document_title: Donald Glover

question_text: where did childish gambino get his rap name

text: Donald Glover

text: Early life[edit]

text: Donald McKinley Glover Jr.[10] was born on September 25, 1983 at Edwards Air Force Base in Kern County, California.[11] He was raised in Stone Mountain, Georgia. His mother, Beverly (née Smith),[12] is a retired daycare provider, and his father, Donald Glover Sr.,[13] is a retired postal worker.[14] His parents also served as foster parents for 14 years. Glover was raised as a Jehovah's Witness.[11][15] He attended DeKalb School of the Arts and was captioned "Most Likely to Write for The Simpsons" in his high school yearbook.[16][17]

text: Glover graduated from the New York University Tisch School of the Arts with a degree in Dramatic Writing (2006).[18] While at Tisch, Glover self-produced the independent mixtape The Younger I Get, which was not released and was disowned by Glover for being "too-raw ramblings" of what he calls a "decrepit Drake".[19] Glover also began disc jockeying and producing electronic music under the moniker MC D—later as mcDJ—remixing Sufjan Stevens' album Illinois (2005).[20]

text: Career[edit]

text: 2006–2010: Derrick Comedy, Community, and mixtapes[edit]

text: In 2006, Glover was contacted by producer David Miner, to whom he sent writing samples including a spec script that he had written for The Simpsons. Miner and Tina Fey were impressed by Glover's work and invited him to become a writer for the NBC sitcom 30 Rock.[14][17] Glover was a writer for 30 Rock from 2006 to 2009, where he also had occasional cameo appearances. He was presented the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Series at the February 2009 ceremony for his work on the third season.[21] Glover's musical stage name, Childish Gambino, came from the Wu-Tang Clan's name generator.[22][23] In June 2008, he released the independent mixtape Sick Boi.[19] In 2008, Glover unsuccessfully auditioned to play President Barack Obama on the sketch comedy program Saturday Night Live;[24] the role went to cast member Fred Armisen.[25] Glover also became a member of the sketch comedy group Derrick Comedy, having appeared in their sketches on YouTube since 2006, along with Dominic Dierkes, Meggie McFadden, DC Pierson, and Dan Eckman. The group wrote and starred in a feature-length film, Mystery Team, released in theaters in 2009.[26] Bobby Moynihan and Aubrey Plaza also starred in the film alongside Glover.

text: Glover became known to a wider audience with Dan Harmon's NBC sitcom Community, which premiered in September 2009. Glover played Troy Barnes, a former high school star quarterback who quickly abandons his former jock mentality and embraces his nerdy, childish side as the result of his friendship with Abed Nadir (played by Danny Pudi).[27] Glover did not return as a full-time cast member for the show's  fifth season, appearing in the first five of the season's 13 episodes.[28] Despite speculation that he was leaving to pursue his rap career as Childish Gambino, a series of hand-written notes that Glover posted to Instagram revealed that his reasons were more personal, citing a need for projects that offered him more independence as he worked through some personal issues.[29] Although Harmon approached Glover about returning to the show for its sixth season, Glover declined, stating both show and audience would be better served by the closure of his character omitted from the story.[30] In September 2009, he released his second mixtape Poindexter.[19] A pair of mixtapes, titled I Am Just a Rapper and I Am Just A Rapper 2, were released in close succession in 2010 and followed that July by his fifth mixtape Culdesac.[31]

text: In March 2010, Glover performed a 30-minute set on the stand-up showcase program Comedy Central Presents.[32] In May 2010, a fan suggested Glover for the role of Peter Parker in the then-upcoming The Amazing Spider-Man film, encouraging his supporters to retweet the hashtag "#donald4spiderman".[33] The campaign, originally started to see how far social networking could carry a message, quickly gained a large following.[34] The call for Glover to be allowed to audition for the role was supported by Spider-Man creator Stan Lee.[35] Glover was not given an audition and the role instead went to Andrew Garfield. He later revealed that he was never contacted for the role by anyone from Sony Pictures. Comics writer Brian Michael Bendis, who announced Miles Morales, an African-American version of Spider-Man, a year later, said he had conceived of the character before Glover's campaign went viral.[36] Bendis gave credit to Glover for influencing the new hero's looks for Spider-Man; Bendis has said, "I saw him in the costume [on Community] and thought, 'I would like to read that book.'"[37] Glover later voiced this incarnation of Spider-Man on the Ultimate Spider-Man animated series.[38] Glover received the Rising Comedy Star award at the Just for Laughs festival in July 2010 and was featured in Gap's 2010 holiday advertising campaign.[39][40]

text: 2011–2014: Camp and Because the Internet[edit]

text: His first extended play, titled EP, was released as a free digital download in March 2011.[41] A music video for the song "Freaks and Geeks" was released in that month and Glover hosted the mtvU Wooodie Awards, held live at South By Southwest.[42][43] Glover commenced his nationwide IAMDONALD Tour in April.[42] The tour was a one-man live show that consisted of rap, comedy, and video segments.[42][44] Glover appeared at the 2011 Bonnaroo Music Festival as both Childish Gambino and as a comedian, performing a set with Bill Bailey.[45] His one-hour stand-up special, Weirdo, aired on Comedy Central in November 2011.[46] Glover worked with friend and film composer Ludwig Göransson on his debut studio album throughout 2011.[47] Prior to its release, signed to Glassnote Records and embarked on The Sign-Up Tour.[48] The album, Camp, was released on November 15, 2011, backed by his debut single "Bonfire" and "Heartbeat", which peaked at number 18 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles and number 54 on Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.[49] Camp debuted at number eleven on the Billboard 200, selling 52,000 copies in the first week,[50]  and was generally well received by critics,[51] with PopMatters writer Steve Lepore finding it to be "undoubtedly one of the best records of any genre to come out in 2011".[52] His Camp Gambino tour was scheduled to commence in March 2012,[53] but was postponed to April after fracturing his foot.[54]

text: Glover released the songs "Eat Your Vegetables" and "Fuck Your Blog" through his website in April and May.[55] Throughout May and June, he premiered tracks from his sixth mixtape, Royalty, which was released as a free digital download in July. The album featured several artists, including his brother Stephen, under the alias Steve G. Lover III.[56]  The single "Trouble" by British artist Leona Lewis from her album Glassheart (2012) featured Gambino with a guest rap performance. The song peaked at No. 7 on the UK Singles Chart, making it his first UK top 10 single.[57] In November 2012, Ludwig Göransson said he and Glover were in his studio coming up with new ideas for the next album which was to be "bigger" and "with more people involved."[58] In 2013, Glover signed on to create a music-themed show for FX titled Atlanta which he would star in, write, and executive produce. Consequently, Glover decided to reduce his work for NBC, and only appeared in the first five episodes of Community's fifth season.[59] Although several networks were interested in picking up his half-hour comedy, he ultimately picked FX due to their willingness to work around his touring schedule.[59] Glover appeared in a supporting role in the romantic comedy The To Do List (2013) and also guest starred in two episodes of the comedy-drama television series Girls in early 2013, as a Republican who is the love interest to Lena Dunham's character.[60][61]

text: Recording for his second studio album, Because the Internet, finished in October 2013 and it was released in December,[62][63] debuting at number seven on the Billboard 200 chart.[49] Because the Internet yielded the singles "3005", "Crawl" and "Sweatpants". "3005" peaked at number 8 on the UK R&B Chart and 64 on the Billboard Hot 100.[49] To promote the album, the short film Clapping for the Wrong Reasons, written by and starring Glover, was released prior to the album's release and serves as its prelude. Additionally, a 72-page screenplay designed to sync up with the album was also released.[64] Because The Internet has been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping over 500,000 copies.[65] From February to May 2014, he embarked on The Deep Web Tour.[66] The Recording Industry Association of America certified "Heartbeat" gold in June 2014–making it Glover's first gold certification.[67]

text: Glover directed the music video for the song "The Pressure" by Jhené Aiko, whose previous single, "Bed Peace", had featured a guest appearance by Glover.[68] On October 2, he released a mixtape titled STN MTN and the following day an EP titled Kauai, which spawned the single "Sober". While STN MTN was a free download, the proceeds of Kauai went to changing the policies for body worn video policing equipment and to maintaining and preserving Kauai island.[69] Glover described them as a joint project and the "first concept mixtape ever" that continues the story told in Camp and Because the Internet.[70] At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards, Glover received his first Grammy nominations for Best Rap Album for Because the Internet and Best Rap Performance for "3005".[7]

text: 2015–present: Film roles, Atlanta, and "Awaken, My Love!"[edit]

text: Glover appeared in three films in 2015. In the science fiction horror The Lazarus Effect, he played a scientist working with a team of researchers who brings a member of the team back to life with consequences.[71] Glover played a singer in the comedy-drama Magic Mike XXL and performed a cover of the Bruno Mars song "Marry You" in the film, which was included in the soundtrack.[72] His final release of the year, Ridley Scott's science fiction The Martian, featured Glover as a Jet Propulsion Laboratory astrodynamicist who formulates a maneuver to help rescue an astronaut (played by Matt Damon) stranded on Mars.[73] Glover contributed to the soundtrack of Creed (2015) – a film in the Rocky film series which was composed by Ludwig Göransson – providing vocals to the song "Waiting For My Moment" and co-wrote another titled "Breathe".[74]

text: FX ordered the pilot of Glover's show Atlanta to a 10-episode season in October 2015 and it premiered on September 6, 2016 to widespread critical acclaim.[75][76][77] Glover writes, occasionally directs, executive produces, and stars in the series as Earnest "Earn" Marks, a Princeton dropout who manages his rapper cousin as they navigate their way in the Atlanta rap scene.[78] For his work on the show, Glover has been awarded various accolades, including Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy and Best Actor – Television Series Musical or Comedy and Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series, making him the first black person to win an Emmy for the latter category.[5][79][80] Due to the success of the series, FX signed Glover to an exclusive deal to create and develop more shows for the network. The first of these shows, an animated series featuring the Marvel Comics character Deadpool, written and executive produced by Glover and his brother Stephen, was set to premiere in 2018,[81] but was later canceled due to creative differences.[82] Glover later posted an unofficial and unproduced script to his Twitter account, stating he wasn't "too busy to work on Deadpool," shutting down media speculations.[83]

