document_title: Three-point field goal

question_text: when did three point line start in nba

question_tokens: when did three point line start in nba

text: Three-point field goal

text: History[edit]

text: The three-point line was first tested at the collegiate level in 1945 in a game between Columbia and Fordham, but it was not kept as a rule. At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961. Its three-point line was a radius of 25 feet (7.62 m) from the baskets, except along the sides.[2] The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963–64 season.

text:
The three-point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association (ABA), introduced in its inaugural 1967–68 season.[3][4] ABA commissioner George Mikan stated the three-pointer "would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans."[5] During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing tool to compete with the NBA; its ninth and final season concluded in the spring of
1976.[6][7][8]

text: Three years later in June 1979, the NBA adopted the three-point line for a one-year trial for the 1979–80 season,[9][10][11] despite the view of many that it was a gimmick.[12] Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979; the season opener at Boston Garden was more noted for the debut of Larry Bird (and two new head coaches).[13][14] Rick Barry of the Houston Rockets, in his final season, also made one in the same game, and Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets made one that Friday night as well.[14][15]

text: The sport's international governing body, FIBA, introduced the three-point line in 1984, at 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in), and it made its Olympic debut in 1988 in Seoul, South Korea.

text: The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22-foot (6.71 m) line for the 1980–81 season.[16][17] Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980.[17][18][19] Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three-pointer. The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in (5.41 m) in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), and as far away as 22 ft (6.71 m) in the Big Sky.[20][21][22]

text: Used only in conference play for several years, it was adopted by the NCAA in April 1986 for the 1986–87 season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m)[23][24][25][26] and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in March 1987.[27] The three-pointer was adopted in women's basketball on an experimental basis for that season at the same distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987–88.[28]  In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's distance by a foot to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), effective with the 2008–09 season,[29] and the women's line was moved to match the men's in 2011–12.[28] American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA.[30] The NCAA used the FIBA three-point line (see below) in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in 2018.[31]

text: For three seasons beginning in 1994–95, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) (22 ft (6.71 m) at the corners) to a uniform 22 ft (6.71 m) around the basket. From the 1997–98 season on, the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in (22 ft at the corners, with a 3-inch differential). Ray Allen is currently the NBA all-time leader in career made three-pointers with 2,973.[32]

text: In 2008, FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm (19.7 in) to 6.75 m (22 ft 1 3⁄4 in), with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010. In December 2012, the WNBA announced that it would be using the FIBA distance, starting in 2013. The NBA has discussed adding a four-point line, according to president Rod Thorn.[33]

text: In the NBA, three-point field goals have become increasingly more frequent along the years, with effectiveness increasing slightly. The 1979-80 season had an average 2.2 three-point goals per game and 6.6 attempts (33% effectiveness). The 1989-90 season had an average 4.8 three-point goals per game and 13.7 attempts (35% effectiveness). The 2009-10 season had an average 6.4 three-point goals per game and 18.1 attempts (36% effectiveness). The 2016-17 season had an average 9.7 three-point goals per game and 27.0 attempts (36% effectiveness).[34]

text: Rule specifications[edit]

text:
A three-point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket, and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc. In the NBA and FIBA standard, the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline. The three-point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline. The unusual formation of the three-point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three-point shot at the corners of the court; the arc would be less than 2 feet (0.61 m) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc. In the NCAA and American high school standards, the arc spans 180° around the basket, then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline (5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres).
The distance of the three-point line to the center of the hoop varies by level:

text:
Arc radius

Minimum distancefrom sidelines

NBA

23 ft 9 in (7.24 m)

3 ft 0 in (0.91 m)

[35]

FIBA, WNBA

22 ft 2 in (6.76 m)

4 ft 1 in (1.24 m)

[36]

NCAA

20 ft 9 in (6.32 m)

4 ft 3 in (1.30 m)

[37]

U.S. high schools

19 ft 9 in (6.02 m)

5 ft 3 in (1.60 m)

[38]

text: A player's feet must be completely behind the three-point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three-point attempt; if the player's feet are on or in front of the line, it is a two-point attempt. A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three-point attempt, as long as the ball is released in mid-air.

text: An official raises his/her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt. If the attempt is successful, he/she raises his/her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three-point goal. The official must recognize it for it to count as three points. Instant replay has sometimes been used, depending on league rules. The NBA,[39] WNBA, FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose. In NBA, FIBA, and WNBA games, video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game, after reviewing the video. However, in late game situations, play may be paused pending a review.

text: If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three-pointer and subsequently misses the shot, the shooter is awarded three free-throw attempts. If a player completes a three-pointer while being fouled, the player is awarded one free-throw for a possible 4-point play. Conceivably, if a player completed a three-pointer while being fouled, and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul, the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5-point play.

text: Related concepts[edit]

text: Major League Lacrosse features a two-point line which forms a 15-yard (14 m) arc around the front of the goal. Shots taken from behind this line count for two points, as opposed to the standard one point.

text: In gridiron football, a standard field goal is worth three points; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four-point field goals. NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball's three-point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards (46 m) or more was worth four points. The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal (like the three-point shot, the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick, as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable, and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does).

text: During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s, there were proposals for two-point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance (one proposal was a 44-foot (13.4m) arc, which would have intersected the faceoff circles), but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL. It was widely believed that long-distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill (usually resulting more from goalies' vision being screened or obscured), plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two-point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game.

text: The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football, in which a 50-meter (55 yd) arc determines the value of a goal; within the arc, it is the usual 6 points, but 9 points are scored for a "super goal" scored from outside the arc. To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper.[40]

text: The National Professional Soccer League II, which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play, also used a three-point line, drawn 45 feet (14 m) from the goal. It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues.


document_title: Counter-Strike: Global Offensive

question_text: when did the new dust 2 come out

question_tokens: when did the new dust 2 come out

root

text: Counter-Strike: Global Offensive

text: Gameplay

text: Global Offensive, like prior games in the Counter-Strike series, is an objective-based, multiplayer first-person shooter. Two opposing teams, known as the Terrorists and the Counter Terrorists, compete in game modes to complete objectives, such as securing a location to plant or defuse a bomb and rescuing or guarding hostages.[1][2] At the end of each round, players are rewarded based on their individual performance with in-game currency to spend on more powerful weapons in subsequent rounds. Winning rounds results in more money than losing, and completing objectives such as killing enemy players gives cash bonuses.[1] Uncooperative actions, such as killing teammates, results in a penalty.[3]

tag: p

text: There are five categories of purchasable weapons, four being guns and the final being utilities: rifles, sub-machine guns (SMGs), heavy, pistols, and grenades. All guns have different stats and all grenade types have different in-game effects. The hand grenade deals damage in a small radius, the smoke grenade temporarily places a smoke screen, the decoy grenade emulates the player's primary gun, the flashbang temporarily blinds players who look at it explode, and the Molotov cocktail and Incendiary Grenade set a small radius of the map on fire for a short period of time.[4] Alongside all of these weapons, the Zeus x27, a taser, can also be purchased.[1]

text: Global Offensive contains eight main game modes: Competitive, Casual, Deathmatch, Arms Race, Demolition, Wingman, Flying Scoutsman, and Weapons Course.[5][6] Competitive mode pits competitive players against each other in two teams of five and roughly 45-minute matches.[7] The Casual and Deathmatch modes are less serious than the Competitive modes, and do not register friendly fire against or collision with other players on the player's team. Both are primarily used for practice.[8][9] Arms Race mode is similar to the "Gun Game" mod for other games in the series. It consists of players racing to upgrade their guns via killing enemies.[1] Demolition mode is again like the "Gun Game" mod though players are able to plant and defuse the bomb too, and only receive a gun upgrade at the start of the round if they killed an enemy the last round.[1] Wingman is a two-on-two bomb defusal game-mode taking place over fifteen rounds. It is similar to Competitive in the sense that players are paired based on their skill levels.[6] Flying Scoutsman is a low-gravity mode in which players are equipped only with a SSG 08 and a knife. The Flying Scoutsman, Demolition, and Arms Race game modes are placed in the War Games tab.[6] The Weapons Course is an offline practice mode designed to help new players learn how to use grenades and guns, and learning how to defuse and plant the bomb. Apart from the Weapons Course, all seven other game modes can be played online or offline.[5]

text: Matchmaking is supported for all online game modes and is managed through the Steam software,[10] and runs Valve Anti-Cheat to prevent cheating.[11] In the competitive modes, players are encouraged to act more cautiously in Global Offensive than in most other multiplayer games due to the inability to respawn once killed.[12] When playing competitively, each player has a specific rank based on their skill level and is paired up with players of around the same skill level.[1] Another form of matchmaking, known as "Prime", permits matches to be played only with other users with the Prime feature which results in more equal matches as there are fewer "smurfs".[13] The PC version of Global Offensive supports private dedicated servers that players may connect to through the community server menu in-game. These servers may be heavily modified and can drastically differ from the base game modes. There have been many community made mods for the game, one of the more popular ones being known as "kz", a mod which allows players to complete obstacle courses that require advanced strafing and jumping techniques.[14]

text: Over time, the community developed strategies for competitive play. When trying to capture a site, a common strategy used is called "rushing". Rushing is when a player or group of players move into a choke-point on the map as fast as possible. This strategy is used commonly when one of the teams is running an "eco". An eco occurs when a team has a lack of money to buy weapons, utility, or armor, forcing the team to be left with minimal rifles and little utility. "Eco" rounds are those in which a team will buy very few or no guns in order to save money for future rounds. Occasionally, when a team is low on money, the opposition will purchase "anti-eco" weapons which perform well at close range to prevent casualties and financial bonuses.[15] Rushing is also used if there is a lack of time on the clock and the bomb needs to be planted or defused in an act of desperation.[16] Another common strategy for taking a site is using predetermined smoke grenades and flash bangs to hinder enemies' sight.[15]

