document_title: The Secret Seven

question_text: when did enid blyton wrote the secret seven

text: The Secret Seven

text: Origins[edit]

text: The names Secret Seven and Famous Five had already been used by author Charles Hamilton, under the pen-name Frank Richards, in his long-running series of stories featuring Billy Bunter and Greyfriars School. The Secret Seven was the name of a secret society that featured in a series of eleven stories published in The Magnet magazine in 1934;[citation needed] the term "Famous Five" dates from 1910 and is applied to a group of the leading characters.[citation needed]

text: It is not clear whether Enid Blyton was influenced by Hamilton's work. Blyton's elder daughter, Gillian Baverstock, describes a conversation between the author and her publisher that led to the inception of Blyton's Secret Seven. The publisher's own children, the eldest of whom was named Peter, had formed a secret society with their friends. They met in an old shed, used secret passwords and had badges inscribed with "SS".[citation needed]

text: After corresponding with the real-life Peter, in 1948 Blyton published her first Secret Seven story, which describes how her fictional society came to be formed. This was a short story titled "The Secret of the Old Mill". It followed an earlier short story, "At Seaside Cottage", which introduced the leading characters Peter and Janet prior to the formation of the society. There followed a further five short stories and fifteen full-length books.

text: Short stories[edit]

text: The Secret Seven appeared in seven short stories by Blyton, including a mini-novella explaining how the society was formed. These were left uncollected until 1997, when all but "At Seaside Cottage" were published in a single volume by Hodder Children's Books under the title of Secret Seven: Short Story Collection.

text:
At Seaside Cottage (1947) – first published as a complete short story book
Secret of the Old Mill (1948) – first published in "Secret of the Old Mill"
The Humbug Adventure (1954) – first published in Enid Blyton's Magazine Annual No.1
Adventure on the Way Home (1955) – first published in Enid Blyton's Magazine Annual No.2
An Afternoon with the Secret Seven (1956) – first published in Enid Blyton's Magazine Annual No.3
Where Are the Secret Seven? (1956) – first published in the strip book of the same name
Hurry, Secret Seven, Hurry! (1957) – first published in Enid Blyton's Magazine Annual No.4

tag: ol

text: Full-length stories[edit]

text: This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: This section seems to be written more like for an advert than an encyclopaedic article! Please help improve this article if you can. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
The Secret Seven (1949) In this, the Secret Seven's first adventure together, Jack's adventure on a snowy night leads them to an old house, a deaf caretaker and a thrilling mystery!
Secret Seven Adventure (1950) A pearl thief and a strange man in the Little Thicket lead the Secret Seven to a circus field. But what is the Secret of the lions and what did One-Leg William have to do with the burglary?
Well Done Secret Seven (1951) The secret seven build a new summer place-a tree house! But after meeting a dirty boy and his kitten, can they put their collection of strange clues together to solve the mystery before it's too late?
Secret Seven on the Trail (1952) A trick by Susie and her infuriating Famous Five group send George and Jack on a trek to Tigger's Barn. But when the boys end up at a rail yard on a dark, foggy November night, things really get dangerous!
Go Ahead Secret Seven (1953) A little shadowing practice puts the Seven on the trail of a man who apparently shoves dogs down a coal hole. Who is waiting below, and what is happening to the valuable dogs?
Good Work Secret Seven (1954) Peter and Janet's father's car is stolen—with them inside! But rather than feel sorry for themselves, the Seven investigate—and keep watch on the mysterious Sid's Place. And what on earth is Q8061?
Secret Seven Win Through (1955) The Seven are evicted from their shed while it is painted, and find a glorious new meeting place—a cave! But when there is a strange intruder, a mystery begins—who is Albert Tanner, and what is the excitement surrounding the scarecrow?
Three Cheers Secret Seven (1956) Susie's model aeroplane launches the Secret Seven into their next adventure—who is using the top room in the empty Barlett Lodge, and why?
Secret Seven Mystery (1957) When a schoolgirl is reported missing the Seven begin their search, with Susie hindering them at every turn. Where is Elizabeth Sonning, and who stole the money from her school?
Puzzle for the Secret Seven (1958) The Seven witness a house fire, and help the family in need to rebuild their lives—but who stole a valuable violin, and what is making the baffling wailing noises on the hills at night?
Secret Seven Fireworks (1959) What a shock for the Secret Seven when Jack's annoying sister forms a rival club called the Tiresome Three. But surely Susie wouldn't really steal their guy's clothes and firework money? And who are the nasty looking men lurking in the hut on Peter's farm?
Good Old Secret Seven (1960) Jack's new telescope promised hours of fun until Susie claimed her half share. But after Janet spots a strange face at the window of Torling Castle, The Seven must investigate.
Shock for the Secret Seven (1961) Dogs are going missing all over town, and when poor Scamper also disappears and they also suddenly become the Secret Six, can they find it within themselves to solve the mystery? Its Jack who finally finds the clue to end the mystery.
Look Out Secret Seven (1962) Medals belonging to a kindly old General have gone missing, and Colin promises to find them—but what can they do when there are no clues and the police are baffled?
Fun for the Secret Seven (1963) Poor old Tolly and his horse have been treated badly, and the Seven are determined to help. But when horse thieves strike, they must protect Peter and Janet's beloved horses as well as Tolly

text: The Society[edit]

text:
Peter – The society's leader and the most mature of the group. He is intelligent and knows how to handle situations. He is very sensitive and gets angry very easily. His teasing attitude is very familiar with the viewers of the book. Although he is a very strong and capable leader, he can be bossy and is occasionally downright unreasonable (particularly about wearing badges and remembering the password), reducing Pam and Barbara to tears, and on one occasion, causing Jack to temporarily leave the group. He, Janet and Jack are often more attached with each other than other members of the group. Peter sometimes teases his sister, but acknowledges her as a good member of the Society.
Janet – Peter's sister and second-in-command to Peter. Janet is very good at noticing things and remembering them. She is a lot more headstrong than the other girls in the group and her arch-enemy is Susie. She is a lot braver than the other girls and also takes her work seriously. She is very good friends with Pam. She also gets well along with Jack. She thinks of many good ideas. She is also quite messy, and takes too long to write if she tries to write neatly.
Jack – Peter's best friend. He is one of the most efficient group members, and is frequently annoyed with his younger sister, Susie, who takes advantage of his tendency to forget the password. He gets along well with everyone in the group, especially Peter, but is also the only member who will willingly stand up to Peter when he feels that he is behaving unreasonably, to the extent that he once walked out on the group after an argument with him (although he reconciled with them at the end). He lives very near to Peter and Janet. He thinks Janet is lot better than the other girls and wishes Susie was like Janet.
Pam – A girl at Janet's school. Her best friend is Barbara and she giggles a lot. She is also good friends with Janet. Her full first name is Pamela. She sometimes proves herself a worthy member of the Secret Seven by getting brainwaves[clarification needed], but is sometimes careless, such as yelling out the password and squealing when Peter was nearly pushed out of their "secret" treehouse.
Barbara – Another girl at Janet's school. She and Pam generally work (and giggle) together when looking for clues or information. They are out a lot together, such as not being able to turn up to a meeting because they are going to the same party. Barbara was the only member to be chosen by Peter: the other four were all selected by Janet.
Colin – A boy at Peter's school. Colin is quite a valuable member of the society, though perhaps the quietest of the boys. He has a very large family, most of whom live with him. He finds his family tiresome and is afraid of the dark. He also made the mystery in "Secret Seven Adventure" warm up when he saw a man escaping from Lady Thomas's house.
George – A boy at Peter's school. His best friend is Colin. George's father once banned him from the society, but he later realized his mistake and let George rejoin. Not much else is known about him, as he is rather undeveloped as a character.

text: Scamper – Janet and Peter's pet dog and beloved companion. He is not an official member of the Secret Seven, but the children count him as one, due to his regular usefulness in the denouement of the stories. He has temporarily filled in for members when they have left the group for any reason. He is a friendly golden English Cocker Spaniel. He loves food, especially biscuits.

text: Supporting characters[edit]

text:
Susie – Jack's younger sister who frequently aggravates him and the Society which she enjoys humiliating and tormenting with her quick wit. However, this stems from her burning desire to join the Society, which Peter regularly refuses her. This is actually something of a disadvantage for Peter, as Susie is considerably more clever and cunning than some of the other members, especially Barbara and Pam, and would potentially be a more valuable member. The Seven occasionally make a temporary truce with Susie, and sometimes she helps them solve the mysteries.
Binkie – Susie's best friend, who stays with her sometimes. Binkie is described as being very stupid and idiotic, but can sometimes make up very clever, but rude songs and poems about the Seven.
Jeff – A friend of Susie's, who appears as her sidekick in a few of the earlier books. He plays a similar role to Binkie, who had not appeared at that point.
Bony- Susie's and Jack's French friend who appears in one book . His real name is Jean Baptiste Boneparte. He is very timid, shy and loves dogs. Dogs love him too and are often attracted to him. He is more friendly towards Susie than to Jack and is often annoyed with the S.S . He had been a member of Susie's club for a few days before he returned to France and soon after that the club broke up.
Jack the farmer – Jack the farmer is Peter and Janet's father. He is not as strict as some parents of the day, but has taught Peter some very strong ideas about right and wrong.
Peter and Janet's mother – Peter and Janet's mother is very supportive of the Secret Seven and the good work that they do. She frequently provides snacks for the meetings.
Jack's mother – Unlike Peter's mother, Jack's mother does not think the Secret Seven is particularly important and gets angry when Jack puts all his effort into fulfilling Peter's wishes although she does sometimes provide for the Seven.
Matt the Shepherd – Peter's father's colleague, who works on the farm. He has a dog called Shadow who is stolen in a mystery but is later recovered.
Shadow- Matty the good old shepherd's strong, heavy shepherd dog who loves his master very much. Matt too loves him like a brother. He is stolen in a mystery in the book a Shock for Secret Seven but is later recovered.
The Inspector – The police inspector who the Secret Seven always report the cases to. He has become a good friend of the Seven
Postie the Postman – Postie was the postman of the area and almost all dogs were attracted towards him. He was found to be criminal in the book Shock for Secret Seven and was jailed.
The Gardener – Peter and Janet's gardener, who has a very bad temper but can be witty.

text: French series[edit]

text: In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Evelyne Lallemand wrote an additional series of 11 books about the Secret Seven, nine of which were translated into English by Anthea Bell and published in paperback by Knight Books. The English translations were published between 1983 and 1986. The full French series is as follows:

text:
Les Sept à la chasse au lion 1976 (English title: The Seven and the Lion Hunt; English no.: 1)
Les Sept font du cinéma 1977 (English title: The Seven on Screen; English no.: 6)
Les Sept et le magicien 1977 (English title: The Seven and the Magician; English no.: 3)
Les Sept sont dans de beaux draps 1978 (English title: The Seven Go Haunting; English no.: 2)
Les Sept et les bulldozers 1978 (English title: The Seven to the Rescue; English no.: 5)
Les Sept et la déesse d'or 1979 (English title: The Seven Strike Gold; English no.: 4)
Les Sept et les soucoupes volantes 1979 (English title: The Seven and the UFOs; English no.: 7)
Les Sept à 200 à l'heure 1980 (English title: The Seven and the Racing Driver; English no.: 9)
Les Sept ne croient pas au père Noël 1981 (English title: The Seven and Father Christmas; English no.: 8)
Les Sept saluent Lucky Star 1982 (The Seven greet Lucky Star)
Les Sept et la boule de cristal 1984 ( The Seven and the crystal ball)

text: Stage adaptations[edit]

text: The first ever stage adaptation based on The Secret Seven is due to premiere in Chester at the city's new Storyhouse theatre from 1st December 2017.[1]

text: Audio drama[edit]

text: An English Audio drama adaptation with some episodes was published.


