question_text: what was the first music video on vh1

question_tokens: what was the first music video on vh1

text: Early history (1985–1994)[edit]

text: Format and VJs (1985–89)[edit]

text: VH1's aim was to focus on the lighter, softer side of popular music,[2] including such musicians as Olivia Newton-John, Kenny Rogers, Carly Simon, Tina Turner, Elton John, Billy Joel, Eric Clapton, Sting, Donna Summer, Rod Stewart, Kenny G, Michael Bolton, Anita Baker, Chicago and Fleetwood Mac, in hopes of appealing to people aged 18 to 35, and possibly older. Also frequently featured in the network's early years were "videos" for Motown and other 60s oldies consisting of newsreel and concert footage. It was introduced on January 1, 1985, with the video performance of "The Star-Spangled Banner" by Marvin Gaye.[2]

text: From the start, Video Hits One was branded as an urban version of its sister/parent channel. It played more jazz and R&B artists than MTV and had a higher rotation of urban-contemporary performers. Its early on-camera personalities were New York radio veterans Don Imus (then of WNBC), Frankie Crocker (then program director and DJ for WBLS), Scott Shannon (of WHTZ), Jon Bauman ("Bowzer" from Sha Na Na), Bobby Rivers, and Rita Coolidge.

text: Later VJs included Tim Byrd of WPIX-FM (the current day FM rebroadcast of WFAN), a station whose eclectic ballad-and-R&B oriented format mirrored that of VH-1, and Alison Steele ("The Nightbird" of WNEW-FM). Rosie O'Donnell later joined the outlet's veejay lineup. O'Donnell would also host a comedy show featuring various comedians each episode. As an added touch to make the network more like a televised radio station, the early years of the network featured jingles in their bumpers produced by JAM Creative Productions in Dallas, who had previously made jingles for radio stations worldwide.

text: The format left room for occasional ad-libs by the VJ, a godsend for emcees such as Imus and O'Donnell. In true Imus style, he used a 1985 segment of his VH-1 show to jokingly call smooth-jazz icon Sade Adu a "grape" for her oval-shaped head.

text: Typical of VH1's very early programming was New Visions, a series which featured videos and in-studio performances by smooth jazz and classical and new-age bands and performers, including Spyro Gyra, Andy Narell, Mark Isham, Philip Glass,[3] and Yanni. At first many different musicians guest-hosted the program, but eventually musician/songwriter Ben Sidran became the permanent host.

text: New Age music videos continued to play on the channel into the 1990s. They would be seen on the Sunday morning two-hour music video block titled Sunday Brunch.

text: Early programming (1989–1994)[edit]

text: Once VH1 established itself a few years later, they catered to Top 40, adult contemporary, classic rock, and 1980s mainstream pop.[4] For a time, even country music videos aired in a one-hour block during the afternoons. They started out using MTV's famous Kabel typeface font for their music video credit tags. It was later replaced in 1991 by a larger font, with the year the video was made added to the lower column that identified the label on which the album was released. In 1993, the name of the videos' director was included at the bottom of the credits.

text: During this time, they also had some non-music programming, such as a comedy hour hosted by Rosie O'Donnell with various amateur and veteran comedians, called Stand Up Spotlight,[5] an in-depth look at current movies called Flix,[6] and reports on good civilians and volunteers in the community, called Good News People.[7]

text: Every week, the Top 21 Video Countdown usually had a different guest host.[8] Occasionally, they had themed countdowns as well, such as Elvira hosting scary videos for Halloween in 1991.[9]

text: Long blocks of music videos by a particular artist or band, theme, or years were also very popular in this era. One popular weekend program was called Video Rewind, in which blocks of 1980s videos from one particular year would play for an hour.[10] There was also a short-lived hour-long program called By Request in which viewers could call a 1–900 hotline number to request their videos.

text: Also in 1991, a popular morning program was introduced called Hits News & Weather that ran from 7 AM to 9 AM ET.[11] (It later expanded to 10 AM ET.) It consisted of music videos both past and present along with a 90-second update of the day's news & weather provided by All News Channel. The updates were typically shown twice an hour during the program. A box displaying the minutes past the hour was shown below the logo during the period. It was discontinued a week before the channel was re-branded in the Spring of 1994. During the week prior, classic music videos from forgotten artists/bands aired, titled Whatever Happened To...?

text: The channel's playlist was gradually expanding, and, by 1994, included contemporary musicians such as Ace of Base, Melissa Etheridge, Sheryl Crow, Lisa Loeb, Amy Grant, Seal, and other slightly heavier, or more alternative rock-influenced music than what it had originally played, although favorites such as Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Rod Stewart, Cher, Elton John, Madonna, Phil Collins, Janet Jackson, and Céline Dion still continued to receive heavy play for several more years as well. VH1 to One was a program in the Video Hits One days that was very similar to Behind The Music. It profiled artists such as Phil Colins, Michael Bolton and Paul McCartney. Plus other various artists of interest at the time that were playing the network's chosen style of music at the time and their music careers

text: VH1 Corvette Give-away Sweepstakes[edit]

text: In order to reach a wider and younger audience, VH1 announced in late 1989 that in 1990 they would be holding a contest where the grand prize was a collection of 36 Chevrolet Corvettes, one for every model year from its introduction year of 1953, to the then current model year of 1989 (there is no model for 1983), all going to a single grand winner. All cars were to be certified as roadworthy and in "good" to "excellent" condition. The collection at the time had an estimated worth of over US$1 million. Contestants entered by calling a 900 number and registering, at $2 per call. VH1 received over 4 million call-in entries. The winner was a man from Long Island, New York, who immediately sold the entire collection to artist Peter Max for $500,000. Max intended to use the cars for an art project, but it never got started and the entire collection was left in an underground parking lot in New York City for over 20 years, and deteriorated into poor condition.[12][13][14][15][16]

text: VH1: Music First (1994–2003)[edit]

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text: In May 1994, VH1 re-branded itself as VH1: Music First,[17] following a slight ratings decline in the early 1990s.[2] They began airing "History of Music Videos A to Z" during the July 4 weekend from 1994 to 1998 where they would show a large percentage of their library of music videos, which would include mini-marathons of videos by artists with a large number of videos. The success of A to Z led to a weeknight 11 p.m. hour-long broadcast of Madonna videos, titled The Madonna Show. The videos were aired without introduction by a VJ and the program was soon shortened to thirty minutes, and then scrapped altogether. By 1996, VH1 was heading down the same path as its sister channel, MTV, choosing to focus more on music-related shows than on music videos. Additionally, the network began to expand its playlist of music videos to include more rock music.[2] Old episodes of American Bandstand could regularly be seen on the channel. By that time, the channel's ratings were beginning to fall.

text: Video Countdown[edit]

text: As part of VH-1's re-branding as "VH1: Music First" in 1994, the channel launched a new series, the VH1 Top 10 Countdown, that counted down the top ten music videos played on VH1 each week. A combination of record sales, radio airplay, video spins, message board posts, and conventional mail would decide the order of the countdown. A rotating cast of VJs picked up hosting duties for the show over the years. The series expanded from ten to twenty music videos, becoming the VH1 Top 20 Video Countdown, in 2001. The show was renamed The 20 in early 2015, and ended later that year.

text: Pop-Up Video[edit]

text: In the fall of 1996, VH1 premiered Pop-Up Video, in which music videos were accompanied by "pop-ups" (also known as "bubbles" or "info nuggets")—small enclosed areas of the screen containing facts about the band artists, and videos such as career highlights, discography, biographical details, quotes, and anecdotes.