text: In September 2016, Glover held three performances – known as the "Pharos Experience" – in Joshua Tree, California, where he debuted songs from his third studio album "Awaken, My Love!".[84] The album was released in December, charting at number five on the Billboard 200 and it was later certified gold accumulating 500,000 in album-equivalent units.[85][49][65] Considered a bold departure from his usual hip hop style as it primarily featured Glover singing rather than rapping, it saw him draw influences from psychedelic soul, funk and R&B music,[86][87] particularly of the funk band Funkadelic.[88] "Awaken, My Love!" produced the singles "Me and Your Mama", "Redbone" (which peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100), and "Terrified".[8] Its vinyl release featured a virtual reality headset and an accompanying app that allowed owners access to virtual reality live performances from the Pharos Experience.[89] The album was positively received by music critics and was nominated for both the 2018 Grammy Award for Album of the Year and Best Urban Contemporary Album, while "Redbone" won for Best Traditional R&B Performance and received nominations for Record of the Year and Best R&B Song.[90][91] Glover performed "Terrified" at the award show's 60th ceremony.[92]

text: Glover played Aaron Davis in the superhero film Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017). Davis is the uncle of the Miles Morales version of Spider-Man, whom Glover had voiced in the Ultimate Spider-Man animated series. The casting was described as "a surprise treat for fans" by the film's director Jon Watts, aware of his 2010 campaign to play the superhero.[93] In April 2017, Time named Glover to its annual "100 Most Influential People in the World." Tina Fey wrote the entry on Glover, who she said "embodies his generation's belief that people can be whatever they want and change what it is they want, at any time."[9] Glover portrayed a young version of Lando Calrissian in Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018); Calrissian was previously played by Billy Dee Williams in two films in the original Star Wars trilogy.[94] Glover will star in the upcoming 2019 remake of the epic musical Disney film The Lion King (1994) as the voice of Simba, a young lion.[95]

text: Glover announced his intention to retire the Childish Gambino pseudonym in June 2017, telling the audience "I'll see you for the last Gambino album" before walking off stage at the Governors Ball Music Festival.[96] He further explained his decision in an interview, feeling his musical career was no longer "necessary" and added "There's nothing worse than like a third sequel" and "I like it when something's good and when it comes back there's a reason to come back, there's a reason to do that."[97]  Glover signed with RCA Records in January 2018, which Glover called "a necessary change of pace".[98][99] In May 2018, he released a single titled "This Is America" while performing dual hosting and musical duty on Saturday Night Live.[99] The song debuted at number one, becoming both Glover's first number one and top ten single in the United States.[100] It features him both singing and rapping, drawing influence from trap music.[101] Its lyrics addressed a variety of topics including gun violence in the United States and being black in the United States,[102] while its provocative video, directed by Japanese filmmaker and frequent collaborator Hiro Murai, featured Glover performing a series of shootings before breaking into dance.[103]

text: On July 11, 2018, Glover released the EP Summer Pack which contained the songs "Summertime Magic" and "Feels Like Summer", the former of which is the lead single from Glover's forthcoming fourth studio album.[104][105] The music video for "Feels Like Summer" was released on September 1, 2018, and features cartoon cameos from numerous prominent rappers and R&B vocalists. The video is meant to symbolize Glover's departure from the rap community[106] and depicts his animated rendition as he walks down a neighborhood street, passing by several big names like Will Smith, Nicki Minaj, Travis Scott, Kanye West, Beyoncé, Lil Wayne, and Michael Jackson.[107]

text: In August 2018, it had been reported that Glover had been filming a secret project in Cuba titled Guava Island throughout that summer alongside Rihanna. The exact details of the project are currently unknown.[108]

text: In September 2018, Glover made two previously unreleased songs, "Algorhythm" and "All Night", exclusively available to fans who bought tickets to his upcoming This Is America Tour.[109]

text: Influences[edit]

text: In an interview with The Guardian Glover stated, "I'm influenced by LCD Soundsystem as much as Ghostface Killah. A lot of the rap shows I saw as a kid were boring, but if you went to a Rage Against the Machine show or a Justice show, the kids were losing their minds. Kids just want to go nuts, Odd Future know that. People want to experience something physical."[110] Glover also cites hip hop duo Outkast and trio Migos,[111][112] and funk band Funkadelic as being influences.[113]

text: Glover has also influenced a number of younger musicians and actors alike. Rapper Vince Staples talks of Glover's ability to constantly reinvent himself while actor and writer Naren Weiss cites his versatility as a source of inspiration.[114][115][116]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Glover has a younger brother, writer/producer Stephen, who was also nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for Atlanta.[117]

text: In January 2017, Glover announced that he and his partner, Michelle, had a son in early 2016.[118][119] In June, before performing "Baby Boy" in a tribute to his son, he revealed his name as Legend.[120] In September, he announced that he and Michelle were expecting a second son,[121] who was born in January 2018.[122]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Discography[edit]

text:
Camp (2011)
Because the Internet (2013)
"Awaken, My Love!" (2016)

text: Tours[edit]

text:
IAMDONALD Tour (2011)
The Sign-Up Tour (2011)
Camp Gambino Tour (2012)
Deep Web Tour (2014)
This Is America Tour (2018)

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2009

Mystery Team

Jason Rogers

Also writer, composer and executive producer

2011

The Muppets

Junior CDE Executive

Cameo

2013

The To Do List

Derrick

Clapping for the Wrong Reasons

The Boy

Short film; also writer and executive producer

2014

Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day

Greg

Chicken and Futility

The Boy

Short film; also writer and director

2015

The Lazarus Effect

Niko

Magic Mike XXL

Andre

The Martian

Rich Purnell

2017

Spider-Man: Homecoming

Aaron Davis

2018

Solo: A Star Wars Story

Lando Calrissian

2019

The Lion King

Simba (voice)

Filming

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2005

Late Night with Conan O'Brien

Criminal

Episode: "July 22, 2005"

2006–2012

30 Rock

Various

4 episodes; also writer and executive story editor

2007

Human Giant

College Webcam Guy

Episode: "24 Hour Marathon"

2009–2014

Community

Troy Barnes

89 episodes

2010

Robot Chicken

Mace Windu (voice)

Episode: "Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode III"

2010

Comedy Central Presents

Himself

Stand-up special

2011

Regular Show

Alpha-Dawg (voice)

Episode: "Rap It Up"

2012

Donald Glover: Weirdo

Himself

Stand-up special

2013

Sesame Street

LMNOP

Episode: "Figure It Out, Baby Figure It Out"

2013

Girls

Sandy

2 episodes

2013, 2016

Adventure Time

Marshall Lee (voice)

2 episodes

2015

Ultimate Spider-Man

Miles Morales/Spider-Man (voice)

2 episodes

2015

China, IL

William "Transfer Billy" (voice)

4 episodes

2016–present

Atlanta

Earnest "Earn" Marks / Teddy Perkins

Also creator, writer, director, and executive producer

2018

Saturday Night Live

Himself (host and musical guest)

Episode: "Donald Glover/Childish Gambino"

text: Music videos[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Album

Director

2012

"Giants"(Josh Osho featuring Childish Gambino)[123]

L.I.F.E.

Jordan Bahat

2013

"Bed Peace"(Jhené Aiko featuring Childish Gambino)[124]

Sail Out

Danny Williams

"Relations (Remix)"[125](Kenna featuring Childish Gambino)

Land 2 Air Chronicles II: Imitation Is Suicide Chapter 1

Jason Chen

2014

"The Pressure"(Jhené Aiko)[126]

Souled Out

Childish Gambino

2015

"Gahdamn"(Kari Faux)[127]

Laugh Now, Die Later

Calmatic

2018

"Garden (Say It Like Dat)"

Ctrl

Karena Evans

2018

"This is America"

Hiro Murai

2018

"Feels Like Summer"

Summer Pack

Donald Glover, Ivan Dixon, Greg Sharp

text: Web[edit]

text:
Year

Title

Role

Notes

2006–2010

Derrick Comedy videos

Various characters

Also writer, composer and executive producer

2009

I Am Tiger Woods

Tiger Woods

Funny or Die short[128]

2012

Community: Abed's Master Key

Troy Barnes (voice)

Webisode


document_title: National Basketball Association

question_text: when did the nba start and how many teams were there

question_tokens: when did the nba start and how many teams were there

root

text: National Basketball Association

text: History

text: Creation and merger

text: The Basketball Association of America was founded in 1946 by owners of the major ice hockey arenas in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and Canada. On November 1, 1946, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers at Maple Leaf Gardens, in a game the NBA now refers to as the first played game in NBA history.[6] The first basket was made by Ossie Schectman of the Knickerbockers. Although there had been earlier attempts at professional basketball leagues, including the American Basketball League and the NBL, the BAA was the first league to attempt to play primarily in large arenas in major cities. During its early years, the quality of play in the BAA was not significantly better than in competing leagues or among leading independent clubs such as the Harlem Globetrotters. For instance, the 1948 ABL finalist Baltimore Bullets moved to the BAA and won that league's 1948 title, and the 1948 NBL champion Minneapolis Lakers won the 1949 BAA title. Prior to the 1948–49 season, however, NBL teams from Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Minneapolis, and Rochester jumped to the BAA, which established the BAA as the league of choice for collegians looking to turn professional.[7]

tag: p

text: On August 3, 1949, the BAA absorbed the remainder of the NBL: Syracuse, Anderson, Tri-Cities, Sheboygan, Denver, and Waterloo. In deference to the merger and to avoid possible legal complications, the league name was changed from the BAA to the National Basketball Association in spite of having the same BAA governing body including Podoloff.[7] The new league had seventeen franchises located in a mix of large and small cities,[8] as well as large arenas and smaller gymnasiums and armories. In 1950, the NBA consolidated to eleven franchises, a process that continued until 1953–54, when the league reached its smallest size of eight franchises: the New York Knicks, Boston Celtics, Philadelphia Warriors, Minneapolis Lakers, Rochester Royals, Fort Wayne Pistons, Tri-Cities Blackhawks, and Syracuse Nationals, all of which remain in the league today. The process of contraction saw the league's smaller-city franchises move to larger cities. The Hawks shifted from the Tri-Cities to Milwaukee in 1951, and then to St. Louis in 1955. The Rochester Royals moved from Rochester, New York, to Cincinnati in 1957 and the Pistons relocated from Fort Wayne, Indiana, to Detroit in 1957.

text: Japanese-American Wataru Misaka broke the NBA color barrier in the 1947–48 season when he played for the New York Knicks. He remained the only non-white player in league history prior to the first African-American, Harold Hunter, signing with the Washington Capitols in 1950.[9][10] Hunter was cut from the team during training camp,[9][11] but several African-American players did play in the league later that year, including Chuck Cooper with the Celtics, Nathaniel "Sweetwater" Clifton with the Knicks, and Earl Lloyd with the Washington Capitols. During this period, the Minneapolis Lakers, led by center George Mikan, won five NBA Championships and established themselves as the league's first dynasty.[12] To encourage shooting and discourage stalling, the league introduced the 24-second shot clock in 1954.[13] If a team does not attempt to score a field goal (or the ball fails to make contact with the rim) within 24 seconds of obtaining the ball, play is stopped and the ball given to its opponent.