document_title: World Series of Poker

question_text: who has made the wsop final table the most

root

text: World Series of Poker

text: Format[edit]

text: Since 1971, all WSOP events have been tournaments with cash prizes. In 1973, a five-card stud event was added. Since then, new events have been added and removed. Since 1976,[citation needed] a bracelet has been awarded to the winner of every event at the annual WSOP; later on,[when?] the winners of events before 1976 were retroactively given bracelets.[8]

tag: p

text: The tournament grew slowly for over a decade, reaching 52 participants in 1982. In the early 1980s, satellite tournaments were introduced, allowing people to win their way into the various events. By 1987, there were over 2,100 entrants in the entire series.[1]

text: At the 2006 World Series of Poker, there were 45 events, covering the majority of poker variants. Participation in the Main Event peaked that year, with 8,773 players.[9]

text: Currently, Texas hold 'em, Omaha hold 'em and Seven-card stud and their lowball variants are played. H.O.R.S.E. has been played in the past and returned in 2006. Also, S.H.O.E. has been played in the past, and returned in 2007. Other events played in the past include Chinese poker, Five card stud, and many others. Like most tournaments, the sponsoring casino takes an entry fee (a percentage between 6% and 10%, depending on the buy-in) and distributes the rest, hence the prize money increasing with more players. In the 2005 Main Event, US$52,818,610 in prize money was distributed among 560 players, with US$7.5 million as the first prize. The 2006 Main Event, won by Jamie Gold, is the largest single poker tournament by prize pool or by entrant numbers in history; Gold pocketed US$12 million for his victory. In July 2010, it was announced that the winner of the 2010 Main Event would receive just under US$9 million.

text: On June 2, 2011, the World Series of Poker and Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberté announced plans for an officially sanctioned special fundraising event, known as The Big One for One Drop, starting on July 1, 2012 with a record US$1 million entry fee.[10] 11% of the money (more precisely, $111,111 from each buy-in) went to Laliberté's charity, the One Drop Foundation, and the WSOP waived its normal 10% rake of the entry fees. At the time of the original announcement, 15 of the maximum 48 seats had been taken. By early December 2011, the field size had increased to 22, the minimum required for an official bracelet tournament.[11] Among those who committed early to the event were Johnny Chan, Daniel Negreanu, Jonathan Duhamel, Tom Dwan, Laliberté, billionaire businessman Phil Ruffin and Erik Seidel. On April 12, 2012, the WSOP announced that 30 players had committed to the tournament, which brought the first prize to $12.3 million, exceeding the record amount won by Jamie Gold. In the end, all 48 seats were filled, resulting in a first prize of $18.3 million.[12] Poker professional Antonio Esfandiari won the event, also receiving a special platinum WSOP bracelet.[13]

text: Highlights[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The number of participants in the WSOP grew every year from 2000 until 2006. Following 2006, new online gambling legislation restricted the number of online qualifiers to the event. 2007 was the first dip in numbers in the 21st century while in 2008 more people participated than the previous year. In 2000, there were 4,780 entrants in the various events, but in 2005, the number rose to over 23,000 players. In the main event alone, the number of participants grew from 839 in 2003 to 8,773 in 2006. Phil Hellmuth has won the most bracelets with 14 followed by Doyle Brunson, Johnny Chan, and Phil Ivey with ten bracelets each. Crandell Addington is the only player to place in the top ten of the World Series of Poker Main Event eight times, albeit in earlier years with small fields compared to modern times. Four players have won the Main Event multiple times: Johnny Moss (1970, 1971, and 1974), Doyle Brunson (1976 and 1977), Stu Ungar (1980, 1981, and 1997) and Johnny Chan (1987 and 1988). Bracelet winners who first achieved fame in other fields include French actor/singer Patrick Bruel (in 1998), Danish soccer player Jan Vang Sørensen (in 2002) and American actress Jennifer Tilly (in 2005). In recent years, there have been non-bracelet events at the WSOP; two of the most notable are the "World Series of Rock Paper Scissors" and "Ante Up for Africa."

text: History[edit]

text: The idea of a World Series of Poker began in 1969 with an event called the Texas Gambling Reunion.[14] It was an invitational event sponsored by Tom Moore of San Antonio, Texas, and held at the Holiday Hotel and Casino in Reno.[14] This inaugural event was won by Crandell Addington. The set of tournaments that the World Series of Poker (WSOP) would evolve into was the brainchild of Las Vegas casino owner and poker player Benny Binion. In 1970, the first WSOP at Binion's Horseshoe took place as a series of cash games that included five-card stud, deuce to seven low-ball draw, razz, seven-card stud, and Texas hold 'em.[citation needed] The format for the Main Event as a freeze-out Texas hold 'em game came the next year. The winner in 1970, Johnny Moss, was elected by his peers as the first "World Champion of Poker" and received a silver cup as a prize.[14]

text: Acquisition by Harrah's[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 2004, Harrah's Entertainment (now Caesars Entertainment) purchased Binion's Horseshoe, retained the rights to the Horseshoe and World Series of Poker brands, sold the hotel and casino to MTR Gaming Group, and announced that the 2005 Series events would be held at the Harrah's-owned Rio Hotel and Casino, located just off the Las Vegas Strip.[14] The final two days of the main event in 2005 were held downtown at what is now the MTR-operated "Binion's" in celebration of the centennial of the founding of Las Vegas. The WSOP also added a made-for-television $2 million "freeroll" invitational Tournament of Champions (TOC) event first won by Annie Duke as a "winner-take-all" event.

text: Starting in 2005, the WSOP began a tournament "circuit" at Harrah's-owned properties in the United States where, in addition to the $10,000 buy-in tournament at each site, qualifying players became eligible for a revamped Tournament of Champions. The 2005 TOC, made up of the top twenty qualifying players at each circuit event, along with the final table from the 2005 Main Event and the winners of nine or more bracelets (Johnny Chan, Doyle Brunson, and Phil Hellmuth) would participate in the revamped TOC at Caesars Palace. Mike Matusow won the first prize of $1 million (US), and all the players at the final table were guaranteed a minimum of $25,000 for the eighth and ninth-place finishers. During a break in the final table of the 2005 Main Event on July 16, Harrah's announced that eleven properties — including the recently added Bally's and Caesar's properties — would host 2005–06 WSOP Circuit events that started on August 11 in Tunica, Mississippi. One event that was scheduled for Biloxi, Mississippi, was canceled after the Grand Casino Biloxi, which was scheduled to host the event, suffered major damage from Hurricane Katrina. The Rio also hosted the 2006 World Series of Poker, which began on June 25 with satellite events and formally began the day after with the annual Casino Employee event, won in 2006 by Chris Gros. 2006 featured the Tournament of Champions on June 25 and 26, won by Mike Sexton. Various events led up to the Main Event, which was held from July 28 until August 10. The first prize of $12 million was awarded to Jamie Gold.

text: Main Event[edit]

text: Since 1972, the Main Event of the WSOP has been the $10,000 buy-in no-limit Texas Hold 'em (NLHE) tournament (in 1971 the buy-in was $5,000 and the inaugural 1970 event was an invitational with winner determined by a vote from the players). Winners of the event not only get the largest prize of the tournament and a gold bracelet, but additionally their picture is placed in the Gallery of Champions at Binion's. The winner of the Main Event has traditionally been given the unofficial title of World Champion. However, some believe that no-limit hold 'em is not the optimal structure for determining a champion poker player. In 2002, Daniel Negreanu argued that the Main Event should switch to pot-limit hold 'em, believing that pot-limit required a more complete set of poker skills than no-limit, although he admitted that such a change would likely never be made.[15] However, many of the game's top professionals, including Negreanu, have since stated that the recently added $50,000 H.O.R.S.E./Poker Player's Championship event is the one which ultimately decides the world's best player. The $50,000 buy-in, being five times larger than the buy-in for the Main Event, has thus far tended to deter amateurs from playing in this event, and the variety of games played require a broader knowledge of poker. The first $50,000 event, conducted as a H.O.R.S.E. tournament, was won by Chip Reese in 2006. In 2010, the $50,000 event changed from H.O.R.S.E. to an "8-game" format, adding no-limit hold 'em, pot-limit Omaha, and 2–7 triple draw to the mix, and was rechristened The Poker Player's Championship,[16][17] with Michael Mizrachi winning the first edition of the revamped event.[18] Since Reese's death in December 2007, the winner of this event receives the David 'Chip' Reese Memorial Trophy in addition to the bracelet and the prize money.[19]

text: There have been many memorable moments during the main events, including Jack Straus's 1982 comeback win after discovering he had one $500 chip left when he thought he was out of the tournament. The end of the 1988 main event was featured in the movie Rounders. Chris Moneymaker and Greg Raymer, the winners in 2003 and 2004, both qualified for the main event through satellite tournaments at the PokerStars online card room. Jerry Yang, the winner in 2007, had only been playing poker for two years prior to his victory. He won his seat at a $225 satellite tournament at Pechanga Resort & Casino, in California. With passage of the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act (UIGEA) of 2006 online poker sites have been barred from purchasing entrance directly for their users.

text: Main Event results[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Winning
hand
First place prize
Entrants
Runner-up
Losing
hand

