document_title: Call Me by Your Name (film)

question_text: what is call me by your name shot on

question_tokens: what is call me by your name shot on

text: Call Me by Your Name (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Elio, a 17-year-old Jewish-American-Italian youth, lives with his parents in rural Northern Italy. His father, a professor of archaeology, invites a 24-year-old Jewish-American graduate student, Oliver, to live with him and his family over the summer and help with his academic paperwork. Elio, an introspective bibliophile and musical prodigy, initially finds little in common with Oliver, who has a contrastingly carefree and exuberant personality. Elio resents having to give up his bedroom for Oliver for the duration of his stay. He spends much of the summer reading, playing piano, and hanging out with his girlfriend, Marzia. Oliver is meanwhile attracted to one of the local girls, much to Elio's annoyance.

text: Elio and Oliver begin a seductive courtship: they swim together, go for long walks into town, and accompany Elio's father on an archaeological trip. Elio begins a sexual relationship with Marzia and brags about it in front of Oliver to gauge his reaction, but nonetheless finds himself increasingly attracted to Oliver. He sneaks into Oliver's room to smell his bathing suit, and thinks about him while masturbating. During a trip to the post office, Elio confesses his feelings to Oliver, who tells him he should not act on them. Later that day, Elio and Oliver kiss, but Oliver is reluctant to go any further. The two grow distant.

text: In response to a note from Elio, Oliver leaves a note on Elio's desk telling Elio to meet him at midnight. Elio spends the day with Marzia but longs to see Oliver. At midnight, he approaches Oliver and they have sex. They become more physically and emotionally intimate over the next few days, having sex frequently while keeping their relationship secret. Smitten with Oliver by this point, Elio starts avoiding Marzia.

text: As the end of Oliver's stay approaches, the couple find themselves overcome by uncertainty and longing. Elio's parents, who are aware of the bond between the two, recommend they visit Bergamo together before Oliver returns to the United States. After spending three romantic days together, Elio, heartbroken, calls his mother and asks her to pick him up and take him home. Marzia, who still wants to be friends with Elio, is sympathetic; his father, seeing Elio's sadness, tells him he was aware of their relationship, confesses to almost having had a similar relationship in his own youth, and urges Elio to learn and grow from his grief, instead of quickly moving on.

text: During Hanukkah, Oliver telephones Elio and his family to tell them he is engaged to be married. Oliver tells Elio he "remembers everything" very clearly. After the call, Elio sits by the fireplace, distraught, as his parents and the house staff prepare a holiday dinner.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Timothée Chalamet as Elio Perlman
Armie Hammer as Oliver
Michael Stuhlbarg as Mr. Perlman[5]
Amira Casar as Annella Perlman
Esther Garrel as Marzia
Victoire Du Bois as Chiara
Vanda Capriolo as Mafalda
Antonio Rimoldi as Anchise
Elena Bucci as Bambi
Marco Sgrosso as Nico
André Aciman as Mounir
Peter Spears as Isaac

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: After seeing an early proof of André Aciman's debut novel Call Me by Your Name in 2007, American producers Peter Spears and Howard Rosenman bought the screen rights to it before it was published.[6] They invited their friend James Ivory to work as an executive producer on the film adaptation.[7] Spears and Rosenman read the book independently and produced it in 2008.[8] The project was soon in "development hell":[9] the producers met with three sets of directors and writers (among them Gabriele Muccino, Ferzan Özpetek, and Sam Taylor-Johnson[10]), but could not find anyone who would commit to the project.[6][11] Scheduling around the need to film in Italy during the summer also proved difficult.[6][11]

text: The producers contacted Luca Guadagnino, their first choice to direct, but he declined, citing a busy schedule.[8][12] Living in northern Italy, he was first hired as a location consultant instead,[13][14] to help "put the movie together from the Italian side".[15] Guadagnino later suggested that he co-direct the film with Ivory but no contractual agreement was yet in place.[9][15] Ivory accepted the offer,[9] and spent between six and nine months in 2014 working on the screenplay.[7][16] Guadagnino, who has described the novel as "a Proustian book about remembering the past and indulging in the melancholy of lost things",[17] wrote the adaptation with Ivory while also collaborating with Walter Fasano to refine it.[15][18] Screenwriting was done at Ivory's house, Guadagnino's kitchen table in Crema, and sometimes in New York City.[19] Ivory hardly met Guadagnino during the process; Guadagnino was making A Bigger Splash (2015).[16]

text: The screenplay was completed in late 2015.[16] Aciman approved it and commended the adaptation as "direct ... real and persuasive". He added, "as the writer I found myself saying, 'Wow, they've done better than the book'".[6] The completed screenplay was vital in securing funding for the film's production.[7][9] Among the financiers were the production companies La Cinéfacture (France); Frenesy Film Company (Italy, owned by Guadagnino); M.Y.R.A. Entertainment (United States); RT Features (Brazil), and Water's End Productions (United States). The project was also supported by the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism.[18][20][21] During negotiations, the production's budget was reduced from $12 million to $3.5 million.[22][21]

text: In 2016, Ivory stepped down from directing to avoid conflicts, leaving Guadagnino to direct the film alone.[15][12] According to Ivory, financiers from Memento Films International did not want two directors to be involved with the project because they "thought it would be awkward ... It might take longer, it would look terrible if we got in fights on the set, and so on".[7][16] Guadagnino said Ivory's version would have likely been "a much more costly [and] different film" that could not have been made because of "market realities".[13][14] Ivory became the sole-credited screenwriter;[23] he later sold the rights to the screenplay to Guadagnino's company.[7][16] Call Me by Your Name was Ivory's first produced screenplay since Le Divorce (2003) and the only narrative feature he has written and not directed.[23] Ivory was "very much involved" with other aspects of the production.[23] Guadagnino dedicated the film to his friend Bill Paxton, who died in February 2017.[24]

text: Adaptation[edit]

text: Call Me by Your Name is the final installment in Guadagnino's thematic Desire trilogy, following I Am Love (2009) and A Bigger Splash (2015).[25][12] The film is a departure from his previous work because he took a simple, "non-aggressive" approach; he said this is the calmest movie he has made.[15][26] Despite being a literary adaptation, many scenes are wordless. "Words are part of what's going on, but it's not necessarily what's going on underneath. I think this film celebrates the underneath", he said.[8] Guadagnino considers the film a "homage to the fathers of my life: my own father, and my cinematic ones", referring to filmmakers Jean Renoir, Jacques Rivette, Éric Rohmer, and Bernardo Bertolucci, who inspired him.[27]

text: Guadagnino has described Call Me by Your Name as a family-oriented film for the purpose of "transmission of knowledge and hope that people of different generations come to see the film together".[18] He never saw it as a "gay" movie but rather calls it a film about the "beauty of the newborn idea of desire, unbiased and uncynical", and reflecting his motto of living "with a sense of joie de vivre"[26][15] in which "we should always be very earnest with one's feelings, instead of hiding them or shielding ourselves".[25] The director tried to avoid the flaws he had seen in most coming-of-age films, in which growth is often portrayed as being a result of resolving preconceived dilemmas such as an enforced choice between two lovers.[14] He also wanted the story to follow two people in the moment, rather than focus on an antagonist or a tragedy,[26] an approach inspired by À nos amours (1983), directed by Maurice Pialat.[14][17] As someone who considers sex in film a representation of the characters' behavior and identity,[28] Guadagnino was not interested in including explicit sex scenes in the film, to keep the tone as planned, saying, "I wanted the audience to completely rely on the emotional travel of these people and feel first love ... It was important to me to create this powerful universality, because the whole idea of the movie is that the other person makes you beautiful—enlightens you, elevates you".[29]

text: The film differs from its source material in a number of ways. While the novel serves as a memory-piece from Elio's perspective, the filmmakers set the movie entirely in the present timeline, a "much more efficient" solution, to help the audience understand the characters and "reflect the essence of the book".[8][17] The setting was changed from Bordighera to the countryside of Crema, Lombardy, where Guadagnino lives.[8][30] He changed the year of the events from 1987 to 1983—a year in which he said, "in Italy at least, when everything that was great about the '70s is definitely shut down", and one in which the characters "are in a way untouched by the corruption of the '80s—in the U.S., [Ronald] Reagan, and in the UK, [Margaret] Thatcher".[19][31] Ivory altered Mr. Perlman's profession from a classics scholar to "an art historian/archeologist type".[8][30]