text: Celtics' dominance, league expansion and competition

text: In 1957, rookie center Bill Russell joined the Boston Celtics, which already featured guard Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, and went on to lead the club to eleven NBA titles in thirteen seasons. Center Wilt Chamberlain entered the league with the Warriors in 1959 and became a dominant individual star of the 1960s, setting new single game records in scoring (100) and rebounding (55). Russell's rivalry with Chamberlain became one of the greatest rivalries in the history of American team sports.

text: The 1960s were dominated by the Celtics. Led by Russell, Bob Cousy and coach Red Auerbach, Boston won eight straight championships in the NBA from 1959 to 1966. This championship streak is the longest in NBA history. They did not win the title in 1966–67, but regained it in the 1967–68 season and repeated in 1969. The domination totaled nine of the ten championship banners of the 1960s.[14]

text: Through this period, the NBA continued to evolve with the shift of the Minneapolis Lakers to Los Angeles, the Philadelphia Warriors to San Francisco, the Syracuse Nationals to Philadelphia to become the Philadelphia 76ers, and the St. Louis Hawks moving to Atlanta, as well as the addition of its first expansion franchises. The Chicago Packers (now Washington Wizards) became the ninth NBA team in 1961. From 1966 to 1968, the league expanded from 9 to 14 teams, introducing the Chicago Bulls, Seattle SuperSonics (now Oklahoma City Thunder), San Diego Rockets (who relocated to Houston four years later), Milwaukee Bucks, and Phoenix Suns.

text: In 1967, the league faced a new external threat with the formation of the American Basketball Association (ABA). The leagues engaged in a bidding war. The NBA landed the most important college star of the era, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (then known as Lew Alcindor). However, the NBA's leading scorer, Rick Barry, jumped to the ABA, as did four veteran referees—Norm Drucker, Earl Strom, John Vanak, and Joe Gushue.[15]

text: In 1969, Alan Siegel, who oversaw the design of Jerry Dior's Major League Baseball logo a year prior, created the modern NBA logo inspired by the MLB's. It incorporates the silhouette of the legendary Jerry West based on a photo by Wen Roberts, although NBA officials denied a particular player as being its influence because, according to Siegel, "They want to institutionalize it rather than individualize it. It's become such a ubiquitous, classic symbol and focal point of their identity and their licensing program that they don't necessarily want to identify it with one player." The iconic logo debuted in 1971 and would remain a fixture of the NBA brand.[16][17]

text: The ABA succeeded in signing a number of major stars in the 1970s, including Julius Erving of the Virginia Squires, in part because it allowed teams to sign college undergraduates. The NBA expanded rapidly during this period, one purpose being to tie up the most viable cities. From 1966 to 1974, the NBA grew from nine franchises to 18. In 1970, the Portland Trail Blazers, Cleveland Cavaliers, and Buffalo Braves (now the Los Angeles Clippers) all made their debuts expanding the league to 17.[18] The New Orleans Jazz (now in Utah) came aboard in 1974 bringing the total to 18. Following the 1976 season, the leagues reached a settlement that provided for the addition of four ABA franchises to the NBA, raising the number of franchises in the league at that time to 22. The franchises added were the San Antonio Spurs, Denver Nuggets, Indiana Pacers, and New York Nets (now the Brooklyn Nets). Some of the biggest stars of this era were Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Rick Barry, Dave Cowens, Julius Erving, Elvin Hayes, Walt Frazier, Moses Malone, Artis Gilmore, George Gervin, Dan Issel, and Pete Maravich. The end of the decade, however, saw declining TV ratings, low attendance and drug-related player issues – both perceived and real – that threatened to derail the league.

text: Surging popularity

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The league added the ABA's innovative three-point field goal beginning in 1979 to open up the game. That same year, rookies Larry Bird and Magic Johnson joined the Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers respectively, initiating a period of significant growth in fan interest in the NBA throughout the country and the world. The two had faced each other in the 1979 NCAA Division I Basketball Championship Game, and they would later play against each other in three NBA Finals (1984, 1985 and 1987, featuring 11 players and coaches who would later be inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame). Like the 1960s, when the Celtics and Lakers faced each other in six NBA Finals, the two teams again dominated the NBA. In the 10 seasons of the 1980s, Johnson led the Lakers to five titles in eight Finals while Bird led the Celtics to three titles in five Finals. Also in the early 1980s, the NBA added one more expansion franchise, the Dallas Mavericks, bringing the total to 23 teams. Later on, Larry Bird won the first three three-point shooting contests. Former league commissioner David Stern, who took office on February 1, 1984, oversaw the expansion and growth of the NBA to a global commodity.

text: Michael Jordan entered the league in 1984 with the Chicago Bulls, providing an even more popular star to support growing interest in the league. This resulted in more cities demanding teams of their own. In 1988 and 1989, four cities got their wishes as the Charlotte Hornets, Miami Heat, Orlando Magic, and Minnesota Timberwolves made their NBA debuts, bringing the total to 27 teams. In the first year of the 1990s, the Detroit Pistons would win the second of their back-to-back titles, led by coach Chuck Daly and guard Isiah Thomas. Jordan and Scottie Pippen would lead the Bulls to two three-peats in eight years during the 1991–98 seasons. Hakeem Olajuwon won back-to-back titles with the Houston Rockets in 1994 and 1995.

text: The 1992 Olympic basketball Dream Team, the first to use current NBA stars, featured Michael Jordan as the anchor, along with Bird, Johnson, David Robinson, Patrick Ewing, Scottie Pippen, Clyde Drexler, Karl Malone, John Stockton, Chris Mullin, Charles Barkley, and star NCAA amateur Christian Laettner. The team was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, while 11 of the 12 players on the roster (all but Laettner) and three of the four coaches have been elected to the Hall of Fame as individuals.

text: In 1995, the NBA expanded to Canada with the addition of the Vancouver Grizzlies and the Toronto Raptors. In 2001, the Vancouver Grizzlies relocated to Memphis, which left the Raptors as the only Canadian team in the NBA.

text: In 1996, the NBA created a women's league, the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA).

text: In 1998, the NBA owners began a lockout which lasted 191 days and was settled on January 18, 1999. As a result of this lockout the 1998–99 NBA season was reduced from 82 to 50 games (61% of a normal season), and the All-Star Game was cancelled. The San Antonio Spurs won their first championship, and first by a former ABA team, by beating the New York Knicks, who were the first, and are the only, eighth seed to ever make it to the NBA Finals.

text: Modern era

text: Since the breakup of the Chicago Bulls championship roster in the summer of 1998, the Western Conference has dominated, with the Los Angeles Lakers and San Antonio Spurs combining to win the title nine out of fourteen seasons. Tim Duncan and David Robinson won the 1999 championship with the Spurs, and Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant started the 2000s with three consecutive championships for the Lakers. The Spurs reclaimed the title in 2003 against the Nets. In 2004, the Lakers returned to the Finals, only to fall in five games to the Detroit Pistons.

text: After the Spurs took home the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy in 2005, the 2006 Finals featured two franchises making their inaugural Finals appearances. The Miami Heat, led by their star shooting guard, Dwyane Wade, and Shaquille O'Neal, who had been traded from the Lakers during the 2004 summer, won the series over the Dallas Mavericks in six after losing the first two games. The Lakers/Spurs dominance continued in 2007 with a four-game sweep by the Spurs over the Cleveland Cavaliers, who were led by LeBron James. The 2008 Finals saw a rematch of the league's highest profile rivalry, the Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers, with the Celtics winning, for their 17th championship, thanks to their new big three of Paul Pierce, Ray Allen, and Kevin Garnett.

text: In 2009, Kobe Bryant and the Lakers returned to the Finals, this time defeating the Dwight Howard-led Orlando Magic. Bryant won his first Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award in his 13th season after leading the Lakers to their first NBA championship since the departure of Shaquille O'Neal.[19]

text: The 2010 NBA All-Star Game was held at Cowboys Stadium in front of the largest crowd ever, 108,713.[20] At the end of that season, the Celtics and the Lakers renewed their rivalry from 2008 when they met again in the NBA Finals for a record 12th time. The Lakers won the title by winning Game 7, 83–79.[21] Before the start of the 2010–11 season the NBA had an exciting summer with one of the most anticipated free agent classes of all time. Two of which signed, and one resigned, with the Miami Heat, leading to a season that was heavily centered on their eventual success or failure at taking home the championship. The Heat, led by LeBron James, Dwyane Wade, and Chris Bosh, did in fact make the Finals against the Dallas Mavericks, in a rematch for the franchises of the 2006 Finals. The Mavericks, led by Dirk Nowitzki (the eventual NBA Finals MVP), took the series in six games. This was the Mavericks' first title. Veterans Shawn Marion, Jason Kidd, Jason Terry, and Peja Stojaković celebrated their first NBA championship.

text: On July 1, 2011, at 12:01 am, the NBA announced another lockout.[22] After the first few weeks of the season were canceled, the players and owners ratified a new collective bargaining agreement on December 8, 2011, setting up a shortened 66-game season.[23] Following the shortened season, the Miami Heat made a return to the Finals with the trio of Dwyane Wade, LeBron James, and Chris Bosh against Oklahoma City Thunder's Kevin Durant, Russell Westbrook, and James Harden. The Heat went on to defeat the Thunder in five games, capturing their second NBA title in six years. Their success would continue into the following season, which concluded with their victory over the San Antonio Spurs in the 2013 NBA Finals. The two teams would meet for a rematch in the following year's Finals, where the Spurs defeated the Heat in five games. Off the court, commissioner David Stern retired on February 1, 2014, exactly 30 years to the day from taking office. He was succeeded by his deputy, Adam Silver.

text: Following the 2014 Finals, LeBron James announced that he would return to the Cleveland Cavaliers. James led the Cavaliers to their second Finals appearance, where they fell to the Golden State Warriors in six games. The following year, in a rematch, the 2016 NBA Finals concluded with the Cavaliers defeating the Warriors in seven games to win their first NBA Championship. The dominance of those two teams continued in 2017, when the Warriors, having signed Durant as a free agent, took the third straight Finals matchup between the clubs in five games, with Durant named Finals MVP.

text: International influence

text: Following pioneers like Vlade Divac (Serbia) and Dražen Petrović (Croatia) who joined the NBA in the late 1980s, an increasing number of international players have moved directly from playing elsewhere in the world to starring in the NBA. Since 2006, the NBA has faced EuroLeague teams in exhibition matches in the NBA Europe Live Tour, and since 2009, in the EuroLeague American Tour. The 2013–14 season opened with a record 92 international players on the opening night rosters, representing 39 countries and comprising over 20% of the league[24]

text: Other developments

text: In 2001, an affiliated minor league, the National Basketball Development League, now called the NBA G League, was created.[25] Before the league was started, there were strong rumors that the NBA would purchase the Continental Basketball Association, and call it its developmental league.

