document_title: Sports in South Carolina

question_text: what nba team is closest to south carolina

text: Sports in South Carolina

text: Table[edit]

text: The following table shows the sports teams in South Carolina that average over 8,000 fans per home game:

text:
Team
Competition
Location
Venue (capacity)
Attendance

Clemson Tigers football
NCAA FBS - ACC
Clemson
Memorial Stadium (81,500)
80,773[1]

South Carolina Gamecocks football
NCAA FBS - SEC
Columbia
Williams-Brice Stadium (80,250)
78,586[1]

Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football
NCAA FBS - Sun Belt
Conway
Brooks Stadium (15,000)[a]
14,959[1]

South Carolina Gamecocks men's basketball
NCAA D-I - SEC
Columbia
Colonial Life Arena (18,000)
13,395[2]

South Carolina Gamecocks women's basketball
NCAA D-I - SEC
Columbia
Colonial Life Arena (18,000)
12,277[3]

South Carolina State Bulldogs football
NCAA FCS - MEAC
Orangeburg
Oliver C. Dawson Stadium (22,000)
11,883[1]

The Citadel Bulldogs football
NCAA FCS - SoCon
Charleston
Johnson Hagood Stadium (11,500)[b]
8,994[1]

text:
Jump up ^ Capacity as of the 2017 season; stadium will be expanded to 20,000 for 2018 and beyond.
Jump up ^ Capacity as of the 2017 season; stadium will be expanded to 14,500 for 2019 and beyond.

tag: ol

text: College sports[edit]

text: College sports — particularly college football — are very big in South Carolina. The University of South Carolina's Gamecocks and Clemson University's Tigers regularly draw more than 80,000 spectators at the schools' home football games, placing them among the top twenty schools in average attendance.[4] Their rivalry is called the Battle of the Palmetto State. Clemson's football team won the National Championship in 1981 and 2016. Both South Carolina's and Clemson's baseball teams are consistently ranked. The Gamecocks won the national title in 2010 and 2011. The South Carolina men's and women's basketball teams both made the Final Four of their respective tournaments in 2017, with the women winning the national title.

text: Clemson and South Carolina are the two most prominent of the state's 11 NCAA Division I members. They are the only two schools that are members of the so-called Power Five conferences, the most prominent leagues in the top level of American college football, the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS).

text: The Tigers additionally have an ice hockey team that competes at club level in the South Division of the Atlantic Coastal Conference.

text: Clemson is a charter member of the Atlantic Coast Conference, and South Carolina is in the Southeastern Conference. The Coastal Carolina Chanticleers are currently transitioning from Division I's second football level, the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), to FBS. Coastal, whose baseball team won the College World Series in 2016, joined the Sun Belt Conference for non-football sports the day after it won the CWS, and joined Sun Belt football in 2017. Six other schools that play Division I football are full members of FCS conferences. The Citadel Bulldogs, Furman Paladins, and Wofford Terriers are all in the Southern Conference; the Charleston Southern Buccaneers and Presbyterian Blue Hose are members of the Big South Conference; and the South Carolina State Bulldogs compete in the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference. Finally, two schools are full members of Division I conferences but do not sponsor football. The Charleston Cougars compete in the Colonial Athletic Association, and the Winthrop Eagles compete in the Big South.

text: Major league[edit]

text: South Carolina has no major professional franchise of the NFL, NHL, NBA, MLS, or MLB located in the state; however the NFL's Carolina Panthers (based in Charlotte, North Carolina), the NBA's Charlotte Hornets (based in Charlotte, North Carolina), and the NHL's Carolina Hurricanes (based in Raleigh, North Carolina) represent both North and South Carolina. In addition, the Panthers played their first season in Clemson, and maintain training facilities at Wofford College in Spartanburg.

text: Minor league[edit]

text: There are numerous minor league teams that are either based in the state, or play much of their schedule within its borders. The Charlotte Knights, a Class AAA minor league baseball team, played at a stadium in Fort Mill, South Carolina, just across the border from Charlotte until the team moved to a new ballpark in Charlotte in 2014. Currently, five teams play in the state, all at the Class A level. The Myrtle Beach Pelicans play in the Class A-Advanced Carolina League, and the Augusta GreenJackets (in North Augusta), Charleston RiverDogs, Columbia Fireflies, and Greenville Drive play in the South Atlantic League.