text: VH1 Storytellers[edit]

text: In February 1996, VH1 again hit it big with the premiere of the first of the network's flagship shows, VH1 Storytellers. The show started with a broadcast of Ray Davies, during his "Storyteller" tour, and took its name from this first show. In each hourlong episode, artists appear in front of a (mostly small and intimate) live audience, interspersing musical performances with anecdotes related to the songs' meaning, the songwriting process, audience reaction, etc. Along with Davies, the series has featured a widely diverse list of artists, including Culture Club, Willie Nelson and Johnny Cash, Kanye West, Tom Waits, and Def Leppard. Meat Loaf enjoyed the show's format so much that he bought the stage decorations from VH-1 and went on to do a "Storytellers" tour in 1998/1999.[18]

text: Behind the Music[edit]

text: VH1 scored another hit in August 1997 with the debut of Behind the Music. The hourlong show features interviews and biographies of some of popular music's biggest stars qualified to be profiled on the series. The premiere episode featured Milli Vanilli. Episodes have ranged from Aaliyah to Stryper to Queen, as well as others such as, Meat Loaf, Tori Amos, MC Hammer, Cher, Oasis, Steppenwolf, Fleetwood Mac, TLC, "Weird Al" Yankovic, Megadeth, Britney Spears, Selena, Petra, Pantera, and Eminem, with more episodes being produced periodically. By the late 1990s, the show began to run out of artists to profile, leading to the short-lived BTM2 program, half-hour looks into bands and artists whose popularity was rising, but not yet at its peak.

text: Legends[edit]

text: Shortly after, VH1 created a companion series, Legends (originally sponsored by AT&T), profiling artists who have made a more significant contribution to music history to qualify as "Legends" (that is, those artists who have gone beyond the category of Behind the Music biographies). The artists profiled so far have included Aerosmith; the Bee Gees; David Bowie; Johnny Cash; Eric Clapton; The Clash; George Clinton; Sam Cooke; Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young; The Doors; John Fogerty; Aretha Franklin; Marvin Gaye; The Grateful Dead; Guns N' Roses; Jimi Hendrix; Michael Jackson; Eminem; Elton John; Janis Joplin; B. B. King; Led Zeppelin; John Lennon; Curtis Mayfield; Nirvana; Pink Floyd; The Pretenders; Red Hot Chili Peppers; Queen; Bruce Springsteen; Tina Turner; U2; Stevie Ray Vaughan; The Who, and Neil Young.[19]

text: VH1 Save The Music Foundation[edit]

text: The VH1 Save The Music Foundation is a nonprofit organization dedicated to restoring instrumental music education programs in America's public schools, and raising awareness about the importance of music as part of each child's complete education. Founded in 1997, VH1 Save The Music was the first organization in existence dedicated to restoring music programs in America's schools. For nearly 20 years, the foundation has donated over $53 million worth of new musical instruments to 2,024 public schools in 247 school districts around the country to date—impacting the lives of more than three million public school students. Learn about the foundation's Play it Forward campaign in celebration of its 20th anniversary here: on.vh1.com/playitforward

text: VH1 Save The Music Foundation's 2012 Ambassador class includes Gavin Rossdale, Jordin Sparks, Vanessa Carlton, Lupe Fiasco, Katy Perry, Chris Daughtry, Matthew Morrison, and AJ Mclean, joining Alumni Ambassadors including: Kelly Clarkson, John Mayer, Natasha Bedingfield, John Legend, The Fray, Colbie Caillat, Tamia, Ne-Yo, and Nick Lachey, among many other musicians, singers, athletes and celebrities dedicated to the cause.[20] VH1 Save The Music Ambassadors help raise awareness and deliver key messages about the importance of music education in a young person's life, as well as help raise funds to further the Foundation's mission to restore instrumental music education programs in U.S. public elementary and middle schools. It won a Peabody Award in 1999.[21]

text: VH1 Divas[edit]

text: In 1998, VH1 debuted the first annual VH1 Divas concert and featured the "divas" Aretha Franklin, Mariah Carey, Shania Twain, Gloria Estefan, and Celine Dion, and the "special guest" Carole King.[22] The second installment of these "diva" shows was produced in 1999 featuring Whitney Houston, Tina Turner, Cher, LeAnn Rimes, Mary J. Blige, Faith Hill, Chaka Khan, Brandy, and special "divo" Elton John.[23] It became a huge success and was featured in the following years starring Diana Ross, Donna Summer, Destiny's Child, Kelly Clarkson, Jordin Sparks, Miley Cyrus, Jennifer Hudson, Shakira, Deborah Harry, Anastacia, Dixie Chicks, Gladys Knight, Patti LaBelle, and Jessica Simpson. Also in 1999, Donna Summer who was asked to do the "diva" concert, was given her own concert special by VH1 "Donna Summer Live and More: Encore". Some artists such as Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Aretha Franklin, Mary J. Blige, Celine Dion, Cher, Chaka Khan, and Faith Hill were featured in two or more VH1 divas concerts, with Cyndi Lauper appearing the most times, having been featured in four concerts.

text: Movies That Rock[edit]

text: In 1999, VH1 aired its first original movie, a bio-pic on Sweetwater. Their third original movie (which aired in 2000), Two of Us, focused on a fictional meeting between John Lennon and Paul McCartney. Over the next three years, they made over a dozen movies, including bio-pics on Jim Morrison and The Doors, Ricky Nelson, MC Hammer, The Monkees, Meat Loaf, and Def Leppard.

text: VH1 continues to air "Movies That Rock" on a regular basis, expanding to include movies not produced by VH1. The subject matter remains mostly focused on music and musicians.

text: Diversification[edit]

text: In the late 1990s, VH1 continued to get more diverse and teen-based with its music selection, and with that, the network updated its 1994 "Big 1" logo. Various late-night rock shows have been shown on VH1, featuring alternative rock and metal videos from the 1980s and 1990s. VH1 eventually warmed up to harder rock acts such as the Red Hot Chili Peppers, the Foo Fighters, the Stone Temple Pilots, and Metallica. Their new videos began being added into VH1's playlist right away.

text: Around late 2002, VH1 even began to play mainstream rap musicians.[2] The latest videos by Eminem, Nelly, Jay-Z, Snoop Dogg, Busta Rhymes, Missy Elliott, and Eve began to be shown in VH1's rotation and even started to crop up on VH1's top 20 countdown. VH1 also plays music from Latin artists such as Ricky Martin, Marc Anthony, Enrique Iglesias, Thalía, and Shakira.

text: Other past trends[edit]

text: rockDocs was the title under which VH1 aired various music documentaries, both those produced by VH1 and those produced by third parties. Such documentary series produced by VH1 include "And Ya' Don't Stop", a five-part series on the history of hip-hop and rap,[24] a four-part series on the history of heavy metal, Heavy: The Story of Metal, and The Drug Years, which tells the story of various drug cultures that changed America. Films produced by other studios have also been aired as rockDocs, including Woodstock, Madonna: Truth or Dare, Tupac: Resurrection, Metal: A Headbanger's Journey, Awesome; I Fuckin' Shot That!, a documentary on the Beastie Boys, and most recently Last Days of Left Eye which documented the last month of Lisa Lopes's life from the band TLC, and N.W.A.: The World's Most Dangerous Group, featuring the narration of comedian Chris Rock, which chronicled the rise and fall of N.W.A.