text: Two years after the Hornets' relocation to New Orleans, the NBA returned to North Carolina, as the Charlotte Bobcats were formed as an expansion team in 2004.

text: The Hornets temporarily relocated to Oklahoma City in 2005 for two seasons because of damage caused by Hurricane Katrina. The team returned to New Orleans in 2007.

text: A new official game ball was introduced on June 28, 2006, for the 2006–07 season, marking the first change to the ball in over 35 years and only the second ball in 60 seasons.[26] Manufactured by Spalding, the new ball featured a new design and new synthetic material that Spalding claimed offered a better grip, feel, and consistency than the original ball. However, many players were vocal in their disdain for the new ball, saying that it was too sticky when dry, and too slippery when wet.

text: Commissioner Stern announced on December 11, 2006, that beginning January 1, 2007, the NBA would return to the traditional leather basketball in use prior to the 2006–07 season. The change was influenced by frequent player complaints and confirmed hand injuries (cuts) caused by the microfiber ball.[27] The Players' Association had filed a suit in behalf of the players against the NBA over the new ball.[28] As of the 2017–18 season, the NBA team jerseys are manufactured by Nike, replacing the previous supplier, Adidas. All teams will wear jerseys with the Nike swoosh logo except the Charlotte Hornets, whose jerseys will instead bear the Jumpman logo associated with longtime Nike endorser Michael Jordan, who owns the Hornets.[29]

text: The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) began an investigation on July 19, 2007, over allegations that veteran NBA referee Tim Donaghy bet on basketball games he officiated over the past two seasons and that he made calls affecting the point spread in those games.[30] On August 15, 2007, Donaghy pleaded guilty to two federal charges related to the investigation. However, he could face additional charges if it is determined that he deliberately miscalled individual games. Donaghy claimed in 2008 that certain refs were friendly with players and "company men" for the NBA. Donaghy alleged that refs influenced the outcome of certain playoff and finals games in 2002 and 2005. NBA commissioner David Stern denied the allegations and said Donaghy was a convicted felon and a "singing, cooperating witness".[31] Donaghy served 15 months in prison and was released in November 2009.[32] According to an independent study by Ronald Beech of Game 6 of the 2002 Western Conference Finals between the Los Angeles Lakers and Sacramento Kings, although the refs increased the Lakers' chances of winning through foul calls during the game, there was no collusion to fix the game. On alleged "star treatment" during Game 6 by the refs toward certain players, Beech claimed, "there does seem to be issues with different standards and allowances for different players." [33]

text: The NBA Board of Governors approved the request of the Seattle SuperSonics to relocate to Oklahoma City on April 18, 2008.[34] The team, however, could not move until it had settled a lawsuit filed by the city of Seattle, which was intended to keep the SuperSonics in Seattle for the remaining two seasons of the team's lease at KeyArena. Following a court case, the city of Seattle settled with the ownership group of the SuperSonics on July 2, 2008, allowing the team to move to Oklahoma City immediately in exchange for terminating the final two seasons of the team's lease at KeyArena.[35] The Oklahoma City Thunder began playing in the 2008–09 season.

text: The first outdoor game in the modern era of the league was played at the Indian Wells Tennis Garden on October 11, 2008, between the Phoenix Suns and the Denver Nuggets.[36]

text: A referee lockout began on September 1, 2009, when the contract between the NBA and its referees expired. The first preseason games were played on October 1, 2009, and replacement referees from the WNBA and NBA Development League were used, the first time replacement referees had been used since the beginning of the 1995–96 season. The NBA and the regular referees reached a deal on October 23, 2009.[37][38]

text: The first official NBA league games on European ground took place in 2011. In two matchups, the New Jersey Nets faced the Toronto Raptors at the O2 Arena in London in front of over 20,000 fans.

text: The NBA laid off around 114 league employees—about 11 percent of all the league office workforce—in July 2011 to save money.[39]

text: The 2011–12 NBA season, scheduled to begin November 1, 2011, with a matchup between the defending champion Dallas Mavericks and the Chicago Bulls, was postponed due to a labor dispute. The lockout officially ended on December 8, 2011, when players and owners ratified a new collective bargaining agreement, and the season began on Christmas Day.

text: The New Jersey Nets officially changed their name to the Brooklyn Nets on April 30, 2012.[40] They began playing in the New York City borough of Brooklyn in the 2012–13 season.

text: The NBA announced in October 2012 that it would begin fining players for flopping.[41][42]

text: After the 2012–13 season, the New Orleans Hornets renamed themselves the Pelicans.[43] During the 2013–14 season, Stern retired as commissioner after 30 years, and deputy commissioner Adam Silver ascended to the position of commissioner. During that season's playoffs, the Bobcats officially reclaimed the Hornets name, and by agreement with the league and the Pelicans, also received sole ownership of all history, records, and statistics from the Pelicans' time in Charlotte. As a result, the Hornets are now officially considered to have been founded in 1988, suspended operations in 2002, and resumed in 2004 as the Bobcats, while the Pelicans are officially treated as a 2002 expansion team.[44] (This is somewhat similar to the relationship between the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Ravens in the NFL.)

text: Donald Sterling, who was then-owner of the Los Angeles Clippers, received a lifetime ban from the NBA on April 29, 2014, after racist remarks he made became public. Sterling was also fined US$2.5 million, the maximum allowed under the NBA Constitution.[45]

text: Becky Hammon was hired by the San Antonio Spurs on August 5, 2014, as an assistant coach, becoming the second female coach in NBA history but the first full-time coach.[46][47] This also makes her the first full-time female coach in any of the four major professional sports in North America.[47]

text: The NBA announced on April 15, 2016, that it would allow all 30 of its member clubs to sell corporate sponsor advertisement patches on official game uniforms, beginning with the 2017–18 season. The sponsorship advertisement patches would appear on the left front of jerseys, opposite Nike's logo, and would measure approximately 2.5 by 2.5 inches. The NBA will become the first major North American professional sports league to allow corporate sponsorship logos on official team uniforms.[48] The first team to announce a jersey sponsorship was the Philadelphia 76ers, who agreed to a deal with StubHub.[49]

text: On July 6, 2017, the NBA unveiled an updated rendition of its logo; it is largely identical to the previous design, except with revised typography and a "richer" color scheme. The league began to phase in the updated logo across its properties during the 2017 NBA Summer League, but it will not immediately be used on equipment or uniforms due to lead time.[50]

text: Teams

text:
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text: The NBA originated in 1946 with 11 teams, and through a sequence of team expansions, reductions, and relocations currently consists of 30 teams. The United States is home to 29 teams and one is located in Canada.

text: The current league organization divides thirty teams into two conferences of three divisions with five teams each. The current divisional alignment was introduced in the 2004–05 season. Reflecting the population distribution of the United States and Canada as a whole, most teams are in the eastern half of the country: thirteen teams are in the Eastern Time Zone, nine in the Central, three in the Mountain, and five in the Pacific.

text:
Division
Team
City
Arena
Capacity
Coordinates
Founded
Joined
Head coach

Eastern Conference

Atlantic
Boston Celtics
Boston, MA
TD Garden
18,624
42°21′59″N 71°03′44″W / 42.366303°N 71.062228°W / 42.366303; -71.062228 (Boston Celtics)
1946
Brad Stevens

Brooklyn Nets
New York City, NY
Barclays Center
17,732
40°40′58″N 73°58′29″W / 40.68265°N 73.974689°W / 40.68265; -73.974689 (Brooklyn Nets)
1967*
1976
Kenny Atkinson

New York Knicks
New York City, NY
Madison Square Garden
19,812
40°45′02″N 73°59′37″W / 40.750556°N 73.993611°W / 40.750556; -73.993611 (New York Knicks)
1946
Jeff Hornacek

Philadelphia 76ers
Philadelphia, PA
Wells Fargo Center
21,600
39°54′04″N 75°10′19″W / 39.901111°N 75.171944°W / 39.901111; -75.171944 (Philadelphia 76ers)
1946*
1949
Brett Brown

Toronto Raptors
Toronto, ON
Air Canada Centre
19,800
43°38′36″N 79°22′45″W / 43.643333°N 79.379167°W / 43.643333; -79.379167 (Toronto Raptors)
1995
Dwane Casey

Central
Chicago Bulls
Chicago, IL
United Center
20,917
41°52′50″N 87°40′27″W / 41.880556°N 87.674167°W / 41.880556; -87.674167 (Chicago Bulls)
1966
Fred Hoiberg

Cleveland Cavaliers
Cleveland, OH
Quicken Loans Arena
20,562
41°29′47″N 81°41′17″W / 41.496389°N 81.688056°W / 41.496389; -81.688056 (Cleveland Cavaliers)
1970
Tyronn Lue

Detroit Pistons
Detroit, MI
Little Caesars Arena
19,971
42°41′49″N 83°14′44″W / 42.696944°N 83.245556°W / 42.696944; -83.245556 (Detroit Pistons)
1941*
1948
Stan Van Gundy

Indiana Pacers
Indianapolis, IN
Bankers Life Fieldhouse
18,165
39°45′50″N 86°09′20″W / 39.763889°N 86.155556°W / 39.763889; -86.155556 (Indiana Pacers)
1967
1976
Nate McMillan

Milwaukee Bucks
Milwaukee, WI
BMO Harris Bradley Center
18,717
43°02′37″N 87°55′01″W / 43.043611°N 87.916944°W / 43.043611; -87.916944 (Milwaukee Bucks)
1968
Jason Kidd

Southeast
Atlanta Hawks
Atlanta, GA
Philips Arena
18,047
33°45′26″N 84°23′47″W / 33.757222°N 84.396389°W / 33.757222; -84.396389 (Atlanta Hawks)
1946*
1949
Mike Budenholzer

Charlotte Hornets
Charlotte, NC
Spectrum Center
19,077
35°13′30″N 80°50′21″W / 35.225°N 80.839167°W / 35.225; -80.839167 (Charlotte Hornets)
1988*
Steve Clifford

Miami Heat
Miami, FL
American Airlines Arena
19,600
25°46′53″N 80°11′17″W / 25.781389°N 80.188056°W / 25.781389; -80.188056 (Miami Heat)
1988
Erik Spoelstra

Orlando Magic
Orlando, FL
Amway Center
18,846
28°32′21″N 81°23′01″W / 28.539167°N 81.383611°W / 28.539167; -81.383611 (Orlando Magic)
1989
Frank Vogel

Washington Wizards
Washington, D.C.
Capital One Arena
20,356
38°53′53″N 77°01′15″W / 38.898056°N 77.020833°W / 38.898056; -77.020833 (Washington Wizards)
1961*
Scott Brooks