text: Guadagnino was tempted to remove the scene from the novel in which Elio masturbates into a pitted peach, which he thought was a metaphor for "sexual impulses and energy", and that it was too explicit.[6][32] Timothée Chalamet was also nervous about the scene,[33] describing it as the key to illuminating the character's "overabundant sexual energy".[8] Despite their reservations, Guadagnino and Chalamet each tested the method by themselves and both agreed it worked so it was included in the film.[34] A scene featuring Elio and Oliver dancing enthusiastically to The Psychedelic Furs' song "Love My Way" in a small bar is not drawn from the book but was inspired by Guadagnino's experience of dancing by himself when he was young.[6][35]

text: When he was revising Ivory's draft of the script, Guadagnino removed the voice-over narration and a considerable amount of nudity.[13][17] The director did not like the idea of having the main character tell the story retrospectively, stating that "it kills the surprise".[17] Towards the end of the novel, the two protagonists visit Rome together; the trip lasts an entire chapter and introduces new characters in multiple locations.[16][23] Because of the film's limited budget, Ivory and the producers wrote several variations, introducing the idea of having the lead characters left alone in the house; this was changed into another trip in which they spend time alone together.[16] In his original script's final scene, Ivory depicted Elio decorating a Christmas tree in his family's home.[23] Ivory had to reduce the length of Mr. Perlman's speech but was committed to keeping it in the script.[36] He described the scene in which Elio conveys his feelings to Oliver as one of the story's most important moments that captures the "euphoric passion and nervousness" of their first love.[37]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In 2015, Shia LaBeouf and Greta Scacchi were reportedly set to be cast in the film.[38] In September 2016, Ivory confirmed they were no longer involved in the project. LaBeouf had read for the film in New York City but the production company later felt he was unsuitable because of his "various troubles"; although Ivory thought Scacchi and LeBeouf "had good scenes together" and could have made it into the film, the company disagreed.[39]

text: After seeing Armie Hammer's performance in The Social Network (2010), Guadagnino "fell in love" with him and cultivated his passion for Hammer and the movies he made afterwards.[15][34] The director found him to be a "sophisticated actor, with a great range" and considered him for the role of Oliver.[15] Hammer, who had expressed interest in Guadagnino's A Bigger Splash, met with the director years before the film went into production.[40][28] Hammer almost turned down the role after reading the draft script because it contained nudity. He said, "I did want to pass; it scared me"[41] and "There's a lot of stuff here that I've never done on film before. But there's no way I can't do this [film], mostly because it scares me so much."[40] According to Guadagnino, Hammer was going to pass on the role through his agent, but then changed his mind at the end of their conversation.[15][42] This is the third film in which Hammer has played a queer character, following J. Edgar (2011) and Final Portrait (2017).[32][43]

text: Chalamet has acted since he was a child and co-starred in Showtime's Homeland (2012).[40] The following year, Swardstrom—Spears' husband and agent—introduced the 17-year-old Chalamet to Guadagnino,[15][28] who immediately felt the actor had "the ambition, the intelligence, the sensitivity, the naivety, and the artistry" to play Elio.[17] Chalamet read Aciman's novel by the time he was 17 and described it as "a window into a young person".[33] Chalamet, who can speak fluent French and had played piano for years, arrived in Italy five weeks early to learn Italian, piano, and guitar.[8][44]

text: Michael Stuhlbarg plays Mr. Perlman, Elio's father.[40][45] Stuhlbarg did not start reading the book until he had already joined the production.[46] He was moved by the "many beautiful sentiments expressed" in the script, including Mr. Perlman's "sense of generosity and love and understanding".[47] Amira Casar, Esther Garrel and Victoire Du Bois appear in supporting roles as Annella, Marzia, and Chiara respectively.[45] Casting director Stella Savino met Vanda Capriolo when she was bicycling in the countryside. Capriolo, who is not an actor, was later cast for the role of the maid, Mafalda.[48] Aciman and Spears also appear briefly in cameo roles as Mounir and Isaac, a gay couple who attend a dinner party.[8][30] Aciman was asked to be in the movie after actors became unavailable. "It was a last-minute decision", Spears recalled, "Andrė turns out to be a phenomenal actor! So comfortable, not nervous at all. His wife was sitting there and said, 'I had no idea!' "[49]

text: Hammer and Chalamet both signed contracts that prohibited full-frontal nudity. Ivory, whose original screenplay had contained nudity, was dismayed by the decision, criticizing what he saw as an "American" attitude and saying, "Nobody seems to care that much or be shocked about a totally naked woman. It's the men".[9][13] Guadagnino, who remained involved in the casting,[40] chose actors based on their performances and chemistry rather than choosing to "investigate or label" their sexuality.[29] He said, "The idea that you have to cast only someone who has a certain set of skills, and worse, a certain gender identity in any role: that's oppressive to me".[12]

text: Filming and post-production[edit]

text: Principal photography on Call Me by Your Name lasted around 33 days.[50][48] It began on May 9, 2016,[51] and was completed in June 2016.[52][39] The process occurred quietly,[53] with reports only appearing after filming had been underway for two weeks.[54][55] Luca Guadagnino's first cut of the film was four hours long.[56][21] Post-production with regular editor Walter Fasano in June and July took only a month;[15] the fastest Guadagnino had edited.[52]

text: The film was shot primarily in Crema[15][27] and the province of Cremona.[57][58] It was filmed during an unexpected, heavy rainstorm in Italy that was described by weather reports as a "once-in-century rain".[50] The pre-production in Crema was fast;[11] a search for extras began there in March and April.[59][60] Scenes set in the nearby villages Pandino and Moscazzano were filmed from May 17,[61][62] before moving to Crema on June 1.[63] Additional outdoor scenes were shot on December 4, 2016.[64][65] Several historical locations in the streets of Crema and Pandino, including the arch of Torrazzo at Crema Cathedral, were chosen during production.[61][66] Businesses received compensation for financial losses caused by the closure, which was scheduled for May 30 and 31.[67] Two days' filming at the cathedral were postponed due to poor weather.[68] Production in Crema cost €18,000,[69] and a promotion campaign cost €7,500.[70]

text: Filming also took place in the Lodigiano area near Crespiatica[66] and two small towns Montodine and Ripalta near Crema.[8][64] The archaeological discovery scene was filmed at the Grottoes of Catullus in Sirmione on the Brescian shores of Lake Garda.[71][66] The trip to Bergamo was filmed in multiple historical buildings, including Bergamo Cathedral, the Santa Maria Maggiore, and the University of Sciences, Letters and Arts.[66] Because of security concerns, the production team was only granted permission to film at the Cascate del Serio in Valbondione for half an hour.[57][66][72]

text: Before and during filming, the actors lived in Crema and were able to experience small-town life.[8] Guadagnino engaged with the cast and filmmakers, and often cooked and showed films in his house for them.[6] Hammer and Chalamet, who did not have to do a screen test together,[17][73] met for the first time during production in Crema.[52][8] Before filming began, they spent a month together, watching Mike Tyson documentaries and going to local restaurants to build character development.[52][25][42] "We'd hang out with each other all the time, because we were pretty much the only Americans there, and we were able to defend one another and really get to know one another", Chalamet said.[44] In the first two days of production, Guadagnino read the script with the cast.[19] Hammer and Chalamet went to the kissing scene during the first rehearsal.[73] The actors rehearsed their scenes every night before filming and spent several days filming nude.[74] "I've never been so intimately involved with a director before. Luca was able to look at me and completely undress me", Hammer said.[34]