text: VH1 endured criticism for Music Behind Bars, which mainly focuses on musicians in custody. Critics have claimed prisoners, mainly those convicted of murder, should not be entitled to any exposure, especially nationally.[25]

text: The channel aired Where Are They Now? from 1999 to 2002. It featured former celebrities and their current professional and personal status. Each episode was dedicated to a specific genre, ranging from past child stars to Aaron Spelling's notable productions, to controversial news figures.

text: VH1 also aired a series of spots in 2003, featuring animated kittens from the online animation website Rathergood, lipsyncing popular songs such as Joan Jett's "I Love Rock n' Roll", Culture Club's "Karma Chameleon" and Guns N' Roses' "Welcome to the Jungle". These spots were done by British animator Joel Veitch.

text: Current era (2003–present)[edit]

text: In August 2003, the network changed its focus again, dropping "Music First" from its name, and introducing a box logo. As of January 5, 2013, the network has a new logo that closely resembles the first VH1 logo. The logo has a "plus" sign in it to represent VH1's era saying how they are about reality television, plus that they still also show some music videos in the early morning. Having saturated its Behind The Music series (and spinoff BTM2, a 30-minute version that told the stories of current chart-toppers), gotten past the point of showing music videos on a regular basis, the network began to target the pop culture nostalgia market just like its sister MTV.[2][26] The network primarily broadcasts reality television series. On the first quarter of 2016, VH1 announced it has shown the network's highest ratings in six years and it is now the fastest-growing subscription channel in that same time period. Thanks to the success of shows like Love & Hip Hop, Stevie J & Joseline Go Hollywood, K. Michelle: My Life, and Mob Wives, the channel has moved ahead as a Top Five network for adults.[27]

text: I Love… series (2002–2014)[edit]

text: In 2002, VH1 broadcast a ten-part series entitled I Love the '80s. The series was adapted from a BBC series, first broadcast in 2000,[28] in which current entertainers and pop-culture figures offered their take on the trends, events, and personalities of another decade. The success of VH1's I Love the '80s, coupled with the growing nostalgia for ever-more-recent times, led the network to create a parade of similarly themed programs. These ranged from 2003's I Love the '70s, to further variants like I Love the '80s Strikes Back, I Love the '90s, and I Love the '90s: Part Deux. More recently, VH1 premiered I Love the '80s 3-D and I Love the '70s: Volume 2. So eager was the network to capitalize on the trend while it was hot, that it devoted a series to the 2000s, despite the fact that the decade had not yet ended (I Love the New Millennium, broadcast in 2008, covered only the years 2000–2007). This was thought to be the final installment of the series until 2014, when I Love the 2000s continued the format.

text: The concept was broadened to include non-decade based installments, I Love the Holidays and I Love Toys.

text: The format of these shows has been repeated for the weekly program Best Week Ever. In a sketch on Fox's MADtv envisioning the, at the time, fictitious "I Love the 00s" show, VH1 was referred to as "the bitter comics ragging on real celebrities" network. On 22 June 2008, VH1 premiered I Love the New Millennium, focusing on the years 2000–2007.

text: The Greatest series[edit]

text: VH1 also produces its The Greatest series in which a similar format is used to countdown lists like "100 Greatest Artists of Rock and Roll", "The 50 Sexiest Video Moments", "100 Greatest Songs of Rock 'N' Roll", "100 Greatest Songs from the Past 25 Years", "100 Greatest One-hit Wonders", and "100 Greatest Kid Stars". In 2001, Mark McGrath hosted VH1's miniseries "100 Most Shocking Moments in Rock 'N' Roll", which compiled a list of the moments in music history that changed its course and shook its foundations.[29] Recently in late December 2009, an updated series titled "100 Most Shocking Music Moments" aired on VH1.[30][31] In 2008 and early 2009, the channel premiered the "100 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs", "100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs", "100 Greatest Songs of the 90s", and "100 Greatest Songs of the 80s".

text: 40 Most Awesomely Bad[edit]

text: In 2004, VH1 began this mini-series category with "50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs...Ever". Additional series in this group include "40 Most Awesomely Bad Dirrty Songs...Ever",[32] "40 Most Awesomely Bad Break-up Songs...Ever",[33] "40 Most Awesomely Bad #1 Songs...Ever",[34] "40 Most Awesomely Bad Metal Songs...Ever",[35] and "40 Most Awesomely Bad Love Songs".[36]

text: Celebreality[edit]

text:
In January 2005 VH1 launched its Celebreality programming block of reality shows featuring celebrities, anchored by The Surreal Life, which mimics MTV's The Real World, instead placing celebrities from the past into a living environment.[37]
The word "celebreality" is a portmanteau combining the words "celebrity" and "reality" and is generally used to describe reality TV shows in which celebrities participate as subjects. The term appears to have been coined by Michael Gross, writing for The Toronto Star on May 12, 1991. In his article, entitled "Celebrity's New Face," Mr. Gross used a hyphenated form of the word ("celeb-reality") to describe the tendency of certain contemporary celebrities to downplay the traditional trappings of Hollywood glamour. "You could see the new celeb-reality on display at this year's Oscars," wrote Gross. "It is Kathy Bates and Whoopi Goldberg, not Kim Basinger and Michelle Pfeiffer. It is Jeremy Irons in black tie and the sneakers he says keep his feet on the ground. It is Kevin Costner, fighting small, important battles, winning big, but reacting with modesty and going off to party privately. The new celebrities are human first, famous second."

text: The next known citation of the word is by Joyce Millman, writing for The New York Times on January 5, 2003. In an article entitled, "Celebreality: The 'Stars' Are Elbowing Their Way In," Ms. Millman wrote: "Celebreality, the junk genre du jour, turns the notion of reality TV upside down. Instead of real people acting like celebrities on shows like "Survivor", "Big Brother" and "The Bachelor", celebreality gives us celebrities acting like real people on shows like "The Osbournes", "The Anna Nicole Show" and "Celebrity Boot Camp." I'm using the term "celebrity" loosely here—we're not talking about Russell Crowe, Julia Roberts and Dame Judi Dench eating bugs and scrubbing latrines. No, the celebrities of celebreality are a motlier crew, like, well, Mötley Crüe's Vince Neil, the former rap superstar M. C. Hammer and the wee ex-Michael Jackson ornament Emmanuel ("Webster") Lewis. Those three will be setting up housekeeping together on Thursday in "The Surreal Life" on WB, a celebreality spin on MTV's "Real World." Not to be outdone, ABC sends a Baldwin brother (Stephen), a supermodel (Frederique) and a former "L.A. Law" star (Corbin Bernsen) to Hawaii for "Celebrity Mole Hawaii", beginning Wednesday."

