document_title: List of oldest universities in continuous operation

question_text: when was the first university established in the world

text: Medieval origins[edit]

text: The university as an institution was historically rooted in medieval society, which it in turn influenced and shaped:[8]

text: The university is a European institution; indeed, it is the European institution par excellence. There are various reasons for this assertion. As a community of teachers and taught, accorded certain rights, such as administrative autonomy and the determination and realisation of curricula (courses of study) and of the objectives of research as well as the award of publicly recognised degrees, it is a creation of medieval Europe, which was the Europe of papal Christianity [...].

text: Modern spread[edit]

text: From the early modern period onwards, the university gradually spread from the medieval Latin West across the globe, eventually replacing all other higher-learning institutions and becoming the preeminent institution for higher education everywhere. This process occurred in the following chronological order:[9]

text:
Western Europe (from the 11th or 12th century)
Central and Eastern Europe (from the 14th or 15th century)
Americas (from the 16th century)
Australia (from the 19th century)
Asia and Africa (from the 19th or 20th century), with the exception of the Philippines, where the University of Santo Tomas was established in the 17th century.

text: Founded before 1500[edit]

text:
Year

University

Location

Notes

Original
Current

1088(charter granted 1158)

University of Bologna

 Kingdom of Italy, Holy Roman Empire

 Bologna, Italy

The oldest university in the world. A university in the sense of a higher-learning, degree-awarding institute, the word university (Latin: universitas) having been coined at its foundation. It received, in 1158, from Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa the "Authentica habita", which settled the rules, rights and privileges of universities.[10]

1096–1167(charter granted in 1248)[11]

University of Oxford

 Kingdom of England

 Oxford, United Kingdom

The oldest university in the English-speaking world: Oxford claims its founding ("..teaching existed ... in some form..") as early as 1096, and not later than 1167.[12] Rashdall takes 1167 as the date when Oxford became a studium generale.[13] In 1254, Pope Innocent IV granted Oxford a university charter by papal bull ("Querentes in agro"). Teaching was suspended in 1209 (due to the town's execution of two scholars) and in 1355 (due to the St. Scholastica Day riot), but was continuous during the English Civil War (1642–1651), when the University was Royalist.

1134 (charter granted in 1218)

University of Salamanca

 Kingdom of León

 Salamanca, Spain

The oldest university in the Hispanic world. The university claims to have been founded by Alfonso IX of León in 1218 (although James Trager's People's Chronology sets its foundation date as 1134), making it the third or fourth oldest university in continuous operation.[14] It was the first European university to receive the title of "University" as such, which was granted by the King of Castile and León, Alfonso X, and the Pope in 1254. After being excluded from the University in 1852 by the Spanish government, the Faculties of Theology and Canon Law became the Pontifical University of Salamanca in 1940.

1209(charter granted in 1231)[15]

University of Cambridge

 Kingdom of England

 Cambridge, United Kingdom

Founded by scholars leaving Oxford after a dispute caused by the execution of two scholars in 1209.  Its royal charter was granted in 1231.[16] The University takes 1209 as its official anniversary.[17] Inspired the establishment of Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, with the first college in the United States, Harvard University named after one of Cambridge University's alumni, John Harvard.

1222(probably older)

University of Padua

 Lombard League

 Padua, Italy

Founded by scholars and professors after leaving Bologna.[18]

1224 (1258)

University of Naples Federico II

 Kingdom of Sicily

 Naples, Italy

The first public university,[19] founded by Frederick II, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. The university moved to Salerno in 1253, and its return to Naples in 1258 is sometimes considered as a refoundation. It is considered to be the oldest public and state university in the world.

1290

University of Coimbra[20]

 Kingdom of Portugal

 Coimbra, Portugal

It began its existence in Lisbon with the name Studium Generale (Estudo Geral). Scientiae thesaurus mirabilis ("the admirable treasure of knowledge"), the royal charter announcing the institution of the University, was dated 1 March 1290, although efforts had been made since at least 1288 to create this first university in Portugal. Papal confirmation was also given in 1290 (on 9 August of that year), during the papacy of Pope Nicholas IV.

1290

University of Macerata[20]

 Papal States

 Macerata, Italy

Founded in 1290, possibly as a private law school rather than a university. Unknown whether this was in continuous operation, but there is evidence for a school (without degree awarding powers) in 1518. After petitions from the commune to the Pope from 1534, bull establishing a studium generale issued in 1540.[21]

By 1293

University of Valladolid

 Crown of Castile

 Valladolid, Spain

Founded in the late 13th century (first documentary evidence 1293), probably by the city.[22][23]

1293

Complutense University of Madrid

 Crown of Castile

 Madrid, Spain

The University of Alcalá was founded by King Sancho IV of Castile as Studium Generale in 1293 in Alcalá de Henares. It was granted a papal bull in 1499, and quickly gained international fame thanks to the patronage of Cardinal Cisneros and the production of the Complutensian Polyglot Bible in 1517, which is the basis for most current translations. The University moved to Madrid in 1836 by royal decree as Universidad Central. The Moyano Law of 1857 established Central as the sole university in Spain authorized to confer the title of Doctor on any scholar. This law remained in effect until 1969. In 1970, Universidad Central de Madrid changed its name to Universidad Complutense de Madrid, its present name. On the other side, the Universidad de Alcalá was restored in Alcalá de Henares in 1977.

1303

Sapienza University of Rome

 Papal States

 Rome, Italy

Founded by Pope Boniface VIII, but became a state university in 1935.

1308

University of Perugia

 Papal States

 Perugia, Italy

Attested by the Bull of Pope Clement V.

1321

University of Florence

 Republic of Florence

 Florence, Italy

The University of Florence evolved from the Studium Generale, which was established by the Florentine Republic in 1321. The Studium was recognized by Pope Clement VI in 1349.

1343

University of Pisa

 Republic of Pisa

 Pisa, Italy

It was formally founded on 3 September 1343 by an edict of Pope Clement VI, although there had been lectures on law in Pisa since the 11th century. Nowadays is one of the most important universities in Italy.

1348

Charles University of Prague

 Kingdom of Bohemia

 Prague, Czech Republic

Three of four faculties closed in 1419, joined with Jesuit university and renamed Charles-Ferdinand University in 1652, split into German and Czech part in 1882, Czech branch closed during Nazi occupation (1939–1945), German branch closed in 1945.[24]

1357

University of Siena

 Republic of Siena

 Siena, Italy

Claims to have been founded in 1240 by the Commune of Siena,[25] although Rashdall dates the proclamation of the Studium to 1246, when Frederick II tried to place a ban on scholars travelling to Bologna. Was granted some exemptions from taxes by Pope Innocent II in 1252, but closed shortly after when the scholars returned to Bologna. Attempted revivals in 1275 and (fed by further short-lived migrations of scholars from Bologna) in 1321 and 1338 were unsuccessful. Gained an Imperial Bull in 1357 "granting it de novo the 'privileges of a Studium Generale.'", but was not firmly established until "[i]n 1408 a fresh grant of privileges was obtained from Pope Gregory XII".[26] Closed temporarily in 1808–1815 when Napoleonic forces occupied Tuscany.[25] On 7 November 2015 the University celebrated its 775th anniversary.

1361

University of Pavia

Domain of the House of Visconti

 Pavia, Italy

Closed for short periods during the Italian Wars, Napoleonic wars, and Revolutions of 1848.

1364

Jagiellonian University

 Kingdom of Poland

 Kraków, Poland

Founded by Casimir the Great under the name Studium Generale, and was commonly referred to as the Kraków Academy. The institution's development stalled upon the king's death in 1370; primarily due to a lack of funding. Without a permanent location; lectures were held across the city at various churches and in the Kraków Cathedral School. Further development again resumed in the 1390s, by the initiative of King Władysław Jagiełło and his wife Jadwiga of Poland; at which point the school became a fully functioning university with a permanent location. The university was forcibly shut down during the German Occupation of Poland (1939–1945). The staff was deported to Nazi concentration camps, and many of its collections were deliberately destroyed by the occupying German authorities. Within a month after the liberation of the city, the university again re-opened; with some of the original pre-war staff who survived the occupation.

1365

University of Vienna

 Holy Roman Empire

 Vienna, Austria

Modelled on the University of Paris.

1386

Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg

 Holy Roman Empire

 Heidelberg, Germany

Founded by Rupert I, Elector Palatine. The oldest in contemporary Germany and third oldest Germanophone university.

1391

University of Ferrara

House of Este

 Ferrara, Italy

Founded by Marquis Alberto d'Este.

1404

University of Turin

 Duchy of Savoy

 Turin, Italy

Founded by the prince "Louis of Piedmont" during the reign of Amadeus VIII.

1409

University of Leipzig

 Holy Roman Empire

 Leipzig, Germany

Founded when German-speaking staff left Prague due to the Jan Hus crisis.

1413

University of St. Andrews

 Kingdom of Scotland

 St. Andrews, United Kingdom

A school of higher studies was founded in 1410 and became a full university by the issue of a Papal bull in 1413.[27]

1419

University of Rostock

 Holy Roman Empire

 Rostock, Germany

During the Reformation, "the Catholic university of Rostock closed altogether and the closure was long enough to make the refounded body feel a new institution".[28] The university closed in 1523,[29] but would appear to have reopened by 1551, when there are records of a number of professors being appointed, including Johannes Aurifaber, David Chytraeus, and Johann Draconites (de).[30][31]

1434

University of Catania

 Kingdom of Sicily

 Catania, Italy

The oldest in Sicily. Founded by Alfonso V of Aragon.

1450[32]

University of Barcelona

 Crown of Aragon

 Barcelona, Spain

Founded by Alfonso V of Aragon as Estudi general de Barcelona after the unification of all university education. For forty-nine years prior to that foundation, however, the city had had a fledgling medical school founded by King Martin of Aragon, and in the 13th century Barcelona already possessed several civil and ecclesiastical schools.

1451

University of Glasgow

 Kingdom of Scotland

 Glasgow, United Kingdom

Founded by a Papal bull.