text: For a state where natural ice is a rarity, professional ice hockey has been popular in a number of areas of the state since the 1990s. Though four teams competed at one time in South Carolina, the ECHL (formerly called the East Coast Hockey League) currently oversees operations of only two franchises, the Greenville Swamp Rabbits and the South Carolina Stingrays. The Stingrays play in the North Charleston Coliseum, located in North Charleston.

text: Another minor league franchise is the Charleston Battery, playing in the United Soccer League at the second level of American men's soccer. The team plays in the soccer-specific MUSC Health Stadium, located on Daniel Island in Charleston. The American Basketball Association currently oversees operations of only three semi-pro basketball franchises, the South Carolina Warriors which are based in Myrtle Beach, the Greenville Galaxy which are based in Greenville, and the Palmetto State Rizers which are based in Columbia.

text: NASCAR racing[edit]

text: NASCAR racing was born in the South, and South Carolina has in the past hosted some very important NASCAR races, at the Darlington Raceway. Darlington Raceway plays host to NASCAR's Labor Day weekend classic, the Southern 500. The Whelen, Xfinity Series, and Cup Series cars all race at Darlington.

text: Golf[edit]

text: South Carolina is a popular golf destination. With nearly one hundred golf courses, the Grand Strand region has more public golf courses per capita than any other place in the country.[5] Some have hosted PGA and LGPA events in the past, but most have been designed for the casual golfer. Hilton Head Island & Kiawah Island have several very nice golf courses and host professional events every year. The upstate of South Carolina also has many nice golf courses, most of the nicer courses are private including the Cliff's courses and Cross Creek Plantation (the Cliff's courses host the annual BMW PRO/AM that brings many celebrities and professionals to South Carolina. Cross Creek Plantation located in Seneca, also private hosted a PGA Qualifier in the 90's). In 2007, "The Ocean Course" On Kiawah Island was ranked #1 in Golf Digest magazine's "America's 50 Toughest Golf Courses"[6] and #38 on their "America's 100 Greatest Golf Courses".[7]

text: Water sports[edit]

text: Water sports are also an extremely popular activity in South Carolina. With a long coast line, South Carolina has many different beach activities such as surfing, boogie boarding, deep sea fishing, and shrimping. The Pee Dee region of the state offers exceptional fishing. Some of the largest catfish ever caught were caught in the Santee Lakes. The Upstate of South Carolina also offers outstanding water activities, especially in Lakes Hartwell, Jocassee, and Keowee. The Midlands region also offers water-based recreation revolving around Lakes Marion and Murray and such rivers as the Congaree, Saluda, Broad, and Edisto.

text: Roller Sports[edit]

text: Following the rebirth of roller derby in the early 2000s and the release of the movie Whip It, South Carolina has seen the rise over several roller derby leagues. As of 2014 there are four leagues sanctioned under WFTDA[8] each of which are located in Columbia, Charleston, and Greenville.

text: Misc. Sports[edit]

text: While there are no race tracks with betting in South Carolina, there is significant horse training activity, particularly in Aiken and Camden, which hold steeplechase races.

text: Professional bass fishing tournaments are also found in South Carolina. Lake Hartwell, Lake Wylie, and Lake Murray both host Bassmaster Classic tournaments.

text: Spartanburg, South Carolina, is also the home of the national evangelical sports program Upward Sports.