text: The VH1 Celebreality block has also aired shows such as:

text:
2003: Surviving Nugent sent eight individuals to Ted Nugent's house to compete in various games and activities. One of the contestants was future reality show star Tila Tequila.
2005–2007: Hogan Knows Best is Hulk Hogan's reality show.
2005–2010: Celebrity Fit Club is a show where celebrities get in shape.
2005: Strange Love is a spin-off of The Surreal Life, following the relationship between Brigitte Nielsen and Flavor Flav.
2005–2008: My Fair Brady is another spin-off from The Surreal Life, which follows the relationship of Christopher Knight, who played Peter Brady on The Brady Bunch, and Adrianne Curry, who won the first season of America's Next Top Model.
2005-2006: Breaking Bonaduce covers the therapy and life of Danny Bonaduce.
2006–2007: Celebrity Paranormal Project features celebrities placed in haunted locations to explore and perform tasks.
2006–2008: Flavor of Love is a spin-off of Strange Love, where Flavor Flav tries to find love.
2007–2009: I Love New York, New York Goes to Hollywood, and New York Goes to Work feature Tiffany "New York" Pollard, from Flavor of Love.
2007: Flavor of Love Girls: Charm School is a spin-off of Flavor of Love
2007–2009: Rock of Love features Bret Michaels searching for love.
2007: Ego Trip's The (White) Rapper Show is a reality contest hosted by MC Serch.
2007–2008: The Salt-N-Pepa Show is a reality series following the 1990s rap duo Salt-N-Pepa.
2008–2009: Rock of Love: Charm School is a spin-off of Rock of Love with Bret Michaels
2008–2010: I Love Money is a spin-off of Flavor of Love, I Love New York, Real Chance of Love, and Rock of Love with Bret Michaels.
2008: ¡Viva Hollywood! featured Hispanic actors competing for a chance to star in a telenovela, hosted by Carlos Ponce and María Conchita Alonso.
2008: Ego Trip's Miss Rap Supreme is another reality contest hosted by MC Serch.
2008–2009: Real Chance of Love is a spin-off of I Love New York and I Love Money.
2008–2012: Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew, which chronicled a group of celebrities as they're treated for alcohol and drug addiction by Dr. Drew Pinsky and his staff at the Pasadena Recovery Center in Pasadena, California.
2008: Glam God with Vivica A. Fox is a reality show with red carpet diva Vivica A. Fox.
2008: The Cho Show is a reality sitcom following the antics of comedian Margaret Cho.
2009: Daisy of Love features Daisy de la Hoya, the runner-up of Rock of Love 2, in her own dating show spin-off.
2009: My Antonio is a reality series based on Antonio Sabato Jr.'s search for love.
2009: Charm School with Ricki Lake is a spin-off of Rock of Love Bus with Bret Michaels and Real Chance of Love.
2009: Megan Wants a Millionaire features Megan Hauserman from Rock of Love 2, I Love Money, and Rock of Love: Charm School in her own reality dating spin-off. The program was canceled in mid-August 2009, a third of the way through its run, due to show contestant Ryan Jenkins's involvement in the murder of Jasmine Fiore.
2010: The Price of Beauty is a reality/documentary show featuring singer Jessica Simpson traveling the world.

text: Following the controversy over the murder-suicide of a contestant from Megan Wants a Millionaire, the channel toned down its reality programming.[38][39]

text: Hip-Hop and Rock Honors[edit]

text: Since 2004, VH1 has showed their appreciation for hip-hop and rock music by honoring pioneers and movements. Hip-hop musicians honored include Eazy-E, LL Cool J, The Notorious B.I.G., 2Pac, and Public Enemy. All of the shows have been taped in the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City. On May 25, 2006, Queen, Judas Priest, Def Leppard, and Kiss were the inaugural inductees into the VH1 Rock Honors in Las Vegas. The ceremony aired on VH1 six days later. In 2007, ZZ Top, Heart, Genesis, and Ozzy Osbourne were inducted into the VH1 Rock Honors. 2008's sole Rock Honors inductees were The Who.

text: For What It's Worth[edit]

text: For What It's Worth premiered on February 21, 2013, and only lasted the length of one season. The show featured hosts Gary Dell'Abate and Jon Hein appraising music and pop-culture memorabilia.[40] The first episode featured musician Jack White at Third Man Records in Nashville, Tennessee, discussing a format of vinyl record he invented called the "Triple Decker Record".[41] The show also chose Gary Sohmers, an appraiser from Antiques Roadshow, to be an expert appraiser on all six episodes.[42]

text: Breakfast television[edit]

text: Starting in 2011, VH1 has broadcast Big Morning Buzz Live, a daily morning news and pop culture talk show hosted by Carrie Keagan, Jason Dundas and VH1 music expert Jim Shearer and, later, Nick Lachey.[43][44] The show features entertainment news, celebrity interviews and musical performances.[43][44] On June 3, 2013, VH1 premiered The Gossip Table, another live daily entertainment news program featuring five entertainment columnists presenting entertainment news and gossip.[43][44] Both shows have since been cancelled.

text: Other current trends[edit]

text: On July 1, 2007, VH1 and MHD, the high-definition music channel of MTV (now called MTV Live), simulcast live the entire Concert for Diana from London, England, on the birthday of Princess Diana, Princess of Wales.[45]

text: Although VH1 has drastically reduced its emphasis on music, it does continue to play music videos (just like its sister network, MTV) from 3 a.m. until 11 a.m. ET. The overnight block was called Insomniac Music Theater until August 2005, when it was renamed Nocturnal State. As of the beginning of October 2008, Nocturnal State has been cut down to one hour, and Fresh: New Music has been supplanted by additional hours of Jump Start, thus meaning that VH1 now plays 7 hours of music daily. In 2010, VH1 retired Nocturnal State.

text: Music Videos continued to be branded under Jump Start until January 5, 2013 when a new logo was introduced. The name then changed to VH1 + Music and videos are primarily played between 6 a.m. to 9 a.m. Monday through Friday. Music videos continued to be branded "Nocturnal State" and videos are primarily played between 3 a.m. to 6 a.m. Monday through Sunday. However at the start of 2016, VH1 + Music was dropped for blocks of older 1990s–2000s sitcoms, and presently the channel only carries music video programming in continuity form between shows.

text: VH1 Best Cruise Ever[edit]

text: From April 28 to May 2, 2011, from Tampa to Cozumel music fans could experience non-stop music performances from headliners Train, Lifehouse, Colbie Caillat, and The Script. Other bands include Alpha Rev, Civil Twilight, Mat Kearney, One eskimO, SafetySuit, Thriving Ivory, Trailer Park Ninjas, and Ryan Star. The cruise is on The Carnival Cruise Line ship Carnival Inspiration.

text: Sister and international networks[edit]

text: VH1 HD[edit]

text: VH1 HD (launched in 2005) is a 1080i high definition simulcast of VH1, with all major providers (with the exceptions of Suddenlink and Cable One, which do not carry any Viacom networks) carrying the network; as of 2016 this feed is downgraded at a provider's headend to provide the network's standard definition channel on systems.

text: Sister channels in the U.S.[edit]

text: Like MTV and Nickelodeon before them, VH1 also launched spinoff digital networks as part of The Suite From MTV. Initially, four VH1 spinoff networks were formed, with another being made later on. However, as of August 2016, VH1 no longer has any spinoff networks, as all of the networks were rebranded as MTV, BET, or CMT spinoff networks, or became different networks entirely. VH1 formerly ran these channels:

text:
VH1 Classic: Music videos primarily from the 1970s and 1980s, but also the 1960s and 1990s, concert footage, movies, and original programming centered on adult hits, classic hits and classic rock music. Rebranded as MTV Classic on August 1, 2016; the European version of the channel remains under the name VH1 Classic.
VH1 MegaHits: A channel which played mostly top 40 adult contemporary videos from throughout VH1's history, from the 1980s to the early years of the 21st century. Due to low viewership, the network was discontinued. The satellite space was utilized by corporate parent MTV Networks to launch the LGBTQ network Logo.
VH1 Soul: Classic and neo-soul music videos from yesterday and today. Rebranded as BET Soul under the editorial control of BET Networks on 28 December 2015.
VH1 Uno: A Spanish language channel which mostly consisted of music videos of Latin pop, rock, and traditional ballads, tropical, salsa and merengue music. Discontinued February 2, 2008 by MTV Networks to expand normal distribution of mtvU beyond college campuses.[46]
VH1 Country: Continuous country music videos; moved under CMT's editorial control and renamed CMT Pure Country on Memorial Day 2006.

