document_title: Tokyo

question_text: where is tokyo japan located on the world map

question_tokens: where is tokyo japan located on the world map

text: Tokyo

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Tokyo was originally known as Edo (江戸), which means "estuary".[20] Its name was changed to Tokyo (東京, Tōkyō, 東 tō "east", and 京 kyō "capital") when it became the imperial capital with the arrival of Emperor Meiji in 1868,[21] in line with the East Asian tradition of including the word capital (京) in the name of the capital city (like Kyoto-京都, Peking-北京 and Nanking-南京) .[20] During the early Meiji period, the city was also called "Tōkei", an alternative pronunciation for the same Chinese characters representing "Tokyo", making it a kanji homograph. Some surviving official English documents use the spelling "Tokei".[22] However, this pronunciation is now obsolete.[23]

text: The name Tokyo was first suggested in 1813 in the book Kondō Hisaku (ja) (Secret Plan of Commingling), written by Satō Nobuhiro.[citation needed] When Ōkubo Toshimichi proposed the renaming to the government during the Meiji Restoration, according to Oda Kanshi (織田完之),[vague] he got the idea from that book.

text: History[edit]

text: Pre-1869 (Edo Period)[edit]

text: Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo,[9] in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province.[24] Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the late twelfth century. In 1457, Ōta Dōkan built Edo Castle. In 1590, Tokugawa Ieyasu made Edo his base. When he became shogun in 1603, the town became the center of his nationwide military government. During the subsequent Edo period, Edo grew into one of the largest cities in the world with a population topping one million by the 18th century.[25] Edo became the de facto capital of Japan[26] even while the emperor lived in Kyoto, the imperial capital. During this time, the city enjoyed a prolonged period of peace known as the Pax Tokugawa, and in the presence of such peace, Edo adopted a stringent policy of seclusion, which helped to perpetuate the lack of any serious military threat to the city.[27] The absence of war-inflicted devastation allowed Edo to devote the majority of its resources to rebuilding in the wake of the consistent fires, earthquakes, and other devastating natural disasters that plagued the city. However, this prolonged period of seclusion came to an end with the arrival of American Commodore, Matthew C. Perry in 1853. Commodore Perry negotiated the opening of the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate, leading to an increase in the demand for new foreign goods and subsequently a severe rise in inflation.[28] Social unrest mounted in the wake of these higher prices and culminated in widespread rebellions and demonstrations, especially in the form of the "smashing" of rice establishments.[29] Meanwhile, supporters of the Meiji Emperor leveraged the disruption that these widespread rebellious demonstrations were causing to further consolidate power by overthrowing the last Tokugawa shogun, Yoshinobu, in 1867.[30] After 265 years, the Pax Tokugawa came to an end.

text: In 1869, the 17-year-old Emperor Meiji moved to Edo, and in accordance the city was renamed Tokyo (meaning Eastern Capital). The city was divided into Yamanote and Shitamachi. Tokyo was already the nation's political and cultural center,[31] and the emperor's residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well, with the former Edo Castle becoming the Imperial Palace. The city of Tokyo was officially established on May 1, 1889.

text: Central Tokyo, like Osaka, has been designed since about 1900 to be centered on major railway stations in a high-density fashion, so suburban railways were built relatively cheaply at street level and with their own right-of-way. This differs from many cities in the United States that are low-density and automobile-centric. Though expressways have been built in Tokyo, the basic design has not changed.

text: Tokyo went on to suffer two major catastrophes in the 20th century: the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, which left 140,000 dead or missing; and World War II.[32]

text: In 1943, the city of Tokyo merged with the "Metropolitan Prefecture" of Tokyo. Since then, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government served as both the prefecture government for Tokyo, as well as administering the special wards of Tokyo, for what had previously been Tokyo City. World War II wrought widespread destruction of most of the city due to the persistent Allied air raids on Japan and the use of incendiary bombs. The bombing of Tokyo in 1944 and 1945 is estimated to have killed between 75,000 and 200,000 civilians and left more than half of the city destroyed.[33] The deadliest night of the war came on March 9–10, 1945, as nearly 700,000 incendiary bombs rained on the eastern half of the city, mainly in heavily residential wards. Two-fifths of the city were completely burned, more than 276,000 buildings were demolished, 100,000 civilians were killed, and 110,000 more were injured.[34][35] Between 1940 and 1945, the population of Japan's capital city dwindled from 6,700,000 to less than 2,800,000, with the majority of those who lost their homes living in "ramshackle, makeshift huts".[36]

text: After the war, Tokyo was completely rebuilt, and was showcased to the world during the 1964 Summer Olympics. The 1970s brought new high-rise developments such as Sunshine 60, a new and controversial[37] airport at Narita in 1978 (some distance outside city limits), and a population increase to about 11 million (in the metropolitan area).

text: Tokyo's subway and commuter rail network became one of the busiest in the world[38] as more and more people moved to the area. In the 1980s, real estate prices skyrocketed during a real estate and debt bubble. The bubble burst in the early 1990s, and many companies, banks, and individuals were caught with mortgage backed debts while real estate was shrinking in value. A major recession followed, making the 1990s Japan's "Lost Decade"[39] from which it is now slowly recovering.

text: Tokyo still sees new urban developments on large lots of less profitable land. Recent projects include Ebisu Garden Place, Tennozu Isle, Shiodome, Roppongi Hills, Shinagawa (now also a Shinkansen station), and the Marunouchi side of Tokyo Station. Buildings of significance are demolished for more up-to-date shopping facilities such as Omotesando Hills.

text: Land reclamation projects in Tokyo have also been going on for centuries. The most prominent is the Odaiba area, now a major shopping and entertainment center. Various plans have been proposed[40] for transferring national government functions from Tokyo to secondary capitals in other regions of Japan, in order to slow down rapid development in Tokyo and revitalize economically lagging areas of the country. These plans have been controversial[41] within Japan and have yet to be realized.

text: The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that devastated much of the northeastern coast of Honshu was felt in Tokyo. However, due to Tokyo's earthquake-resistant infrastructure, damage in Tokyo was very minor compared to areas directly hit by the tsunami,[42] although activity in the city was largely halted.[43] The subsequent nuclear crisis caused by the tsunami has also largely left Tokyo unaffected, despite occasional spikes in radiation levels.[44][45]

text: On September 7, 2013, the IOC selected Tokyo to host the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo will be the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games twice.[46]

text: Geography[edit]

text: The mainland portion of Tokyo lies northwest of Tokyo Bay and measures about 90 km (56 mi) east to west and 25 km (16 mi) north to south. The average elevation in Tokyo is 40 m (131 ft).[47] Chiba Prefecture borders it to the east, Yamanashi to the west, Kanagawa to the south, and Saitama to the north. Mainland Tokyo is further subdivided into the special wards (occupying the eastern half) and the Tama area (多摩地域) stretching westwards.

text: Also within the administrative boundaries of Tokyo Metropolis are two island chains in the Pacific Ocean directly south: the Izu Islands, and the Ogasawara Islands, which stretch more than 1,000 km (620 mi) away from the mainland. Because of these islands and the mountainous regions to the west, Tokyo's overall population density figures far underrepresent the real figures for the urban and suburban regions of Tokyo.

text: Under Japanese law, Tokyo is designated as a to (都), translated as metropolis.[48] Its administrative structure is similar to that of Japan's other prefectures. The 23 special wards (特別区 -ku), which until 1943 constituted the city of Tokyo, are now separate, self-governing municipalities, each having a mayor, a council, and the status of a city.

text: In addition to these 23 special wards, Tokyo also includes 26 more cities (市 -shi), five towns (町 -chō or machi), and eight villages (村 -son or -mura), each of which has a local government. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government, which administers the whole metropolis, is headed by a publicly elected governor and metropolitan assembly. Its headquarters are located in Shinjuku Ward.

text: Special wards[edit]

text: The special wards (特別区, tokubetsu-ku) of Tokyo comprise the area formerly incorporated as Tokyo City. On July 1, 1943, Tokyo City was merged with Tokyo Prefecture (東京府, Tōkyō-fu) forming the current "metropolitan prefecture". As a result, unlike other city wards in Japan, these wards are not conterminous with a larger incorporated city.

text: While falling under the jurisdiction of Tokyo Metropolitan Government, each ward is also a borough with its own elected leader and council, like other cities of Japan. The special wards use the word "city" in their official English name (e.g. Chiyoda City).

