document_title: Pressure

question_text: force per unit area is a measure of

question_tokens: force per unit area is a measure of

root

text: Pressure

text: Definition[edit]

text: Pressure is the amount of force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area. The symbol for it is p or P.[1] The IUPAC recommendation for pressure is a lower-case p.[2] However, upper-case P is widely used. The usage of P vs p depends upon the field in which one is working, on the nearby presence of other symbols for quantities such as power and momentum, and on writing style.

tag: p

text: Formula[edit]

text:
Conjugate variables
of thermodynamics

Pressure
Volume

(Stress)
(Strain)

Temperature
Entropy

Chemical potential
Particle number

tag: table

text: Mathematically:

text: where:

text: Pressure is a scalar quantity. It relates the vector surface element (a vector normal to the surface) with the normal force acting on it. The pressure is the scalar proportionality constant that relates the two normal vectors:

text: The minus sign comes from the fact that the force is considered towards the surface element, while the normal vector points outward. The equation has meaning in that, for any surface S in contact with the fluid, the total force exerted by the fluid on that surface is the surface integral over S of the right-hand side of the above equation.

text: It is incorrect (although rather usual) to say "the pressure is directed in such or such direction". The pressure, as a scalar, has no direction. The force given by the previous relationship to the quantity has a direction, but the pressure does not. If we change the orientation of the surface element, the direction of the normal force changes accordingly, but the pressure remains the same.

text: Pressure is distributed to solid boundaries or across arbitrary sections of fluid normal to these boundaries or sections at every point. It is a fundamental parameter in thermodynamics, and it is conjugate to volume.

text: Units[edit]

text: The SI unit for pressure is the pascal (Pa), equal to one newton per square metre (N/m2, or kg·m−1·s−2). This name for the unit was added in 1971;[3] before that, pressure in SI was expressed simply in newtons per square metre.

text: Other units of pressure, such as pounds per square inch and bar, are also in common use. The CGS unit of pressure is the barye (Ba), equal to 1 dyn·cm−2, or 0.1 Pa. Pressure is sometimes expressed in grams-force or kilograms-force per square centimetre (g/cm2 or kg/cm2) and the like without properly identifying the force units. But using the names kilogram, gram, kilogram-force, or gram-force (or their symbols) as units of force is expressly forbidden in SI. The technical atmosphere (symbol: at) is 1 kgf/cm2 (98.0665 kPa, or 14.223 psi).

text: Since a system under pressure has the potential to perform work on its surroundings, pressure is a measure of potential energy stored per unit volume. It is therefore related to energy density and may be expressed in units such as joules per cubic metre (J/m3, which is equal to Pa). Mathematically:

text: Some meteorologists prefer the hectopascal (hPa) for atmospheric air pressure, which is equivalent to the older unit millibar (mbar). Similar pressures are given in kilopascals (kPa) in most other fields, where the hecto- prefix is rarely used. The inch of mercury is still used in the United States. Oceanographers usually measure underwater pressure in decibars (dbar) because pressure in the ocean increases by approximately one decibar per metre depth.

text: The standard atmosphere (atm) is an established constant. It is approximately equal to typical air pressure at Earth mean sea level and is defined as 7005101325000000000♠101325 Pa.

text: Because pressure is commonly measured by its ability to displace a column of liquid in a manometer, pressures are often expressed as a depth of a particular fluid (e.g., centimetres of water, millimetres of mercury or inches of mercury). The most common choices are mercury (Hg) and water; water is nontoxic and readily available, while mercury's high density allows a shorter column (and so a smaller manometer) to be used to measure a given pressure. The pressure exerted by a column of liquid of height h and density ρ is given by the hydrostatic pressure equation p = ρgh, where g is the gravitational acceleration. Fluid density and local gravity can vary from one reading to another depending on local factors, so the height of a fluid column does not define pressure precisely. When millimetres of mercury or inches of mercury are quoted today, these units are not based on a physical column of mercury; rather, they have been given precise definitions that can be expressed in terms of SI units.[citation needed] One millimetre of mercury is approximately equal to one torr. The water-based units still depend on the density of water, a measured, rather than defined, quantity. These manometric units are still encountered in many fields. Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of mercury in most of the world, and lung pressures in centimetres of water are still common.

text: Underwater divers use the metre sea water (msw or MSW) and foot sea water (fsw or FSW) units of pressure, and these are the standard units for pressure gauges used to measure pressure exposure in diving chambers and personal decompression computers. A msw is defined as 0.1 bar (= 100000 Pa = 10000 Pa), is not the same as a linear metre of depth. 33.066 fsw = 1 atm[4] (1 atm = 101325 Pa / 33.066 = 3064.326 Pa). Note that the pressure conversion from msw to fsw is different from the length conversion: 10 msw = 32.6336 fsw, while 10 m = 32.8083 ft.[5]

text: Gauge pressure is often given in units with "g" appended, e.g. "kPag", "barg" or "psig", and units for measurements of absolute pressure are sometimes given a suffix of "a", to avoid confusion, for example "kPaa", "psia". However, the US National Institute of Standards and Technology recommends that, to avoid confusion, any modifiers be instead applied to the quantity being measured rather than the unit of measure.[6] For example, "pg = 100 psi" rather than "p = 100 psig".

text: Differential pressure is expressed in units with "d" appended; this type of measurement is useful when considering sealing performance or whether a valve will open or close.

text: Presently or formerly popular pressure units include the following:

text:
atmosphere (atm)
manometric units:

centimetre, inch, millimetre (torr) and micrometre (mTorr, micron) of mercury,
height of equivalent column of water, including millimetre (mm H
2O), centimetre (cm H
2O), metre, inch, and foot of water;

imperial and customary units:

kip, short ton-force, long ton-force, pound-force, ounce-force, and poundal per square inch,
short ton-force and long ton-force per square inch,
fsw (feet sea water) used in underwater diving, particularly in connection with diving pressure exposure and decompression;

non-SI metric units:

bar, decibar, millibar,

msw (metres sea water), used in underwater diving, particularly in connection with diving pressure exposure and decompression,

kilogram-force, or kilopond, per square centimetre (technical atmosphere),
gram-force and tonne-force (metric ton-force) per square centimetre,
barye (dyne per square centimetre),
kilogram-force and tonne-force per square metre,
sthene per square metre (pieze).

text:
Pressure units

v
t
e

Pascal
Bar
Technical atmosphere
Standard atmosphere
Torr
Pounds per square inch

(Pa)
(bar)
(at)
(atm)
(Torr)
(lbf/in2)

1 Pa
≡ 1 N/m2
10−5
6995101970000000000♠1.0197×10−5
6994986919999999999♠9.8692×10−6
6997750060000000000♠7.5006×10−3
6996145037700000000♠1.450377×10−4

1 bar
105
≡ 100 kPa
≡ 106 dyn/cm2

7000101970000000000♠1.0197
6999986920000000000♠0.98692
7002750060000000000♠750.06
7001145037700000000♠14.50377

1 at
7004980665000000000♠9.80665×104
6999980665000000000♠0.980665
≡ 1 kgf/cm2
6999967841100000000♠0.9678411
7002735559200000000♠735.5592
7001142233400000000♠14.22334

1 atm
7005101325000000000♠1.01325×105
7000101325000000000♠1.01325
7000103319999999999♠1.0332
1
≡ 7002760000000000000♠760
7001146959500000000♠14.69595

1 Torr
7002133322399999999♠133.3224
6997133322400000000♠1.333224×10−3
6997135955100000000♠1.359551×10−3
≡ 1/760 ≈ 6997131578900000000♠1.315789×10−3
≡ 1 Torr
≈ 1 mmHg

6998193367800000000♠1.933678×10−2

1 lbf/in2
7003689480000000000♠6.8948×103
6998689480000000000♠6.8948×10−2
6998703069000000000♠7.03069×10−2
6998680460000000000♠6.8046×10−2
7001517149300000000♠51.71493
≡ 1 lbf /in2

text: Examples[edit]

text: As an example of varying pressures, a finger can be pressed against a wall without making any lasting impression; however, the same finger pushing a thumbtack can easily damage the wall. Although the force applied to the surface is the same, the thumbtack applies more pressure because the point concentrates that force into a smaller area. Pressure is transmitted to solid boundaries or across arbitrary sections of fluid normal to these boundaries or sections at every point. Unlike stress, pressure is defined as a scalar quantity. The negative gradient of pressure is called the force density.

text: Another example is a knife. If we try to cut a fruit with the flat side, the force is distributed over a large area, and it will not cut. But if we use the edge, it will cut smoothly. The reason is that the flat side has a greater surface area (less pressure), and so it does not cut the fruit. When we take the thin side, the surface area is reduced, and so it cuts the fruit easily and quickly. This is one example of a practical application of pressure.

text: For gases, pressure is sometimes measured not as an absolute pressure, but relative to atmospheric pressure; such measurements are called gauge pressure. An example of this is the air pressure in an automobile tire, which might be said to be "220 kPa (32 psi)", but is actually 220 kPa (32 psi) above atmospheric pressure. Since atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 100 kPa (14.7 psi), the absolute pressure in the tire is therefore about 320 kPa (46.7 psi). In technical work, this is written "a gauge pressure of 220 kPa (32 psi)". Where space is limited, such as on pressure gauges, name plates, graph labels, and table headings, the use of a modifier in parentheses, such as "kPa (gauge)" or "kPa (absolute)", is permitted. In non-SI technical work, a gauge pressure of 32 psi is sometimes written as "32 psig", and an absolute pressure as "32 psia", though the other methods explained above that avoid attaching characters to the unit of pressure are preferred.[7]

text: Gauge pressure is the relevant measure of pressure wherever one is interested in the stress on storage vessels and the plumbing components of fluidics systems. However, whenever equation-of-state properties, such as densities or changes in densities, must be calculated, pressures must be expressed in terms of their absolute values. For instance, if the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa, a gas (such as helium) at 200 kPa (gauge) (300 kPa [absolute]) is 50% denser than the same gas at 100 kPa (gauge) (200 kPa [absolute]). Focusing on gauge values, one might erroneously conclude the first sample had twice the density of the second one.