text: Guadagnino shot the film in chronological order,[19][75] which allowed the filmmakers to "witness the onscreen maturity of both protagonist and actor".[76] The scene in which Mr. Perlman delivers an educational speech to Elio was filmed on the penultimate day of filming.[25][19] Stuhlbarg spent months preparing for the scene,[25][47] which Guadagnino wanted to make "as simple as possible" by taking fewer setups and "let the actors be".[77] According to Fasano, the scene took three takes to film and Stuhlbarg was "on three different levels of getting emotional".[76]

text: During the dancing sequence, Hammer had to perform in front of 50 off-camera extras; the music was turned down so the dialogue could be recorded. "That was not fun, I don't really enjoy dancing", Hammer said.[42] Choreographer Paolo Rocchi, who was contacted by the Frenesy Film Company in June 2016, described the routine "awkward and realistic".[78] The filmmakers laid a long camera dolly track and filmed the scene in which Elio tells Oliver of his feelings for him in one take to provide the flexibility and the "flow of emotion" a cut scene could not.[79] Chalamet was listening to "Visions of Gideon", one of the original songs written for the film, in an earpiece while filming the final sequence,[80][81] in which the director asked him to perform for three variations—one per take.[82]

text: Sayombhu Mukdeeprom, who had previously collaborated with Guadagnino on Ferdinando Cito Filomarino's Antonia (2015), served as the director of photography.[28][55] He read Aciman's novel before receiving the script and walked around filming locations to "get a feeling for everything ... to see the color, to see how the light changed during the day, and input it into my data".[83] He had to use artificial lighting to capture the Northern Italian summer atmosphere for Call Me by Your Name[15] because of heavy rains that lasted the entirety of the shoot.[28][50] He also empathized with the actors during the scene; Mukdeeprom cried in a corner of the room when they finished the first take of the confrontation between Oliver and Elio.[15] The film was made using 35 mm film and a single lens, a decision influenced by the work of David Cronenberg to "solidif[y] the point of view"[26] and make "the tension of the performance come off the screen".[3]

text: Production design and costume[edit]

text: The main location set for the Perlmans' residence was Villa Albergoni, an uninhabited 17th-century mansion in Moscazzano.[8][66] Guadagnino wanted to buy the house but could not afford it, so he made a film there instead.[21][84] A landscape designer was hired to construct an orchard in the mansion's garden.[48] A pergola was built on the patio, and apricot and peach trees were placed in the garden.[66][85]

text: Six weeks before production, the crew—including production designer Samuel Dehors and first-time set decorator Violante Visconti di Modrone—gradually decorated the house with furniture, objects, and decoration inspired by the characters.[84][8] Much of the furniture, including the dishes and glassware from the 1950s, belonged to Guadagnino and di Modrone's parents. Di Modrone said, "That made it cozy and personal ... I wanted to give it the sense of time passing by".[86] Most of the Asia-inspired paintings, maps, and mirrors came from an antiques store in Milan.[86][85] Books seen in background were published before 1982.[48] The swimming pool used in the film was recreated from a watering trough common in the area.[8][86]

text: The filmmakers set up faded political billboards in public places to reflect the Italian general election in 1983,[48] and re-created a newsstand full of magazines of that time.[48] Guadagnino did not want the film to "look like a reflection on the 80s ... when it becomes period."[14] His team researched extensively with help from the residents of Crema; they entered people's houses and collected their pictures of the 1980s.[14][87] Chen Li served as graphic designer; she wrote the titles of the opening credits, in which the director used photocopied images of statues and placed them with Mr. Perlman's personal items.[48]

text: Costume designer Giulia Piersanti avoided using period costumes; he wanted to provide "a sense of insouciant adolescent sensuality, summer heat and sexual awakening" to the characters.[86] Several costume pieces were made for the film from scratch.[48] The costumes were influenced by the French films Pauline at the Beach (1983), A Tale of Springtime (1990), and A Summer's Tale (1996).[86] Piersanti took inspiration for the Perlmans' wardrobe from her parents' photograph albums. For Oliver's "sexy, healthy American" image, Piersanti referred to "some of Bruce Weber's earliest photographs".[86] His clothes change throughout the film as "he's more able to free himself".[48] Aiming to emphasize Elio's confident style, she chose several Lacoste costumes and a distinctive, New Romantic-looking shirt in the final scene.[14][86] Elio's polo shirt and Fido Dido T-shirt came from her husband's closet.[86]

text: Music[edit]

text: Guadagnino usually selects the music for his films himself.[8] For Call Me by Your Name, he wanted to find an "emotional narrator to the film" through music, a "less heavy, less present, and more enveloping" way than voice and text.[19] He was inspired by the films Barry Lyndon (1975), The Magnificent Ambersons (1942), and The Age of Innocence (1993).[19] Guadagnino wanted the film's music to be connected to Elio, a young pianist who likes to transcribe and adapt piano pieces to deepen his relationship with Oliver.[17] Music is used in the film to reflect the period setting, the characters' family life and their level of education, and "the kind of canon they would be a part of".[17] Guadagnino also researched which pop songs had been frequently played on local radio stations that summer.[17][88]

text: Guadagnino found that Sufjan Stevens' lyrics resonated with him,[28] and had initially asked Stevens to narrate the film from the perspective of Elio at an older age, as well as to record an original song for Call Me by Your Name.[80][28] Stevens declined the voiceover role,[80] but contributed three songs to the soundtrack: "Mystery of Love", "Visions of Gideon", and a re-recording of his 2010 song "Futile Devices".[17] Stevens was inspired by the film's script, its base novel, and conversations with Guadagnino about the characters.[28] He submitted the songs a few days before filming began. Surprised by the result, Guadagnino listened to them on-set with the actors and editor Walter Fasano.[8][52] The project marks the first time Stevens had written songs explicitly for a feature-film soundtrack.[89][90]

text: A soundtrack album was released in digital formats by Madison Gate Records and Sony Classical on November 3, 2017,[91] and in physical formats on November 17, 2017.[92] It features songs by Stevens, The Psychedelic Furs, Franco Battiato, Loredana Bertè, Bandolero, Giorgio Moroder, Joe Esposito, and F. R. David. It also includes music composed by John Adams, Erik Satie, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Johann Sebastian Bach, and Maurice Ravel.[93]

text: Release[edit]

text: Call Me by Your Name had its world premiere on January 22, 2017, at the Sundance Film Festival.[94][95] Prior to its premiere, Sony Pictures Classics acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film for $6 million.[96] The deal was negotiated by WME Global and UTA Independent Film Group.[97] International distribution rights were purchased by Memento Films International, a French company that showed the film promo reel at the American Film Market in November 2016.[20][98] It was also screened at the Berlin International Film Festival on February 13, 2017; Toronto International Film Festival on September 7, 2017;[99][52][15] and New York Film Festival on October 3, 2017.[100] The film was originally scheduled to be shown on Beijing International Film Festival in April 2018, but it was removed from the official program with no explanation.[101][102]

text: Call Me by Your Name began a limited release in the United Kingdom on October 27, 2017,[27] and United States on November 24, 2017.[4] It expanded from four to thirty locations in the United States on 15 December 2017,[103] and then to 114 theaters on December 22.[104] It opened in 174 theaters in January 2018,[105] before going into wide release in 815 theaters a few days before the Oscar nomination announcement ceremony on January 19, 2018.[106][107] On the Oscars weekend, the film opened in 914 theaters, its widest release in the US.[108]

text: In Italy, Warner Bros. Entertainment released the film on January 25,[109][110][111] in less than 150 theaters,[112] before expanding to nearly 200 theaters on February 2.[113] Special screenings and a public meet-and-greet with Guadagnino, Hammer and Chalamet took place in Crema between January 27 and 30,[111][114][115] The film opened in Brazil on January 18,[116] and in France on February 28, 2018.[117] In March 2018, a distributor in Tunisia reported that the Ministry of Culture has banned the film as an "attack on liberties" because of its subject.[118][119]