text: The wards differ from other cities in having a unique administrative relationship with the prefectural government. Certain municipal functions, such as waterworks, sewerage, and fire-fighting, are handled by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. To pay for the added administrative costs, the prefecture collects municipal taxes, which would usually be levied by the city.[49]

text: The special wards of Tokyo are:

text:
Adachi
Arakawa
Bunkyo
Chiyoda

Chūō
Edogawa
Itabashi
Katsushika

Kita
Kōtō
Meguro
Minato

Nakano
Nerima
Ōta
Setagaya

Shibuya
Shinagawa
Shinjuku
Suginami

Sumida
Taitō
Toshima

text: The "three central wards" of Tokyo – Chiyoda, Chūō and Minato – are the business core of the city, with a daytime population more than seven times higher than their nighttime population.[50] Chiyoda Ward is unique in that it is in the very heart of the former Tokyo City, yet is one of the least populated wards. It is occupied by many major Japanese companies, and is also the seat of the national government, and the Japanese emperor. It is often called the "political center" of the country.[51] Akihabara, known for being an otaku cultural center and a shopping district for computer goods, is also located in Chiyoda.

text: Tama Area (Western Tokyo)[edit]

text: To the west of the special wards, Tokyo Metropolis consists of cities, towns and villages that enjoy the same legal status as those elsewhere in Japan.

text: While serving as "bed towns" for those working in central Tokyo, some of them also have a local commercial and industrial base. Collectively, these are often known as the Tama Area or Western Tokyo.

text: Cities[edit]

text: Twenty-six cities lie within the western part of Tokyo:

text:
Akiruno
Akishima
Chōfu
Fuchū
Fussa

Hachiōji
Hamura
Higashikurume
Higashimurayama
Higashiyamato

Hino
Inagi
Kiyose
Kodaira
Koganei

Kokubunji
Komae
Kunitachi
Machida
Mitaka

Musashimurayama
Musashino
Nishitōkyō
Ōme
Tachikawa
Tama

text: The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has designated Hachiōji, Tachikawa, Machida, Ōme and Tama New Town as regional centers of the Tama area,[52] as part of its plans to disperse urban functions away from central Tokyo.

text: Nishi-Tama District[edit]

text: The far west is occupied by the district (gun) of Nishi-Tama. Much of this area is mountainous and unsuitable for urbanization. The highest mountain in Tokyo, Mount Kumotori, is 2,017 m (6,617 ft) high; other mountains in Tokyo include Takasu (1,737 m (5,699 ft)), Odake (1,266 m (4,154 ft)), and Mitake (929 m (3,048 ft)). Lake Okutama, on the Tama River near Yamanashi Prefecture, is Tokyo's largest lake. The district is composed of three towns (Hinode, Mizuho and Okutama) and one village (Hinohara).

text:
Tama

Hachioji

Musashino

text: Islands[edit]

text: Tokyo has numerous outlying islands, which extend as far as 1,850 km (1,150 mi) from central Tokyo. Because of the islands' distance from the administrative headquarters of the metropolitan government in Shinjuku, local offices administer them.

text: The Izu Islands are a group of volcanic islands and form part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. The islands in order from closest to Tokyo are Izu Ōshima, Toshima, Nii-jima, Shikine-jima, Kōzu-shima, Miyake-jima, Mikurajima, Hachijō-jima, and Aogashima. The Izu Islands are grouped into three subprefectures. Izu Ōshima and Hachijojima are towns. The remaining islands are six villages, with Niijima and Shikinejima forming one village.

text: The Ogasawara Islands include, from north to south, Chichi-jima, Nishinoshima, Haha-jima, Kita Iwo Jima, Iwo Jima, and Minami Iwo Jima. Ogasawara also administers two tiny outlying islands: Minami Torishima, the easternmost point in Japan and at 1,850 km (1,150 mi) the most distant island from central Tokyo, and Okinotorishima, the southernmost point in Japan. Japan's claim on an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) surrounding Okinotorishima is contested by China and South Korea as they regard Okinotorishima as uninhabitable rocks which have no EEZ. The Iwo chain and the outlying islands have no permanent population, but host Japanese Self-Defense Forces personnel. Local populations are only found on Chichi-jima and Haha-jima. The islands form both Ogasawara Subprefecture and the village of Ogasawara, Tokyo.

text:
Subprefecture
Municipality
Type

Hachijō
Hachijō
Town

Aogashima
Village

Miyake
Miyake
Village

Mikurajima
Village

Ōshima
Ōshima
Town

Toshima
Village

Niijima
Village

Kōzushima
Village

Ogasawara
Ogasawara
Village

text: National parks[edit]

text: As of March 31, 2008, 36% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks (second only to Shiga Prefecture), namely the Chichibu Tama Kai, Fuji-Hakone-Izu, and Ogasawara National Parks (the last a UNESCO World Heritage Site); Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park; and Akikawa Kyūryō, Hamura Kusabana Kyūryō, Sayama, Takao Jinba, Takiyama, and Tama Kyūryō Prefectural Natural Parks.[53]

text: A number of museums are located in Ueno Park: Tokyo National Museum, National Museum of Nature and Science, Shitamachi Museum and National Museum for Western Art, among others. There are also art works and statues at several places in the park. There is also a zoo in the park, and the park is a popular destination to view cherry blossoms.

text: Seismicity[edit]

text: Common seismicity[edit]

text: Tokyo is near the boundary of three plates, making it an extremely active region for smaller quakes and slippage which frequently affect the urban area with swaying as if in a boat, ironically epicenters within mainland Tokyo (excluding Tokyo's 2000 km long island jurisdiction) are quite rare. It's not uncommon in the metro area to have hundreds of these such minor quakes (magnitudes 4-6) that can be felt in single year, something local residents merely brush off but can be a source of anxiety to not only to foreign visitors but Japanese from elsewhere as well. They rarely cause much damage (sometimes a few injuries) as they are either too small or far away as quakes tend to dance around the region, particularly active are offshore regions and to a lesser extent Chiba and Ibaraki.[54]

text: Infrequent powerful quakes[edit]

text: Tokyo has been hit by powerful megathrust earthquakes in 1703, 1782, 1812, 1855, 1923, and much more indirectly (some liquefaction in landfill zones) in 2011[55][56], the frequency of direct and large quakes is a relative rarity. The 1923 earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 8.3, killed 142,000 people, the last time the urban area was directly hit. The 2011 quake focus was hundreds of km away and resulted in no direct deaths in the metro area.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The former city of Tokyo and the majority of mainland Tokyo lie in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen climate classification Cfa),[57] with warm humid summers and generally cool winters with cold spells. The region, like much of Japan, experiences a one-month seasonal lag, with the warmest month being August, which averages 26.4 °C (79.5 °F), and the coolest month being January, averaging 5.2 °C (41.4 °F). The record low temperature is −9.2 °C (15.4 °F) on January 13, 1876 while the record high is 39.5 °C (103.1 °F) on July 20, 2004.[58] Annual rainfall averages nearly 1,530 millimetres (60.2 in), with a wetter summer and a drier winter. Snowfall is sporadic, but does occur almost annually.[59] Tokyo also often sees typhoons every year, though few are strong. The last one to hit was Fitow in 2007,[60][dubious – discuss] while the most rainy month since records began in 1876 has been October 2004 with 780 millimetres (30 in) of rain,[61] including 270.5 millimetres (10.6 in) on the ninth of that month.[62]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Kitanomaru Park,[63] Chiyoda ward, Tokyo (1981–2010)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °C (°F)
22.6
(72.7)
24.9
(76.8)
25.3
(77.5)
29.2
(84.6)
32.2
(90)
36.2
(97.2)
39.5
(103.1)
39.1
(102.4)
38.1
(100.6)
32.6
(90.7)
27.3
(81.1)
24.8
(76.6)
39.5
(103.1)

Average high °C (°F)
9.6
(49.3)
10.4
(50.7)
13.6
(56.5)
19.0
(66.2)
22.9
(73.2)
25.5
(77.9)
29.2
(84.6)
30.8
(87.4)
26.9
(80.4)
21.5
(70.7)
16.3
(61.3)
11.9
(53.4)
19.8
(67.6)