text: Scalar nature[edit]

text: In a static gas, the gas as a whole does not appear to move. The individual molecules of the gas, however, are in constant random motion. Because we are dealing with an extremely large number of molecules and because the motion of the individual molecules is random in every direction, we do not detect any motion. If we enclose the gas within a container, we detect a pressure in the gas from the molecules colliding with the walls of our container. We can put the walls of our container anywhere inside the gas, and the force per unit area (the pressure) is the same. We can shrink the size of our "container" down to a very small point (becoming less true as we approach the atomic scale), and the pressure will still have a single value at that point. Therefore, pressure is a scalar quantity, not a vector quantity. It has magnitude but no direction sense associated with it. Pressure force acts in all directions at a point inside a gas. At the surface of a gas, the pressure force acts perpendicular (at right angle) to the surface.

text:
A closely related quantity is the stress tensor σ, which relates the vector force

F

{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }

 to the vector area

A

{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} }

 via the linear relation

F

=
σ

A

{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =\sigma \mathbf {A} }

.

text: This tensor may be expressed as the sum of the viscous stress tensor minus the hydrostatic pressure. The negative of the stress tensor is sometimes called the pressure tensor, but in the following, the term "pressure" will refer only to the scalar pressure.

text: According to the theory of general relativity, pressure increases the strength of a gravitational field (see stress–energy tensor) and so adds to the mass-energy cause of gravity. This effect is unnoticeable at everyday pressures but is significant in neutron stars, although it has not been experimentally tested.[8]

text: Types[edit]

text: Fluid pressure[edit]

text: Fluid pressure is most often the compressive stress at some point within a fluid. (The term fluid refers to both liquids and gases – for more information specifically about liquid pressure, see section below.)

text: Fluid pressure occurs in one of two situations:

text:
An open condition, called "open channel flow", e.g. the ocean, a swimming pool, or the atmosphere.
A closed condition, called "closed conduit", e.g. a water line or gas line.

tag: ol

text: Pressure in open conditions usually can be approximated as the pressure in "static" or non-moving conditions (even in the ocean where there are waves and currents), because the motions create only negligible changes in the pressure. Such conditions conform with principles of fluid statics. The pressure at any given point of a non-moving (static) fluid is called the hydrostatic pressure.

text: Closed bodies of fluid are either "static", when the fluid is not moving, or "dynamic", when the fluid can move as in either a pipe or by compressing an air gap in a closed container. The pressure in closed conditions conforms with the principles of fluid dynamics.

text: The concepts of fluid pressure are predominantly attributed to the discoveries of Blaise Pascal and Daniel Bernoulli. Bernoulli's equation can be used in almost any situation to determine the pressure at any point in a fluid. The equation makes some assumptions about the fluid, such as the fluid being ideal[9] and incompressible.[9] An ideal fluid is a fluid in which there is no friction, it is inviscid [9] (zero viscosity).[9] The equation for all points of a system filled with a constant-density fluid is[10]

text: where:

text: Applications[edit]

text:
Hydraulic brakes
Artesian well
Blood pressure
Hydraulic head
Plant cell turgidity
Pythagorean cup

text: Explosion or deflagration pressures[edit]

text: Explosion or deflagration pressures are the result of the ignition of explosive gases, mists, dust/air suspensions, in unconfined and confined spaces.

text: Negative pressures[edit]

text: While pressures are, in general, positive, there are several situations in which negative pressures may be encountered:

text:
When dealing in relative (gauge) pressures. For instance, an absolute pressure of 80 kPa may be described as a gauge pressure of −21 kPa (i.e., 21 kPa below an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa).
When attractive intermolecular forces (e.g., van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonds) between the particles of a fluid exceed repulsive forces due to thermal motion. These forces explain ascent of sap in tall plants. A negative pressure acts on water molecules at the top of any tree taller than 10 m, which is the pressure head of water that balances the atmospheric pressure. Intermolecular forces maintain cohesion of columns of sap that run continuously in xylem from the roots to the top leaves.[11]
The Casimir effect can create a small attractive force due to interactions with vacuum energy; this force is sometimes termed "vacuum pressure" (not to be confused with the negative gauge pressure of a vacuum).
For non-isotropic stresses in rigid bodies, depending on how the orientation of a surface is chosen, the same distribution of forces may have a component of positive pressure along one surface normal, with a component of negative pressure acting along another surface normal.

The stresses in an electromagnetic field are generally non-isotropic, with the pressure normal to one surface element (the normal stress) being negative, and positive for surface elements perpendicular to this.

In the cosmological constant.

text: Stagnation pressure[edit]

text: Stagnation pressure is the pressure a fluid exerts when it is forced to stop moving. Consequently, although a fluid moving at higher speed will have a lower static pressure, it may have a higher stagnation pressure when forced to a standstill. Static pressure and stagnation pressure are related by:

text: where

text: The pressure of a moving fluid can be measured using a Pitot tube, or one of its variations such as a Kiel probe or Cobra probe, connected to a manometer. Depending on where the inlet holes are located on the probe, it can measure static pressures or stagnation pressures.

text: Surface pressure and surface tension[edit]

text: There is a two-dimensional analog of pressure – the lateral force per unit length applied on a line perpendicular to the force.

text: Surface pressure is denoted by π:

text: and shares many similar properties with three-dimensional pressure. Properties of surface chemicals can be investigated by measuring pressure/area isotherms, as the two-dimensional analog of Boyle's law, πA = k, at constant temperature.

text: Surface tension is another example of surface pressure, but with a reversed sign, because "tension" is the opposite to "pressure".

text: Pressure of an ideal gas[edit]

text: In an ideal gas, molecules have no volume and do not interact. According to the ideal gas law, pressure varies linearly with temperature and quantity, and inversely with volume:

text: where:

text: Real gases exhibit a more complex dependence on the variables of state.[12]

text: Vapour pressure[edit]

text: Vapour pressure is the pressure of a vapour in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases in a closed system. All liquids and solids have a tendency to evaporate into a gaseous form, and all gases have a tendency to condense back to their liquid or solid form.

text: The atmospheric pressure boiling point of a liquid (also known as the normal boiling point) is the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the ambient atmospheric pressure. With any incremental increase in that temperature, the vapor pressure becomes sufficient to overcome atmospheric pressure and lift the liquid to form vapour bubbles inside the bulk of the substance. Bubble formation deeper in the liquid requires a higher pressure, and therefore higher temperature, because the fluid pressure increases above the atmospheric pressure as the depth increases.

text: The vapor pressure that a single component in a mixture contributes to the total pressure in the system is called partial vapor pressure.

text: Liquid pressure[edit]

text:
Continuum mechanics

Laws[show]

Conservations

Energy
Mass
Momentum

Inequalities

Clausius–Duhem (entropy)

Solid mechanics[show]

Stress
Deformation
Compatibility
Finite strain
Infinitesimal strain
Elasticity (linear)
Plasticity
Bending
Hooke's law
Material failure theory
Fracture mechanics

Contact mechanics (frictional)

Fluid mechanics[show]

Fluids

Statics · Dynamics
Archimedes' principle · Bernoulli's principle
Navier–Stokes equations
Poiseuille equation · Pascal's law
Viscosity (Newtonian · non-Newtonian)
Buoyancy · Mixing · Pressure

Liquids

Surface tension
Capillary action

Gases

Atmosphere
Boyle's law
Charles's law
Gay-Lussac's law
Combined gas law

Plasma

Rheology[show]

Viscoelasticity
Rheometry
Rheometer

Smart fluids

Magnetorheological
Electrorheological
Ferrofluids

Scientists[show]

Bernoulli
Boyle
Cauchy
Charles
Euler
Gay-Lussac
Hooke
Pascal
Newton
Navier
Stokes

v
t
e

text: When a person swims under the water, water pressure is felt acting on the person's eardrums. The deeper that person swims, the greater the pressure. The pressure felt is due to the weight of the water above the person. As someone swims deeper, there is more water above the person and therefore greater pressure. The pressure a liquid exerts depends on its depth.

text: Liquid pressure also depends on the density of the liquid. If someone was submerged in a liquid more dense than water, the pressure would be correspondingly greater. The pressure due to a liquid in liquid columns of constant density or at a depth within a substance is represented by the following formula:

text: where:

text: Another way of saying the same formula is the following:

text:
[show]Derivation of this equation

This is derived from the definitions of pressure and weight density. Consider an area at the bottom of a vessel of liquid. The weight of the column of liquid directly above this area produces pressure. From the definition

weight density

=

weight
volume

{\displaystyle {\text{weight density}}={\frac {\text{weight}}{\text{volume}}}}

we can express this weight of liquid as

weight

=

weight density

×

volume

,

{\displaystyle {\text{weight}}={\text{weight density}}\times {\text{volume}},}

where the volume of the column is simply the area multiplied by the depth. Then we have

pressure

=

force
area

=

weight
area

=

weight density

×

volume

area

,

{\displaystyle {\text{pressure}}={\frac {\text{force}}{\text{area}}}={\frac {\text{weight}}{\text{area}}}={\frac {{\text{weight density}}\times {\text{volume}}}{\text{area}}},}

pressure

=

weight density

×

(area

×

depth)

area

.

{\displaystyle {\text{pressure}}={\frac {{\text{weight density}}\times {\text{(area}}\times {\text{depth)}}}{\text{area}}}.}

With the "area" in the numerator and the "area" in the denominator canceling each other out, we are left with

pressure

=

weight density

×

depth

.

{\displaystyle {\text{pressure}}={\text{weight density}}\times {\text{depth}}.}

Written with symbols, this is our original equation:

p
=
ρ
g
h
.