document_title: Biltmore Estate

question_text: when was the inn on biltmore estate built

root

text: Biltmore Estate

text: History[edit]

text: In the 1880s, at the height of the Gilded Age, George Washington Vanderbilt II, youngest son of William Henry Vanderbilt, began to make regular visits with his mother, Maria Louisa Kissam Vanderbilt (1821–1896), to the Asheville, North Carolina, area. He loved the scenery and climate so much that he decided to create his own summer estate in the area, which he called his "little mountain escape", just as his older brothers and sisters had built opulent summer houses in places such as Newport, Rhode Island, and Hyde Park, New York. Vanderbilt named his estate Biltmore derived from "Bildt," Vanderbilt's ancestors' place of origin in Holland, and "More", Anglo-Saxon for open, rolling land.[3] A portion of the estate was once the community of Shiloh.[4] Vanderbilt bought almost 700 parcels of land, including over 50 farms and at least five cemeteries. A spokesperson for the estate said in 2017 that archives show much of the land "was in very poor condition, and many of the farmers and other landowners were glad to sell."[5]

tag: p

text: Construction of the house began in 1889 and continued well into 1896. In order to facilitate such a large project, a woodworking factory and brick kiln, which produced 32,000 bricks a day, were built onsite, and a three-mile railroad spur was constructed to bring materials to the building site. Construction on the main house required the labor of well over 1,000 workers and 60 stonemasons.[6] Vanderbilt went on extensive buying trips overseas as construction on the house was in progress. He returned to North Carolina with thousands of furnishings for his newly built home including tapestries, hundreds of carpets, prints, linens, and decorative objects, all dating between the 15th century and the late 19th century. Among the few American-made items were the more practical oak drop-front desk, rocking chairs, a walnut grand piano, bronze candlesticks and a wicker wastebasket.[7]

text: George Vanderbilt opened his opulent estate on Christmas Eve 1895 to invited family and friends from across the country, who were encouraged to enjoy leisure and country pursuits. Notable guests to the estate over the years included author Edith Wharton, novelist Henry James, ambassadors Joseph Hodges Choate and Larz Anderson, and Presidents William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and Barack Obama. George married Edith Stuyvesant Dresser in 1898 in Paris, France; their only child, Cornelia Stuyvesant Vanderbilt, was born at Biltmore in the Louis XV room in 1900, and grew up at the estate.

text: Driven by the impact of the newly imposed income taxes, and the fact that the estate was getting harder to manage economically, Vanderbilt initiated the sale of 87,000 acres (352 km²) to the federal government. After Vanderbilt's unexpected death in 1914 of complications from an emergency appendectomy, his widow completed the sale to carry out her husband's wish that the land remain unaltered, and that property became the nucleus of the Pisgah National Forest.[6] Overwhelmed with running such a large estate, Edith began consolidating her interests and sold Biltmore Estate Industries in 1917 and Biltmore Village in 1921. Edith intermittently occupied the house, living in an apartment carved out of the former Bachelors' Wing, until the marriage of her daughter to John Francis Amherst Cecil in April 1924. The Cecils went on to have two sons who were born in the same room as their mother.

text: In an attempt to bolster the estate's financial situation during the Great Depression, Cornelia and her husband opened Biltmore to the public in March 1930 at the request of the City of Asheville, which hoped the attraction would revitalize the area with tourism.[8] Biltmore closed during World War II and in 1942, 62 paintings and 17 sculptures were moved to the estate by train from the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. to protect them in the event of an attack on the United States. The Music Room on the first floor was never finished, so it was used for storage until 1944, when the possibility of an attack became more remote. Among the works stored were the Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington and works by Rembrandt, Raphael, and Anthony van Dyck. David Finley, the gallery director, was a friend of Edith Vanderbilt and had stayed at the estate.[9]

text: After the divorce of the Cecils in 1934, Cornelia left the estate never to return; however, John Cecil maintained his residence in the Bachelors' Wing until his death in 1954. Their eldest son George Henry Vanderbilt Cecil, occupied rooms in the wing until 1956. At this point Biltmore House ceased to be a family residence and has continued to be operated as a historic house museum.