1456

University of Greifswald

 Holy Roman Empire

 Greifswald, Germany

Teaching had started by 1436. Founded by initiative of Heinrich Rubenow, Lord Mayor of Greifswald (and first rector), with approval of Pope Callixtus III and Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, under the protection of Wartislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania. Teaching paused temporarily during the Protestant Reformation (1527–39).

1457

Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg

 Holy Roman Empire

 Freiburg, Germany

Temporarily transferred to Constance in 1686–98 and 1713–15.

1460

University of Basel

 Holy Roman Empire

 Basel, Switzerland

Founded in 1460 (Schola Basiliensis), the University of Basel is the oldest university in Switzerland.[33]

1472

Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich

 Holy Roman Empire

 Munich, Germany

Founded in Ingolstadt in 1472; with a Papal Bull obtained in 1459 from Pope Pius II by Louis the Rich,[34] transferred to Landshut in 1800, moved to Munich in 1826.

1477

Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen

 Holy Roman Empire

 Tübingen, Germany

1477

Uppsala University

 Kingdom of Sweden within the   Kalmar Union

 Uppsala, Sweden

Uppsala's bull, which granted the university its corporate rights, was issued by Pope Sixtus IV in 1477, and established a number of provisions. Among the most important of these was that the university was officially given the same freedoms and privileges as the University of Bologna.

1479

University of Copenhagen

 Kingdom of Denmark within the   Kalmar Union

 Copenhagen, Denmark

The University of Copenhagen is the oldest university in Denmark, and the second oldest in Scandinavia after Uppsala University in Sweden

1481

University of Genoa

 Republic of Genoa

 Genoa, Italy

Founded in 1481 (Genuense Athenaeum).

1495

University of Aberdeen

 Kingdom of Scotland

 Aberdeen, United Kingdom

King's College was founded by a Papal bull in 1495 and then Marischal College in 1593; they merged in 1860.

1495

University of Santiago de Compostela

 Galicia, Crown of Castile

 Santiago de Compostela, Spain

The university traces its roots to 1495, when a school was opened in Santiago.[35] In 1504, Pope Julius II approved the foundation of a university in Santiago, and the bull for its creation was granted by Clement VII in 1526.

1499

University of Valencia

 Crown of Aragon

 Valencia, Spain

text: Oldest universities by country or region after 1500 still in operation[edit]

text: The majority of European countries had universities by 1500. After 1500, universities began to spread to other countries all over the world. Note that many universities were established at institutes of learning such as schools and colleges that may have been founded significantly earlier but were not classed as universities upon their foundation; this is normally described in the notes for that institution.

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Location

Current name

Year

Notes

Current

Original

 Algeria(Algiers)
 French Algeria(Algiers)
University of Algiers
1909

 Angola(Luanda)
 Portuguese Angola(Luanda)
Agostinho Neto University
1962
Founded as Estudos Gerais Universitários de Angola. Was renamed Universidade de Luanda (University of Luanda) in 1968. After Angolan independence from Portugal in 1975, the institution was renamed the University of Angola (Universidade de Angol). In 1985 it was renamed Agostinho Neto University, in honour of Agostinho Neto, the first President of Angola.

 Cameroon(Yaoundé)
 Cameroon(Yaoundé)
University of Yaoundé
1962
In 1993 following a university reform the University of Yaounde was split into two (University of Yaoundé I and University of Yaoundé II) following the university branch-model pioneered by the University of Paris.

 Cape Verde(Praia)
 Cape Verde(Praia)
Jean Piaget University of Cape Verde
2001
as a result of the merger of the two previously existing higher education establishments (ISE and ISECMAR)

 Egypt(Giza)
 Khedivate of Egypt(Cairo)
Cairo University
1908
The oldest university in Africa

 Ethiopia(Addis Ababa)
 Ethiopian Empire(Addis Ababa)
University of Addis Ababa
1950
The university was originally called the University College of Addis Ababa in 1950 and was later renamed Haile Selassie I University in 1962 after the Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie I. The institution received its current name in 1975.

 Ghana(Accra)
 Gold Coast(Accra)
University of Ghana
1948[36]
Founded as the University College of the Gold Coast, an affiliate college of the University of London which supervised its academic programmes and awarded the degrees. It gained full university status in 1961.

 Kenya(Nairobi)
 Colony and Protectorate of Kenya
(Nairobi)

University of Nairobi
1956(university 1970)
Oldest in Kenya. Established 1956 as the Royal Technical College. Renamed the Royal College of Nairobi when it became affiliated to the University of London 1961. On 20 May 1964, was renamed University College Nairobi when it was admitted as a constituent college of inter-territorial University of East Africa. In 1970, it transformed into the first national university in Kenya and was renamed the University of Nairobi.[37]

 Kenya(Njoro)
 Colony and Protectorate of Kenya(Njoro)
Egerton University
1939(university 1987)
Claims to be "the oldest institution of higher learning in Kenya". Founded as a farm school 1939, Egerton Farm School. Upgraded to an agricultural college in 1950, Egerton Agricultural College, then a college of the University of Nairobi in 1986 before becoming an independent university by Act of Parliament in 1987.[38]

 Liberia(Monrovia)
 Liberia(Monrovia)
University of Liberia
1951
building on Liberia College founded in 1863

 Libya(Benghazi & Tripoli)
 Kingdom of Libya(Benghazi)
University of Libya
1956
A royal decree was issued on 15 December 1955 for the founding of the university. The first faculty to be formed was the Faculty of Literature in Benghazi, and the royal palace "Al Manar", from which King Idris I of Libya declared its independence on 24 December 1951, was assigned to be the campus. Later divided to University of Benghazi and University of Tripoli, the names were changed again during Gaddafi's era, but now they have reinstated their original names.

 Madagascar(Antananarivo)
 Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies(Antananarivo)
University of Antananarivo
1955
Founded December 1955 as the Institute for Advanced Studies in Antananarivo. Renamed the University of Madagascar in 1961.

 Mauritius(Moka)
 British Mauritius(Moka)
University of Mauritius
1965
The Faculty of Agriculture is the oldest faculty of the university. It was founded in 1914 as the School of Agriculture in 1914, and in 1966 it was incorporated into the newly established University of Mauritius.

 Morocco(Fez, Marrakech, Tétouan, Agadir)
 Morocco(Fez)
University of Al Quaraouiyine
859(university 1965)
traces its origins back to the al-Qarawiyyin mosque and associated madrasa founded by Fatima al-Fihri in 859, but only became a university in 1965.

 Morocco(Rabat)
 Morocco(Rabat)
Mohammed V University
1957
Founded as University of Rabat

 Morocco(Casablanca)
 Morocco(Casablanca)
University of Hassan II Casablanca
1975

 Mozambique(Maputo)
 Portuguese Mozambique(Lourenço Marques)
Eduardo Mondlane University
1962
Estudos Gerais Universitários de Moçambique

 Nigeria(Ibadan)
 Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria(Yaba, Lagos)
University of Ibadan
1948(university 1962)
Founded as Yaba College in 1932 in Yaba, Lagos, as the first tertiary educational institute in Nigeria. Yaba College was transferred to Ibadan, becoming the University College of Ibadan, in 1948.[39] and was a university college associated with the University of London. Independent university since 1962.[40]

 Nigeria(Nsukka, Enugu, Ituku, Aba)
 Nigeria(Nsukka)
University of Nigeria, Nsukka
1960[41]
First university in Nigeria.

 Rwanda(Kigali)
 Rwanda(Kigali)
University of Rwanda
2013
Incorporates the National University of Rwanda founded in 1963

 Sierra Leone(Freetown)
 Sierra Leone(Freetown)
Fourah Bay College
1827(university 1967)
Oldest university-level institution in Africa. Founded as a school in 1827. Became an affiliated college of Durham University in 1876 and awarded first degrees in Africa in 1878. Became part of the federal University of Sierra Leone in 1967.[42][43]

 Somalia(Mogadishu)
Italian Somaliland(Mogadishu)
Somali National University
1954

 South Africa(Cape Town)
 Union of South Africa(Cape Town)
University of Cape Town
1918
founded as a school in 1829 (university status: 2 April 1918)[44]

 South Africa(Stellenbosch)
 Union of South Africa(Stellenbosch)
Stellenbosch University
1918
founded as a secondary education institute in 1866 (University status: 2 April 1918)

 Sudan(Khartoum)
 Sudan(Khartoum)
University of Khartoum
1956[45]
Renamed from Gordon Memorial College, founded 1902, when it gained full university status in 1956

 Tunisia(Tunis)
 Tunisia(Tunis)
University of Ez-Zitouna
737(university 1961)
traces its origins back to the Al-Zaytuna madrassa founded around 737 (university status in 1961)

 Uganda(Kampala)
 British Protectorate of Uganda(Kampala)
Makerere University
1922

 Zimbabwe(Harare)
 Southern Rhodesia(Salisbury)
University of Zimbabwe
1952

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Location

Current name

Year

Notes

Current

Original

 Afghanistan(Kabul)
 Kingdom of Afghanistan(Kabul)
Kabul University
1931
Founded in 1931, formally opened 1932.

 Bahrain(Sakhir, Isa Town)
 Bahrain(Sakhir, Isa Town)
University of Bahrain
1986

 Bangladesh(Dhaka)
 British Raj(Dhaka, Eastern Bengal and Assam)
University of Dhaka
1921
First university in Bangladesh, opened 1 July 1921.[46]

 Cambodia(Phnom Penh)
 French Protectorate of Cambodia(Phnom Penh)
Royal University of Fine Arts
1918

 China(Nanjing )
 Qing Empire(Nanking)
Nanjing University
1888
Known in Chinese as Jinling University (金陵大学). Was a private university later merged with the public University of Nanjing (南京大学). First institution in China to use the English term "university". Educational institutions were closed in China on 13 June 1966 due to the Cultural Revolution, reopening in July 1967.[47]

 China(Wuhan)
 Qing Empire(Wuchang)
Wuhan University
1893
Opened in 1893 as the Ziqiang Institute (自強學堂). Educational institutions were closed in China on 13 June 1966 due to the Cultural Revolution, reopening in July 1967.[48]

 China(Tianjin )
 Qing Empire(Tientsin)
Tianjin University
1895
Established in 1895 as Tientsin University/Imperial Tientsin University (Chinese: 天津北洋西學學堂/天津北洋西学学堂). Educational institutions were closed in China on 13 June 1966 due to the Cultural Revolution, reopening in July 1967.[49]

 China(Hangzhou)

 Qing Empire(Hangzhou)

Zhejiang University

1897

Opened in 1885 as the Qiushi Institute (求是书院). Later renamed to National Chekiang University, National 3rd Sun Yat-sen University, and eventually to Zhejiang University.