text: Internet[edit]

text: VH1's website, launched in the late 1990s. In 2003, MTV Networks VSPOT, a broadband video channel that followed the model of MTV Overdrive, containing the shows aired by VH1 and music videos. Like Overdrive, it was coolly received due to a heavy reliance on broadband and advanced web technologies. VH1 returned to a traditional-style website in late 2007.

text: International networks[edit]

text: As with other MTV channels, MTV Networks broadcasts international versions of VH1:

text:
VH1 Adria: By the end of September 2012, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Croatia got their regional version of VH1 called VH1 Adria.[47][48] However, due to financial problems, the channel closed in January 2015 and was replaced by the feed of VH1 Europe.
VH1 Australia: Since March (April for Optus customers) 2004, VH1 has been available in Australia on Foxtel, Optus Television and Austar. It is also available on the SelecTv pay TV platform. On May 1, 2010, VH1 Australia was re-branded as MTV Classic.
VH1 Brasil: The Portuguese-language version of VH1 was launched in Brazil on May 1, 2004. However, VH1 Soul had been available to digital cable subscribers since 2004. In 2007 VH1 Soul stopped being available in Brazil. In 2009 the version HD of VH1 was launched.
VH1 Mega Hits Brazil: Replaced the Brazilian version of MTV Hits. The channel plays 24h chart hits non-stop.
VH1 Caribbean: Founded on April 14, 2004, VH1 Caribbean also known as VH1 Puerto, is a music television channel from Viacom International Media Networks, based on the American channel of the same name. This version of VH1 is very different from its American counterpart, since it has never ceased to be a proper music channel, playing a wide variety of music programs on a daily or weekly basis. VH1 Caribbean is in 2013 the only major music channel in Caribbean and North Central America still broadcasting in the 4:3 ratio while others broadcast in 16:9 widescreen. VH1 Caribbean has also Change logo same as the original U.S. channel has adopted a new logo since 2013. It appeared for the first time in Latin America in 2004 and the version airing was subsequently distributed across the whole of the Caribbean Islands. However, its current pan-Caribbean feed was officially launched in 2006, hence becoming a separate service from the Latin-aimed channel VH1 Latin America
VH1 Denmark: The Danish version of VH1 was launched in Denmark on March 15, 2008.
VH1 Europe: The Pan-European VH1 channel broadcast in the European continent as well as Africa and the Middle East. This channel also airs in Russia, albeit it has the "16+" icon on the bottom-right, due to Russia's broadcasting laws.
VH1 Export: VH1 Export is the technical name used for the version of VH1 European available in the Middle East, Africa, and the Levant territories broadcasting via satellite, exclusively from the OSN pay-TV network. In Africa (on DStv), the channel is exactly the same as VH1 European, but with different adverts.
VH-1 Germany: In 1995 to 2001, a German-language version of VH-1 was broadcast, featuring more adult music than MTV, and using the original 1985 to 1987 US logo. It proved unsuccessful and eventually had to make way for a non-stop music channel aimed at teenagers called MTV2 Pop. However, VH1 has not really disappeared from German television, since it is still available in its pan-European version.
VH1 India: In December 2004, MTV India and Zee-Turner teamed up to bring VH1 to India (later owned by Viacom18). It is the only version of VH1 that currently uses the 2003 branding.
VH1 Indonesia: In Indonesia, VH1 programming were aired on MTV Indonesia at 4 until 8 pm, and on local terrestrial channels such as Jak-TV, Jakarta, STV Bandung, TV Borobudur, Semarang, TATV, Solo, and Makassar TV, Makassar (UHF21) and also a full link channel seen on satellite PALAPA C2.
VH1 Italy: Launched in July 2016, which replaced MTV Music on DTT, which sold the main MTV station to Sky Italia on August 1, 2015.
VH1 Latin America: On April 1, 2004, VH1 Latin America joined MTV and Nickelodeon Latin America targeting audiences 25–49 years old. Until then, the VH1 main channel available for Latin America was the original US version. The Spanish-language channel is tailored for the market and feature a mix of music and entertainment with local and international-recording artists, as well as original programming.
VH1 Pakistan: It was launched in 2008 by Viacom as a joint venture with ARY Digital Network. However, in 2009, the channel was closed due to low ratings and repeated shows.[citation needed]
VH1 Polska: Launched (or rather renamed) on December 1, 2005. The channel is aimed at people in Poland over 25. The channel was formerly known as "MTV Classic" and (especially in its last months) was the same as present VH1, airing the same programs for the same target group.
VH1 Russia: VH1 Russia launched on December 2, 2005. It ceased broadcasting on July 1, 2010 and was replaced by the European VH1 feed.
VH1 UK: VH1 UK targets 25–44 years old, and previously had much of the same content as the main U.S. channel. Since 2008, the channel now only plays music videos, most prominently countdowns and artist playlists. There were two sister stations in the UK: VH1 Classic (now MTV Classic) and VH2 (now closed).


document_title: This Little Light of Mine

question_text: what is the song this little light of mine about

root

text: This Little Light of Mine

text: History[edit]

text: Harry Dixon Loes, who studied at the Moody Bible Institute and the American Conservatory of Music, was a musical composer and teacher, who wrote or co-wrote several other gospel songs. The song has since entered the folk tradition, first being collected by John Lomax in 1939. Often thought of as a Negro spiritual, it does not, however, appear in any collection of jubilee or plantation songs from the nineteenth century.

tag: p

text: Depending on the source, the song may take its theme from Matthew 5:16, "Let your light shine before men, that they may see your fine works and give glory to your Father who is in the heaven." Alternatively, it may refer to the words of Jesus in Luke 11:33, where he said, "No man, when he hath lighted a candle, putteth it in a secret place, neither under a bushel, but on a candlestick, that they which come in may see the light." Or, it may be based on Matthew 5:14–15, where Jesus said, "Ye are the light of the world. A city that is set on an hill cannot be hid. Neither do men light a candle and put it under a bushel, but on a candlestick; and it giveth light unto all that are in the house."[1]

text: Versions[edit]

text: The song has also been secularised into "This Little Girl of Mine" as recorded by Ray Charles[2] in 1956 and later The Everly Brothers. It has often been published with a set of hand movements to be used for the instruction of children.

text: Under the influence of Zilphia Horton, Fannie Lou Hamer, and others, it eventually became a Civil Rights anthem in the 1950s and 1960s, especially the version by Betty Fikes[3] The Seekers recorded it for their second UK album, Hide & Seekers (also known as The Four & Only Seekers) in 1964. Over time it also became a very popular children's song, recorded and performed by the likes of Raffi in the 1980s.

text: Odetta and the Boys' Choir of Harlem performed the song on the Late Show with David Letterman on September 17, 2001, on the first show after Letterman resumed broadcasting, after having been off the air for several nights following the events of 9/11.[4]

text: LZ7 took their version of the song named "This Little Light" to number 26 in the UK Singles Chart.