Western Conference

Northwest
Denver Nuggets
Denver, CO
Pepsi Center
19,155
39°44′55″N 105°00′27″W / 39.748611°N 105.0075°W / 39.748611; -105.0075 (Denver Nuggets)
1967
1976
Michael Malone

Minnesota Timberwolves
Minneapolis, MN
Target Center
19,356
44°58′46″N 93°16′34″W / 44.979444°N 93.276111°W / 44.979444; -93.276111 (Minnesota Timberwolves)
1989
Tom Thibodeau

Oklahoma City Thunder
Oklahoma City, OK
Chesapeake Energy Arena
18,203
35°27′48″N 97°30′54″W / 35.463333°N 97.515°W / 35.463333; -97.515 (Oklahoma City Thunder)
1967*
Billy Donovan

Portland Trail Blazers
Portland, OR
Moda Center
19,441
45°31′54″N 122°40′00″W / 45.531667°N 122.666667°W / 45.531667; -122.666667 (Portland Trail Blazers)
1970
Terry Stotts

Utah Jazz
Salt Lake City, UT
Vivint Smart Home Arena
19,911
40°46′06″N 111°54′04″W / 40.768333°N 111.901111°W / 40.768333; -111.901111 (Utah Jazz)
1974*
Quin Snyder

Pacific
Golden State Warriors
Oakland, CA
Oracle Arena
19,596
37°45′01″N 122°12′11″W / 37.750278°N 122.203056°W / 37.750278; -122.203056 (Golden State Warriors)
1946*
Steve Kerr

Los Angeles Clippers
Los Angeles, CA
Staples Center
19,060
34°02′35″N 118°16′02″W / 34.043056°N 118.267222°W / 34.043056; -118.267222 (Los Angeles Clippers)
1970*
Doc Rivers

Los Angeles Lakers
Los Angeles, CA
Staples Center
18,997
34°02′35″N 118°16′02″W / 34.043056°N 118.267222°W / 34.043056; -118.267222 (Los Angeles Lakers)
1947*
1948
Luke Walton

Phoenix Suns
Phoenix, AZ
Talking Stick Resort Arena
18,055
33°26′45″N 112°04′17″W / 33.445833°N 112.071389°W / 33.445833; -112.071389 (Phoenix Suns)
1968
Jay Triano

Sacramento Kings
Sacramento, CA
Golden 1 Center
17,500
38°38′57″N 121°31′05″W / 38.649167°N 121.518056°W / 38.649167; -121.518056 (Sacramento Kings)
1923*
1948
Dave Joerger

Southwest
Dallas Mavericks
Dallas, TX
American Airlines Center
19,200
32°47′26″N 96°48′37″W / 32.790556°N 96.810278°W / 32.790556; -96.810278 (Dallas Mavericks)
1980
Rick Carlisle

Houston Rockets
Houston, TX
Toyota Center
18,055
29°45′03″N 95°21′44″W / 29.750833°N 95.362222°W / 29.750833; -95.362222 (Houston Rockets)
1967*
Mike D'Antoni

Memphis Grizzlies
Memphis, TN
FedExForum
18,119
35°08′18″N 90°03′02″W / 35.138333°N 90.050556°W / 35.138333; -90.050556 (Memphis Grizzlies)
1995*
David Fizdale

New Orleans Pelicans
New Orleans, LA
Smoothie King Center
16,867
29°56′56″N 90°04′55″W / 29.948889°N 90.081944°W / 29.948889; -90.081944 (New Orleans Pelicans)
2002*
Alvin Gentry

San Antonio Spurs
San Antonio, TX
AT&T Center
18,418
29°25′37″N 98°26′15″W / 29.426944°N 98.4375°W / 29.426944; -98.4375 (San Antonio Spurs)
1967*
1976
Gregg Popovich

text:
An asterisk (*) denotes a franchise move. See the respective team articles for more information.
The Fort Wayne Pistons, Minneapolis Lakers and Rochester Royals all joined the NBA (BAA) in 1948 from the NBL.
The Syracuse Nationals and Tri-Cities Blackhawks joined the NBA in 1949 as part of the BAA-NBL absorption.
The Indiana Pacers, New York Nets, San Antonio Spurs, and Denver Nuggets all joined the NBA in 1976 as part of the NBA-ABA merger.
The Charlotte Hornets are regarded as a continuation of the original Charlotte franchise. Because of this, the New Orleans Pelicans are no longer the same franchise as the original Charlotte Hornets. The Hornets were known as the Bobcats from 2004–2014. The New Orleans Pelicans were established in 2002. The Charlotte Hornets rejoined the league in 2004.

tag: ol

text: Regular season

text: Following the summer break, teams begin training camps in late September. Training camps allow the coaching staff to evaluate players (especially rookies), scout the team's strengths and weaknesses, prepare the players for the rigorous regular season, and determine the 12-man active roster (and a 3-man inactive list) with which they will begin the regular season. Teams have the ability to assign players with less than two years of experience to the NBA G League. After training camp, a series of preseason exhibition games are held. Preseason matches are sometimes held in non-NBA cities, both in the United States and overseas. The NBA regular season begins in the last week of October.

text: During the regular season, each team plays 82 games, 41 each home and away. A team faces opponents in its own division four times a year (16 games). Each team plays six of the teams from the other two divisions in its conference four times (24 games), and the remaining four teams three times (12 games). Finally, each team plays all the teams in the other conference twice apiece (30 games). This asymmetrical structure means the strength of schedule will vary between teams (but not as significantly as the NFL or MLB). Over five seasons, each team will have played 80 games against their division (20 games against each opponent, 10 at home, 10 on the road), 180 games against the rest of their conference (18 games against each opponent, 9 at home, 9 on the road), and 150 games against the other conference (10 games against each team, 5 at home, 5 on the road).

text: The NBA is one of only two of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada in which teams play every other team during the regular season (the other being the National Hockey League). Each team hosts and visits every other team at least once every season. From 2005 to 2008, the NBA had the distinction of being the only one of the four major leagues in which all teams play every other team.

text: The NBA is also the only league that regularly schedules games on Christmas Day.[51] The league has been playing games regularly on the holiday since 1947,[52] though the first Christmas Day games were not televised until 1983–84.[53] Games played on this day have featured some of the best teams and players.[51][52][53] Christmas is also notable for NBA on television, as the holiday is when the first NBA games air on network television each season.[52][53] Games played on this day have been some of the highest-rated games during a particular season.

text: In February, the regular season pauses to celebrate the annual NBA All-Star Game. Fans vote throughout the United States, Canada, and on the Internet, and the top vote-getters at each position in each conference are given a starting spot on their conference's All-Star team. Coaches vote to choose the remaining 14 All-Stars. Then, Eastern conference players face the Western conference players in the All-Star game. The player with the best performance during the game is rewarded with a Game MVP award. Other attractions of the All-Star break include the Rising Stars Challenge (originally Rookie Challenge), where the top rookies and second-year players in the NBA play in a 5-on-5 basketball game, with the current format pitting U.S. players against those from the rest of the world; the Skills Challenge, where players compete to finish an obstacle course consisting of shooting, passing, and dribbling in the fastest time; the Three Point Contest, where players compete to score the most amount of three-point field goals in a given time; and the NBA Slam Dunk Contest, where players compete to dunk the ball in the most entertaining way according to the judges. These other attractions have varying names which include the names of the various sponsors who have paid for naming rights.

text: Shortly after the All-Star break is the trade deadline, which is set to fall on the 16th Thursday of the season (usually in February) at 3pm Eastern Time.[54] After this date, teams are not allowed to exchange players with each other for the remainder of the season, although they may still sign and release players. Major trades are often completed right before the trading deadline, making that day a hectic time for general managers.

text: Around the middle of April, the regular season ends. It is during this time that voting begins for individual awards, as well as the selection of the honorary, league-wide, post-season teams. The Sixth Man of the Year Award is given to the best player coming off the bench (must have more games coming off the bench than actual games started). The Rookie of the Year Award is awarded to the most outstanding first-year player. The Most Improved Player Award is awarded to the player who is deemed to have shown the most improvement from the previous season. The Defensive Player of the Year Award is awarded to the league's best defender. The Coach of the Year Award is awarded to the coach that has made the most positive difference to a team. The Most Valuable Player Award is given to the player deemed the most valuable for (his team) that season. Additionally, Sporting News awards an unofficial (but widely recognized) Executive of the Year Award to the general manager who is adjudged to have performed the best job for the benefit of his franchise.

text: The post-season teams are the All-NBA Team, the All-Defensive Team, and the All-Rookie Team; each consists of five players. There are three All-NBA teams, consisting of the top players at each position, with first-team status being the most desirable. There are two All-Defensive teams, consisting of the top defenders at each position. There are also two All-Rookie teams, consisting of the top first-year players regardless of position.

text: Playoffs

text: The NBA Playoffs begin in late April, with the top eight teams in each conference, regardless of divisional alignment, competing for the Championship. Seeds are awarded in strict order of regular-season record (with a tiebreaker system used as needed).

text: Having a higher seed offers several advantages. Since the first seed begins the playoffs playing against the eighth seed, the second seed plays the seventh seed, the third seed plays the sixth seed, and the fourth seed plays the fifth seed, having a higher seed means a team faces a weaker team in the first round. The team in each series with the better record has home court advantage, including the First Round. Before the league changed its playoff determination format for the 2006–07 season, this meant that, for example, if the team that received the 6 seed had a better record than the team with the 3 seed (by virtue of a divisional championship), the 6 seed would have home court advantage, even though the other team had a higher seed. Therefore, the team with the best regular season record in the league is guaranteed home court advantage in every series it plays. For example, in 2006, the Denver Nuggets won 44 games and captured the Northwest Division and the #3 seed. Their opponent was the #6 seed Los Angeles Clippers, who won 47 games and finished second in the Pacific Division. Although Denver won its much weaker division, the Clippers had home-court advantage and won the series in 5.

text: The playoffs follow a tournament format. Each team plays an opponent in a best-of-seven series, with the first team to win four games advancing into the next round, while the other team is eliminated from the playoffs. In the next round, the successful team plays against another advancing team of the same conference. All but one team in each conference are eliminated from the playoffs. Since the NBA does not re-seed teams, the playoff bracket in each conference uses a traditional design, with the winner of the series matching the 1st and 8th seeded teams playing the winner of the series matching the 4th and 5th seeded teams, and the winner of the series matching the 2nd and 7th seeded teams playing the winner of the series matching the 3rd and 6th seeded teams. In every round, the best-of-7 series follows a 2–2–1–1–1 home-court pattern, meaning that one team will have home court in games 1, 2, 5, and 7, while the other plays at home in games 3, 4, and 6. From 1985 to 2013, the NBA Finals followed a 2–3–2 pattern, meaning that one team had home court in games 1, 2, 6, and 7, while the other played at home in games 3, 4, and 5.[55]

text: The final playoff round, a best-of-seven series between the victors of both conferences, is known as the NBA Finals, and is held annually in June. The victor in the NBA Finals wins the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy. Each player and major contributor—including coaches and the general manager—on the winning team receive a championship ring. In addition, the league awards the Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award to the best performing player of the series.