 China(Beijing)
 Qing Empire(Peking)
Peking University
1898
Founded in 1898 as Imperial Capital University or Imperial University of Peking Educational institutions were closed in China on 13 June 1966 due to the Cultural Revolution, reopening in July 1967.[50]

 China(Shanghai)

 Qing Empire(Shanghai)

Fudan University

1905

Founded in 1905 as Fudan Public School in 1905. The first institution of higher education founded independently by a Chinese person.

 China
 China
Tsinghua University
1911
Founded as the Tsing Hua Imperial College in 1911, then renamed as Tsing Hua College

 Hong Kong
 Hong Kong
The University of Hong Kong
1911
Founded as the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese in 1887, incorporated as a university in 1911

 India(Serampore)
 Danish India(Serampore)
Serampore College
1818 (university 1827)
Incorporated and granted university status and the right to award degrees by royal charter of Frederick VI of Denmark on 23 February 1827, endorsed by the Bengal Government Act 1918.[51]

 India(Kolkata)
 British Raj(Calcutta, Bengal Presidency)
University of Calcutta
1857
First full-fledged multi-disciplinary university in South Asia. The University of Bombay and the University of Madras were subsequently established in the same year

 India(Mumbai)
 British Raj(Bombay, Bombay Presidency)
University of Mumbai
1857
Called the University of Bombay until 1996.

 India(Chennai)
 British Raj(Madras, Madras Presidency)
University of Madras
1857

 India(Allahabad)
 British Raj(Allahabad, North-Western Provinces)
University of Allahabad
1887
At one point it was called the "Oxford of the East".On 24 June 2005 its Central University status was restored through the University Allahabad Act 2005

 Indonesia
 Dutch East Indies
University of Indonesia
1851
Founded as the Dokter-Djawa School Batavia. Renamed in 1947.

 Indonesia
 Dutch East Indies
Bandung Institute of Technology
1920
Founded as Technische Hogeschool. Renamed in 1959.

 Iraq
 Kingdom of Iraq
University of Baghdad
1956
the Iraqi Royal College of Medicine was established in 1928

 Iran
 Imperial State of Persia
University of Tehran
1934
founded by Rezā Shāh, incorporating portions of the Dar ul-Funun Polytechnic Institute (1851) and the Tehran School of Political Sciences (1899)

 Israel
 Ottoman Empire
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
1912
founded in 1912, but formal teaching began in 1924

 Israel
 Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1918

 Japan
 Empire of Japan
University of Tokyo
1877
Previous names are University of Tokyo (1877–1886), Imperial University (1886–1897), and Tokyo Imperial University (1897–1947). Its origins include a private college of Confucian studies founded by Hayashi Razan in 1630,[52] Tenmonkata (The Observatory, 1684)[53] and Shutōsho (Smallpox Vaccination Centre, 1849).[54]The university was established in 1877 by the merger of three institutions: Shoheiko (Japanese and Chinese Literature, established 1789), Yogakusho (Occidental Studies, established 1855) and Shutosho (Vaccinations, established 1860), originally as Tokyo University before becoming the Imperial University and then Tokyo Imperial University before reverting to its original name after World War II.[55]

 Japan
 Empire of Japan
Keio University
1920
Founded as a "school for Dutch studies" in 1858. College with three university departments (literature, law and economics) established 1890. Accredited as a university by the Japanese government in 1920.[56] (To be noted, Japan's oldest academic institution is Ashikaga Gakko)[citation needed]

 Japan
 Empire of Japan
Ryukoku University
1922
Traces its origins to a school for Buddhist monks of the Nishi Hongan-ji denomination founded in 1639. Assumed its current name and became a university under the University Ordinance in 1922.[57]

 Jordan
 Jordan
University of Jordan
1962

 Kazakhstan
 Soviet Union(Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic)
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
1933

 Lebanon
 Ottoman Empire
American University of Beirut
1866

 Lebanon
 Ottoman Empire
Saint Joseph University
1872

 Lebanon
 Ottoman Empire
Université La Sagesse
1875

 Macau
 Macau
University of Macau
1981
established as University of East Asia in 1981, renamed 1991

 Malaysia
 Malaysia
University of Malaya
1905
Established as Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States Government Medical School on 13 July 1905 in Singapore

 Mongolia
 Mongolia
Mongolian Academy of Sciences
1921
Institute of Literature and Script

 Mongolia
 Mongolian People's Republic
Institute of finance and economics of Mongolia
1924
School of Custom's Officers in Ulaanbaatar

 Mongolia
 Mongolian People's Republic
National University of Mongolia
1942

 Myanmar
 Burma
Rangoon University
1878[58]

   Nepal
   Nepal
Tribhuvan University
1959[59]

 North Korea
 Korea(Provisional People's Committee for North Korea)
Kim Il-sung University
1946

 Pakistan
 British Raj(Punjab)
University of the Punjab
1882
Established by British colonial authorities in 1882 as the first university in what would become Pakistan.[60]

 Pakistan
 British Raj(Punjab)
King Edward Medical University
1860 (university 2005)
Established as King Edward Medical College, Lahore in 1860. Became an independent university in 2005.[61]

 Pakistan
 British Raj(Punjab)
Government College University, Lahore
1864 (university 2002)
Established as Government College, Lahore, 1864. Became an independent university in 2002.[62]

 Philippines
 Spanish East Indies
University of Santo Tomas
1611
Founded on 28 April 1611 by the Order of Preachers, it is the oldest extant university in Asia. Receiving the Royal Charter from King Phillip III of Spain in 1611, it was elevated by Pope Innocent X as a Pontifical University on 20 November 1645. The university celebrated its 400th anniversary in 2011.

 Philippines
 Spanish East Indies
Ateneo de Manila University
1859
First established as the Escuela Municipal de Manila by the Society of Jesus.

 Philippines
 Commonwealth of the Philippines
University of the Philippines
1908
Founded on 18 June 1908 by the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands through Act No. 1870 of the 1st Philippine Legislature to provide "advanced instruction in literature, philosophy, the sciences and arts, and to give professional and technical training" to eligible students regardless of "age, sex, nationality, religious belief and political affiliation". UP has institutional autonomy as the country's national university as mandated by Republic Act No. 9500 (UP Charter of 2008).

 Saudi Arabia
 Saudi Arabia
King Saud University
1957

 Singapore
 Straits Settlements
National University of Singapore
1905
Founded as Straits and Federated Malay States Government Medical School

 South Korea
 Joseon
Ewha Womans University
1886
started higher education in 1910, and was reorganized as Ewha Womans University in 1946. It was established in 1886 as the first mission school to educate women in Korea

 South Korea
 Korean Empire
Korea University
1905
then Boseong School, was established in 1905, and was restructured as Korea University in 1946

 South Korea
 Joseon
Sungkyunkwan University
1895
Sungkyunkwan, its origin, was established in 1398 as the royal institution for Confucian study of the Joseon Dynasty. In 1895, Sungkyunkwan was reformed into a modern three-year university after the national state examination was abolished the previous year. Reorganized as Sungkyunkwan University in 1946

 South Korea
 Joseon
Yonsei University
1886
The Yonsei University Medical School was established in 1886 at Chejungwon Hospital (established the previous year as Gwanghyewon Hospital). The medical school was renamed Severance Medical College in 1909, following a donation from Louis Severance. Yonhi College was established in Chosun Christian College in 1915 and became Yonhi College in 1917. Yonhi College was recognised as a university in August 1946. Yonsei University was formed by the merger of the college and medical school in 1957.[63]

 Sri Lanka
 British Ceylon
University of Colombo
1942
Formed in 1942 as the University of Ceylon by the amalgamation of University College Colombo (established 1921) and Ceylon Medical College (established in 1870). Was part of the University of Sri Lanka 1972–1978.[64]

 Syria
 State of Damascus
University of Damascus
1923
founded in 1923 through the merger of the School of Medicine (established 1903) and the Institute of Law (established 1913)

 Taiwan
 Republic of China
National Taipei University of Technology
1912
School of Industrial Instruction

 Taiwan
 Japanese Taiwan
National Taiwan University
1928
Taihoku (Taipei) Imperial University

 Thailand
 Thailand
Chulalongkorn University
1917

 Thailand
 Thailand
Thammasat University
1939

 Timor-Leste
 Timor-Leste
National University of East Timor
2000

 Vietnam
 French Indochina
Hanoi Medical University
1902

 Vietnam
 French Indochina
Vietnam National University, Hanoi
1904

text: Europe[edit]

text: While Europe had 143 universities in 1789, the Napoleonic wars took a heavy toll, reducing the number to 83 by 1815. The universities of France were abolished[2] and over half of the universities in both Germany and Spain were destroyed. By the mid 19th century, Europe had recovered to 98 universities.[65]

text:
Location

Current name

Year

Notes

Current

Original

 Albania(Tirana)
 Albania(Tirana)
University of Tirana
1957
originally established in 1957 as the State University of Tirana through merging of five existing institutes of higher education, the most important of which was the Institute of Sciences, founded in 1947

 Albania(Shkodër)
 Albania(Shkodër)
University of Shkodër "Luigj Gurakuqi"
1957

 Armenia(Yerevan)
 First Republic of Armenia(Alexandropol)
Yerevan State University
1919

 Austria(Graz)
 Holy Roman Empire(Graz)
University of Graz
1622
founded in 1585 by Archduke Charles II of Austria

 Austria(Salzburg)
 Holy Roman Empire(Salzburg)
University of Salzburg
1585
also known as Paris Lodron University after its founder, Prince-Archbishop Paris von Lodron

 Austria(Innsbruck)
 Holy Roman Empire(Innsbruck)
University of Innsbruck
1669

 Azerbaijan(Baku)
 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic(Baku)
Baku State University
1919
In 1930, the government ordered the University shut down in accordance with a reorganization of higher education, and the University was replaced with the Supreme Pedagogical Institute. In 1934 the University was reestablished.

