document_title: Sensory memory

question_text: this is a sensory memory that contain mental traces of sound

text: Sensory memory

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: SM is considered to be outside of cognitive control and is instead an automatic response. The information represented in SM is the "raw data" which provides a snapshot of a person's overall sensory experience. Common features between each sensory modality have been identified; however, as experimental techniques advance, exceptions and additions to these general characteristics will surely evolve. The auditory store, echoic memory, for example, has been shown to have a temporal characteristic in which the timing and tempo of a presented stimulus affects transfer into more stable forms of memory.[4] Four common features have been identified for all forms of SM:[4]

text:
The formation of a SM trace is only weakly dependent on attention to the stimulus.[5]
The information stored in SM is modality specific. This means for example, that echoic memory is for the exclusive storage of auditory information, and haptic memory is for the exclusive storage of tactile information.
Each SM store represents an immense amount of detail resulting in very high resolution of information.
Each SM store is very brief and lasts a very short period of time. Once the SM trace has decayed or is replaced by a new memory, the information stored is no longer accessible and is ultimately lost. All SM stores have slightly different durations which is discussed in more detail on their respective pages.

tag: ol

text: It is widely accepted that all forms of SM are very brief in duration; however, the approximated duration of each memory store is not static. Iconic memory, for example, holds visual information for approximately 250 milliseconds.[6] The SM is made up of spatial or categorical stores of different kinds of information, each subject to different rates of information processing and decay. The visual sensory store has a relatively high capacity, with the ability to hold up to 12 items.[7] Genetics also play a role in SM capacity; mutations to the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a nerve growth factor, and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, responsible for synaptic plasticity, decrease iconic and echoic memory capacities respectively.[8][9]

text: Types[edit]

text: Iconic memory[edit]

text: Iconic memory. The mental representation of the visual stimuli are referred to as icons (fleeting images.) Iconic memory was the first sensory store to be investigated with experiments dating back as far as 1740. One of the earliest investigations into this phenomenon was by Ján Andrej Segner, a German physicist and mathematician. In his experiment, Segner attached a glowing coal to a cart wheel and rotated the wheel at increasing speed until an unbroken circle of light was perceived by the observer. He calculated that the glowing coal needed to make a complete circle in under 100ms to achieve this effect, which he determined was the duration of this visual memory store. In 1960, George Sperling conducted a study where participants were shown a set of letters for a brief amount of time and were asked to recall the letters they were shown afterwards. Participants were less likely to recall more letters when asked about the whole group of letters, but recalled more when asked about specific subgroups of the whole. These findings suggest that iconic memory in humans has a large capacity, but decays very rapidly [10]. In a 2001 experiment, Vogel et al. presented a display of between 3 and 12 objects. After 900ms, a second display was presented that was either the same or had one object changed. The result was that the participants ability to decide if the two displays were identical was almost perfect with four objects, but steadily declined as the number of items in the display increased above four. This determined the capacity to be around four items.[11] Another study set out to test the idea that visual sensory memory consists of coarse-grained and fine-grained memory traces using a mathematical model to quantify each. The study suggested that the dual-trace model of visual memory out performed single-trace models [12].

text: Echoic memory[edit]

text: Echoic memory represents SM for the auditory sense of hearing. Auditory information travels as sound waves which are sensed by hair cells in the ears. Information is sent to and processed in the temporal lobe. The echoic sensory store holds information for 2–3 seconds to allow for proper processing. The first studies of echoic memory came shortly after Sperling investigated iconic memory using an adapted partial report paradigm.[13] Today, characteristics of echoic memory have been found mainly using a mismatch negativity (MMN) paradigm which utilizes EEG and MEG recordings.[14] MMN has been used to identify some of the key roles of echoic memory such as change detection and language acquisition. Change detection, or the ability to detect an unusual or possibly dangerous change in the environment independent of attention, is key to the survival of an organism.[14] One study focusing on echoic sensory changes suggested that when a sound is presented to a subject, it is enough to shape an echoic memory trace that can be compared to a physically different sound. Change-related cortical responses were detected in the superior temporal gyrus using EEG [15]. With regards to language, a characteristic of children who begin speaking late in development is reduced duration of echoic memory.[16] In short, "Echoic memory is a fast-decaying store of auditory information."[17] In the case of damage to or lesions developing on the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, or hippocampus, echoic memory will likely be shortened and/or have a slower reaction time.[18]

text: Haptic memory[edit]

text: Haptic memory represents SM for the tactile sense of touch. Sensory receptors all over the body detect sensations such as pressure, itching, and pain. Information from receptors travel through afferent neurons in the spinal cord to the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe in the brain. This pathway comprises the somatosensory system. Evidence for haptic memory has only recently been identified resulting in a small body of research regarding its role, capacity, and duration.[19] Already however, fMRI studies have revealed that specific neurons in the prefrontal cortex are involved in both SM, and motor preparation which provides a crucial link to haptic memory and its role in motor responses.[20]

text: Relationship with other memory systems[edit]

text: SM is not involved in higher cognitive functions such as consolidation of memory traces or comparison of information.[21] Likewise, the capacity and duration of SM cannot be influenced by top-down control; a person cannot consciously think or choose what information is stored in SM, or how long it will be stored for.[4] The role of SM is to provide a detailed representation of our entire sensory experience for which relevant pieces of information can be extracted by short-term memory (STM) and processed by working memory (WM).[2] STM is capable of storing information for 10–15 seconds without rehearsal while working memory actively processes, manipulates, and controls the information. Information from STM can then be consolidated into long-term memory where memories can last a lifetime. The transfer of SM to STM is the first step in the Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model which proposes a structure of memory.


document_title: Lee–Enfield

question_text: when was the lee enfield rifle first used

question_tokens: when was the lee enfield rifle first used

root

text: Lee–Enfield

text: Design and history[edit]

text: The Lee–Enfield rifle was derived from the earlier Lee–Metford, a mechanically similar black-powder rifle, which combined James Paris Lee's rear-locking bolt system that had a barrel featuring rifling designed by William Ellis Metford. The Lee action cocked the striker on the closing stroke of the bolt, making the initial opening much faster and easier compared to the "cock on opening" (i.e., the firing pin cocks upon opening the bolt) of the Mauser Gewehr 98 design. The bolt has a relatively short bolt throw and features rear-mounted lugs and the bolt operating handle places the bolt knob just rearwards of the trigger at a favourable ergonomic position close to the operator's hand. The action features helical locking surfaces (the technical term is interrupted threading). This means that final head space is not achieved until the bolt handle is turned down all the way. The British probably used helical locking lugs to allow for chambering imperfect or dirty ammunition and that the closing cam action is distributed over the entire mating faces of both bolt and receiver lugs. This is one reason the bolt closure feels smooth. The rifle was also equipped with a detachable sheet-steel, 10-round, double-column magazine, a very modern development in its day. Originally, the concept of a detachable magazine was opposed in some British Army circles, as some feared that the private soldier might be likely to lose the magazine during field campaigns. Early models of the Lee–Metford and Lee–Enfield even used a short length of chain to secure the magazine to the rifle.[11] To further facilitate rapid aimed fire the rifle can be cycled by most riflemen without loss of sight picture.

tag: p

text: These design features facilitate rapid cycling and fire compared to other bolt-action designs like the Mauser.[5] The Lee bolt-action and 10-round magazine capacity enabled a well-trained rifleman to perform the "mad minute" firing 20 to 30 aimed rounds in 60 seconds, making the Lee–Enfield the fastest military bolt-action rifle of the day. The current world record for aimed bolt-action fire was set in 1914 by a musketry instructor in the British Army—Sergeant Instructor Snoxall—who placed 38 rounds into a 12-inch-wide (300 mm) target at 300 yards (270 m) in one minute.[12] Some straight-pull bolt-action rifles were thought faster, but lacked the simplicity, reliability, and generous magazine capacity of the Lee–Enfield. Several First World War accounts tell of British troops repelling German attackers who subsequently reported that they had encountered machine guns, when in fact it was simply a group of well-trained riflemen armed with SMLE Mk III rifles.[13][14]

text: The Lee–Enfield was adapted to fire the .303 British service cartridge, a rimmed, high-powered rifle round. Experiments with smokeless powder in the existing Lee–Metford cartridge seemed at first to be a simple upgrade, but the greater heat and pressure generated by the new smokeless powder wore away the shallow, rounded, Metford rifling after approximately 6000 rounds.[4] Replacing this with a new square-shaped rifling system designed at the Royal Small Arms Factory (RSAF) Enfield solved the problem, and the Lee–Enfield was born.[4]

text: Models/marks of Lee–Enfield rifle and service periods[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Model/Mark

In service

Magazine Lee–Enfield

1895–1926

Charger Loading Lee–Enfield

1906–1926

Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk I

1904–1926

Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk II

1906–1927

Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III/III*

1907–present

Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk V

1922–1924 (trials only; 20,000 produced)

Rifle No. 1 Mk VI

1930 (trials only; 1,025 produced and leftover parts assembled into rifles early in WWII)

Rifle No. 4 Mk I

1931–present (2,500 trials examples produced in the 1930s, then mass production from mid-1941 onwards)

Rifle No. 4 Mk I*

1942–present

Rifle No 5 Mk I "Jungle Carbine"

1944–present (produced 1944–1947) BSA-Shirley produced 81,329 rifles and ROF Fazakerley 169,807 rifles.

Rifle No. 4 Mk 2

1949–present

Rifle 7.62 mm 2A

1964–present

Rifle 7.62 mm 2A1

1965–present

text: Magazine Lee–Enfield[edit]

text: The Lee–Enfield rifle was introduced in November 1895 as the .303 calibre, Rifle, Magazine, Lee–Enfield,[4] or more commonly Magazine Lee–Enfield, or MLE (sometimes spoken as "emily" instead of M, L, E). The next year, a shorter version was introduced as the Lee–Enfield Cavalry Carbine Mk I, or LEC, with a 21.2-inch (540 mm) barrel as opposed to the 30.2-inch (770 mm) one in the "long" version.[4] Both underwent a minor upgrade series in 1899 (the omission of the cleaning / clearing rod), becoming the Mk I*.[15] Many LECs (and LMCs in smaller numbers) were converted to special patterns, namely the New Zealand Carbine and the Royal Irish Constabulary Carbine, or NZ and RIC carbines, respectively.[16] Some of the MLEs (and MLMs) were converted to load from chargers, and designated Charger Loading Lee–Enfields, or CLLEs.[17]

text: Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk I[edit]

text: A shorter and lighter version of the original MLE—the famous Rifle, Short, Magazine, Lee–Enfield, or SMLE (sometimes spoken as "Smelly", rather than S, M, L, E)[8]—was introduced on 1 January 1904.[18] The barrel was now halfway in length between the original long rifle and the carbine, at 25.2 inches (640 mm).[18]

text: The SMLE's visual trademark was its blunt nose, with only the bayonet boss protruding a small fraction of an inch beyond the nosecap, being modelled on the Swedish Model 1894 Cavalry Carbine. The new rifle also incorporated a charger loading system,[19] another innovation borrowed from the Mauser rifle'[20] and is notably different from the fixed "bridge" that later became the standard, being a charger clip (stripper clip) guide on the face of the bolt head. The shorter length was controversial at the time: many Rifle Association members and gunsmiths were concerned that the shorter barrel would not be as accurate as the longer MLE barrels, that the recoil would be much greater, and the sighting radius would be too short.[21]