text: Global Offensive saw the introduction of new weapons and equipment not seen in previous installments, most notably the firebomb for each side (referred to as a Molotov on the Terrorist side and as an Incendiary Grenade on the Counter-Terrorist side). These temporarily cover a small area in fire, dealing damage to anyone passing through. Global Offensive also saw the introduction of a range of new guns, including shotguns, pistols and sub-machine guns, along with a taser. Two new game modes, Arms Race and Demolition, both based on mods for previous iterations in the series, were added alongside a total of eight new maps for said game modes.[1] Global Offensive saw the removal of features seen in previous iterations of the series. The ability to freely explore the map when dead was removed from many modes, though server hosts are able to change this setting. The unsilenced USP and the MP5 were replaced by other guns.[1] The tactical shield was also removed.[17] The concept of sprays were not present in the game until the addition of consumable items called graffiti.[18]

text: Development and release

text:
External video

 Counter-Strike: A Brief History, a YouTube video published by Valve Corporation on January 23, 2017

tag: table

text: Counter-Strike: Global Offensive is the sequel to the popular first-person shooter Counter-Strike: Source, developed by Valve Corporation. Global Offensive's development began when Hidden Path Entertainment attempted to port Counter-Strike: Source onto video game consoles, prior to the end of their lifespan.[19][20] During the development, Valve saw the opportunity to turn the port into a full game and expand on the predecessor's gameplay. Global Offensive began development in March 2010, and was revealed to the public on August 12, 2011.[21] The closed beta started on November 30, 2011, and was initially restricted to around ten thousand people who attended received a key at events intended to showcase Global Offensive. After issues such as client and server stability were addressed, the beta was opened up to progressively more people,[22] and at E3 2012, Valve announced that Global Offensive would be released on August 21, 2012, with the open beta starting roughly a month before that.[22] Before the public beta, Valve invited professional Counter-Strike players to play-test the game and give feedback.[23]

text: There were plans for cross-platform multiplayer between Windows, OS X, Linux, and PlayStation 3 players, but was ultimately limited to include only the PC versions because of the difference in update frequency between the systems.[24] On August 21, 2012, the official version was released on all platforms besides Linux,[25] which would not be released until September 23.[26]

text: Post-release

text: Since the official release of Global Offensive, Valve has continued to update the game in multiple ways, including introducing new maps and weapons, and releasing balancing changes. One of the major additions to the game post-release was the "Arms Deal" update. Released on August 13, 2013, it added cosmetic weapon finishes, dubbed as skins. These items were then obtainable by unboxing cases using in-game keys, of which were only accessible through in-game microtransactions.[27] They can also be obtained in similar ways to the items in Team Fortress 2 and Dota 2 in the sense that they are dropped randomly.[19] Global Offensive has Steam Workshop support, allowing users to upload user-created content, such as maps, weapon finishes and custom gameplay scenarios. Popular skins are added to the game and are obtainable by unboxing them from in-game cases.[28] The creators of the skins are paid when their item is added to a case.[29] These skins helped form a virtual economy for Global Offensive.[30]

text: Events called "Operations" are held occasionally and can be accessed through purchasable expansion packs in the form of "operation passes." These passes grant access to operation objectives which are spread over different game modes, such as Arms Race and Deathmatch,[31] or in operation-specific game modes, first seen in Operation Hydra, released in May 2017.[32] Completing these challenges rewards the player with XP and the ability to upgrade the operation "coin." The maps in the operations are community made, meaning some of the revenue made goes towards the map designers.[31][33]

text: An update in October 2014 added "music kits", which replace the default in-game music with music from soundtrack artists commissioned by Valve. If a player with a music kit equipped becomes the round's most valuable player, their music will play for others at the end of the round. There is a feature that allows kits to be borrowed, and kits can be sold and exchanged through the Community Market.[34]

text: 2016 saw the redevelopment of two original Counter-Strike maps, as well as the introduction of Prime matchmaking and additional items. As a part of the Operation Wildfire promotion, Nuke was remake and re-released in February with the primary goals being to balance the map and make it more aesthetically pleasing.[35] In April, Prime matchmaking was added to the game. To partake in this mode, the user had to have a verified phone number connected to their account. It was introduced in an attempt to prevent legitimate players from playing with cheaters or high-skilled players playing on alternative, lower ranked accounts, a practice colloquially known as "smurfing".[13] Inferno, another original map, was re-released in October. Valve said they had three reasons behind the remake: "to improve visibility; to make it easier to move around in groups; and to tune it with player feedback."[36] Also in October, consumable items called graffiti were added to the game. These items replaced a feature present in the previous iterations of the series called sprays. Previously, players could customize their sprays. Graffiti ideas can be uploaded to the Steam Workshop in the similar manner as gun skins and players can buy and trade the existing graffiti in game.[18] One month later, glove skins were added.[37]

text: In September 2017, Valve Company worked with the publisher Perfect World to release Global Offensive in mainland China. Chinese citizens, with their identification verified, can receive the game for free and earn Prime matchmaking status immediately.[38] The game is played through Perfect World's launcher and contains numerous exclusive changes to the game, including the censorship of skulls and other symbols.[39][40] Some other changes were in the cosmetics in certain maps, for example, the hammer and sickle on Cache and Train were removed.[41] In preparation for the release, multiple cities in China celebrated and heavily promoted its upcoming release.[39][40] Users who played the game during its launch month received free promotional cosmetics.[42][41] In compliance with Chinese law, Valve also had to disclose its loot box gambling odds.[43]

text: October 2017 saw the redesign of Dust II, one of the most iconic maps in the game. Placed into the "beta depot" in early October,[44] it was released for testing a few days later,[45][46] In November, an update to Competitive matchmaking was announced. Dubbed the "Trust Factor", it meant a player's "Trust Factor" would be calculated through both in-game and Steam-wide actions. Factors such as playtime on Global Offensive, times a user has been reported for cheating, playtime on other Steam games, and other behaviors hidden by Valve are taken into consideration when a user's "Trust Factor" is developed. This was done in an attempt to let the community bond back together in matchmaking, as Prime matchmaking separated Prime and non-Prime players from each other. Valve will not let users view their "Trust Factor" or reveal all of the factors deciding one's "Trust".[47][48][49]

text: Promotions

text: Since the game's release, Global Offensive influenced accessories have been released. An official store is available which sells collectible products, including a real-life version of the "Five Year Veteran Coin".[50] Companies such as SteelSeries have partnered with Valve to promote real life peripherals, including headsets, mice and mouse pads.[51]

text: Gambling and third-party betting

text: Following the introduction of the Arms Deal update in August 2013, skins formed a virtual economy due to their rarity and other high-value factors that influenced their desirability. Due to this, the creation of a number of skin trading sites enabled by the Steamworks API were created. Some of these sites began to offer gambling functionality, allowing users to bet on the outcome of professional matches with skins. In June and July 2016, two formal lawsuits were filed against these gambling sites and Valve, stating that these encourage underage gambling and undisclosed promotion by some streamers. Valve in turn began to take steps to prevent these sites from using Steamworks for gambling purposes, and several of these sites ceased operating as a result.[27]

text: Professional competition

text:
Counter-Strike: Global Offensive Majors

Most recent season or competition:
ELEAGUE Major: Boston 2018

Sport
eSports

Founded
2013

No. of teams
24

Venue(s)
Various

Continents
Global

Most recent
champion(s)
Cloud9 (1st title)

Most titles
Fnatic (3)

TV partner(s)
Twitch.tv, ESL, MLG.tv, TBS

text: The Global Offensive professional scene consists of tournaments hosted by third-party organisations and Valve-organised or co-sponsored tournaments, referred to as majors. Majors have larger prize pools; originally set at $250,000, the prize pools for majors have risen, with MLG Columbus 2016 having the first pool of $1,000,000.[52]

text: In 2014, the "first large match fixing scandal"[53] in the Global Offensive community took place, where team iBuyPower purposefully lost a match against NetCodeGuides.com. The team was later banned by Valve, though ESL unbanned the team from their tournaments in 2017.[54] They are still unable to play in Majors.[55]

text: In October 2015, a number of professional eSports organization with Counter-Strike teams announced the formation of a trade union that set several demands for future tournament attendance. The announcement was a publicly posted email written by Natus Vincere CEO Alexander Kokhanovsky that was sent to organizers of major esports events. Among these demands was notice that teams part of the union would not attend a tournament with a prize pool of less than $75,000 for Counter-Strike: Global Offensive and $100,000 for Dota 2. Among the teams that were announced were Natus Vincere, Team Liquid, Counter Logic Gaming, Cloud9, Virtus.pro, Team SoloMid, Fnatic, Ninjas in Pyjamas, Titan, and Team EnVyUs.[56] In 2016, the World eSports Association (WESA) was founded by ESL and many eSports teams, including Fnatic, Natus Vincere, Team EnVyUs, and FaZe Clan,[57] though the latter-most left soon after its formation.[58] In the announcement statement, WESA said they would "further professionalize eSports by introducing elements of player representation, standardized regulations, and revenue sharing for teams". Alongside this, they also plan to help the fans and organizers by "seeking to create predictable schedules".[57]

text: Media coverage

text: As the game and the scene grew in popularity, companies, including WME/IMG and Turner Broadcasting, began to televise Global Offensive professional games, with the first being ELEAGUE Major 2017, held in the Fox Theatre and broadcast on US cable television network TBS in 2016.[59]

text: Reception

text:
Reception

Aggregate score

Aggregator
Score

Metacritic
83/100 (PC)[60]
79/100 (X360)[61]
80/100 (PS3)[62]

Review scores

Publication
Score

Destructoid
9.5/10 (PC)[1]

Eurogamer
9/10 (PC)[63]

GameSpot
8.5/10 (PC, PS3, X360)[64]

GameSpy
 (PC)[65]

IGN
8/10 (PC)[66]