{\displaystyle p=\rho gh.}

text: The pressure a liquid exerts against the sides and bottom of a container depends on the density and the depth of the liquid. If atmospheric pressure is neglected, liquid pressure against the bottom is twice as great at twice the depth; at three times the depth, the liquid pressure is threefold; etc. Or, if the liquid is two or three times as dense, the liquid pressure is correspondingly two or three times as great for any given depth. Liquids are practically incompressible – that is, their volume can hardly be changed by pressure (water volume decreases by only 50 millionths of its original volume for each atmospheric increase in pressure). Thus, except for small changes produced by temperature, the density of a particular liquid is practically the same at all depths.

text: Atmospheric pressure pressing on the surface of a liquid must be taken into account when trying to discover the total pressure acting on a liquid. The total pressure of a liquid, then, is ρgh plus the pressure of the atmosphere. When this distinction is important, the term total pressure is used. Otherwise, discussions of liquid pressure refer to pressure without regard to the normally ever-present atmospheric pressure.

text: It is important to recognize that the pressure does not depend on the amount of liquid present. Volume is not the important factor – depth is. The average water pressure acting against a dam depends on the average depth of the water and not on the volume of water held back. For example, a wide but shallow lake with a depth of 3 m (10 ft) exerts only half the average pressure that a small 6 m (20 ft) deep pond does (note that the total force applied to the longer dam will be greater, due to the greater total surface area for the pressure to act upon, but for a given 5-foot section of each dam, the 10 ft deep water will apply half the force of 20 ft deep water). A person will feel the same pressure whether his/her head is dunked a metre beneath the surface of the water in a small pool or to the same depth in the middle of a large lake. If four vases contain different amounts of water but are all filled to equal depths, then a fish with its head dunked a few centimetres under the surface will be acted on by water pressure that is the same in any of the vases. If the fish swims a few centimetres deeper, the pressure on the fish will increase with depth and be the same no matter which vase the fish is in. If the fish swims to the bottom, the pressure will be greater, but it makes no difference what vase it is in. All vases are filled to equal depths, so the water pressure is the same at the bottom of each vase, regardless of its shape or volume. If water pressure at the bottom of a vase were greater than water pressure at the bottom of a neighboring vase, the greater pressure would force water sideways and then up the narrower vase to a higher level until the pressures at the bottom were equalized. Pressure is depth dependent, not volume dependent, so there is a reason that water seeks its own level.

text: Restating this as energy equation, the energy per unit volume in an ideal, incompressible liquid is constant throughout its vessel. At the surface, gravitational potential energy is large but liquid pressure energy is low. At the bottom of the vessel, all the gravitational potential energy is converted to pressure energy. The sum of pressure energy and gravitational potential energy per unit volume is constant throughout the volume of the fluid and the two energy components change linearly with the depth.[13] Mathematically, it is described by Bernoulli's equation, where velocity head is zero and comparisons per unit volume in the vessel are

text: Terms have the same meaning as in section Fluid pressure.

text: Direction of liquid pressure[edit]

text: An experimentally determined fact about liquid pressure is that it is exerted equally in all directions.[14] If someone is submerged in water, no matter which way that person tilts his/her head, the person will feel the same amount of water pressure on his/her ears. Because a liquid can flow, this pressure isn't only downward. Pressure is seen acting sideways when water spurts sideways from a leak in the side of an upright can. Pressure also acts upward, as demonstrated when someone tries to push a beach ball beneath the surface of the water. The bottom of a boat is pushed upward by water pressure (buoyancy).

text:
When a liquid presses against a surface, there is a net force that is perpendicular to the surface. Although pressure doesn't have a specific direction, force does. A submerged triangular block has water forced against each point from many directions, but components of the force that are not perpendicular to the surface cancel each other out, leaving only a net perpendicular point.[14] This is why water spurting from a hole in a bucket initially exits the bucket in a direction at right angles to the surface of the bucket in which the hole is located. Then it curves downward due to gravity. If there are three holes in a bucket (top, bottom, and middle), then the force vectors perpendicular to the inner container surface will increase with increasing depth – that is, a greater pressure at the bottom makes it so that the bottom hole will shoot water out the farthest. The force exerted by a fluid on a smooth surface is always at right angles to the surface. The speed of liquid out of the hole is

2
g
h

{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\sqrt {2gh}}}

, where h is the depth below the free surface.[14] Interestingly, this is the same speed the water (or anything else) would have if freely falling the same vertical distance h.

text: Kinematic pressure[edit]

text:
is the kinematic pressure, where

p

{\displaystyle p}

 is the pressure and

ρ

0

{\displaystyle \rho _{0}}

 constant mass density. The SI unit of P is m2/s2. Kinematic pressure is used in the same manner as kinematic viscosity

ν

{\displaystyle \nu }

 in order to compute Navier–Stokes equation without explicitly showing the density

ρ

0

{\displaystyle \rho _{0}}

.


document_title: The New Edition Story

question_text: who played brooke in the new edition story

text: The New Edition Story

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Woody McClain as Bobby Brown

Tyler Marcel Williams as Young Bobby Brown

Algee Smith as Ralph Tresvant

Jahi Di'Allo Winston as Young Ralph Tresvant

Bryshere Y. Gray as Michael Bivins

Dante Hoagland as Young Michael Bivins

Elijah Kelley as Ricky Bell

Caleb McLaughlin as Young Ricky Bell

Keith Powers as Ronnie DeVoe

Myles Truitt as Young Ronnie DeVoe

Luke James as Johnny Gill
Wood Harris as Brooke Payne
Faizon Love as Maurice Starr
Tank as Jheryl Busby
Michael Rapaport as Gary Evans
Wallace Smith as Jeff Dyson
Duane Martin as Louis Silas Jr.
Yvette Nicole Brown as Shirley Bivins, Michael's mother
Lisa Nicole Carson as Mae Bell, Ricky's mother
La La Anthony as Flo Payne DeVoe, Ronnie's mother
Monica Calhoun as Patricia Tresvant, Ralph's mother
Sandi McCree as Carole Brown, Bobby's mother

tag: ul

text: Others[edit]

text:
Raven Bowens as Teasha Bivins, Michael's wife
Bre-Z as Peanut Bell, Ricky's sister
Bryan Terrell Clark as Terry Lewis
Josh David as Al B. Sure
Melvin Jackson Jr. as Kurtis Blow
Wesley Jonathan as Michael Jonzun
Ashley Wade as Whitney Houston - the girlfriend of Bobby, who later to be his wife and had a daughter.
Krystal M. Harris as Zena, Ralph's ex-wife
Cynthia McWilliams as Sherry Carter
DC Young Fly as Bobby Brown's barber
Cynthia Rodriguez as Amy Correa Bell, Ricky's wife
Rachel Currence as Shamari Fears, Ronnie's wife
Chelsea Diggs-Smith as Amber Tresvant, Ralph's wife
Noel Braham as Ray Parker, Jr.
Stephen Hill as himself

text: Plot[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Part One[edit]

text: Opening Sequence - Home Again Tour - New Mexico 1997

text: The first part of the mini-series opens with a narrator (narrated by Wood Harris) describing "New Edition" on tour, after they have already achieved success. Although the group performs together with all the current members on stage, they also perform as separate acts. Bobby Brown is one of the founding members of New Edition, who is shown performing solo. While backstage, BBD, the trio group, is shown bothered by Brown's three actions: his erratic behavior, his selfishness, and his over exposure. The three feel that Bobby is stealing the spotlight from the other groups and taking time away from the other acts to perform their sets. Two other solo acts, Johnny Gill and Ralph Tresvant, are also shown in the wings of the stage chatting, while they await their opportunity to perform. Ronnie DeVoe (Keith Powers), member of BBD, decides to interrupt Bobby Brown's performance and orders the DJ to begin playing their set. BBD immediately begins to perform, enraging Bobby Brown. Chaos erupts on stage in the middle of the concert as several members of the competitive groups begin to fight one another. During the ensuing meltdown, a gunshot is heard. The narrator then begins to describe how a group that had become so successful could have gotten to this point in their careers, explaining that it was always ego, pride, and greed. The scene then rewinds back in time to show the group's founding in Roxbury, Massachusetts.

text: The rise of New Edition - Roxbury, MA - 1978-1983

text: It's a normal day for the people of Orchard Park Housing Projects (also called "O.P."), in Roxbury . A young boy named Ricky Bell (played as a youth by Caleb McLaughlin) (who goes by his nickname 'Slick'), fearfully asks his mother to go to a local talent show with a neighboring friend, Michael Bivins (nicknamed "Mike") (played as a youth by Dante Hoagland). She immediately rejects Ricky's request by telling him he is a bad influence and tells him to stay away from him. However, Ricky finds a way to meet later that night outside with Mike, ignoring his mother's statements. Ricky then asks Mike if he's still going to the show, so that they can support their other friend in the neighborhood, Bobby Brown (played as a youth by Tyler Marcel Williams), who is supposed to perform. They later head to the local talent show and are influenced by the sound of a vocal group called "The Untouchables". Bobby is called on stage to perform and has stage fright within the first few seconds he appeared on stage. The next day, Bobby tells them that he wants to try again. However, they should get on stage with Bobby instead, which was his secret silent plot to get rid of his stage fright. They were at first unsure, but were convinced to be on board, as long as they were able to add another friend who could sing. Ralph Tresvant (played as a youth by Jahi D'Allo Winston) is a friend of the boys, who is down the block trying to impress a girl. Ralph has been trying to get her attention for a while. The boys meet at Ricky's house to practice with small discrepancies happening between them. Ricky's brother and sister, Peanut (Bre-Z) both feel they need guidance if they're going to take it seriously and feel they should meet with Brooke Payne (Wood Harris), a guy who works with some top acts around Boston. The young boys sneak in the back alley of a club to convince Brooke to manage them. However, he wasn't interested until the boys insisted and broke out into an impromptu a capella version of The Jackson 5's "I Want You Back". Brooke then has a change of heart and told the boys to meet him at the neighborhood recreation center, first thing in the morning.

text: The next morning, the boys arrive on time to meet Payne, but Payne doesn't sugarcoat them. He warns them they will be doing some hard work as he becomes their artist developer. Over the course of the weeks, he continued to train them extraneously. Then, he teaches them choreography, as well as mental and physical discipline, while giving them a platform to perform around the city. He came up with a name for them that signifies what the next big act coming from out of their city which would become "New Edition". Brooke then prepares them for a big talent showcase at the Strand Theater by a popular record producer in Boston named Maurice Starr (Faizon Love), who would be offering a recording contract under his independent record label. New Edition makes their debut as an amateur act along with other performers in an "Apollo" styled competition as done at the world's famous Apollo Theater. The judges deliberated and gave Maurice Starr the results of the 1st-place winners and revealed them to be "The Boston Rebels" (a hip-hop duo), The audience became displeased with the decision and ranted out loud in unison "New Edition", upset that they didn't win. Maurice became obligated to also grant New Edition a studio recording session and a record contract. Maurice felt the group would be better as a quintet instead to channel "The Jackson 5". Brooke suggested that his nephew Ronnie DeVoe (played as a youth by Myles Truitt) may be able to join, but must earn his spot to be in the group. He challenges him to fit into the group, performing the routine during the rehearsal. Without a doubt, Ronnie's moves are in sync with the group. During the first studio recording session, Bobby and Ricky get into a scuffle over a pair of headphones, while poor Ralph sits patiently and obediently on the side. Maurice glances over to him and has an idea to instead use him to sing first. To all their surprise, Ralph's voice led the way for the track called "Candy Girl". The momentum in the room gave prominence that the record would be a hit.