text: Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III[edit]

text: The iconic Lee–Enfield rifle, the SMLE Mk III, was introduced on 26 January 1907, along with a Pattern 1907 (P'07) sword bayonet and featured a simplified rear sight arrangement and a fixed, rather than a bolt-head-mounted sliding, charger guide.[8] The design of the handguards and the magazine were also improved, and the chamber was adapted to fire the new Mk VII High Velocity spitzer .303 ammunition. Many early model rifles, of Magazine Lee–Enfield (MLE), Magazine Lee–Metford (MLM), and SMLE type, were upgraded to the Mk III standard. These are designated Mk IV Cond., with various asterisks denoting subtypes.[22]

text: During the First World War, the SMLE Mk III was found to be too complicated to manufacture (an SMLE Mk III rifle cost the British Government £3/15/–) and demand was outstripping supply, so in late 1915 the Mk III* was introduced, which incorporated several changes, the most prominent of which were the deletion of the magazine cut-off mechanism, which when engaged permits the feeding and extraction of single cartridges only while keeping the cartridges in the magazine in reserve, and the long-range volley sights.[20][22][23][24] The windage adjustment of the rear sight was also dispensed with, and the cocking piece was changed from a round knob to a serrated slab.[24] Rifles with some or all of these features present are found, as the changes were implemented at different times in different factories and as stocks of existing parts were used.[25] The magazine cut-off was reinstated after the First World War ended and not entirely dispensed with in manufacturing until 1933 and some cut-offs remained on rifles so-equipped into the 1960s.[24]

text: The inability of the principal manufacturers (RSAF Enfield, The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited and London Small Arms Co. Ltd) to meet military production demands, led to the development of the "peddled scheme", which contracted out the production of whole rifles and rifle components to several shell companies.[26]

text: The SMLE Mk III* (renamed Rifle No.1 Mk III* in 1926) saw extensive service throughout the Second World War as well, especially in the North African, Italian, Pacific and Burmese theatres in the hands of British and Commonwealth forces. Australia and India retained and manufactured the SMLE Mk III* as their standard-issue rifle during the conflict, and the rifle remained in Australian military service through the Korean War, until it was replaced by the L1A1 SLR in the late 1950s.[27] The Lithgow Small Arms Factory finally ceased production of the SMLE Mk III* in 1953.[22]

text: The Rifle Factory Ishapore at Ishapore in India produced the MkIII* in .303 British and then upgraded the manufactured strength by heat treatment of the receiver and bolt to fire 7.62×51mm NATO ammunition, the model 2A, which retained the 2000 yard rear sight as the metric conversion of distance was very close to the flatter trajectory of the new ammunition nature, then changed the rear sight to 800 m with a re-designation to model 2A1. Manufactured until at least the 1980s and continues to produce a sporting rifle based on the MkIII* action.

text: Pattern 1913 Enfield[edit]

text: Due to the poor performance of the .303 British cartridge during the Second Boer War from 1899–1902, the British attempted to replace the round and the Lee–Enfield rifle that fired it. The main deficiency of the rounds at the time was that they used heavy, round-nosed bullets that had low muzzle velocities and poor ballistic performance. The 7mm Mauser rounds fired from the Mauser Model 1895 rifle had a higher velocity, flatter trajectory and longer range, making them superior on the open country of the South African plains. Work on a long-range replacement cartridge began in 1910 and resulted in the .276 Enfield in 1912. A new rifle based on the Mauser design was created to fire the round, called the Pattern 1913 Enfield. Although the .276 Enfield had better ballistics, troop trials in 1913 revealed problems including excessive recoil, muzzle flash, barrel wear and overheating. Attempts were made to find a cooler-burning propellant, but further trials were halted in 1914 by the onset of World War I. This proved fortunate for the Lee–Enfield, as wartime demand and the improved Mk VII loading of the .303 round caused it to be retained for service.[28]

text: Pattern 1914/US M1917[edit]

text: The Pattern 1914 Enfield and M1917 Enfield rifles are based on the Enfield-designed P1913, itself a Mauser 98 derivative and not based on the Lee action, and are not part of the Lee–Enfield family of rifles, although they are frequently assumed to be.[29]

text: Inter-war period[edit]

text: In 1926, the British Army changed their nomenclature; the SMLE became known as the Rifle No. 1 Mk III or III*, with the original MLE and LEC becoming obsolete along with the earlier SMLE models.[30] Many Mk III and III* rifles were converted to .22 rimfire calibre training rifles, and designated Rifle No. 2, of varying marks. (The Pattern 1914 became the Rifle No. 3.)[30]

text: The SMLE design was a relatively expensive long arm to manufacture, because of the many forging and machining operations required. In the 1920s, a series of experiments resulting in design changes were carried out to help with these problems, reducing the number of complex parts and refining manufacturing processes. The SMLE Mk V (later Rifle No. 1 Mk V), adopted a new receiver-mounted aperture sighting system, which moved the rear sight from its former position on the barrel.[31] The increased gap resulted in an improved sighting radius, improving sighting accuracy and the aperture improved speed of sighting over various distances. In the stowed position, a fixed distance aperture battle sight calibrated for 300 yd (274 m) protruded saving further precious seconds when laying the sight to a target. An alternative developed during this period was to be used on the No. 4 variant, a "battle sight" was developed that allowed for two set distances of 300 yards and 600 yards to be quickly deployed and was cheaper to produce than the "ladder sight". The magazine cutoff was also reintroduced and an additional band was added near the muzzle for additional strength during bayonet use.[31] The design was found to be even more complicated and expensive to manufacture than the Mk III and was not developed or issued, beyond a trial production of about 20,000 rifles between 1922 and 1924 at RSAF Enfield.[31]

text: Lee–Enfield No. 1 Mk V[edit]

text: Long before the No. 4 Mk I, Britain had obviously settled on the rear aperture sight prior to WWI, with modifications to the SMLE being tested as early as 1911, as well as later on the No. 1 Mk III pattern rifle. These unusual rifles have something of a mysterious service history, but represent a missing link in SMLE development. The primary distinguishing feature of the No. 1 Mk V is the rear aperture sight. Like the No. 1 Mk III* it lacked a volley sight and had the wire loop in place of the sling swivel at the front of magazine well along with the simplified cocking piece. The Mk V did retain a magazine cut-off, but without a spotting hole, the piling swivel was kept attached to a forward barrel band, which was wrapped over and attached to the rear of the nose cap to reinforce the rifle for use with the standard Pattern 1907 bayonet. Other distinctive features include a nose cap screw was slotted for the width of a coin for easy removal, a safety lever on the left side of the receiver was slightly modified with a unique angular groove pattern, and the two-piece hand guard being extended from the nose cap to the receiver, omitting the barrel mounted leaf sight. No. 1 Mk V rifles were manufactured solely by R.S.A.F. Enfield from 1922–1924, with a total production of roughly 20,000 rifles, all of which marked with a "V".

text: The No. 1 Mk VI also introduced a heavier "floating barrel" that was independent of the forearm, allowing the barrel to expand and contract without contacting the forearm and interfering with the 'zero', the correlation between the alignment of the barrel and the sights. The floating barrel increased the accuracy of the rifle by allowing it to vibrate freely and consistently, whereas wooden forends in contact with barrels, if not properly fitted, affected the harmonic vibrations of the barrel. The receiver-mounted rear sights and magazine cutoff were also present and 1,025 units were produced in the 1930 period.[32]

text: Rifle No. 4[edit]

text: In the early 1930s, a batch of 2,500 No. 4 Mk. I rifles were made for Trials. These were similar to the No. 1 Mk. VI but had a flat left side and did away with the chequering on the furniture. Observed examples are dated 1931 and 1933. Roughly 1,400 of these were converted to No. 4 MK. I (T) sniper rifles in 1941–1942 at RSAF Enfield.

text:
By the late 1930s, the need for new rifles grew and the Rifle, No. 4 Mk I was officially adopted in 1941.[33] The No. 4 action was similar to the Mk VI, but stronger and most importantly, easier to mass-produce.[34] Unlike the SMLE, that had a nose cap, the No 4 Lee–Enfield barrel protruded from the end of the forestock. The charger bridge was no longer rounded for easier machining.
The iron sight line was redesigned and featured a rear receiver aperture battle sight calibrated for 300 yd (274 m) with an additional ladder aperture sight that could be flipped up and was calibrated for 200–1,300 yd (183–1,189 m) in 100 yd (91 m) increments. This sight line like other aperture sight lines proved to be faster and more accurate than the typical mid-barrel rear sight elements sight lines offered by Mauser, previous Lee–Enfields or the Buffington battle sight of the 1903 Springfield.

text: The No. 4 rifle was heavier than the No. 1 Mk. III, largely due to its heavier barrel. A new bayonet was designed to go with the rifle: a spike bayonet, which was essentially a steel rod with a sharp point and was nicknamed "pigsticker" by soldiers.[34] Towards the end of the Second World War, a bladed bayonet was developed, originally intended for use with the Sten gun—but sharing the same mount as the No. 4's spike bayonet—and subsequently the No. 7 and No. 9 blade bayonets were issued for use with the No. 4 rifle as well.[35]

text: During the course of the Second World War, the No. 4 rifle was further simplified for mass-production with the creation of the No. 4 Mk I* in 1942, with the bolt release catch replaced by a simpler notch on the bolt track of the rifle's receiver.[36] It was produced only in North America, by Small Arms Limited at Long Branch in Canada and Stevens-Savage Firearms in the USA.[36] The No.4 Mk I rifle was primarily produced for the United Kingdom.[37]

text: In the years after the Second World War, the British produced the No. 4 Mk 2 (Arabic numerals replaced Roman numerals for official designations in 1944) rifle, a refined and improved No. 4 rifle with the trigger hung forward from the butt collar and not from the trigger guard, beech wood stocks (with the original reinforcing strap and centre piece of wood in the rear of the forestock on the No.4 Mk I/Mk I* being removed in favour of a tie screw and nut) and brass buttplates (during World War II, the British replaced the brass buttplates on the No.4 rifles with zinc alloy (Zamak) ones to reduce costs and to speed up rifle production).[38] With the introduction of the No. 4 Mk 2 rifle, the British refurbished many of their existing stocks of No. 4 rifles and brought them up to the same standard as the No. 4 Mk 2.[39] No. 4 Mk 1 rifles so upgraded were re-designated No. 4 Mk I/2, whilst No. 4 Mk I* rifles that were brought up to Mk 2 standard were re-designated No. 4 Mk I/3.[36]

text: Rifle No. 5 Mk I—the "Jungle Carbine"[edit]

text: Later in the war, the need for a shorter, lighter rifle forced the development of the Rifle, No. 5 Mk I (the "Jungle Carbine").[40] With a cut-down stock, a prominent flash hider, and a "lightening-cut" receiver machined to remove all unnecessary metal, reduced barrel length of 18.8 in (478 mm) the No. 5 was shorter and 2 lb (0.9 kg) lighter. Despite a rubber butt-pad, the .303 round produced excessive recoil due to the shorter barrel. It was unsuitable for general issue and production ceased in 1947, due to an "inherent fault in the design", often claimed to be a "wandering zero" and accuracy problems.[41]

text: The No. 5 iron sight line was similar to the No. 4 Mark I and featured a rear receiver aperture battle sight calibrated for 300 yd (274 m) with an additional ladder aperture sight that could be flipped up and was calibrated for 200–800 yd (183–732 m) in 100 yd (91 m) increments. The No. 5 Mk I was popular with soldiers owing to its light weight, portability and shorter length than a standard Lee–Enfield rifle.[42] The No. 5 was first issued to the British 1st Airborne Division and used during their liberation of Denmark and Norway in 1945. BSA-Shirley, Birmingham produced 81,329 rifles and ROF Fazakerley, Liverpool 169,807 rifles. It was equipped with a No. 5 Mk. I blade bayonet which had a large muzzle ring to fit over the flash hider. The No. 7 Mk. I/L bayonet, which has a rotating handle and a large ring on the cross-guard was not for the No. 5 Mk. I rifle as many collectors believe.