PC Gamer (US)
84% (PC)[67]

text: Counter-Strike: Global Offensive received generally positive reception from critics, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[60][61][62] Since the game's release, Global Offensive has been steadily at the top of the Steam charts in terms of most concurrent players.[68][69] The game won the fan's choice "eSports Game of the Year" award at The Game Awards 2015.[70]

text: Reviewers praised Global Offensive's faithfulness to the previous game, Counter-Strike: Source, with Allistair Pinsof of Destructoid rating the game very highly and saying that Global Offensive is a "polished and better looking" version of the game.[1] GameSpot writer Eric Neigher said in their review that this game stays true to its predecessors by adding lots of content, but tweaking small amounts and retaining their best features.[71] The reviewers at gamesTM wrote in their review that the game stood "as a glowing reminder that quality game design is rewarded in longevity and variety."[12] They also continued onto congratulate Valve that they had not only updated the popular game, but "had completely outclassed its contemporaries."[12] Martin Gaston of VideoGamer.com wrote that although he was too old to truly enjoy the game, he believed that it was a "fine installment of one of the best games ever made," and that some people will experience "what will become the definitive moments of their gaming lives."[72] Xav de Matos for Engadget wrote that for the price, "Global Offensive is a great extension to that legacy."[8] Mitch Dyer from IGN said that "Global Offensive is definitely a Counter-Strike sequel – it looks and feels familiar, with minor tweaks here and there to help balance old issues and surprise longtime players."[66]

text: Some of the features in the early releases of the game were criticized by reviewers. GameSpy's Mike Sharkey did not believe that the new content added was good, pointing out that the game provides very little in the way of new content; and that the Elo rating system seems ineffective, having many players of various skill levels all playing at once throughout the early days of release.[65] Evan Lahti from PC Gamer noted that the majority of new official maps in Global Offensive were only for Arms Race or Demolition game modes; while Classic maps were only given "smart adjustments" to minor details.[67] Pinsof thought that in its release state, it would not be the final version of the game to be released.[1] Paul Goodman said that long-time fans of the series, Global Offensive will start to show the game's age, saying that he "couldn't help but feel that I had been there and done that a dozen times before."[73]

text: Although reviewers liked the console versions of the game, they believed there were obvious differences between the PC and console versions. Neigher believed that due playing with thumbsticks and shoulder buttons "you definitely won't be getting the ultimate CS:GO experience."[71] Ron Vorstermans for Gamer.nl said that the PC version is there to play at a higher competitive level, though he went on to say that the console versions are not inferior because of the PC's superiority for competition.[74] Dyer wrote that the PlayStation 3 version was at an advantage to the Xbox version because of the ability to connect a keyboard and mouse to the system. He continued on to say that the user-interface on both of the consoles was as good as the PC one.[66] Mark Langshaw of Digital Spy opined that although the game has support for the PlayStation Move, using it only makes the "already unforgiving game all the more challenging."[75]

text: The game was nominated for "Best Spectator Game" in IGN's Best of 2017 Awards,[76] for "eSports Game of the Year" at the 2017 Golden Joystick Awards,[77] for "Best eSports Game" at The Game Awards 2017,[78] and for "Game, eSports" at the 17th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards.[79][80]


document_title: Microsoft Office 2013

question_text: microsoft office access is available in which version of office 2013

text: Microsoft Office 2013

text: Development[edit]

text: Development started in 2010 while Microsoft was finishing work on Office 14, released as Microsoft Office 2010. On January 30, 2012, Microsoft released a technical preview of Office 15, build 3612.1010, to a selected group of testers bound by non-disclosure agreements.[15]

text: On July 16, 2012, Microsoft held a press conference to showcase Office 2013 and to release the Consumer Preview.[16] The Office 2013 Consumer Preview is a free, fully functional version but will expire 60 days after the final product's release.[17][18] An update was issued for the Office 2013 Customer Preview suite on October 5.[19]

text: Office 2013 was released to manufacturing on October 11, 2012.[13] It was made available to TechNet and MSDN subscribers on October 24.[20] On November 15, 2012, 60-days trial versions of Microsoft Office 2013 Professional Plus, Project Professional 2013 and Visio Professional 2013 were made available to the public over the Internet.[5][21] Microsoft has released Office 2013 for general availability on January 29, 2013.[1]  Microsoft released the service pack 1 update on February 25, 2014.[22]

text: Features[edit]

text: New features[edit]

text: Office 2013 is more cloud-based than previous versions; a domain login, Office 365 account, or Microsoft account can now be used to sync Office application settings (including recent documents) between devices, and users can also save documents directly to their OneDrive account.[23]

text: Microsoft Office 2013 includes updated support for ISO/IEC 29500, the International Standard version of Office Open XML (OOXML) file format: in particular it supports saving in the "Strict" profile of ISO/IEC 29500 (Office Open XML Strict).[24] It also supports OASIS version 1.2 of ISO/IEC 26300:2006, Open Document Format,[24] which Office 2013 can read and write.[25] Additionally, Office 2013 provides full read, write, and edit support for ISO 32000 (PDF).

text: New features include a new read mode in Microsoft Word, a presentation mode in Microsoft PowerPoint and improved touch and inking in all of the Office programs. Microsoft Word can also insert video and audio from online sources as well as the capability to broadcast documents on the Web.[26] Word and PowerPoint also have bookmark-like features which sync the position of the document between different computers.

text: The Office Web Apps suite was also updated for Office 2013, introducing additional editing features and interface changes.[27]

text: Other features of Office 2013 include:

text:
Flatter look of the Ribbon interface and subtle animations when typing or selecting (Word and Excel)
A new visualization for scheduled tasks in Microsoft Outlook
Remodeled start screen[28]
New graphical options in Word[29]
Objects such as images can be freely moved; they snap to boundaries such as paragraph edges, document margin and or column boundaries
Online picture support with content from Office.com, Bing.com and Flickr (by default, only images in public domain)[clarification needed What kind of support?]
Ability to return to the last viewed or edited location in Word and PowerPoint
New slide designs, animations and transitions in PowerPoint 2013
Support for Outlook.com and Hotmail.com in Outlook
Support for integration with Skype, Yammer and SkyDrive[30]
IMAP special folders support[31]
Starting with Office 2013, proofing tools are separately and freely downloadable without being bundled in Multilingual User Interface (MUI)/Multilanguage packs, Language Interface Packs (LIPs) or Single Language Packs (SLP). [32]
Excel 2013 supports new limit models, as follows:[33]

tag: ul

text:
Quantifiable limits in objects

Object
Upper limit

Characters in a table or column name
100 characters

Number of tables in a model
2,147,483,647 bytes (2 GB minus 1 byte)

Number of columns and calculated columns in a table
2,147,483,647 bytes (2 GB minus 1 byte)

Memory limit, checked when saving a workbook
4,294,967,296 bytes (4 GB)

Concurrent requests per workbook
6

Number of connections
5

Number of distinct values in a column
1,999,999,997

Number of rows in a table
1,999,999,997

String length
536,870,912 bytes (512 MB)

text:
Restrictions in objects

Category
Details

Reserved characters that cannot be used in a Name1
. , ; ' ` : / \ * | ? " & % $ ! + = () [] {} < >

text: Removed features[edit]

text: The following features are removed from Microsoft Office 2013.

text:
Microsoft SharePoint Workspace
Microsoft Clip Organizer
Microsoft Office Picture Manager
Office 2007 and Office 2010 chart styles
Ability to insert a 3D cone, pyramid, or cylinder chart (It is still possible to insert a 3D rectangle chart and change the shape after insertion.[35])
Only basic version of help files available while offline. There is no longer an option to install local help files during installation.[36]

text:
Custom XML markup has been removed for legal reasons
Older WordArt objects are now converted to new WordArt objects
Word 2013 no longer uses ClearType[37]

text: Simultaneous open files via Multiple Document Interface (MDI), along with requisite changes to VBA code to no longer support MDI; Excel is now Single Document Interface (SDI) only[38]

text:
Access Data Projects (ADP)
Support for Jet 3.x IISAM
Access OWC control
dBASE support suite[35]

text:
Download Headers Only mode for IMAP[39]
Outlook Exchange Classic offline
Microsoft Exchange Server 2003 support[40]
Public Folder Free/Busy feature (/Cleanfreebusy startup switch)[35][further explanation needed]
Ability to import from or export to any formats other than Personal Storage Table (PST) or comma-separated values (CSV)
Notes and Journal customization
Outlook Activities tab
Outlook Mobile Service (OMS)
Outlook Search through Windows Shell[35]

text: Support for Visio Drawing

text: Changes[edit]

text: Distribution changes[edit]

text: Unlike past versions of Office, retail copies of Office 2013 on DVD are only offered in select regions, such as those Microsoft classifies as emerging markets, as well as Australia, at the discretion of retailers. In all other regions, retail copies of Office 2013 and Office 365 subscriptions only contain a product key, and direct users to the Office website to redeem their license and download the software.[41][42]

text: Licensing changes[edit]

text: The original license agreement for retail editions of Microsoft Office 2013 was different from the license agreements of retail editions of previous versions of Microsoft Office in two significant ways.[43] The first of these was that the software could no longer be transferred to another computer. In previous versions of Office, this restriction applied only to OEM editions; retail Office license agreements allowed uninstalling from one computer to install on another computer.[43]

text: Digitally downloaded copies of Office were also said to be permanently locked to that PC's hardware, preventing it from being transferred to any other computing device. Should the buyer have wished to use Office 2013 on a different computer, or if they later became unable to use the computing device that the original license was downloaded to (e.g. hardware became inoperable due to malfunction) then a completely new, full-priced copy of Office 2013 would have to have been purchased to replace the prior one.[43] Microsoft stated that this change was related to the software piracy that has been rampant for years, worldwide.[44]  However, many commentators saw this change as an effort to forcibly move its customers towards the subscription-based business model used by the Office 365 service.[45][46][47] The legality of this move, particularly in Europe, has been questioned.[48]

text: However, on March 6, 2013, Microsoft announced that equivalent transfer rights to those in the Office 2010 retail license agreements are applicable to retail Office 2013 copies effective immediately. Transfer of license from one computer to another owned by the same user is now allowed every 90 days, except in the case of hardware failure, in which the license may be moved sooner. The first user of the product is now also allowed to transfer it to another user.[49][50] The second difference, which remains in the updated licensing agreement, is that the software can be installed on only one computer. In previous versions of Office, this restriction also applied only to OEM editions; retail Office license agreements allowed installing the product on two or three computers, depending on the edition.[43]

text: Editions[edit]

text: Traditional editions[edit]

text: As with previous versions, Office 2013 is made available in several distinct editions aimed towards different markets. All traditional editions of Microsoft Office 2013 contain Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote and are licensed for use on one computer.