text: On August 2, 2006, the NBA announced a new playoff format. The new format took the three division winners and the second-place team with the best record in each conference, and ranked them 1–4 by record. The other slots in each conference were filled by the four remaining teams with the best records.[56] Previously, the top three seeds went to the division winners. The league began using its current format, with the top eight teams in each conference advancing regardless of divisional alignment, in the 2015–16 season.[57]

text: League championships

text: The Boston Celtics have won the most championships with 17 NBA Finals wins. The second most successful franchise is the Los Angeles Lakers, who have 16 overall championships (11 in Los Angeles, 5 in Minneapolis). Following the Lakers, are the Chicago Bulls with six championships, all won over an 8-year span during the 1990s. The San Antonio Spurs have five championships, all since 1999, and the Golden State Warriors also have five championships overall (2 in Philadelphia, 3 in Oakland).

text:
Teams
Win
Loss
Total
Year(s) won
Year(s) lost

Boston Celtics
17
4
21
1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1986, 2008
1958, 1985, 1987, 2010

Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers
16
15
31
1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010
1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1983, 1984, 1989, 1991, 2004, 2008

Chicago Bulls
6
0
6
1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998
—

Philadelphia/San Francisco/Golden State Warriors
5
4
9
1947, 1956, 1975, 2015, 2017
1948, 1964, 1967, 2016

San Antonio Spurs
5
1
6
1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014
2013

Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers
3
6
9
1955, 1967, 1983
1950, 1954, 1977, 1980, 1982, 2001

Fort Wayne/Detroit Pistons
3
4
7
1989, 1990, 2004
1955, 1956, 1988, 2005

Miami Heat
3
2
5
2006, 2012, 2013
2011, 2014

New York Knicks
2
6
8
1970, 1973
1951, 1952, 1953, 1972, 1994, 1999

Houston Rockets
2
2
4
1994, 1995
1981, 1986

St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks
1
3
4
1958
1957, 1960, 1961

Baltimore/Washington Bullets (now Washington Wizards)
1
3
4
1978
1971, 1975, 1979

Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder
1
3
4
1979
1978, 1996, 2012

Cleveland Cavaliers
1
3
4
2016
2007, 2015, 2017

Portland Trail Blazers
1
2
3
1977
1990, 1992

Milwaukee Bucks
1
1
2
1971
1974

Dallas Mavericks
1
1
2
2011
2006

Baltimore Bullets (original) (folded in 1954)
1
0
1
1948
—

Rochester Royals (now Sacramento Kings)
1
0
1
1951
—

Phoenix Suns
0
2
2
—
1976, 1993

Orlando Magic
0
2
2
—
1995, 2009

Utah Jazz (formerly New Orleans Jazz)
0
2
2
—
1997, 1998

New Jersey Nets (now Brooklyn Nets)
0
2
2
—
2002, 2003

Chicago Stags (folded in 1950)
0
1
1
—
1947

Washington Capitols (folded in 1951)
0
1
1
—
1949

Indiana Pacers
0
1
1
—
2000

text: Current teams that have no NBA Finals appearances:

text:
Charlotte Hornets (formerly Charlotte Bobcats)
Denver Nuggets
Los Angeles Clippers (formerly Buffalo Braves, San Diego Clippers)
Memphis Grizzlies (formerly Vancouver Grizzlies)
Minnesota Timberwolves
New Orleans Pelicans (formerly New Orleans Hornets, New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets)
Toronto Raptors

tag: ul

text: Media coverage

text: As one of the major sports leagues in North America, the National Basketball Association has a long history of partnership with television networks in the United States. The League signed a contract with DuMont in its 8th season (1953–54), marking the first year the NBA had a national television broadcaster. Similar to NFL, the lack of television stations leads to NBC taking over the rights beginning the very next season until April 7, 1962 - NBC's first tenure with the NBA. Currently in the U.S., the NBA has a contract with ESPN and TNT through the 2024–25 season. Games that are not broadcast nationally are usually aired over regional sports network specific to the area where the teams are located.

text: International competitions

text: The National Basketball Association has sporadically participated in international club competitions. From 1987 to 1999 the NBA champions played against the continental champions of the Fédération Internationale de Basketball (FIBA) in the McDonald's Championship. This tournament was won by the NBA invitee every year it was held.[58]

text: Ticket prices and viewership demographics

text: In 2012, a ticket cost from $10 to $3,000 apiece, depending on the location of the seat and the success of the teams that were playing.[59]

text: Viewership demographics

text: According to Nielsen's survey, the NBA has the youngest audience, with 45 percent of its viewers under 35, but the least likely, along with Major League Baseball, to be watched by women, who make up only 30% of the viewership. It also has the highest share of black viewers with 45 percent of its viewers being black and only about 40 percent of viewers being white, making it the only top North American sport that doesn't have a white majority audience.[60]

text: Notable people

text: Presidents and commissioners

text:
Maurice Podoloff, President from 1946 to 1963
Walter Kennedy, President from 1963 to 1967 and Commissioner from 1967 to 1975
Larry O'Brien, Commissioner from 1975 to 1984
David Stern, Commissioner from 1984 to 2014
Adam Silver, Commissioner from 2014 to present

text: Players

text:
50 Greatest Players in NBA History
Lists of National Basketball Association players

List of foreign NBA players, a list that is exclusively for players who are not from the United States

text: Foreign players

text: International influence

text: Following pioneers like Vlade Divac (Serbia) and Dražen Petrović (Croatia) who joined the NBA in the late 1980s, an increasing number of international players have moved directly from playing elsewhere in the world to starring in the NBA. Below is a short list of foreign players who have won NBA awards or have been otherwise recognized for their contributions to basketball, either currently or formerly active in the league:

text:
Šarūnas Marčiulionis, Lithuania – 2014 inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. First Soviet Union and one of the very first Europeans to sign contract with NBA club and to play solidly in the league, helping to lead the way for the internationalization of the league in the late 1990s.
Toni Kukoč, Croatia – 3-time NBA Champion with Chicago Bulls (1996, 1997, 1998), named in 2008 as one of the 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors
Vlade Divac, Serbia – 2-time Olympic silver medalist, 2001 NBA All-Star, 2-time World Champion, 3-time European Champion, 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors
Arvydas Sabonis, Lithuania – 2011 inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1995, 1999 Euroscar Player of the Year, 1985, 1997 Mr. Europa Player of the Year, Olympic gold medalist in 1988 with the Soviet Union and bronze medalist in 1992 and 1996 with Lithuania, 1996 NBA All-Rookie First Team, 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors
Dirk Nowitzki, Germany – NBA Champion with Dallas Mavericks (2011), MVP of the 2002 FIBA World Championship and EuroBasket 2005, member of the all-tournament team in the 2002 FIBA World Championship, 2002–2006 and 2011 Euroscar winner, 2005 Mr. Europa, 2005 and 2011 FIBA Europe Player of the Year, 2007 NBA MVP, 2011 Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award, 2006 NBA Three-Point Shootout champion and 11-time NBA All-Star (entered the NBA in 1998)
Hedo Türkoğlu, Turkey – 2008 Most Improved Player Award winner, member of the all-tournament team in the 2010 FIBA World Championship (entered the NBA in 2000)
Pau Gasol, Spain – 2-time NBA Champion with Los Angeles Lakers (2009 & 2010), Three time NBA All-Star, 2002 NBA Rookie of the Year, 2004 and 2009 Mr. Europa, 2006 FIBA World Championship MVP, 2008 and 2009 Euroscar and FIBA Europe Player of the Year, EuroBasket 2009 MVP, winner of the NBA Citizenship Award in 2012 (entered the NBA in 2001)
Andrei Kirilenko, Russia – EuroBasket 2007 MVP, 2007 FIBA Europe Player of the Year (drafted in 1999, played in the NBA from 2001 to 2011 before returning to Russia due to the lockout, returned in 2012 as a member of the Minnesota Timberwolves.)
Tony Parker, France – 4-time NBA Champion with the Spurs, 2007 NBA Finals MVP and 2007 Euroscar winner (entered the NBA in 2001)
Manu Ginóbili, Argentina – 4-time NBA Champion with San Antonio Spurs, 2008 Sixth Man Award winner, 50 Greatest EuroLeague Contributors, gold medal in the 2004 Summer Olympics with Argentina (drafted in 1999, entered the NBA in 2002)
Yao Ming, China – First pick in the 2002 NBA draft and 7-time NBA All-Star (played in the NBA from 2002 to 2011)
Leandro Barbosa, Brazil – NBA Champion with Golden State Warriors (2015),[61] 2007 Sixth Man Award winner (entered the NBA in 2003)
Andrea Bargnani, Italy – First pick in the 2006 NBA draft by the Toronto Raptors (entered the NBA in 2006)

text: On some occasions, young players, most but not all from the English-speaking world, have attended U.S. colleges before playing in the NBA. Notable examples are:

text:
Nigerian Hakeem Olajuwon (top draft pick in 1984, 2-time champion, 12-time All-Star, 1994 MVP, 1994 and 1995 Finals MVP, 1994 and 1995 Defensive Player of the Year, only player to receive the MVP Award, Defensive Player of the Year Award, and Finals MVP award in the same season, and Hall of Famer)
Congolese Dikembe Mutombo (Four time NBA Defensive Player of the Year, selected fourth overall by the Denver Nuggets in the 1991 NBA Draft and 8-time NBA All-Star)
Dutchman Rik Smits (1988 second overall pick, 1998 NBA All-Star, played 12 years for the Indiana Pacers)
German Detlef Schrempf (Sixth Man Award winner in 1991 and 1992, 3-time All-Star)
Canadian Steve Nash (2005 and 2006 MVP)
Australians Luc Longley (3-time champion with the Bulls in the 1990s) and Andrew Bogut, (top draft pick in 2005).
Sudanese-born Englishman Luol Deng (2007 winner of the NBA Sportsmanship Award)

text: Since 2006, the NBA has faced EuroLeague teams in exhibition matches in the NBA Europe Live Tour, and since 2009 in the EuroLeague American Tour.

text: The 2013–14 season opened with a record 92 international players on the opening night rosters, representing 39 countries and comprising over 20% of the league[24] The NBA defines "international" players as those born outside the 50 United States and Washington, D.C. This means that:

text:
Players born in U.S. possessions such as Puerto Rico and the U.S., Virgin Islands, most notably USVI native Tim Duncan, are counted as "international" even though they are U.S. citizens by birth, and may even have represented the U.S. in international competition (like Duncan).
U.S.-born players are not counted as "international" even if they were born with citizenship in another country and represent that country internationally, such as Joakim Noah, and Kosta Koufos.

text: Coaches

text:
List of current National Basketball Association head coaches
List of National Basketball Association head coaches
List of National Basketball Association player-coaches
List of NBA championship head coaches
List of foreign NBA coaches
Top 10 Coaches in NBA History


document_title: Rubidium hydride

question_text: what is the formula of the hydride formed by rubidium

text: Rubidium hydride

text:
Rubidium hydride[1]

Names

IUPAC name
Rubidium hydride

Other names
Rubidium(I) hydride

Identifiers

CAS Number

13446-75-8 Y

3D model (JSmol)

Interactive image

PubChem CID

171411

InChI[show]

InChI=1S/Rb.H/q+1;-1

SMILES[show]

[H-].[Rb+]

Properties

Chemical formula

RbH

Molar mass
86.476 g/mol

Appearance
white cubic crystals

Density
2.60 g/cm3

Melting point
Decomposes at 170°C

Solubility in water

reacts

Structure

Crystal structure

cubic, cF8

Space group

Fm3m, No. 225

Thermochemistry

Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfHo298)

-52.3 kJ/mol

Related compounds

Other anions

Rubidium oxide
Rubidium chloride

Other cations

Lithium hydride
Sodium hydride
Potassium hydride
Caesium hydride

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

N verify (what is YN ?)