text: An Australian experimental version of the No. 5 Mk I, designated Rifle, No. 6, Mk I[43] was also developed, using an SMLE MK III* as a starting point (as opposed to the No. 4 Mk I used to develop the No. 5 Mk I). The Australian military were not permitted to manufacture the No. 4 Mk I, because the Lithgow Small Arms Factory was producing the SMLE Mk III. The No. 6 Mk I never entered full production and examples are rare and valuable to collectors.[40] A "Shortened and Lightened" version of the SMLE Mk III* rifle was also tested by the Australian military and a very small number were manufactured at SAF Lithgow during the course of the Second World War.[44]

text: The term "Jungle Carbine" was popularised in the 1950s by the Santa Fe Arms Corporation, a U.S. importer who refurbished many surplus rifles, converting many of the No. 4 marks, in the hope of increasing sales of a rifle that had little U.S. market penetration. It was never an official military designation but British and Commonwealth troops serving in the Burmese and Pacific theatres during World War II had been known to unofficially refer to the No. 5 Mk I as a "Jungle Carbine".[40] The No. 4 and No. 5 rifles served in Korea (as did the No.1 Mk III* SMLE and sniper 'T' variants, mostly with Australian troops).[8]

text: Lee–Enfield conversions and training models[edit]

text: Sniper rifles[edit]

text: During both World Wars and the Korean War, a number of Lee–Enfield rifles were modified for use as sniper rifles. The Australian Army modified 1,612[45] Lithgow SMLE No. 1 Mk. III* rifles by adding a heavy target barrel, cheek-piece, and a World War I era Pattern 1918 telescope, creating the SMLE No. 1 Mk. III* (HT). (HT standing for "Heavy Barrel, Telescopic Sight),[8] which saw service in the Second World War, Korea, and Malaya and was used for Sniper Training through to the late 1970s.[46] There is evidence that some SMLE No. 1 Mk. III* (HT) sniper rifles were used by Australian forces during the later stages of the Vietnam War.[citation needed]

text: During the Second World War, standard No. 4 rifles, selected for their accuracy during factory tests, were modified by the addition of a wooden cheek rising-piece, and telescopic sight mounts designed to accept a No. 32 3.5× telescopic sight.[47] These rifles were designated as the No. 4 Mk. I (T). The accuracy requirement was ability to place 7 of 7 shots in a 5 inches (12.7 cm) circle at 200 yards (183 m) and 6 of 7 shots in a 10 inches (25.4 cm) circle at 400 yards (366 m). The wooden cheek-piece was attached with two screws. The rear "battle sight" was ground off to make room to attach the No. 32 telescope sight to the left side of the receiver. Each No. 32 and its bracket (mount) were matched and serial numbered to a specific rifle.[48]

text: In British service, the No. 32 telescope progressed through three marks with the Mk. I introduced in 1942, the Mk. II in 1943 and finally the Mk. III (Mk. 3) in 1944. A transitional model the No. 32 Mk. 2/1 was also made. The Canadian scopes made by Research Enterprises Limited and were prefixed with a letter C and went through C no. 32 Mk. I, Mk. I A (a transitional model), Mk. II and Mk. 3.  Many Mk. 3s and Mk. 2/1s (Mk. 2s Modified to Mk. 3 standard) were later modified for use with the 7.62×51mm NATO L42A1 Sniper Rifle. They were then known by the designation Telescope Straight, Sighting L1A1.

text: Initial production was 1,403 conversions of 1931–1933 troop trials No. 4 Mk. I rifles at RSAF Enfield and a few others including Stevens-Savage No. 4s. These were converted in late 1941 and into the later part of 1942. Then, the work was assigned to Holland & Holland, the famous British sporting gun manufacturers, which converted about 23,000 No. 4 Mk. I (T) and No. 4 Mk. I* (T) sniper rifles. The Holland & Holland conversions usually have the contractor code "S51" on the underside of the buttstock. BSA Shirley undertook 100 conversions to .22". James Purdey and Sons fitted special buttstocks later in the war. About 3,000 rifles, mostly Stevens-Savage, appear to have been partially converted by Holland & Holland but never received brackets, scopes of the final "T" mark. Canada converted about 1,588 rifles at Small Arms Limited (to the end of 1945) and, in 1946, at Canadian Arsenals Limited. Both were located at Long Branch, Ontario. Most of the Canadian made No.4 Mk.I* (T) sniper equipments went into British service. The No.4 (T) rifles were extensively employed in various conflicts until the late 1960s.

text: The British military switched over to the 7.62×51mm NATO round in the 1950s; starting in 1970, over 1,000 of the No. 4 Mk I (T) and No. 4 Mk. I* (T) sniper rifles were converted to this new calibre and designated L42A1.[38] The L42A1 sniper rifle continued as the British Army's standard sniper weapon being phased out by 1993, and replaced by Accuracy International's L96.[49]

text: .22 training rifles[edit]

text: Numbers of Lee–Enfield rifles were converted to .22 calibre training rifles,[50] in order to teach cadets and new recruits the various aspects of shooting, firearms safety, and marksmanship at a markedly reduced cost per round. Initially, rifles were converted from obsolete Magazine Lee–Metford and Magazine Lee–Enfield rifles[51][52] but from the First World War onwards SMLE rifles were used instead. These were known as .22 Pattern 1914 Short Rifles[53] during The First World War and Rifle, No. 2 Mk. IV[54] from 1921 onwards.[55] They were generally single-shot affairs, originally using Morris tubes chambered for cheap .22L cartridge and some larger types, circa 1907. Some were later modified with special adaptors to enable magazine loading. In 1914, Enfield produced complete .22 barrels and bolts specifically for converting .303 units, and these soon became the most common conversion. A five-round .22 cal 'Parker-Hiscock' magazine was also developed and in service for a relatively short period during the later period of the First World War, but was subsequently withdrawn from issue due to reliability problems with its quite complicated loading and feeding mechanism.[56][57] No. 2 Mk. IV rifles are externally identical to a .303 calibre SMLE Mk III* rifle, the only difference being the .22 calibre barrel, empty magazine case, bolthead and extractor which have been modified to fire .22 calibre rimfire cartridges.[58]

text: After the Second World War, the Rifle, No. 7, Rifle, No. 8 and Rifle, No. 9, all .22 rimfire trainers and/or target rifles based on the Lee action, were adopted or in use with Cadet units and target shooters throughout the Commonwealth, the No.8 as of 2017 has been replaced among cadet forces due to obsolescence.[59][60]

text: In Britain, a .22RF version of the No.5 Rifle was prototyped by BSA and trialled with a view to it becoming the British Service training rifle when the .303"CF No.5 was initially mooted as being a potential replacement for the No.4 Rifle.[61]

text: The C No.7 22" MK.I rifle is a .22 single shot, manually fed, training version of the No.4 Mk I* rifle manufactured at Long Branch.[62] Production of this model was 1944–1946 and a few in 1950 to 1953.[63]

text: Muskets and shotguns[edit]

text: Conversion of rifles to smoothbored guns was carried out in several locations, at various times, for varying reasons.

text: SAF Lithgow, in Australia, produced shotguns based on the MkIII action under the "Slazenger" name, chambering the common commercial .410 shotgun shell.[64] Commercial gunsmiths in Australia and Britain converted both MkIII and No4 rifles to .410 shotguns. These conversions were prompted by firearms legislation that made possession of a rifle chambered in a military cartridge both difficult and expensive. Smoothbored shotguns could be legally held with far less trouble.

text: RFI, in India, converted a large number of MkIII rifles to single shot muskets, chambered for the .410 Indian Musket cartridge. These conversions were for issue to police and prison guards, to provide a firearm with a much-reduced power and range in comparison to the .303 cartridge. A further likely consideration was the difficulty of obtaining replacement ammunition in the event of the rifle's theft or the carrier's desertion.

text: While British and Australian conversions were to the standard commercially available .410 shotgun cartridge (though of varying chamber lengths) the Indian conversions have been the source of considerable confusion. The Indian conversions were originally chambered for the .410 Indian Musket cartridge, which is based on the .303 British cartridge, and will not chamber the common .410 shotgun cartridge. Many of these muskets were rechambered, after being sold as surplus, and can now be used with commercially available ammunition. Unmodified muskets require handloading of ammunition, as the .410 Indian Musket cartridge was not commercially distributed and does not appear to have been manufactured since the 1950s.

text: Numerous attempts have been made to convert the various single-shot .410 shotgun models to a bolt-action repeating model by removing the wooden magazine plug and replacing it with a standard 10-round SMLE magazine. None of these is known to have been successful,[65] though some owners have adapted 3-round magazines for Savage and Stevens shotguns to function in a converted SMLE shotgun, or even placing such a magazine inside a gutted SMLE magazine.

text: Civilian conversions and variants[edit]

text: From the late 1940s, legislation in New South Wales, Australia, heavily restricted .303 British calibre (and other "military calibre") rifles,[66] so large numbers of SMLEs were converted to "wildcat" calibres such as .303/25, .303/22, .303/270 and the popular 7.7×54mm round.[67] 303/25 calibre sporterised SMLEs are very common in Australia today, although ammunition for them has been very scarce since the 1980s.[66] The restrictions placed on "military calibre" rifles in New South Wales were lifted in 1975, and many people who had converted their Lee–Enfields to the "wildcat" rounds converted their rifles back to .303 British.[66] Post-Second World War, SAF Lithgow converted a number of SMLE rifles to commercial sporting rifles- notably the .22 Hornet model- under the "Slazenger" brand.[68]

text: In the early 1950s Essential Agencies Ltd. (E.A.L.), of Toronto, Ontario, produced a run of several thousand survival rifles based on the No. 4 action, but lightened and shortened, chambered in .303 British. Serial numbers below 6000 were for civilian sale, serial numbers 6000 and higher were built under contract to the Canadian government. The Royal Canadian Air Force also used these as a survival rifle in the remote parts of Canada.[citation needed]

text: L59A1 Drill Rifle[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The L59A1 was a conversion of the No4 Rifle (all Marks) to a Drill Purpose Rifle that was incapable of being restored to a firing configuration. It was introduced in service in the 1970s. A conversion specification of No.1 rifles to L59A2 Drill Purpose was also prepared but was abandoned due to the greater difficulty of machining involved and the negligible numbers still in the hands of cadet units.

text: The L59A1 arose from British government concerns over the vulnerability of Army Cadet Force and school Combined Cadet Forces' (CCF) stocks of small arms to theft by terrorists, in particular the Irish Republican Army following raids on CCF armouries in the 1950s and 1960s. Previous conversions to Drill Purpose (DP) of otherwise serviceable rifles were not considered to be sufficiently incapable of restoration to fireable state and were a potential source of reconversion spares.