Daily mean °C (°F)
5.2
(41.4)
5.7
(42.3)
8.7
(47.7)
13.9
(57)
18.2
(64.8)
21.4
(70.5)
25.0
(77)
26.4
(79.5)
22.8
(73)
17.5
(63.5)
12.1
(53.8)
7.6
(45.7)
15.4
(59.7)

Average low °C (°F)
0.9
(33.6)
1.7
(35.1)
4.4
(39.9)
9.4
(48.9)
14.0
(57.2)
18.0
(64.4)
21.8
(71.2)
23.0
(73.4)
19.7
(67.5)
14.2
(57.6)
8.3
(46.9)
3.5
(38.3)
11.6
(52.9)

Record low °C (°F)
−9.2
(15.4)
−7.9
(17.8)
−5.6
(21.9)
−3.1
(26.4)
2.2
(36)
8.5
(47.3)
13.0
(55.4)
15.4
(59.7)
10.5
(50.9)
−0.5
(31.1)
−3.1
(26.4)
−6.8
(19.8)
−9.2
(15.4)

Average precipitation mm (inches)
52.3
(2.059)
56.1
(2.209)
117.5
(4.626)
124.5
(4.902)
137.8
(5.425)
167.7
(6.602)
153.5
(6.043)
168.2
(6.622)
209.9
(8.264)
197.8
(7.787)
92.5
(3.642)
51.0
(2.008)
1,528.8
(60.189)

Average snowfall cm (inches)
5
(2)
5
(2)
1
(0.4)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
0
(0)
11
(4.3)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm)
5.3
6.2
11.0
11.0
11.4
12.7
11.8
9.0
12.2
10.8
7.6
4.9
114.0

Average snowy days
2.8
3.7
2.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
9.7

Average relative humidity (%)
52
53
56
62
69
75
77
73
75
68
65
56
65

Mean monthly sunshine hours
184.5
165.8
163.1
176.9
167.8
125.4
146.4
169.0
120.9
131.0
147.9
178.0
1,876.7

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (records 1872–present)[64][65][58]

text: The western mountainous area of mainland Tokyo, Okutama also lies in the humid subtropical climate (Köppen classification Cfa).

text:
[hide]Climate data for Ogouchi, Okutama town, Tokyo (1981–2010)

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Average high °C (°F)
6.7
(44.1)
7.1
(44.8)
10.3
(50.5)
16.3
(61.3)
20.5
(68.9)
23.0
(73.4)
26.8
(80.2)
28.2
(82.8)
23.9
(75)
18.4
(65.1)
13.8
(56.8)
9.3
(48.7)
17.1
(62.8)

Daily mean °C (°F)
1.3
(34.3)
1.8
(35.2)
5.0
(41)
10.6
(51.1)
15.1
(59.2)
18.5
(65.3)
22.0
(71.6)
23.2
(73.8)
19.5
(67.1)
13.8
(56.8)
8.5
(47.3)
3.8
(38.8)
11.9
(53.4)

Average low °C (°F)
−2.7
(27.1)
−2.3
(27.9)
0.6
(33.1)
5.6
(42.1)
10.5
(50.9)
14.8
(58.6)
18.7
(65.7)
19.7
(67.5)
16.3
(61.3)
10.3
(50.5)
4.6
(40.3)
−0.1
(31.8)
8.1
(46.6)

Average precipitation mm (inches)
44.1
(1.736)
50.0
(1.969)
92.5
(3.642)
109.6
(4.315)
120.3
(4.736)
155.7
(6.13)
195.4
(7.693)
280.6
(11.047)
271.3
(10.681)
172.4
(6.787)
76.7
(3.02)
39.9
(1.571)
1,623.5
(63.917)

Mean monthly sunshine hours
147.1
127.7
132.2
161.8
154.9
109.8
127.6
148.3
99.1
94.5
122.1
145.6
1,570.7

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[66]

text: Tokyo's offshore territories' climates vary significantly from the city. The climate of Chichi-jima in Ogasawara village is on the boundary between the tropical savanna climate (Köppen classification Aw) and the humid subtropical climate (Köppen classification Cfa). It is approximately 1,000 km south of the Greater Tokyo Area resulting in different climatic conditions.

text: Tokyo's easternmost territory, the island of Minamitorishima (Marcus Island) in Ogasawara village, is in the tropical savanna climate zone (Köppen classification Aw). Tokyo's Izu and Ogasawara islands are affected by an average of 5.4 typhoons a year, compared to 3.1 in mainland Kantō.[67]

text: Cityscape[edit]

text: Architecture in Tokyo has largely been shaped by Tokyo's history. Twice in recent history has the metropolis been left in ruins: first in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake and later after extensive firebombing in World War II.[68] Because of this, Tokyo's urban landscape consists mainly of modern and contemporary architecture, and older buildings are scarce.[68] Tokyo features many internationally famous forms of modern architecture including Tokyo International Forum, Asahi Beer Hall, Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower, NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building and Rainbow Bridge. Tokyo also features two distinctive towers: Tokyo Tower and the new Tokyo Skytree which is the tallest tower in Japan and the second tallest structure in the world after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai.[69]

text: Tokyo also contains numerous parks and gardens. There are four national parks in Tokyo Prefecture, including the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, which includes all of the Izu Islands.

text: Environment[edit]

text: Tokyo has enacted a measure to cut greenhouse gases. Governor Shintaro Ishihara created Japan's first emissions cap system, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emission by a total of 25% by 2020 from the 2000 level.[70] Tokyo is an example of an urban heat island, and the phenomenon is especially serious in its special wards.[60][71] According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government,[72] the annual mean temperature has increased by about 3 °C (5.4 °F) over the past 100 years. Tokyo has been cited as a "convincing example of the relationship between urban growth and climate."[73]

text: In 2006, Tokyo enacted the "10 Year Project for Green Tokyo" to be realised by 2016. It set a goal of increasing roadside trees in Tokyo to 1 million (from 480,000), and adding 1,000 ha of green space 88 of which will be a new park named "Umi no Mori" (sea forest) which will be on a reclaimed island in Tokyo Bay which used to be a landfill.[74] From 2007 to 2010, 436 ha of the planned 1,000 ha of green space was created and 220,000 trees were planted bringing the total to 700,000. In 2014, road side trees in Tokyo have increased to 950,000 and a further 300 ha of green space has been added.[75]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: As of October 2012, the official intercensal estimate showed 13.506 million people in Tokyo with 9.214 million living within Tokyo's 23 wards.[76] During the daytime, the population swells by over 2.5 million as workers and students commute from adjacent areas. This effect is even more pronounced in the three central wards of Chiyoda, Chūō, and Minato, whose collective population as of the 2005 National Census was 326,000 at night, but 2.4 million during the day.[77]

text: In 1889, the Ministry of Home Affairs recorded 1,375,937 people in Tokyo City and a total of 1,694,292 people in Tokyo-fu.[78] In the same year, a total of 779 foreign nationals were recorded as residing in Tokyo. The most common nationality was British (209 residents), followed by United States nationals (182) and nationals of the Qing dynasty (137).[79]

text:
Tokyo historical population since 1920

Registered foreign nationals[80]

Nationality
Population (2012)

 China
161,169

 South Korea
99,880

 Philippines
27,929

 United States
15,901

   Nepal
8,669

 India
8,313

 Thailand
6,906

 United Kingdom
5,522

 Myanmar
4,781

 France
4,635

This chart is growth rate of municipalities of Tokyo, Japan. It is estimated by census carried out in 2005 and 2010.
Increase
  10.0% and over
  7.5 – 9.9%
  5.0 – 7.4%
  2.5 – 4.9%
  0.0 – 2.4%
Decrease
  0.0 – 2.4%
  2.5 – 4.9%
  5.0 – 7.4%
  7.5 – 9.9%
  10.0% and over

Population of Tokyo[77]

By area1

Tokyo
Special wards
Tama Area
Islands

12.79 million
8.653 million
4.109 million
28,000

By age2

Juveniles (age 0–14)
Working (age 15–64)
Retired (age 65+)

1.461 million (11.8%)
8.546 million (69.3%)
2.332 million (18.9%)

By hours3

Day
Night

14.978 million
12.416 million

By nationality

Foreign residents

364,6534 (2.9% of total)

1 Estimates as of October 1, 2007.
2 as of January 1, 2007.

3 as of 2005[update] National Census.
4 as of January 1, 2006.