Infobox references

text: Rubidium hydride is the hydride of rubidium. It has the formula RbH and is an alkali metal hydride. It is synthesized using rubidium metal to react with hydrogen gas. As a hydride of an alkali metal, it is reactive towards even weak oxidizing agents. A redox reaction will occur with chlorine or fluorine and a lot of heat will evolve. Rubidium hydride will react violently with water or air and careful storage is necessary.


document_title: States Reorganisation Act, 1956

question_text: which was the first state in india to be created in linguistic basis post independence

text: States Reorganisation Act, 1956

text: Political integration after independence and the Constitution of 1950[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The British Indian Empire, which included present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, was divided into two types of territories: the Provinces of British India, which were governed directly by British officials responsible to the Governor-General of India; and princely states, under the rule of local hereditary rulers who recognised British suzerainty in return for local autonomy, in most cases as established by treaty. As a result of the reforms of the early 20th century, most of the British provinces had directly elected legislatures as well as governors, although some of the smaller provinces were governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the Governor-General. Major reforms put forward by the British in the 1930s also recognised the principle of federalism, which was carried forward into the governance of independent India.

text: On 15 August 1947, British India was granted independence as the separate dominions of India and Pakistan. The British dissolved their treaty relations with more than five hundred princely states, who were encouraged to accede to either India or Pakistan, while under no compulsion to do so. Most of the states acceded to India, and a few to Pakistan. Bhutan, Hyderabad and Kashmir opted for independence, although the armed intervention of India conquered Hyderabad and brought it into the Indian Union.

text: Between 1947 and about 1950, the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces, such as Rajputana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Bharat, and Vindhya Pradesh, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate provinces. The Government of India Act 1935 remained the constitutional law of India pending adoption of a new Constitution.

text: The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States".[3] The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states and a class of territories:

text:
Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of British India, were ruled by an elected governor and state legislature. The nine Part A states were Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh (formerly Central Provinces and Berar), Madras, Orissa, Punjab (formerly East Punjab), Uttar Pradesh (formerly the United Provinces), and West Bengal.
Part B states, which were former princely states or groups of princely states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state, and an elected legislature. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India. The eight Part B states were Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin.
Part C states included both the former chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The ten Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura, and Vindhya Pradesh.
The sole Part D territory[4] was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government.

text: The movement for linguistic states[edit]

text: The demand for states on linguistic basis was developed even before India achieved independence from British rule. In 1895, a first-of-its-kind linguistic movement started in what is now Odisha. The movement got intensified in later years with the demand for a separate Orissa Province to be formed by bifurcating the existing Bihar and Orissa Province.[5][6] Due to the efforts of Madhusudan Das, the Father of Oriya nationalism, the movement eventually bore fruit in 1936, when Orissa Province became the first Indian state (pre-independence) organized on a linguistic basis.

text: The post-independence period saw the ascent of political movements for the creation of new states developed on linguistic lines. The movement to create a Telugu-speaking state out of the northern portion of Madras State gathered strength in the years after independence, and in 1953, the 16 northern, Telugu-speaking districts of Madras State became the new State of Andhra.It was after the hunger strike of Potti Sriramalu.

text: Other small changes were made to state boundaries during the 1950-1956 period. The small state of Bilaspur was merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 July 1954, and Chandernagore, a former enclave of French India, was incorporated into West Bengal in 1955. But post independence, the first state created on a linguistic basis was Andhra in 1953, created out of the Telugu-speaking northern parts of Madras State.

text: The States Reorganisation Commission[edit]

text: The States Reorganization Commission was preceded by the Linguistic Provinces Commission (aka Dhar Commission) in 1948, and then the "JVP Committee". In December 1953, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru appointed the States Reorganisation Commission to reorganise the Indian states. It was headed by the retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Fazal Ali. The other two members of the commission were H. N. Kunzru and K. M. Panikkar. The efforts of this commission were overseen by Govind Ballabh Pant, who served as the Home Minister from December 1954. The commission submitted a report on September 30, 1955, recommending the reorganisation of India's states. The Parliament debated the Commission report. Subsequently, bills making changes to the constitution and reorganising the states were passed.[7]

text: Related changes by other legislation[edit]

text: The States Reorganisation Act was enacted on 31 August 1956. Before it came into effect on 1 November, an important amendment was made to the Constitution of India. Under the Seventh Amendment, the existing distinction among Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D states was abolished. The distinction between Part A and Part B states was removed, becoming known simply as "states". A new type of entity, the Union Territory, replaced the classification as a Part C or Part D state.

text: A further Act also came into effect on 1 November, transferring certain territories from Bihar to West Bengal.[8]

text: Effect of the changes[edit]

text: The following list sets out the states and union territories of India as reorganised on 1 November 1956:

text: States[edit]

text:
Andhra Pradesh: formed by the merger of Andhra State (1953-56) with the Telugu-speaking areas of Hyderabad State (1948–56).
Assam: No change of boundary in 1956.
Bihar: reduced slightly by the transfer of minor territories to West Bengal.
Bombay State: the state was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur Division of Madhya Pradesh and Marathwada region of Hyderabad State. The southernmost districts of the Bombay Presidency were transferred to Mysore State.
Jammu and Kashmir: No change of boundary in 1956.
Kerala: formed by the merger of Travancore-Cochin state with the Malabar district and Kasaragod taluk of South Canara district of the Madras Presidency. The southern part of Travancore-Cochin, Kanyakumari district was transferred to Madras State.
Madhya Pradesh: Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh, and Bhopal State were merged into Madhya Pradesh; the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur Division were transferred to Bombay State.
Madras State: Malabar District was transferred to the new state of Kerala, and a new union territory, Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands, was created. The southern part of Travancore-Cochin, Kanyakumari district was added to the state.
Mysore State: enlarged by the addition of Coorg State and the Kannada speaking districts from western Madras Presidency, southern Bombay Presidency and western Hyderabad State.
Orissa: No change of boundary in 1956.
Punjab: enlarged by addition of the Patiala and East Punjab States Union.
Rajasthan: enlarged by the addition of Ajmer state and parts of Bombay and Madhya Bharat states.
Uttar Pradesh: No change of boundary in 1956.
West Bengal: enlarged by addition of minor territory previously forming part of Bihar.

text: Union territories[edit]

text:
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Delhi
Manipur
Tripura
Himachal Pradesh
Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands
Puducherry


document_title: Praneet Bhat

question_text: who played the role of shakuni in mahabharat 2013

text: Praneet Bhat

text:
Praneet Bhat
Residence
Mumbai, IndiaNationality
IndianOccupation
Model, Actor, Mechanical EngineerYears active
2004 – presentHome town
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India[1]

text: Praneet Bhat is an Indian television actor best known for his role as Shakuni in epic TV series Mahabharat (2013–2014).[2][3][4]

text: After completing his engineering , Bhat worked with a software company, Wipro.[1][5]

text: Bhat shifted to Mumbai in 2002,[5] and after modelling,[6] he started his television career in 2004,[5] and went on to appear on the television programs Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi,  Hotel Kingston, Kituu Sabb Jaantii Hai, Shhh..Phir Koi Hai and Kaajjal.

text: He played the geeky character Aditya  in Geet (2010–2011).  He appeared in the role of Shakuni in the mythological saga Mahabharat.[2] In September 2014, he became one of the contestants of eighth season of reality show Bigg Boss.[7]

text: In November 2015, he married his longtime girlfriend, Kanchan Sharma. His Mahabharat and Bigg Boss close friends attended the wedding. He is currently portraying role of Darius III in Porus.

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year

Show

Role

Source

Notes

2004

Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi

Shefan

2007

Kaajjal

Bunty

2008

Arslaan

Shefan

2010–2011

Geet (TV series)

Aditya

2012–2013

Suvreen Guggal – Topper of The Year

Jolly

2013–2014

Mahabharat

Shakuni

2014

Bigg Boss 8

Himself/contestant

Evicted on Day 91 - 21 December 2014

2015

Razia Sultan

Kasbi Kalandar Lahhori

2017

Trideviyaan

Kilmish

2017–18

Rishton Ka Chakravyuh

Pujan Singh

2017–present

Porus

Emperor Darius III


document_title: Batman: The Enemy Within

question_text: when does episode 5 come out for batman the enemy within

text: Batman: The Enemy Within

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Like most Telltale games, the game features a similar episodic format found in other titles (such as Game of Thrones, The Walking Dead, The Wolf Among Us and Tales from the Borderlands). The player controls Bruce Wayne and his alter-ego Batman, with the game evenly split for both characters. The game features a branching narrative, similar to past Telltale games, giving the player options in approaching a situation and having that choice affect later events in the game. If the player had played the previous game, choices made, such as saving certain characters or stopping a criminal, may also be imported, though the game can be played as a standalone title. The game includes action sequences that are resolved similar to Telltale's other games, using quick time events. The series also includes investigation sequences, allowing the player to use Batman's detective skills to investigate areas. Sections of the game also present situations to the player where they may choose to approach as Bruce Wayne or as Batman. Crowd Play, a feature implemented in the predecessor, also returns for The Enemy Within, allowing streamers to let their audience interact with their session with the game.