1970
 Johnny Moss
N/A
N/A
7
N/A
N/A

1971
 Johnny Moss
N/A
7004300000000000000♠30,000
6
 Walter "Puggy" Pearson
N/A

1972
 Thomas "Amarillo Slim" Preston, Jr.
K♥ J♦
7004800000000000000♠80,000
8
 Walter "Puggy" Pearson
6  6

1973
 Walter "Puggy" Pearson
A♠ 7♠
7005130000000000000♠130,000
13
 Johnny Moss
K♥ J♠

1974
 Johnny Moss
3♥ 3♠
7005160000000000000♠160,000
16
 Crandell Addington
A♣ 2♣

1975
 Brian "Sailor" Roberts
J♠ J♥
7005210000000000000♠210,000
21
 Bob Hooks
J♣ 9♣

1976
 Doyle Brunson
10♠ 2♠
7005220000000000000♠220,000
22
 Jesse Alto
A♠ J♦

1977
 Doyle Brunson
10♠ 2♥
7005340000000000000♠340,000
34
 Gary Berland
8♥ 5♣

1978
 Bobby Baldwin
Q♦ Q♣
7005210000000000000♠210,000
42
 Crandell Addington
9♦ 9♣

1979
 Hal Fowler
7♠ 6♦
7005270000000000000♠270,000
54
 Bobby Hoff
A♣ A♥

1980
 Stu Ungar
5♠ 4♠
7005385000000000000♠385,000
73
 Doyle Brunson
A♥ 7♠

1981
 Stu Ungar
A♥ Q♥
7005375000000000000♠375,000
75
 Perry Green
10♣ 9♦

1982
 Jack Straus
A♥ 10♠
7005520000000000000♠520,000
104
 Dewey Tomko
A♦ 4♦

1983
 Tom McEvoy
Q♦ Q♠
7005540000000000000♠540,000
108
 Rod Peate
K♦ J♦

1984
 Jack Keller
10♥ 10♠
7005660000000000000♠660,000
132
 Byron Wolford
6♥ 4♥

1985
 Bill Smith
3♠ 3♥
7005700000000000000♠700,000
140
 T. J. Cloutier
A♦ 3♣

1986
 Berry Johnston
A♠ 10♥
7005570000000000000♠570,000
141
 Mike Harthcock
A♦ 8♦

1987
 Johnny Chan
A♠ 9♣
7005625000000000000♠625,000
152
 Frank Henderson
4♦ 4♣

1988
 Johnny Chan
J♣ 9♣
7005700000000000000♠700,000
167
 Erik Seidel
Q♣ 7♥

1989
 Phil Hellmuth, Jr.
9♠ 9♣
7005755000000000000♠755,000
178
 Johnny Chan
A♠ 7♠

1990
 Mansour Matloubi
6♥ 6♠
7005895000000000000♠895,000
194
 Hans Lund
4♦ 4♣

1991
 Brad Daugherty
K♠ J♠
7006100000000000000♠1,000,000
215
 Don Holt
7♥ 3♥

1992
 Hamid Dastmalchi
8♥ 4♣
7006100000000000000♠1,000,000
201
 Tom Jacobs
J♦ 7♠

1993
 Jim Bechtel
J♠ 6♠
7006100000000000000♠1,000,000
220
 Glenn Cozen
7♦ 4♥

1994
 Russ Hamilton
K♠ 8♥
7006100000000000000♠1,000,000
268
 Hugh Vincent
8♣ 5♥

1995
 Dan Harrington
9♦ 8♦
7006100000000000000♠1,000,000
273
 Howard Goldfarb
A♥ 7♣

1996
 Huck Seed
9♦ 8♦
7006100000000000000♠1,000,000
295
 Bruce Van Horn
K♣ 8♣

1997
 Stu Ungar
A♥ 4♣
7006100000000000000♠1,000,000
312
 John Strzemp
A♠ 8♣

1998
 Scotty Nguyen
J♦ 9♣
7006100000000000000♠1,000,000
350
 Kevin McBride
Q♥ 10♥

1999
 Noel Furlong
5♣ 5♦
7006100000000000000♠1,000,000
393
 Alan Goehring
6♥ 6♣

2000
 Chris Ferguson
A♠ 9♣
7006150000000000000♠1,500,000
512
 T. J. Cloutier
A♦ Q♣

2001
 Juan Carlos Mortensen
K♣ Q♣
7006150000000000000♠1,500,000
613
 Dewey Tomko
A♠ A♥

2002
 Robert Varkonyi
Q♦ 10♠
7006200000000000000♠2,000,000
631
 Julian Gardner
J♣ 8♣

2003
 Chris Moneymaker
5♦ 4♠
7006250000000000000♠2,500,000
839
 Sam Farha
J♥ 10♦

2004
 Greg Raymer
8♠ 8♦
7006500000000000000♠5,000,000
2,576
 David Williams
A♥ 4♠

2005
 Joe Hachem
7♣ 3♠
7006750000000000000♠7,500,000
5,619
 Steve Dannenmann
A♦ 3♣

2006
 Jamie Gold
Q♠ 9♣
7007120000000000000♠12,000,000
8,773
 Paul Wasicka
10♥ 10♠

2007
 Jerry Yang
8♦ 8♣
7006825000000000000♠8,250,000
6,358
 Tuan Lam
A♦ Q♦

2008
 Peter Eastgate
A♦ 5♠
7006915241600000000♠9,152,416
6,844
 Ivan Demidov
4♥ 2♥

2009
 Joe Cada
9♦ 9♣
7006854704200000000♠8,547,042
6,494
 Darvin Moon
Q♦ J♦

2010
 Jonathan Duhamel
A♠ J♥
7006894431000000000♠8,944,310
7,319
 John Racener
K♦ 8♦

2011
 Pius Heinz
A♠ K♣
7006871563800000000♠8,715,638
6,865
 Martin Staszko
10♣ 7♣

2012
 Greg Merson
K♦ 5♦
7006853185300000000♠8,531,853
6,598
 Jesse Sylvia
Q♠ J♠

2013
 Ryan Riess
A♥ K♥
7006836157000000000♠8,361,570
6,352
 Jay Farber
Q♠ 5♠

2014
 Martin Jacobson
10♥ 10♦
7007100000000000000♠10,000,000
6,683
 Felix Stephensen
A♥ 9♥

2015
 Joe McKeehen
A♥ 10♦
7006768334600000000♠7,683,346
6,420
 Joshua Beckley
4♣ 4♦

2016
 Qui Nguyen
K♣ 10♣
7006800531000000000♠8,005,310
6,737
 Gordon Vayo
J♠ 10♠

2017
 Scott Blumstein
A♥ 2♦
7006815000000000000♠8,150,000
7,221
 Dan Ott
A♦ 8♦

text: (Flag indicates the country of birth of the player instead of his nationality at the time of the event)

text: Players[edit]

text: Records[edit]

text: Since its inception, Stu Ungar and Johnny Moss are the only players to have won the Main Event three times. However, Moss's first victory came in a different format, as he was elected winner by vote of his fellow players at the conclusion of what was then a timed event. Moss (if the first time win by vote is counted), Ungar, Doyle Brunson, and Johnny Chan are the only people who have won the Main Event in consecutive years. Johnny Chan's second victory in 1988 was featured in the 1998 film Rounders.

text: Phil Hellmuth holds multiple WSOP records including most bracelets, most WSOP cashes, and most WSOP final tables. He is also the only player to have won the Main Events of both the WSOP and WSOP Europe.[20][21]

text: In recent years, the prize pool for the WSOP Main Event has become so large that the winner instantly becomes one of the top money winners of WSOP and even in tournament poker history. Before July 2012, the top seven players on the all-time WSOP Earnings list were Main Event champions from 2005 to 2011, among whom Jamie Gold topped those seven, he won the 2006 Main Event, which had then the biggest first prize for a single tournament, and still is the largest poker tournament by prize pool in history. However, the all-time leader is currently poker professional Daniel Negreanu, who has not won a Main Event, although he won the inaugural WSOP Asia Pacific Main Event in 2013. He is followed by professionals Antonio Esfandiari and Daniel Colman, both also yet to win a Main Event in Las Vegas.

text: The list below includes the WSOP Europe and WSOP Asia-Pacific, but excludes WSOP Circuit events and other non-bracelet events. The results are updated through the 2014 WSOP APAC.

text:
Overall:[22][23]

Most bracelets: Phil Hellmuth (14)
Most earnings: Antonio Esfandiari ($21,107,812)
Most cashes: Phil Hellmuth (109)
Most final tables: Phil Hellmuth (53)
Youngest bracelet winner: Annette Obrestad (2007 WSOPE Main Event; 7003693800000000000♠18 years, 364 days)
Oldest bracelet winner: Johnny Moss (aged 81; won the $1,500 Limit Ace to Five Draw event in 1988, on his 81st birthday)
Most bracelets in one year: Puggy Pearson (1973), Ted Forrest (1993), Phil Hellmuth (1993), Phil Ivey (2002), Jeff Lisandro (2009), George Danzer (2014 (his third bracelet that he won in 2014 was during the WSOP APAC)) (3 bracelets)
Most final tables in one year: An Tran (6 final tables, 1992)
Most cashes in one year: Chris Ferguson, John Racener (2017) (17 cashes)
Most consecutive years with at least one bracelet: Bill Boyd (1971–1974), Doyle Brunson (1976–1979) (4)
Most consecutive years with at least one cash: Mike Sexton (30, 1988 – 2017)
Most Player of the Year awards (since 2004): Daniel Negreanu (2, 2004 and 2013)
Oldest WSOP event participant: Jack Ury (2010; age 97)

WSOP Main Events:[23]

Most Main Event wins: Johnny Moss (1970 (by vote), 1971, 1974), Stu Ungar (1980, 1981, 1997) (3)
Most Main Event wins in consecutive years: Johnny Moss (1970 (by vote) – 1971), Doyle Brunson (1976–1977), Stu Ungar (1980–1981), Johnny Chan (1987–1988) (2)
Most Main Event earnings: Jamie Gold ($12,000,000)
Most Main Event cashes: Berry Johnston (10)
Most consecutive Main Event cashes: Ronnie Bardah (2010–2014) (5)[24]
Most Main Event final tables: Doyle Brunson, Jesse Alto (5)
Youngest Main Event Champion: Joe Cada (2009; 7003802800000000000♠21 years, 357 days)
Oldest Main Event Champion: Johnny Moss (1974; 7004244650000000000♠66 years, 358 days)
Most Main Events played: Howard Andrew (1974–2014) (41)
Oldest Main Event participant: Jack Ury (2010; age 97)

text: Player of the Year[edit]

text: Since 2004, a Player of the Year (POY) award has been given to the player with the most points accumulated throughout the WSOP. As of 2013, nine different players have won the ten awards, with Daniel Negreanu as the only two-time winner.

text: Only "open" events in which all players can participate count in the standings; this eliminates the Seniors, Ladies, and Casino Employee events.[25] Beginning with the 2006 World Series of Poker, the Main Event and the $50,000 H.O.R.S.E. competition had no effect on the outcome of the winner of the Player of the Year award. In the 2008 World Series of Poker, the $50,000 H.O.R.S.E. event counted toward the Player of the Year award, but the Main Event did not. Since 2009, all open events, including the Main Event, count towards Player of the Year. The Player of the Year standings were based upon performance solely at the WSOP in Las Vegas up until 2010, but beginning in 2011 have also taken the World Series of Poker Europe into account, and starting in 2013 also include events in the World Series of Poker Asia Pacific. The 2011 WSOP Player of the Year organized by Bluff Magazine used a different scoring system which took into account field sizes and buy-in amounts when calculating points earned.[26] This scoring system has been used ever since.

text:
Year
Winner
Bracelets
Final Tables
Cashes
WSOP Earnings (US$)

2004
Daniel Negreanu
1
5
6
7005346280000000000♠346,280

2005
Allen Cunningham
1
4
5
7006100711500000000♠1,007,115

2006
Jeff Madsen
2
4
4
7006146785200000000♠1,467,852

2007
Tom Schneider
2
3
3
7005416829000000000♠416,829

2008
Erick Lindgren
1
3
5
7006134852800000000♠1,348,528

2009
Jeff Lisandro
3
4
6
7005807521000000000♠807,521

2010
Frank Kassela
2
3
6
7006125531400000000♠1,255,314

2011
Ben Lamb
1
4
5
7006535297000000000♠5,352,970

2012
Greg Merson
2
2
5
7006978535400000000♠9,785,354

2013
Daniel Negreanu
2
4
10
7006195405400000000♠1,954,054

2014
George Danzer
3
5
10
7005878933000000000♠878,933

2015
Mike Gorodinsky
1
3
8
7006176648700000000♠1,766,487

2016
Jason Mercier[27]
2
4
11
7005960424000000000♠960,424

text: Since 2016, the WSOP payout a bigger percentage of the field (15% instead of10% until then).[28]

text: Poker Hall of Fame[edit]

text: Since its inception in 1979, the WSOP Poker Hall of Fame has honored 42 individuals.[29] Selection criteria for players include having competed against acknowledged top competition, played for high stakes, and played consistently well to gain the respect of their peers. For non-players, selection is based on positive and lasting contributions to the overall growth and success of poker.[citation needed]

text: Expansion[edit]

text: 2007 – World Series of Poker Europe[edit]

text: The World Series of Poker Europe (WSOPE) is the first expansion of the World Series of Poker in series history. Since 1970, the event has occurred every year in Las Vegas. In September 2007, the first WSOP championship events outside of Las Vegas, complete with bracelets, were held.[30] The inaugural WSOPE consisted of three events held in London from September 6–17, 2007. The main event, a GBP 10,000 buy-in no-limit hold 'em tournament, was won by Norwegian online prodigy Annette Obrestad on the day before her 19th birthday. This made her the youngest person ever to win a WSOP bracelet, a record that cannot be broken in the Las Vegas WSOP under current laws because the minimum legal age for casino gaming in Nevada is 21. Obrestad could play in the WSOPE because the minimum age for casino gaming in the United Kingdom is 18. While no definitive plans have been announced, WSOP Commissioner Jeffrey Pollack has indicated that in the next one to three years that other venues may start holding WSOP events.[citation needed] Two locations that have been mentioned as possible expansion sites are Egypt and South Africa,[31] and the World Series of Poker Africa was ultimately launched in South Africa in 2010. However, it is currently treated as a WSOP Circuit event, with no bracelets awarded. The next expansion of the WSOP that included bracelet events was ultimately to Australia.[32]

text: The WSOPE moved from London to Cannes, France in 2011. At that time, the buy-ins and payouts changed from being fixed in pounds to euros.[citation needed] The event moved again in 2013, this time to the Paris suburb of Enghien-les-Bains.[33]

text: In November 2013, it was announced that the WSOPE would in the future alternate with the World Series of Poker Asia Pacific (WSOP APAC), which launched in 2013. The WSOPE will now be held only in odd-numbered years, with WSOP APAC conducted in even-numbered years.[34]

text: WSOPE Main Event results[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Winning Hand
Prize
Entrants
Runner-Up
Losing Hand