text: L59A1 Drill Rifles were rendered incapable of being fired, and of being restored to a fireable form, by extensive modifications that included the welding of the barrel to the receiver, modifications to the receiver that removed the supporting structures for the bolt's locking lugs and blocking the installation of an unaltered bolt, the removal of the striker's tip, the blocking of the striker's hole in the bolt head and the removal of most of the bolt body's locking lugs. Most bolts were copper plated for identification. A plug was welded in place forward of the chamber, and a window was cut in the side of the barrel. The stock and fore end was marked with broad white painted bands and the letters "DP" for easy identification.

text: Special service Lee–Enfields: Commando and automatic models[edit]

text: Charlton Automatic Rifles[edit]

text: Small numbers of Lee–Enfield rifles were built as, or converted to, experimental automatic loading systems, such as the British Howell and South African Rieder and the best-known of which was the Charlton Automatic Rifle, designed by a New Zealander, Philip Charlton in 1941 to act as a substitute for the Bren and Lewis gun light machine guns which were in chronically short supply at the time.[69][70] During the Second World War, the majority of New Zealand's land forces were deployed in North Africa. When Japan entered the war in 1941, New Zealand found itself lacking the light machine guns that would be required for local defence should Japan choose to invade, and so the New Zealand Government funded the development of self-loading conversions for the Lee–Enfield rifle.[71] The end result was the Charlton Automatic Rifle (based on the obsolete MLE),[72] which was issued to Home Guard units in NZ from 1942. Over 1,500 conversions were made, including a handful by Electrolux using Lithgow SMLE Mk III* rifles.[73]

text: The two Charlton designs differed markedly in external appearance (amongst other things, the New Zealand Charlton had a forward pistol grip and bipod, whilst the Australian one did not), but shared the same operating mechanism.[74] Most of the Charlton Automatic Rifles were destroyed in a fire after the Second World War,[75] but a few examples survive in museums and private collections.

text: De Lisle Commando carbine[edit]

text: The Commando units of the British military requested a suppressed rifle for killing sentries, guard dogs and other clandestine operational uses during the Second World War. The resulting weapon, designed by W.G. De Lisle, was effectively an SMLE Mk III* receiver redesigned to take a .45 ACP cartridge and associated magazine, with a barrel from a Thompson submachine gun and an integral suppressor.[23] It was produced in very limited numbers and an experimental folding stock version was made.

text: Ekins Automatic Rifle[edit]

text: The Ekins Automatic Rifle was one of the numerous attempts to convert a Lee–Enfield SMLE to an automatic rifle.[71] Similar developments were the South African Rieder and Charlton of Australian/New Zealand origin.

text: Howard Francis carbine[edit]

text:
Howard Francis Self-Loading Carbine Type
CarbinePlace of origin
United KingdomProduction historyDesigner
Howard FrancisSpecificationsWeight
3.7 kg (8.2 lb)Length
812 mm (32.0 in)Barrel length
324 mm (12.8 in)
Cartridge
7.63×25mm MauserRate of fire
Semi-automaticFeed system
12-round box magazineSights
Iron sights

text: The Howard Francis Self-Loading Carbine was a conversion of a No. 1 Mk III to the 7.63×25mm Mauser pistol cartridge.[76] It fired in semi-automatic only and suffered some feeding and extraction problems and, despite meeting accuracy and soundness of design concept, never made it past the prototype stage.

text: Howell Automatic Rifle[edit]

text: The Howell Automatic Rifle was the first attempt to convert the Lee–Enfield SMLE into a semi-automatic rifle. The weapon was reliable but unergonomic for the user as the force of the recoiling bolt interfered with handling. The Howell Automatic Rifle was used by the British Home Guard as an anti-aircraft weapon.

text: Rieder Automatic Rifle[edit]

text: The Rieder Automatic Rifle was an automatic (full automatic only) Lee–Enfield SMLE rifle of South African origin. The Rieder device could be installed straight away without the use of tools.

text: Conversion to 7.62×51mm NATO[edit]

text: During the 1960s, the British Government and the Ministry of Defence converted a number of Lee–Enfield No. 4 rifles to 7.62×51mm NATO as part of a programme to retain the Lee–Enfield as a reserve weapon.[77] The Lee–Enfield No. 4 series rifles that were converted to 7.62×51mm NATO were re-designated as the L8 series of rifles with the rifles being refitted with 7.62×51mm NATO barrels, new bolt faces and extractor claws, new rear sights and new 10-round 7.62×51mm NATO magazines that were produced by RSAF Enfield to replace the old 10-round .303 British magazines.[78] The appearance of the L8 series rifles were no different from the original No. 4 rifles, except for the new barrel (which still retained the original No.4 rifle bayonet lugs) and magazine.[79] The L8 series of rifles consisted of L8A1 rifles (converted No.4 Mk2 rifles), L8A2 rifles (converted No.4 Mk1/2 rifles), L8A3 rifles (converted No.4 Mk1/3 rifles), L8A4 rifles (converted No.4 Mk1 rifles), and L8A5 rifles (converted No.4 Mk1* rifles).

text: Sterling Armaments of Dagenham, Essex produced a conversion kit comprising a new 7.62mm barrel, magazine, extractor and ejector for commercial sale. The main difference between the two conversions was in the cartridge ejection arrangement; the Enfield magazine carried a hardened steel projection that struck the rim of the extracted case to eject it, the Sterling system employed a spring-loaded plunger inserted into the receiver wall.

text: The results of the trials that were conducted on the L8 series rifles were mixed and the British Government and the Ministry of Defence decided not to convert their existing stocks of Lee–Enfield No. 4 rifles to 7.62×51mm NATO. Despite this, the British learned from the results of the L8 test program and used them in successfully converting their stocks of No. 4 (T) sniper rifles to 7.62×51mm NATO, which led to the creation of the L42A1 series sniper rifles.[80]

text: In the late 1960s, RSAF Enfield entered the commercial market by producing No.4-based 7.62×51mm rifles for sale. The products were marketed under alliterative names e.g. Enfield Envoy, a rifle intended for civilian competition target shooting and Enfield Enforcer, a rifle fitted with a Pecar telescopic sight to suit the requirements of police firearms teams.

text: Ishapore 2A/2A1[edit]

text: At some point just after the Sino-Indian War of 1962, the Rifle Factory Ishapore in India began producing a new type of rifle known as the Rifle 7.62 mm 2A, which was based on the SMLE Mk III*[81] and was slightly redesigned to use the 7.62×51mm NATO round. Externally the new rifle is very similar to the classic Mk III*, with the exception of the buttplate (the buttplate from the 1A SLR is fitted) and magazine, which is more "square" than the SMLE magazine, and usually carries twelve rounds instead of ten,[82] although a number of 2A1s have been noted with 10-round magazines.

text: Ishapore 2A and Ishapore 2A1 receivers are made with improved (EN) steel (to handle the increased pressures of the 7.62×51mm round)[83] and the extractor is redesigned to suit the rimless cartridge. From 1965 to 1975 (when production is believed to have been discontinued), the sight ranging graduations were changed from 2000 to 800, and the rifle re-designated Rifle 7.62 mm 2A1.[84] The original 2,000 yards (1,800 m) rear sight arm was found to be suitable for the ballistics of the 7.62×51mm, which is around 10% more powerful and equates to a flatter trajectory than that of the .303 British MkVII ammunition, so it was a simple matter to think of the '2000' as representing metres rather than yards. It was then decided that the limit of the effective range was a more realistic proposition at 800 m.

text: The Ishapore 2A and 2A1 rifles are often incorrectly described as ".308 conversions". The 2A/2A1 rifles are not conversions of .303 calibre SMLE Mk III* rifles. Rather, they are newly manufactured firearms and are not technically chambered for commercial .308 Winchester ammunition. However, many 2A/2A1 owners shoot such ammunition in their rifles with no problems, although it should be noted that some factory loaded .308 Winchester cartridges may appear to generate higher pressures than 7.62×51mm NATO, even though the rounds are otherwise interchangeable – this is due to the different systems of pressure measurement used for NATO and commercial cartridges.

text: Production and manufacturers[edit]

text: In total, over 16 million Lee–Enfields had been produced in several factories on different continents when production in Britain shut down in 1956, at the Royal Ordnance Factory ROF Fazakerley in Liverpool after that factory had been plagued with industrial unrest. The machinery from ROF Fazakerley was sold to Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF) in Rawalpindi where production and repair of the No.4 rifle was continued from 1957.[85][86] Also contributing to the total was the Rifle Factory Ishapore (RFI) at Ishapore in India, which continued to produce the SMLE in both .303 and 7.62×51mm NATO until the 1980s, and is still manufacturing a sporting rifle based on the SMLE Mk III action, chambered for a .315 calibre cartridge[87] the Birmingham Small Arms Company factory at Shirley near Birmingham, and SAF Lithgow in Australia, who finally discontinued production of the SMLE Mk III* with a final 'machinery proving' batch of 1000 rifles in early 1956, using 1953-dated receivers. During the First World War alone, 3.8 million SMLE rifles were produced in the UK by RSAF Enfield, BSA, and LSA.[88]

text: List of manufacturers[edit]

text: The manufacturer's names found on the MLE, CLLE, and SMLE Mk I—Mk III* rifles and variants are:

text:
Marking

Manufacturer

Country

Enfield

Royal Small Arms Factory Enfield

United Kingdom

Sparkbrook

Royal Small Arms Factory Sparkbrook

United Kingdom

BSA Co

The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited

United Kingdom

LSA Co

London Small Arms Co. Ltd

United Kingdom

Lithgow

Lithgow Small Arms Factory

Australia

GRI

Rifle Factory Ishapore

British India

RFI

Rifle Factory Ishapore

India (Post-Independence)

text: Note 1: "SSA" and "NRF" markings are sometimes encountered on First World War-dated SMLE Mk III* rifles. These stand for "Standard Small Arms" and "National Rifle Factory", respectively. Rifles so marked were assembled using parts from various other manufacturers, as part of a scheme during the First World War to boost rifle production in the UK. Only SMLE Mk III* rifles are known to have been assembled under this program.

text: Note 2: GRI stands for "Georgius Rex, Imperator" (Latin for "King George, Emperor (of India)", denoting a rifle made during the British Raj. RFI stands for "Rifle Factory, Ishapore", denoting a rifle made after the Partition of India in 1947.

text: For the No. 4 Mk I, No. 4 Mk I* and No. 4 Mk 2 rifles:

text:
Marking

Manufacturer

Country

ROF (F)

Royal Ordnance Factory Fazakerley

United Kingdom

ROF (M)

Royal Ordnance Factory Maltby

United Kingdom

B

The Birmingham Small Arms Company Limited

United Kingdom

M47 and later M47C

Birmingham Small Arms Factory (Shirley)

United Kingdom

Long Branch

Small Arms Limited and later, Canadian Arsenals Limited

Canada

Squared S and US PROPERTY

Savage Arms

U.S.