text: Economy[edit]

text: Tokyo has the largest metropolitan economy in the world. According to a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers, the Tokyo urban area 38 million people had a total GDP of $2 trillion in 2012 (at purchasing power parity), which topped that list. 51 of the companies listed on the Fortune Global 500 are based in Tokyo, almost twice that of the second-placed city (Paris).[81]

text: Tokyo is a major international finance center,[82] houses the headquarters of several of the world's largest investment banks and insurance companies, and serves as a hub for Japan's transportation, publishing, electronics and broadcasting industries. During the centralised growth of Japan's economy following World War II, many large firms moved their headquarters from cities such as Osaka (the historical commercial capital) to Tokyo, in an attempt to take advantage of better access to the government. This trend has begun to slow due to ongoing population growth in Tokyo and the high cost of living there.

text: Tokyo was rated by the Economist Intelligence Unit as the most expensive (highest cost-of-living) city in the world for 14 years in a row ending in 2006.[83]

text: Tokyo emerged as a leading international financial center (IFC) in the 1960s and has been described as one of the three "command centers" for the world economy, along with New York City and London.[84] In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, Tokyo was ranked as having the fifth most competitive financial center in the world (alongside cities such as London, New York City, San Francisco, Chicago, Sydney, Boston, and Toronto in the top 10), and third most competitive in Asia (after Singapore and Hong Kong).[85] The Japanese financial market opened up slowly in 1984 and accelerated its internationalisation with the "Japanese Big Bang" in 1998.[86] Despite the emergence of Singapore and Hong Kong as competing financial centers, the Tokyo IFC manages to keep a prominent position in Asia, for now. The Tokyo Stock Exchange is Japan's largest stock exchange, and third largest in the world by market capitalization and fourth largest by share turnover. In 1990 at the end of the Japanese asset price bubble, it accounted for more than 60% of the world stock market value.[87] Tokyo had 8,460 ha (20,900 acres) of agricultural land as of 2003,[88] according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, placing it last among the nation's prefectures. The farmland is concentrated in Western Tokyo. Perishables such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers can be conveniently shipped to the markets in the eastern part of the prefecture. Komatsuna and spinach are the most important vegetables; as of 2000, Tokyo supplied 32.5% of the komatsuna sold at its central produce market.

text: With 36% of its area covered by forest, Tokyo has extensive growths of cryptomeria and Japanese cypress, especially in the mountainous western communities of Akiruno, Ōme, Okutama, Hachiōji, Hinode, and Hinohara. Decreases in the price of timber, increases in the cost of production, and advancing old age among the forestry population have resulted in a decline in Tokyo's output. In addition, pollen, especially from cryptomeria, is a major allergen for the nearby population centers. Tokyo Bay was once a major source of fish. Currently, most of Tokyo's fish production comes from the outer islands, such as Izu Ōshima and Hachijōjima. Skipjack tuna, nori, and aji are among the ocean products.

text: Tourism in Tokyo is also a contributor to the economy. In 2006, 4.81 million foreigners and 420 million Japanese visits to Tokyo were made; the economic value of these visits totaled 9.4 trillion yen according to the government of Tokyo. Many tourists visit the various downtowns, stores, and entertainment districts throughout the neighbourhoods of the special wards of Tokyo; particularly school children on class trips, a visit to Tokyo Tower is de rigueur. Cultural offerings include both omnipresent Japanese pop culture and associated districts such as Shibuya and Harajuku, subcultural attractions such as Studio Ghibli anime center, as well as museums like the Tokyo National Museum, which houses 37% of the country's artwork national treasures (87/233).

text: The Tsukiji Fish Market in central Tokyo is the biggest wholesale fish and seafood market in the world and also one of the largest wholesale food markets of any kind. The Tsukiji market holds strong to the traditions of its predecessor, the Nihombashi fish market, and serves some 50,000 buyers and sellers every day. Retailers, whole-sellers, auctioneers, and public citizens alike frequent the market, creating a unique microcosm of organized chaos that still continues to fuel the city and its food supply after over four centuries.[89]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Tokyo, as the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, is Japan's largest domestic and international hub for rail, ground, and air transportation. Public transportation within Tokyo is dominated by an extensive network of clean and efficient[90] trains and subways run by a variety of operators, with buses, monorails and trams playing a secondary feeder role. There are up to 62 electric train lines and more than 900 train stations in Tokyo.[91]

text: Within Ōta, one of the 23 special wards, Haneda Airport offers domestic and international flights. Outside Tokyo, Narita International Airport, in Chiba Prefecture, is the major gateway for international travelers to Japan. Japan's flag carrier Japan Airlines, as well as All Nippon Airways, Delta Air Lines, and United Airlines all have a hub at this airport.

text: Various islands governed by Tokyo have their own airports. Hachijō-jima (Hachijojima Airport), Miyakejima (Miyakejima Airport), and Izu Ōshima (Oshima Airport) have services to Tokyo International and other airports.

text: Rail is the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo, which has the most extensive urban railway network in the world and an equally extensive network of surface lines. JR East operates Tokyo's largest railway network, including the Yamanote Line loop that circles the center of downtown Tokyo. Two different organisations operate the subway network: the private Tokyo Metro and the governmental Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation. The metropolitan government and private carriers operate bus routes and one tram route. Local, regional, and national services are available, with major terminals at the giant railroad stations, including Tokyo, Shinagawa, and Shinjuku.

text: Expressways link the capital to other points in the Greater Tokyo area, the Kantō region, and the islands of Kyushu and Shikoku. In order to build them quickly before the 1964 Summer Olympics, most were constructed above existing roads.[92] Other transportation includes taxis operating in the special wards and the cities and towns. Also long-distance ferries serve the islands of Tokyo and carry passengers and cargo to domestic and foreign ports.

text: Education[edit]

text: Tokyo has many universities, junior colleges, and vocational schools. Many of Japan's most prestigious universities are in Tokyo, including University of Tokyo, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Waseda University, Tokyo University of Science, and Keio University.[93] Some of the biggest national universities in Tokyo are:

text:
Hitotsubashi University
National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
Ochanomizu University
Tokyo Gakugei University
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Tokyo Medical and Dental University
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
Tokyo University of Foreign Studies
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
Tokyo University of the Arts
University of Electro-Communications
University of Tokyo

text: There is only one non-national public university: Tokyo Metropolitan University.

text: There are also a few universities well known for classes conducted in English and for the teaching of the Japanese language. They include:

text:
Globis University Graduate School of Management
International Christian University
Sophia University
Waseda University

text: Tokyo is also the headquarters of the United Nations University.

text: For an extensive list, see List of universities in Tokyo.

text: Publicly run kindergartens, elementary schools (years 1 through 6), and Primary schools (7 through 9) are operated by local wards or municipal offices. Public Secondary schools in Tokyo are run by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education and are called "Metropolitan High Schools". Tokyo also has many private schools from kindergarten through high school:

text:
Aoba-Japan International School
The British School in Tokyo
Jingumae International Exchange School
K. International School Tokyo
Tokyo International School
Canadian International School
Tokyo West International School
St. Mary's International School
New International School

text: Culture[edit]

text: Tokyo has many museums. In Ueno Park, there is the Tokyo National Museum, the country's largest museum and specializing in traditional Japanese art; the National Museum of Western Art and Ueno Zoo. Other museums include the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation in Odaiba; the Edo-Tokyo Museum in Sumida, across the Sumida River from the center of Tokyo; the Nezu Museum in Aoyama; and the National Diet Library, National Archives, and the National Museum of Modern Art, which are near the Imperial Palace.

text: Tokyo has many theatres for performing arts. These include national and private theatres for traditional forms of Japanese drama. Noteworthy are the National Noh Theatre for noh and the Kabuki-za for kabuki.[94] Symphony orchestras and other musical organisations perform modern and traditional music. Tokyo also hosts modern Japanese and international pop and rock music at venues ranging in size from intimate clubs to internationally known arenas such as the Nippon Budokan.

text: Many different festivals occur throughout Tokyo. Major events include the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, and the biennial Kanda Festivals. The last features a parade with elaborately decorated floats and thousands of people. Annually on the last Saturday of July, an enormous fireworks display over the Sumida River attracts over a million viewers. Once cherry blossoms bloom in spring, many residents gather in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden for picnics under the blossoms.