text: A pirated copy of an awards-screener DVD of Call Me by Your Name, along with copies of Last Flag Flying and fellow Oscar nominees I, Tonya and Lady Bird, was leaked onto piracy file-sharing websites by the hacker group Hive-CM8 on December 24, 2017.[120][121][122] The film was officially released for digital download on February 27, 2018.[123] It was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 13, 2018; bonus includes a making-of featurette, a Q&A interview with the cast and filmmakers, an audio commentary track by Chalamet and Stuhlbarg, and a music video for "Mystery of Love".[123][124] In the United Kingdom, the DVD charted at number 7 and the Blu-ray at number 4 on "Top 100" sales for both formats.[125][126]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Sony Pictures Classics released an official poster for Call Me by Your Name on July 27, 2017.[127] The first theatrical trailer was released on August 1, 2017.[128][129] On 11 October 2017, Sony Pictures Classics released a teaser titled "Dance Party" to celebrate National Coming Out Day.[130] The 42-second clip, which consists of a single take of Hammer and Chalamet dancing to "Love My Way" in a bar, became a meme on Twitter.[131][132][35] Because of its use in the clip, "Love My Way" gained popularity on music-streaming websites and rose 13% on on-demand streams during the two months before the film's release. In the week ending November 30, 2017, the song collected 177,000 on-demand streams, its biggest streaming week in the U.S.[133]

text: Reaction to the advertisement on social media was somewhat negative, largely because of Sony Pictures' "misleading" use of an image of Chalamet and Garrel instead of a focus on the protagonist's relationship.[134][135] Daniel Megarry of Gay Times described it as "an attempt to 'straight-wash' the movie's predominant same-sex romance",[136] while Benjamin Lee of The Guardian called it a "disastrous attempt to push Oscar-buzzed Call Me by Your Name as a straight love story", and said the advert "belies an industry awkwardly denying queerness".[137] Sony Pictures Classics later aired several commercial spots to promote the film during its U.S.-wide expansion on January 19, 2018.[106]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of May 16, 2018[update], Call Me by Your Name has grossed $18.1 million in the United States and Canada, and $23 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $41.1 million against a production budget of $3.5 million.[4] The film was Sony Pictures Classics' third-highest-grossing release of 2017.[138]

text: In the United States, Call Me by Your Name began its limited run on November 24, 2017, at The Paris Theater and Union Square Theatre in New York City, and the ArcLight Hollywood and Landmark Theater in Los Angeles.[139] The film made $404,874 in its opening weekend—a per-theater average of $101,219.[140][141] It was the highest average of 2017—the biggest since that of La La Land the previous December—[142] and had the best per-screen opening for a gay romance film since Brokeback Mountain (2005).[140][143] In its second weekend, the film grossed $281,288,[144][145] with an "excellent" per-screen average of $70,320.[146][147] The film expanded to nine theaters in its third weekend, grossing $291,101 for a "solid" $32,345 per-theater average.[148] It earned $491,933 from 30 theaters in its fourth weekend, averaging $16,398.[103]

text: The film expanded to 114 theaters in its fifth week and grossed $850,736, averaging $7,463 per screen.[104] It crossed $6 million in its seventh weekend, earning $758,726 from 115 locations.[149] It grossed $715,559 from 174 theaters in its eighth weekend, averaging $4,185 per screen.[105] In its nationwide release week—ninth weekend overall—the film grossed $1.4 million from 815 theaters, an under-performance compared to "some of its competition with similar theater counts".[106][107] The following weekend, after the announcement of its four Oscar nominations, the film's revenues dropped 6% to $1.3 million.[150][151] With the total gross revenue of $9,370,359 by the week of January 23, 2018, Call Me by Your Name was the second-lowest-grossing film among Best Picture nominees.[152] It grossed $919,926, averaging $1,006, from 914 theaters during the Oscar weekend,[108] and went on to earn $304,228 from 309 theaters in its sixteenth weekend.[153]

text: Call Me by Your Name opened at number 7 in Italy with £781,000 from fewer than 150 theaters, and obtained the best per-theater average of the week (almost £5,500).[112][154] It had made £1.5 million in its first ten days of release,[155] before exceeding £2 million on February 7, 2018.[156][157] As of March 13, 2018, the film had grossed £2.8 million in Italy.[158] In Brazil, the film debuted at number 9 at the box office with revenues of $696,000,[159] and earned another $554,000 the following weekend.[160] It attracted 17,152 viewers in France on its first day of screening, with an "excellent" per-theater average of 184 entries.[161] It went on to attract 108,500 viewers in the opening weekend, earning 1,167 viewings; the second-best average of the week.[162] In the United Kingdom, the film earned £231,995 ($306,000) from 112 screens in its opening weekend,[163] including £4,000 from previews.[164] After ten days, it had made £568,000 ($745,000),[165] before reaching the $1 million mark (£767,000) in its third weekend.[166][167] As of April 15, 2018[update], the film has grossed $2,360,542 in the United Kingdom.[168]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: At its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival, Call Me by Your Name received a standing ovation.[169] When it was screened at Alice Tully Hall as part of the New York Film Festival, it received a ten-minute ovation, the longest recorded ovation in the festival's history.[31][170] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 95% based on 278 reviews, with an average rating of 8.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads; "Call Me by Your Name offers a melancholy, powerfully affecting portrait of first love, empathetically acted by Timothée Chalamet and Armie Hammer".[171] It was the best-reviewed limited release and the second-best-reviewed romance film of 2017 on the site.[172][173] On Metacritic, the film has an average weighted score of 93 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[174] It was the year's fifth-best rated film on Metacritic.[175]

text: Writing for The Hollywood Reporter, Boyd van Hoeij described Call Me by Your Name as an "extremely sensual ... intimate and piercingly honest" adaptation of Aciman's novel, and called Chalamet's performance "the true breakout of the film".[176] Peter Debruge of Variety said the film "advances the canon of gay cinema" by portraying "a story of first love ... that transcends the same-sex dynamic of its central couple". He compared Guadagnino's "sensual" direction with the films of Pedro Almodóvar and François Ozon, and put Call Me by Your Name "on par with the best of their work".[95] David Ehrlich of IndieWire also praised Guadagnino's directing, which he said helps the film "match the artistry and empathy" of Carol (2015) and Moonlight (2016).[177] Sam Adams of BBC stated that Stuhlbarg's performance "puts a frame around the movie's painting and opens up avenues we may not have thought to explore", and called it "one of his finest" to date. He extolled the film as one of "many movies that have so successfully appealed to both the intellectual and the erotic since the heydays of Patrice Chéreau and André Téchiné".[178]

text: Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film three and a half stars, commended the director for "broadens his embrace of humanity while hitting new heights of cinematic bliss", and wrote that the film "may be a fantasy but it's one that's lovely and wise".[179] David Morgan of CBS praised the cinematography, production design, and costuming for "making a summer in the 1980s palpably alive again". He also applauded Stuhlbarg's character as "the most forward-thinking parent in movie history".[180] Richard Lawson said Guadagnino's adaptation "was made with real love, with good intentions, with a clarity of heart and purposeful, unpretentious intellect" and hailed it as a "modern gay classic" in his Vanity Fair review.[181] Chicago Tribune's Michael Phillips was pleased by the "wonderfully paradoxical" visual interests from the director and said Stevens' songs "work like magic on your sympathies regarding Elio's emotional awakening". He praised Hammer's performance as one of "the most easy-breathing and relaxed best work of his career".[182]