text: Five traditional editions of Office 2013 were released:

text:
Home & Student: This retail suite includes the core applications Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote.[51]
Home & Business: This retail suite includes the core applications Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote plus Outlook.[51]
Standard: This suite, only available through volume licensing channels, includes the core applications Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote plus Outlook and Publisher.[52]
Professional: This retail suite includes the core applications Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote plus Outlook, Publisher and Access.[51]
Professional Plus: This suite, only available through volume licensing channels, includes the core applications Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote plus Outlook, Publisher, Access, InfoPath and Lync.[52]

text: Office 365[edit]

text: The Office 365 subscription services, which were previously aimed towards business and enterprise users, were expanded for Office 2013 to include new plans aimed at home use. The subscriptions allow use of the Office 2013 applications by multiple users using a software as a service model. Different plans are available for Office 365, some of which also include value-added services, such as 20 GB of OneDrive storage (later increased to 1 TB) and 60 Skype minutes per month on the new Home Premium plan.[53] These new subscription offerings were positioned as a new option for consumers wanting a cost-effective way to purchase and use Office on multiple computers in their household.[54]

text: Office RT[edit]

text: A special version of Office 2013, initially known as Office 2013 Home & Student RT, is shipped with all Windows RT devices. It initially consisted of Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote. In Windows RT 8.1, the suite was renamed Office 2013 RT and Outlook was added. The edition, whilst visually indistinguishable from normal versions of Office 2013, contains special optimizations for ARM-based devices, such as changes to reduce battery usage (including, for example, freezing the animation of the blinking cursor for text editing during periods of inactivity), enabling touch mode by default to improve usability on tablets, and using the graphics portion of a device's SoC for hardware acceleration.[55][56][57]

text: Windows RT devices on launch were shipped with a "preview" version of Office Home & Student 2013 RT. The release date for the final version varied depending on the user’s language, and was distributed through Windows Update when released.[57] On June 5, 2013, Microsoft announced that Windows RT 8.1 would add Outlook to the suite in response to public demand.[58]

text: Office RT modifies or excludes other various features for compatibility reasons or resource reduction. To save disk space; templates, clip art, and language packs are downloaded online rather than stored locally. Other excluded features include the removal of support for third-party code such as macros/VBA/ActiveX controls, the removal of support for older media formats and narration in PowerPoint, editing of equations generated with the legacy Equation Editor, data models in Excel (PivotCharts, PivotTables, and QueryTables are unaffected), searching embedded media files in OneNote, along with data loss prevention, Group Policy support, and creating e-mails with information rights management in Outlook.[58][59]

text: As the version of Office RT included on Windows RT devices is based off the Home & Student version, it cannot be used for "commercial, nonprofit, or revenue-generating activities" unless the organization has a volume license for Office 2013 already, or the user has an Office 365 subscription with commercial use rights.[60]

text: Windows Store apps[edit]

text: Alongside Office RT, free versions of OneNote and the Lync client were made available as Windows Store apps upon the release of Windows 8 and RT.[61] The OneNote app, originally known as OneNote MX, contains a limited feature set in comparison to its desktop version, but is also optimized for use on tablets.[62] The OneNote app has since received several major updates, including camera integration, printing abilities, and multiple inking options.

text: Universal Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint apps for Windows 10 are in the preview stage and are set for release later in 2015.[63][needs update]

text: Office Mobile[edit]

text: Windows Phone 8 ships with an updated version of the Office Mobile suite, consisting of mobile versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote. In comparison to their Windows Phone 7 versions, the new versions add an improved Office Hub interface that can sync recently opened and modified documents (including changes to documents stored via Office 365 and SkyDrive),[64] a separated OneNote app with additional features (such as voice notes and integration with the new "Rooms" functionality of the OS), and improved document editing and viewing functionality.[65]

text: In June 2013, Microsoft released a version of Office Mobile for iPhone; it is similar to the Windows Phone version, but originally requires an Office 365 subscription to use.[66] A version for Android smartphones was released in July 2013; it, too, originally needed Office 365 for use.[67]

text: Apps for iPad and Android tablet computers were released in March 2014 and January 2015, respectively.[68][69] These, along with their smartphone equivalents, have been made free for personal use, though certain premium features have been paywalled and require Office 365, which includes licensing of the apps for business use.

text: Windows 10 Mobile that was released in December 2015 included new Office apps, more in line with their iPhone and Android equivalent, and making use of the "universal app" platform pioneered with Windows 10.[70][71]

text: Comparison[edit]

text:
Comparison of Office 2013 suites

As anindividualproduct

Traditional editions[51][52][72]

Office 365 subscriptions[51][73]

Office RT

Home & Student

Home & Business

Standard

Professional

Professional Plus

Personal[74]

Home

University[75]

Small Business Premium

ProPlus

Enterprise

Availability
Varies
Windows RT
Retail, OEM
Retail, OEM
Volume licensing
Retail, OEM
Volume licensing
Software plus services
Software plus services
Software plus services
Software plus services
Software plus services
Software plus services

Maximum users
1
1
1
1
As licensed
1
As licensed
1
all users in one household[76]
1
10
25[77]
Unlimited

Devices per user
1
1
1
1
As licensed
1
As licensed
1 computer and 1 mobile
5 shared among all users[76]
2 computers and 2 mobiles
5
5[77]
5

Commercial use allowed?
Yes
Separate2
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No[78]
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

Word
Yes
Yes1
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Excel
Yes
Yes1
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

PowerPoint
Yes
Yes1
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

OneNote
Yes3
Yes1
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Outlook
Yes
Yes1
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Publisher
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Access
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

InfoPath
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No4
Yes
Yes

Lync
Yes3
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

SharePoint Designer
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

ProjectHas multiple editions
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

VisioHas multiple editions
Yes
No
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer
Viewer

text: System requirements[edit]

text: Each Microsoft Office 2013 application has the following requirements, although there may be app-specific requirements.[3]

text:
Item
Requirement

CPU
1 GHz clock speed, IA-32 or x64 architecture with SSE2 support

RAM
IA-32 edition: 1 GBx64 edition: 2 GB

Hard disk drive
3.0 GB free disk space

Operating system

Windows 7
Windows Server 2008 R2
Windows 8
Windows Server 2012
Windows 8.1
Windows Server 2012 R2
Windows 10

Software
.NET Framework 3.5, 4.0 or 4.5

text: In addition to these, graphics hardware acceleration requires a screen resolution of 1024×576 pixels or larger and a DirectX 10-compliant GPU with at least 64 MB of video memory (in case of absence of the required hardware, however, Office 2013 applications can still run without graphics acceleration.)[3]


document_title: Two Can Play That Game

question_text: who played connie in two can play that game

text: Two Can Play That Game

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article needs an improved plot summary. (October 2015)

text: Shante Smith (Vivica A. Fox) is a woman who gives advice on how to keep a man in check. Her ideals are challenged when her man, an attorney, named Keith Fenton (Morris Chestnut), threatens to stray. Smith is a well-educated woman who feels that when it comes to men and their tricks, she knows them all. On the other end, Shante’s boyfriend Keith is being led by his friend Tony (Anthony Anderson), who thinks he knows all the tricks that women play.

text: When Shanté's boyfriend, Keith, is caught red-handed stepping out with a co-worker, Shanté institutes her "Ten Day Plan" to get her man in line.[2] The battle soon begins, though at the conclusion of the movie, Shante and Keith get back together.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Vivica A. Fox as Shante Smith
Morris Chestnut as Keith Fenton
Anthony Anderson as Tony
Gabrielle Union as Conny Spalding
Wendy Raquel Robinson as Karen
Tamala Jones as Tracey Johnson
Bobby Brown as Michael
Mo'Nique as Diedre
Ray Wise as Bill Parker
Jeff Markey as Phil
Dondre T. Whitfield as Dwain
Lee Anthony as Attorney in Elevator
Cherise Bangs as Miller Girl #2
Zatella Beatty as Cynthia
Mark Brown as Lying Man #1
Pierre Burgess as Lying Man #3
Natashia Williams as Sexy Woman in Club
Colby Kane as Calvin
Terrence "Skyy" Grant as Choir Member
Pretty Boy Duncan as Town Skank

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened at #2 at the U.S. Box office raking in $7,720,942 USD in its first opening weekend, behind The Musketeer.[1] The film was released in the United Kingdom on September 13, 2002, and failed to reach the Top 10.[3]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film got a mixed reception at Rotten Tomatoes, with a rating of 43%, including 27 fresh and 36 rotten.[4]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A direct-to-DVD film, titled Three Can Play That Game, was released in February 2008. The sequel was rated , although there still was a little inappropriate content. Three Can Play That Game starred Vivica A. Fox as Shante Smith, a famous couple's counsellor. This time around, Fox's character plays a supporting role, as opposed to her starring role in the original. Morris Chestnut or his character doesn't make an appearance, but he was mentioned.


document_title: Breadbasket

question_text: where is the bread basket located in the us

text: Breadbasket

text: Classical antiquity[edit]

text: Sicily and Africa were considered the breadbaskets of the Roman Republic. Later on, Egypt was considered the breadbasket of the Roman Empire. Crimea was the source of a huge quantity of grain supplied to Greek city-states, especially Athens.