POF

Pakistan Ordnance Factories

Pakistan

text: Note 1: Second World War UK production rifles had manufacturer codes for security reasons. For example, BSA Shirley is denoted by M47C, ROF(M) is often simply stamped "M", and BSA is simply stamped "B".

text: Note 2: Savage-made Lee–Enfield No. 4 Mk I and No. 4 Mk I* rifles are all stamped "US PROPERTY". They were supplied to the UK under the Lend-Lease programme during the Second World War. No Savage Lee–Enfields were ever issued to the US military; the markings existed solely to maintain the pretence that American equipment was being lent to the UK rather than permanently sold to them.[89]

text: Australian International Arms No. 4 Mk IV[edit]

text: The Brisbane-based Australian International Arms also manufactured a modern reproduction of the No. 4 Mk II rifle, which they marketed as the AIA No. 4 Mk IV. The rifles were manufactured by parts outsourcing and were assembled and finished in Australia, chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO and fed from modified M14 magazines. The No. 4 Mk IV was designed with the modern shooter in mind, and has the ability to mount a telescopic sight without drilling and tapping the receiver.[90] AIA also offered the AIA M10-A1 rifle, a Jungle Carbine-styled version chambered in 7.62×39mm Russian, which uses AK-47 magazines.[91] Magazine supply/importation (M14 and AK 10 single stack mag) whilst legal in Australia, it has been spasmodically curtailed by Australian Federal Customs (for more information, see Gun politics in Australia). It is possible to obtain a 10-round (the maximum allowed by law) M14 magazines for the M10-B2 match rifles in particular, provided an import permit from the appropriate Licensing Services Division can be obtained in some States, yet Australian Federal Customs may still refuse importation on no valid grounds.[92]

text: Khyber Pass Copies[edit]

text: A number of British Service Rifles, predominantly the Martini–Henry and Martini–Enfield, but also the various Lee–Enfield rifles, have been produced by small manufacturers in the Khyber Pass region of the Pakistani/Afghan border.[93]

text: "Khyber Pass Copies", as they are known, tend to be copied exactly from a "master" rifle, which may itself be a Khyber Pass Copy, markings and all, which is why it's not uncommon to see Khyber Pass rifles with the "N" in "Enfield" reversed, amongst other things.[94]

text: The quality on such rifles varies from "as good as a factory-produced example" to "dangerously unsafe", tending towards the latter end of the scale. Khyber Pass Copy rifles cannot generally stand up to the pressures generated by modern commercial ammunition,[94] and are generally considered unsafe to fire under any circumstances.[8]

text: Khyber Pass Copies can be recognised by a number of factors, notably:

text:
Spelling errors in the markings; as noted the most common of which is a reversed "N" in "Enfield")
V.R. (Victoria Regina) cyphers dated after 1901; Queen Victoria died in 1901, so any rifles made after 1901 should be stamped "E.R" (Edwardius Rex—King Edward VII or King Edward VIII) or "G.R" (Georgius Rex—King George V or King George VI).
Generally inferior workmanship, including weak/soft metal, poorly finished wood, and badly struck markings.[94]

tag: ul

text: Armalon[edit]

text: British company Armalon Ltd[95] developed a number of rifles based on the Lee Enfield No 4. The PC Gallery Rifle is a carbine in pistol and revolver calibres, the AL42 a 5.56 mm rifle and the AL30C, a carbine in .30 Carbine.

text: The Lee–Enfield in military/police use today[edit]

text:
The Lee–Enfield family of rifles is the second oldest bolt-action rifle design still in official service, after the Mosin–Nagant.[8] Lee–Enfield rifles are used by reserve forces and police forces in many Commonwealth countries, including Malawi. In Canada the .303" and .22" models are being phased out [2016]. Indian police officers carrying SMLE Mk III* and Ishapore 2A1 rifles were a familiar sight throughout railway stations in India after Mumbai train bombings of 2006 and the November 2008 Mumbai attacks. They are also still seen in the hands of Pakistani and Bangladeshi second-line and police units. However, the Lee–Enfield was mainly replaced in main-line service in the Pakistani Police in the mid-1980s by the AK 47, in response to increasing proliferation of the Kalashnikov in the black market and civilian use. In Jordan, the Lee–Enfield was in use with the Police and Gendarmerie until 1971, and with the Armed Forces until 1965. In Iraq and Egypt, the Lee–Enfield was replaced by the Kalashnikov as the standard issue rifle in the Armed Forces by the late 1950s, and in Police Forces by the late 1970s.
In the UK, the single-shot .22 calibre Rifle No. 8 is in regular use with UK Cadet Forces as a light target rifle.[96] Enfields continue to be used as drill weapons by the National Ceremonial Guard of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).[97]

text: Many Afghan participants in the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan were armed with Lee–Enfields.[98] The CIA's Operation Cyclone provided hundreds of thousands of Enfields to the Mujahideen, funneling them through Pakistan's ISI. CIA officer Gust Avrakotos later arranged for the Egyptian Ministry of Defence to set up production lines of Enfield .303 ammunition specifically for the conflict. Later on when Avrakotos asked Michael Vickers to revamp their strategy, he stopped the Enfield system and, with the large amounts of money available thanks to Charlie Wilson, replaced them with a mix of modern weapons like AK-47s and mortars.[99]

text: Khyber Pass Copies patterned after the Lee–Enfield are still manufactured in the Khyber Pass region, as bolt-action rifles remain effective weapons in desert and mountain environments where long-range accuracy is more important than rate of fire.[8] Lee–Enfield rifles are still popular in the region, despite the presence and ready availability of more modern weapons such as the SKS-45, the AKM, the Chinese Type 56 assault rifle, and the AK-74.[8][100] As of  2012[update], Lee–Enfield rifles (along with Mosin–Nagants) are still being used by the Taliban insurgents against NATO/Allied forces in Afghanistan.[85]

text: Photos from the recent civil war in Nepal showed that the government troops were being issued SMLE Mk III/III* rifles to fight the Maoist rebels, and that the Maoists were also armed with SMLE rifles, amongst other weapons.[101] Police in Kathmandu may also be seen equipped with SMLE rifles. Lee–Enfield rifles have also been seen in the hands of both the Naxalites and the Indian police in the ongoing Maoist insurgency in rural India.

text: Police forces in both the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu continue to operate and maintain stocks of No.4 rifles.[102] The Tongan security forces also retain a substantial number of No.4 rifles donated from New Zealand's reserve stocks.[102]

text: Lee Enfield rifles are used by the Jamaica Constabulary force for training recruits during field-craft exercises and drills.

text: The Lee–Enfield in civilian use[edit]

text: Lee–Enfields are very popular as hunting rifles and target shooting rifles. Many surplus Lee–Enfield rifles were sold in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States after the Second World War, and a fair number have been 'sporterised', having had the front furniture reduced or removed and a scope fitted so that they resemble a bolt-action sporting rifle.[8] Top-notch accuracy is difficult to achieve with the Lee–Enfield design,[34] as it was intended to be a battle rifle rather than a sharpshooter's weapon,[34] and thus the Enfield is nowadays overshadowed by derivatives of Paul Mauser's design as a target shooting arm. They did, however, continue to be used at Bisley up into the 1970s with some success, and continue to perform extremely well at Military Service Rifle Competitions throughout the world.[8]

text: Many people still hunt with as-issued Lee–Enfield rifles, with commercial .303 British ammunition proving especially effective on medium-sized game.[8] Soft-point .303 ammunition is widely available for hunting purposes, though the Mark 7 military cartridge design often proves adequate because its tail-heavy design makes the bullet yaw violently and deform after hitting the target.[103][104]

text: The Lee–Enfield rifle is a popular gun for historic rifle enthusiasts and those who find the 10-round magazine, loading by charger clips, and the rapid bolt-action useful for Practical Rifle events. Since formation in 1998, organisations such as the Lee Enfield Rifle Association have assisted in not just preserving rifles in shooting condition (many Lee–Enfields are being deactivated and sold as "wall-hangers" to collectors who do not hold a Firearms Licence in countries where they are required), but holding events and competitions. Lee–Enfields are also popular with competitors in service rifle competitions in many Commonwealth countries.

text: The Lee–Enfield series is very popular for service rifle shooting competitions in the UK and Australia due to the prohibitions on the legal ownership of semi-automatic centrefire rifles in Great Britain and restrictions on the legal ownership of semi-automatic centrefire rifles in Australia.[105][106] (For more information see Gun politics in the United Kingdom and Gun politics in Australia.)

text: Rhineland Arms produces .45 ACP conversion kits for the Lee–Enfield action using M1911 pistol magazines.[107]

text: The Lee-Speed Sporter was a higher quality British made version of the Lee–Enfield.

text: Rifle Factory Ishapore of India still manufactures an sporting/hunting rifle chambered in .315 with a Lee-Enfield action.[108]

text: Variants[edit]

text:
Magazine Lee–Enfield (MLE), .303, introduced 1895.[109]
Lee–Enfield Cavalry Carbine Mk I (LEC), .303, introduced 1896.[110]
Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk I*, .303, introduced 1899.[111]
Lee–Enfield Cavalry Carbine Mk I*, .303, introduced 1899.[110]
New Zealand Carbine, .303
Royal Irish Constabulary Carbine, .303
Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk I (SMLE), .303, introduced 1904.
Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk II, .303, introduced 1906.
Charger Loading Lee–Enfield (CLLE), .303, introduced 1906.
No. 1 Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III, .303, introduced 1907.
No. 1 Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III*, .303, introduced 1915.
No. 1 Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III* (HT), .303, "Heavy Barrel, Telescopic Sight" Australian sniper rifle.
No. 1 Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk V, .303, introduced 1922.
No. 1 Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk VI, .303, introduced 1930.
No. 2, .22, converted from .303 SMLE Mk III and Mk III*.
No. 2 Mk IV, .22
No. 2 Mk IV*, .22
No. 4 Mk I, .303, introduced 1931.
No. 4 Mk I (T), .303, sniper rifle converted from No. 4 Mk I, introduced 1941.
No. 4 Mk I*, .303, introduced 1941.
No. 4 Mk I* (T), .303, Sniper rifle converted from No. 4 Mk I*, introduced 1941.
No. 4 Mk 2, .303, introduced 1949.
No. 4 Mk I/2, .303, converted from No. 4 Mk I to No. 4 Mk 2 standard .
No. 4 Mk I/3, .303, converted from No. 4 Mk I* to No. 4 Mk 2 standard .
No. 5 Mk I, Jungle Carbine, .303, introduced 1944.
No. 6 Mk I, .303, Australian experimental version of the No. 5 Mk I.
No. 7, .22
No. 8 Mk I, .22
No. 9, .22
L8A1, 7.62mm, converted from No. 4 Mk 2
L8A2, 7.62mm, converted from No. 4 Mk I/3
L8A3, 7.62mm, converted from No. 4 Mk I/3
L8A4, 7.62mm, converted from No. 4 Mk I
L8A5, 7.62mm, converted from No. 4 Mk I*
L39A1, 7.62mm
L42A1, 7.62mm
L59A1, Drill Rifle, converted from No. 4.