text: The Economist noted the tension "between pain and pleasure" in the film and praised Chalamet, stating that he "evokes so many shades of humanity, portraying a path of youthful self-discovery that is more raw, unhinged, and ultimately honest than many actors could manage".[183] Kate Taylor of Globe and Mail, who gave the film two and a half stars, also enjoyed Chalamet's effort in capturing "first love and its inevitable heartbreak" and said the "multilingual, almost-pre-AIDS idyll does not stretch credulity ... but it can try the patience".[184] Ken Eisner of The Georgia Straight questioned the film's central message and said "Guadagnino’s lyrical excesses ... can alternate wildly between the poetically incisive and the indulgently preposterous".[185] In a negative review, Kyle Turner of Paste wrote, "The details of the film are too small for anyone, perhaps particularly a queer person, to see"; a visual distance that "suggests that the film, in the beginning, is as terrified as Elio initially is. It never gets over that hesitation."[186] Armond White of Out called the movie "craven commercialism" and a "super-bourgeois fantasy" that "exploit[s] the queer audience's romantic needs by packaging them and falsifying them".[187] Luke Y. Thompson of Forbes criticized its length and called it an "excruciatingly boring travelogue".[188]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Call Me by Your Name was selected by the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute as one of the top 10 films of the year.[189][190] At the 90th Academy Awards, it was nominated for Best Picture, Best Actor (Chalamet), Best Original Song ("Mystery of Love"), and Best Adapted Screenplay, winning the latter.[191][192] Chalamet became the youngest Best Actor nominee since 1939, while Ivory became the oldest-ever winner in any competitive category.[193] The film received four nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards, including Best Film and Best Direction, and won Best Adapted Screenplay for Ivory.[194] [195] At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, it was nominated for Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama for Chalamet, and Best Supporting Actor for Hammer.[196] It received eight nominations at the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards; Ivory won Best Adapted Screenplay.[197] The film led the 33rd Independent Spirit Awards with six nominations, winning Best Male Lead for Chalamet and Best Cinematography for Mukdeeprom.[198][199] At the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards, Chalamet received a nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role.[200] The National Board of Review, the Gotham Independent Film Awards, and the Hollywood Film Awards awarded Chalamet with their Breakout Actor Awards.[201][202]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Guadagnino has deliberated over the idea of a sequel since the film's premiere at Sundance, when he realized the characters "could go beyond the boundaries of the film".[32] In October 2017, he said he hoped to make a sequel to the film in 2020 that might be in the style of François Truffaut's The Adventures of Antoine Doinel series, telling the story of Oliver and Elio as they age. "If I paired the age of Elio in the film with the age of Timothée, in three years' time, Timothée will be 25, as would Elio by the time the second story was set", he said.[203][204] In the novel, Elio and Oliver reunite 15 years later when Oliver is married. Guadagnino said that in the sequel, "I don't think Elio is necessarily going to become a gay man. He hasn't found his place yet ... I believe that he would start an intense relationship with Marzia again". Guadagnino is interested in the politics of the 1990s, saying, "it would be the beginning of the [Silvio] Berlusconi era in Italy and it would mean dealing with the [first Gulf War] of Iraq".[205][206]

text: In November 2017, Guadagnino shared his intention to make a series of five films, in which the audience could "see those actors grow older, embodying those characters".[32] A month later, he was reported to have begun writing a script for a sequel that would reveal more about Oliver and resemble Michael Apted's Up series.[207][208] Hammer and Chalamet have expressed interest in appearing in a sequel,[209] while Ivory has no interest in the material, saying "that's fine, good. But I don't know how they're going to get a 40-year-old [Chalamet]!"[23] In January 2018, Guadagnino revealed the sequel will be set "right after the fall of Berlin Wall and that great shift that was the end of ... the USSR",[77] and that the first scene in the film could depict Elio watching Paul Vecchiali's Once More (1988)—the first French film to deal with AIDS—in a movie theater.[210] In March 2018, Guadagnino confirmed he will work with Aciman on the sequel, which will take place "five or six years afterwards" with "a different tone" than the first film.[211] Hammer said he was pitched by the director about the script; "it’s not a finished script, but he’s got all the ideas for it", he said.[212]


document_title: Time Person of the Year

question_text: who did time magazine select as man of the year in 1952

root

text: Time Person of the Year

text: Background[edit]

text: The tradition of selecting a "Man of the Year" began in 1927, with Time editors contemplating the news makers of the years. The idea was also an attempt to remedy the editorial embarrassment earlier that year of not having aviator Charles Lindbergh on its cover following his historic trans-Atlantic flight. By the end of the year, it was decided that a cover story featuring Lindbergh as the Man of the Year would serve both purposes.[3]

tag: p

text: Selection[edit]

text: U.S. Presidents[edit]

text: Since the list began, every serving President of the United States has been a Man or Person of the Year at least once with the exceptions of Calvin Coolidge, in office at time of the first issue, Herbert Hoover, the next U.S. president, and Gerald Ford. Most were named Man or Person of the Year either the year they were elected or while they were in office; the only one to be given the title before being elected is Dwight D. Eisenhower, in 1944 as Supreme Commander of the Allied Invasion Force, eight years before his election. He subsequently received the title again in 1959, while in office. Franklin D. Roosevelt is the only person to have received the title three times, first as president-elect (1932) and later as the incumbent president (1934 and 1941).

text: Women[edit]

text: In 1999, the title was changed to Person of the Year.[4] Women who have been selected for recognition after the renaming include "The Whistleblowers" (Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley, and Sherron Watkins in 2002), Melinda Gates (jointly with Bill Gates and Bono, in 2005), Angela Merkel in 2015 and "The Silence Breakers" (Isabel Pascual, Adama Iwu, Ashley Judd, Susan Fowler and Taylor Swift in 2017). Prior to 1999, four women were granted the title as individuals: three as "Woman of the Year"—Wallis Simpson (1936), Queen Elizabeth II (1952), and Corazon Aquino (1986)–and one as half of the "Man and Wife of the Year", Soong Mei-ling (1937).[5] "American Women" were recognized as a group in 1975. Other classes of people recognized comprise both men and women, such as "Hungarian Freedom Fighters" (1956), "U.S. Scientists" (1960), "The Inheritors" (1966), "The Middle Americans" (1969), "The American Soldier" (2003), "You" (2006), "The Protester" (2011) represented on the cover by a woman, and "Ebola fighters" (2014). Although the title on the magazine remained "Man of The Year" for both the 1956 "Hungarian Freedom Fighter" and the 1966 "Twenty-five and Under" editions which both featured a woman standing behind a man, and "Men of the Year" on the 1960 "U.S. Scientists" edition which exclusively featured men on its cover. It wasn't until the 1969 edition on "The Middle Americans" did the title embrace "Man and Woman of the Year".

text: Groups and non-humans[edit]

text: Despite the name, the title is not just granted to individuals. Pairs of people such as married couples and political opponents, classes of people, and inanimate objects have all been selected for the special year-end issue.

text:
Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling, President and First Lady of China (1937)
William Anders, Frank Borman and Jim Lovell, crew of Apollo 8 (1968)
Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger, political allies (1972)
Ronald Reagan and Yuri Andropov, Cold War rivals (1983)
Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk; Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin, political leaders leading peace negotiations (1993)
Bill Clinton and Ken Starr, key figures in the Clinton impeachment (1998)
Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley and Sherron Watkins, whistleblowers (2002)
Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Bono, philanthropists (2005)

tag: ul

text:
The American fighting-man (1950)
The Hungarian freedom fighter (1956)
U.S. Scientists (1960)
The Inheritor (1966)
Middle Americans (1969)
American women (1975)
The American soldier (2003)
You (2006)
The Protester (2011)
Ebola fighters (2014)
The Silence Breakers (2017)

text:
The Computer (Machine of the Year, 1982)
The Endangered Earth (Planet of the Year, 1988)

text: Special awards[edit]

text: In 1949, Winston Churchill was named "Man of the Half-Century", and the last issue of 1989 named Mikhail Gorbachev as "Man of the Decade". The December 31, 1999 issue of Time named Albert Einstein the "Person of the Century". Franklin D. Roosevelt and Mahatma Gandhi were chosen as runners-up.[6]

text: Controversial choices[edit]

text: Despite the magazine's frequent statements to the contrary, the designation is often regarded as an honor, and spoken of as an award or prize, simply based on many previous selections of admirable people.[7] However, Time magazine points out that controversial figures such as Adolf Hitler (1938), Joseph Stalin (1939 and 1942), Nikita Khrushchev (1957) and Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) have also been granted the title for their impacts.[8]

text: As a result of the public backlash it received from the United States for naming Khomeini as Man of the Year in 1979, Time has since shied away from using figures who are controversial in the United States for commercial reasons, fearing reductions in sales or advertising revenue.[9]

text: Time's Person of the Year 2001, immediately following the September 11, 2001 attacks, was New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani. The stated rules of selection, the individual or group of individuals who have had the biggest effect on the year's news, made Osama bin Laden a more likely choice that year. The issue that declared Giuliani the Person of the Year included an article that mentioned Time's earlier decision to select the Ayatollah Khomeini and the 1999 rejection of Hitler as "Person of the Century". The article seemed to imply that Osama bin Laden was a stronger candidate than Giuliani, as Adolf Hitler was a stronger candidate than Albert Einstein. The selections were ultimately based on what the magazine describes as who they believed had a stronger influence on history and who represented either the year or the century the most. According to Time, Rudolph Giuliani was selected for symbolizing the American response to the September 11th attacks, and Albert Einstein selected for representing a century of scientific exploration and wonder.