text: Harajuku, a neighbourhood in Shibuya, is known internationally for its youth style, fashion[95] and cosplay.

text: Cuisine in Tokyo is internationally acclaimed. In November 2007, Michelin released their first guide for fine dining in Tokyo, awarding 191 stars in total, or about twice as many as Tokyo's nearest competitor, Paris. Eight establishments were awarded the maximum of three stars (Paris has 10), 25 received two stars, and 117 earned one star. Of the eight top-rated restaurants, three offer traditional Japanese fine dining, two are sushi houses and three serve French cuisine.[96]

text: Sports[edit]

text: Tokyo, with a diverse array of sports, is home to two professional baseball clubs, the Yomiuri Giants who play at the Tokyo Dome and Tokyo Yakult Swallows at Meiji-Jingu Stadium. The Japan Sumo Association is also headquartered in Tokyo at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan sumo arena where three official sumo tournaments are held annually (in January, May, and September). Football clubs in Tokyo include F.C. Tokyo and Tokyo Verdy 1969, both of which play at Ajinomoto Stadium in Chōfu, and FC Machida Zelvia at Nozuta Stadium in Machida. Basketball clubs include the Hitachi SunRockers, Toyota Alvark Tokyo and Tokyo Excellence.

text: Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, thus becoming the first Asian city to host the Summer Games. The National Stadium, also known as the Olympic Stadium, is host to a number of international sporting events. With a number of world-class sports venues, Tokyo often hosts national and international sporting events such as basketball tournaments, women's volleyball tournaments, tennis tournaments, swim meets, marathons, rugby union and sevens rugby games, football, American football exhibition games, judo, and karate. Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium, in Sendagaya, Shibuya, is a large sports complex that includes swimming pools, training rooms, and a large indoor arena. According to Around the Rings, the gymnasium has played host to the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, despite the International Gymnastics Federation's initial doubt in Tokyo's ability to host the championships following the March 11 tsunami.[97] Tokyo was selected to host the 2020 Summer Olympics and the 2020 Summer Paralympics on September 7, 2013.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: As the largest population center in Japan and the site of the country's largest broadcasters and studios, Tokyo is frequently the setting for many Japanese movies, television shows, animated series (anime), web comics, and comic books (manga). In the kaiju (monster movie) genre, landmarks of Tokyo are routinely destroyed by giant monsters such as Godzilla and Gamera.

text: Some Hollywood directors have turned to Tokyo as a backdrop for movies set in Japan. Postwar examples include Tokyo Joe, My Geisha, Tokyo Story and the James Bond film You Only Live Twice; recent examples include Kill Bill, The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, Lost in Translation, Babel, and Inception.

text: Japanese author Haruki Murakami has based some of his novels in Tokyo (including Norwegian Wood (novel)), and David Mitchell (author)'s first two novels number9dream and Ghostwritten (novel) featured the city. Contemporary British painter Carl Randall spent 10 years living in Tokyo as an artist, creating a body of work depicting the cities crowded streets and public spaces.[98][99][100][101][102]

text: International relations[edit]

text: Tokyo is the founder member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and is a member of the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations. Tokyo was also a founding member of the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group.

text: Sister cities, sister states, and friendship agreements[edit]

text: As of 2016[update], Tokyo has twinning or friendship agreements with the following twelve cities and states: [103]

text:
New York City, United States (since February 1960)
 Beijing, China (since March 1979)
 Paris, France ("Friendship and cooperation agreement", since July 1982)[104]
 New South Wales, Australia (since May 1984)
 Seoul, South Korea (since September 1988)
 Jakarta, Indonesia (since October 1989)
 São Paulo State, Brazil (since June 1990)
 Cairo, Egypt (since October 1990)
 Moscow, Russia (since July 1991)
 Berlin, Germany (since May 1994)
 Rome, Italy ("Friendship and cooperation agreement", since July 1996)
 London, United Kingdom (since October 2015)


document_title: Turkey ham

question_text: what part of the turkey does turkey ham come from

root

text: Turkey ham

text: Overview[edit]

text: Turkey ham is a processed meat product made primarily from cooked or cured turkey meat and water, formed into the shape of a ham and often sold pre-sliced.[1][2] It is a ready-to-eat product that can be consumed cold or heated.[3]

tag: p

text: Production[edit]

text: Turkey ham is produced from turkey meat such as cured turkey thigh meat and other meat from the animals, which can be machine-deboned.[4] Contrary to the product's name, turkey ham products do not contain any ham or pork products.[5] Some turkey ham products are manufactured with added water, which adds moisture and weight, and some include binders, which serves to bind the moisture and fat in the meat to improve texture.[6][7] Turkey ham is sometimes flavored to resemble the flavor of ham.[5] Turkey ham typically has a 5 percent fat content, and some turkey hams are produced as fat-free.[3][8] Turkey hams are typically produced in two sizes, whole and half-sized.[3]

text: Some U.S. producers and brands of turkey ham include Butterball, Cargill, Jennie-O, Louis Rich, Norbest and Oscar Meyer.[9][10][11][12]

text: History[edit]

text: Turkey ham was developed by Jennie-O and was first introduced to American consumers by the company in 1975.[a] Turkey ham was a successful venture for Jennie-O, as the processed meat brought in revenues that were ten times higher compared to those the company realized from unprocessed turkey thighs.[13]

text: Labeling[edit]

text: Around January 1980, the American Meat Institute (AMI) attempted to ban the use of the term "turkey ham" for products that contain no ham and are entirely composed of turkey, which the AMI described as "flagrant consumer deception".[5] Use of the term "turkey ham" for such products was also opposed by some ham producers in the United States.[5] Circa this time, the U.S. government began requiring turkey ham producers to include the words "cured turkey thigh meat" on turkey ham packaging.[5] In 2010, it was written in the Handbook of Poultry Science and Technology, Secondary Processing that the term "cured turkey thigh meat" always followed the words "turkey ham" on American turkey ham packaging.[3]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ "The development of turkey ham in 1975 was a major breakthrough, not only for Jennie-O ..."[13]

tag: ol


document_title: National Football League team captains

question_text: what does the c mean in the nfl

question_tokens: what does the c mean in the nfl

text: National Football League team captains

text: In the National Football League, the team captain designation is a team-appointed position that designates certain players as leaders on and off the field. The captains program was implemented by the NFL Player Advisory Council established by NFL commissioner Roger Goodell in conjunction with the NFL Players Association. Starting in 2007, the league began permitting teams to name up to six players as captains.[1]

text: Players who have been named a team captain typically have a "C" patch on their jerseys. There is a standard design used by all teams participating in the captaincy program. The patches are in team colors and are worn on the front left or right breast (depending on other patches, etc. worn by the specific team). The number of stars filled in on the patch represents the number of consecutive years that player has been named captain by a team. If they've been named captain for longer than four years, the "C" on the patch is gold. Some teams (e.g. Pittsburgh and New England) do not have this patch on their jerseys but still designate captains. In the case of the Green Bay Packers, they would use weekly captains during the regular season, but would switch to assigning captains whenever they qualify for the playoffs.

text:
The New York Jets suspended designated team captains after an incident involving Santonio Holmes in a 2011 game. In the fourth quarter of the final game of the 2011 season against the Miami Dolphins, Holmes appeared to get into an argument with Jets offensive tackle Wayne Hunter while the team was huddling. As a result of the argument, Holmes was benched for the remainder of the game, and the Jets ended up losing the game, which resulted in the Jets missing the postseason for the first time in three years. His leadership qualities and credibility as a captain have since been questioned. In 2015, under new head coach Todd Bowles, the Jets resumed appointing captains weekly.[2]
In 2018, Coach Todd Bowles has resumed permanent captains. These captains were introduced in Week 2 of the 2018 NFL season

text: During special recognitions, the patch may be a different color; e.g., pink for breast cancer awareness;[3] or camouflage for military service recognition.

text: Because of the nature of the game, most teams include their starting quarterbacks as an offensive captain. The starting quarterback has no other responsibility or authority on field. However, he may, depending on the league or individual team, have various informal duties, such as participation in pre-game ceremonies, the coin toss, the trophy presentation, or other events outside the game. Often compared to captains of other team sports, the starting quarterback is usually the de facto team leader and a well-respected player on and off the field, even before the NFL implemented the team captain's patch in 2007.