text: Users[edit]

text:
Afghanistan[112][113][114]
 Algeria[115]
 Australia: No.1 MkIII/MkIII* manufactured at Lithgow Arsenal in Lithgow, New South Wales[45][116]
 Bangladesh: extensively used during 1971 war.[85] Used by Police, Ansar and BNCC personnel in modern times.
 Barbados[117]
 Belgium:[118] post-WW2 British and Canadian donations were used by Belgian soldiers in the Korean War until 1952.[citation needed]
 Belize[118]
 Bermuda: used by the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps[118]
 Brunei: used by the Royal Brunei Armed Forces and Royal Brunei Police Force during the early days,[119] replaced by M16 series.
 Botswana[120]
 Canada:[6][116] The No.4 rifle was manufactured starting in 1941 by Small Arms Limited and later by Canadian Arsenals Limited, in Long Branch, Ontario, Canada. The Canadian Militia received the MK. I Long Lee Enfield rifle in 1896. They used this rifle in the Boer War 1899 to 1902. They used the MK.III & MK.III* in WWI as well as the No.4 Lee Enfield in WWII, the Korean War and into the late 1950s in general is due. The No.4 rifle is still used for drill and was used for range shooting by the Royal Canadian Army Cadets, Royal Canadian Sea Cadets and the Royal Canadian Air Cadets. Most units are stripped of the mechanism that fires the round but at many Cadet Training Centres the rifles are in full working order, the rifle is used at the Vernon Summer Training Center for Feu du joix. The No.4 was being phased out by the Canadian Rangers as a service rifle starting in 2016.9
 Denmark: used as Rifle M/45E by the Danish brigade in occupied Germany from 1945, eventually replaced by the US M1 rifle as Rifle M/50 in 1950.[121]
 Fiji[118]
 France:
Free French Forces[122][123] and French Resistance used it during WW2[124].
Some captured from the Resistance were used by the pro-Nazi French militia Milice française[125] (see picture).
Some were used in Indochina.[126]
 Gambia[127]
 Nazi Germany: some captured No. 1 Mk. III* Lee–Enfields were used by the Volkssturm in 1944 and 1945[128] The German designation was Gewehr 281 (e).[129]
 Ghana[118]
 Greece: Used by Hellenic armed forces during World War II and post-World War II period.[130] Greece used the Lee–Enfield and British small arms until they were replaced by the M1 Garand and American small arms.
 Guyana[127]
 Hungary[127]
 Iceland:[127] Once used by Icelandic Coast Guard and National Police of Iceland.[citation needed]
 British Raj  India: In service with British Indian Army throughout First and Second World Wars. Now made under licence by Rifle Factory Ishapore as the Ishapore 2A1 rifle[131]
 Indonesia:[127] Used by republicans in Indonesian National Revolution; some were taken from the Dutch.
 Italy: post-World War II Italian Army and Navy [132]
 Kingdom of Iraq[6]. Still used in small numbers in 2004 by Iraqi insurgents.[133]
 Ireland: No1 MkIII/III* used as the service rifle by the National Army during the Civil War and later by Defence Forces, replaced by No4 Lee–Enfields in 1950's until replaced by the FN FAL in 1961.[6] Also captured from British forces etc. and used by Irish Republican Army during War of Independence.
 Israel: used during the first few years of independence.[134]
 Italy[127]
 Jamaica:[127] still used by the Jamaica Constabulary Force, Correctional Services and Jamaica Combined Cadet Force
 Japan: Captured from British Army during World War II.[135]
 Jordan: Arab Legion used Mk III and No. 4 variants[136]
 Katanga: bought for police force but also used by army[137]
 Kenya[127]
 Lesotho[127]
 Libya[138]
 Luxembourg:[127] used by the Luxembourg detachment in the Korean War
 Malawi[127]
 Malaysia[139]
 Malta[127]
 Myanmar:[127] used by Myanmar Police Force for ceremonial purposes
 Namibia: Non-governmental armed groups[127]
   Nepal[131]
 Netherlands: Both the Lee–Enfield No. 1 Mark III and No. 4 Mark I would be adopted in 1941 and serve until 1952, until replaced by the M1 Garand.[140]
 New Zealand[6]
 Nigeria: Used by the Nigeria Regiment and then by Nigerian Army.[141]

text: Biafra: Used by militias[142] and Army[143]

text:
Norway: Received from Allied airdrops to the resistance during WW2 and given by Britain to the Norwegian Brigade during the occupation of Germany in 1947. Returned to Britain in 1952 in exchange for P-17 rifles. A total of 24992 .303 rifles were in Norwegian inventory at the time. Replaced by M-1 Garand and M-1 Carbines.[144]
 Oman[118]
 Ottoman Empire: Captured rifles, used as reserve weapons.[145]
 Pakistan[131]
 Papua New Guinea[146]
 Poland: used by the Polish Armed Forces in the West[147]
 Portugal: used by the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps, during the First World War[148]
 Rhodesia[149][150]
 Sierra Leone[118]
 Singapore:[118] reserve units until the late 1960s. Still used by Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command for ceremonial purposes.
 Solomon Islands: used by the Royal Solomon Islands Police Force.[102]
 Somalia[127]
 South Africa[6]
 South Sudan[127]
 South Yemen[151]
 Spanish Republic[152]
 Sudan[127]
 Sri Lanka: Most assumed to be sourced from India.[153]
 Swaziland[127]
 Tanzania[154][127]
 Tibet[155]
 Thailand: (the contract was concluded on 10 December 1920 when the king received shipment of 10,000 rifles.) [156]
 Tonga[102]
 Trinidad & Tobago:[127] Trinidad & Tobago Cadet Force
 Turkey: converted Ottoman-captured rifles to 7.92×57mm Mauser.[145]
 UAE[127]
 Uganda[127]
 United Kingdom[139][157]
 United States: Used by units of the American Expeditionary Force attached to British and Australian units during the First World War.[158][159] No.4 MkI/MkI* rifles manufactured by Savage-Stevens Firearms under Lend-Lease for the British and Commonwealth forces during WWII. Some US Army units attached to British Commonwealth units in Burma during WWII were issued Lee–Enfield rifles on logistics grounds.
 Vanuatu[102]
 South Vietnam[102]
 Yemen[127][160][151]
 Zambia[161]


document_title: List of Vice-Presidents of India

question_text: only vice president of india to work under different presidents

text: List of Vice-Presidents of India

text: List[edit]

text:
The complete list of Vice-Presidents of India includes the persons sworn into the office as Vice-President of India, following the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950.
Some of whom later became presidents.[4]

text:
№

Name(birth–death)

Portrait

Elected(% votes)

Took office

Left office

Term (in years)

Notes

President(s)

Candidate of

1

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan(1888–1975)

1952(Unopposed)

1957(Unopposed)

13 May 1952

12 May 1962

10

Radhakrishnan was a prominent scholar. Besides being awarded the Bharat Ratna he also held the position of vice-chancellor in the Banaras Hindu University and the Andhra college. He served as the Vice-President for two terms.

Rajendra Prasad

Independent

2

Zakir Husain (1897–1969)

1962(97.59)

13 May 1962

12 May 1967

5

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

Independent

3

Varahagiri Venkata Giri (1894–1980)

1967(71.45)

13 May 1967

3 May 1969

2

Zakir Husain

Independent

4

Gopal Swarup Pathak (1896–1982)

1969—

31 August 1969

30 August 1974

5

Varahagiri Venkata Giri  (1969–1974)

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed  (1974)

Independent

5

Basappa Danappa Jatti (1912–2002)

1974(78.70)

31 August 1974

30 August 1979

5

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed  (1974–1977)
 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy  (1977–1979)

Indian National Congress

6

Mohammad Hidayatullah (1905–1992)

1979(Unopposed)

31 August 1979

30 August 1984

5

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy  (1979–1982)
 Giani Zail Singh  (1982–1984)

Independent

7

Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1910–2009)

1984(71.05)

31 August 1984

24 July 1987

3

Giani Zail Singh

Indian National Congress

8

Shankar Dayal Sharma (1918–1999)

1987(Unopposed)

3 September 1987

24 July 1992

5

Ramaswamy Venkataraman

Indian National Congress

9

Kocheril Raman Narayanan (1920–2005)

1992(99.86)

21 August 1992

24 July 1997

5

Shankar Dayal Sharma

Indian National Congress

10

Krishan Kant(1927–2002)

1997(61.76)

21 August 1997

27 July 2002

4

Kocheril Raman Narayanan  (1997–2002)
 A. P. J. Abdul Kalam  (2002)

Janata Dal

11

Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (1923–2010)

2002(59.82)

19 August 2002

21 July 2007

5

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Bharatiya Janata Party

12

Mohammad Hamid Ansari (1937–)

2007(60.51)
2012(67.31)

11 August 2007

11 August 2017

10

Pratibha Patil  (2007–2012)
 Pranab Mukherjee  (2012–2017)
 Ram Nath Kovind   (2017)

Indian National Congress

13

Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu (1949–)

2017(67.89)

11 August 2017

Incumbent

—

Ram Nath Kovind

Bharatiya Janata Party

text: † Died in office


document_title: Project Runway (season 15)

question_text: who won the last season of project runway

text: Project Runway (season 15)

text: Designers[edit]

text:
Name
Age
Hometown
Placement

Ian Hargrove
30
Chicago, IL
16th

Linda Marcus
55
Milwaukee, WI
15th

Kimber Richardson
42
New York City, NY
14th

Sarah Donofrio
34
Portland, OR
13th

Alex Snyder
30
San Francisco, CA
12th

Tasha Henderson
33
Shreveport, LA
11th

Brik Allen
26
Baton Rouge, LA
10th

Jenni Riccetti
22
San Francisco, CA
9th

Nathalia JMag
23
Framingham, MA
8th

Dexter Simmons
32
Oakland, CA
7th

Mah-Jing Wong
28
Philadelphia, PA
6th

Cornelius Ortiz
24
Boston, MA
5th

Rik Villa
31
Los Angeles, CA
4th

Laurence Basse
41
Los Angeles, CA
3rd

Roberi Parra
32
Caracas, Venezuela
Runner-up

Erin Robertson
29
Cambridge, MA
Winner

text: Models[edit]

text:
Anna Buckles
Alla Z. Roldan
Alysia Beckford
Britt Brooks
Juanita B. Bledman
Karina Villa
Keke Palms
Kristy
Lais Scheffler
Meandra Nel
Paola Horber
Priscilla Cox
Sherica Maynard
Stacy Anderson
Theresa Hess
Tirzah Evora

text: Extra Models for the 2 Part Finale[edit]

text:
Ji Young Baek (Part 1)
Ya Bi (Part 1)

text: Designer Progress[edit]

text:
Designer Elimination Table

Designers
1
2
3
4
51
6
7
83
9
10
11
12
13
14
Eliminated Episode

Erin
WIN
HIGH
WIN
IN
HIGH
LOW
LOW
LOW
LOW
HIGH
WIN
HIGH
ADV
WINNER
14 - Finale, Part 2

Roberi
LOW
IN
IN
HIGH
LOW
IN
IN
WIN
HIGH
IN
HIGH
WIN
ADV
RUNNER-UP

Laurence
IN
WIN
IN
IN
HIGH
HIGH
WIN
HIGH
IN
IN
LOW
IN
ADV
3RD PLACE

Rik
IN
IN
LOW
WIN
LOW
HIGH
IN
HIGH
WIN
LOW
HIGH
LOW
ADV
4TH PLACE

Cornelius
IN
IN
HIGH
IN
LOW
IN
LOW
SAFE
IN
WIN
LOW
OUT

12 - An Unconventional Trip

Mah-Jing
IN
IN
LOW
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
HIGH
HIGH
OUT

11 - Bold Innovation

Dexter
HIGH
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN2
HIGH
LOW
IN
OUT

10 - A Power Trip

Nathalia
IN
IN
IN
IN
LOW
LOW
HIGH
IN
LOW
OUT

Jenni
IN
IN
HIGH
LOW
IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

9 - Life is Full of Surprises

Brik
LOW
LOW
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

7 - Welcome to the Urban Jungle

Tasha
HIGH
IN
IN
LOW
HIGH
OUT

6 - There IS Crying in Fashion

Alex
IN
HIGH
IN
HIGH
OUT

5 - There's No "I" in "Team"

Sarah
IN
IN
IN
OUT

4 - Sink or Swim

Kimber
IN
LOW
OUT

3 - Blacklight or Daylight?