 Belgium(Ghent)
 United Kingdom of the Netherlands(Ghent)
Ghent University
1817
established in 1817 by William I of the Netherlands

 Belgium(Liège)
 United Kingdom of the Netherlands (Liège)
University of Liège
1817
was founded in 1817 by William I of the Netherlands

 Belgium(Namur)
 Belgium(Namur)
University of Namur
1831
Founded in 1831 as the Facultés universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, its name was changed to Université de Namur by a decree in 2009.

 Belgium(Leuven)
 Belgium(Mechelen)
KU Leuven and Université catholique de Louvain
1834
Founded as the Catholic University of Mechelen on 8 November 1834 by the bishops of Belgium. Moved to Leuven on 1 December 1835, where it took the name Catholic University of Louvain.[Note 4] In 1968, it split to form two institutions: Dutch-speaking Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and French-speaking Université catholique de Louvain.

 Belgium(Brussels)
 Belgium(Brussels)
Université libre de Bruxellesand Vrije Universiteit Brussel
1834
Founded in 1834 as the Université libre de Belgique (Free University of Belgium). In 1836, it changed its name to Université libre de Bruxelles. On 1 October 1969, the university was split into two sister institutions: the French-speaking Université Libre de Bruxelles and the Dutch-speaking Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Both names mean Free University of Brussels in English, so neither uses the English translation as it is ambiguous.

 Belgium(Brussels)
 Belgium(Brussels)
Saint-Louis University, Brussels
1858
Founded in 1858 as the Institut Saint-Louis as it moved from Mechlin, which university was transfered to Louvain, to Brussels. It was later named Faculté Saint-Louis which became its official title in 1948 : Faculté universitaire Saint-Louis, then Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis in 1969 and finally became Université Saint-Louis – Bruxelles by a decree in 2009.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina(Sarajevo)
 Yugoslavia(Sarajevo)
University of Sarajevo
1949

 Bulgaria(Sofia)
 Principality of Bulgaria(Sofia)
Sofia University
1888

 Bulgaria(Sofia)
 Kingdom of Bulgaria(Sofia)
University of National and World Economy
1920
was founded in 1920 as the Free University of Political and Economic Sciences (FUPES)

 Bulgaria(Varna)
 Kingdom of Bulgaria(Varna)
University of Economics Varna
1920
was originally known as the Higher School of Commerce

 Croatia(Zagreb)
 Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)(Zagreb)
University of Zagreb
1669
History of the University began on 23 September 1669, when the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I issued a decree granting the establishment of the Jesuit Academy of the Royal Free City of Zagreb. Decree was accepted at the Council of the Croatian Kingdom on 3 November 1671.

 Czech Republic(Olomouc)
 Kingdom of Bohemia(Olomouc)
Palacký University
1573
originally known as Olomouc Jesuit University

 Czech Republic(Prague)
 Kingdom of Bohemia(Prague)
Czech Technical University in Prague
1707
established as the Institute of Engineering Education in 1707 it is the oldest non-military technical university in Europe

 Denmark(Copenhagen)
 Denmark(Copenhagen)
Technical University of Denmark
1829
was founded in 1829 as the 'College of Advanced Technology'

 Estonia(Tartu)
 Kingdom of Sweden(Dorpat)
University of Tartu
1632 (continuous operation since 1802)
founded as The Academia Gustaviana in the then Swedish province of Livonia. It was closed from 1710 to 1802.

 Finland(Helsinki)
 Kingdom of Sweden(Åbo)
University of Helsinki
1640
founded as the Royal Academy of Turku (Swedish: Kungliga Akademin i Åbo. It was shut down by the Great Fire of Turku in 1827. The University of Helsinki was founded the next year, in 1828, and it started operating in 1829. The University of Helsinki sees itself as continuation of the Royal Academy of Turku.

 France(Paris)
 Kingdom of France(Paris)
Sorbonne University (group)
1160–1250 (continuous operation since 1896)
Emerged around 1150 as a corporation associated with the cathedral school of Notre Dame de Paris, it was considered the second-oldest university in Europe. Officially chartered in 1200 by King Philip II (Philippe-Auguste) of France and recognised in 1215 by Pope Innocent III, it was often nicknamed after its theology collegiate institution, College of Sorbonne, founded about 1257 by Robert de Sorbon and charted by Saint Louis, King of France. It was abolished in 1793 by the French Revolution[2], and was replaced by Napoléon on 1 May 1806 by the University of France system. In 1896 the Law of Liard allowed the founding of a new University of Paris. In 1970, it split into 13 separate universities and numerous specialised institutions of higher education. In 2018, Sorbonne University will be formed from the Paris-Sorbonne University (created from the faculty of humanities of the University of Paris) and Pierre and Marie Curie University (created from the faculty of science and medicine of the University of Paris). Panthéon-Assas University (from the faculty of law and economics) and University of Technology of Compiègne, already members of the Sorbonne University group, may follow the merge.[66][67]

 France(Occitanie)
 County of Toulouse(Toulouse)
Université fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées
1229 (continuous operation since 1896)
Founded by papal bull in 1229 as the University of Toulouse. It closed in 1793 due to the French Revolution, and reopened in 1896. In 1969, it split into three separate universities and numerous specialised institutions of higher education. It no longer represents a single university, as it is now the collective entity which federates the universities and specialised institutions of higher education in the region.

 France(Montpellier)
 Kingdom of Majorca(Montpellier)
University of MontpellierPaul Valéry University Montpellier 3
1289 (continuous operation since 1896)
The world's oldest medicine faculty was established before 1137 and operated continuously through the French Revolution. University by Papal Bull in 1289. It closed in 1793 due to the French Revolution, and reopened in 1896. The university of Montpellier was officially re-organised in 1969 after the students' revolt. It was split into its successor institutions the University of Montpellier 1 (comprising the former faculties of medicine, law, and economy), Montpellier 2 (science and technology) and Montpellier 3 (social sciences, humanities and liberal arts). On 1 January 2015, the University of Montpellier 1 and the University of Montpellier 2 merged to form the newly recreated University of Montpellier.[68][69] Meanwhile, the Paul Valéry University Montpellier 3 remains a separate institution.

 France(Aix-en-Provence, Marseille)
 Provence(Aix)
Aix-Marseille University
1409 (continuous operation since 1896)
Founded in 1409 as the University of Provence, and in 1792, dissolved, along with twenty-one other universities. In 1896 it was reformed as the University of Aix-Marseille, one of 17 self-governing regional universities financed by the state. In 1968 it was divided into two institutions, the University of Provence (Aix-Marseille I) as a school of languages and letters, and the University of Aix-Marseille (Aix-Marseille II) as primarily a school of medicine and sciences. In 1973 the University of Law, Economics and Science (Aix-Marseille III) was added. In 2012 the three universities merged and was renamed Aix-Marseille University.

 Germany(WittenbergHalle)
 Holy Roman Empire(Wittenberg)
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
1502
created in 1502 as the University of Wittenberg. Merged with University of Halle (founded 1691) in 1817.

 Germany(Marburg)
 Holy Roman Empire(Marburg)
Philipps University of Marburg
1527

 Germany(Jena)
 Holy Roman Empire(Jena)
University of Jena
1558
founded as Ducal Pan-Saxon University (German: Herzoglich Sächsische Gesamtuniversität)

 Georgia(Tbilisi)
 Democratic Republic of Georgia(Tbilisi)
Tbilisi State University
1918
founded in 1918 as Tbilisi State University

 Gibraltar
 Gibraltar
University of Gibraltar
2015

 Greece(Corfu)
 United States of the Ionian Islands(Corfu)
Ionian University
1824 (university 1984)
created as the Ionian Academy in 1824 on Corfu. Established as the Ionian University (Greek: Iόνιο Πανεπιστήμιο) in 1984 by the Greek government.

 Greece(Athens)
 Kingdom of Greece(Athens)
National Technical University of Athens
1837 (awarded degrees from 1887)[70]
founded in 1836 as a part-time vocational school called Royal School of Arts

 Hungary(Budapest)
 Kingdom of Hungary(Nagyszombat)
Eötvös Loránd University
1635
Founded in 1635 by the archbishop and theologian Péter Pázmány as the University of Nagyszombat. Renamed Royal Hungarian University of Science in 1769. The university was moved to Buda (today part of Budapest) in 1777. The university moved to its final location in Pest (now also part of Budapest) in 1784 and was renamed Royal University of Pest. It has been renamed three times since then: University of Budapest (1873–1921), (Hungarian Royal Pázmány Péter University (1921–1950), and since 1950, Eötvös Loránd University.

 Hungary(Budapest)
 Kingdom of Hungary(Nagyszombat)
Semmelweis University
1769(independent 1951)
the oldest medical school in Hungary. Founded as a medical school within the University of Nagyszombat. Became an independent institution as the Medical University of Budapest in 1951. Took on the name of Ignác Semmelweis in 1969.

 Hungary(Budapest)
 Kingdom of Hungary(Nagyszombat)
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
1782(independent 1872)
established as the Institutum Geometricum as part of the Faculty of Liberal Arts at the University of Buda in 1782. The Institutum Geometricum merged with the Joseph College of Technology in 1850 and became the Royal Joseph Polytechnic in 1856. Renamed Royal Joseph University in 1862 and gained full autonomy in 1872. Reorganized as Palatine Joseph University of Technology and Economics in 1934. Renamed Technical University of Budapest in 1949. In 2000, the official name changes to Budapest University of Technology and Economics.

