by sentinel birds and subsequent coordinated mobbing of the intruder. Magpies place themselves either side of the bird of prey so that it will be attacked from behind should it strike a defender, and harass and drive the raptor to some distance beyond the territory.[67] A group will use carolling as a signal to advertise ownership and warn off other magpies. In the negotiating display, the one or two dominant magpies parade along the border of the defended territory while the rest of the group stand back a little and look on. The leaders may fluff their feathers or caroll repeatedly. In a group strength display, employed if both the opposing and defending groups are of roughly equal numbers, all magpies will fly and form a row at the border of the territory.[68] The defending group may also resort to an aerial display where the dominant magpies, or sometimes the whole group, swoop and dive while calling to warn an intruding magpie's group.[69]

text: A wide variety of displays are seen, with aggressive behaviours outnumbering pro-social ones.[70] Crouching low and uttering quiet begging calls are common signs of submission.[71] The manus flutter is a submissive display where a magpie will flutter its primary feathers in its wings.[72] A magpie, particularly a juvenile, may also fall, roll over on its back and expose its underparts.[72] Birds may fluff up their flank feathers as an aggressive display or preceding an attack.[73] Young birds display various forms of play behaviour, either by themselves or in groups, with older birds often initiating the proceedings with juveniles. These may involve picking up, manipulating or tugging at various objects such as sticks, rocks or bits of wire, and handing them to other birds. A bird may pick up a feather or leaf and flying off with it, with other birds pursuing and attempting to bring down the leader by latching onto its tail feathers. Birds may jump on each other and even engage in mock fighting. Play may even take place with other species such as blue-faced honeyeaters and Australasian pipits.[74]

text: Breeding[edit]

text: Magpies have a long breeding season which varies in different parts of the country; in northern parts of Australia they will breed between June and September, but not commence until August or September in cooler regions, and may continue until January in some alpine areas.[75] The nest is a bowl-shaped structure made of sticks and lined with softer material such as grass and bark. Near human habitation, synthetic material may be incorporated.[76] Nests are built exclusively by females and generally placed high up in a tree fork, often in an exposed position.[77] The trees used are most commonly eucalypts, although a variety of other native trees as well as introduced pine, Crataegus, and elm have been recorded.[78] Other bird species, such as the yellow-rumped thornbill (Acanthiza chrysorrhoa), willie wagtail (Rhipidura leucophrys), southern whiteface (Aphelocephala leucopsis), and (less commonly) noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala), often nest in the same tree as the magpie. The first two species may even locate their nest directly beneath a magpie nest, while the diminutive striated pardalote (Pardalotus striatus) has been known to make a burrow for breeding into the base of the magpie nest itself. These incursions are all tolerated by the magpies.[79] The channel-billed cuckoo (Scythrops novaehollandiae) is a notable brood parasite in eastern Australia; magpies will raise cuckoo young, which eventually outcompete the magpie nestlings.[80]

text: The Australian magpie produces a clutch of two to five light blue or greenish eggs, which are oval in shape and about 30 by 40 mm (1.2 by 1.6 in).[81] The chicks hatch synchronously around 20 days after incubation begins; like all passerines, the chicks are altricial—they are born pink, naked, and blind with large feet, a short broad beak and a bright red throat. Their eyes are fully open at around 10 days. Chicks develop fine downy feathers on their head, back and wings in the first week, and pinfeathers in the second week. The black and white colouration is noticeable from an early stage.[82] Nestlings are fed exclusively by the female, though the male magpie will feed his partner.[83] The Australian magpie is known to engage in cooperative breeding, and helper birds will assist in feeding and raising young.[41] This does vary from region to region, and with the size of the group—the behaviour is rare or nonexistent in pairs or small groups.[41]

text: Juvenile magpies begin foraging on their own three weeks after leaving the nest, and mostly feeding themselves by six months old. Some birds continue begging for food until eight or nine months of age, but are usually ignored. Birds reach adult size by their first year.[84] The age at which young birds disperse varies across the country, and depends on the aggressiveness of the dominant adult of the corresponding sex; males are usually evicted at a younger age. Many leave at around a year old, but the age of departure may range from eight months to four years.[85]

text: Feeding[edit]

text: The Australian magpie is omnivorous, eating various items located at or near ground level including invertebrates such as earthworms, millipedes, snails, spiders and scorpions as well as a wide variety of insects—cockroaches, ants, beetles, cicadas, moths and caterpillars and other larvae. Insects, including large adult grasshoppers, may be seized mid-flight. Skinks, frogs, mice and other small animals as well as grain, tubers, figs and walnuts have also been noted as components of their diet.[86] It has even learnt to safely eat the poisonous cane toad by flipping it over and consuming the underparts.[87] Predominantly a ground feeder, the Australian magpie paces open areas methodically searching for insects and their larvae.[88] One study showed birds were able to find scarab beetle larvae by sound or vibration.[89] Birds use their bills to probe into the earth or otherwise overturn debris in search of food.[90] Smaller prey are swallowed whole, although magpies rub off the stingers of bees and wasps before swallowing.[91]