text: Younger son William A. V. Cecil, Sr. returned to the estate in the late 1950s and joined his brother to manage the estate when it was in financial trouble and make it a profitable and self-sustaining enterprise like his grandfather envisioned. He eventually inherited the estate upon the death of his mother, Cornelia, in 1976, while his brother, George, inherited the then more profitable dairy farm which was split off into Biltmore Farms. In 1995, while celebrating the 100th anniversary of the estate, Cecil turned over control of the company to his son, William A.V. Cecil, Jr. [10] The Biltmore Company is privately held and of the 4,306.86 acres that make up Biltmore Estate, only 1.36 acres are in the city limits of Asheville, and the Biltmore House is not part of any municipality.[11]

text: The estate was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1963,[12] and remains a major tourist attraction in Western North Carolina with 1.4 million visitors each year.[10]

text: After the death of William A. V. Cecil in October 2017 and his wife Mimi Cecil in November, their daughter Dini Pickering as board chair and their son Bill Cecil as CEO announced that the estate would continue to be run the same way. The house is assessed at $157.2 million but due to an agricultural deferment, county property taxes are paid on only $79.1 million of that.[10]

text: Architecture[edit]

text: Vanderbilt commissioned prominent New York architect Richard Morris Hunt, who had previously designed houses for various Vanderbilt family members, to design the house in the Châteauesque style, using French Renaissance chateaus that Vanderbilt and Hunt had visited in early 1889, including Château de Blois, Chenonceau and Chambord in France and Waddesdon Manor in England, as inspiration with their steeply pitched roofs, turrets and sculptural ornamentation.[13] Hunt sited the four-story Indiana limestone-built home to face east with a 375-foot facade to fit into the mountainous topography behind. The facade is asymmetrically balanced with two projecting wings connecting to the entrance tower with an open loggia to the left side and a windowed arcade to the right which held the Winter Garden that was fashionable during the Victorian era. The entrance tower contains a series of windows with decorated jambs that extend from the front door to the most decorated dormer at Biltmore on the fourth floor. The carved decorations include trefoils, flowing tracery, rosettes, gargoyles, and at prominent lookouts, grotesques. The staircase is one of the more prominent features of the east facade, with its three-story, highly decorated winding balustrade with carved statues of St. Louis and Joan of Arc by the Austrian-born architectural sculptor Karl Bitter.

text: The south facade has the smallest dimensions for the house and is dominated by three large dormers on the east side and a polygonal turret on the west side. An arbor is attached to the house and is accessed from the library which is located on the ground floor. On the north end of the house, Hunt placed the attached stables, carriage house and its courtyard to protect the house and gardens from the wind. The 12,000-square-foot complex housed Vanderbilt's prized driving horses and the carriage house opposite the stables stored his 20 carriages in addition to any of his guest's carriages.

text: The rear western elevation is less elaborate than the front facade, with some windows not having any decoration at all. Two matching polygonal towers in the center are connected to the polygonal south turret by an open loggia that opens the main rooms of the house to the views of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the distance. The loggia is decorated overhead with terracotta tiles set in a herringbone pattern. The self-supporting ceramic tile vault and arch system was used extensively inside and outside of Biltmore, and was patented by Rafael Guastavino, a Spanish architect and engineer, who personally supervised the installation. The limestone columns were carved to reflect the sunlight in aesthetically pleasing and varied ways per Vanderbilt's wish. The rusticated base is a contrast to the smooth limestone used on the remainder of the house.

text: The steeply pitched roof is punctuated by 16 chimneys and covered with slate tiles that were affixed one by one. Each tile was drilled at the corners and wired onto the attic’s steel infrastructure. Copper flashing was then installed at the junctions to prevent water from penetrating. The fanciful flashing on the ridge of the roof was embossed with George Vanderbilt’s initials and motifs from his family crest, though the original gold leaf no longer survives.[14]

text: Biltmore House had electricity from the time it was built. With electricity less safe and fire more of a danger at the time, the house had six separate sections divided by brick fire walls.[15]

text: Vanderbilt paid little attention to the family business or his own investments and it is believed that the construction and upkeep of Biltmore depleted much of his inheritance.[citation needed]

text: Interiors[edit]

text: First floor[edit]