text: Impressed by Ralph's vocals, Maurice Starr pays a private visit to Ralph's home to convince him he'd be better off without the group and take a solo deal. Over the holidays, Ralph wanted the best for his mother, Patrica Tresvant (Monica Calhoun), by saving up with the money he made with the group on a Christmas tree. By his mother's melancholy and joyful reaction, it convinced him to make a decision as he secretly called Maurice to turn down the offer instead. Starr accepts the final offer and later meets with the boys' mothers to sign the recording contracts and offered them $500 and a Betamax machine as the prize. Fame came fast as their single,Candy Girl, goes popular nationwide. The boys start to embark on their journey as new found stars, taking photo shoots for their debut album cover.

text: First Album and Candy Girl Tour - 1983

text: "Candy Girl" becomes a number 1 hit on the Billboard charts, topping Michael Jackson. Around this time, the group starts on their national appearances for TV and concert halls. They arrive at The Roseland Theater in Oregon to headline the show alongside Madonna and Kurtis Blow. One exhausting night after a few months on the road, Payne arrives home only to be approached by the disappointed mothers of Bobby and Ricky. They both express their concern about not receiving any checks that their sons should have earned from the shows. They begin to rant that about their financial struggles on food stamps. He explains to them that he is not in charge of their finances, and they should look further to the other positions who may handle the money. Angered by his response, they call him out for being in charge of them and not having things in order. Both threaten to find another manager, who may better help achieve finances. He persuades them to hold on longer to see the results. They mutter in disgrace, but gives him a chance. The young kids of New Edition begin touring all over the world, and start to mature into teenagers. At this point, the group has now became a popular international sensation, creating a huge buzz with screaming-faithful fans who are waiting to greet them.

text: Transition of Power / Boys Gone Wild - 1983 to 1984

text: The tour has came to an end and New Edition returns home to Roxbury in their tour bus, dropping them off in front of their neighborhood projects. The teenage quintet felt a disappointing sense of vibe arriving home, because they wanted to stay on the road and enjoy the high life, instead of returning to poverty. A few days later, the checks from the tour finally arrived. The mothers were very distraught to find out that each of their sons individually received only $1.87 as the final payment from the tour. Payne defends his stance to let the mothers know that it isn't his fault because he himself have never done big business with the music industry on business deals before. He tells them about why it happened that way, describing recoup-able expenses, which they were given a loan up until they can they make profits to pay it back. Therefore, it came out of their check. He dissected the info further to guide them on how the group used their advance money on marketing, promotion, studio, etc. The mothers still weren't buying it. He also spilled his heart out to prove himself that he doesn't even receive a check as well. He would never put the boys in jeopardy, because he loves them and take care of them as if they were his own kids. The ladies continue to argue on the situation, but debated. The four out of five mothers came to the conclusion to vote Brooke out in favor of firing him against Ronnie's mother, Flo DeVoe (La La Anthony), who is also Payne's sister. Angered by their decision, Flo called the shots to pull Ronnie out of the group. However, Brooke declines and tells her that it's all Ronnie have to be able to move out of the neighborhood.

text: A few months later, the mothers sought out another person of interest to be hired for the position as manager, Gary Evans (Michael Rapaport). He pleads his cases to promises by fulfilling a major business deal without financial discrepancies, sidelining not to make the same mistakes Payne made. Also, he vowed to get the group to exit their contract with Maurice Starr. The families agreed to sign him on. Later that year, he prepares New Edition to give an impromptu "office crash" performance for the Executive of MCA Records, Jheryl Busby (Tank), who invested a million dollars for the talent Gary finds. The group storms the office, singing "Popcorn Love" and Mr. Busby was uncomfortably surprised and welcomed the boys to the company. He privately expressed his disappointment and disinterest to Gary about the group, labeling them as "some ghetto kids". Jheryl felt concerned with and aware of the fact that he may be wasting his time, pursuing the group that he demanded to see future results to determine the success of the group.

text: Months later, Gary hires security guards, Jeff Dyson (Wallace Smith) and Khalil, for the group to introduce them at their hotel room. However, Gary unexpectedly walks in on the young men having sex in the dark with female groupies. Gary speaks with authority about their wild behavior, but the boys retaliate their frustrations by challenging the guards, making fun of them. Weeks later, studio sessions start to become an unfair battlefield as the now mature Ralph (Algee Smith), unintentionally takes control of the recording booth, singing lead for most of the tracks. The other members, feeling left out, decide they would rather leave the studio to find girls instead of staying with him to record their vocals. Later that evening, Ralph returns to the hotel chatting with the Jeff Dyson, the group's head bodyguard, about his girlfriend back home. Together, they both walk in on a house gathering, where the guys are playing cards with some girls they picked up. After Ralph questions to his band mates on why he's been singled out on the fun, the others responded that Ralph's been too busy being a "big star". Ricky says that he wouldn't have time for the fun. The boys, along with the girls, all exit the room, leaving him alone. He begins to feel neglected and betrayed.

text: Part Two[edit]

text: Roller coaster of troubles - 1984-1985

text: Days later after feeling ignored by his band mates, Ralph gets concerned about his constant position taking lead, which he opens up to Gary, who is feeling guilty over the situation. Gary assures him that most groups in the music business go through the same issue of one member having more recognition than others. As a resolution to his comfort, Ralph asks if the others can have more leads, and Gary green lights his wish. So, they begin to record "Mr. Telephone Man" with songwriter and producer Ray Parker Jr., which granted Bobby (Woody McClain) to have the main lead. However, during the recording, Mike (Bryshere Y. Gray) has trouble holding his note, so Bobby starts to clown him for being flat. This started to annoy Mike. Adding insult to injury, they head out to catch a ride in their limo, racing towards the vehicle and Mike misses his opportunity to have his favorite seat. The rest of the group proceeds to clown him more, and Mike decides he would rather catch a cab than deal with their pettiness. He slammed the limo car door in anger. Then, the limo pulls backwards, running over his foot. However, the driver stopped and rushed to Mike, telling him he had thought he had got in. Bobby antagonized the situation more, which led Mike to unleash his anger by spitting in his face. Then, Bobby jumped out of the limo's open sunroof window to fight him, with the other boys (Ricky, Ronnie, and Ralph) trying to break the two up. More chain of events happens between Mike and Bobby over a few days, which led to Gary meeting with the group. He tells them that their parents thought it would be best if Mike is disbanded from the group. Bobby spoke up in defense that even though he and Mike both had strong physical disagreements with each other, he's good with him staying. The rest of the group agreed. Mike returns to the studio to record his part and is welcomed back to the group with Bobby first approaching him to apologize. At a dance studio, they have a new choreographer that is teaching them moves to go with the song they just recorded. However, the band mates didn't agree with it. Jheryl felt that things were becoming a disaster and told Gary to fix it, as he already knew who to contact. Weeks later, they take a new cover album photo shoot for their self-titled second album, and Brooke pops up greeting Gary and Jeff. Gary lets it be clear to Brooke, saying that he's only there to do choreography and not playing the role of a manager. Payne takes small offense over it and expresses how it looks to him. However, he tells Gary to make them strong again, while proceeding to surprise the young men, telling them to be ready to get back to work.

text: New Edition starts rehearsing the location of the "Cool It Now" tour. Gary took notice that the props and backdrops are both being used, and felt it would be a distraction to the tour. However, he agreed to let them do what they want. Bobby decided to leave rehearsal to go out and have fun. Over the night, Bobby joy rides with his girlfriend in the city, while speeding without a license and driving a car someone loaned him. When the police pulls Bobby over, asking for two things: vehicle registration and a license, Bobby responds that he didn't have them with him. This led Bobby to get arrested for his actions, have his mugshot taken, and be taken in for custody by the police. At the police station, Gary comes to bail Bobby out of jail and questions him what happened. Bobby reveals that the girl he's been seeing is pregnant. Gary tried to find various options to his situations, which Bobby doesn't agree with. However, they both work it out. Back stage of a concert, the group talks while smoking weed and discussing why the production company wants them to make changes to their image. Someone knocks on the door and they scramble to deodorize the room. It was only their childhood artist companion, Johnny Gill (Luke James), who came from Washington, D.C.. They share a moment of laughs and talk about their personal lives. Another knock comes at the door and they rush to freshen it up again. However, it was their bodyguard Jeff Dyson, who is coming to bear news to Bobby privately. Bobby felt that the news weren't that bad to share, so he told him to share it in front of everyone in the room. Jeff then reveals that the girl he's been seeing gave birth, which comes as a shock to everyone in the room. In the hospital, the boys congratulate Bobby later, while Ralph also holds his secret from everyone. He then calls his pregnant girlfriend privately, asking her about the progress of the baby. Gary express his concern that once again, their image needs to stay clean and that they all must appear to be single. Weeks later, they load on a tour bus and no one knew where Bobby was. Gary finds Bobby nearby doing cocaine with his female groupies, while receiving fellatio from another girl in the car. He struggles with Bobby outside and gets him on the bus. On the bus, Gary becomes more frustrated over Bobby's situation, while the men share the news with each other. Although two of the members are offering support and personal vices, Bobby feels that he has his situation handled, because he's an entertainer.