text: Rules[edit]

text: NFL rule 18 details the guidelines for team captains. Within Rule 18, there are four articles that pertain to:

text:
Number of Team Captains
Coin Toss Procedures
Choice on Penalty Option
Change of [Team] Captains

text: Coin Toss Procedures – Each team can send as many as six team captains to the center of the field. On each team, one captain is designated the "speaking captain" of the delegation. The visiting team or the team designated "visitor" by the referee (if no team is declared 'visitor') shall choose "heads or tails" or in the case of a special ceremony coin, the options on the face and rear of that coin.

text: The winner of the coin toss have three options, 1. Defer the choice to the second half, 2. Receive/kick the ball, 3. Choose an end zone to defend. There is strategy in employing your election. It could depend on such conditions as weather, or making an aggressive statement at the beginning of the game, or something simple as coming out of the locker room in the second half receiving the ball.

text: After the winning captain makes their choice, the opposing team captain chooses from the remaining two options.

text: Choice on Penalty Option(s) – The offended team captain has a choice of accepting a penalty enforcement or declining, except where said penalty is automatically "enforced by rule." In some circumstances, a team captain may elect to "decline" the penalty. This typically happens in a situation in which declining the penalty may mean that the next down should occur (3rd or 4th). A good example would be on an "offensive holding" enforcement, the defensive team might elect a "4th down and 5 yards to gain" v. a "3rd down and 15 yards to gain."

text: List[edit]

text: Players listed in bold currently wear the 5+ star all gold captain patches.

text:
Team

Offensive captain(s)

Defensive captain(s)

Special teams captain(s)

Arizona Cardinals[4]

Sam Bradford, Larry Fitzgerald

Patrick Peterson, Chandler Jones, Antoine Bethea, Corey Peters

Phil Dawson

Atlanta Falcons[5]

Appointed weekly

Baltimore Ravens[6]

Appointed weekly

Buffalo Bills[7]

LeSean McCoy, Patrick DiMarco

Kyle Williams, Lorenzo Alexander

Steven Hauschka, Taiwan Jones

Carolina Panthers[8]

Cam Newton, Ryan Kalil, Greg Olsen

Luke Kuechly, Julius Peppers

Colin Jones

Chicago Bears[9]

Appointed weekly

Cincinnati Bengals[10]

Andy Dalton, A. J. Green

Michael Johnson, Shawn Williams, Vincent Rey

Clayton Fejedelem

Cleveland Browns[11]

Tyrod Taylor, Joel Bitonio

Myles Garrett, Christian Kirksey

Britton Colquitt

Dallas Cowboys[12]

Dak Prescott, Zack Martin

Sean Lee, Tyrone Crawford

Chris Jones

Denver Broncos[13]

Case Keenum, Matt Paradis

Von Miller, Todd Davis

Brandon McManus, Andy Janovich

Detroit Lions[14]

Marvin Jones Jr., T.J. Lang, Matthew Stafford

Jarrad Davis, Devon Kennard, Glover Quin

Don Muhlbach

Green Bay Packers[15]

Appointed weekly

Houston Texans[16]

Deshaun Watson, DeAndre Hopkins

Johnathan Joseph, JJ Watt, Tyrann Mathieu

Brian Peters

Indianapolis Colts[17]

Andrew Luck, Jack Doyle

Clayton Geathers, Al Woods

Adam Vinatieri

Jacksonville Jaguars[18]

Brandon Linder, Blake Bortles, Leonard Fournette

Telvin Smith, Calais Campbell

Lerentee McCray

Kansas City Chiefs[19]

Travis Kelce

Justin Houston, Eric Berry,

Dustin Colquitt, Tyreek Hill

Los Angeles Chargers[20]

Philip Rivers, Russell Okung, Antonio Gates

Brandon Mebane, Melvin Ingram

None

Los Angeles Rams[21]

Jared Goff, Todd Gurley, Andrew Whitworth

Michael Brockers, Aqib Talib

Johnny Hekker

Miami Dolphins[22]

Kenny Stills, Ryan Tannehill, Daniel Kilgore

Bobby McCain, Cameron Wake

Walt Aikens

Minnesota Vikings[23]

Kyle Rudolph, Riley Reiff, Kirk Cousins

Everson Griffen, Linval Joseph, Anthony Barr

None

New England Patriots[24]

Tom Brady, James White, David Andrews

Devin McCourty, Patrick Chung

Matthew Slater

New Orleans Saints[25]

Drew Brees, Max Unger, Terron Armstead

Cameron Jordan, Demario Davis

Craig Robertson

New York Giants[26]

Eli Manning, Nate Solder

Landon Collins, Alec Ogletree

Zak DeOssie, Michael Thomas

New York Jets[27]

Quincy Enunwa, James Carpenter

Jamal Adams, Steve McLendon, Leonard Williams

Oakland Raiders[28]

Rodney Hudson, Derek Carr

Bruce Irvin,Derrick Johnson

Reggie Nelson,Kyle Wilber

Philadelphia Eagles[29]

Carson Wentz, Jason Kelce

Malcolm Jenkins, Fletcher Cox

Kamu Grugier-Hill

Pittsburgh Steelers[30]

Ben Roethlisberger, Maurkice Pouncey

Cameron Heyward

Chris Boswell

San Francisco 49ers[31]

Appointed weekly

Seattle Seahawks[32]

Russell Wilson

Bobby Wagner

Sebastian Janikowski, Neiko Thorpe

Tampa Bay Buccaneers[33]

Mike Evans, Ali Marpet

Lavonte David, Kwon Alexander

Adarius Taylor

Tennessee Titans[34]

Delanie Walker, Marcus Mariota

Jurrell Casey, Wesley Woodyard

Daren Bates

Washington Redskins[35]

Alex Smith

Mason Foster

Deshazor Everett

tag: table


document_title: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)

question_text: who died in harry potter and the goblet of fire

text: Plot[edit]

text: Harry Potter awakens from a nightmare wherein Frank Bryce is killed after overhearing Lord Voldemort discussing plans with Peter Pettigrew and another man. Harry attends the Quidditch World Cup between Ireland and Bulgaria with the Weasleys, but after the game, Death Eaters terrorise the camp, and the man who appeared in Harry's dream summons the Dark Mark.

text: At Hogwarts, Albus Dumbledore introduces ex-Auror Alastor "Mad-Eye" Moody as the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher. He also announces that the school will host the legendary event known as the Triwizard Tournament, in which three magical schools compete against each other in a very deadly competition by facing three dangerous challenges. The Goblet of Fire selects "champions" to take part in the competition: Cedric Diggory of Hufflepuff representing Hogwarts, Viktor Krum representing the Durmstrang Institute from Central Europe, and Fleur Delacour representing Beauxbatons Academy of Magic from France. The Goblet unexpectedly chooses a fourth champion: Harry Potter. Dumbledore is unable to pull the underage Harry out of the tournament, as the Ministry official, Barty Crouch Sr., insists that the champions are bound by a contract, and therefore, Harry has to compete. This makes Harry's best friend Ron Weasley jealous of him.

text: For the tournament's first task, the champions must each retrieve a golden egg guarded by a dragon. After summoning his broomstick, Harry succeeds in retrieving the egg, which contains information about the second challenge. Shortly after, another event known as the Yule Ball, a formal dance takes place; Harry's crush Cho Chang attends with Cedric, and Hermione Granger attends with Viktor, which makes Ron jealous of Viktor. During the second task, the champions must dive underwater to rescue their mates. Harry comes out in third place, but is placed second behind Cedric due to his "moral fibre" after saving Fleur's sister Gabrielle as well as Ron. Afterwards, Harry finds the corpse of Barty Crouch Sr., then visits Dumbledore at his office, and while waiting for him, he discovers a Pensieve, which holds Dumbledore's memories. Inside it, Harry witnesses a trial in which Igor Karkaroff (Durmstrang Institute's Headmaster) confesses to the Ministry of Magic names of other Death Eaters, after Voldemort's defeat. When he names Severus Snape as one, Dumbledore vouches for Snape's innocence; Snape turned spy against Voldemort before the latter's downfall. As Karkaroff names Barty Crouch Jr., a devastated Barty Crouch Sr. has his son imprisoned in Azkaban. After exiting the Pensieve, Harry deduces that the man he has seen in his dreams with Voldemort is Barty Crouch Jr.