text: Biltmore has four acres of floor space and a total of 250 rooms in the house including 35 bedrooms for family and guests, 43 bathrooms, 65 fireplaces, three kitchens and 19th-century novelties such as electric elevators, forced-air heating, centrally controlled clocks, fire alarms, and a call-bell system.[13] The principal rooms of the house are located on the ground floor. To the right of the marbled Entrance Hall, the octagonal, sunken Winter Garden is surrounded by stone archways with a ceiling of architecturally sculptured wood and multifaceted glass. The centerpiece is a marble and bronze fountain sculpture titled Boy Stealing Geese created by Karl Bitter. On the walls just outside the Winter Garden are copies of the Parthenon frieze. The Banquet Hall is the largest room in the house, measuring 42 feet wide and 72 feet long, with a 70-foot-high barrel-vaulted ceiling. The table could seat 64 guests surrounded by rare Flemish tapestries and a triple fireplace that spans one end of the hall. On the opposite end of the hall is an organ gallery that houses a 1916 Skinner pipe organ. Left unfinished with bare brick walls, the Music Room was not completed and opened to the public until 1976. It showcases a mantle designed by Hunt, and a large engraving by Albrecht Dürer called the Triumphal Arch commissioned by Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. The mantle had been stored in the stable for over 80 years. To the left of the entrance hall is the 90-foot-long Tapestry Gallery, which leads to the Library, featuring three 16th-century tapestries representing The Triumph of Virtue Over Vice. Elsewhere on the walls are family portraits by John Singer Sargent, Giovanni Boldini and James Whistler. The two-story Library contains over 10,000 volumes in eight languages, reflecting George Vanderbilt's broad interests in classic literature as well as works on art, history, architecture, and gardening. The second-floor balcony is accessed by an ornate walnut spiral staircase. The baroque detailing of the room is enhanced by the rich walnut paneling and the ceiling painting, The Chariot of Aurora, brought to Biltmore by Vanderbilt from the Palazzo Pisani Moretta in Venice, Italy. The painting by Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini is the most important work by the artist still in existence.[16]

text: Second floor[edit]

text: The second floor is accessed by the cantilevered Grand Staircase of 102 steps spiraling around a four-story, wrought-iron chandelier holding 72 light bulbs.[17] The Second Floor Living Hall is an extension of the grand staircase as a formal hall and portrait gallery, and was restored to its original configuration in 2013. Several large-scale masterpieces are displayed in the hall, including two John Singer Sargent portraits of Biltmore's architect, Richard Morris Hunt, and landscaper, Frederick Law Olmsted, both commissioned for the home by Vanderbilt.[18] Located nearby in the south tower is George Vanderbilt's gilded bedroom with furniture designed by Hunt. His bedroom connects to his wife's Louis XV-style, oval-shaped bedroom in the north tower through a Jacobean carved oak paneled sitting room with an intricate ceiling.

text: The suite of rooms includes the Damask Room; the Claude Room, named after one of Vanderbilt's favorite artists, Claude Lorrain; the Tyrolean Chimney Room; and the most grand, the Louis XV Room, so named due to its architectural scheme and furnishings that were very popular in the late nineteenth century. The suite was restored and opened to the public for the first time in 100 years in 2011.[19]

text: Third and fourth floors[edit]

text: The third floor has a number of guest rooms with names that describe the furnishing or artist that they were decorated with. The fourth floor has 21 bedrooms that were inhabited by housemaids, laundresses, and other female servants. Also included on the fourth floor is an Observatory with a circular staircase that leads to a wrought iron balcony with doorways to the rooftop where Vanderbilt could view his estate. Male servants were not housed here, however, but instead resided in rooms above the stable and complex.[13]

text: Bachelors' wing[edit]

text: The Billiard Room is decorated with an ornamental plaster ceiling and rich oak paneling and was equipped with both a custom-made pool table and a carom table (table without pockets). The room was mainly frequented by men, but ladies were welcome to enter as well. Secret door panels on either side of the fireplace lead to the private quarters of the Bachelors’ Wing where female guests and staff members were not allowed. The wing includes the Smoking Room, which was fashionable for country houses, and the Gun Room, which held mounted trophies and displayed George Vanderbilt’s gun collection.[13]

text: Basement[edit]

text: Guests of the estate could enjoy other activities that were found on the basement level, including an indoor 70,000-gallon (265,000-litre and 265-cubic meter) heated swimming pool with underwater lighting, one of the nation's first bowling alleys installed in a private residence, and a gymnasium with once state-of-the-art fitness equipment. The service hub of the house is also found in the largest basement in the US, as the location for the main kitchen, pastry kitchen, rotisserie kitchen, walk-in refrigerators that provided an early form of mechanical refrigeration, the servants' dining hall, laundry rooms and additional bedrooms for staff.