text: Out with the old, In with the new - 1985-1988

text: Back home in Roxbury, and after one of the tours, all the band mates and their respective mothers celebrate on their success. However, all the mothers also still question about seeing the financial results, all of which are still in question. Gary comes over to discuss the year's tour statements, but in accordance with the band mates' mothers, they all still don't see the financial promises fulfilled. He explained to the women that their spending expenses and the multiple habits that the young men had are using up their advances. The mothers continued to feel frustrated and ordered Gary out of their home. At MCA records, New Edition's self-titled second album became certified platinum. Jheryl felt satisfied, as well as regretful of what he said about the group a year earlier. Later on tour, Ralph relays to his band mate, Ronnie that his girlfriend lost her baby, because he couldn't do much to support her. The tour continues smoothly and during their onstage performance in Oakland, California, Bobby has taken his solo lead way too seriously. Then, he selfishly hogs the entire onstage spotlight way long as the song ended. Although the group was alerted by Bobby's minor onstage selfishness, they interrupt his shenanigans to continue with the next song, "Cool It Now". This further enrages Bobby, whose severely egotistical and raunchy attitude finally caught up with him. Inflexible over the audience favoring the group more than him, Bobby angrily announces to the audience that this would be the last show he is seen performing with the group. This prompted Bobby to purposely toss his mike in the air and walk off stage with fury and disrespect over not getting his way in the spotlight. Fed up with Bobby's numerous behavioral and personality conflicts, Gary meets the group after the show to tell the boys that Bobby needs to be let out of the group. The band pitches a debatable argument with Gary to disagree, reminding him that Bobby is their friend who got them together seven years earlier. However, Gary counter-argued with the band, insisting that they should vote and be in favor of letting Bobby go. Matters become worse when the four mothers band together on the phone to gossip about the news of Bobby's actions and departure. The women left out Bobby's mother, Carole (Sandi McCree), who constantly makes attempts to call each mother individually. Later, Mike speaks with Jeff about Bobby's departure and doesn't know where the future of the band is heading. Jeff persuades Mike's mind to learn about the business side of the industry because of his savvy-like behavior. While Mike was discussing with Jeff, he looks at a record, on which he and the group (including Brown) appeared a year earlier. He didn't know what Fast Break productions was, because he thought they were originally signed to MCA. A few days later, this caused Mike to take action as he stormed through the MCA office asking what it is. Jheryl reveals and breaks down over how a production deal works and finds out the actual position of Gary. Mike then gets told by Jheryl, "Welcome to the music business", after giving him a brief lesson on the business side of the music spectrum.

text: While backstage preparing for Soul Train, Mike shares the news with the band. He says that he's going to potentially settle the discrepancy and make their own deal with MCA. Meanwhile at Bobby's home, Bobby watches their performance of "Count Me Out" while doing drugs. His mother approaches him that someone wants to see him. Bobby then finds out it's Jheryl. He tells Bobby he's looking to save his life from drugs, because his behavior is doing him more harm than good. He grants him to have a solo deal with MCA as a way out and Bobby later records his debut solo album. In 1987, Ralph moves in with his girlfriend. During the conversation, she tries to convince him to take a chance to go solo. Mike sets up a meeting to meet Gary, hiding the fact that, along with meeting him one on one, he brought a lawyer, who knew Gary personally. The meeting turned sour as Mike expressed himself, letting Gary know he's was being fired. The band meets at Ralph's house to discuss changes being made. Ralph decides to share his visions of going solo, playing his tracks he secretly recorded on the side. However, the band starts to feel like it wasn't the time to do it. Ralph expresses himself angrily and stands up for himself, while expressing how he really feels about the rest of the group. Mike then speaks upon making further moves by coming up with a plan. On another day, Ralph meets with Jheryl, who persuades him that he'll let him do a solo album in two years. Then, he tells Ralph that if he continues to record with New Edition one more time, he promises to make his money back. The band flies to Minneapolis, Minnesota to begin recording with Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. Ralph appears late to the session and questions on why Johnny is at the session with the group. Ralph feels emotionally threatened by his appearance. The band mates start to patronize Ralph for trying to depart in his own ways. Ralph takes offense and leaves the studio as Mike starts giving Johnny lyrics to songs, which Ralph was originally intended to sing. On a separate recording session, Johnny Gill is recording his parts, and Ralph arrives. The producers end the session and Ralph and Johnny took a private moment to open up about their personal lives. They both found out that they both had something in common. They were being played by Jheryl to take on solo careers and the promises it would bring. They settle their various differences and the group comes together to record "(Can You Stand The Rain)". The producers had an epiphany that it would be an instant hit. The band gathers for their photo shoot for their fifth cover album They felt the vibe was just right, also feeling that they've reached their mark of maturity. Weeks later, New Edition and Brooke Payne prepare to shoot a music video for one of their singles, and MCA's A&R/business partner Louis Silas Jr. (Duane Martin) does a surprise visit to talk about the forthcoming tour. However, Silas makes a shocking reveal that Bobby Brown will be joining them on the tour.

text: Part Three[edit]

text: A Fork in the Road - 1988-1990

text: Months after the video shoot, New Edition releases their new single "If It Isn't Love" and performs it on the NE Heartbreak tour. Meanwhile, at the Paramount Pictures studio, Bobby Brown (who has skyrocketed to super-stardom with his second album Don't Be Cruel) prepares for his "Every Little Step" music video. He is seen getting his hair cut by his swift smack-talking professional barber (DC Young Fly), who wasn't attentive enough at his job, trying to get the video girls' attention. He makes a mistake and cuts a chunk of Bobby's hair off, leaving a slant on Bobby's hair. At first, Bobby was furious with his barber, but is told that he has only a few minutes left before shooting the video. The barber fixed it up of what would be Bobby's signature "Gumby" style haircut. Surprisingly, Bobby went with it, making it marketable and wearing it comfortably as he dances in his video. New Edition continues their tour and goes on between Al B. Sure! (Josh David) and their former band mate, Bobby Brown. After Bobby asks if the group is going to let him sing Jealous Girl and Mr. Telephone Man with them, Mike responds that Johnny will do it. This led Bobby to become enraged over losing his solo spots he was originally supposed to sing with them. Additionally, Bobby didn't take it kindly, letting the group know that the audience favors him more. However, it didn't stop their show. In Washington, D.C., the group performed their second hit "You're Not My Kind of Girl". Later that night after the concert, the band exited towards their bus. They saw another group of young male fans from Philadelphia, who huddled towards the bus. The boys ask if Mike had a moment of his time to hear them sing. Although Mike was hesitant, he was willing to give them a fair share. They sang New Edition's song, "Can You Stand The Rain" and it caught Mike's attention. When Mike asked them what their name of their group was, Nate, who is one of the group members, was nervous to say it. He and his friends thought it might come off corny, but told Mike that their group name was Boyz II Men. Then, Mike gave them his business card and said he would be in contact.

text: In 1989, at a celebration for the success of both New Edition and Bobby Brown on the HeartBreak Tour, Brooke made a toast and acknowledged that the cakes are made in their honor. Bobby interrupted the speech with his cocky behavior, expressing that they're both his cakes. The first one being that he started the group. Later that night during the celebration, Johnny voices his concerns to Jheryl about switching record labels. Then, he moves to Motown with Jheryl to record his self-titled third album, while Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis encourages Ricky, Ronnie, and Mike to start their own group as a trio. At first, they are hesitant, but then figure that it would be a good idea. On the other side of the party, Ralph is annoyed by now that he has to start all over with his self-titled debut album because of everything he wanted to do. Bobby already did with Don't Be Cruel and the A&R, Louil, tries to reason with Ralph to make better content. Over on the far side of the yard, Bobby starts to go on a severely internal and emotional envious rage about his band mates.

text: In March 1990, all six members of New Edition reunite by making an appearance for Video Soul with Sherry Carter. There is clearly awkwardness and tension during the interview, especially between Ralph and Mike. The show also airs each of the separate acts' music videos. The videos such as BBD's "Poison", Ralph Tresvant's "Sensitivity", and Johnny Gill's "My, My, My". The tension was clearly visible between the band mates, as each member bluntly ego-tripped to promote themselves, while shadowing the other band mate. When Bobby was asked how it felt to be back around the group since their separation, he jokingly made remarks about hoping to get back with the group. The men made jokes that it could possibly happen, while showing their doubts that it would happen. Johnny expressed what it was like to go back solo after the separation. Then, the host asked the most anticipated question, "Would the group ever reunite for a new album?" Ralph spoke out to say that there was a possibility to record a reunion album in the coming future.

text: Are we "Home Again" or not? - 1996-1997

text: After six years of separate success, New Edition reunited for another album and they have a photo shoot for their album cover. During the shoot, Mike and Ronnie talk about how Ralph is handling his mother's passing and is still being able to make effort to tour. Ricky expresses to Johnny that he's happy to be back on tour, but Ricky (Elijah Kelley) is hiding the fact he's drinking, doing drugs, and popping pills. Bobby Brown seemed to be either intoxicated or high as he falls asleep on the couch, where the group was to be photo shot. At the start of the tour, each band mate arrived to the hotel in their own tour buses, carrying a number load of their personal entourage. Brooke took surprise to witness their newfound behavior. Then, he speaks to Jeff, who is a former bodyguard turned good friend, about how they are all suffering from being in debt and their second albums failed to succeed. As more tours arrive, the group gets upset that Bobby has been missing from performing shows and missing countless interviews. They all agreed to go on without him instead. After the performance was over, Bobby arrives late. He was ready to perform in his most severely egotistical attitude. Although they dismiss him, Bobby lets it apparently be known that the fans are actually there waiting to see him. Although Bobby asks his band one last time to join him, the band tells him to have his moment. Months later, back at Ricky's home, Ricky watches the news of Bobby Brown from behind. He was snorting cocaine and hides it when Amy, his wife, gets home from the store. She senses that something is wrong, worrying about both his health and his hygiene. However, he brushes her off.