text: Africa[edit]

text: Morocco[edit]

text: Since subsistence agriculture was the dominant economic system in most of Morocco's history, it's difficult to speak of a breadbasket region. All regions produced their own wheat and barley to feed themselves and their livestock. With the European commercial penetration in the second half of the 19th century, Morocco started to export wheat to Europe despite the objection of the ulama (religious establishment). The Chaouia and Doukkala plains became the most important suppliers of wheat for export. This is logical given their proximity to the coast. The ports of Casablanca and Feddala, today's Mohammedia, serviced the Chaouia Plain while the port of Mazagan serviced Doukkala.

text: After Morocco's independence, agriculture in Doukkala became geared toward irrigation so less area has been devoted to wheat, whereas Chaouia maintained its status as a major wheat producing region thanks to its dark soil called tirs and relatively abundant rainfall (avg. 400 mm/year).

text: South Africa[edit]

text: The Free State province is often considered the breadbasket of South Africa due to its wheat, sunflower and maize fields.[4]

text: The Overberg region in the Western Cape is also known as the breadbasket of South Africa[5] due to its large wheat fields, as well as fruit growing.

text: Rhodesia[edit]

text: Rhodesia was known as the breadbasket of Africa, exporting wheat, tobacco, and corn to the rest of the continent and beyond. Rhodesia contained the most fertile farmland on the continent.[6]

text: Asia[edit]

text: India[edit]

text: The Punjab and Haryana regions are considered the breadbaskets of India. West Bengal is said to be the "rice bowl" of India. Even though its rice production is just enough to be self-sufficient for the province's large population, it is the largest producer of rice in India.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: The Punjab province is considered the breadbasket of Pakistan.[7]

text: China[edit]

text: Sichuan has historically been known as the "province of abundance" due to its agricultural prowess. The regions on the banks of the Yellow River and Yangtze River southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces have also been known for their rich fertility.

text: Syria[edit]

text: The Al-Jazira area in northwestern Syria, and its Euphrates basin is considered the country's breadbasket due to its abundance of wheat.

text: Rice Bowl in Southeast Asia[edit]

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: The plains of Java are considered the rice bowls of Indonesia.

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: Kedah is considered the rice bowl of Malaysia, accounting for about half of Malaysia's total production of rice. In 2008, the government of Kedah banned the conversion of paddy fields to housing and industrial lots to protect the rice industry.

text: Philippines[edit]

text: The province of Nueva Ecija found on Luzon island is considered the rice granary of the Philippines because of the vast tracts of land used for rice production.

text: Myanmar/Burma[edit]

text: The Irrawaddy Delta in Myanmar used to be one of the most important sources of rice in the region until its production declined due to various reasons, including the country's unstable political situation.

text: Thailand[edit]

text: The Chao Phraya delta is considered the rice bowl of Thailand.

text: Vietnam[edit]

text: The Mekong delta in Vietnam is considered the country's rice bowl.

text: Europe[edit]

text: Bulgaria[edit]

text: Southern Dobruja, a fertile plain region in Bulgaria's northeast between the Danube and the Black Sea, is commonly considered the country's breadbasket.[8][9]

text: Cyprus[edit]

text: The central plain called Mesaoria surrounding the capital Nicosia has long served as the island's granary.

text: Finland[edit]

text: Province of Southwest Finland has the warmest climatic conditions in continental Finland and fertile soil, making it the breadbasket of Finland.[10]

text: France[edit]

text: The Beauce plains are considered the breadbasket of France.

text: Germany[edit]

text: East Prussia was considered as breadbasket of German Reich.[11]

text: Hungary[edit]

text: The Hungarian Plain has produced significant amounts of corn and grain. In the early 20th century, 34% of Europe's total corn production and 11% of the European flour production was grown in Hungary.

text: Portugal[edit]

text: Alentejo is considered the breadbasket of Portugal.

text: Romania[edit]

text: In the 19th century, Romania was considered part of Europe's breadbasket.[12]

text: Ukraine[edit]

text: During Tsarist times, the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire were referred to as the Empire's breadbasket.[13] During the Soviet era, the mantle passed to the Ukrainian SSR.

text: There is also the Central Black Earth Region within Russia proper.

text: Serbia[edit]

text: Vojvodina was considered the breadbasket of Serbia. About 70% of its agricultural products are corn, 20% industrial herbs, and 10% other agricultural cultures.

text: Spain[edit]

text: Andalusia is considered the breadbasket of Spain. The primary cultivation is dryland farming of cereals, olive trees, vineyards and sunflowers. Using irrigation, a large amount of maize, strawberries, citrus and rice are also grown on the banks of the Guadalquivir river.

text: Slovenia[edit]

text: In the 18th century, there were plans to drain the Ljubljana Marsh and transform it into the breadbasket of Carniola.[14][15]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: Eastern England, particularly East Anglia, the Vale of York and south-east England are considered the main crop-producing areas of the UK.

text: North America[edit]

text: In Canada, a major grain-growing area is also called the Canadian prairies. Sometimes the province of Saskatchewan, also known for producing a huge supplement of potash, is further singled out from within this region as the main breadbasket of Canada. In the United States, an important region is the Corn Belt, where maize and soybeans are major crops, which generally extends from the Great Lakes south through Missouri.[16] Further to the west in the United States and Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains, is the Wheat Belt, where the climate is too severe for maize or soybeans.[17]

text: Additionally, the San Joaquin Valley in California has also been called the breadbasket of the world.[18] The San Joaquin Valley produces the majority of the 12.8% of the United States' agricultural production (as measured by dollar value) that comes from California.[19] Grapes - table, raisin, and to a lesser extent, wine - are perhaps the valley's highest-profile product, but equally (if not more) important are cotton, nuts (especially almonds and pistachios), citrus, and vegetables. 70% of the world's and 100% of the U.S. supply of almonds comes from the valley. Oranges, peaches, garlic, tangerines, tomatoes, kiwis, hay, alfalfa and numerous other crops have been harvested with great success. According to the 2002 Census of Agriculture’s ranking of market value of agricultural products sold, nine of the nation’s top 10, and 12 of the top 20, producing counties are in California.[20]

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: The Murray-Darling Basin is seen as Australia's breadbasket, being the source of 40% of the nation's agricultural income, a third of the wheat harvest, 95% of the rice crop and other products such as fruit, wine and cotton.[21]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: When New Zealand became a British colony, the fertile lands produced food that would be shipped back to England, causing New Zealand to become colloquially known (occasionally along with Australia) as Britain's breadbasket, subsequently leading to the Dunedin being the first ship to complete a truly successful transport of refrigerated meat. She was refitted with a refrigeration machine with which she took the first load of frozen meat from New Zealand to the United Kingdom.

text: South America[edit]

text: Argentina[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2015)

text: Chile[edit]

text: In the 19th century, access to the Californian and Australian markets made wheat export a very lucrative activity.[22] In the mid-19th century, those countries experienced large gold rushes, which created a large demand for wheat. Chile was at the time the "only wheat producer of some importance in the Pacific".[23]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Brazil is also seen as a breadbasket, as it is the world's largest supplier of coffee and contains vast tracts of arable land.


document_title: List of NBA champions

question_text: who won the nba playoffs last 4 years

question_tokens: who won the nba playoffs last 4 years

text: List of NBA champions

text: Champions

text: The first brackets in the Western Champion and Eastern Champion columns indicate the teams' playoff seed. The second brackets indicate the number of times that teams have appeared in an NBA Finals as well as each respective team's NBA Finals record to date.

text:
Bold

Winning team of the NBA Finals

text:
Year

Western Champion

Coach

Result

Eastern Champion

Coach

Reference

1947
Chicago Stags (1) (1, 0–1)
Harold Olsen
1–4
Philadelphia Warriors (2) (1, 1–0)
Eddie Gottlieb
[14]

1948
Baltimore Bullets (2) (1, 1–0)
Buddy Jeannette
4–2
Philadelphia Warriors (1) (2, 1–1)
Eddie Gottlieb
[15]

1949
Minneapolis Lakers (2) (1, 1–0)
John Kundla
4–2
Washington Capitols (1) (1, 0–1)
Red Auerbach
[16]

1950
Minneapolis Lakers (1) [a] (2, 2–0)
John Kundla
4–2
Syracuse Nationals (1) (1, 0–1)
Al Cervi
[17][18]

1951
Rochester Royals (2) (1, 1–0)
Les Harrison
4–3
New York Knicks (3) (1, 0–1)
Joe Lapchick
[19]

1952
Minneapolis Lakers (2) (3, 3–0)
John Kundla
4–3
New York Knicks (3) (2, 0–2)
Joe Lapchick
[20]

1953
Minneapolis Lakers (1) (4, 4–0)
John Kundla
4–1
New York Knicks (1) (3, 0–3)
Joe Lapchick
[21]

1954
Minneapolis Lakers (1) (5, 5–0)
John Kundla
4–3
Syracuse Nationals (1) (3, 0–3)
Al Cervi
[22]

1955
Fort Wayne Pistons (1) (1, 0–1)
Charles Eckman
3–4
Syracuse Nationals (1) (3, 1–2)
Al Cervi
[23]

1956
Fort Wayne Pistons (1) (2, 0–2)
Charles Eckman
1–4
Philadelphia Warriors (1) (3, 2–1)
George Senesky
[24]

1957
St. Louis Hawks (1) (1, 0–1)
Alex Hannum
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (1, 1–0)
Red Auerbach
[25]

1958
St. Louis Hawks (1) (2, 1–1)
Alex Hannum
4–2
Boston Celtics (1) (2, 1–1)
Red Auerbach
[26]

1959
Minneapolis Lakers (2) (6, 5–1)
John Kundla
0–4
Boston Celtics (1) (3, 2–1)
Red Auerbach
[27]

1960
St. Louis Hawks (1) (3, 1–2)
Ed Macauley
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (4, 3–1)
Red Auerbach
[28]