text: Park and landscape[edit]

text: Wanting the best, Vanderbilt envisioned a park-like setting for his home and employed landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted to design the grounds. However, Olmsted was not impressed with the condition of the 125,000 acres (195 sq mi; 510 km2) and advised for a park surrounding the house, establishing farms along the river and replanting the rest as a commercial timber forest, a plan to which Vanderbilt agreed. Gifford Pinchot and later Carl A. Schenck were hired to manage the forests, with Schenck establishing the first forestry education program in the U.S., the Biltmore Forest School, on the estate grounds in 1898.

text: Another important aspect of the landscaping was the intentionally rustic three-mile (5 km) Approach Road that began at the brick quoined and pebbledash stucco Lodge Gate at the edge of Biltmore Village, and ended at the sphinx-topped stone pillars at the Esplanade. In between, the lane was densely filled with natural and uncultivated looking foliage and shrubbery to provide a relaxing journey for guests. Olmsted made sure to incorporate 75 acres (30 ha) of formal gardens that had been requested by Vanderbilt for the grounds directly surrounding the house. He constructed an Italian formal garden, a walled garden, a shrub and rose garden, fountains, and a conservatory with individual rooms for palms and orchids. There was also a bowling green, an outdoor tea room, and a terrace to incorporate the European statuary that Vanderbilt had brought back from his travels. At the opposite end of the Esplanade is the Rampe Douce, a graduated stairway zigzagging along a rough-cut limestone wall that leads to the grassy slope known as the Vista, topped with a statue of Diana, the goddess of the hunt.[13]

text: Water features were an important aspect of Victorian landscaping and Olmsted incorporated two for the estate: the Bass Pond created from an old creek-fed millpond and the Lagoon. Each was used for guest recreation like fishing and rowing. To supply water for the estate, Olmsted engineered two reservoirs. One was a spring-fed man-made lake on nearby Busbee Mountain. The other was a man-made, brick-lined reservoir, located behind the statue of Diana in the Vista, at an elevation of approximately 266 feet above the Esplanade.[20]

text: Estate[edit]

text: Vanderbilt's idea was to replicate the working estates of Europe. He asked Hunt and Olmsted to design a village with architecturally compatible buildings and picturesque landscaping as a source of income through building rental, a place to help carry out philanthropic programs, and an easy point of access between the estate and the train station.[21] The result was Biltmore Village. The village included rental cottages complete with plumbing and central heating, a post office, shops, doctor's office, school, and a church, known today as the Cathedral of All Souls.[22] Intending that the estate could be self-supporting, Vanderbilt set up scientific forestry programs, poultry farms, cattle farms, hog farms, and a dairy. His wife, Edith, also enthusiastically supported agricultural reform and promoted the establishment of a state agricultural fair. In 1901, the Vanderbilts provided financial assistance to Biltmore Industries, started by Biltmore Village resident Eleanor Vance, which taught young people how to make hand-carved furniture, woven baskets, homespun wool fabric, and more.[23]

text: The estate today covers approximately 8,000 acres (13 sq mi; 32 km2) and is split in half by the French Broad River, overseen by The Biltmore Company, a trust set up by the family. The company is a large enterprise that is one of the largest employers in the Asheville area. Restaurants were opened in 1979 and 1987 as well as four gifts shops in 1993. The former dairy barn was converted into the popular Biltmore Winery in 1985. The AAA four-diamond 210-room Inn on Biltmore Estate opened in 2001, and in 2010, the estate debuted Antler Hill Village, as well as a remodeled winery, and connected farmyard.

text: In other media[edit]

text: The Biltmore Estate licenses its name and design elements to a line of housewares, linens, and luggage called "Biltmore For Your Home", marketed exclusively by Belk stores.[24]

text: The house has been featured in "Empires of the Smoky Skies", a scenario in Sid Meier's Civilization V.