document_title: Paper recycling

question_text: every tonne of paper recycled saves enough electricity to power a 3-bedroom home for how long

text: Paper recycling

text: Process[edit]

text: The process of waste paper recycling most often involves mixing used/old paper with water and chemicals to break it down. It is then chopped up and heated, which breaks it down further into strands of cellulose, a type of organic plant material; this resulting mixture is called pulp, or slurry. It is strained through screens, which remove any glue or plastic (especially from plastic-coated paper) that may still be in the mixture then cleaned, de-inked, bleached, and mixed with water. Then it can be made into new recycled paper.[2]

text: The share of ink in a wastepaper stock is up to about 2% of the total weight.[3]

text: Rationale for recycling[edit]

text: Industrialized paper making has an effect on the environment both upstream (where raw materials are acquired and processed) and downstream (waste-disposal impacts).[4]

text: Today, 40% of paper pulp is created from wood (in most modern mills only 9-16% of pulp is made from pulp logs; the rest comes from waste wood that was traditionally burnt). Paper production accounts for about 35% of felled trees,[5] and represents 1.2% of the world's total economic output.[6] Recycling one ton of newsprint saves about 1 ton of wood while recycling 1 ton of printing or copier paper saves slightly more than 2 tons of wood.[7] This is because kraft pulping requires twice as much wood since it removes lignin to produce higher quality fibres than mechanical pulping processes. Relating tons of paper recycled to the number of trees not cut is meaningless, since tree size varies tremendously and is the major factor in how much paper can be made from how many trees.[8] Trees raised specifically for pulp production account for 16% of world pulp production, old growth forests 9% and second- and third- and more generation forests account for the balance.[5] Most pulp mill operators practice reforestation to ensure a continuing supply of trees.[citation needed] The Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certify paper made from trees harvested according to guidelines meant to ensure good forestry practices.[9] It has been estimated that recycling half the world’s paper would avoid the harvesting of 20 million acres (81,000 km²) of forestland.[10]

text: Energy[edit]

text: This section may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's layout guidelines. Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Energy consumption is reduced by recycling,[11] although there is debate concerning the actual energy savings realized. The Energy Information Administration claims a 40% reduction in energy when paper is recycled versus paper made with unrecycled pulp,[12] while the Bureau of International Recycling (BIR) claims a 64% reduction.[13] Some calculations show that recycling one ton of newspaper saves about 4,000 kWh (14 GJ) of electricity, although this may be too high (see comments below on unrecycled pulp). This is enough electricity to power a 3-bedroom European house for an entire year, or enough energy to heat and air-condition the average North American home for almost six months.[14] Recycling paper to make pulp actually consumes more fossil fuels than making new pulp via the kraft process; these mills generate most of their energy from burning waste wood (bark, roots, sawmill waste) and byproduct lignin (black liquor).[15] Pulp mills producing new mechanical pulp use large amounts of energy; a very rough estimate of the electrical energy needed is 10 gigajoules per tonne of pulp (2500 kW·h per short ton).[16]

text: Landfill use[edit]

text: About 35% of municipal solid waste (before recycling) in the United States by weight is paper and paper products. 42.4% of that is recycled.[17]

text: Water and air pollution[edit]

text: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has found that recycling causes 35% less water pollution and 74% less air pollution than making virgin paper.[18] Pulp mills can be sources of both air and water pollution, especially if they are producing bleached pulp. Modern mills produce considerably less pollution than those of a few decades ago. Recycling paper decreases the demand for virgin pulp, thus reducing the overall amount of air and water pollution associated with paper manufacture. Recycled pulp can be bleached with the same chemicals used to bleach virgin pulp, but hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydrosulfite are the most common bleaching agents. Recycled pulp, or paper made from it, is known as PCF (process chlorine free) if no chlorine-containing compounds were used in the recycling process.[19] However, recycling mills may have polluting by-products like sludge. De-inking at Cross Pointe's Miami, Ohio mill results in sludge weighing 22% of the weight of wastepaper recycled.[20]

text: Recycling facts and figures[edit]

text: In the mid-19th century, there was an increased demand for books and writing material. Up to that time, paper manufacturers had used discarded linen rags for paper, but supply could not keep up with the increased demand. Books were bought at auctions for the purpose of recycling fiber content into new paper, at least in the United Kingdom, by the beginning of the 19th century.[21]

text: Internationally, about half of all recovered paper comes from converting losses (pre-consumer recycling), such as shavings and unsold periodicals; approximately one third comes from household or post-consumer waste.[22]

text: Some statistics on paper consumption:

text:
In 1996 it was estimated that 95% of business information is still stored on paper.[23]
Recycling 1 short ton (0.91 t) of paper saves 17 mature trees,[24] 7 thousand US gallons (26 m3) of water, 3 cubic yards (2.3 m3) of landfill space, 2 barrels of oil (84 US gal or 320 l), and 4,100 kilowatt-hours (15 GJ) of electricity – enough energy to power the average American home for six months.[25]
Although paper is traditionally identified with reading and writing, communications has now been replaced by packaging as the single largest category of paper use at 41% of all paper used.[26]
115 billion sheets of paper are used annually for personal computers.[27] The average web user prints 16 pages daily.[28][citation needed]
Most corrugated fiberboard boxes have over 25% recycled fibers[citation needed]. Some are 100% recycled fiber.
In 1997, 299,044 metric tons of paper was produced (including paperboard).[29]
In the United States, the average consumption of paper per person in 1999 was approximately 354 kilograms. This would be the same consumption for 6 people in Asia or 30 people in Africa.[24]
In 2006-2007, Australia 5.5 million tons of paper and cardboard was used with 2.5 million tons of this recycled.[30]
Newspaper manufactured in Australia has 40% recycled content.[31]

tag: ul

text: By region[edit]

text: European Union[edit]

text: Paper recycling in Europe has a long history. The industry self-initiative European Recovered Paper Council(ERPC) was set up in 2000 to monitor progress towards meeting the paper recycling targets set out in the 2000 European Declaration on Paper Recycling. Since then, the commitments in the Declaration have been renewed every five years. In 2011, the ERPC committed itself to meeting and maintaining both a voluntary recycling rate target of 70% in the then E-27 plus Switzerland and Norway by 2015 as well as qualitative targets in areas such as waste prevention, ecodesign and research and development. In 2014 the paper recycling rate in Europe was 71.7%, as stated in the 2014 Monitoring Report.

text: Japan[edit]

text: Municipal collections of paper for recycling are in place. However, according to the Yomiuri Shimbun, in 2008, eight paper manufacturers in Japan have admitted to intentionally mislabeling recycled paper products, exaggerating the amount of recycled paper used.[citation needed]

text: United States[edit]

text: Recycling has long been practiced in the United States. In 2012, paper and paperboard accounted for 68 million tons of municipal solid waste generated in the U.S., down from more than 87 million tons in 2000, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.[32] While paper is the most commonly recycled material—64.6 percent was recovered in 2012—it is being used less overall than at the turn of the century.[32] Paper accounts for more than a half of all recyclables collected in the US, by weight.[33]

text: The history of paper recycling has several dates of importance:

text:
In 1690: The first paper mill to use recycled linen was established by the Rittenhouse family.[34]
In 1896: The first major recycling center was started by the Benedetto family in New York City, where they collected rags, newspaper, and trash with a pushcart.
In 1993: The first year when more paper was recycled than was buried in landfills.[35]

text: Today, over half of all paper used in the United States is collected and recycled.[36] Paper products are still the largest component of municipal solid waste, making up more than 40% of the composition of landfills[when?].[37][38] In 2006, a record 53.4% of the paper used in the US (53.5 million tons) was recovered for recycling, up from a 1990 recovery rate of 33.5%.[39] The US paper industry set a goal of recovering 55 percent of all paper used in the US by 2012. Paper products used by the packaging industry were responsible for about 77% of packaging materials recycled, with more than 24 million pounds recovered in 2005.[40]