text: In the third and final task, the champions enter a hedge maze, and must reach the Triwizard Cup. Viktor, under the influence of the Imperius Curse, incapacitates Fleur. After Harry saves Cedric when the maze attacks him, the two claim a draw and together grab the cup, which turns out to be a Portkey, and transports the two to a graveyard, where Pettigrew and Voldemort are waiting. Pettigrew kills Cedric with the Killing Curse and performs a ritual using a bone of Voldemort's father, Pettigrew's flesh and Harry's blood, which rejuvenates Voldemort, who then summons the Death Eaters. Voldemort releases Harry in order to beat him in a duel to prove that he is the better wizard. Harry, unable to defend himself, tries the Expelliarmus charm at the same moment that Voldemort attempts the Killing Curse. Their wands get into a beaming tug-of-war, and Voldemort's wand is forced to disgorge the last spells it performed. This results in the spirits the people he murdered materialising in the graveyard, including Harry's parents and Cedric. This provides an ample distraction to Voldemort and his Death Eaters, allowing Harry to escape with Cedric's body by grabbing the Portkey.

text: Upon his return, Harry tells Dumbledore that Voldemort has returned and is responsible for Cedric's death. Moody takes a devastated Harry back to his office to interrogate him about Lord Voldemort, where he inadvertently blows his cover when he asks Harry whether there were "others" in the graveyard – despite Harry never having mentioned a graveyard. Moody then reveals that he had submitted Harry's name to the Goblet of Fire, and that he had been guiding and manipulating Harry throughout the tournament to ensure that he would win, so Voldemort would take Harry's blood in order to return. Moody attempts to attack Harry, but Dumbledore, Severus Snape, and Minerva McGonagall intervene and subdue Moody. The teachers force Moody to drink Veritaserum, a truth-telling potion, which reveals that he is not really Moody, and that the real Moody is imprisoned in a magical trunk. The false Moody's Polyjuice Potion wears off, and he is revealed as Barty Crouch Jr., a loyal Death Eater. Crouch Jr. is sent back to Azkaban, from which he had escaped.

text: The next morning, Dumbledore reveals to all others that Voldemort killed Cedric, although the Ministry of Magic opposes the revelation. Later, Dumbledore visits Harry in his dormitory, and apologizes to him for the dangers he had to go through. Harry reveals that he saw his parents in the graveyard; Dumbledore names this effect as "Priori Incantatem". Dumbledore acknowledges that even though Harry's parents appeared through Voldemort's wand, no spell can awaken the dead. Dumbledore reminds Harry that he is not alone. Soon after, Hogwarts, Durmstrang and Beauxbatons bid farewell to each other.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter
Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley
Emma Watson as Hermione Granger
Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid
Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort
Michael Gambon as Albus Dumbledore
Brendan Gleeson as Alastor "Mad-Eye" Moody
Jason Isaacs as Lucius Malfoy
Gary Oldman as Sirius Black
Miranda Richardson as Rita Skeeter
Alan Rickman as Severus Snape
Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall
Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew
Frances de la Tour as Olympe Maxime

tag: ul

text: Robert Pattinson replaces stunt performer/actor Joe Livermore as Cedric Diggory from Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Cedric Diggory is seen in the last film as the seeker for Hufflepuff that faces Harry trying to get the Snitch before Harry confronts Dementors. David Tennant portrays Barty Crouch, Jr. who disguises himself as Mad-Eye Moody for most of the film. Jeff Rawle plays Amos Diggory, Cedric's father. Barty Crouch Sr. is portrayed by Roger Lloyd-Pack.

text: Production[edit]

text: British film director Mike Newell was chosen to direct the film after Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban director Alfonso Cuarón announced that he would only direct one Potter film.[5] In a statement explaining the transition of directors, series producer David Heyman said:

text:
“
When Alfonso made the decision to focus on completing Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, we were faced with the daunting task of finding a director to handle the complex challenges of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and to follow in the footsteps of Chris Columbus and Alfonso Cuarón. Mike's rich and diverse body of work show him to be the perfect choice. He has worked with children, made us laugh, and had us sitting on the edge of our seats. He is great with actors and imbues all his characters, all his films, with great humanity. I'm thrilled.
”

text: Principal photography for Goblet of Fire began on 4 May 2004.[6] Scenes involving the film's principal actors began filming on 25 June 2004 at England's Leavesden Studios.[7][8]

text: Steve Kloves, the screenwriter for the previous instalments, returned for Goblet of Fire. On adapting the 734-page book into a feature-length film, Kloves commented that "we always thought it would be two movies, but we could never figure out a way to break it in two. So it will be a different experience from the book."[9]

text: Set design[edit]

text:
"Filming in an actual loch would have been too cold and impractical. We looked into doing a process called 'dry for wet,' where you suspend an actor and blow wind on them to give the illusion that they are underwater, but the hair didn't undulate convincingly."

—Heyman, on the underwater scenes[10]

tag: div

text: As in the previous instalments, Stuart Craig and Stephenie McMillan provided the film's art and set designs, respectively. Due to the film's scope, there were many new sets and transformations of old sets created. McMillan was most excited about redesigning the Great Hall for the scenes involving the Yule Ball. "Originally we thought silver curtains, silver table cloths and an ice dance floor," said McMillan, "but it just went on and on. The drapes man eventually said, 'Why not just stick the fabrics on the wall?'"[11] Each task of the Triwizard Tournament required massive sets. The rock quarry set for the first task, where Harry faces off with the Hungarian Horntail, was built in two sections at Leavesden Studios. Craig called it "one of the biggest sets we've ever built for any of the films."[10] For the second task, involving the film's underwater scenes, the film crew designed and built a blue screen tank holding "about half a million gallons of water."[12] As for the final task, which took place in the maze, hedge walls ranging from 20 to 40 feet tall were constructed and enhanced with computer-generated imagery.[13]

text: Music[edit]

text: John Williams, who had scored the first three Harry Potter films, could not return for the fourth instalment due to a busy 2005 schedule.[14] Patrick Doyle, who had worked with Newell in Into the West and Donnie Brasco, replaced him as composer. The initial request was that Doyle would be working with Williams' material, but eventually only "Hedwig's Theme", the leitmotif of the series, remained from the previous scores.[15] Pulp lead singer Jarvis Cocker, who was even rumoured to score the film,[16] was one of the musicians invited by Doyle, with whom he had worked in the Great Expectations soundtrack, to write a song for a wizard rock band. Once Doyle chose Cocker's composition, he and other British musicians such as Jonny Greenwood and Phil Selway of Radiohead were picked to play the fictional band, both performing songs for the soundtrack and having cameo roles in the film.[17][18]

text: Differences from the book[edit]

text: With the Goblet of Fire novel almost twice the length of Prisoner of Azkaban, the writers and producers reduced certain scenes and concepts to make the transition from page to screen. Director Mike Newell described the problem as one of "compressing a huge book into the compass of a movie".[20] This was achieved by "putting aside" all the components of the novel which did not directly relate to Harry and his journey.[20]

text: Goblet of Fire is the first film adaptation not to begin at Privet Drive; after the opening sequence, Harry awakens at the Burrow on the morning of the Quidditch World Cup.[21]

text: The game play at the Quidditch World Cup was removed for timing reasons, leaving an abrupt temporal jump which some reviewers considered awkward or "rushed". In the book, Harry and many of the Weasleys supported Ireland, while in the film Harry and Ron supported Bulgaria. However, they also love Viktor Krum, from Bulgaria.[22]

text: Other scenes are shortened and amalgamated to include only the most essential plot details: the three Death Eater trials Harry witnesses in the Pensieve are merged into one sequence; the characters of Bill Weasley, Charlie Weasley, Ludo Bagman, Winky, Narcissa Malfoy and Bertha Jorkins are absent, as well as Dobby, who was supposed to help Harry obtain Gillyweed for the second task. Instead, that scene was changed to involve Neville Longbottom. There is no train scene at the end where Rita Skeeter is revealed to be an illegal, unregistered animagus; Harry is never seen either receiving or giving away the 1,000 galleons in prize winnings. All of Sirius Black's lines are condensed into a single fireside conversation. The scene in which Crouch Jr. is taken back to Azkaban is different from the book, in which he was "killed" by a Dementor summoned by Cornelius Fudge. There is also no conversation in which Fudge refuses to believe that Voldemort has returned, so this is explained in the next film.[21]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: An exclusive first-look of the film was shown on ABC during the television premiere of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets on 7 May 2005.[23] The first trailer was made available online on 8 May 2005.[24] The international trailer debuted online on 23 August 2005.[25]

text: The video game version, designed by EA UK, was released 8 November 2005.[26] Mattel released a line of action figures and artefacts based on the film.[27] Among these was the first edition of Harry Potter Scene It? containing over 1,000 questions involving the four films.[28]

text: Rating[edit]

text: Goblet of Fire was the first film in the series to receive a PG-13 rating by the MPAA for "sequences of fantasy violence and frightening images", M by the ACB[29] and a 12A by the BBFC for its dark themes, fantasy violence, threat and frightening images.