2007
Annette Obrestad
7♥ 7♠
£1,000,000
362
John Tabatabai
5♠ 6♦

2008
John Juanda
K♠ 6♣
£868,800
362
Stanislav Alekhin
A♣ 9♠

2009
Barry Shulman
10♠ 10♣
£801,603
334
Daniel Negreanu
4♠ 4♦

2010
James Bord
10♦ 10♥
£830,401
346
Fabrizio Baldassari
5♠ 5♥

2011
Elio Fox
A♦ 10♠
€1,400,000
(£1,206,577)
593
Chris Moorman
A♥ 7♠

2012
Phil Hellmuth
A♥ 10♦
€1,022,376
420
Sergii Baranov
A♠ 4♣

2013
Adrián Mateos
A♠ K♣
€1,000,000
375
Fabrice Soulier
9♦ 8♦

2015
Kevin MacPhee
A♦ 4♦
€883,000
313
David Lopez
K♥ K♣

text: 2010 World Series of Poker – Africa[edit]

text: In 2010, the WSOP expanded overseas once again, only this time to Gauteng, South Africa. Although the 2010 event was part of the WSOP Circuit, winners did not earn a gold ring or standing for the WSOP Circuit National Championship, both of which were common for other circuit events.[35] This policy changed in 2012.[36] The WSOPA did not occur in 2011 but would come back in 2012.

text: 2013 World Series of Poker Asia-Pacific[edit]

text: On April 30, 2012, the WSOP and Australian casino Crown Melbourne jointly announced the creation of the World Series of Poker Asia-Pacific (WSOP APAC). The first edition of the event was held at Crown's Melbourne Casino from April 4–15, 2013 and featured five bracelet events in the series.[32]

text: WSOP APAC Main Event results[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Winning Hand
Prize
Entrants
Runner-Up
Losing Hand

2013
Daniel Negreanu
2♠ 2♥
A$1,038,825
405
Daniel Marton
A♠ 7♠

2014
Scott Davies
6♦ 6♠
A$850,136
329
Jack Salter
Q♣ 10♣

text: WSOP television coverage[edit]

text: The earliest filming of the World Series was a special produced by Binion's Horseshoe in 1973 and narrated by Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder. CBS began covering the World Series in the late 1970s.

text: In the early 1980s, the event was again broadcast as specials. In the late 1980s, the World Series returned to television as ESPN took over broadcasting. Initially, coverage only consisted of just a single one-hour taped-delay broadcast of the Main Event.

text: ESPN Classic currently airs many of the old broadcasts from the mid-1990s and beyond. Since no "pocket cam" existed, very few hole cards were actually shown to television viewers. Generally, ESPN used poker-playing actors such as Dick Van Patten, Vince Van Patten, and Gabe Kaplan, with either the tournament director (usually Jim Albrecht) or a poker professional, of which one was Phil Hellmuth, joining the team. Unlike today's coverage, ESPN featured no pre-taped interviews or profiles on the players. In addition, the commentators were generally on the casino floor itself.

text: In the 1994 coverage of the final hand of the Main Event shows Hugh Vincent holding 8♣ 5♥ . The flop was 8♣ 2♠ 6♦, indicating that there were two 8♣ in the deck. The tournament director announces that Hugh Vincent needed two running spades to win. The likely hand for Hugh Vincent was 8♠ 5♠, but there is no known video of the actual hand turned over by Hugh Vincent.[37]

text: Early 2000s[edit]

text: From 1999 to 2001, the World Series of Poker was broadcast by The Discovery Channel. These hour-long programs presented more of an overview or recap of the WSOP as opposed to broadcasting an actual live event with play-by-play analysis and color commentary. The Discovery Channel's broadcast also featured final table players interviews interlaced throughout the show. ESPN would resume coverage the following year.

text: ESPN's coverage in 2002 was typical of their coverage in the 1990s (recorded in video, little or no post-production commentary or player profiles, no card cams). However, the final table broadcast was expanded over two one-hour episodes. The 2002 WSOP was the first with the "sneak peek" (later called the pocket cam, or hole cam).

text: 2003: Major expansion[edit]

text: In 2003, Fred Christenson secured the long-term rights acquisition for ESPN,[38] and the channel expanded their coverage to new heights with their coverage of the WSOP. They included coverage of the entire tournament, with a "Featured Table". At this table, the viewers could see the player's hole cards and subsequent strategy. The action was also broadcast as if live, though on tape-delay. 2003 was the first year that the broadcast covered action preceding the final table. Since then, ESPN has greatly expanded its coverage to include many of the preliminary events of the WSOP, especially Texas Hold 'Em. Also, their coverage of the main event now typically includes at least one hour program on each day. For the first two years of its existence, ESPN was broadcasting one hour programs of the "circuit" events that the WSOP has at various Harrah's-owned casinos, but ESPN did not renew these events. ESPN's coverage now includes many of the trappings of sports coverage, such as lighter segments (called "The Nuts") and interviews. ESPN's coverage has been largely driven by Matt Maranz, Executive Producer for the WSOP telecasts. Maranz previously worked on ESPN's football pre-game show, and has also produced taped segments for NBC's Olympic coverage.

text: Coverage would increase in 2004 and 2005 to include preliminary events from the WSOP, in addition to the "Main Event". ESPN has expanded poker to all-new levels, especially with their coverage of the 2006 WSOP, including providing the entire final table of the 2006 Main Event via pay-per-view airing. In 2008, ESPN experimented with the idea of a delayed final table. This idea presented greater sponsorship opportunities and notoriety, culminating in a recap of the Main Event and the conclusion of the 2008 Main Event final table. In 2009, ESPN announced they would again move the final table to November 2009. The WSOP also decided there would be no rebuy events in 2009. The decision was reached because of complaints that rebuy events provided an unfair advantage to professionals with no limitation on how much money they can spend for an event. There were 57 bracelet events that year. The 2010 WSOP had the same number of bracelet events as in 2009, again with no rebuy events.

text: With 58 bracelet events and no rebuy events, the 2011 WSOP featured unprecedented "nearly live" coverage, with broadcasts being delayed by much smaller amounts of time while still satisfying Nevada Gaming Commission regulators. Caesars Entertainment, via WSOP.com, streamed final-table coverage of all bracelet events on a 5-minute delay, although without pocket cams. The ESPN family of networks aired 36 hours of Main Event coverage leading up to the November Nine on a 30-minute delay, showing the hole cards of all players who voluntarily entered the pot once the hand ended. The Main Event final table was broadcast on a 15-minute delay with the same policy regarding hole cards. The first day of the final table was aired on ESPN2 and the final day on ESPN, with both days also streamed on ESPN3 and WSOP.com.

text: POKER PROductions, led by Mori Eskandani, a former poker player turned television executive, has produced the World Series of Poker Europe since 2008 and World Series of Poker since 2011. Eskandani pioneered the live broadcast format seen at the WSOP Final Table since 2011. Once a 2-day format, the Final Table is now carried over 3 nights, usually in the first week of November. Ratings for the Final Table have remained consistent with poker's boom despite Black Friday.

text: WSOP broadcasters[edit]

text:
1973 (special) – Jimmy Snyder
1978 (CBS) – Brent Musburger and Jimmy Snyder
1979 (CBS) – Frank Glieber and Jimmy Snyder
1981 (special) – Curt Gowdy
1983 (special) – Curt Gowdy and Bobby Baldwin
1987 (special) – Ted Robinson
1988 (ESPN) – Chris Marlowe
1989 (ESPN) – Chris Marlowe
1990 (ESPN) – Chris Marlowe
1991 (ESPN) – Chris Marlowe
1992 (ESPN) – Chris Marlowe
1993 (ESPN) – Dick Van Patten and Jim Albrecht
1994 (ESPN) – Dick Van Patten and Jim Albrecht
1995 (ESPN) – Dick Van Patten and Jim Albrecht
1996 – Was not televised
1997 (ESPN) – Gabe Kaplan and Jim Albrecht
1998 (ESPN) – Vince Van Patten and Jim Albrecht
1999 (The Discovery Channel)
2000 (The Discovery Channel)
2001 (The Discovery Channel)

2002 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Gabe Kaplan; (ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Gabriela Hill
2003 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; (ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Gabriela Hill
2004 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Gabriela Hill
2005 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Gabriela Hill and Andrés Agulla
2006 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; Phil Gordon and Ali Nejad in Main Event Pay-per-view; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Gabriela Hill and Andrés Agulla
2007 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; Phil Gordon and Ali Nejad in Main Event Pay-per-view; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Fernando Álvarez and Gabriela Hill
2008 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Fernando Álvarez and Gabriela Hill
2009 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Georgina Ruiz Sandoval and Fernando Álvarez

2010 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern and Norman Chad; (ESPN3) – James Hartigan and Adam Schoenfeld, Phil Hellmuth, Gavin Griffin, Bernard Lee, Jonathan Aguiar, Joseph Cheong; (ESPN Deportes and ESPN Latin America – Spanish) – Georgina Ruiz Sandoval and Fernando Álvarez
2011 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad and Kara Scott; (ESPN2 & 3 LIVE) Lon McEachern, David Tuchman, Antonio Esfandiari, Norman Chad, Phil Hellmuth, Olivier Busquet, Johnny Chan, Vanessa Rousso
2012 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad, Antonio Esfandiari, Kara Scott, and Olivier Busquet
2013 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad, Antonio Esfandiari, Kara Scott, Marianela Pereyra, and Phil Hellmuth
2014 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad, Antonio Esfandiari, Kara Scott, Daniel Negreanu, and Phil Hellmuth
2015 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad, Antonio Esfandiari, Kara Scott, Daniel Negreanu, and Phil Hellmuth
2016 (ESPN) – Lon McEachern, Norman Chad, Antonio Esfandiari, Kara Scott, and Phil Laak

text: Marketing[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The WSOP has corporate sponsors and licensed products which pay fees to market themselves as an official sponsors and/or licensees and exclusively use the WSOP insignia and cross-promote with their events. Besides the Harrah's properties and ESPN, major sponsors have included Jack Links Beef Jerky, Miller Brewing's "Milwaukee's Best" brand of beers, Pepsi's SoBe Adrenaline Rush energy drink (sponsors of the 2005 TOC), Helene Curtis's Degree brand of anti-perspirant/deodorant, United States Playing Card's Bicycle Pro Cards, Bluff Magazine, GlaxoSmithKline/Bayer's Levitra erectile dysfunction medicine, and The Hershey Company. Licensees include Glu Mobile, Activision (video games for different platforms such as Nintendo's GameCube, Microsoft's Xbox, Sony's PlayStation 2, and PC, featuring computer-generated versions of stars like Chris Ferguson), and products made by different companies ranging from chip sets, playing cards, hand-held games, and clothing like caps and shirts. The official playing cards and chips are manufactured by Excalibur Electronics, Inc. which is based out of Miami, Florida and has been the main chip licensee since 2005. The fees and licenses bring in more than a million dollars to Harrah's.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: In 2003[39] and 2004,[40] DVD sets were released by ESPN of the Main Event.

text: Video games[edit]

text: In 2005, a video game based on the tournament series, titled World Series of Poker, was released for several consoles and PC. A sequel called World Series of Poker: Tournament of Champions came out in 2006. In 2007, World Series of Poker 2008: Battle for the Bracelets was released. WSOP video poker machines now appear at some Harrah's casinos; the machines are standard video poker machines, but have a bonus feature which allows a player to play a modified game of Texas Hold 'em against the machine.[41]

text: WSOP Poker Academy[edit]

text: Beginning in 2007, Harrah's announced the creation of the World Series of Poker Academy, a poker school aimed at providing poker players with the skills needed to win a WSOP bracelet. The instructors for the Academy include Annie Duke, Phil Hellmuth, Jr., Greg Raymer, Scott Fischman, Mark Kroon, Mark Seif, Alex Outhred, and former FBI interrogator Joe Navarro. Initial academies were launched in Tunica, Mississippi, Indiana, and Las Vegas.[citation needed]

text: WSOP online[edit]

text: In September 2009, Harrah's signed an agreement with Dragonfish, the B2B arm of 888 Holdings, to provide its online gaming services. The offering went live in the UK later that year, allowing UK users to play for real money. Real money online poker is available in the United States, but only in Delaware, Nevada, and New Jersey.