text: By 1998, some 9,000 curbside recycling programs and 12,000 recyclable drop-off centers existed nationwide. As of 1999, 480 materials recovery facilities had been established to process the collected materials.[41] Recently, junk mail has become a larger part of the overall recycling stream, compared to newspapers or personal letters. However, the increase in junk mail is still smaller compared to the declining use of paper from those sources.[32]

text: In 2008, the global financial crisis caused the price of old newspapers to drop in the U.S. from $130 to $40 per short ton ($140/t to $45/t) in October.[42]

text: Mexico[edit]

text: In Mexico, recycled paper, rather than wood pulp, is the principal feedstock in papermills accounting for about 75% of raw materials.[43]

text: Limitations and impacts[edit]

text: Along with fibres, paper can contain a variety of inorganic and organic constituents, including up to 10,000 different chemicals, which can potentially contaminate the newly manufactured paper products.[44] As an example, bisphenol A (a chemical commonly found in thermal paper) has been verified as a contaminant in a variety of paper products resulting from paper recycling.[45] Furthermore, groups of chemicals as phthalates, phenols, mineral oils, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and toxic metals have all been identified in paper material.[46] Although several measures might reduce the chemical load in paper recycling (e.g., improved decontamination, optimized collection of paper for recycling), even completely terminating the use of a particular chemical (phase-out) might still result in its circulation in the paper cycle for decades.[47]


document_title: List of Denver Nuggets seasons

question_text: when was the last time the nuggets made it to the playoffs

text: List of Denver Nuggets seasons

text: āThis is a list of seasons completed by the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). They have played for 49 seasons, 38 in the NBA and nine in the American Basketball Association (ABA). As of the close of the 2017 season, they have never reached an NBA Finals and only been to three Western Conference Finals series.

text:
League Champions
Conference Champions
Division Champions
Playoff Berth

text:
Season
League
Conference
Finish
Division
Finish
Wins
Losses
Win%
GB
Playoffs
Awards

Denver Rockets

1967–68
ABA

Western
3rd
45
33
.577
3
Lost Division Semifinals (Buccaneers) 3–2

1968–69
ABA

Western
3rd
44
34
.564
16
Lost Division Semifinals (Oaks) 4–3

1969–70
ABA

Western
1st
51
33
.607
—
Won Division Semifinals (Caps) 4–3
Lost Division Finals (Stars) 4–1

1970–71
ABA

Western
4th
30
54
.357
28

1971–72
ABA

Western
4th
34
50
.405
26
Lost Division Semifinals (Pacers) 4–3

1972–73
ABA

Western
3rd
47
37
.560
8
Lost Division Semifinals (Pacers) 4–1

1973–74
ABA

Western
5th
37
47
.440
14

Denver Nuggets

1974–75
ABA

Western
1st
65
19
.774
—
Won Division Semifinals (Stars) 4–2
Lost Division Finals (Pacers) 4–3

1975–76
ABA

1st
60
24
.714
—
Won Semifinals (Colonels) 4–3
Lost ABA Finals (Nets) 4–2

1976–77
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
50
32
.610
—
Lost Conference Semifinals (Trail Blazers) 4–2

1977–78
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
48
34
.585
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–3
Lost Conference Finals (SuperSonics) 4–2

1978–79
NBA
Western
4th
Midwest
2nd
47
35
.573
1
Lost First Round (Lakers) 2–1

1979–80
NBA
Western
9th
Midwest
4th
30
52
.366
19

1980–81
NBA
Western
8th
Midwest
4th
37
45
.451
15

1981–82
NBA
Western
4th
Midwest
2nd
46
36
.561
2
Lost First Round (Suns) 2–1

1982–83
NBA
Western
6th
Midwest
2nd
45
37
.549
8
Won First Round (Suns) 2–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–1

1983–84
NBA
Western
7th
Midwest
3rd
38
44
.463
7
Lost First Round (Jazz) 3–2

1984–85
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
52
30
.634
—
Won First Round (Spurs) 3–2
Won Conference Semifinals (Jazz) 4–1
Lost Conference Finals (Lakers) 4–1

1985–86
NBA
Western
3rd
Midwest
2nd
47
35
.573
4
Won First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Rockets) 4–2

1986–87
NBA
Western
8th
Midwest
4th
37
45
.451
18
Lost First Round (Lakers) 3–0

1987–88
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
54
28
.659
—
Won First Round (SuperSonics) 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Mavericks) 4–2
Doug Moe (COY)

1988–89
NBA
Western
6th
Midwest
3rd
44
38
.537
7
Lost First Round (Suns) 3–0

1989–90
NBA
Western
7th
Midwest
4th
43
39
.524
13
Lost First Round (Spurs) 3–0

1990–91
NBA
Western
14th
Midwest
7th
20
62
.244
35

1991–92
NBA
Western
11th
Midwest
4th
24
58
.293
31

1992–93
NBA
Western
9th
Midwest
4th
36
46
.439
19

Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf (MIP)

1993–94
NBA
Western
8th
Midwest
4th
42
40
.512
16
Won First Round (SuperSonics) 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Jazz) 4–3

1994–95
NBA
Western
8th
Midwest
4th
41
41
.500
21
Lost First Round (Spurs) 3–0
Dikembe Mutombo (DPOY)

1995–96
NBA
Western
10th
Midwest
4th
35
47
.427
24

1996–97
NBA
Western
12th
Midwest
5th
21
61
.256
43

1997–98
NBA
Western
14th
Midwest
7th
11
71
.134
51

1998–99
NBA
Western
12th
Midwest
6th
14
36
.280
23

1999–00
NBA
Western
10th
Midwest
5th
35
47
.427
20

2000–01
NBA
Western
11th
Midwest
6th
40
42
.488
18

2001–02
NBA
Western
12th
Midwest
6th
27
55
.329
31

2002–03
NBA
Western
14th
Midwest
7th
17
65
.207
43

2003–04
NBA
Western
8th
Midwest
6th
43
39
.524
15
Lost First Round (Timberwolves) 4–1

2004–05
NBA
Western
7th
Northwest
2nd
49
33
.598
3
Lost First Round (Spurs) 4–1

2005–06
NBA
Western
3rd
Northwest
1st
44
38
.537
—
Lost First Round (Clippers) 4–1

2006–07
NBA
Western
6th
Northwest
2nd
45
37
.549
6
Lost First Round (Spurs) 4–1
Marcus Camby (DPOY)

2007–08
NBA
Western
8th
Northwest
2nd
50
32
.610
4
Lost First Round (Lakers) 4–0

2008–09
NBA
Western
2nd
Northwest
1st
54
28
.659
—
Won First Round (Hornets) 4–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Mavericks) 4–1
Lost Conference Finals (Lakers) 4–2

2009–10
NBA
Western
4th
Northwest
1st
53
29
.646
—
Lost First Round (Jazz) 4–2

2010–11
NBA
Western
5th
Northwest
2nd
50
32
.610
5
Lost First Round (Thunder) 4–1

2011–12
NBA
Western
6th
Northwest
2nd
38
28
.576
9
Lost First Round (Lakers) 4–3

2012–13
NBA
Western
3rd
Northwest
2nd
57
25
.695
3
Lost First Round (Warriors) 4–2
George Karl (COY)