text: Back on the tour, Bobby Brown is on stage, telling the audience that his set is over. However, he detests he doesn't want to leave. He begins to perform his song "My Prerogative". Backstage, both Ricky and Mike, the two members of BBD, were waiting for Ronnie, who had arrived late, to come. He finally arrived and asked how long Bobby is going to continue to perform, because it's their turn to perform. Ronnie takes matters into his own hands instead. He walks out on stage in the middle of Bobby's performance, grabs his microphone, and orders the DJ to play BBD's set. Bobby goes to approach Ronnie and comforts him, whispering in his ear. Ronnie replies back with his true emotion towards him. Then, Bobby walks off stage with boiling anger at not getting his way onstage once again, as BBD performs their set. While backstage, Bobby becomes more frustrated and rants to his personal bodyguard about putting an end to it. Bobby breaks the fire hose chamber and rushes to the wings of the stage trying to unleash the water, but it wouldn't come out. He then decided to find another way to stop their performance by storming and stomping in the middle of their set and attack Ronnie instead. A brawl between the group and entourage breaks out. Then, a random person from the entourage draws a gun and blasts a shot. Chaos erupts as the audience runs and everyone is in distress. However, Brooke is seen having a heart attack, while all the drama is unfolding. Ronnie finds his uncle on the ground and he yells for help. Brooke is placed in the ambulance and everyone is acting hysterical, because the EMTs told Ronnie that he can't go to the ER with his uncle. The band mates try to console Ronnie from going insane as the ambulance pulls away, and Bobby appears, asking what happened to Brooke. Ronnie took offense to the statement that he charged at Bobby. He also lets Bobby know that the ordeal, which he instigated, is entirely his fault. Ronnie angrily walks away, arguing with the group, who continues to baby and defend Bobby. While Bobby confidently ranted out at the group that all of his success he was doing them was a favor, Johnny Gill challenged him on that. As Bobby walks out in anger, he confesses that the group is over. Ricky tries to save the group from failing, but Mike gives in and believes the group is better off staying split.

text: Souls falling apart / Finding myself - 1998-2004

text: As the years start to pass, five out of six band mates find themselves involved in many various situations: some new, some bad, and some good. Ricky's life is in turmoil, dealing with bankruptcy and losing his home. Although his wife tries to support him, he recalls losing money due to paying back tour expenses because of the damages that had done. He starts to give up hope. Johnny's situation was good. He does an interview, talking about his success with a new group he joined called LSG. He rather focuses on that than on another New Edition reunion sequel. Ronnie enrolls himself into Real Estate classes, but feels like his life may be a rock bottom. Mike became a music executive at his own label, but is dealing with the pressures of handling artists and trying to resolve their multiple issues. Ralph battles a bitter divorce with his wife and pleads to no-contest. Back at Ricky's house, he was seen in the bathroom, suddenly overdosing on the drugs by throwing up in the toilet. Amy rushes to the their bathroom, coming to his aid and seeing what has happened. He later admits himself into rehab the next day. Ricky admits that he's not only addicted to drugs, but that he was used to having success. He also needs to come to reality that it may not come back. Ronnie struggles with wedding planning with his wife, but she convinces him that he's hiding the fact that Ronnie wants to bring the group back together. However, he believes they're great together. Unfortunately, he just can't resolve it and put their careers into focus because of both the egos and behavior.

text: I am my Brother's Keeper / BET 25th Celebration - 2005

text: Later that year, Ronnie pumps himself up, getting prepared for his wedding. Bobby Brown knocks on the door and surprises him, telling him he didn't want to miss his wedding. Ronnie offered a drink, but Bobby admits he's on a break from his habits. One by one, the fellow group mates arrive, surprising him. Mike and Ralph decide to settle their various differences. Later on during the reception, Mike speaks to Ralph about being the next to wed. As they rekindle their relationship, Mike admits the truth revealing about the shake-up of the group. It was being caused by him, revealing that Johnny was actually the replacement for Ralph and not Bobby. They speak upon that for a small second, but Ralph dwells into the past. He wished that all the things they went through together shouldn't had been necessary, because the problems were bigger than them. Mike agrees and tells him as they age it out as they mature them. The reception is then interrupted by Brooke Payne, who makes a toast to both his nephew and newlywed niece. However, he expresses his love for New Edition as a whole. Reminiscing over the years that he's raised them and was thankful to be part of their success, he makes a toast to them as well. After that, the band mates serenaded Ronnie's wife with their song "Candy Girl". As they are having fun, Payne is approached by a producer of BET. He shares his idea of having a New Edition reunion at their 25th Anniversary special. Brooke co-signs it, but is told that it would have to be put together as fast as possible. BET welcomes New Edition to perform a medley of songs at the televised celebration. The band performs their classic hit singles "If It Isn't Love", "Can You Stand the Rain", "Candy Girl", and "Cool It Now" Then, the band introduced Bobby Brown to perform "Mr. Telephone Man". They then gave him the floor to perform his solo classic hit single "My Prerogative". Bobby then invites the group along to perform with him (highlights of New Edition life moments are reflected throughout the medley). They all take a bow and give props and credit to BET for their long standing partnership as a final sendoff. The end credits display a video montage of the past memories and history of the group

text: Development[edit]

text: Production[edit]

text: In August 2015, it was announced that BET commissioned the television film that would air as a three night miniseries. Five of the group's members--Ricky Bell, Michael Bivins, Ronnie DeVoe, Johnny Gill and Ralph Tresvant, had signed on as co-producers, while Bobby Brown did not. In addition, the band's longtime manager Brooke Payne had also been tapped as a co-producer and the film was to be written by Abdul Williams who wrote the 2010 film Lottery Ticket. Jesse Collins of the network's Real Husbands of Hollywood would serve as executive producer.[2] Collins later reported that production would air in 2017.[3] In April 2016, it was confirmed that Brown had also signed on as co-producer.[4] It was also announced that ATL director Chris Robinson would direct the film.[5] In November 2016, it was announced that iconic producers Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis had been recruited to oversee the music production.[6]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting for the series began in Boston in January 2016.[7][8] In April 2016, the network announced that Empire star Bryshere Y. Gray would portray Michael Bivins. The rest of cast included actor and singer Elijah Kelley as Ricky, R&B singer Luke James as Johnny, Algee Smith as Ralph, Keith Powers as Ronnie, and Woody McClain as Bobby Brown.[9] In addition, Dante Hoagland, Caleb McLaughlin, Myles Truitt, Jahi Winston, and Tyler Marcel Williams would portray younger versions of Michael, Ricky, Ronnie, Ralph and Bobby respectively.[4] In May 2016, La La Anthony, Yvette Nicole Brown, Monica Calhoun, Lisa Nicole Carson and Sandi McCree would join the cast as the mothers of the group members: Flo DeVoe, Shirley Bivins, Patricia Tresvant, Mae Bell and Carole Brown.[10] Several others joined the cast later that month including Wood Harris as Brooke Payne, Michael Rapaport as Gary Evans, Wallace Smith as Jeff Dyson, Faizon Love as Maurice Starr, Duane Martin as Louil Silas, singer Tank as Jheryl Busby and actress/rapper Bre-Z as Peanut Bell.[11]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: The first trailer for the film was unveiled on June 26, 2016, at the 26th annual BET Awards.[12] In July 2016, BET released a photo of the cast recreating the group's iconic album cover for the 1996 release Home Again.[13] In September 2016, BET announced the official premiere date for the film which would air on January 24, 25 and 26, 2017.[14] The network also released an extended trailer which highlighted the legendary onstage brawl between Bobby Brown and Bell Biv DeVoe after Brown went solo.[15] The UrbanWorld Film Festival hosted an exclusive screening of several clips.[16]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The film's premiere was watched by 4.2 million viewers, making it BET's most watched premiere since the 2012 season premiere of the sitcom The Game, which drew 5.2 million.[17][18] The second and final episodes brought in 3.96 million and 4.23 million viewers respectively, making the miniseries the top rated cable program for three consecutive nights.[19][20]

text: Critical[edit]

text: The New Edition Story has garnered acclaim from critics. It currently has a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, along with the consensus being, "The New Edition Story colorfully showcases its subjects with honesty and clarity while offering an entertainingly paced overview that leaves room for plenty of the group's greatest hits".[21] The film received rave reviews for the child actors who portrayed younger versions of New Edition in the first part of the series. Sylvia Obell of Buzzfeed praised the casting as "absolute perfection" and rated it an A+. Obell compared the film to another iconic television miniseries -- "it is on its way to being the best black TV biopic since The Jacksons: An American Dream" which aired on ABC in 1992. The most talked about similarities is the uncanny "jawdropping" striking resemblance of the young Bobby Brown, portrayed by Tyler Marcel Williams, who nailed the looks, demeanor and Bobby's most iconic "body roll". Also another uncanny resemblance were of the vocals of the young Ralph Tresvant, portrayed by Jahi Di'Allo Winston. For viewers, hearing his first lead solo appearance in the film singing "Candy Girl" gave chills for nailing every note.[22] Trey Mangum of Blavity said that BET "outdid" themselves, saying "With the warm reception and open arms that the world received The New Edition Story with, it's clear that this story needed to be told, and this was the perfect time." Mangum complimented the "spot-on" casting of both the young and adult casts, as well as the fact both casts recorded their own vocals, a rarity for musical biopics.[23]

text: During an interview with Bell Biv DeVoe on the radio show, The Breakfast Club, co-host Angela Yee described the casting for the film as "fantastic." Michael Bivins praised Algee Smith's portrayal of Tresvant and said he was "real nice, sliding into the most difficult spot." Smith did an outstanding job portraying Tresvant, especially for his first major role, and displayed amazing vocals somewhat similar to Tresvant's himself. Bivins' own mother pushed for Gray during the casting process.[24] In another interview, Ricky Bell along with Bivins praised Elijah Kelley for his portrayal of Ricky in the film. Bell further praised young actor Caleb McLaughlin for his portrayal as well. Bell was amazed by McLaughlin's attention to detail.[25]


document_title: Prime Minister of India

question_text: by which article of the constitution of india is the prime minister appointed

text: Prime Minister of India

text: Origins and history[edit]

text: India follows a parliamentary system in which the prime minister is the presiding, actual head of the government and chief of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e., the monarch, president, or governor general) usually holds a purely ceremonial position.

text: The Prime Minister shall become a member of parliament within six months of beginning his/her tenure, if they are not a member already. They are expected to work with other central ministers to ensure the passage of bills by the Parliament.

text: Constitutional framework and position of prime minister[edit]

text: The Constitution envisions a scheme of affairs in which the President of India is the head of the executive in terms of Article 53 with office of the prime minister as chief of Council of Ministers to assist and advise the president in the discharge of his/her constitutional functions. To quote, Article 53, 74 and 75 provide as under;

text: The executive powers of the Union shall be vested in the president and shall be exercised either directly or through subordinate officers, in accordance with the Constitution.