text: WSOP Arizona Lottery[edit]

text: In December 2010, the Arizona Lottery issued Game Number 739: World Series of Poker $5 Scratchers(sm) with a $50,000 top prize. Played on two tables, the game included a second chance drawing for non-winning tickets to win one of two Grand Prize Trip Packages that included a seat at the 2011 World Series of Poker Main Event or one of eight WSOP Poker Party Prize Packs.[citation needed]


document_title: List of countries by oil production

question_text: which country is the world's largest producer of crude oil

question_tokens: which country is the world 's largest producer of crude oil

text: List of countries by oil production

text: This is a list of countries by oil production, as compiled from the U.S. Energy Information Administration database for calendar year 2016, tabulating all countries on a comparable best-estimate basis. Compared with shorter-term data, the full-year figures are less prone to distortion from periodic maintenance shutdowns and other seasonal cycles. The volumes in the table represent crude oil and lease condensate, the hydrocarbon liquids collected at or near the wellhead. The volumes in the table do not include biofuel. They also do not include the increase in liquid volumes during oil refining ("refinery gain"), or liquids separated from natural gas in gas processing plants (natural gas liquids).[1]

text: Under this definition, total world oil production in 2016 averaged 80,622,000 barrels per day. Approximately 68% came from the top ten countries, and an overlapping 44% came from the fourteen current OPEC members, highlighted with blue shading in the table below.

text: For many years, the top three producers have been (alphabetically) Russia, Saudi Arabia, and the United States. Each of these countries experienced major production declines at different times in the past, but since 2014 all three have been producing near their peak rates of 9 to 11 million barrels per day.[2]

text:
Country
Oil Production
(bbl/day, 2016)[1]

1
 Russia
10,551,497

2
 Saudi Arabia (OPEC)
10,460,710

3
 United States
8,875,817

4
 Iraq (OPEC)
4,451,516

5
 Iran (OPEC)
3,990,956

6
 China
3,980,650

7
 Canada
3,662,694

8
 United Arab Emirates (OPEC)
3,106,077

9
 Kuwait (OPEC)
2,923,825

10
 Brazil
2,515,459

11
 Venezuela (OPEC)
2,276,967

12
 Mexico
2,186,877

13
 Nigeria (OPEC)
1,999,885

14
 Angola (OPEC)
1,769,615

15
 Norway
1,647,975

16
 Kazakhstan
1,595,199

17
 Qatar (OPEC)
1,522,902

18
 Algeria (OPEC)
1,348,361

19
 Oman
1,006,841

20
 United Kingdom
939,760

21
 Colombia
897,784

22
 Indonesia
833,667

23
 Azerbaijan
833,538

24
 India
734,180

25
 Malaysia
661,240

26
 Ecuador (OPEC)
548,421

27
 Argentina
510,560

28
 Egypt
494,325

29
 Libya (OPEC)
384,686

30
 Congo, Republic of the
308,363

31
 Vietnam
301,850

32
 Australia
289,749

33
 Thailand
257,525

34
 Sudan and  South Sudan
255,000

35
 Turkmenistan
230,779

36
 Equatorial Guinea (OPEC)
227,000

37
 Gabon (OPEC)
210,820

38
 Denmark
140,637

39
 Chad
110,156

40
 Brunei
109,117

41
 Ghana
100,549

42
 Cameroon
93,205

43
 Pakistan
84,746

44
 Romania
77,910

45
 Italy
70,675

46
 Timor-Leste
60,661

47
 Trinidad and Tobago
60,090

48
 Bolivia
58,077

49
 Papua New Guinea
56,667

50
 Uzbekistan
52,913

51.5
 Bahrain
50,000

51.5
 Cuba
50,000

53
 Turkey
49,497

54
 Tunisia
48,757

55
 Germany
46,839

56
 Peru
40,266

57
 New Zealand
35,574

58
 Ukraine
31,989

59.5
 Ivory Coast
30,000

59.5
 Syria
30,000

61
 Belarus
25,000

62
 Mongolia
23,426

63
 Albania
22,915

64
 Yemen
22,000

65
 Poland
20,104

67
 Congo, Democratic Republic of the
20,000

67
 Philippines
20,000

67
 Serbia
20,000

69
 Netherlands
18,087

70
 Suriname
17,000

71
 France
16,418

72
 Austria
15,161

73
 Myanmar
15,000

74
 Hungary
13,833

75
 Croatia
13,582

76
 Niger
13,000

77
 Guatemala
8,977

78
 Mauritania
5,000

79
 Chile
4,423

80
 Bangladesh
4,189

81
 Japan
3,918

82
 Greece
3,172

83
 Spain
2,667

84
 Czech Republic
2,333

86
 Belize
2,000

86
 Lithuania
2,000

86
 South Africa
2,000

89
 Barbados
1,000

89
 Bulgaria
1,000

89
 Kyrgyzstan
1,000

91
 Georgia
400

92
 Israel
390

93
 Slovakia
200

94
 Taiwan
196

95
 Tajikistan
180

96
 Morocco
160

97
 Jordan
22

98
 Slovenia
5


document_title: List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders

question_text: who led the orioles in home runs last year

text: Key[edit]

text:
Winner(s)
Player(s) with the most home runs (HR) in the league

HR
The winner's home run total

Runner(s)-up
Player(s) with the second-most HRs in the league

2nd HR
The runner-up home run total

League
Denoted only for players outside of the modern major leagues

†
Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

text: American League[edit]

text:
Year
Winner(s)
HR
Team
Runner(s)-up
2nd HR
Ref

1901
Lajoie, NapNap Lajoie†
14
Philadelphia Athletics
Freeman, BuckBuck Freeman
12
[16]

1902
Seybold, SocksSocks Seybold
16
Philadelphia Athletics
Hickman, CharlieCharlie Hickman
Bill Bradley
Buck Freeman
11
[17]

1903
Freeman, BuckBuck Freeman
13
Boston Americans
Hickman, CharlieCharlie Hickman
12
[18]

1904
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
10
Philadelphia Athletics
Murphy, DannyDanny Murphy
Buck Freeman
07c !7
[19]

1905
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
08b !8
Philadelphia Athletics
Stone, GeorgeGeorge Stone
07d !7
[20]

1906
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
12
Philadelphia Athletics
Hickman, CharlieCharlie Hickman
09a !9
[21]

1907
Davis, HarryHarry Davis
08a !8
Philadelphia Athletics
Seybold, SocksSocks Seybold
Danny Hoffman
Ty Cobb†
05 !5
[22]

1908
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
07b !7
Detroit Tigers
Hinchman, BillBill Hinchman
06b !6
[23]

1909
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
09b !9
Detroit Tigers
Speaker, TrisTris Speaker†
07a !7
[24]

1910
Stahl, JakeJake Stahl
10
Boston Red Sox
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
Duffy Lewis
08b !8
[25]

1911
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
11
Philadelphia Athletics
Speaker, TrisTris Speaker†
Ty Cobb†
08a !8
[26]

1912
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
Tris Speaker†
10
Philadelphia Athletics
Boston Red Sox
Cobb, TyTy Cobb†
07b !7
[27]

1913
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
12
Philadelphia Athletics
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
09b !9
[28]

1914
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
09a !9
Philadelphia Athletics
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
08d !8
[29]

1915
Roth, BraggoBraggo Roth
07a !7
Chicago White Sox
Cleveland Indians
Oldring, RubeRube Oldring
06a !6
[30]

1916
Pipp, WallyWally Pipp
12
New York Yankees
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
10
[31]

1917
Pipp, WallyWally Pipp
09c !9
New York Yankees
Veach, BobbyBobby Veach
08c !8
[32]

1918
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
Tilly Walker
11
Boston Red Sox
Philadelphia Athletics
Baker, FrankFrank Baker†
George Burns
06c !6
[33]

1919
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
29
Boston Red Sox
Walker, TillyTilly Walker
Frank Baker†
George Sisler†
10
[34]

1920
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
54
New York Yankees
Sisler, GeorgeGeorge Sisler†
19
[35]

1921
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
59
New York Yankees
Williams, KenKen Williams
Bob Meusel
24
[36]

1922
Williams, KenKen Williams
39
St. Louis Browns
Walker, TillyTilly Walker
37
[37]

1923
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
41
New York Yankees
Williams, KenKen Williams
29
[38]

1924
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
46
New York Yankees
Hauser, JoeJoe Hauser
27
[39]

1925
Meusel, BobBob Meusel
33
New York Yankees
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
Williams, KenKen Williams
25
[40]

1926
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
47
New York Yankees
Simmons, AlAl Simmons†
19
[41]

1927
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
60
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
47
[42]

1928
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
54
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
27
[43]

1929
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
46
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
35
[44]

1930
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
49
New York Yankees
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
41
[45]

1931
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
Lou Gehrig†
46
New York Yankees
Averill, EarlEarl Averill
32
[46]

1932
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
58
Philadelphia Athletics
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
41
[47]

1933
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
48
Philadelphia Athletics
Ruth, BabeBabe Ruth†
34
[48]

1934
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
49
New York Yankees
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
44
[49]

1935
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
Jimmie Foxx†
36
Detroit Tigers
Philadelphia Athletics
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
30
[50]

1936
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig†
49
New York Yankees
Trosky, HalHal Trosky
42
[51]

1937
DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio†
46
New York Yankees
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
40
[52]

1938
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
58
Detroit Tigers
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
50
[53]

1939
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
35
Boston Red Sox
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
33
[54]

1940
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
41
Detroit Tigers
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
36
[55]

1941
Williams, TedTed Williams†
37
Boston Red Sox
Keller, CharlieCharlie Keller
33
[56]

1942
Williams, TedTed Williams†
36
Boston Red Sox
Laabs, ChetChet Laabs
27
[57]

1943
York, RudyRudy York
34
Detroit Tigers
Keller, CharlieCharlie Keller
31
[58]

1944
Etten, NickNick Etten
22
New York Yankees
Stephens, VernVern Stephens
20
[59]

1945
Stephens, VernVern Stephens
24
St. Louis Browns
Cullenbine, RoyRoy Cullenbine
Nick Etten
Rudy York
18
[60]

1946
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†
44
Detroit Tigers
Williams, TedTed Williams†
38
[61]

1947
Williams, TedTed Williams†
32
Boston Red Sox
Gordon, JoeJoe Gordon†
29
[62]

1948
DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio†
39
New York Yankees
Gordon, JoeJoe Gordon†
32
[63]

1949
Williams, TedTed Williams†
43
Boston Red Sox
Stephens, VernVern Stephens
39
[64]

1950
Rosen, AlAl Rosen
37
Cleveland Indians
Dropo, WaltWalt Dropo
34
[65]

1951
Zernial, GusGus Zernial
33
Chicago White Sox
Philadelphia Athletics
Williams, TedTed Williams†
30
[66]

1952
Doby, LarryLarry Doby†
32
Cleveland Indians
Easter, LukeLuke Easter
31
[67]

1953
Rosen, AlAl Rosen
43
Cleveland Indians
Zernial, GusGus Zernial
42
[68]

1954
Doby, LarryLarry Doby†
32
Cleveland Indians
Williams, TedTed Williams†
29
[69]

1955
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
37
New York Yankees
Zernial, GusGus Zernial
30
[70]

1956
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
52
New York Yankees
Wertz, VicVic Wertz
32
[71]

1957
Sievers, RoyRoy Sievers
42
Washington Senators
Williams, TedTed Williams†
38
[72]

1958
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
42
New York Yankees
Colavito, RockyRocky Colavito
41
[73]