text: Wyrd Sisters lawsuit[edit]

text: In the run up to the film, Warner Bros. approached a Canadian folk group called the Wyrd Sisters to obtain permission to use the name THE WEIRD SISTERS for its Harry Potter Band. When a deal could not be made, the Canadian band filed a US$40-million lawsuit against Warner Bros., the North American distributor of the film, as well as the members of the in-movie band (members of the bands Radiohead and Pulp, among others)[30] for the misuse of their group's name. (In a deleted scene, they are simply introduced as "the band that needs no introduction".) The Canadian band also brought an injunction to stop the release of the film in its country as it contained a performance by the identically named fictional rock band. An Ontario judge dismissed this motion, and to avoid further controversy Warner Bros. rendered the band unnamed in the film and many derived products. However, the Winnipeg-based group continued to pursue the lawsuit; lead singer Kim Baryluk stated in her claim that "consumers will assume that the smaller and less famous Canadian band is trying to take advantage of the Harry Potter fame by copying the Harry Potter band's name when in fact the reverse is true."[31] The injunction was dismissed, and the band was ordered to pay costs.[32][33] As of March 2010, the lawsuit has been settled, the details sealed.[34]

text: Theatrical release[edit]

text: Goblet of Fire was the second film in the series to be given a simultaneous release in conventional theatres and IMAX.[35] Dubbed as Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire: The IMAX Experience, the film was digitally remastered for IMAX from its 35mm form to take part in a "commercial growth strategy" set up between IMAX and Warner Bros. Pictures.[36][37]

text: The film was released in most countries within a two-week period starting on 18 November 2005 in the United Kingdom and United States, with a 1 December 2005 release in Australia. In the United States, the film opened in a maximum of 3,858 cinemas that included several IMAX screens.[3]

text: The world premiere of the film took place in London, England on 6 November 2005.[38] One of the features of the premiere was an animatronic, fire-breathing Hungarian Horntail.[39] The 40-foot-long dragon, used during the scene where Hagrid leads Harry into the forest a night before the first task, was designed and built by the film's special effects supervisor John Richardson and creature effects & makeup supervisor Nick Dudman.[10]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD in North America on 7 March 2006. It was available in one- and two-disc editions, as well as part of an 8-disc box set that includes all four films made by that time.[40] The bonus disc features three interactive games, as well as seven behind the scenes featurettes. The film was also released in UMD format for PSP.

text: On its first day of release in North America, over 5 million copies were sold, recording a franchise high for first-day sales. Within its first week it sold over a total of 9 million units of combined sales of both the widescreen and full-screen versions of the DVD.[41]

text: The UK edition was released on DVD on 20 March 2006 and became the fastest selling UK DVD ever, selling six copies per second on its first day of release. According to the Official Charts Company, the DVD sold 1.4 million copies in its first week alone. It is also available in a two-disc edition with special features similar to the North American two-disc edition.[42]

text: Currently, the DVD holds the Guinness World Record for being the fastest selling DVD of all time. The achievement was added to the 2007 book edition of The Guinness World Records, which includes a picture of the award being presented to Dan Radcliffe on set of Order of the Phoenix at Leavesden Film Studios in April 2006.[43]

text: In the United States, the first five Harry Potter films were released on HD DVD and Blu-ray disc on 11 December 2007. The fourth film has since become available in numerous box sets containing the other films released in the series, including the Harry Potter: Complete 8-Film Collection and Harry Potter Wizard's Collection. An Ultimate Edition of Goblet of Fire was released on 19 October 2010, featuring behind-the-scenes footage, trailers, additional scenes, and a feature-length special Creating the World of Harry Potter Part 4: Sound & Music.[44] Despite not being included in the Ultimate Edition, an extended version has been shown during certain television airings with a running time of about 167 minutes.[45]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: After an opening day of $40 million at the North American box office and staying at number 1 for three weeks, The Goblet of Fire made a successful 20-week run in cinemas, closing on 6 April 2006. The film set numerous records, including the highest non-May opening weekend in the US, and earned £14.9m in its opening weekend in the UK, a record which has since been beaten by the 2008 James Bond film Quantum of Solace, which took in £15.4m. The Goblet of Fire drew $102.7 million its opening weekend at the North American box office, setting a new opening high for the franchise and also achieved the highest weekend debut in November, with the latter being surpassed by The Twilight Saga: New Moon in 2009.[46] It sold about as many tickets as Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone did in its opening weekend. The film's franchise record was later overtaken in 2010 by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1, which opened to $125 million; Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 followed with $169.1 million in its opening weekend. The Goblet of Fire's debut marked the fourth $100 million weekend in history and as of July 2011, it stands as the 17th largest opening weekend ever. In Mainland China, the film generated 93 million yuan.

text: The Goblet of Fire earned almost US$897 million worldwide, making it the highest-grossing international and worldwide release of 2005.

text: In IMAX theatres only, the film grossed a total of US$20,033,758 worldwide for a cumulative per screen average of $188,998 thus setting a new record and a new milestone for a digitally remastered 2-D IMAX release.

text: In January 2006, The Goblet of Fire surpassed the box office takings of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) to become the eighth-highest-grossing film worldwide, and the second-highest-grossing film in the Harry Potter series, behind The Philosopher's Stone. As of July 2011, it has been the sixth-highest-grossing Harry Potter film behind The Philosopher's Stone, The Order of the Phoenix and The Half-Blood Prince, The Deathly Hallows – Part 1, and The Deathly Hallows – Part 2.[47]

text: The film ranks third in the North American box office behind Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith and The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe for 2005, with US$290 million, although both films rank lower than Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire in worldwide terms.[3]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 88% based on 246 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The main characters are maturing, and the filmmakers are likewise improving on their craft; vibrant special effects and assured performances add up to what is the most complex yet of the Harry Potter films."[48] At Metacritic, the film has a score of 81 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[49] On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[50]

text: The New York Daily News praised the film for both its humour and its dark tone.[51] The young actors were praised for demonstrating a "greater range of subtle emotions",[52] particularly Daniel Radcliffe whom Variety described as delivering a "dimensional and nuanced performance".[53] New cast members were also praised: Brendan Gleeson's portrayal of Mad-Eye Moody was described as "colourful";[53] Miranda Richardson's scenes as Rita Skeeter were described as "wonderful";[51] and Ralph Fiennes's portrayal of Lord Voldemort was described as "sublime villainy".[54]

text: The maturity of Harry, Ron, and Hermione, among others, impressed most critics. While the major characters were portrayed as children in the previous films, "they have subtly transitioned into teenagers (in Goblet of Fire)" according to one USA Today reviewer. Desson Thomson of the Washington Post called the film "Probably the most engaging film of the Potter series thus far".[55] Joe Morgenstern of the Wall Street Journal stated "The studio, like plucky Harry, passes with flying colors. The new one, directed by Mike Newell from another astute script by Mr. Kloves, is even richer and fuller, as well as dramatically darker. It's downright scary how good this movie is".[56]

text: Negative criticism included the film's pace which The Arizona Republic described as being "far too episodic",[57] while CNN.com described the film as "clunky and disjointed".[58] Another criticism was that the many supporting characters did not get enough screen time.[53][58] The film was listed at #36 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies praising Rowling for ingeniously blending "two literary traditions, fantasy and coming-through-school fiction".[59]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction at the 78th Academy Awards.[60] At the 2006 Teen Choice Awards, the film won the award for Choice Movie Drama.[61] The film won the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design, making it the first Harry Potter film to win at the BAFTAs.[62]

text: At the 2006 Kids' Choice Awards, the film won the Blimp Award for Favorite Movie, becoming the first and only Harry Potter film to do so.[63]