 Iceland(Reykjavík)
 Denmark(Reykjavík)
University of Iceland
1911

 Ireland(Dublin)
 Kingdom of Ireland(Dublin)
University of Dublin
1592
Effectively synonymous with Trinity College, Dublin

 Italy(Urbino)
 Holy Roman Empire(Urbino)
University of Urbino
1506

 Italy(Messina)
 Kingdom of Sicily(Messina)
University of Messina
1548
The predecessor institution of the University was the Jesuit College of Messina "Primum ac Prototypum Collegium" First Prototype College

 Italy(L'Aquila)
 Kingdom of Naples(L'Aquila)
University of L'Aquila
1596

 Latvia(Riga)
 Russian Empire(Riga)
Riga Technical University
1862
first established as Riga Polytechnicum in 1862

 Liechtenstein(Vaduz)
 Liechtenstein(Vaduz)
University of Liechtenstein
1961
successor to the Abendtechnikum Vaduz in 1992

 Lithuania(Vilnius)
 Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania(Vilnius)
Vilnius University
1579 (continuous operation since 1919)
founded as the Jesuit Academy (College) of Vilnius; the university was closed from 1832 to 1919 and again in 1943–44

 Luxembourg(Esch-sur-Alzette)
 Luxembourg(Esch-sur-Alzette)
University of Luxembourg
2003

 Macedonia(Skopje)
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia(Skopje)
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje
1946

 Macedonia(Bitola)
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia(Bitola)
St. Clement of Ohrid University of Bitola
1979

 Malta(Msida)
 Malta(Msida)
University of Malta
1769
first established as the Collegium Melitense by the Jesuits 1592

 Netherlands(Leiden)
 Dutch Republic(Leiden)
University of Leiden
1575

 Netherlands(Groningen)
 Dutch Republic(Groningen)
University of Groningen
1614

 Netherlands(Amsterdam)
 Dutch Republic(Amsterdam)
University of Amsterdam
1632
founded as the Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam

 Netherlands(Utrecht)
 Dutch Republic(Utrecht)
Utrecht University
1636
formerly Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht

 Norway(Oslo)
 Denmark–Norway(Christiania)
University of Oslo
1811
founded as The Royal Frederik's University

 Poland(Wrocław)
 Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania(Wrocław)
University of Wrocław
1701
re-founded 1811

 Poland(Warsaw)
 Prussia(Budapest)
University of Warsaw
1816
founded as a Royal University on 19 November 1816, when the Partitions of Poland separated Warsaw from the older University of Kraków (founded in 1364).

 Portugal(Évora)
 Portugal(Évora)
University of Évora
1559 (continuous operation since 1973)
second oldest university in Portugal, 1559–1759, resumed work in 1973

 Portugal(Lisbon)
 Portugal(Lisbon)
University of Lisbon
1911

 Portugal(Porto)
 Portugal(Porto)
University of Porto
1911

 Romania(Iași)
 United Principalities(Iași)
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University
1860[71][72]
successor to the Princely Academy from Iaşi, 1642, and Academia Mihăileană, 1835[73]

 Romania(Bucharest)
 United Principalities(Bucharest)
University of Bucharest
1864[71][74]
successor to the Saint Sava College, 1694

 Romania(Cluj-Napoca)
 Kingdom of Romania(Cluj)
Babeș-Bolyai University
1918[71][75]
teaching existed in Cluj-Napoca since the Jesuits College, 1581, and the Jesuits Academy, 1688

 Russia(Kaliningrad)
 Kingdom of Poland(Königsberg)
Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University
1544 or 1967
claims continuity from University of Königsberg, 1544. After the World War II, Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad and the new Russophone Kaliningrad State Pedagogical Institute used the campus of the Albertina from 1948 to 1967. In 1967, the institute received the status of a university and became known as Kaliningrad State University.

 Russia(Saint Petersburg)
 Russian Empire(Saint Petersburg)
Saint Petersburg State University
1724
claims to be the successor of the university established along with the Academic Gymnasium and the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences on 24 January 1724 by a decree of Peter the Great. In the period between 1804 and 1819, Saint Petersburg University officially did not exist

 Russia(Moscow)
 Russian Empire(Moscow)
Moscow State University
1775

 Russia(Kazan)
 Russian Empire(Kazan)
Kazan Federal University
1804
Founded in 1804 as Kazan Imperial University

 Serbia(Belgrade)
 Kingdom of Serbia(Belgrade)
University of Belgrade
1905
founded in 1808 as the Belgrade Higher School, by 1838 it merged with the Kragujevac-based departments into a single university, under current name from 1905; Orthodox Christian Lyceum in 1794; Teacher's college in 1778|

 Slovakia(Bratislava)
 Czechoslovakia(Bratislava)
Comenius University
1919

 Slovenia(Ljubljana)
 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes(Ljubljana)
University of Ljubljana
1919

 Spain(Seville)
 Spain(Seville)
University of Seville
1505

 Spain(Granada)
 Spain(Granada)
University of Granada
1531

 Spain(Zaragoza)
 Spain(Zaragoza)
University of Zaragoza
1542

 Spain(Oviedo)
 Spain(Oviedo)
University of Oviedo
1608

 Sweden(Lund)
 Sweden(Lund)
Lund University
1666
a Franciscan Studium Generale was founded in Lund in 1425, as the first university in Northern Europe, but as a result of the Protestant Reformation the operations of the catholic university were suspended

  Switzerland(Lausanne)
 Old Swiss Confederacy(Lausanne)
University of Lausanne
1537

  Switzerland(Geneva)
 Old Swiss Confederacy(Geneva)
University of Geneva
1559
founded by John Calvin

  Switzerland(Zurich)
  Switzerland(Zurich)
University of Zurich
1833
origin 1525; est. 1833

 Turkey(Istanbul)
 Turkey(Istanbul)
Istanbul Technical University
1928
Founded in 1773 as Imperial School of Naval Engineering by Mustafa III, but became a state university in 1928.[76]

 Turkey(Istanbul)
 Turkey(Istanbul)
Istanbul University
1933
The current state university was founded in 1933, but traces its origins back to the House of Multiple Sciences founded in 1846.  Its ultimate origins lie in a madrasa founded by Mehmed II in 1453, itself built upon a previous Byzantine school dating back to 1321

 Ukraine(Kharkiv)
 Russian Empire(Kharkov)
V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University
1804

 Ukraine(Kiev)
 Russian Empire(Kiev)
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
1834
Founded as the Kiev Imperial University of Saint Vladimir and changed names several times afters that

 Ukraine(Lviv)
 Austrian Empire(Lviv)
Lviv University
1850
operated from 1661–1773, 1784–1805, 1817–1848, 1850-

 United Kingdom( Scotland)(Edinburgh)
 Kingdom of Scotland(Edinburgh)
University of Edinburgh
1582/3[77]
Formally established as the Tounis College (Town's College) under the authority of a Royal Charter granted to the Town of Edinburgh by King James VI of Scotland on 14 April 1582.[78][79] It opened its doors to students in October 1583.[80]

 United Kingdom( England)(London)
 United Kingdom( England)(London)
University College London
1826[81] (as college; degree awarding powers 2005)
Claims to be the third oldest university in England and "the first university to be founded in London".[82][83]
Listed by Rüegg as a college of the University of London rather than as a university.[81]
Legally a college of the University of London but generally recognised as a university. Established by deed of settlement as an unincorporated joint stock company under the name of London University in 1826.[84] Unsuccessful in attempts to gain recognition as a university, but accepted charter of incorporation "not as a University but as a College" in 1836, and was affiliated to the University of London.[85][86] Gained its own degree awarding powers in 2005.[87]

 United Kingdom( England)(London)
 United Kingdom( England)(London)
King's College London
1829[81] (as college; degree awarding powers 2006)
Claims to be the fourth oldest university in England.[88]
Listed by Rüegg as a college of the University of London rather than as a university.[81]
Legally a college of the University of London but generally recognised as a university. Established by royal charter as a college in 1829.[89] Gained its own degree awarding powers in 2006.[90]

 United Kingdom( England)(Durham)
 United Kingdom( England)(Durham)
Durham University
1832[81]
Claims to be the third oldest university in England.[91][92]
Listed by Rüegg in A History of the University in Europe as meeting standard criteria for recognition as a university from 1832[81]
Established under the authority of the University of Durham Act 1832.[93] Recognised as a university in the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 and the Established Church Act 1836.[94][95] Incorporated and confirmed by Royal Charter in 1837 and degrees granted equal privileges with those of Oxford and Cambridge by the Attorneys and Solicitors Act 1837.[96][97]

 United Kingdom( England)(London)
 United Kingdom( England)(London)
University of London
1836[81]
Claims to be the third oldest university in England.[98]
Listed by Rüegg as meeting standard criteria for recognition as a university from 1836[81]
Established by Royal Charter as degree awarding examining body for King's College London and University College London  (see below), the London medical schools, and other institutions.[99] Degrees granted equal privileges with those of Oxford and Cambridge by the Attorneys and Solicitors Act 1837.[97]

 United Kingdom(Northern Ireland)(Belfast)
 United Kingdom(Ireland)(Belfast)
Queen's University Belfast
1845[81] (as college; university 1908)
Oldest university in Northern Ireland. Listed by Rüegg as meeting standard criteria for recognition as a university from 1845.[81]
Founded 1845, as a university college, gained university status in 1908.[100]

 United Kingdom( Wales)(Cardiff)
 United Kingdom( Wales)(Aberystwyth,Bangor,Cardiff)
University of Wales
1893[101]
Founded by Royal Charter in 1893 as a federal university with three constituent colleges – Aberystwyth, Bangor and Cardiff – the university was the first and oldest university in Wales. Listed by Rüegg as meeting standard criteria for recognition as a university from 1893[101]

 United Kingdom( Wales)(Carmarthen,Lampeter,Swansea)
 United Kingdom( Wales)(Carmarthen,Lampeter)
University of Wales Trinity Saint David
1822 (as college; limited degree awarding powers 1852)
The university was founded as St David's College (Coleg Dewi Sant) in 1822 "to provide a liberal education to members of the clergy" and was incorporated by royal charter in 1828.[102] It was renamed St David's University College (Coleg Prifysgol Dewi Sant) in 1971, when it became part of the federal University of Wales. It was again renamed University of Wales, Lampeter in 1996 in line with moves elsewhere in the University of Wales. In 2010 it merged with Trinity University College to form the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David.[103] Although described as the oldest university in Wales,[104][105] it was not listed by Rüegg as meeting standard critera for a university[106] and lost a court case in 1951 against the Ministry of Education in which it sought to receive recognition as a university.[107]

 United Kingdom( Wales)(Aberystwyth)
 United Kingdom( Wales)(Aberystwyth)
Aberystwyth University
1872[101] (as college; university 2007)
Founded in 1872 as University College Wales, Aberystwyth, it became a founder member of the University of Wales in 1894 and changed its name to the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth.[108] It claims to be "Wales's oldest university",[109] but was listed by Rüegg as a college of the University of Wales rather than as a university.[101] It became an independent university (as Aberystwyth University) in 2007.[110]

text: Latin America and the Caribbean[edit]

text:
Location

Current name

Year

Notes

Current

Original

 Argentina
 Spanish Empire
National University of Córdoba
1613
the oldest university in Argentina

 Argentina
 Argentina
University of Buenos Aires
1821
the largest university in Argentina and the second largest university by enrollment in Latin America.