text: Another controversial choice was the 2006 selection of "You", representing most if not all people for advancing the information age by using the Internet (via e.g. blogs, MySpace, YouTube, and Wikipedia).[10]

text: Withdrawn selections[edit]

text: In 1941, the fictional elephant Dumbo from the Disney movie of the same name was selected to be "Mammal of the Year", and a cover was created showing Dumbo in a formal portrait style. However, the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 pre-empted the cover. The U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt was named Man of the Year for a record third time, although Dumbo's Mammal of the Year profile still appeared on the inside pages of the magazine.[11]

text: Film-maker Michael Moore claims that director Mel Gibson cost him the opportunity to be Person of the Year alongside Gibson in 2004. Moore's controversial political documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 became the highest-grossing documentary of all time the same year Gibson's The Passion of the Christ became a box-office success and also caused significant controversy. Moore said in an interview "I got a call right after the '04 election from an editor from Time Magazine. He said,' Time Magazine has picked you and Mel Gibson to be Time's Person of the Year to put on the cover, Right and Left, Mel and Mike. The only thing you have to do is pose for a picture with each other. And do an interview together.' I said 'OK.' They call Mel up, he agrees. They set the date and time in LA. I'm to fly there. He's flying from Australia. Something happens when he gets home... Next thing, Mel calls up and says, 'I'm not doing it. I've thought it over and it is not the right thing to do.' So they put Bush on the cover."[12]

text: On November 24, 2017, U.S. president Donald Trump posted on the social media network Twitter that Time editors had told him he would "probably" be named Person of the Year for a second time, conditional on an interview and photo shoot which he had refused. Time denied that they had made any such promises or conditions to Trump, who was named a runner-up.[13]

text: Online poll[edit]

text: Time magazine also holds an online poll for the readers to vote for who they believe to be the Person of the Year. While many mistakenly believe the winner of the poll to be the Person of the Year, the title, as mentioned above, is decided by the editors of Time. In the first online poll held in 1998, wrestler and activist Mick Foley won with over 50% of the votes.[14][15] Foley was removed from the poll, and the title was given to Bill Clinton and Ken Starr, which led to outrage from the fans of Foley who mistakenly believed the winner of the poll would be the winner of the title. In 2006, the poll winner by a wide margin was Hugo Chávez, with 35% of the votes. The president of Iran, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, came in second. Time again ignored those results, not mentioning them in the announcement of the Person of the Year.[16] Time continues to annually run an online poll for the "People's Choice", but stresses the decision on whom the magazine recognizes is not made by the poll, but by the magazine's editors.[17]

text: Persons of the Year[edit]

text:
Year
Image
Choice
Lifetime
Notes
Runners-up

1927

Lindbergh, CharlesCharles Lindbergh
1902–1974
In 1927, Lindbergh became the first person to fly a plane solo non-stop across the Atlantic, from New York to Paris.

1928

Chrysler, WalterWalter Chrysler
1875–1940
In 1928, Chrysler oversaw a merger of his Chrysler Corporation with Dodge before beginning work on the Chrysler Building.

1929

Young, Owen D.Owen D. Young
1874–1962
Young chaired a committee which authored 1929's Young Plan, a program for settlement of German reparations after World War I.

1930

Gandhi, MahatmaMahatma Gandhi
1869–1948
Gandhi was the leader of the India's independence movement. In 1930, he led the Salt Satyagraha, a 240-mile march to protest the imposition of taxes on salt by the British Raj.

1931

Laval, PierrePierre Laval
1883–1945
Laval was first elected Prime Minister of France in 1931. Laval was popular in the American press at the time for opposing the Hoover Moratorium, a temporary freeze on World War I debt payments that was disliked in both France and the US.[18]

1932

Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt
1882–1945
Roosevelt won the 1932 US Presidential election by a landslide, defeating the incumbent, Herbert Hoover.

1933

Johnson, Hugh S.Hugh S. Johnson
1882–1942
In 1933, Johnson was appointed director of the National Recovery Administration, tasked by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt to bring industry, labor and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices.

1934

Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt (2)
1882–1945
Roosevelt was President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. In 1934, Roosevelt's New Deal reforms were beginning to bear fruit.

1935

Selassie, HaileHaile Selassie
1892–1975
Selassie was Emperor of Ethiopia in 1935, when Italian forces invaded Ethiopia, starting the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.

1936

Simpson, WallisWallis Simpson
1896–1986
In 1936, Simpson's relationship with King Edward VIII led the king to abdicate his throne in order to marry her.

1937

Kai-shek, ChiangChiang Kai-shek
1887–1975
Chiang was Premier of the Republic of China at the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937.

Mei-ling, SoongSoong Mei-ling
1898–2003
Soong was wife of Chiang Kai-shek from 1927 until his death in 1975. Addressed as Madame Chiang Kai-Shek by the magazine, she was recognized together with her husband as "Man & Wife of the Year".[5]

1938

Hitler, AdolfAdolf Hitler
1889–1945
As German Chancellor, Hitler oversaw the unification of Germany with Austria and the Sudetenland in 1938, after the Anschluss and Munich Agreement respectively.

1939

Stalin, JosephJoseph Stalin
1878–1953
In 1939, Stalin was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and de facto leader of the Soviet Union. He oversaw the signing of a non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany before invading eastern Poland.

1940

Churchill, WinstonWinston Churchill
1874–1965
Churchill was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the 1940 Dunkirk evacuation and the Battle of Britain.

1941

Roosevelt, Franklin D.Franklin D. Roosevelt (3)
1882–1945
Roosevelt was President of the United States in 1941 during the attack on Pearl Harbor, declaration of war against Japan and resulting entry of the United States into World War II. The editors had already chosen Dumbo as their "Mammal of the Year" before the Pearl Harbor attack, but quickly changed it to Roosevelt.[11]

1942

Stalin, JosephJoseph Stalin (2)
1878–1953
By 1942, Stalin was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Premier of the Soviet Union, overseeing the Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943).

1943

Marshall, GeorgeGeorge Marshall
1880–1959
As United States Army Chief of Staff in 1943, General Marshall was instrumental in organizing US actions in World War II.

1944

Eisenhower, Dwight D.Dwight D. Eisenhower
1890–1969
General Eisenhower was Supreme Allied Commander in Europe during 1944's Operation Overlord.

1945

Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman
1884–1972
Truman became President of the United States after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945, authorizing the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

1946

Byrnes, James F.James F. Byrnes
1879–1972
In 1946, Byrnes was United States Secretary of State during the Iran crisis of 1946, taking an increasingly hardline position in opposition to Stalin. His speech, "Restatement of Policy on Germany", set the tone of future US policy, repudiating the Morgenthau Plan economic policies and giving Germans hope for the future.

1947

Marshall, GeorgeGeorge Marshall (2)
1880–1959
Appointed United States Secretary of State in 1947, Marshall was the architect of the Marshall Plan.

1948

Truman, Harry S.Harry S. Truman (2)
1884–1972
Truman was elected in his own right as President of the United States in 1948, considered to be one of the greatest election upsets in American history.[19][20][21]

1949

Churchill, WinstonWinston Churchill (2)
1874–1965
Proclaimed as the "Man of the half-century", Churchill had led Britain and the Allies to victory in WWII. In 1949, Churchill was Leader of the Opposition.