text: Relationship with humans[edit]

text: Swooping[edit]

text: Magpies are ubiquitous in urban areas all over Australia, and have become accustomed to people. A small percentage of birds become highly aggressive during breeding season from late August to early - mid October, and will swoop and sometimes attack passersby. The percentage has been difficult to estimate but is significantly less than 9%.[92] Almost all attacking birds (around 99%) are male,[93] and they are generally known to attack pedestrians at around 50 m (160 ft) from their nest, and cyclists at around 100 m (330 ft).[94] There appears to be some specificity in choice of attack targets, with the majority of individuals specializing on either pedestrians or cyclists.[95] Attacks begin as the eggs hatch, increase in frequency and severity as the chicks grow, and tail off as the chicks leave the nest.[96]

text: These magpies may engage in an escalating series of behaviours to drive off intruders. Least threatening are alarm calls and distant swoops, where birds fly within several metres from behind and perch nearby. Next in intensity are close swoops, where a magpie will swoop in from behind or the side and audibly "snap" their beaks or even peck or bite at the face, neck, ears or eyes. More rarely, a bird may dive-bomb and strike the intruder's (usually a cyclist's) head with its chest. A magpie may rarely attack by landing on the ground in front of a person and lurching up and landing on the victim's chest and pecking at the face and eyes.[97]

text: Magpie attacks can cause injuries, typically wounds to the head,[98] and being unexpectedly swooped while cycling can result in loss of control of the bicycle, which may cause injury.[99][100][101]

text: If it is necessary to walk near the nest, wearing a broad-brimmed or legionnaire's hat or using an umbrella will deter attacking birds, but beanies and bicycle helmets are of little value as birds attack the sides of the head and neck.[102]

text: Magpies prefer to swoop at the back of the head; therefore, keeping the magpie in sight at all times can discourage the bird. A basic disguise such as sunglasses worn on the back of the head may fool the magpie as to where a person is looking. Eyes painted on hats or helmets will deter attacks on pedestrians but not cyclists.[103]

text: Cyclists can deter attack by attaching a long pole with a flag to a bike,[104] and the use of cable ties on helmets has become common and appears to be effective.[105]

text: Magpies are a protected native species in Australia, so it is illegal to kill or harm them. However, this protection is removed in some Australian states if a magpie attacks a human, allowing for the bird to be destroyed if it is considered particularly aggressive (such a provision is made, for example, in section 54 of the South Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act).[106] More commonly, an aggressive bird will be caught and relocated to an unpopulated area.[107] Magpies have to be moved some distance as almost all are able to find their way home from distances of less than 25 km (16 mi).[108] Removing the nest is of no use as birds will breed again and possibly be more aggressive the second time around.[109]

text: Some claim that swooping can be prevented by hand-feeding magpies. Magpies will become accustomed to being fed by humans, and although they are wild, will return to the same place looking for handouts. The idea is that humans thereby appear less of a threat to the nesting birds. Although this has not been studied systematically, there are reports of its success.[110]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text: The Australian magpie featured in aboriginal folklore around Australia. The Yindjibarndi people of the Pilbara in the northwest of the country used the bird as a signal for sunrise, frightening them awake with its call. They were also familiar with its highly territorial nature, and it features in a song in their Burndud, or songs of customs.[14] It was a totem bird of the people of the Illawarra region south of Sydney.[111]

text: Under the name piping shrike, the white-backed magpie was declared the official emblem of the Government of South Australia in 1901 by Governor Tennyson,[112] and has featured on the South Australian flag since 1904.[113] The magpie is a commonly used emblem of sporting teams in Australia, and its brash, cocky attitude has been likened to the Australian psyche.[114] Such teams tend to wear uniforms with black and white stripes. The Collingwood Football Club adopted the magpie from a visiting South Australian representative team in 1892.[115] The Port Adelaide Magpies would similarly adopt the black and white colours and Magpie name in 1902.[116] Other examples include Brisbane's Souths Logan Magpies,[114] and Sydney's Western Suburbs Magpies. Disputes over who has been the first club to adopt the magpie emblem have been heated at times.[117] Another club, Glenorchy Football Club of Tasmania, was forced to change uniform design when placed in the same league as another club (Claremont Magpies) with the same emblem.[118]

text: In New Zealand, the Hawke's Bay Rugby Union team, from Napier, New Zealand, is also known as the magpies.[119] One of the best-known New Zealand poems is "The Magpies" by Denis Glover, with its refrain "Quardle oodle ardle wardle doodle", imitating the sound of the bird – and the popular New Zealand comic Footrot Flats features a magpie character by the name of Pew.[120]

text: An online poll conducted by Guardian Australia and BirdLife Australia was held in late 2017 to choose the "Australian Bird of the Year". The Australian magpie won the contest with 19,926 votes (13.3%), narrowly ahead of the Australian white ibis.[121]