 Belize
 Belize
University of Belize
2000

 Bolivia
 Spanish Empire
University of Saint Francis Xavier
1624
Founded in 1624 by order of the Spanish King Philip IV, and with the support of Pope Innocent XII. Full name is The Royal and Pontificial Major University of Saint Francis Xavier of Chuquisaca

 Brazil
 Brazil
Federal University of Amazonas
1909
founded on 17 January 1909 as the Free University School of Manáos. It is the oldest university in Brazil and the largest university in the northern region of Brazil.

 Brazil
 Brazil
Federal University of Paraná
1912

 Brazil
 Brazil
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
1920
created in 1920 as a junction between the Escola Politécnica (Polytechnic School, partially descended from Academia Real Militar, Real Military Academy, founded on 17 April 1811), the Faculdade Nacional de Medicina (National College of Medicine, founded on 2 April 1808) and the Faculdade Nacional de Direito (National College of Law, which came to exist after the fusion between the College of Legal and Social Sciences and the Free College of Law – both recognized by the Law Decree 693 of 1 October 1891). It is the largest federal university in the country.

 Brazil
 Brazil
Instituto Militar de Engenharia
1959
successor to the Academia Real Militar (Real Military Academy), founded on 17 April 1811, which, by your turn, was the successor of the Royal Academy of Artillery, Fortification and Design, founded on 17 December 1792. It is maintained by the Brazilian Army with Federal support, and it is one of the best ranked engineering schools in Brazil, according to the Ministry of Education of that country, having systematically achieved first place in several of its engineering degrees.

 Chile
 Chile
Universidad de Chile
1842
successor to the "Real Universidad de San Felipe", created in 1738. The oldest university in Chile

 Colombia
 Spanish Empire
Saint Thomas Aquinas University
1580
Founded in 1580 by the Dominican Order. It is the second-oldest university in the Americas.

 Colombia
 Spanish Empire
Pontifical Xavierian University
1623
The College of the Society of Jesus was established in Santafé de Bogotá in 1604 as part of the San Bartolome School and Cloister.

 Colombia
 Spanish Empire
Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario – Universidad del Rosario
1653

 Costa Rica
 Costa Rica
University of Costa Rica
1940
The first institution dedicated to higher education in Costa Rica was the University of Saint Thomas (Universidad de Santo Tomás), which was established in 1843. That institution maintained close ties with the Roman Catholic Church and was closed in 1888 by the progressive and anti-clerical government of President Bernardo Soto Alfaro as part of a campaign to modernize public education. The schools of law, agronomy, fine arts, and pharmacy continued to operate independently. In 1940, those four schools were re-united to establish the modern UCR, during the reformist administration of President Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia.

 Cuba
 Spanish Empire
Universidad de La Habana
1728

 Dominica
 Dominica
Ross University School of Medicine
1978

 Dominican Republic
 Dominican Republic
Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo
1914
successor to the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, 1558, which disappeared in 1823

 Ecuador
 Gran Colombia
Central University of Ecuador
1826
Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Gregorio Magno

 El Salvador
 El Salvador
Universidad de El Salvador
1841
founded on 16 February 1841, by the President Juan Lindo,

 Grenada
 Grenada
St. George's University
1976

 Guatemala
 Spanish Empire
Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala
1676

 Guyana
 British Guiana
University of Guyana
1963

 Haiti
 Haiti
Universite d'Etat d'Haiti
1820

 Haiti
 United States occupation of Haiti
Université Adventiste d'Haïti
1921

 Honduras
 Honduras
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras
1847

 Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Grenada Jamaica Montserrat St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos
 Jamaica
University of the West Indies
1948
First campus opened in Jamaica as the University College of the West Indies associated with the University of London in 1948. Gained independent university status in 1962.

 Jamaica
 Jamaica
University of Technology, Jamaica
1958
established as the Jamaica Institute of Technology (1958); renamed College of Arts, Science and Technology (1959–1995). Degree awarding powers from 1986

 Mexico
 Mexico
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
1910
traces its origins back to Real y Pontificia Universidad de México (1551–1865) but no institutional continuity

 Mexico
 Mexico
Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo
1917
founded in 1540 as Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo (St. Nicholas Bishop College) and later in 1543 was appointed Real Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo (Royal St. Nicholas Bishop College) by King Carlos I of Spain; it was converted into a university on 15 October 1917.[111]

 Mexico
 Mexico
Universidad de Guadalajara
1925
founded 12 October 1791; legally established 12 October 1925

 Mexico
 Mexico
Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
1937
founded 1587 as Colegio del Espíritu Santo. Converted into a public college in 1825, then a public university in 1937.[112]

 Panama
 Panama
Universidad de Panamá
1935

 Paraguay
 Paraguay
Universidad Nacional de Asunción
1889

 Peru
 Spanish Empire
National University of San Marcos
1551
Also known as the "Dean university of the Americas"; This is the first officially established (privilege by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor) and the longest continuously operating university in the Americas

 Peru
 Spanish Empire
National University of San Antonio Abad in Cuzco
1692

 Peru
 Peru
National University of Saint Augustine
1828

 Puerto Rico
 Puerto Rico
Universidad del Sagrado Corazón
1880

 Puerto Rico
 Puerto Rico
University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras
1903

 Suriname
 Kingdom of the Netherlands
Anton de Kom University
1968

 Uruguay
 Uruguay
Universidad de la República
1849

 Venezuela
 Spanish Empire
Central University of Venezuela
1721

text: Canada, Greenland and the United States[edit]

text: In the United States, the colonial colleges awarded degrees from their foundation, but none were formally named as universities prior to the American Revolution, leading to various claims to be the first university in the United States. The earliest Canadian institutions were founded as colleges, without degree awarding powers, and gained degree granting authority and university status later.

text:
Location

Current name

Year

Notes

Current

Original

 Canada(Québec, Québec)
 New France(Quebec City)
Université Laval
1663 (university 1852)
Founded in 1663 as a seminary (Séminaire de Québec), making it the oldest post-secondary institution in Canada; extended to teach the liberal arts after the British Conquest of 1760. Gained university status and the power to award degrees by royal charter in 1852.[113]

 Canada(Montreal, Québec)
 Lower Canada(Québec)
McGill University
1821
McGill College received a royal charter in 1821. The name "McGill University" was adopted in 1855[114][better source needed].

 Canada(Fredericton & Saint John, New Brunswick)
 New Brunswick(Fredericton)
University of New Brunswick
1785 (university 1828)
Oldest English-language post-secondary institution in Canada. Founded in 1785 as Provincial Academy of Arts and Sciences, provincial charter as College of New Brunswick in 1800, royal charter "to be deemed and taken as an University" 1828 King's College, reorganised as the University of New Brunswick 1859.[115][116]

 Canada(Halifax, Nova Scotia)
  Nova Scotia(Windsor)
University of King's College
1789 (university 1802)
First established as the King's Collegiate School in Windsor, Nova Scotia in 1789. Received a royal charter in 1802 establishing it (after the model of Trinity College, Dublin) as "The Mother of an University", making it the oldest chartered university in Canada.[117][118] A fire destroyed the original university in 1920, and the institution relocated to Halifax.

 Canada((Toronto, Ontario)

  Upper Canada
(Ontario)

University of Toronto

1827

Initially established as King's College, the first higher learning institution in Upper Canada. In 1849 it adopted its current name, University of Toronto.[citation needed]

 Greenland(Nuuk)
 Greenland(Nuuk)
University of Greenland
1983 (university 1989)
Established 1983, took name University of Greenland 1987, formal university status by legislation since 1 September 1989.[119]

 United States(Cambridge, Massachusetts)
  Massachusetts(Cambridge)
Harvard University
1636
Founded in 1636, named Harvard College in 1639, chartered in 1650. Claims to be "the oldest institution of higher education in the United States". Officially recognised as a university by the Massachusetts Constitution of 1780.[120][121]

 United States(Williamsburg, Virginia)
  Virginia(Middle Plantation)
The College of William & Mary
1693
Chartered in 1693. Claims to be the "[f]irst college to become a university" in the US, in 1779.[122] Closed during two different periods—from 1861 to 1869 due to the Civil War and postwar financial problems, and 1882 to 1888 due to continued financial difficulties.