1959
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
Rocky Colavito
42
Washington Senators
Cleveland Indians
Lemon, JimJim Lemon
33
[74]

1960
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
40
New York Yankees
Maris, RogerRoger Maris
39
[75]

1961
Maris, RogerRoger Maris
61
New York Yankees
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†
54
[76]

1962
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
48
Minnesota Twins
Cash, NormNorm Cash
39
[77]

1963
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
45
Minnesota Twins
Stuart, DickDick Stuart
42
[78]

1964
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
49
Minnesota Twins
Powell, BoogBoog Powell
39
[79]

1965
Conigliaro, TonyTony Conigliaro
32
Boston Red Sox
Cash, NormNorm Cash
30
[80]

1966
Robinson, FrankFrank Robinson†
49
Baltimore Orioles
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
39
[81]

1967
Yastrzemski, CarlCarl Yastrzemski†
Harmon Killebrew†
44
Boston Red Sox
Minnesota Twins
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
36
[82]

1968
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
44
Washington Senators
Horton, WillieWillie Horton
36
[83]

1969
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
49
Minnesota Twins
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
48
[84]

1970
Howard, FrankFrank Howard
44
Washington Senators
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
41
[85]

1971
Melton, BillBill Melton
33
Chicago White Sox
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Norm Cash
32
[86]

1972
Allen, DickDick Allen
37
Chicago White Sox
Murcer, BobbyBobby Murcer
33
[87]

1973
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
32
Oakland Athletics
Burroughs, JeffJeff Burroughs
Frank Robinson†
30
[88]

1974
Allen, DickDick Allen
32
Chicago White Sox
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
29
[89]

1975
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
George Scott
36
Oakland Athletics
Milwaukee Brewers
Mayberry, JohnJohn Mayberry
34
[90]

1976
Nettles, GraigGraig Nettles
32
New York Yankees
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Sal Bando
27
[91]

1977
Rice, JimJim Rice†
39
Boston Red Sox
Nettles, GraigGraig Nettles
Bobby Bonds
37
[92]

1978
Rice, JimJim Rice†
46
Boston Red Sox
Hisle, LarryLarry Hisle
Don Baylor
34
[93]

1979
Thomas, GormanGorman Thomas
45
Milwaukee Brewers
Lynn, FredFred Lynn
Jim Rice†
39
[94]

1980
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Ben Oglivie
41
New York Yankees
Milwaukee Brewers
Thomas, GormanGorman Thomas
38
[95]

1981
Grich, BobbyBobby Grich
Eddie Murray†
Dwight Evans
Tony Armas
22
California Angels
Baltimore Orioles
Boston Red Sox
Oakland Athletics
Thomas, GormanGorman Thomas
Greg Luzinski
21
[96]

1982
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†
Gorman Thomas
39
California Angels
Milwaukee Brewers
Winfield, DaveDave Winfield†
37
[97]

1983
Rice, JimJim Rice†
39
Boston Red Sox
Armas, TonyTony Armas
36
[98]

1984
Armas, TonyTony Armas
43
Boston Red Sox
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
35
[99]

1985
Evans, DarrellDarrell Evans
40
Detroit Tigers
Fisk, CarltonCarlton Fisk†
37
[100]

1986
Barfield, JesseJesse Barfield
40
Toronto Blue Jays
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
35
[101]

1987
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
49
Oakland Athletics
Bell, GeorgeGeorge Bell
47
[102]

1988
Canseco, JoséJosé Canseco
42
Oakland Athletics
McGriff, FredFred McGriff
34
[103]

1989
McGriff, FredFred McGriff
36
Toronto Blue Jays
Carter, JoeJoe Carter
35
[104]

1990
Fielder, CecilCecil Fielder
51
Detroit Tigers
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
39
[105]

1991
Canseco, JoséJosé Canseco
Cecil Fielder
44
Oakland Athletics
Detroit Tigers
Ripken, Jr., CalCal Ripken, Jr.†
34
[106]

1992
González, JuanJuan González
43
Texas Rangers
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
42
[107]

1993
González, JuanJuan González
46
Texas Rangers
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
45
[108]

1994
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
40
Seattle Mariners
Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas†
38
[109]

1995
Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle
50
Cleveland Indians
Buhner, JayJay Buhner
Frank Thomas†
40
[110]

1996
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
52
Oakland Athletics
Anderson, BradyBrady Anderson
50
[111]

1997
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
56
Seattle Mariners
Martinez, TinoTino Martinez
44
[5]

1998
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
56
Seattle Mariners
Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle
49
[112]

1999
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†
48
Seattle Mariners
Palmeiro, RafaelRafael Palmeiro
47
[113]

2000
Glaus, TroyTroy Glaus
47
Anaheim Angels
Giambi, JasonJason Giambi
Frank Thomas†
43
[114]

2001
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
52
Texas Rangers
Thome, JimJim Thome†
49
[115]

2002
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
57
Texas Rangers
Thome, JimJim Thome†
52
[116]

2003
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
47
Texas Rangers
Delgado, CarlosCarlos Delgado
42
[117]

2004
Ramírez, MannyManny Ramírez
43
Boston Red Sox
Konerko, PaulPaul Konerko
David Ortiz
41
[118]

2005
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
48
New York Yankees
Ortiz, DavidDavid Ortiz
47
[119]

2006
Ortiz, DavidDavid Ortiz
54
Boston Red Sox
Dye, JermaineJermaine Dye
44
[120]

2007
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
54
New York Yankees
Peña, CarlosCarlos Peña
46
[121]

2008
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
37
Detroit Tigers
Quentin, CarlosCarlos Quentin
36
[122]

2009
Peña, CarlosCarlos Peña
Mark Teixeira
39
Tampa Bay Rays
New York Yankees
Bay, JasonJason Bay
Aaron Hill
36
[123]

2010
Bautista, JoséJosé Bautista
54
Toronto Blue Jays
Konerko, PaulPaul Konerko
39
[124]

2011
Bautista, JoséJosé Bautista
43
Toronto Blue Jays
Granderson, CurtisCurtis Granderson
41
[125]

2012
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
44
Detroit Tigers
Granderson, CurtisCurtis Granderson
Hamilton, JoshJosh Hamilton
43
[126]

2013
Davis, ChrisChris Davis
53
Baltimore Orioles
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera
44
[127]

2014
Cruz, NelsonNelson Cruz
40
Baltimore Orioles
Carter, ChrisChris Carter
37
[128]

2015
Davis, ChrisChris Davis
47
Baltimore Orioles
Cruz, NelsonNelson Cruz
44
[129]

2016
Trumbo, MarkMark Trumbo
47
Baltimore Orioles
Cruz, NelsonNelson Cruz
43
[130]

2017
Judge, AaronAaron Judge
52
New York Yankees
Davis, KhrisKhris Davis
43
[131]

text: National League[edit]

text:
Year
Winner(s)
HR
Team
Runner(s)-up
2nd HR
Ref

1876
Hall, GeorgeGeorge Hall
05 !5
Philadelphia Athletics (NL)
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
04 !4
[132]

1877
Pike, LipLip Pike
04 !4
Cincinnati Reds
Shafer, OratorOrator Shafer
03 !3
[133]

1878
Hines, PaulPaul Hines
04 !4
Providence Grays
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
03 !3
[134]

1879
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
09 !9
Boston Red Caps
O'Rourke, JimJim O'Rourke†
06 !6
[135]

1880
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
Jim O'Rourke†
06 !6
Worcester Ruby Legs
Boston Red Caps
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
05 !5
[136]

1881
Brouthers, DanDan Brouthers†
08 !8
Buffalo Bisons
Bennett, CharlieCharlie Bennett
07 !7
[137]

1882
Wood, GeorgeGeorge Wood
07 !7
Detroit Wolverines
Muldoon, MikeMike Muldoon
Dan Brouthers†
06 !6
[138]

1883
Ewing, BuckBuck Ewing†
10
New York Giants
Denny, JerryJerry Denny
Joe Hornung
08 !8
[139]

1884
Williamson, NedNed Williamson
27
Chicago White Stockings
Pfeffer, FredFred Pfeffer
25
[140]

1885
Dalrymple, AbnerAbner Dalrymple
11
Chicago White Stockings
Kelly, KingKing Kelly†
09 !9
[141]

1886
Brouthers, DanDan Brouthers†
Hardy Richardson
11
Detroit Wolverines
Anson, CapCap Anson†
10
[142]

1887
O'Brien, BillyBilly O'Brien
19
Washington Nationals
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
17
[143]

1888
Ryan, JimmyJimmy Ryan
16
Chicago White Stockings
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
14
[144]

1889
Thompson, SamSam Thompson†
20
Philadelphia Quakers
Denny, JerryJerry Denny
18
[145]

1890
Burns, OysterOyster Burns
Mike Tiernan
Walt Wilmot
13
Brooklyn Bridegrooms
New York Giants
Chicago Colts
Long, HermanHerman Long
08 !8
[146]

1891
Tiernan, MikeMike Tiernan
Harry Stovey
16
New York Giants
Boston Beaneaters
Wilmot, WaltWalt Wilmot
11
[147]

1892
Holliday, BugBug Holliday
13
Cincinnati Reds
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
12
[148]

1893
Delahanty, EdEd Delahanty†
19
Philadelphia Phillies
Clements, JackJack Clements
17
[149]

1894
Duffy, HughHugh Duffy†
18
Boston Beaneaters
Joyce, BillBill Joyce
Bobby Lowe
17
[150]

1895
Thompson, SamSam Thompson†
18
Philadelphia Phillies
Joyce, BillBill Joyce
17
[151]

1896
Joyce, BillBill Joyce†
Ed Delahanty†
13
Philadelphia Phillies
Washington/New York
Thompson, SamSam Thompson†
12
[152]

1897
Duffy, HughHugh Duffy†
11
Boston Beaneaters
Davis, GeorgeGeorge Davis†
10
[153]

1898
Collins, JimmyJimmy Collins†
15
Boston Beaneaters
Joyce, BillBill Joyce
Honus Wagner†
10
[154]

1899
Freeman, BuckBuck Freeman
25
Washington Senators
Wallace, BobbyBobby Wallace
12
[155]

1900
Long, HermanHerman Long
12
Boston Beaneaters
Flick, ElmerElmer Flick†
11
[156]

1901
Crawford, SamSam Crawford†
16
Cincinnati Reds
Sheckard, JimmyJimmy Sheckard
11
[157]

1902
Leach, TommyTommy Leach
06 !6
Pittsburgh Pirates
Beckley, JakeJake Beckley†
05 !5
[158]

1903
Sheckard, JimmyJimmy Sheckard
09 !9
Brooklyn Superbas
Moran, PatPat Moran
Tommy Leach
Mike Donlin
Sam Mertes
Cy Seymour
Ginger Beaumont
07 !7
[159]

1904
Lumley, HarryHarry Lumley
09 !9
Brooklyn Superbas
Brain, DaveDave Brain
07 !7
[160]

1905
Odwell, FredFred Odwell
09 !9
Cincinnati Reds
Seymour, CyCy Seymour
08 !8
[161]

1906
Jordan, TimTim Jordan
12
Brooklyn Superbas
Lumley, HarryHarry Lumley
09 !9
[162]

1907
Brain, DaveDave Brain
10
Boston Doves
Lumley, HarryHarry Lumley
09 !9
[163]

1908
Jordan, TimTim Jordan
12
Brooklyn Superbas
Wagner, HonusHonus Wagner†
10
[164]

1909
Murray, RedRed Murray
07 !7
New York Giants
Becker, BealsBeals Becker
Tommy Leach
Larry Doyle
06 !6
[165]

1910
Schulte, FrankFrank Schulte
Fred Beck
10
Boston Doves
Chicago Cubs
Daubert, JakeJake Daubert
Larry Doyle
08 !8
[166]

1911
Schulte, FrankFrank Schulte
21
Chicago Cubs
Luderus, FredFred Luderus
16
[167]

1912
Zimmerman, HeinieHeinie Zimmerman
14
Chicago Cubs
Schulte, FrankFrank Schulte
12
[168]

1913
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
19
Philadelphia Phillies
Luderus, FredFred Luderus
18
[169]