Linda
IN
OUT

2 - Just Fabulous!

Ian
OUT

1 - An Unconventional Launch Party

text:
Model Elimination Table

Model
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Sherica
ER
ER
BA
RV
CO, RV
RP
MJ
ER
-
RV
MJ
RV
ER
1ST PLACE (ER)

Karina
MJ
JR
LB
TH
LB, TH
NJ
RV
JR
-
DS
LB
ER
RP
2ND PLACE (RP)

Alla
RV
MJ
AS
MJ
AS
TH
JR
NJ
-
CO
RP
RP
LB
3RD PLACE (LB)

Paola
RP
KR
MJ
DS
NJ, RP
CO
BA
CO
-
LB
CO
LB
RV
4TH PLACE (RV)

Britt
SD
AS
NJ
BA
DS
DS
ER
LB
-
NJ
RV
ER
RP
RV

Tirzah
KR
LB
JR
SD
-
RV
LB
MJ
-
RP
ER
CO
RP
ER

Juanita
LB
NJ
TH
JR
ER
BA
CO
-
-
ER
OUT
LB
ER
RV

Alysia
LM
SD
RP
CO
MJ
ER
RP
-
-
MJ
OUT
RV
RV
MJ

Lais
NJ
RV
KR
ER
BA, JR
JR
NJ
-
-
OUT
OUT
CO
-
-

Priscilla
IH
CO
ER
AS
-
MJ
DS
RV
-
OUT
OUT
RP
RV
MJ

Kristy
JR
RP
SD
NJ
-
LB
OUT
-
-
-
-
-
LB
RV

Keke
TH
BA
RV
LB
-
OUT

Meandra
AS
LM
CO
RP
-
OUT

Anna
BA
DS
DS
OUT

Therese
CO
TH
OUT

Stacy
DS
OUT

text: Designer Legend

text:
Alex Snyder: AS
Brik Allen: BA
Cornelius Ortiz: CO
Dexter Simmons: DS
Erin Robertson: ER
Ian Hargrove: IH
Jenni Riccetti: JR
Kimber Richardson: KR
Laurence Basse: LB
Linda Marcus: LM
Mah-Jing Wong: MJ
Nathalia JMag: NJ
Rik Villa: RV
Roberi Parra: RP
Sarah Donofrio: SD
Tasha Henderson: TH

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Episode 0: Road to the Runway[edit]

text: Original airdate: September 15, 2016

text: Host Tim Gunn introduced season 15’s designers including home and closet tours.

text: Episode 1: An Unconventional Launch Party[edit]

text: Original airdate: September 15, 2016

text:
The 16 designers were tasked to create an outfit that incorporated “the spirit, the aura and the vibe” of the launch party. This was an unconventional materials challenge with the party decorations serving as the materials.
Guest Judge: Savannah Guthrie
WINNER: Erin
ELIMINATED: Ian

text: Episode 2: Just Fabulous![edit]

text: Original airdate: September 22, 2016

text:
In one day and with $150, contestants designed a look for the everyday woman. The winning look was reproduced and sold on JustFab.com.
Guest Judge: Nina Dobrev
WINNER: Laurence
ELIMINATED: Linda

text: Episode 3: Blacklight or Daylight?[edit]

text: Original airdate: September 29, 2016

text:
Contestants designed a look that would be shown under a black light on the runway.
Guest Judge: Jaime King
WINNER: Erin
ELIMINATED: Kimber

text: Episode 4: Sink or Swim[edit]

text: Original airdate: October 6, 2016

text:
In one day contestants designed a swimsuit and cover up. The winning look was reproduced and sold as part of Heidi Klum's swim collection.
Guest Judge: Lucky Blue Smith
WINNER: Rik
ELIMINATED: Sarah

text: Episode 5: There's No "I" in "Team"[edit]

text: Original airdate: October 13, 2016

text: The designers were split in to two teams of six to create a four piece mini collection. Each team's budget was determined by their pitch to a group of investors, the judges, who each had $1,000 to invest. Each member of the winning team received $5,000 from Mary Kay.

text:
Team Unity
House of Bouton

Rik, Roberi, Cornelius, Mah-Jing, Nathalia, and Alex
Erin, Laurence, Dexter, Jenni, Tasha, and Brik

text:
Team Unity was given $800 and House of Bouton was given $2,200
House of Bouton was the winning team
Guest Judge: Sabrina Carpenter
WINNER: Dexter
ELIMINATED: Alex

text: Episode 6: There IS Crying in Fashion[edit]

text: Original airdate: October 20, 2016

text:
While attending a press cocktail party, the designers are challenged with creating a cocktail dress inspired by the party venue.
Guest Judge: Emily Ratajkowski
WINNER: Jenni
ELIMINATED: Tasha

text: Episode 7: Welcome to the Urban Jungle[edit]

text: Original airdate: October 27, 2016

text:
The designers take a trip to Universal Studios theme park in Florida. They are then tasked to create a look inspired by the ride "Skull Island Reign of Kong" to create street wear looks.
Guest Judges: Rebecca Minkoff and Carly Chaikin
WINNER: Laurence
ELIMINATED: Brik

text: Episode 8: Project Pop Up[edit]

text: Original airdate: November 3, 2016

text: The designers were split into three teams of three and tasked to create a collection inspired by one of the Sally Beauty colors. They presented the final collections in a Pop-Up Shop in downtown New York City. The public was allowed to voted on their favorite looks which accounted for 20% of the teams' final judging score. Team Neutral received the most votes from the public while Team Blue impressed the judges more and were deemed the best of the week.

text:
Team Neutral
Team Blue
Team Red

Mah-Jing, Nathalia, and Jenni
Rik, Roberi, and Laurence
Erin, Cornelius, and Dexter

text:
Guest Judge: Kelly Osbourne
WINNER: Roberi
SAVED: Cornelius

text: Episode 9: Life is Full of Surprises[edit]

text: Original airdate: November 10, 2016

text:
The designers are pleasantly surprised when each one of them is visited by a special guest from home. But the emotional reunions with their mothers, daughters, and friends are quickly overshadowed by the drama of the next challenge when the designers learn that their newly arrived loved ones will also be their clients—and there is $50,000 on the line!
Guest Judges: Olivia Culpo and Katia Beauchamp
WINNER: Rik
ELIMINATED: Jenni

text: Episode 10: A Power Trip[edit]

text: Original airdate: November 17, 2016

text:
After having a helicopter flight over New York, the designers were tasked to create a high-fashion editorial look for a powerful woman, inspired by their flight. The winning look will be featured in a spread in Marie Claire magazine.
Guest Judges: Anne Fulenwider and Camilla Belle
WINNER: Cornelius
ELIMINATED: Nathalia and Dexter

text: Episode 11: Bold Innovation[edit]

text: Original airdate: December 1, 2016

text:
The first-ever hybrid challenge tasks the clothiers to fashion innovative avant-garde looks by using conventional fabric and unconventional metal-themed materials. Included: a memorable runway.
Guest Judges: Shiri Appleby
WINNER: Erin
ELIMINATED: Mah-Jing

text: Episode 12: An Unconventional Trip[edit]

text: Original airdate: December 8, 2016

text:
New York Fashion Week is just around the corner, but the designers are reminded that this is the last challenge before the finale. A major surprise is in order for the designers, they're going to Austin Texas! Once they arrive, they are informed that the next challenge is an unconventional one and encouraged to really think outside the box as they pursue a general store for supplies. After they visit Stubb's Barbecue Store for Austin memorabilia. Back in New York, they all seem to be second-guessing themselves and, of course, there's yet another twist. Tim tells the designers they must also craft a second look to go along with their first creation and not all the designers have time working on their side.
Guest Judge: Georgina Chapman and Priyanka Chopra
WINNER: Roberi
ELIMINATED: Cornelius

text: Episode 13: Finale Part 1[edit]

text: Original airdate: December 15, 2016

text:
It's the final four and they are on their way to New York Fashion Week. Commencing their 10 piece collections each designer is given $9000. Visiting the designers at home, Tim Gunn is not impressed with everything they've created so far; the designers return to New York and present three pieces from their collections; Michael Kors returns as a guest judge.
Guest Judge: Michael Kors

text: Episode 14: Finale Part 2[edit]

text: Original airdate: December 22, 2016

text:
The final four designers present their collections New York Fashion Week.
Guest Judge: Zendaya
WINNER: Erin
ELIMINATED: Roberi (2nd place), Laurence (3rd place), Rik (4th place)

text: Episode 15: Season 15 Reunion[edit]

text: Original airdate: December 29, 2016

text: The designers reunite to sew up Season 15 as they reflect on the highs, lows and memorable moments from their time on the show. Host: Tim Gunn.


document_title: Bourbon whiskey

question_text: how much of the worlds bourbon is made in kentucky

text: Bourbon whiskey

text: History[edit]

text: The origin of bourbon is not well documented. There are many conflicting legends and claims, some more credible than others. For example, the invention of bourbon is often attributed to Elijah Craig, a Baptist minister and distiller credited with many Kentucky firsts (e.g., fulling mill, paper mill, ropewalk) who is also said to have been the first to age the product in charred oak casks, a process which gives bourbon its reddish color and distinctive taste.[5] Across the county line in Bourbon County, an early distiller named Jacob Spears is credited with being the first to label his product as Bourbon whiskey. Spears' home, Stone Castle, warehouse and spring house survive; one can drive by the Spears' home on Clay-Kiser Road.

text: Although still popular and often repeated, the Craig legend is apocryphal. Similarly, the Spears story is a local favorite, rarely repeated outside the county. There likely was no single "inventor" of bourbon, which developed into its present form only in the late 19th century. Essentially any type of grain can be used to make whiskey, and the practice of aging whiskey and charring the barrels for better flavor had also been known in Europe for centuries.[6] The late date of the Bourbon County etymology has led Louisville historian Michael Veach to dispute its authenticity. He proposes that the whiskey was named after Bourbon Street in New Orleans, a major port where shipments of Kentucky whiskey sold well as a cheaper alternative to French cognac.[1]

text: Distilling probably was brought to present-day Kentucky in the late 18th century by Scots, Scots-Irish, and other settlers (including English, Irish, Welsh, German and French) who began to farm the area in earnest. The spirit they made evolved, and became known as bourbon in the early 19th century due to its historical association with the geographic area known as Old Bourbon (this consisted of the original Bourbon County of Virginia as organized in 1785, a region that included much of today's Eastern Kentucky – including 34 of today's counties in Kentucky).[7] This area included the current Bourbon County of Kentucky, which became a county of Kentucky when Kentucky was separated from Virginia as a new state in 1792.[8][9][10]

text: When American pioneers pushed west of the Allegheny Mountains following the American Revolution, the first counties they founded covered vast regions. One of these original, huge counties was Bourbon, established in 1785 and named after the French royal family. While this vast county was being carved into many smaller ones, early in the 19th century, many people continued to call the region Old Bourbon. Located within Old Bourbon was the principal port on the Ohio River, Maysville, Kentucky, from which whiskey and other products were shipped. "Old Bourbon" was stencilled on the barrels to indicate their port of origin. Old Bourbon whiskey was different because it was the first corn whiskey most people had ever tasted. In time, bourbon became the name for any corn-based whiskey.[10]

text: Although many distilleries operated in Bourbon County historically, there were no distilleries operating there between 1919, when Prohibition began in Kentucky, and late 2014, when a small distillery opened – a period of 95 years.[11][12]

text: A refinement often dubiously[13] credited to James C. Crow was the sour mash process, by which each new fermentation is conditioned with some amount of spent mash. Spent mash is also known as spent beer, distillers' spent grain, stillage, and slop or feed mash, so named because it is used as animal feed. The acid introduced by using the sour mash controls the growth of bacteria that could taint the whiskey and creates a proper pH balance for the yeast to work.