 United States(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
  Pennsylvania(Pennsylvania Colony)
University of Pennsylvania
1755
Traces its roots to a charity school founded in 1740. Collegiate charter 1755. Claims to be "the first American institution of higher education to be named a university" (in 1779).[123]

 United States(Washington, DC)

 United States(Georgetown, Maryland)

Georgetown University

1789

Founded in 1789, Georgetown University received the first federal university charter by President James Madison in 1815[124][125][not in citation given]

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Location

Current name

Year

Notes

Current

Original

 Australia( New South Wales)
 New South Wales
University of Sydney
1850
oldest in New South Wales, Australia and Oceania

 Australia( Victoria)
 Victoria
University of Melbourne
1853
oldest in Victoria

 Australia( South Australia)
 South Australia
University of Adelaide
1874
oldest in South Australia

 Australia( South Australia)
 South Australia
University of South Australia
1889
UniSA was formed in 1991 by the merger of the South Australian Institute of Technology with three South Australian College of Advanced Education campuses

 Australia( Tasmania)
 Tasmania
University of Tasmania
1890
oldest in Tasmania

 Australia( Queensland)
 Australia( Queensland)
University of Queensland
1909
oldest in Queensland

 Australia( Western Australia)
 Australia( Western Australia)
University of Western Australia
1911
oldest in Western Australia

 Australia( Australian Capital Territory)
 Australia(Australian Capital Territory)
Australian National University
1946
oldest in Australian Capital Territory

 Australia( New South Wales)
 Australia( New South Wales)
University of New England
1954
first established outside of a state capital

 Australia( Northern Territory)
 Australia( Northern Territory)
Northern Territory University
1989
oldest in Northern Territory, amalgamated as part of Charles Darwin University in 2004

 Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Niue Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu
 Colony of Fiji
University of the South Pacific
1968
Regional university, operating in (and owned by the governments of) 12 Pacific island nations. Main campus in Fiji.

 Papua New Guinea
 Papua New Guinea
University of Papua New Guinea
1965
first university in Papua New Guinea

 New Zealand( Otago)
 New Zealand(Otago)
University of Otago
1869
oldest in New Zealand and the South Island

 New Zealand(Canterbury)
 New Zealand(Canterbury)
University of Canterbury
1873
oldest in Christchurch

 New Zealand(Auckland)
 New Zealand(Auckland)
University of Auckland
1883
oldest in Auckland and the North Island

 New Zealand( Wellington)
 New Zealand(Wellington)
Victoria University of Wellington
1899
oldest in Wellington


document_title: Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid

question_text: where did they shoot butch cassidy and the sundance kid

root

text: Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid

text: Plot[edit]

text: In late 1890s Wyoming, Butch Cassidy is the affable, clever, talkative leader of the outlaw Hole in the Wall Gang. His closest companion is the laconic dead-shot "Sundance Kid". The two return to their hideout at Hole-in-the-Wall (Wyoming) to discover that the rest of the gang, irked at Butch's long absences, have selected Harvey Logan as their new leader.

tag: p

text: Harvey challenges Butch to a knife fight over the gang's leadership. Butch defeats him using trickery, but embraces Harvey's idea to rob the Union Pacific Overland Flyer train on both its eastward and westward runs, agreeing that the second robbery would be unexpected and likely reap even more money than the first.

text: The first robbery goes well. To celebrate, Butch and Sundance visit a favorite brothel in a nearby town and watch, amused, as the town sheriff unsuccessfully attempts to organize a posse to track down the gang. They then visit Sundance's lover, schoolteacher Etta Place.

text: On the second train robbery, Butch uses too much dynamite to blow open the safe, blowing up the baggage car. As the gang scrambles to gather up the money, a second train arrives carrying a six-man team of lawmen pursuing Butch and Sundance, who unsuccessfully try to hide out in the brothel and to seek amnesty from the friendly Sheriff Bledsoe by enlisting in the army.

text: As the posse remains in pursuit, despite all attempts to elude them, Butch and Sundance determine that the group includes renowned Indian tracker "Lord Baltimore" and relentless lawman Joe Lefors, recognizable by his white skimmer. Butch and Sundance finally elude their pursuers by jumping from a cliff into a river far below. They learn from Etta that the posse has been paid by Union Pacific head E. H. Harriman to remain on their trail until Butch and Sundance are both killed.

text: Butch convinces Sundance and Etta that the three should escape to Bolivia, which Butch envisions as a robber's paradise. On their arrival there, Sundance is dismayed by the living conditions and regards the country with contempt, but Butch remains optimistic. They discover that they know too little Spanish to pull off a bank robbery, so Etta attempts to teach them the language. With her as an accomplice, they become successful bank robbers known as Los Bandidos Yanquis. However, their confidence drops when they see a man wearing a white hat (the signature of determined lawman Lefors) and fear that Harriman's posse is still after them.

text: Butch suggests "going straight", and he and Sundance land their first honest job as payroll guards for a mining company. However, they are ambushed by local bandits on their first run and their boss, Percy Garris, is killed. Butch and Sundance ambush and kill the bandits, the first time Butch has ever shot someone. Etta recommends farming or ranching as other lines of work, but they conclude the straight life isn't for them. Sensing they will be killed if they return to robbery, Etta decides to go back to the United States.

text: Butch and Sundance steal a payroll and the mules carrying it, and arrive in a small town. A boy recognizes the mules' brand and alerts the local police, leading to a gunfight with the outlaws. They take cover in a building but are both seriously wounded, after Butch makes a futile attempt to run to the mules in order to bring more ammunition, while Sundance provides cover fire. As dozens of Bolivian soldiers surround the area, Butch suggests the duo's next destination should be Australia. The film ends with a freeze frame shot on the pair charging out of the building, guns blazing, before the Bolivian forces open fire.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Paul Newman as Butch Cassidy
Robert Redford as the Sundance Kid
Katharine Ross as Etta Place
Strother Martin as Percy Garris
Henry Jones as Bike Salesman
Jeff Corey as Sheriff Bledsoe
George Furth as Woodcock
Cloris Leachman as Agnes
Ted Cassidy as Harvey Logan
Kenneth Mars as Marshal
Donnelly Rhodes as Macon
Timothy Scott as "News" Carver
Charles Dierkop as Flat Nose Curry

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Screenplay[edit]

text: William Goldman first came across the story of Butch Cassidy in the late 1950s and researched it on and off for eight years before sitting down to write the screenplay.[4] Goldman says he wrote the story as an original screenplay because he did not want to do the research to make it authentic as a novel.[5] Goldman later stated:

text: The whole reason I wrote the ... thing, there is that famous line that Scott Fitzgerald wrote, who was one of my heroes, "There are no second acts in American lives." When I read about Cassidy and Longbaugh and the superposse coming after them—that's phenomenal material. They ran to South America and lived there for eight years and that was what thrilled me: they had a second act. They were more legendary in South America than they had been in the old West ... It's a great story. Those two guys and that pretty girl going down to South America and all that stuff. It just seems to me it's a wonderful piece of material.[5]

text: The characters' flight to South America caused one executive to reject the script, as it was then unusual in Western films for the protagonists to flee.[6]

text: Development[edit]

text: According to Goldman, when he first wrote the script and sent it out for consideration, only one studio wanted to buy it—and that was with the proviso that the two lead characters did not flee to South America. When Goldman protested that that was what had happened, the studio head responded, "I don't give a shit. All I know is John Wayne don't run away."[7]

text: Goldman rewrote the script, "didn't change it more than a few pages, and subsequently found that every studio wanted it."[7]

text: According to the supplemental material on the Blu-ray disc release, Richard Zanuck at 20th Century Fox purchased the script, originally called The Sundance Kid and Butch Cassidy, for $400,000, double the price the studio's board of directors had authorized.[citation needed]

text: The role of Sundance was offered to Jack Lemmon, whose production company, JML, had produced the film Cool Hand Luke (1967) starring Newman. Lemmon, however, turned down the role; he did not like riding horses, and he felt he had already played too many aspects of the Sundance Kid's character before.[8] Other actors considered for the role of Sundance were Steve McQueen and Warren Beatty, who both turned it down, with Beatty claiming that the film was too similar to Bonnie and Clyde. According to Goldman, McQueen and Newman both read the scripts at the same time and agreed to do the film. McQueen eventually backed out of the film due to disagreements with Newman. The two actors would eventually team up in the 1974 disaster film The Towering Inferno.

text: Newman was eventually cast for the role of Cassidy. Marlon Brando was seriously considered to team with Newman for one of the roles. He turned it down due to his commitment to Burn. He also felt that it was too similar to his role in One-Eyed Jacks (1961).[citation needed]

text: Joanna Pettet was first offered the role of Etta Place but was forced to turn down the role due to her pregnancy. Katharine Ross was eventually cast for the role of Etta. Sam Elliott made his debut in this film as a card player. He and Ross married in 1984.[citation needed]

text: Filming[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: In addition to some studio interiors and exteriors, the film was shot on location in various parts of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and for the Bolivia scenes, Cuernavaca and Taxco, Mexico. The cast and crew enjoyed the location work. Redford said: "We had the best locations possible, to my mind. We had Zion National Park [Utah]; Durango, Colorado. … You rode through that, it was a joy."

text: On the first day of shooting, Katharine Ross came to the set to watch the train robbery scenes being filmed. There were five cameras and there were only four operators, so director of photography Conrad Hall (whom she was dating at the time, according to his DVD commentary) put her on the extra camera, showing her how to operate it, and how to move it to get her shot. Director George Roy Hill was furious about this and banned her from the set. The silent bicycle scene was her favorite scene to film because it was shot by the crew's second unit rather than the first unit, directed by George Roy Hill.

text: During the scenes in Bolivia which were shot in Mexico, almost the entire crew and cast suffered from severe diarrhea due to drinking polluted water. Newman, Redford and Ross were exception to this because they preferred drinking soda and alcohol. Redford didn't agree with Newman on the need for rehearsal, feeling that it lessens the spontaneity, but he conceded out of respect for his co-star.

text: Redford wanted to do all his own stunts. Newman was especially upset about Redford's desire to jump onto the train roof and run along the tops of the cars as it moved. Redford said that Newman told him, "I don't want any heroics around here. … I don't want to lose a co-star."

text: Newman did his own bicycle stunts, after his stunt man was unable to stay on the bike, except for the scene where Butch crashes backwards into the fence, which was performed by the director of photography.

text: The only major conflict between Newman and George Roy Hill occurred over what became known as "the Bledsoe scene," a break in the extended superposse chase when Butch and Sundance go to visit an old sheriff hoping to get his help enlisting them in the Army to fight in the Spanish–American War. Newman felt the scene should come at the end of the chase and be the motivation for their flight to South America. Hill disagreed strongly. Every day, Newman came on the set with fresh arguments for why it should be done his way and with increasing passion for his opinion. "Paul was becoming almost anal about it," noted Redford, who at one point jokingly suggested they rename the film "The Bledsoe Scene." Ultimately, Hill won the argument.