text: There shall be a Council of Ministers with the prime minister at the head to aid and advise the president who shall, in the exercise of his functions, act in accordance with such advice.

text: The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.

text: Like most parliamentary democracies, a President's duties are mostly ceremonial as long as the constitution and the rule of law is obeyed by the Union Cabinet and the Legislature. The Prime Minister of India is the head of union government and has the responsibility for executive power. The President's constitutional duty is to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law per Article 60. In the constitution of India, the Prime Minister is mentioned in only four of its articles (Articles 74,75,78 and 366), however he plays a crucial role in the union government of India by enjoying majority in the Lok Sabha.

text: Role and power of the prime minister[edit]

text:
Republic of India

This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
India

Union Government[show]

Constitution of India
Fundamental rights

Executive:

President
Vice President
Prime Minister
Union Council of Ministers
Cabinet Secretary of India
Civil Services of India

Parliament:

Rajya Sabha
Lok Sabha
The Chairman
The Speaker

Judiciary:

Supreme Court of India
Chief Justice of India
High Courts
District Courts

Elections[show]
Election Commission:

Chief Election Commissioner

Political parties[show]

National parties
State parties

National coalitions:

National Democratic Alliance (NDA)
United Progressive Alliance (UPA)

State Govt. and Local Govt.[show]

Governor
Chief Minister
Chief Secretary

State Level:

Vidhan Sabha
Vidhan Parishad

Local governments:

Divisional commissioner
District magistrate
Sub-divisional magistrate

Rural bodies

Zilla panchayats
Mandal Or Taluka Panchayats
Gram Panchayats

Urban bodies

Municipal Corporations
Municipal councils
Nagar Panchayats

Other countries
Atlas

v
t
e

text: The prime minister leads the functioning and exercise of authority of the union government of India. The President of India invites a person (subject to eligibility) who is commanding support of majority members of Lok Sabha to form the Union government, also known as the Central government, at the national level and exercise its powers.[2] In practice the prime minister nominates the members of their Council of Ministers[3][4][5] to the president. They also work upon to decide a core group of Ministers (known as the Cabinet)[3] as in-charge of the important functions and ministries of the Government of India.

text: The prime minister is responsible for aiding and advising the president in distribution of work of the Government to various ministries and offices and in terms of the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961.[6] The co-ordinating work is generally allocated to the Cabinet Secretariat.[7] While the work of the Government is generally divided into various Ministries, the prime minister may retain certain portfolios if they are not allocated to any member of the cabinet.

text: The prime minister, in consultation with the Cabinet, schedules and attends the sessions of the Houses of Parliament and is required to answer the question from the Members of Parliament to them as the in-charge of the portfolios in the capacity as Prime Minister of India.[8]

text: Some specific ministries/department are not allocated to anyone in the cabinet but the prime minister themself. The prime minister is usually always in-charge/head of:

text:
Appointments Committee of the Cabinet
Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions;
NITI Aayog;
Department of Atomic Energy
Department of Space and
Nuclear Command Authority

text: The prime minister represents the country in various delegations, high level meetings and international organisations that require the attendance of the highest government office[9] and also addresses to the nation on various issues of national or other importance.[10]

text: Per Article 78 of the constitution, the official communication between the union cabinet and the president are through the prime minister. Other wise constitution recognises the prime minister as a member of the union cabinet only outside the sphere of union cabinet.

text: Appointment[edit]

text: Eligibility[edit]

text: According to Article 84 of the Constitution of India, which sets the principle qualification for member of Parliament, and Article 75 of the Constitution of India, which sets the qualifications for the minister in the Union Council of Minister, and the argument that the position of prime minister has been described as 'first among equals',[11] A prime minister must:

text:
be a citizen of India.
be a member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. If the person chosen as the prime minister is neither a member of the Lok Sabha nor the Rajya Sabha at the time of selection, they must become a member of either of the houses within six months.
be above 25 years of age if they are a member of Lok Sabha or above 30 years of age if they are a member of the Rajya Sabha.
not hold any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Governments.

text: If however a candidate is elected as the prime minister they must vacate their post from any private or government company and may take up the post only on completion of their term.

text: Oath[edit]

text: The Prime Minister is required to make and subscribe in the presence of President of India before entering office, the oath of office and secrecy, as per the Third Schedule of the Constitution of India.

text: Oath of office:

text: I, <name>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will faithfully and conscientiously discharge my duties as prime minister for the Union and that I will do right to all manner of people in accordance with the Constitution and the law, without fear or favour, affection or ill-will.

text: Oath of secrecy:

text: I, <name>, do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person or persons any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as prime minister for the Union except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as such Minister.

text: Removal[edit]

text: Upon ceasing to possess the requisite qualifications to be a member of Parliament subject to the Representation of the People Act, 1951.[12]

text: Compensation[edit]

text: By Article 75 of the constitution of India, remuneration of the prime minister as well as other ministers are to be decided by the Parliament[13] and is renewed from time to time. The original remuneration for prime minister and other ministers were specified in the Part B of the second schedule of the constitution, which was later removed by an amendment. In 2010, the prime minister's office reported that he did not receive a formal salary, but was only entitled to monthly allowances.[14] That same year The Economist reported that, on a purchasing power parity basis, the prime minister received an equivalent of $4106 per year. As a percentage of the country's per-capita GDP (Gross Domestic Product), this is the lowest of all countries The Economist surveyed.[15]

text:
Prime Minister monthly pay and allowances

Salary in Oct 2009
Salary in Oct 2010
Salary in Jul 2012

₹100,000 (US$1,600)
₹135,000 (US$2,100)
₹160,000 (US$2,500)

Sources:[1]

text: The 7, Lok Kalyan Marg ( earlier name was Race Course Road) in New Delhi, serves as the official place of residence for the Prime Minister of India. For ground travel, the Prime Minister uses the highly modified armoured BMW 7 Series (F01), while for air travel, an aircraft designated by the call sign Air India One is used. The Special Protection Group is charged with protecting the sitting Prime Minister and his/her family.


document_title: Georg von Trapp

question_text: when did the von trapp family leave austria

text: Georg von Trapp

text: Early life[edit]

text: Georg Ludwig Ritter von Trapp was born in Zara, Dalmatia, then a Crown Land of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (present-day Zadar, Croatia). His father, Fregattenkapitän August Trapp, was a naval officer who had been elevated to the Austrian nobility in 1876, which entitled him and his descendants to the style of "Ritter von Trapp" for sons and "von Trapp" for daughters.[6]

text: Georg's mother was Hedwig Wepler. His older sister was the Austrian artist Hede von Trapp, and his brother Werner died in 1915 during the First World War.[7]

text: August Ritter von Trapp died in 1884, when Georg was four.[7]

text: Naval career[edit]

text: In 1894, aged fourteen, the young von Trapp followed in his father's footsteps and joined the Imperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Navy, entering the naval academy at Fiume (now Rijeka).[7] As part of their required education, all naval cadets were taught to play a musical instrument; Georg selected the violin.[2] He graduated four years later and completed two years of follow-on training voyages, including one to Australia, as a cadet aboard the sail training corvette SMS Saida II.[2]  On the voyage home he visited the Holy Land where he met a Franciscan monk who took him on a tour of all the Biblical sites he wanted to see. Among other things, von Trapp bought seven bottles of water from the Jordan River which were later used to baptize his first seven children.[7] In 1900 he was assigned to the protected cruiser SMS Zenta and was decorated for his performance during the Boxer Rebellion, in which he participated in the assault on the Taku forts.[2] In 1902 he passed the final officer's examination, and was commissioned a Fregattenleutnant (frigate lieutenant, equivalent to sub-lieutenant) in May 1903.[2] He was fascinated by submarines, and in 1908 seized the opportunity to be transferred to the navy's newly formed submarine arm, or U-boot-Waffe, receiving promotion to Linienschiffsleutnant (ship-of-the-line lieutenant, or lieutenant) that November.[2] In 1910 he was given command of the newly constructed SM U-6, which was launched by his wife, the former Agatha Whitehead.[8] He commanded U-6 until 1913.[citation needed]

text: On 17 April 1915, von Trapp took command of SM U-5 and conducted nine combat patrols. While in command of SM U-5 he sank two enemy warships, including the French armored cruiser Léon Gambetta at 39°30′N 18°15′E / 39.500°N 18.250°E / 39.500; 18.250 on 27 April 1915, 25 kilometres (13 nautical miles; 16 miles) south of Cape Santa Maria di Leuca. In hunting and sinking the Gambetta, von Trapp achieved a notable success as commander of the first submarine to execute the first-ever underwater nighttime (and only the second nighttime) submarine attack on a vessel in the Adriatic.[2] Just over three months later, he sank the Italian submarine Nereide at 42°23′N 16°16′E / 42.383°N 16.267°E / 42.383; 16.267 on 5 August 1915, 250 metres (270 yd) off Pelagosa (Palagruža) Island.[9] He also captured the Greek steamer Cefalonia off Durazzo on 29 August 1915. Now lionised as a hero across the Austro-Hungarian Empire, von Trapp was nominated for the award of the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa for sinking the Gambetta, which he eventually received in 1924.[2]

text: Trapp has sometimes incorrectly been credited with sinking the Italian troop transport Principe Umberto. In reality, this was sunk by U-5 under Trapp's successor, Friedrich Schlosser (1885–1959), on 8 June 1916, after von Trapp was transferred to SM U-14 which had previously been the French submarine Curie, before it was sunk and salvaged by the Austrian Navy.[10]