1961
St. Louis Hawks (1) (4, 1–3)
Paul Seymour
1–4
Boston Celtics (1) (5, 4–1)
Red Auerbach
[29]

1962
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (7, 5–2)
Fred Schaus
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (6, 5–1)
Red Auerbach
[30]

1963
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (8, 5–3)
Fred Schaus
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (7, 6–1)
Red Auerbach
[31]

1964[b]
San Francisco Warriors (1) (4, 2–2)
Alex Hannum
1–4
Boston Celtics (1) (8, 7–1)
Red Auerbach
[32]

1965
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (9, 5–4)
Fred Schaus
1–4
Boston Celtics (1) (9, 8–1)
Red Auerbach
[33]

1966
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (10, 5–5)
Fred Schaus
3–4
Boston Celtics (2) (10, 9–1)
Red Auerbach
[34]

1967
San Francisco Warriors (1) (5, 2–3)
Bill Sharman
2–4
Philadelphia 76ers (1) (4, 2–2)
Alex Hannum
[35]

1968
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (11, 5–6)
Butch van Breda Kolff
2–4
Boston Celtics (2) (11, 10–1)
Bill Russell
[36]

1969
Los Angeles Lakers (1)  (12, 5–7)
Butch van Breda Kolff
3–4
Boston Celtics (4) (12, 11–1)
Bill Russell
[37]

1970
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (13, 5–8)
Joe Mullaney
3–4
New York Knicks (1) (4, 1–3)
Red Holzman
[38]

1971
Milwaukee Bucks (1) (1, 1–0)
Larry Costello
4–0
Baltimore Bullets (1) (1, 0–1)
Gene Shue
[39]

1972
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (14, 6–8)
Bill Sharman
4–1
New York Knicks (2) (5, 1–4)
Red Holzman
[40]

1973
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (15, 6–9)
Bill Sharman
1–4
New York Knicks (2) (6, 2–4)
Red Holzman
[41]

1974
Milwaukee Bucks (1) (2, 1–1)
Larry Costello
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (13, 12–1)
Tom Heinsohn
[42]

1975
Golden State Warriors (1) (6, 3–3)
Al Attles
4–0
Washington Bullets (2) (2, 0–2)
K.C. Jones
[43]

1976
Phoenix Suns (3) (1, 0–1)
John MacLeod
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (14, 13–1)
Tom Heinsohn
[44]

1977[c]
Portland Trail Blazers (3) (1, 1–0)
Jack Ramsey
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (1) (5, 2–3)
Gene Shue
[47]

1978
Seattle SuperSonics (4) (1, 0–1)
Lenny Wilkens
3–4
Washington Bullets (3) (3, 1–2)
Dick Motta
[48]

1979
Seattle SuperSonics (1) (2, 1–1)
Lenny Wilkens
4–1
Washington Bullets (1) (4, 1–3)
Dick Motta
[49]

1980
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (16, 7–9)
Paul Westhead
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (3) (6, 2–4)
Billy Cunningham
[50]

1981
Houston Rockets (6) (1, 0–1)
Del Harris
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (15, 14–1)
Bill Fitch
[51]

1982
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (17, 8–9)
Pat Riley
4–2
Philadelphia 76ers (3) (7, 2–5)
Billy Cunningham
[52]

1983
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (18, 8–10)
Pat Riley
0–4
Philadelphia 76ers (1) (8, 3–5)
Billy Cunningham
[53]

1984[d]
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (19, 8–11)
Pat Riley
3–4
Boston Celtics (1) (16, 15–1)
K.C. Jones
[54]

1985
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (20, 9–11)
Pat Riley
4–2
Boston Celtics (1) (17, 15–2)
K.C. Jones
[55]

1986
Houston Rockets (2) (2, 0–2)
Bill Fitch
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (18, 16–2)
K.C. Jones
[56]

1987
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (21, 10–11)
Pat Riley
4–2
Boston Celtics (1) (19, 16–3)
K.C. Jones
[57]

1988
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (22, 11–11)
Pat Riley
4–3
Detroit Pistons (2) (3, 0–3)
Chuck Daly
[58]

1989
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (23, 11–12)
Pat Riley
0–4
Detroit Pistons (1) (4, 1–3)
Chuck Daly
[59]

1990
Portland Trail Blazers (3) (2, 1–1)
Rick Adelman
1–4
Detroit Pistons (1) (5, 2–3)
Chuck Daly
[60]

1991
Los Angeles Lakers (3) (24, 11–13)
Mike Dunleavy
1–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (1, 1–0)
Phil Jackson
[61]

1992
Portland Trail Blazers (1) (3, 1–2)
Rick Adelman
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (2, 2–0)
Phil Jackson
[62]

1993
Phoenix Suns (1) (2, 0–2)
Paul Westphal
2–4
Chicago Bulls (2) (3, 3–0)
Phil Jackson
[63]

1994
Houston Rockets (2) (3, 1–2)
Rudy Tomjanovich
4–3
New York Knicks (2) (7, 2–5)
Pat Riley
[64]

1995
Houston Rockets (6) (4, 2–2)
Rudy Tomjanovich
4–0
Orlando Magic (1) (1, 0–1)
Brian Hill
[65]

1996
Seattle SuperSonics (1) (3, 1–2)
George Karl
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (4, 4–0)
Phil Jackson
[66]

1997
Utah Jazz (1) (1, 0–1)
Jerry Sloan
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (5, 5–0)
Phil Jackson
[67]

1998
Utah Jazz (1) (2, 0–2)
Jerry Sloan
2–4
Chicago Bulls (1) (6, 6–0)
Phil Jackson
[68]

1999[e]
San Antonio Spurs (1) (1, 1–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–1
New York Knicks (8) (8, 2–6)
Jeff Van Gundy
[70]

2000
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (25, 12–13)
Phil Jackson
4–2
Indiana Pacers (1) (1, 0–1)
Larry Bird
[71]

2001
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (26, 13–13)
Phil Jackson
4–1
Philadelphia 76ers (1) (9, 3–6)
Larry Brown
[72]

2002
Los Angeles Lakers (3) (27, 14–13)
Phil Jackson
4–0
New Jersey Nets (1) (1, 0–1)
Byron Scott
[73]

2003
San Antonio Spurs (1) (2, 2–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–2
New Jersey Nets (2) (2, 0–2)
Byron Scott
[74]

2004
Los Angeles Lakers (2) (28, 14–14)
Phil Jackson
1–4
Detroit Pistons (3) (6, 3–3)
Larry Brown
[75]

2005
San Antonio Spurs (2) (3, 3–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–3
Detroit Pistons (2) (7, 3–4)
Larry Brown
[76]

2006
Dallas Mavericks (4) (1, 0–1)
Avery Johnson
2–4
Miami Heat (2) (1, 1–0)
Pat Riley
[77]

2007
San Antonio Spurs (3) (4, 4–0)
Gregg Popovich
4–0
Cleveland Cavaliers (2) (1, 0–1)
Mike Brown
[78]

2008
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (29, 14–15)
Phil Jackson
2–4
Boston Celtics (1) (20, 17–3)
Doc Rivers
[79]

2009
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (30, 15–15)
Phil Jackson
4–1
Orlando Magic (3) (2, 0–2)
Stan Van Gundy
[80]

2010
Los Angeles Lakers (1) (31, 16–15)
Phil Jackson
4–3
Boston Celtics (4) (21, 17–4)
Doc Rivers
[81]

2011
Dallas Mavericks (3) (2, 1–1)
Rick Carlisle
4–2
Miami Heat (2) (2, 1–1)
Erik Spoelstra
[82]

2012[f]
Oklahoma City Thunder (2) (4, 1–3)
Scott Brooks
1–4
Miami Heat (2) (3, 2–1)
Erik Spoelstra
[85]

2013
San Antonio Spurs (2) (5, 4–1)
Gregg Popovich
3–4
Miami Heat (1) (4, 3–1)
Erik Spoelstra
[86]

2014
San Antonio Spurs (1) (6, 5–1)
Gregg Popovich
4–1
Miami Heat (2) (5, 3–2)
Erik Spoelstra
[87]

2015
Golden State Warriors (1) (7, 4–3)
Steve Kerr
4–2
Cleveland Cavaliers (2) (2, 0–2)
David Blatt
[88]

2016
Golden State Warriors (1) (8, 4–4)
Steve Kerr
3–4
Cleveland Cavaliers (1) (3, 1–2)
Tyronn Lue
[89]

2017
Golden State Warriors (1) (9, 5–4)
Steve Kerr
4–1
Cleveland Cavaliers (2) (4, 1–3)
Tyronn Lue
[90]

2018
Golden State Warriors (2) (10, 6–4)
Steve Kerr
4–0
Cleveland Cavaliers (4) (5, 1–4)
Tyronn Lue
[91]

text: Results by teams

text:
Teams
Win
Loss
Total
Year(s) won
Year(s) lost

Boston Celtics
17
4
21
1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1986, 2008
1958, 1985, 1987, 2010

Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers
16
15
31
1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010
1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1983, 1984, 1989, 1991, 2004, 2008

Philadelphia/San Francisco/Golden State Warriors
6
4
10
1947, 1956, 1975, 2015, 2017, 2018
1948, 1964, 1967, 2016

Chicago Bulls
6
0
6
1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998
—

San Antonio Spurs
5
1
6
1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014
2013

Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers
3
6
9
1955, 1967, 1983
1950, 1954, 1977, 1980, 1982, 2001

Fort Wayne/Detroit Pistons
3
4
7
1989, 1990, 2004
1955, 1956, 1988, 2005

Miami Heat
3
2
5
2006, 2012, 2013
2011, 2014

New York Knicks
2
6
8
1970, 1973
1951, 1952, 1953, 1972, 1994, 1999

Houston Rockets
2
2
4
1994, 1995
1981, 1986

Cleveland Cavaliers
1
4
5
2016
2007, 2015, 2017, 2018

St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks
1
3
4
1958
1957, 1960, 1961