1950

American fighting !The American fighting-man

Representing U.S. troops involved in the Korean War (1950–1953).

1951

Mossadegh, MohammadMohammad Mossadegh
1882–1967
In 1951, Mossadegh was elected as Prime Minister of Iran and expelled western oil companies, starting the Abadan Crisis

1952

Elizabeth !Elizabeth II
Born in 1926
In 1952, Elizabeth acceded to the throne of the United Kingdom[a] upon the death of her father, King George VI

1953

Adenauer, KonradKonrad Adenauer
1876–1967
In 1953, Adenauer was re-elected as Chancellor of West Germany.

1954

Dulles, John FosterJohn Foster Dulles
1888–1959
As United States Secretary of State in 1954, Dulles was architect of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.

1955

Curtice, HarlowHarlow Curtice
1893–1962
Curtice was President of General Motors (GM) from 1953 to 1958. In 1955, GM sold five million vehicles and became the first corporation to earn US$1 billion in a single year.[22]

1956

Hungarian !The Hungarian freedom fighter

Representing Hungarian revolutionaries involved in the failed 1956 uprising.

1957

Khrushchev, NikitaNikita Khrushchev
1894–1971
In 1957, Khrushchev consolidated his leadership of the Soviet Union, surviving a plot to dismiss him by members of the Presidium, and leading the Soviet Union into the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1.

1958

de Gaulle, CharlesCharles de Gaulle
1890–1970
De Gaulle was appointed Prime Minister of France in May 1958 and, following the collapse of the Fourth Republic and establishment of the Fifth Republic, was then elected President of France in December.

1959

Eisenhower, Dwight D.Dwight D. Eisenhower (2)
1890–1969
Eisenhower was President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.

1960

Us Scientists !U.S. Scientists

Represented by George Beadle, Charles Draper, John Enders, Donald A. Glaser, Joshua Lederberg, Willard Libby, Linus Pauling, Edward Purcell, Isidor Rabi, Emilio Segrè, William Shockley, Edward Teller, Charles Townes, James Van Allen and Robert Woodward.

1961

Kennedy, John F.John F. Kennedy
1917–1963
Kennedy was inaugurated as President of the United States in 1961, ordering the failed invasion of Cuba by U.S.-trained Cuban exiles.

1962

John XXIII, PopePope John XXIII
1881–1963
John XXIII was head of the Roman Catholic Church from 1958 to 1963. In 1962, he volunteered as a mediator in the Cuban Missile Crisis, gaining praise from both sides. He also initiated the Second Vatican Council that same year.

1963

King Jr., Martin LutherMartin Luther King Jr.
1929–1968
A leader of the Civil Rights Movement, King delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech in 1963.

1964

Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson
1908–1973
Johnson was elected in his own right as President of the United States in 1964, before securing the passage of the Civil Rights Act, declaring a War on Poverty and escalating U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

1965

Westmoreland, WilliamWilliam Westmoreland
1914–2005
General Westmoreland was commander of U.S. forces in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

1966

Inheritor !The Inheritor

Representing a generation of American men and women, aged 25 and under.

1967

Johnson, Lyndon B.Lyndon B. Johnson (2)
1908–1973
Johnson was President of the United States from 1963 to 1969.

1968

Apollo !The Apollo 8 astronauts

In 1968, the crew of Apollo 8 (William Anders, Frank Borman and Jim Lovell) became the first humans to travel beyond low Earth orbit, orbiting the Moon and paving the way for the first manned Moon landings in 1969.

1969

Middle America !The Middle Americans

Also referred to as the silent majority.[23]

1970

Brandt, WillyWilly Brandt
1913–1992
As Chancellor of West Germany, Brandt was acknowledged for "seeking to bring about a fresh relationship between East and West" through his "bold approach to the Soviet Union and the East Bloc".[24]

1971

Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon
1913–1994
Nixon was President of the United States from 1969 to 1974.

1972

Nixon, RichardRichard Nixon (2)
1913–1994
As President of the United States, Nixon visited China in 1972, the first U.S. President to do so. Nixon later secured the SALT I pact with the Soviet Union before being re-elected in one of the largest landslide election victories in American history

Kissinger, HenryHenry Kissinger
Born in 1923
Kissinger, as Nixon's National Security Advisor, travelled with the President to China in 1972.

1973

Sirica, JohnJohn Sirica
1904–1992
In 1973, as Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Sirica ordered President Nixon to turn over Watergate-related recordings of White House conversations.

1974

Faisal !King Faisal
1906–1975
Faisal, King of Saudi Arabia, was acknowledged in the wake of the oil crisis of 1973–1974, caused by Saudi Arabia withdrawing its oil from world markets in protest at Western support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War.

1975

American women !American women

Represented by Susan Brownmiller, Kathleen Byerly, Alison Cheek, Jill Conway, Betty Ford, Ella Grasso, Carla Hills, Barbara Jordan, Billie Jean King, Carol Sutton, Susie Sharp, and Addie Wyatt.

1976

Carter, JimmyJimmy Carter
Born in 1924
In 1976, Carter was elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford.

1977

Sadat, AnwarAnwar Sadat
1918–1981
Sadat, as President of Egypt, traveled to Israel in 1977—the first Arab leader to do so—to discuss normalization of Egypt-Israel relations.

1978

Xiaoping, DengDeng Xiaoping
1904–1997
China's Vice Premier. Deng overthrew Hua Guofeng to assume de facto control over China in 1978, as Paramount Leader.

1979

Khomeini, RuhollahRuhollah Khomeini
1902–1989
Khomeini led the 1979 Iranian Revolution, establishing himself as Supreme Leader.

1980

Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan
1911–2004
Reagan was elected President of the United States in 1980, defeating incumbent President Jimmy Carter.

1981

Wałęsa, LechLech Wałęsa
Born in 1943
Leader of the Polish Solidarity trade union and architect of the Gdańsk Agreement until his arrest and the imposition of martial law in December 1981.

1982

Computer !The Computer

Denoted "Machine of the Year" to herald the dawn of the Information Age.

1983

Reagan, RonaldRonald Reagan (2)
1911–2004
In 1983, as President of the United States, Reagan ordered the invasion of Grenada and championed the Strategic Defense Initiative.

Andropov, YuriYuri Andropov
1914–1984
Andropov, as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, was a strong critic of the Strategic Defense Initiative. Andropov was hospitalized in August 1983 and subsequently died in 1984.

1984

Ueberroth, PeterPeter Ueberroth
Born in 1937
Ueberroth orchestrated the organization of the 1984 Summer Olympics, which involved a Soviet-led boycott.

1985

Xiaoping, DengDeng Xiaoping (2)
1904–1997
As Paramount Leader of China, Deng was acknowledged for "sweeping economic reforms that have challenged Marxist orthodoxies".[25]

1986

Aquino, CorazonCorazon Aquino
1933–2009
Aquino was a prominent figure in 1986's People Power Revolution, being elected President of the Philippines.

1987

Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev
Born in 1931
As General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and leader of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev oversaw Perestroika political reforms in 1987.

1988

Endangered !The Endangered Earth

Planet of the Year, involving an aspect of Mother Nature.

1989

Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev (2)
Born in 1931
Acknowledged as "Man of the Decade". Gorbachev, as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Soviet leader), oversaw 1989's first free Soviet elections before the fragmentation of the Eastern Bloc.

1990

Bush, George H. W.George H. W. Bush
Born in 1924
As President of the United States, Bush oversaw U.S. involvement in the Gulf War (1990–1991).

1991

Turner, TedTed Turner
Born in 1938
Founder of CNN. The piece particularly highlighted CNN's coverage of Operation Desert Storm and the Gulf War, proclaiming it "History as it happens".

1992

Clinton, BillBill Clinton
Born in 1946
Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent President George H. W. Bush.

1993

Peacemakers !The Peacemakers

Represented by Yasser Arafat, F. W. de Klerk, Nelson Mandela, and Yitzhak Rabin.
De Klerk, as State President of South Africa, oversaw Mandela's release from prison in 1990. The pair worked together to end the Apartheid system.
Arafat, as President of the Palestinian National Authority, and Rabin, as Prime Minister of Israel, signed the 1993 Oslo Accord, the first face-to-face agreement between Palestinian and Israeli authorities.