text:
Vessels sunk while in command of U-14

Date

Vessel

Nationality

Location

28 April 1917

Teakwood

 United Kingdom

36°39′N 21°10′E / 36.650°N 21.167°E / 36.650; 21.167

3 May 1917

Antonio Sciesa

 Kingdom of Italy

36°39′N 21°15′E / 36.650°N 21.250°E / 36.650; 21.250

5 July 1917

Marionga Goulandris

 Greece

35°38′N 22°36′E / 35.633°N 22.600°E / 35.633; 22.600

23 August 1917

Constance

 France

36°51′N 17°25′E / 36.850°N 17.417°E / 36.850; 17.417

24 August 1917

Kilwinning

 United Kingdom

35°26′N 16°30′E / 35.433°N 16.500°E / 35.433; 16.500

26 August 1917

Titian

 United Kingdom

34°20′N 17°30′E / 34.333°N 17.500°E / 34.333; 17.500

28 August 1917

Nairn

 United Kingdom

34°05′N 19°20′E / 34.083°N 19.333°E / 34.083; 19.333

29 August 1917

Milazzo

 Kingdom of Italy

34°44′N 19°16′E / 34.733°N 19.267°E / 34.733; 19.267

18 October 1917

Good Hope

 United Kingdom

35°53′N 17°05′E / 35.883°N 17.083°E / 35.883; 17.083

18 October 1917

Elsiston

 United Kingdom

35°40′N 17°28′E / 35.667°N 17.467°E / 35.667; 17.467

23 October 1917

Capo Di Monte

 Kingdom of Italy

34°53′N 19°50′E / 34.883°N 19.833°E / 34.883; 19.833

text:
Captain von Trapp conducted ten more war patrols, until, in May 1918, he was promoted to Korvettenkapitän (equal to Lieutenant commander) and given command of the submarine base at Cattoro in the Gulf of Kotor. At the end of the fighting in 1918, von Trapp's wartime record stood at 19 war patrols; 11 cargo vessels totalling 45,669 GRT sunk, plus Léon Gambetta and Nereide and 1 cargo vessel captured.
The end of the First World War saw the defeat and collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In the process, Austria was reduced in size to its land-locked German-speaking heartlands, thus losing its sea-coasts, and had no further need for a navy, leaving von Trapp without a vocation or employment.[7]

text: Italian citizenship[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2017)

text: The von Trapps traveled to Italy, not Switzerland. Georg was born in Zadar (now in Croatia), which at that time was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Zadar became part of Italy in 1920, and Georg was thus an Italian citizen, and his wife and children as well. The family had a contract with an American booking agent when they left Austria. They contacted the agent from Italy and requested fare to America.[11]

text: First marriage and inherited wealth[edit]

text: Georg von Trapp was first married to Agatha Whitehead, a niece of St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton and a granddaughter of Robert Whitehead, who invented the modern torpedo. After the British government had rejected Whitehead's invention, the Austrian Emperor Franz Josef invited him to open a torpedo factory in Fiume (present-day Rijeka, Croatia).[7] Trapp's first command, the U-boat U-6, was launched by Agatha.[7][12]

text: Agatha's inherited wealth sustained the couple and permitted them to start a family, and they went on to have seven children; two sons and five daughters, over the next ten years. Their first child, Rupert,[13] was born on 1 November 1911, at Pola, Istria, while the couple was living at Pina Budicina 11.[Map 1] The marriage produced six more children: Agathe, also born at Pola; Maria Franziska; Werner;[14] Hedwig; and Johanna; all born at Zell am See, at the family home, the Erlhof.[Map 2] and Martina, born at Klosterneuburg at the family home, the Martinsschlössel, for which she was named.[Map 3]

text: On 3 September 1922, Agatha von Trapp died of scarlet fever contracted from her daughter Agathe.[7] Trapp then acquired Villa Trapp (de) in Aigen, a suburb of Salzburg, and moved his family there in 1924.[7][Map 4]

text: During this period, Georg delivered several lectures and conducted interviews on his distinguished naval career.[2] On 21 April 1924, after reviewing the necessary paperwork from World War I, the Chapter of the Military Order of Maria Theresa granted him the Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa in recognition of sinking the Gambetta. In the days of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, recipients of this honour were entitled to petition the Austro-Hungarian emperor for a grant of hereditary nobility in the rank of Freiherr (Baron).[2] The last Austro-Hungarian emperor having left the throne in 1918, Trapp could no longer exercise this right.

text: Second marriage[edit]

text: About 1926, Maria Franziska was recovering from an illness and was unable to go to school, so von Trapp hired Maria Augusta Kutschera, from the nearby Nonnberg Abbey, as a tutor.[15]

text: At the age of 47, von Trapp married Maria Kutschera, then aged 22, on 26 November 1927.[7][16] They had three children: Rosmarie, born on 8 February, 1929 [17], in Salzburg, Austria; Eleonore, born 14 May 1931, in Salzburg; and Johannes, born 17 January 1939, in Philadelphia, bringing the total number of the von Trapp children to ten.

text: Departure from Austria and later life[edit]

text: In 1935, von Trapp's money, inherited from his English first wife, was invested in a bank in England. Austria was under economic pressure from a hostile Germany, and Austrian banks were in a precarious position. von Trapp sought to help a friend in the banking business, Auguste Caroline Lammer (1885–1937), so he withdrew most of his money from London and deposited it in an Austrian bank. The bank failed, wiping out most of the family's substantial fortune.[8]

text: At about that time, a Catholic priest, Franz Wasner, around Maria's age, came to live with them and became the group's musical director.[4] Around 1936, Lotte Lehmann heard the family sing, and she suggested they perform paid concerts. When the Austrian Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg heard them on the radio, he invited them to perform in Vienna.[18]

text: According to Maria von Trapp's memoirs, Georg von Trapp found himself in a vexing situation after the German takeover of Austria in 1938. He was offered a commission in the German Navy, a tempting proposition for a Captain without a navy, but decided to decline the offer, being opposed to Nazi ideology. Knowing that he could not decline the offer without the threat of arrest, possibly for his entire family, von Trapp decided to leave Austria. The family took a train to Italy, then sailed to the United States for their first concert tour, then in 1939 went back to Europe to tour Scandinavia, hoping to continue their concerts in cities beyond the reach of the Third Reich.[19] During this time, they went back to Salzburg for a few months before returning to Sweden to finish the tour. From there, they traveled to Norway to begin the trip back to the United States in September 1939.[8]

text: After living for a short time in Merion, Pennsylvania, where they welcomed their youngest child, Johannes, the family settled in Stowe, Vermont, in 1941. They purchased a 660-acre (270 ha) farm in 1942 and converted it into the Trapp Family Lodge.[20] In January 1947, Major General Harry J. Collins turned to the Trapp family in the US pleading for help for the Austrian people, having seen firsthand the residents of Salzburg suffer when he had arrived there with the 42nd Rainbow Division after World War II. The Trapp Family founded the Trapp Family Austrian Relief, Inc., and the priest Franz Wasner, their pre-war friend, became its treasurer.

text: Death[edit]

text: Georg Ludwig von Trapp died of lung cancer on 30 May 1947, in Stowe, Vermont.[21]

text: Children[edit]

text:
Image
Name
Mother
Birth
Death
Notes

Rupert
Agatha von Trapp (née Whitehead)
1 November 1911[7]
22 February 1992(1992-02-22) (aged 80)[13]
He married Henriette Lajoie (1927) in 1947 and had two sons and four daughters; they later divorced. He later married Janice Tyre (1920–1994), and had no children with her.[22] He was a physician.[8][23][24]

Agathe
12 March 1913
28 December 2010(2010-12-28) (aged 97)[25]
She worked as a singer and an artist, and lived in Baltimore, Maryland. Agathe ran a kindergarten with her longtime friend of 50 years, Mary Louise Kane, at the Sacred Heart Catholic parish in Glyndon, Maryland. She had no children.[5][22]

Maria Franziska
28 September 1914[26][27]
18 February 2014(2014-02-18) (aged 99)[22][28][29][30][31][32]

She worked as a singer and missionary in Papua New Guinea, no children. In 2008 she visited the ancestral home.[22][33]

Werner
21 December 1915
11 October 2007(2007-10-11) (aged 91)[23][34][35]
He married Erika Klambauer in 1948 and had four sons and two daughters, including Elisabeth von Trapp.[14][22][36]

Hedwig
28 July 1917
14 September 1972(1972-09-14) (aged 55)[5][34]
She worked as a teacher, lived in Hawaii, and died of asthma, no children.

Johanna
7 September 1919
25 November 1994(1994-11-25) (aged 75)
She married Ernst Florian Winter in 1948 and had three sons, one died, and four daughters. She lived in Vienna and died there.[22]

Martina
17 February 1921
25 February 1951(1951-02-25) (aged 30)[34]
In 1949, she married Jean Dupiere (died before 1998). She died of complications during childbirth and had a stillborn daughter.

Rosmarie
Maria von Trapp (née Kutschera)
 (1929-02-08) 8 February 1929 (age 89)[17][not in citation given]

Rosmarie worked as a singer and missionary in Papua New Guinea. She most recently lived in Pittsburgh, and had no children.[22]

Eleonore
 (1931-05-14) 14 May 1931 (age 87)[16]

She married Hugh David Campbell in 1954 and has seven daughters. She lives with her family in Waitsfield, Vermont.[5][22]

Johannes
 (1939-01-17) 17 January 1939 (age 79)[16]

Married 1969 to Lynne Peterson and has one son, Sam von Trapp, and one daughter, Kristina von Trapp-Frame. Johannes managed the family resort in Stowe, Vermont, with his son Sam.[22][37]

text: Orders, decorations and medals[edit]

text:
Knight's Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa (1924)
Knight's Cross of the Order of Leopold
Military Merit Cross [38]
1898 Jubilee Medal
1908 Jubilee Cross
War Medal 1914–1918 with swords
Long Service Cross (18 years)
Iron Cross First Class (German Empire)

text: Portrayals[edit]

text: The Captain has been portrayed in various adaptations of his family's life such as The Sound of Music, both the 1965 film and the Broadway musical, as well as two German films, The Trapp Family (1956) and The Trapp Family in America (1958).[39] However, these adaptations often altered the portrayal of the Captain. In real life and in the memoir "The Story of the Trapp Family Singers", written by his second wife Maria Augusta Trapp,  the Captain has been described as being a warm and loving father who was always around.[40][41]The Captain was portrayed in a more negative light in many adaptations though. For instance, in the 1965 film, Georg von Trapp was portrayed as a disciplinary man who always went away and did not care for his children or their feelings at the beginning of the film.[42]

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ Regarding personal names: Ritter is a title, translated approximately as Sir (denoting a Knight), not a first or middle name. There is no equivalent female form.