text: A concurrent resolution adopted by the United States Congress in 1964 declared bourbon to be a "distinctive product of the United States" and asked "the appropriate agencies of the United States Government... [to] take appropriate action to prohibit importation into the United States of whiskey designated as 'Bourbon Whiskey'."[14][15] Federal regulation now defines "bourbon whiskey" to only include "bourbon" produced in the United States.[16]

text: In recent years, bourbon and Tennessee whiskey (which is sometimes regarded as a different type of spirit but which generally meets the legal requirements for being called bourbon) have enjoyed significant growth and popularity. The Distilled Spirits Council of the United States, the industry trade group, tracks sales of bourbon and Tennessee whiskey together.[3]

text: According to the Distilled Spirits Council, during 2009–2014, the volume of 9-liter cases of whiskey increased by 28.5% overall.[4] Higher-end bourbon and whiskeys experienced the greatest growth: during 2009–14 the volume of the value segment increased by 12.1%, premium by 25.8%, high-end premium by 27.8% and super-premium by 123.8%.[4] Gross supplier revenues (including federal excise tax) for U.S. bourbon and Tennessee whiskey increased by 46.7% over the 2009–14 period, with the greatest growth coming from high-end products (18.7% growth for value, 33.6% for premium, 44.5% for high-end premium, and 137.2% for super-premium).[4] In 2014, more than 19 million nine-liter cases of bourbon and Tennessee whiskey were sold in the U.S., generating almost $2.7 billion in wholesale distillery revenue.[4] U.S. exports of bourbon whiskey surpassed $1 billion for the first time in 2013; distillers hailed the rise of a "golden age of Kentucky bourbon" and predicted further growth.[3] In 2014, it was estimated that U.S. bourbon whiskey exports surpassed $1 billion (making up the majority of the U.S. total of $1.6 billion in spirits exports).[3] Major export markets for U.S. spirits are, in descending order: Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia and France.[3] The largest percentage increases in U.S. exports were, in descending order: Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Bahamas, Israel and United Arab Emirates.[3] Key elements of growth in the markets showing the largest increases have been changes of law, trade agreements, and reductions of tariffs, as well as increased consumer demand for premium-category spirits.[17]

text: Legal requirements[edit]

text: Bourbon's legal definition varies somewhat from country to country, but many trade agreements require the name bourbon to be reserved for products made in the United States. The U.S. regulations for labeling and advertising bourbon apply only to products made for consumption within the United States; they do not apply to distilled spirits made for export.[18] Canadian law requires products labeled bourbon to be made in the United States and also to conform to the requirements that apply within the United States. But in countries other than the United States and Canada, products labeled bourbon may not adhere to the same standards. For example, in the European Union, products labeled as bourbon are not required to conform to all of the regulations that apply within the United States, though they still must be made in the U.S.

text: The Federal Standards of Identity for Distilled Spirits (27 C.F.R. 5) state that bourbon made for U.S. consumption[18] must be:

text:
Produced in the United States[19]
Made from a grain mixture that is at least 51% corn[20]
Aged in new, charred oak containers[20]
Distilled to no more than 160 (U.S.) proof (80% alcohol by volume)[20]
Entered into the barrel for aging at no more than 125 proof (62.5% alcohol by volume)[20]
Bottled (like other whiskeys) at 80 proof or more (40% alcohol by volume)[21]

text: Bourbon has no minimum specified duration for its aging period.[22] Products aged for as little as three months are sold as bourbon.[23] The exception is straight bourbon, which has a minimum aging requirement of two years. In addition, any bourbon aged less than four years must include an age statement on its label.[24][25]

text: Bourbon that meets the above requirements, has been aged for a minimum of two years, and does not have added coloring, flavoring, or other spirits may (but is not required to) be called straight bourbon.[26]

text:
Bourbon that is labeled as straight that has been aged under four years must be labeled with the duration of its aging.[27]
Bourbon that has an age stated on its label must be labeled with the age of the youngest whiskey in the bottle (not counting the age of any added neutral grain spirits in a bourbon that is labeled as blended, as neutral-grain spirits are not considered whiskey under the regulations and are not required to be aged at all).[24]

text: Bourbon that is labeled blended (or as a blend) may contain added coloring, flavoring, and other spirits (such as un-aged neutral grain spirits); but at least 51% of the product must be straight bourbon.[28][29]

text: Geographic origin[edit]

text: On May 4, 1964, the United States Congress recognized bourbon whiskey as a "distinctive product of the United States" by concurrent resolution. Bourbon may be produced anywhere in the United States where it is legal to distill spirits, but most brands are produced in Kentucky, where bourbon production has a strong historical association.[30] Iron-free water that has been filtered through the high concentrations of limestone, unique to the area, is often touted by bourbon distillers in Kentucky as a signature step in the bourbon-making process.[31]

text: On August 2, 2007, the U.S. Senate passed a resolution sponsored by Senator Jim Bunning (R-KY) officially declaring September 2007 to be National Bourbon Heritage Month, marking the history of bourbon whiskey.[32] Notably, the resolution claimed that Congress had declared bourbon to be "America's Native Spirit" in its 1964 resolution.[32] However, the 1964 resolution had not contained such a statement; it had declared bourbon to be a distinctive product identifiable with the United States (in a similar way that Scotch is considered identifiable with Scotland).[14][33] The resolution was passed again in 2008.[33]

text: As of 2014, approximately 95% of all bourbon is produced in Kentucky. The state has more than 5.3 million barrels of bourbon that are aging – a number that exceeds the state population.[3][34][35]

text: Bardstown, Kentucky is home to the annual Bourbon Festival held each September. It has been called the "Bourbon Capital of the World" by the Bardstown Tourism Commission[36] and the Kentucky Bourbon Festival organizers[37] who have registered the phrase as a trademark. The Kentucky Bourbon Trail is the name of a tourism promotion program organized by the Kentucky Distillers' Association and aimed at attracting visitors to the distilleries in Kentucky, primarily including Four Roses (Lawrenceburg), Heaven Hill (Bardstown), Jim Beam (Clermont), Maker's Mark (Loretto), Town Branch (Lexington), Wild Turkey (Lawrenceburg), and Woodford Reserve (Versailles).[38]

text: Tennessee is home to other major bourbon makers, though most prefer to call their product "Tennessee whiskey" instead, including giant Jack Daniel's. It is legally defined under Tennessee House Bill 1084, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and at least one other international trade agreement as the recognized name for a straight bourbon whiskey produced in Tennessee.[39][40] It is also required to meet the legal definition of bourbon under Canadian law.[41]

text: Although some Tennessee whiskey makers maintain a state mandated pre-ageing filtration through chunks of maple charcoal known as the Lincoln County Process makes its flavor distinct from bourbon, U.S. regulations defining bourbon neither require nor prohibit its use.[22][39][42][43] Prior to 2013 the Lincoln County Process was not legally required for products identified as Tennessee whiskey.[A]

text: Bourbon also was and is made in other U.S. states.[46][47][48]

text: Production process[edit]

text: To be legally sold as bourbon the whiskey's mash bill requires a minimum of 51% corn, with the remainder being rye, wheat, malted barley, singly or in any combination.[2] A mash bill that contains wheat instead of rye produces what is known as a wheated bourbon.[49][50] The grain is ground and mixed with water. Usually, though not always, mash from a previous distillation is added to ensure a consistent pH across batches, creating a sour mash. Finally, yeast is added and the mash is fermented. It is distilled to (typically) between 65% and 80% alcohol using either a traditional alembic (or pot still) or the much less expensive continuous still. Most modern bourbons are initially run off using a column still then redistilled in a "doubler" (alternatively known as a "thumper" or "retort") that is basically a pot still.[51]

text: The resulting clear spirit, called "white dog",[52] is placed in newly charred American white oak barrels for aging, during which it gains color and flavor from the caramelized sugars in the charred wood. Changes to the spirit also occur due to evaporation and chemical processes such as oxidation. Bourbons gain more color and flavor the longer they age in wood. Maturity, not a particular duration, is the goal, as bourbons aged too long can become woody and unbalanced.

text: After maturing, bourbon is withdrawn from the barrel, usually filtered and diluted with water, and bottled to at least 80 US proof (40% abv).[21] Most bourbon whiskey is sold at 80 US proof. Other common proofs are 86, 90, and 100, and all "bottled in bond" bourbon is 100 proof. Some higher-proof bottlings are marketed as "barrel proof", meaning that they have not been diluted or have been only lightly diluted after removal from the barrels. Bourbon whiskey may be sold at less than 80 proof but must be labeled as "diluted bourbon".

text: After processing, barrels remain saturated with up to ten gallons of bourbon, though 2–3 is the norm.[53] They may not be reused for bourbon, and most are sold to distilleries in Canada, Scotland, Ireland, Mexico, and the Caribbean for aging other spirits. Some are employed in the manufacture of various barrel-aged products, including amateur and professionally brewed bourbon-barrel-aged beer, barbecue sauce, wine, hot sauce, and others.

text: The bottling operation for bourbon is the process of filtering, mixing together straight whiskey from different barrels (sometimes from different distilleries), dilution with water, blending with other ingredients (if producing blended bourbon), and filling of containers to produce the final product that is marketed to consumers. The phrase "bottled by", by itself, means only that. Only if the bottler operates the distillery that produced the whiskey may "distilled by" be added to the label.[54]

text: Labeling requirements for bourbon and other alcoholic beverages (including the requirements for what is allowed to be called bourbon under U.S. law) are defined in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations.[55] No whiskey made outside the United States may be labeled "bourbon" or sold as "bourbon" inside the United States (and in various other countries that have trade agreements with the United States to recognize bourbon as a distinctive product of the United States).

text: Uses[edit]

text: Bourbon is served in a variety of manners, including neat, diluted with water, over ice ("on the rocks"), with other beverages in simple mixed drinks, and into cocktails, including the Manhattan, the Old Fashioned, the whiskey sour, and the mint julep. Bourbon is also used in cooking and was historically used for medicinal purposes.[2]


document_title: Judiciary of South Africa

question_text: what do you call a judge in south africa

text: Judiciary of South Africa

text: Judicial Service Commission[edit]

text: The South African Judicial Service Commission plays an important role in the appointment of judges and also advises the country's national government on any matters relating to the judiciary and the administration of justice. It is a body established in the Constitution of South Africa "to advise the national government on any matter relating to the judiciary or the administration of justice"[2] and for which separate legislation has been enacted.

text: National Prosecuting Authority[edit]

text: The National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) is responsible for the institution of criminal proceedings on behalf of the state. The NPA is headed by the Director of Public Prosecutions, who is appointed by the President. The Constitution of South Africa states that legislation enacted by the South African Parliament must ensure that the NPA performs its functions without fear, favor or prejudice.