Baltimore/Washington Bullets/Washington Wizards
1
3
4
1978
1971, 1975, 1979

Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder
1
3
4
1979
1978, 1996, 2012

Portland Trail Blazers
1
2
3
1977
1990, 1992

Milwaukee Bucks
1
1
2
1971
1974

Dallas Mavericks
1
1
2
2011
2006

Baltimore Bullets (original) (folded in 1954)[g]
1
0
1
1948
—

Rochester/Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City/Sacramento Kings
1
0
1
1951
—

Phoenix Suns
0
2
2
—
1976, 1993

New Orleans/Utah Jazz
0
2
2
—
1997, 1998

New Jersey/Brooklyn Nets
0
2
2
—
2002, 2003

Orlando Magic
0
2
2
—
1995, 2009

Chicago Stags (folded in 1950)
0
1
1
—
1947

Washington Capitols (folded in 1951)
0
1
1
—
1949

Indiana Pacers
0
1
1
—
2000

Buffalo Braves/San Diego/Los Angeles Clippers
—
—
—

Charlotte Hornets/Bobcats
—
—
—

Denver Nuggets
—
—
—

Minnesota Timberwolves
—
—
—

New Orleans Hornets/Pelicans
—
—
—

Toronto Raptors
—
—
—

Vancouver/Memphis Grizzlies
—
—
—

text: Notes

text:
Jump up ^ Due to the NBA's realignment into three divisions, the team with the best regular season record after the Divisional Finals advanced automatically to the NBA Finals while the other two teams faced off in the NBA Semifinals to determine the other finalist. Eastern Division champion Syracuse had the best regular season record among the division champions, causing Central Division (no relation to the current Central Division) champion Minneapolis to face Western Division champion Anderson Packers in the NBA Semifinals.[17]

Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Walter A. Brown.

Jump up ^ The trophy was replaced by a new design.[45][46]

Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Larry O'Brien.

Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule.[69]

Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66-game regular season schedule.[83][84]

Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present-day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997.

tag: ol


document_title: Landing card

question_text: who needs to fill in a uk landing card

question_tokens: who needs to fill in a uk landing card

text: Landing card

text: A landing card is an arrival card form that non-EEA citizens are required to complete on entry to the United Kingdom or the Republic of Ireland. The traveler must present the completed form at the UK Border Agency immigration desk at the point of entry. The form is usually supplied by the airline, train or ferry company.[1]

text: In the UK, the landing card system is governed by the Immigration Act 1971, schedule 2 paragraph 5, which states;[2]

text:
“
The Secretary of State may by order made by statutory instrument make provision for requiring passengers disembarking or embarking in the United Kingdom, or any class of such passengers, to produce to an immigration officer, if so required, landing or embarkation cards in such form as the Secretary of State may direct, and for requiring the owners or agents of ships and aircraft to supply such cards to those passengers.
”

text: The Secretary of State decides, by issuing a Statutory Instrument, which nationalities must complete a landing card. Currently all EU nationals, and those from Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland, are exempt. Failure to complete a landing card when this is required is a crime punishable by a fine or six months in prison.[6]

text: In August 2017, the UK Home Office announced that landing cards will be completely scrapped as part of digital border transformation and modernisation. It is expected this change will come into effect by the autumn. [7]

text: Information on the card[edit]

text: Typically the information requested on the card includes:

text:
Full name (Family name and First Name)
Sex
Date and place of Birth
Nationality
Occupation
Passport number, place of issuance and expiry date
Flight number or name of aircraft, ship or vehicle
Duration of stay
Port of last departure
Contact Address in UK

text: Travelers are required to sign, and declare the information is true, correct, and complete. [8] [9] [10]


document_title: Dating the Bible

question_text: what is the most recent book of the bible

text: Dating the Bible

text: Table I: Chronological overview[edit]

text: This table summarises the chronology of the main tables and serves as a guide to the historical periods mentioned. Much of the Hebrew Bible or the Protocanonical Old Testament may have been assembled in the 5th century BCE.[1] The New Testament books were composed largely in the second half of the 1st century CE.[2] The Deuterocanonical books fall largely in between.

text:
Period
Books

Monarchic
8th–7th centuries BCE
c. 745–586 BCE

Late 8th-early 7th: Amos (initial composition of earliest layer);[3] "First Isaiah" (Isaiah 1–39),[4] Hosea,[5] Micah (second half).[6]
7th: Nahum (based on its assumption of the fall of Thebes and call for the destruction of Nineveh),[7] Zephaniah (in the reign of Josiah, c. 649–609 BCE),[8] Habakkuk (possibly shortly before the battle of Carchemish, 605 BCE);[9] first edition of the Deuteronomistic history (books of Joshua/Judges/Samuel/Kings) in the reign of Josiah;[10] Deuteronomy 5–26 in the reign of Josiah.[11]

Exilic
6th century BCE
586–539 BCE

Core of Obadiah around the fall of Jerusalem, 586 BCE.[12]
Completion of Deuteronomistic history (Joshua/Judges/Samuel/Kings).[13]
Deuteronomy expanded with addition of chapters 1–4 and 29–30 to serve as an introduction to the Deuteronomistic history.[11]
Jeremiah active in the last decade of the 7th century and first decades of the 6th;[14]
Ezekiel active in Babylon 592–571 BCE;[15]
"Second Isaiah" (author of Isaiah 40–55) active in Babylon around mid-century.[16]
Expansion and reshaping of Hosea, Amos, Micah and Zephaniah.[17]
Possible early Psalms collection (psalms "of David") ending with psalm 89.[17]

Post-exilic
Persian
5th–4th centuries BCE
538–330 BCE

Torah (books of Genesis/Exodus/Leviticus/Numbers), with 250 BCE as terminus ad quem (last possible date) for the production of the final text on the basis of the extant manuscript evidence.[18][19]
Deuteronomy revised with expansions to chapters 19–25 and addition of chapter 27 and 31–34 to serve as conclusion to the Torah.[11]
"Third Isaiah" (Isaiah 56–66)[16]
Later version (the Masoretic Hebrew version) of Jeremiah[20]
Haggai (self-dated to the second year of the Persian king Darius 520 BCE),[21]
Zechariah (chapters 1–8 contemporary with Haggai, chapters 9–14 from the 5th century)[22]
Malachi (5th century BCE, contemporaneous or immediately prior to the missions of Nehemiah and Ezra)[23]
Chronicles (between 400–250 BC, probably in the period 350–300 BCE)[24]
Origins of Ezra-Nehemiah (may have reached its final form as late as the Ptolemaic period, c. 300–200 BCE).[25]

Post-exilic
Hellenistic
3rd–2nd centuries BCE
330–164 BCE

Job, Ecclesiastes and the Song of Songs (Could have been written in the 4th or even 5th centuries, but seem to reflect contact with Greek culture).[26]
Book of Jonah (Persian or Hellenistic, no later than 2nd century BCE).[27]
Most of the individual psalms making up the final third of the Book of Psalms.[28]

Maccabean/Hasmonean
2nd–1st centuries BCE
164–4 BCE

Daniel (164 BCE, combining newly-written visions, chapters 7–12, with the Persian and Hellenistic tales of chapters 1–6).[29]
1 Maccabees/2 Maccabees/3 Maccabees/possibly 4 Maccabees; Tobit, Judith, Additions to Daniel and Additions to Esther
Wisdom of Solomon late 1st century BCE or early to mid 1st century CE.[26]

Roman
1st century CE onward
after 4 BCE

4 Maccabees (after 63 BCE, probably mid-1st century CE).[30]
Wisdom of Solomon (late 1st century BCE or early to mid 1st century CE).[26]
New Testament (between c. 50–110 CE – see Table IV).

text: Table II: Hebrew Bible/Protestant Old Testament[edit]

text:
Torah
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars

Book of Genesis
Book of Exodus
Book of Leviticus
Book of Numbers
Book of Deuteronomy
The majority of modern biblical scholars believe that the Torah – the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy – reached its present form in the post-Exilic period.[19]
The five books are drawn from four "sources" (distinct schools of writers rather than individuals): the Priestly source, the Yahwist and the Elohist (these two are often referred to collectively as the "non-Priestly" source), and the Deuteronomist.[31] There is general agreement that the Priestly source is post-exilic, but there is no agreement over the non-Priestly source(s).[31]

Genesis is a post-exilic work combining "Priestly" and "non-Priestly" material.[32]
Exodus is an anthology drawn from nearly all periods of Israel's history.[33]
Leviticus is entirely Priestly and dates from the exilic/post-exilic period.[34]
Numbers is a Priestly redaction (i.e., editing) of a Yahwistic/non-Priestly original.[35]
Deuteronomy, now the last book of the Torah, began as the set of religious laws (these make up the bulk of the book), was extended in the early part of the 6th century to serve as the introduction to the Deuteronomistic history, and later still was detached from that history, extended yet again, and edited to conclude the Torah.[36]

Prophets
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars

Former Prophets:
Book of Joshua
Book of Judges
Books of Samuel
Books of Kings

This group of books, plus Deuteronomy, is called the "Deuteronomistic history" by scholars. The proposal that they made up a unified work was first advanced by Martin Noth in 1943, and has been widely accepted. Noth proposed that the entire history was the creation of a single individual working in the exilic period (6th century BCE); since then there has been wide recognition that the history appeared in two "editions", the first in the reign of Judah's King Josiah (late 7th century), the second during the exile (6th century).[10] Noth's dating was based on the assumption that the history was completed very soon after its last recorded event, the release of King Jehoiachin in Babylon c. 560 BCE; but some scholars have termed his reasoning inadequate, and the history may have been further extended in the post-exilic period.[37]