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Characters[edit]

text: The player once again assumes control of Bruce Wayne/Batman (Troy Baker), a billionaire who secretly fights crime in Gotham. His butler and former legal guardian Alfred Pennyworth (Enn Reitel), Police Commissioner James Gordon (Murphy Guyer), and Wayne Enterprises Chief of Technology Lucius Fox (Dave Fennoy) return to assist Batman in the field. The game introduces "The Agency", a mysterious government organization with its own agenda led by the ruthless Amanda Waller (Debra Wilson). New supporting characters are also introduced, including Special Agent Iman Avesta (Emily O'Brien), one of the Agency's operatives, and Tiffany Fox (Valarie Rae Miller), the daughter of Lucius and an employee at Wayne Enterprises.

text: "John Doe" (Anthony Ingruber) and Selina Kyle/Catwoman (Laura Bailey) also return, now members of a group of criminals called "the Pact". Other members of the group include Riddler (Robin Atkin Downes), Bane (J. B. Blanc), Dr. Victor Fries/Mr. Freeze (Matthew Mercer) and Harleen Quinzel/Harley Quinn (Laura Post).

text: Detective Renee Montoya (Sumalee Montano), Reporter Jack Ryder (Robert Clotworthy) and Wayne Enterprises Chairwoman Regina Zellerbach (Lorri Holt) return with smaller roles within the series. New minor characters introduced include Police Detective Harvey Bullock (Keith Szarabajka), Agency operative Vernon Blake (Christian Lanz), international arms dealer Rumi Mori (Keone Young), Riddler's second-in-command Eli Knable (Alex Hernandez), and Stacked Deck patrons Frank Dumfree and Willy Deever (Kirk Thornton and Dave B. Mitchell respectively).

text: Setting[edit]

text: The Enemy Within is set in the same Batman continuity introduced in Batman: The Telltale Series, which took place a number of years into Batman's career. Like the previous installment, the game is set during the mid-to-late 2010s in Gotham City, primarily the Batcave, Wayne Enterprises and Gotham City Police Headquarters. The game also follows the events of the previous game, taking place between a couple of months to a year after these events.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Approximately a year after the defeat of the Children of Arkham, Batman continues to patrol Gotham while slowly regaining his reputation as Bruce Wayne. While targeting an arms dealer, he witnesses the return of the Riddler, one of Gotham's first super-criminals. Confronting the criminal with help from Gordon and the GCPD, he fails to capture him and is assisted by the Agency and their operatives. During their clean up, Batman meets Amanda Waller, the director of the Agency, who takes over the investigation and offers to assist him in tracking Riddler. After returning to the Batcave with a puzzle left by Riddler, Bruce solves it, though is fazed when discovering a signal emitter. When Lucius Fox, the chief of technology at Wayne Enterprises investigates, he is mysteriously killed in an explosion. At Lucius' funeral, Bruce reunites with former Arkham patient "John Doe", who has been discharged for good behavior. John, having made a number of "friends" after his release, asks Bruce to meet and joined his group, which he refers to as "the Pact". When finding out that Bruce is searching for Riddler, John gives him a lead to investigate in Gotham's East End.

text: With Gordon, Batman follows the lead to discover Riddler's lair, where he discovers clues to his plans and a death trap to solve. Finding a radio wave guided homing missile, he deduces that the signal was actually a guide. Using further evidence he finds, Batman deduces that Riddler plans to target the Agency, having hacked the agent's phones and making them send the targeting signal to call missiles to their locations. Determined to find Riddler, he follows another lead and tracks him to a freight ship. After escaping another deadly game set up by Riddler, Batman manages to redirect the missiles and defeats the criminal. As he is interrogated by the vigilante, Riddler is shot with a poisoned dart and dies, revealing that he is also a member of the Pact. As the Agency and GCPD arrive, Waller takes over law enforcement in Gotham and reveals to Batman her knowledge of his true identity. Waller suggests that he infiltrates the Pact as Bruce Wayne and gives him an ultimatum: work with the Agency to help arrest the Pact or risk having his identity exposed.

text: Several moments later, a series of explosions go off throughout the city. Responding to an attack at the police arsenal, Batman battles another member of the Pact, Bane, who easily overpowers him with help from a steroid called Venom. Surviving thanks to help from either Gordon or Waller, Batman decides to follow the latter's advice and meets with John to accept his offer. The two meet at a bar, where he is introduced to John's former psychiatrist Harleen Quinzel, now the criminal Harley Quinn. Suspicious of Bruce, Harley gives him a chance to prove himself by stealing a prototype electrical skeleton key from Wayne Enterprises, with them joining him during the heist. Despite problems, including an unexpected encounter with Lucius' grieving daughter Tiffany, he is able to get the device to them and an EMP generator. After this show of compliance, Bruce is called to meet the other members of the Pact, Bane and Mr. Freeze, and convince them to vote him into the group. Successful, he joins them on their latest heist: a mysterious package guarded by an Agency convoy. With Waller refusing to help, Bruce is forced to assist the Pact and escapes with them. Upon returning to the group's hideout, the target is revealed to have been the Riddler's body and that his former ally Catwoman is also a member of the Pact.

text: After copying Riddler's eyes, Harley reveals one of Riddler's laptops, which he had left in their possession, and Bruce, John and Catwoman head to his hideout to find the location of their mark. After solving another death trap hidden in the lair, they discover the target to be an organization called SANCTUS, which Riddler was formerly associated with. The Pact also begin to suspect a mole, due to the time it took for the job to escalate, and suspicions fall on Bruce. After retrieving Harley's laptop through help from either Selina or John, Bruce finds that SANCTUS was one of the Agency's former divisions in charge of experimentation. The laptop contains evidence of a biological weapon called LOTUS and the location of the lab, where it is being kept. After the Pact learn of the lab's location, Bruce is forced to either give himself or Selina up as the mole, leading to the Pact attempting to execute them. Depending on the decision, Bruce either accompanies them during the heist and sabotages it or escapes from his fate and confronts the group as Batman, possibly with Catwoman's help. During the heist, Harley betrays the Pact and escapes with the virus, whilst Freeze and Bane are captured by the Agency.

text: While searching for Quinn, Bruce learns that Project LOTUS was a failed restorative agent, with Riddler being the only known survivor of the experiment. The members of the Pact have planned to use his blood to convert the virus into a healing serum to cure their own ailments. However, Waller has been aware of this plan and plotting to blackmail them into joining the Agency, with the promise of a cure. Unknown to all parties, using even the working version can cause mental problems for the user. After following another lead given by John, Bruce finds him surrounded by agents' bodies. Claiming it to be self defense, John realizes the truth about their "friendship" and reveals his knowledge of Bruce's activities as Batman. Regardless of whether he believes him, Bruce leaves to help the Agency capture a volatile Harley Quinn. During the confrontation, John arrives and attacks the Agency, escaping with LOTUS and potentially Quinn, the latter depending on the player's choices.

text: Several weeks later, John, now known as "Joker", reemerges, now either a vigilante with a twisted sense of right and wrong or a criminal collaborating with Quinn to get revenge on Bruce. The former has Batman briefly working with Joker to fights off the Agency, until he kidnaps and attempts to kill Waller. However, the latter has Joker and Harley terrorizing the city with LOTUS and forcing Bruce into a demented game, pitting him against his allies. Regardless of the path, Bruce learns that Tiffany murdered Riddler to avenge her father and he eventually defeats Joker. Following Joker's capture, Waller orders the Agency to leave Gotham and promises not to reveal Bruce's identity. As Batman, Bruce confronts Tiffany, leading to her either leaving to work for the Agency, joining him in his crusade against crime, escaping to become a fugitive, or being handed over to the authorities for murder. Returning to the manor, Bruce learns that Alfred has decided to leave Gotham to return home, having been struggling to continue since he was kidnapped by Lady Arkham. After a heated discussion, Bruce either decides to leave the life of vigilantism behind to convince Alfred to stay or allows him to leave whilst he continues to operate as Batman.

text: In a post credits scene, Joker is shown to have been returned to Arkham Asylum. If he was a vigilante, he is either visited by Bruce or decides to become the hero's archenemy. However, if he was a criminal, he is shown playing with a doll version of Bruce, which he promises to see again.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
1
"The Enigma"
Kent Mudle
James Windeler, Patrick Kevin Day & Shanon Ingles
August 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)

2
2
"The Pact"
Matthew Leach
Luke McMullen, Chris Hockabout, Shanon Ingles & Patrick Kevin Day
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)

3
3
"Fractured Mask"
Sean Manning
Ross Beeley, Shanon Ingles, Lauren R. Mee & Josh R. Trujillo
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)

4
4
"What Ails You"
Chris Rieser
Patrick Kevin Day & Lauren R. Mee
January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)

5
5
"Same Stitch"
Kent Mudle
Meghan Thornton, Ross Beeley & Lauren R. Mee
March 27, 2018 (2018-03-27)

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Aggregate review scores

Game
Metacritic

Episode 1: The Enigma
(PC) 76[3]
(PS4) 70[4]
(XONE) 77[5]

Episode 2: The Pact
(PC) 71[6]
(PS4) 67[7]
(XONE) 64[8]

Episode 3: Fractured Mask
(PC) 71[9]
(PS4)70[10]

Episode 4: What Ails You
(PC) 77[11]
(PS4) 77[12]
(XONE) 81[13]

Episode 5: Same Stitch
(PC) 85[14]
(PS4) 88[15]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (April 2018)

text: Some critics considered Batman: The Enemy Within to be an improvement over its predecessor, earning praise for its story, choices, action sequences, and portrayal of the Batman mythos.[16][17][18] The game won the award for "Performance in a Drama, Supporting" with Debra Wilson at the 17th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards, whereas its other nomination was for "Game, Franchise Adventure".[19][20]

text: The game's portrayal of the Joker particularly stood out for many reviewers, with the player being given the opportunity to try to prevent him from becoming a villain being critically lauded. For example, Scott Maslow from GQ was happily surprised by this version of the Joker and said it managed to make "Batman's most overexposed villain" interesting again: "The Joker has always said his past is multiple-choice, but this is the first time I’ve felt like I was the one checking the boxes."[21] Bradley Shankar from MobileSyrup was especially positive with a review titled "Batman: The Enemy Within offers one of the greatest Joker stories ever told". He explained: "... while there have been numerous great interpretations of the Batman-Joker relationship over the years, there has never been one quite as complex and morally grey as what Telltale has created with The Enemy Within".[22] Tamoor Hussain from GameSpot gave the final episode a 9/10, concluding: "While Telltale's first Batman season stuck a bit too close to established mythos and delivered an underwhelming ending, the second is a memorable Joker origin story that Bat-fans should make a point of playing."[23] Stephanie Chan from VentureBeat was slightly less enthusiastic but still gave the game a score of 80/100 and said: "By the end of the series, I’ll say that Batman: The Enemy Within has tentatively won me over. That’s purely on the strength of the relationship between Batman and The Joker."[24]