1914
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
19
Philadelphia Phillies
Saier, VicVic Saier
18
[170]

1915
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
24
Philadelphia Phillies
Williams, CyCy Williams
13
[171]

1916
Williams, CyCy Williams
Dave Robertson
12
Chicago Cubs
New York Giants
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
11
[172]

1917
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
Dave Robertson
12
Philadelphia Phillies
New York Giants
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
08 !8
[173]

1918
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
08 !8
Philadelphia Phillies
Cruise, WaltonWalton Cruise
Cy Williams
06 !6
[174]

1919
Cravath, GavvyGavvy Cravath
12
Philadelphia Phillies
Kauff, BennyBenny Kauff
10
[175]

1920
Williams, CyCy Williams
15
Philadelphia Phillies
Meusel, IrishIrish Meusel
14
[176]

1921
Kelly, GeorgeGeorge Kelly†
23
New York Giants
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
21
[177]

1922
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
42
St. Louis Cardinals
Williams, CyCy Williams
26
[178]

1923
Williams, CyCy Williams
41
Philadelphia Phillies
Fournier, JackJack Fournier
22
[179]

1924
Fournier, JackJack Fournier
27
Brooklyn Robins
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
25
[180]

1925
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
39
St. Louis Cardinals
Hartnett, GabbyGabby Hartnett
24
[181]

1926
Wilson, HackHack Wilson†
21
Chicago Cubs
Bottomley, JimJim Bottomley†
19
[182]

1927
Williams, CyCy Williams
Hack Wilson†
30
Chicago Cubs
Philadelphia Phillies
Hornsby, RogersRogers Hornsby†
26
[183]

1928
Wilson, HackHack Wilson†
Jim Bottomley†
31
Chicago Cubs
St. Louis Cardinals
Hafey, ChickChick Hafey
27
[184]

1929
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
43
Philadelphia Phillies
Ott, MelMel Ott†
42
[185]

1930
Wilson, HackHack Wilson†
56
Chicago Cubs
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein
40
[186]

1931
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
31
Philadelphia Phillies
Ott, MelMel Ott†
29
[187]

1932
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
Ott, MelMel Ott†
38
Philadelphia Phillies
New York Giants
Terry, BillBill Terry†
28
[188]

1933
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein†
28
Philadelphia Phillies
Berger, WallyWally Berger
27
[189]

1934
Ott, MelMel Ott†
Ripper Collins
35
New York Giants
St. Louis Cardinals
Berger, WallyWally Berger
34
[190]

1935
Berger, WallyWally Berger
34
Boston Braves
Ott, MelMel Ott†
31
[191]

1936
Ott, MelMel Ott†
33
New York Giants
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
28
[192]

1937
Ott, MelMel Ott†
Joe Medwick†
31
New York Giants
St. Louis Cardinals
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
27
[193]

1938
Ott, MelMel Ott†
36
New York Giants
Goodman, IvalIval Goodman
30
[194]

1939
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize†
28
St. Louis Cardinals
Ott, MelMel Ott†
27
[195]

1940
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize†
43
St. Louis Cardinals
Nicholson, BillBill Nicholson
25
[196]

1941
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
34
Brooklyn Dodgers
Ott, MelMel Ott†
27
[197]

1942
Ott, MelMel Ott†
30
New York Giants
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
Johnny Mize
26
[198]

1943
Nicholson, BillBill Nicholson
29
Chicago Cubs
Ott, MelMel Ott†
18
[199]

1944
Nicholson, BillBill Nicholson
33
Chicago Cubs
Ott, MelMel Ott†
26
[200]

1945
Holmes, TommyTommy Holmes
28
Boston Braves
Workman, ChuckChuck Workman
25
[201]

1946
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
23
Pittsburgh Pirates
Mize, JohnnyJohnny Mize†
22
[202]

1947
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
Johnny Mize†
51
Pittsburgh Pirates
New York Giants
Marshall, WillardWillard Marshall
36
[203]

1948
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
Johnny Mize†
40
Pittsburgh Pirates
New York Giants
Musial, StanStan Musial†
39
[204]

1949
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
54
Pittsburgh Pirates
Musial, StanStan Musial†
36
[205]

1950
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
47
Pittsburgh Pirates
Pafko, AndyAndy Pafko
36
[206]

1951
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
42
Pittsburgh Pirates
Hodges, GilGil Hodges
40
[207]

1952
Kiner, RalphRalph Kiner†
Hank Sauer
37
Pittsburgh Pirates
Chicago Cubs
Hodges, GilGil Hodges
32
[208]

1953
Mathews, EddieEddie Mathews†
47
Milwaukee Braves
Snider, DukeDuke Snider†
42
[209]

1954
Kluszewski, TedTed Kluszewski
49
Cincinnati Reds
Hodges, GilGil Hodges
42
[210]

1955
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
51
New York Giants
Kluszewski, TedTed Kluszewski
47
[211]

1956
Snider, DukeDuke Snider†
43
Brooklyn Dodgers
Adcock, JoeJoe Adcock
Frank Robinson†
38
[212]

1957
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
44
Milwaukee Braves
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
43
[213]

1958
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
47
Chicago Cubs
Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas
35
[214]

1959
Mathews, EddieEddie Mathews†
46
Milwaukee Braves
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
45
[215]

1960
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
41
Chicago Cubs
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
40
[216]

1961
Cepeda, OrlandoOrlando Cepeda†
46
San Francisco Giants
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
40
[217]

1962
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
49
San Francisco Giants
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
45
[218]

1963
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
Hank Aaron†
44
San Francisco Giants
Milwaukee Braves
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
38
[219]

1964
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
47
San Francisco Giants
Williams, BillyBilly Williams†
33
[220]

1965
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
52
San Francisco Giants
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
39
[221]

1966
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
44
Atlanta Braves
Allen, DickDick Allen
40
[222]

1967
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
39
Atlanta Braves
Wynn, JimJim Wynn
37
[223]

1968
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
36
San Francisco Giants
Allen, DickDick Allen
33
[224]

1969
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
45
San Francisco Giants
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
44
[225]

1970
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench†
45
Cincinnati Reds
Williams, BillyBilly Williams†
42
[226]

1971
Stargell, WillieWillie Stargell†
48
Pittsburgh Pirates
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
47
[227]

1972
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench†
40
Cincinnati Reds
Colbert, NateNate Colbert
38
[228]

1973
Stargell, WillieWillie Stargell†
44
Pittsburgh Pirates
Johnson, DaveyDavey Johnson
43
[229]

1974
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
36
Philadelphia Phillies
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench†
33
[230]

1975
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
38
Philadelphia Phillies
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
36
[231]

1976
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
38
Philadelphia Phillies
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
37
[232]

1977
Foster, GeorgeGeorge Foster
52
Cincinnati Reds
Burroughs, JeffJeff Burroughs
41
[233]

1978
Foster, GeorgeGeorge Foster
40
Cincinnati Reds
Luzinski, GregGreg Luzinski
35
[234]

1979
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
48
Chicago Cubs
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
45
[235]

1980
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
48
Philadelphia Phillies
Horner, BobBob Horner
35
[236]

1981
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
31
Philadelphia Phillies
Dawson, AndreAndre Dawson†
24
[237]

1982
Kingman, DaveDave Kingman
37
New York Mets
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
36
[238]

1983
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
40
Philadelphia Phillies
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
36
[239]

1984
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
Dale Murphy
36
Philadelphia Phillies
Atlanta Braves
Carter, GaryGary Carter†
27
[240]

1985
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
37
Atlanta Braves
Parker, DaveDave Parker
34
[241]

1986
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†
37
Philadelphia Phillies
Davis, GlennGlenn Davis
Dave Parker
31
[242]

1987
Dawson, AndreAndre Dawson†
49
Chicago Cubs
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
44
[243]

1988
Strawberry, DarrylDarryl Strawberry
39
New York Mets
Davis, GlennGlenn Davis
30
[244]

1989
Mitchell, KevinKevin Mitchell
47
San Francisco Giants
Johnson, HowardHoward Johnson
36
[245]

1990
Sandberg, RyneRyne Sandberg†
40
Chicago Cubs
Strawberry, DarrylDarryl Strawberry
37
[246]

1991
Johnson, HowardHoward Johnson
38
New York Mets
Williams, MattMatt Williams
34
[247]

1992
McGriff, FredFred McGriff
35
San Diego Padres
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
34
[248]

1993
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
46
San Francisco Giants
Justice, DavidDavid Justice
40
[249]

1994
Williams, MattMatt Williams
43
San Francisco Giants
Bagwell, JeffJeff Bagwell†
39
[250]

1995
Bichette, DanteDante Bichette
40
Colorado Rockies
Walker, LarryLarry Walker
Sammy Sosa
36
[251]

1996
Galarraga, AndrésAndrés Galarraga
47
Colorado Rockies
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
Gary Sheffield
42
[252]

1997
Walker, LarryLarry Walker
49
Colorado Rockies
Bagwell, JeffJeff Bagwell†
43
[6]

1998
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
70
St. Louis Cardinals
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
66
[253]

1999
McGwire, MarkMark McGwire
65
St. Louis Cardinals
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
63
[254]

2000
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
50
Chicago Cubs
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
49
[255]

2001
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
73
San Francisco Giants
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
64
[256]

2002
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
49
Chicago Cubs
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
46
[257]

2003
Thome, JimJim Thome†
47
Philadelphia Phillies
Sexson, RichieRichie Sexson
Barry Bonds
45
[258]

2004
Beltré, AdriánAdrián Beltré
48
Los Angeles Dodgers
Dunn, AdamAdam Dunn
Albert Pujols
46
[259]

2005
Jones, AndruwAndruw Jones
51
Atlanta Braves
Lee, DerrekDerrek Lee
46
[260]

2006
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
58
Philadelphia Phillies
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
49
[261]

2007
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder
50
Milwaukee Brewers
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
47
[262]

2008
Howard, RyanRyan Howard
48
Philadelphia Phillies
Dunn, AdamAdam Dunn
40
[263]

2009
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
47
St. Louis Cardinals
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder
46
[264]

2010
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols
42
St. Louis Cardinals
Dunn, AdamAdam Dunn
38
[265]

2011
Kemp, MattMatt Kemp
39
Los Angeles Dodgers
Fielder, PrincePrince Fielder
38
[266]

2012
Braun, RyanRyan Braun
41
Milwaukee Brewers
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
37
[267]

2013
Álvarez, PedroPedro Álvarez
Paul Goldschmidt
36
Pittsburgh Pirates
Arizona Diamondbacks
Bruce, JayJay Bruce
30
[268]

2014
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
37
Miami Marlins
Rizzo, AnthonyAnthony Rizzo
32
[269]

2015
Arenado, NolanNolan Arenado
Bryce Harper
42
Colorado Rockies
Washington Nationals
González, CarlosCarlos González
40
[270]

2016
Arenado, NolanNolan Arenado
Carter, ChrisChris Carter
41
Colorado Rockies
Milwaukee Brewers
Bryant, KrisKris Bryant
39
[271]

2017
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton
59
Miami Marlins
Bellinger, CodyCody Bellinger
39
[272]

text: Other major leagues[edit]

text:
Year
Winner(s)
HR
Team
League
Runner(s)-up
2nd HR
Ref

1882
Walker, OscarOscar Walker
07 !7
St. Louis Brown Stockings
American Association
Browning, PetePete Browning
05 !5
[273]

1883
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
14
Philadelphia Athletics
American Association
Jones, CharleyCharley Jones
10
[274]

1884
Reilly, JohnJohn Reilly†
11
Cincinnati Red Stockings
American Association
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
10
[275]

1884
Dunlap, FredFred Dunlap
13
St. Louis Maroons
Union Association
Crane, EdEd Crane
12
[276]

1885
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
13
Philadelphia Athletics
American Association
Fennelly, FrankFrank Fennelly
10
[277]