Three Major Prophets:
Book of Isaiah
Book of Jeremiah
Book of Ezekiel

Scholars recognise three "sections" in the Book of Isaiah: Proto-Isaiah (the original 8th century Isaiah); Deutero-Isaiah (an anonymous prophet living in Babylon during the exile); and Trito-Isaiah (an anonymous author or authors in Jerusalem immediately after the exile).[38]
The Book of Jeremiah exists in two versions, Greek (the version used in Orthodox Christian Bibles) and Hebrew (Jewish, Catholic and Protestant Bibles), with the Greek representing the earlier version.[39] The Greek version was probably finalised in the early Persian period and translated into Greek in the 3rd century BCE, and the Hebrew version dates from some point between then and the 2nd century BCE.[40]
The Book of Ezekiel describes itself as the words of the Ezekiel ben-Buzi, a priest living in exile in the city of Babylon, and internal evidence dates the visions to between 593 and 571 BCE. While the book probably reflects much of the historic Ezekiel, it is the product of a long and complex history, with significant additions by a "school" of later followers.[41][42]

Twelve Minor Prophets
In the Hebrew Bible the Twelve Minor Prophets are a single collection edited in the Second Temple period, but the collection is broken up in Christian Bibles.[43] With the exception of Jonah, which is a fictional work, there exists an original core of prophetic tradition behind each book:[44][45]

Book of Hosea: second half of the 8th century BCE[5]

Book of Joel: late Persian or Hellenistic[46]
Book of Amos: first half of the 8th century[47]
Book of Obadiah: around the time of the fall of Jerusalem, 586 BCE[12]
Book of Jonah: Persian or Hellenistic, no later than 2nd century BCE[27]
Book of Micah: c. 750–700 BCE[48]
Book of Nahum: an "oracle concerning Nineveh", the Assyrian city destroyed in 612 BCE[49]
Book of Habakkuk: possibly shortly before the battle of Carchemish, 605 BCE[9]
Book of Zephaniah: reign of Josiah[8]
Book of Haggai: self-dated to the second year of the Persian king Darius (Darius the Great), 520 BCE[21]
Book of Zechariah: first eight chapters contemporary with Haggai; chapters 9–14 from the 5th century[22]
Book of Malachi: 5th century BCE, contemporaneous or immediately prior to the missions of Nehemiah and Ezra (which, however, are themselves difficult to date)[23]

Writings
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars

Wisdom collection:
Job, Ecclesiastes and Proverbs
The books of Job, Ecclesiastes and Proverbs share a similar outlook which they themselves call "wisdom".[50] It is generally agreed that Job comes from between the 7th and 4th centuries BCE, with the 6th century as the most likely.[51] Ecclesiastes can be no earlier than about 450 BCE, due to the presence of Persian loan-words and Aramaic idioms, and no later than 180 BCE, when the Jewish writer Ben Sira quotes from it.[52][53] Proverbs is a "collection of collections" relating to a pattern of life which lasted for more than a millennium, and impossible to date.[54]

Poetic works: Psalms and Lamentations
The psalms making up the first two-thirds of the psalter are predominantly pre-exilic and the last third predominantly post-exilic.[28] The collected book of Psalms was possibly given its modern shape and division into five parts in the post-exilic period, although it continued to be revised and expanded well into Hellenistic and even Roman times.[55] It is generally accepted that the destruction of Jerusalem by Babylon in 586 BCE forms the background to the Book of Lamentations.[56]

Histories: Chronicles and Ezra-Nehemiah
Chronicles was composed between 400–250 BCE, probably in the period 350–300 BCE;[24] Ezra-Nehemiah (two books in modern Bibles, but originally one) may have reached its final form as late as the Ptolemaic period, c. 300–200 BCE.[25]

Miscellaneous works: Book of Ruth, Book of Esther, Book of Daniel, Song of Songs
The Book of Ruth is commonly dated to the Persian period;[57] Esther to the 3rd or 4th centuries BCE; the Book of Daniel can be dated more precisely to 164 BCE thanks to its veiled prophecy of the death of a Greek king of Syria;[58] and the Song of Songs could have been composed at any time after the 6th century BCE.[59]

text: Table III: Deuterocanonical Old Testament[edit]

text:
Book
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars

Tobit
225–175 BCE, on the basis of apparent use of language and references common to the post-exilic period, but lack of knowledge of the 2nd century BCE persecution of Jews.[60]

Judith
150–100 BCE, although estimates range from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century CE.[61]

1 Maccabees
100 BCE[62]

2 Maccabees
c. 100 BCE[62]

3 Maccabees
100–75 BCE "very probable"[63]

4 Maccabees
mid-1st century CE[30]

Wisdom of Solomon
late 1st century BCE/early 1st century CE, on the basis of shared outlook with other works dating from this time.[64]

Sirach
196–175 BCE, as the author implies that Simon the high priest had died (196 BCE), but shows no knowledge of the persecution of the Jews that began after 175 BCE.[65]

Additions to Daniel
Prayer of Azariah (Song of the Three Holy Children); Bel and the Dragon: late 6th century;[66] Susanna and the Elders: possibly 95–80 BCE[67]

Baruch and Letter of Jeremiah
2nd century BCE, as Baruch uses Sirach (written c. 180 BCE) and is in turn used by the Psalms of Solomon (mid-1st century BCE). The Letter of Jeremiah, ch. 6:1–73 of the Book of Baruch, is sometimes considered a separate book.[68]

text: Table IV: New Testament[edit]

text:
Book
Date or range of dates most widely held by scholars
Earliest known fragment

Gospel of Matthew
80–90 CE.[69] This is based on three strands of evidence: (a) the setting of Matthew reflects the final separation of Church and Synagogue, about 85 CE; (b) it reflects the capture of Jerusalem and destruction of the Temple by the Romans in 70 CE; (c) it uses Mark, usually dated around 70 CE, as a source.[70]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

104 (150–200 CE)

Gospel of Mark
68–70 CE.[71] References to persecution and to war in Judea suggest that its context was either Nero's persecution of the Christians in Rome or the Jewish revolt.[72]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

45 (250 CE)

Gospel of Luke
80–90 CE, with some scholars suggesting 90–100.[73] There is evidence, both textual (the conflicts between Western and Alexandrian manuscript families) and from the Marcionite controversy (Marcion was a 2nd-century heretic who produced his own version of Christian scripture based on Luke's gospel and Paul's epistles) that Luke-Acts was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century.[74]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

4,

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

75 (175–250 CE)

Gospel of John
90–110 CE, the upper date based on textual evidence that the gospel was known in the early 2nd century, and the lower on an internal reference to the expulsion of Christians from the synagogues.[75]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

52 (125–160 CE)

Acts
95–100 CE.[71] If Acts uses Josephus as a source, as has been proposed, then it must have been composed after 93 CE; the social situation is one in which the faithful need "shepherds" to protect them from heretical "wolves", which again reflects a late date.[76]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

29,

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

45,

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

48,

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

53,

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

91 (250 CE)

Romans
c. 57 CE. One of the genuine Pauline letters, written to the Romans as Paul was about to leave Asia Minor and Greece, and expressing his hopes to continue his work in Spain.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)

Corinthians
c. 56 CE. Another of the Genuine Pauline letters. Paul expresses his intention to re-visit the church he founded in the city c. 50–52 CE.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)

Galatians
c. 55 CE. Paul does not express any wish to revisit the church in Galatia, which he founded, and so some scholars believe the letter dates from the end of his missionary work. The letter concerns the question of whether Gentile converts are required to adopt full Jewish customs.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)

Ephesians
c. 80–90 CE. The letter appears to have been written after Paul's death in Rome, by an author who uses his name.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)

Philippians
c. 54–55 CE. A genuine Pauline letter, it mentions "Caesar's household," leading some scholars to believe that it is written from Rome, but some of the news in it could not have come from Rome. It seems rather to date from an earlier imprisonment, perhaps in Ephesus, from which Paul hopes to be released.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)

Colossians
c. 62–70 CE. Some scholars believe Colossians dates from Paul's imprisonment in Ephesus around 55 CE, but differences in the theology suggest that it comes from much later in his career, around the time of his imprisonment in Rome.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)

1 Thessalonians
c. 51 CE. One of the earliest of the genuine Pauline epistles.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)

2 Thessalonians
c. 51 CE or post-70 CE. If this is a genuine Pauline epistle it follows closely on 1 Thessalonians. But some of the language and theology point to a much later date, from an unknown author using Paul's name.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

92 (300 CE)

1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Epistle to Titus
c. 100 CE. The two Timothy epistles and Titus reflect a much more developed Church organisation than that reflected in the genuine Pauline epistles.[71]
Codex Sinaiticus (350 CE)

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

32 (200 CE)

Philemon
c. 54–55 CE. A genuine Pauline epistle, written from an imprisonment (probably in Ephesus) that Paul expects will soon be over.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

87 (3rd century CE)

Hebrews
c. 80–90 CE. The elegance of the Greek and the sophistication of the theology do not fit the genuine Pauline epistles, but the mention of Timothy in the conclusion led to its being included with the Pauline group from an early date.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

46 (late 2nd century or 3rd century CE)

James
c. 65–85 CE. Like Hebrews, James is not so much a letter as an exhortation; the style of the Greek makes it unlikely that it was actually written by James the brother of Jesus.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

20,

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

23 (early 3rd century CE)

First Peter
c. 75–90 CE[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

72 (3rd/4th century CE)

Second Peter
c. 110 CE. This is apparently the latest writing in the New Testament, quoting from Jude, assuming a knowledge of the Pauline letters, and including a reference to the gospel story of the Transfiguration of Christ.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

72 (3rd/4th century CE)

Epistles of John
90–110 CE.[77] The letters give no clear indication, but scholars tend to place them about a decade after the Gospel of John.[77]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

9, Uncial 0232, Codex Sinaiticus (3rd/4th century CE)

Jude
Uncertain. The references to "brother of James" and to "what the apostles of our Lord Jesus Christ foretold" suggest that it was written after the apostolic letters were in circulation, but before 2 Peter, which uses it.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

72 (3rd/4th century CE)

Revelation
c. 95 CE. The date is suggested by clues in the visions pointing to the reign of the emperor Domitian.[71]

P

{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}

98 (150–200 CE)