2013–14
NBA
Western
11th
Northwest
4th
36
46
.439
23

2014–15
NBA
Western
12th
Northwest
4th
30
52
.366
21

2015–16
NBA
Western
11th
Northwest
4th
33
49
.402
40

2016–17
NBA
Western
9th
Northwest
4th
40
42
.488
27

Denver Rockets regular season record (1967–1976)
413
331
.555

Denver Nuggets regular season record (1976–present)
1,603
1,711
.484

All-time Regular Season (1967–present)
2,016
2,042
.497

Denver Nuggets playoffs record (1976–present)
61
101
.377

Denver Rockets playoff record (1967–1976)
27
35
.435

All-time playoff record (1967–present)
88
136
.393

All-time Playoff & Regular Season record
2,104
2,178
.491


document_title: List of kennings

question_text: example of kennings from the battle with grendel

text: List of kennings

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A kenning (Old Norse kenning [cʰɛnːiŋɡ], Modern Icelandic [cʰɛnːiŋk]) is a circumlocution, an ambiguous or roundabout figure of speech, used instead of an ordinary noun in Old Norse, Old English, and later Icelandic poetry.

text: This list is not intended to be comprehensive. Kennings for a particular character are listed in that character's article. For example, the Odin article links to a list of names of Odin, which include kennings. Only a few examples of Odin's kennings are given here. For a scholarly list of kennings see Meissner's Die Kenningar der Skalden (1921) or some editions of Snorri Sturluson's Skáldskaparmál

text: Source language abbreviations[edit]

text:
OE – Old English
D – Danish

G – Germanic
Ic – Old Icelandic
N – Norse
ON – Old Norse

S – Swedish

text: List of Kennings[edit]

text:
Primary Meaning

Kenning Translated

Original Kenning

Explanation

Source Language

Example

axe

blood-ember

N

battle

spear-din

N

Snorri Sturluson Skaldskaparmal

blood

Dead-Slave

N

blood

battle-sweat

One reference for this kenning comes from the epic poem, Beowulf. As Beowulf is in fierce combat with Grendel's Mother, he makes mention of shedding much battle-sweat.

N

Beowulf

blood

wound-sea

svarraði sárgymir

N

Eyvindr Skillir Hákonarmál 7.

chieftain or king

breaker of rings

Alludes to a ruler breaking the golden rings upon his arm and using them to reward his followers.

OE

Beowulf

death

sleep of the sword

OE

Beowulf

death

flame-farewelled

Implicitly honourable death

N

fire

bane of wood

grand viðar

ON

Snorri Sturluson Skáldskaparmál 36

wife

girl of the houses

sól húsanna

ON

Snorri Sturluson Skáldskaparmál 36

gold

seeds of the Fyris Wolds

Fýrisvalla fræ

Hrólf Kraki spread gold on the Fyris Wolds to distract the men of the Swedish king

N

Eyvindr Skáldaspillir Lausavísa 8

gold

serpent's lair

Serpents (and dragons) were reputed to lie upon gold in their nests

N

Skáldskaparmál

gold

Sif's hair

Derived from the story of when Loki cut off Sif's hair. In order to amend his crime, Loki had the dwarf Dvalin make new hair for Sif, a wig of gold that grew like normal hair.

N

Skáldskaparmál

gold

Kraki's seed

Hrólf Kraki spread gold on the Fyris Wolds to distract the men of the Swedish king. Can also be used to imply generosity; q.v. Hrólf Kraki

N

Skáldskaparmál

gold, sometimes amber

Freyja's tears

Derived from the story of when Freyja could not find Óðr, her husband, the tears she shed were gold, and the trees which her tears fell upon were transmuted into amber.

N

honour

mind's worth

weorðmyndum

OE

Beowulf

hook

bait-gallows

Ic

Flateyjarbok

kill enemies

Feed the eagle

Killing enemies left food for the eagles

S

Gripsholm Runestone

Loki

wolf's father

an allusion to Loki's fathering of Fenrir

N

Lokasenna

Loki

father of the sea thread

Loki was the father of Jörmungandr, the Midgard serpent

N

Þórsdrápa

mistletoe

Baldr's bane

The kenning derives from the story in which all plants and creatures swore never to harm Baldr save mistletoe, which, when it was overlooked, Loki used to bring about Baldr's death by tricking Hodur.

N

Mjollnir, Thor's hammer

Hrungnir's slayer

Hrungnir was a giant whose head was smashed by a blow from Mjollnir

N

Lokasenna

Odin

Lord of the gallows

See the separate page List of names of Odin for more Odin kennings

N

Odin

Hanged god

Odin hung on the Tree of Knowledge for nine days in order to gain wisdom.

N

poetry

Grímnir's lip-streams

Grímnir is one of the names of Odin

N

Þórsdrápa

raven

swan of blood

ravens ate the dead at battlefields

N

the sea

whale-road

hron-rād

N,OE

Beowulf 10: "In the end each clan on the outlying coasts beyond the whale-road had to yield to him and begin to pay tribute"

the sea

sail road

seġl-rād

OE

Beowulf 1429 b

the sea

whale's way

hwæl-weġ

N,OE

The Seafarer 63 a; Beowulf

serpent

valley-trout

N

Skaldskaparmal

shield

headland of swords

sverða nesi

There is a connection to the word "nesa" meaning subject to public ridicule/failure/shame, i.e. "the failure/shame of swords", not only "where the sword first hits/ headland of swords" Kennings can sometimes be a triple entendre.

N

þorbjörn Hornklofi: Glymdrápa 3

ship

wave-swine

unnsvín

N

ship

sea-steed

gjálfr-marr

N

Hervararkviða 27; Skáldskaparmál

sky

Ymir's skull

Ymis haus

N

Arnórr jarlaskáld  Magnúsdrápa 19

the sun

heaven-candle

heofon-candel

OE

Exodus 115 b

the sun

heaven's jewel

heofones ġim

OE

The Phoenix 183

the sun

glory of elves

álf röðull

álf röðull (alfrodull), meaning "glory-of-elves" refers both to the chariot of the sun goddess Sól and to the rider (the sun herself).

N

Skírnismál Vafþrúðnismál

sword

blood-worm

N

sword

icicle of blood

N

sword

wound-hoe

ben-grefill

N

Egill Skallagrímsson: Höfuðlausn 8

sword

leek of battle

ímun-laukr

N

Eyvindr Skáldaspillir Lausavísa 8

Thor

slayer of giants, basher of trolls

felli fjörnets goða flugstalla

felli fjörnets goða flugstalla is a compound kenning. Literally feller of the life webs (fjörnets) of the gods of the flight-edges, i.e. slayer of giants, life webs (fjörnets) is a kenning in its own right since it refers directly to the operations of the Norns in severing lives, flight-edges (flugstalla) being the high and dangerous places inhabited by eagles and hawks, i.e. the icy mountains of Jotunheim.

N

Þórsdrápa
Norse Mythology

war

weather of weapons

N

Skaldskaparmal

warrior

feeder of ravens

grennir gunn-más

"feeder of war-gull" = "feeder of raven" = "warrior" Ravens feed on dead bodies left after a battle.

N

Þorbjörn Hornklofi: Glymdrápa

warrior

destroyers of eagle's hunger

eyðendr arnar hungrs

"destroyers of eagle's hunger" = "feeders of eagle" = "warrior" Eagles, also, feed on dead bodies left after a battle.

N

Þorbjörn Þakkaskáld:  Erlingsdrápa 1

waves

Ægir's daughters

Ægir had nine daughters called billow maidens who were personifications of the waves.

N

wind

breaker of trees

N

wolf

Gunnr's horse

Gunnr is a valkyrie

S

Rök Stone

wrist

wolf's-joint

úlfliðr

An allusion to Tyr's loss of his hand when fettering the wolf Fenrir

Ic

Gylfaginning