1994

John Paul II, PopePope John Paul II
1920–2005
Pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005.

1995

Gingrich, NewtNewt Gingrich
Born in 1943
Leader of the "Republican Revolution", a Republican party election landslide, which led to Gingrich being elected Speaker of the House.

1996

Ho, DavidDavid Ho
Born in 1952
Ho, a scientist, pioneered much AIDS research.

1997

Grove, AndrewAndrew Grove
1936–2016
In 1997, Grove was Chairman and CEO of Intel, recognized as a pioneer in the semiconductor industry.

1998

Clinton, BillBill Clinton (2)
Born in 1946
As President of the United States, Clinton was impeached in 1998 following the Lewinsky scandal. The Senate acquitted him of the charges.

Starr, KenKen Starr
Born in 1946
Starr, a lawyer investigating various figures within the Clinton administration, published his Starr Report in 1998, opening the door for the impeachment of Bill Clinton.

1999

Bezos, JeffJeff Bezos
Born in 1964
Bezos is founder and CEO of Amazon.com.

2000

Bush, George W.George W. Bush
Born in 1946
In 2000, Bush was elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent Vice President Al Gore.

2001

Giuliani, RudyRudy Giuliani
Born in 1944
Giuliani was Mayor of New York City at the time of the September 11 attacks in 2001, was selected as a symbol of America's response to the attacks.

2002

Whistleblowers !The Whistleblowers

Represented by Cynthia Cooper, Coleen Rowley and Sherron Watkins.
In 2001, Watkins uncovered accounting irregularities in the financial reports of Enron, testifying before Congressional committees the following year. In 2002, Cooper exposed a $3.8 billion fraud at WorldCom. At the time, this was the largest incident of accounting fraud in U.S. history. In 2002, Rowley, an FBI agent, gave testimony about the FBI's mishandling of information related to the September 11 attacks of 2001.

2003

American soldier !The American soldier (2)

Representing U.S. forces around the world, especially in the Iraq War (2003–2011).

2004

Bush, George W.George W. Bush (2)
Born in 1946
In 2004, Bush was re-elected President of the United States, overseeing U.S. involvement in the Iraq War.

2005

Good Samaritans !The Good Samaritans

Represented by Bono, Bill Gates and Melinda Gates.
Bono, philanthropist and member of the rock band U2, helped to organise the 2005 Live 8 concerts. Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft and richest person in the world, and his wife Melinda, founded the philanthropic Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

2006

You !You[10]

Representing individual content creators on the World Wide Web.

4 runners-up[show]

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Hu Jintao
Kim Jong-il
James Baker
[26]

2007

Putin, VladimirVladimir Putin[27]
Born in 1952
In 2007, Putin was serving as President of Russia.

4 runners-up[show]

Al Gore
J. K. Rowling
Hu Jintao
David Petraeus
[28]

2008

Obama, BarackBarack Obama[29]
Born in 1961
In 2008, Obama was elected President of the United States, defeating John McCain.

4 runners-up[show]

Henry Paulson
Nicolas Sarkozy
Sarah Palin
Zhang Yimou
[30]

2009

Bernanke, BenBen Bernanke[31]
Born in 1953
Chairman of the Federal Reserve during the Financial crisis of 2007–08.

4 runners-up[show]

Stanley McChrystal
The Chinese Worker
Nancy Pelosi
Usain Bolt
[32]

2010

Zuckerberg, MarkMark Zuckerberg[33]
Born in 1984
Founder of social-networking website Facebook.

4 runners-up[show]

The Tea Party
Hamid Karzai
Julian Assange
The Chilean Miners
[34]

2011

Protester !The Protester[35]

Representing many global protest movements — for example, the Arab Spring, the Indignants Movement, the Occupy Movement and the Tea Party movement — as well as protests in Chile, Greece, India and Russia among others.

4 runners-up[show]

William McRaven
Ai Weiwei
Paul Ryan
Kate Middleton
[36]

2012

Obama, BarackBarack Obama (2)[37]
Born in 1961
In 2012, Obama was re-elected President of the United States, defeating Mitt Romney.

8 runners-up[show]

Marissa Mayer
Mohammed Morsi
Undocumented Americans
Bill and Hillary Clinton
Malala Yousafzai
Tim Cook
The Higgs boson
Fabiola Gianotti
[38]

2013

Francis, PopePope Francis[39]
Born in 1936
Elected head of the Roman Catholic Church in 2013, following the resignation of Pope Benedict XVI.

9 runners-up[show]

Bashar Assad
Jeff Bezos
Ted Cruz
Miley Cyrus
Barack Obama
Hassan Rouhani
Kathleen Sebelius
Edward Snowden
Edith Windsor
[40]

2014

Ebola !Ebola fighters[41]

"Ebola fighters" refers to health care workers who helped stop the spread of Ebola virus disease during the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa, including not only doctors and nurses, but also ambulance attendants, burial parties and others.[42]
Represented on the covers by Dr. Jerry Brown, the medical director at the Eternal Love Winning Africa Hospital in Monrovia, Liberia,[43][44] Dr. Kent Brantly, a physician with Samaritan's Purse and the first American to be infected in the 2014 outbreak,[44][45] Ella Watson-Stryker, a health promoter for Doctors Without Borders who is originally from the United States,[44][46] Foday Gallah, an ambulance supervisor and Ebola survivor from Monrovia, Liberia,[44][47] and Salome Karwah, a trainee nurse and counselor from Liberia whose parents died of Ebola,[44][48] as well as others mentioned in the article itself, such as Dr. Pardis Sabeti from the Broad Institute.

7 runners-up[show]

The Ferguson protesters
Vladimir Putin
Taylor Swift
Jack Ma
Tim Cook
Masoud Barzani
Roger Goodell
[49]

2015

Merkel, AngelaAngela Merkel
Born in 1954
Chancellor of Germany since 2005, recognized for leadership in the Greek debt crisis and European migrant crisis.[50]

7 runners-up[show]

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Black Lives Matter activists
Caitlyn Jenner
Travis Kalanick
Vladimir Putin
Hassan Rouhani
Donald Trump
[51]

2016

Trump, DonaldDonald Trump
Born in 1946
In 2016, Trump was elected President of the United States, defeating Hillary Clinton.

10 runners-up[show]

Simone Biles
Hillary Clinton
CRISPR scientists
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Nigel Farage
The Flint Whistleblowers
Beyoncé Knowles
Narendra Modi
Vladimir Putin
Mark Zuckerberg
[52]

2017

Silence Breakers !The Silence Breakers

The people who spoke out against sexual abuse and harassment, including the figureheads of the Me Too movement. Represented on the cover by strawberry picker Isabel Pascual (pseudonym), lobbyist Adama Iwu, actress Ashley Judd, software engineer Susan Fowler, singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, and a sixth woman, a hospital worker who wished to remain anonymous and whose face cannot be seen. The feature also specifically spotlights, in order, actress Alyssa Milano, activist Tarana Burke, actress Selma Blair, the seven plaintiffs in a lawsuit against the Plaza Hotel, politician Sara Gelser, entrepreneur Lindsay Meyer, dishwasher Sandra Pezqueda, actress Rose McGowan, psychotherapist and writer Wendy Walsh, blogger Lindsey Reynolds, housekeeper Juana Melara, journalist Sandra Muller, actor Terry Crews, University of Rochester professors Celeste Kidd and Jessica Cantlon, journalist Megyn Kelly, journalist Jane Merrick, producer Zelda Perkins, European Parliament member Terry Reintke, charity worker Bex Bailey, art curator Amanda Schmitt, filmmaker Blaise Godbe Lipman, and an anonymous former office assistant. [53][54]

6 runners-up[show]

Donald Trump[b]
Xi Jinping
Robert Mueller
Kim Jong-un
Colin Kaepernick
Patty Jenkins
[56]

tag: table