text: Lula Parker Betenson, sister of the real Butch Cassidy, often visited the set, and her presence was welcome to the cast and crew. During lulls in shooting she would tell stories about her famous brother's escapades, and was amazed at how accurately the script and Paul Newman portrayed him. Before the film was released, the studio found out about her visits and tried to convince her to endorse the movie in a series of ads to be shown in theatres across the country. She said that she would, but only if she saw the film first and truly stood behind it. The studio refused, saying that allowing her to see the film before its release could harm its reputation. Finally, at Robert Redford's suggestion, she agreed to do the endorsements—for a small "fee".

text: Deleted scene[edit]

text: A scene that was cut from the film had Cassidy, the Kid, and Etta in a Bolivian cinema and seeing a screen re-enactment of their gang, depicting Butch and Sundance as ruthless killers gunned down by the law. As the two men watch incredulously, shouting at the screen that it didn't happen that way, Etta walks off to the station to catch the train that would begin her journey back to America. George Roy Hill thought that the scene was somewhat heavy-handed and unnecessary.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Premieres[edit]

text: The world premiere of the movie was in September 1969, at the Roger Sherman Theater, in New Haven, Connecticut. The premiere was attended by Paul Newman, his wife Joanne Woodward, Robert Redford, George Roy Hill, William Goldman, and John Foreman, among others.[9] It premiered in Los Angeles, the next day, and in New York City on October 1.[10]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016)

text: The response of major American movie reviewers was widely favorable. Rotten Tomatoes, a film review aggregator, give 89% "Certified fresh" favorable score based on 46 reviews with an average score of 8.2/10, the site's critical consensus reads:"With its iconic pairing of Paul Newman and Robert Redford, jaunty screenplay and Burt Bacharach score, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid has gone down as among the defining moments in late-'60s American cinema."[11] Newman and Redford's chemistry was praised as was the film's charm and humor.[citation needed]

text: Time magazine said the film's two male stars are "afflicted with cinematic schizophrenia. One moment they are sinewy, battered remnants of a discarded tradition. The next they are low comedians whose chaffing relationship—and dialogue—could have been lifted from a Batman and Robin episode."[12] Time also criticized the film's score as absurd and anachronistic.

text: Roger Ebert's review of the movie was a mixed 2.5 out of 4 stars. "The movie starts promisingly ... a scene where Butch puts down a rebellion in his gang [is] one of the best things in the movie ... And then we meet Sundance's girlfriend, played by Katharine Ross, and the scenes with the three of them have you thinking you've wandered into a really first-rate film." But after Harriman hires his posse, Ebert thought the movie's quality declined: "Hill apparently spent a lot of money to take his company on location for these scenes, and I guess when he got back to Hollywood he couldn't bear to edit them out of the final version. So the Super-posse chases our heroes unceasingly, until we've long since forgotten how well the movie started." The dialogue in the final scenes is "so bad we can't believe a word anyone says. And then the violent, bloody ending is also a mistake; apparently it was a misguided attempt to copy "Bonnie and Clyde. ..." we don't believe it, and we walk out of the theater wondering what happened to that great movie we were seeing until an hour ago."[13]

text: The Writers Guild of America ranked the screenplay #11 on its list of 101 Greatest Screenplays ever written.[14]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film earned $15 million in rentals in North America during its first year of release.[15]

text: With US box office of over US$100 million,[16] it was the top grossing film of the year. Adjusted for inflation, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ranks as the 34th top-grossing film of all time and the top 10 for its decade, due in part to subsequent re-releases.[citation needed]

text: It was the eighth most popular film of 1970 in France.[17]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The film won four Academy Awards: Best Cinematography; Best Original Score for a Motion Picture (not a Musical); Best Music, Song (Burt Bacharach and Hal David for "Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head"); and Best Writing, Story and Screenplay Based on Material Not Previously Published or Produced. It was also nominated for Best Director, Best Picture, and Best Sound (William Edmondson and David Dockendorf).[18]

text: Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid also won numerous British Academy Film Awards, including Best Film, Best Direction, Best Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Best Actor (won by Redford though Newman was also nominated), and Best Actress for Katharine Ross, among others.[19]

text: William Goldman won the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay.[20]

text: In 2003, the film was selected for the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". The Academy Film Archive preserved Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid in 1998.[21]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The film inspired the television series Alias Smith and Jones, starring Pete Duel and Ben Murphy as outlaws trying to earn an amnesty.[22]

text: A parody titled "Botch Casually and the Somedunce Kid" was published in MAD. It was illustrated by Mort Drucker and written by Arnie Kogen in issue No. 136, July 1970.[23]


document_title: Price ceiling

question_text: one side effect of price ceilings is that they produce

text: Price ceiling

text: Real-world examples[edit]

text: Rent control in New York City[edit]

text: Rent control is a price ceiling on rent. When soldiers returned from World War II and started families (which increased demand for apartments), but stopped receiving military pay, many could not deal with the jumping rent. The government put in price controls, so soldiers and their families could pay the rent and keep their homes. However, this increased the quantity demanded for apartments and lowered the quantity supplied, meaning that available apartments were rapidly taken until none were left for late-comers. Price ceilings create shortages when producers are allowed to abdicate market share or go unsubsidized.

text: Apartment price control in Finland[edit]

text: According to professors Niko Määttänen and Ari Hyytinen, price ceilings on Helsinki City Hitas apartments are economically highly inefficient. They cause queuing, and discriminate against the handicapped, single parents, elderly, and others not able to queue for days. They cause inefficient allocation, as apartments are not bought by those willing to pay the most for them—and those who get an apartment are unwilling to leave it, even when their family or work situation changes, since they can't sell it at what they feel the market price should be. These inefficiencies increase apartment shortage and raise the market price of other apartments.[1]

text: Coulter law in the Australian Football League[edit]

text: As a result of declining competitive balance following the admission of Footscray, Hawthorn & North Melbourne in 1925,[2][3] the VFL introduced a ceiling wage of £3 (around 160 Australian dollars at 2008 prices) in 1930. Known as the Coulter Law after George Coulter, it was varied several times before finally being abolished in 1968, being cut in half during World War II and increased in line with inflation after the war.

text: In its early years, poorer clubs did not have the money to pay their players even the legal wage, and Melbourne preferred to give its players jobs rather than payments, but some clubs such as Richmond did pay above the legal wage.

text: The Coulter Law was a strictly binding price ceiling through its history, mainly for top players such as Ron Todd, John Coleman and Brian Gleeson. In the case of Todd, it led to him moving to the VFA because he was dissatisfied with the pay he could legally get with Collingwood,[4] whilst Coleman and Gleeson could not afford surgery to continue their careers, that they would have been able to have on higher wages.

text: State Farm Insurance[edit]

text: A February 4, 2009 Wall Street Journal article stated, "Last month State Farm pulled the plug on its 1.2 million homeowner policies in Florida, citing the state's punishing price controls... State Farm's local subsidiary recently requested an increase of 47%, but state regulators refused. State Farm says that since 2000 it has paid $1.21 in claims and expenses for every $1 of premium income received."[5]

text: Venezuela[edit]

text: A January 10, 2006, BBC article reported that since 2003, Venezuela President Hugo Chávez had been setting price ceilings on food, and that these price ceilings had caused shortages and hoarding.[6] A January 22, 2008 article from Associated Press stated, "Venezuelan troops are cracking down on the smuggling of food... the National Guard has seized about 750 tons of food... Hugo Chavez ordered the military to keep people from smuggling scarce items like milk... He's also threatened to seize farms and milk plants..."[7] On February 28, 2009 Chávez ordered the military to temporarily seize control of all the rice processing plants in the country and force them to produce at full capacity, which he alleged they had been avoiding in response to the price caps.[8]

text: A January 3, 2007 article in the International Herald Tribune reported that Chávez's price ceilings were causing shortages of materials used in the construction industry.[9] According to an April 4, 2008 article from CBS News, Chávez ordered the nationalization of the cement industry in response to the industry exporting its products to receive higher prices outside the country.[10]

text: Price ceilings that lead to higher prices[edit]

text: There is a substantial body of research showing that under some circumstances price ceilings can, paradoxically, lead to higher prices. The leading explanation is that price ceilings serve to coordinate collusion among suppliers who would otherwise compete on price.

text: More precisely: Forming a cartel is profitable, because it enables nominally competing firms to act like a monopoly, limiting quantities and raising prices. But forming a cartel is difficult, because it is necessary to agree on quantities and prices, and because each firm will have an incentive to "cheat", that is, to sell more than agreed at by lowering prices. (Antitrust laws make collusion even more difficult because of legal sanctions.) Having a third party such as a regulator announce and enforce a maximum price level can make it easier for the firms to agree on a price and to monitor pricing. We can view the regulatory price as a focal point which is natural for both parties to charge.

text: One research paper documenting this phenomenon is Knittel and Stangel.[11] The authors discovered that in the 1980s in the United States, in states that fixed an interest rate ceiling of 18% firms charged a rate only slightly below the ceiling. But in states without an interest rate ceiling, interest rates were significantly lower. (The authors did not find any difference in costs which could explain the result.) Another example is Sen et al. [12] who found that gasoline prices were higher in states that instituted price ceilings. We can give here the example of a supreme court of Pakistan decision regarding fixing of a ceiling price for sugar at PKR45/kg. The result was sugar disappeared from the market due to a cartel of sugar producers and the failure of the Pakistani government to maintain supply even in the stores owned by the Government against the large demand of the sugar. The imported sugar require time to reach the country, and it was not feasible to sell at the rate fixed by the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Eventually the government went for a review petition in the Supreme Court and sought the withdrawal of the earlier decision of the apex court. Eventually fixation of ceiling price was withdrawn and the market equilibrium was achieved between PKR55-60/kg (Supreme Court of Pakistan decision, 2006–2007).