1886
McPhee, BidBid McPhee†
08 !8
Cincinnati Red Stockings
American Association
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
Dave Orr
07 !7
[278]

1887
O'Neill, TipTip O'Neill
14
St. Louis Browns
American Association
Reilly, JohnJohn Reilly
10
[279]

1888
Reilly, JohnJohn Reilly
13
Cincinnati Red Stockings
American Association
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
09 !9
[280]

1889
Stovey, HarryHarry Stovey
Bug Holliday
19
Cincinnati Red Stockings
Philadelphia Athletics
American Association
Duffee, CharlieCharlie Duffee
16
[281]

1890
Campau, CountCount Campau
09 !9
St. Louis Browns
American Association
Cartwright, EdEd Cartwright
08 !8
[282]

1890
Connor, RogerRoger Connor†
14
New York Giants
Players' League
Richardson, HardyHardy Richardson
13
[283]

1891
Farrell, DukeDuke Farrell
12
Boston Reds
American Association
Milligan, JockoJocko Milligan
Denny Lyons
11
[284]

1914
Zwilling, DutchDutch Zwilling
16
Chicago Chi-Feds
Federal League
Kenworthy, BillBill Kenworthy
15
[285]

1915
Chase, HalHal Chase
17
Buffalo Blues
Federal League
Zwilling, DutchDutch Zwilling
13
[286]


document_title: Star Wars expanded universe

question_text: when does the new star wars canon start

question_tokens: when does the new star wars canon start

text: Star Wars expanded universe

text: Publication history[edit]

text: Early works (1977–1989)[edit]

text: Credited to George Lucas but ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster, the novelization of the original 1977 film Star Wars—called Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker—was based on Lucas' screenplay and released six months before the film in November 1976.[1] Foster's 1978 novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye was commissioned by Lucas as the basis for a potential low-budget sequel to Star Wars should the film prove unsuccessful.[2] The film novelizations The Empire Strikes Back (1980) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi (1983) by James Kahn followed, as well as The Han Solo Adventures trilogy (1979–1980) by Brian Daley,[3] and The Adventures of Lando Calrissian (1983) trilogy by L. Neil Smith.[4][5]

text: A Star Wars comic book series from Marvel Comics ran from April 1977 to May 1986.[6][7][8] Former Marvel Editor-In-Chief Jim Shooter credited the title's strong sales for saving Marvel financially in 1977 and 1978.[9] Marvel's Star Wars series was one of the industry's top selling titles in 1979 and 1980.[10] West End Games began publishing Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game in 1987, and the subsequent ancillary roleplaying game material such as sourcebooks, gamebooks, and adventure modules have been called "the first publications to expand greatly beyond what was known from the vintage era of the movies".[11] The material was used as a resource by some novelists that followed.[11]

text: Star Wars: Droids (released on DVD in 2004 as Star Wars Animated Adventures: Droids) is an animated television series which originally aired in 1985, featuring the exploits of R2-D2 and C-3PO, the droids who have appeared in all ten live-action Star Wars films. The series takes place between the events depicted in Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope. In 1986, Marvel Comics' Star Comics imprint published a comic book based on the cartoon series under the name Star Wars: Droids. The bi-monthly series ran for eight issues.[citation needed]

text: Star Wars: Ewoks is an American/Canadian animated television series featuring the Ewok characters introduced in Return of the Jedi. It aired for two seasons between 1985 and 1986. In 1985, Star Comics published a bi-monthly Ewoks comic, based on the animated series, which ran for two years, ending with issue #14. Like the TV series, this was aimed towards a younger audience. It was produced along with Droids, which was based on the Droids animated series.[citation needed]

text: Heir to the Empire and expansion (1990s)[edit]

text: The 1991 Timothy Zahn novel Heir to the Empire, which reached #1 on the New York Times Best Seller list,[12] began what would become a large collection of works set before, between, and especially after the original films.[13] StarWars.com wrote in 2014 that the novel "jumpstarted a publishing program that endures to this day and formalized the Expanded Universe".[13] It introduced, among others, the popular characters Grand Admiral Thrawn and Mara Jade, and was followed by the sequels Dark Force Rising (1992) and The Last Command (1993).[13][14] This so-called "Thrawn trilogy" is widely credited with revitalizing the Star Wars franchise.[13][15][16] In The Secret History of Star Wars, Michael Kaminski suggests that this renewed interest was a factor in Lucas's decision to create the prequel trilogy.[16]

text: Around this same time, Dark Horse Comics acquired the Star Wars license and launched a number of series set after the original film trilogy, including the popular Dark Empire sequence (1991–1995) by Tom Veitch and Cam Kennedy.[17] In 1993, Dark Horse published Tales of the Jedi, expanding the fictional universe to the time of the Old Republic, 4000 years before the films. The series spawned many other productions, including books and comics, and a popular online role-playing game.[citation needed]

text: In 1994, Lucas Licensing's Allan Kausch and Sue Rostoni discussed the relationship between Lucas' creations and the derivative works by other authors:

text: Gospel, or canon as we refer to it, includes the screenplays, the films, the radio dramas and the novelizations. These works spin out of George Lucas' original stories, the rest are written by other writers. However, between us, we've read everything, and much of it is taken into account in the overall continuity. The entire catalog of published works comprises a vast history—with many off-shoots, variations and tangents—like any other well-developed mythology.[18]

text: The 1996 Steve Perry novel Shadows of the Empire, set in the as-yet-unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, was part of a multimedia campaign that included a comic book series and video game.[19][20]

text: In 1999, Star Wars book publishing moved from Bantam Spectra to Del Rey Books. A new series set 25 to 30 years after the original films, The New Jedi Order (1999–2003), was written by multiple authors and introduced a new threat: the Yuuzhan Vong, a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy.[21][22] The first novel in the series, R. A. Salvatore 's Vector Prime, killed off popular character Chewbacca.[23]

text: Prequel trilogy and renewed interest (2000s)[edit]

text: The bulk of Expanded Universe storytelling explores the time period after Return of the Jedi. Lucasfilm specifically prohibited development of the time period before A New Hope—including the rise of the Galactic Empire and the personal histories of Anakin Skywalker and Emperor Palpatine—to avoid conflict with Lucas's own plans for a potential prequel trilogy.[citation needed] Lucas eventually released The Phantom Menace (1999), Attack of the Clones (2002), and Revenge of the Sith (2005),[24] punctuated by the 2003 animated series Star Wars: Clone Wars, which explored the titular conflict in more detail.[25][26] Subsequent novels and comics were set before, concurrent with, and after the events of these works.

text: In 2004, USA Today reported that over 1,100 Star Wars titles had been published, including novels, comics, non-fiction, and magazines. Then-president of Lucas Licensing, Howard Roffman, estimated that there were more than 65 million Star Wars books in print. He said, "The books are a way of extending the fantasy of Star Wars. The movies have had a really profound effect on a couple of generations. Star Wars has become a cultural touchpoint, and our fans are avidly interested in exploring more stories."[22]

text: The animated television series Star Wars: The Clone Wars ran from 2008 to 2014 and was set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith.[27][28][29][30] Lucas discussed ideas for a sequel trilogy several times after the conclusion of the original trilogy, but denied any intent to make it.[31]

text: Holocron database and canonicity[edit]

text: Historically, Lucasfilm tracked the storylines and content of these media in large black binders, known as bibles. In 2000, Leland Chee was hired as Continuity Database Administrator for Lucas Licensing, and implemented a database to replace the bibles. The database was named the Holocron,[32][33][34][35] a term used within the fictional Star Wars universe for "ancient repositories of knowledge and wisdom" used by the Jedi and Sith.[36][37] Lucasfilm's Holocron consists of over 55,000 entries for franchise characters, locations, species, and vehicles.[32] Chee said of the database in 2012, "What sets Star Wars apart from other franchises is that we develop a singular continuity across all forms of media, whether it be the films, TV series, video games, novels and comics, and the Holocron is a key component to Lucasfilm being able to do this."[38]

text: The Holocron was divided into five levels of canon (in order of precedence): G-canon, T-canon, C-canon, S-canon, and N-canon.

text: Lucas Licensing's managing editor Sue Rostoni said in 2001, "Our goal is to present a continuous and unified history of the Star Wars galaxy, insofar as that history does not conflict with, or undermine the meaning of Mr. Lucas's Star Wars saga of films and screenplays."[40] In a 2001 statement on the franchise's official website StarWars.com, Director of Fan Relations Steve Sansweet clarified:

text: When it comes to absolute canon, the real story of Star Wars, you must turn to the films themselves—and only the films. Even novelizations are interpretations of the film, and while they are largely true to George Lucas' vision (he works quite closely with the novel authors), the method in which they are written does allow for some minor differences ... The further one branches away from the movies, the more interpretation and speculation come into play. LucasBooks works diligently to keep the continuing Star Wars expanded universe cohesive and uniform, but stylistically, there is always room for variation.[41]

text: In August 2005, Lucas himself said of the Expanded Universe material:

text: I don't read that stuff. I haven't read any of the novels. I don't know anything about that world. That's a different world than my world. But I do try to keep it consistent. The way I do it now is they have a Star Wars Encyclopedia. So if I come up with a name or something else, I look it up and see if it has already been used. When I said [other people] could make their own Star Wars stories, we decided that, like Star Trek, we would have two universes: My universe and then this other one. They try to make their universe as consistent with mine as possible, but obviously they get enthusiastic and want to go off in other directions.[42]

text: Restructuring of the canon and the sequel trilogy (2012–present)[edit]

text: In October 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion.[43][44][33] Subsequently, Lucasfilm formed the "Star Wars Story Group", which was established to keep track of and define the canon and unify the films, comics, and other media.[45][46] Among its members are Chee, Kiri Hart, and Pablo Hidalgo.[47] To prevent a planned sequel trilogy from being beholden to and restrained by the plotlines of the Expanded Universe works, the choice was made to discard that continuity. In particular, Chee said that the death of Chewbacca in Vector Prime was a key factor in the decision.[23]

text: In April 2014, Lucasfilm rebranded the Expanded Universe material as Star Wars Legends and declared it non-canon to the franchise. Chee said in a 2014 Twitter post that a "primary goal" of the Story Group would be to replace the previous hierarchical canon with one cohesive one.[46] The company's focus would be shifted towards a restructured Star Wars canon based on new material.[48][49][50] Lucasfilm explained that the only preexisting works to be considered canonical within the franchise would be the original and prequel trilogies of films, The Clone Wars film, the stand-alone Dark Horse Comics which was based on unproduced scripts from The Clone Wars TV series, and the 2008 The Clone Wars animated series.[51] The announcement called these works "the immovable objects of Star Wars history, the characters and events to which all the other (subsequent) tales must align".[48][49] It was also made clear that a planned Star Wars sequel trilogy, and subsequent works developed within the restructured canon, would not be based on Legends material but could possibly draw from it.[48][49] The previous levels of the Holocron became obsolete, because going forward all works would share the same level of canon as the films.[52]

text: Lucas had previously used the character Aayla Secura, introduced in 2000 in the Star Wars: Republic comic book series, in Attack of the Clones.[53][54][55] He also used Coruscant, the New Republic capital planet created by Zahn in the Thrawn trilogy, in his prequel trilogy of films and the Special Edition release of Return of the Jedi.[13][56] Thrawn himself was reintroduced into the canon in the 2016 third season of the CGI-animated television series Star Wars Rebels by supervising director Dave Filoni,[53][57][58][59] who has used multiple characters and elements from Legends works in the series.[53][55] Filoni explained that he followed Lucas's example in considering the films and television series canon, but allowing for the use of Legends material as necessary.[53][55]

text: The first new canon novel was Star Wars: A New Dawn by John Jackson Miller, published in September 2014,[60] followed by the animated series Star Wars Rebels a month later.[61] Marvel Comics began publishing a series of Star Wars comic book titles in January 2015.[62][63][64] Star Wars: The Force Awakens was released in December 2015, and marked the beginning of the sequel trilogy of films.[65]