text: The estate and its surrounding forest make up the setting of Robert Beatty's 2015 middle-grade novel Serafina and The Black Cloak and its sequels.[25]

text: The grounds and buildings of Biltmore Estate have appeared in a number of major motion pictures and TV series:

text:
Tap Roots (1948)
The Swan (1956)
The Pruitts of Southampton (1966)
Being There (1979)
The Private Eyes (1980)
A Breed Apart (1984)
Mr. Destiny (1990)
The Last of the Mohicans (1992)
Forrest Gump (1994)
Richie Rich (1994)
My Fellow Americans (1996)
Patch Adams (1998)
Return to the Secret Garden (2000)
Hannibal (2001)
One Tree Hill (2003)
The Clearing (2004)
The Odd Life of Timothy Green (2012)
Hannibal (2015)

tag: ul


document_title: Abu Dhabi Grand Prix

question_text: who has won the 2017 formula 1 abu dhabi grand prix tournament

text: Abu Dhabi Grand Prix

text: History[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: Formula 1 first came to Abu Dhabi in 2007 in the guise of the first ever Formula One Festival.[4] Announced in January 2007,[5] the event which took place on 3 February 2007 was free, and the largest gathering of current Formula One cars and drivers outside of a Grand Prix.[6] At the festival it was announced that Abu Dhabi had won the rights to host a Grand Prix from 2009 until 2016.[7][8] Later that year, Etihad Airways negotiated a three-year deal for them to become sponsors of the Grand Prix.[9]

text: Inaugural Grand Prix (2009)[edit]

text: For the 2009 season, the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was added to the schedule. It was provisionally announced as being held on 15 November 2009, as the 19th and final Grand Prix of the season.[10] Both the Canadian Grand Prix and French Grand Prix were later removed from the provisional schedule,[11][12] and as a result the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was moved to 1 November 2009 where it would become the last of 17 meetings.[13] In August 2009, it was announced that the start time would be 1700 local time (1300 UTC), and that the race would be floodlit.[14] The inaugural race was won by Sebastian Vettel for Red Bull Racing.[15]

text: For the 2010 season, the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was held on the Yas Marina Circuit, for the weekend of 12, 13, 14 November 2010. The first race in Abu Dhabi in 2009 was a dead rubber as both the championships had been sealed in Brazil. This time around however, the Drivers' Championship was decided in Abu Dhabi for the first time. With championship leader Fernando Alonso losing out and Sebastian Vettel completing his second victory on this track, the young German driver subsequently sealed the world championship.

text: The 2011 Grand Prix was the 18th and penultimate race of the 2011 FIA Formula One World Championship, and took place on 13 November.

text: The race was won by Lewis Hamilton in a McLaren-Mercedes. Second was Fernando Alonso in a Ferrari, with Jenson Button coming third in a McLaren-Mercedes. Sebastian Vettel, in a Red Bull-Renault, had been in pole position, but retired after a puncture in the first lap whilst going round the second corner.

text: Championship leader Sebastian Vettel finished the race in 3rd position after starting from the pitlane, due to his disqualification from qualifying due to not having enough fuel to return to parc fermé. His main championship rival Fernando Alonso finished 2nd behind the Finnish driver Kimi Räikkönen, who won for the first time after his return to Formula One earlier in 2012.

text: Red Bull Racing celebrated their double fourth (Drivers' Champion and Constructors' Champion) in Abu Dhabi. David Coulthard performed some more doughnuts on the helipad of the Burj Al Arab luxury hotel in Dubai, 210 metres above ground level.

text: Red Bull clinched their fourth consecutive Constructors' Championship in India and Sebastian Vettel won the Drivers' title for the fourth year in a row.[16]

text: The 2014 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix took place on 23 November[17] and was the concluding race of the 2014 FIA Formula One World Championship.

text: Double points were awarded for the race, which was won by Lewis Hamilton, securing his second Drivers' Championship.

text: The 2015 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was held on 29 November 2015. The race was won by Nico Rosberg making it three wins in a row with Lewis Hamilton and Kimi Räikkönen completing the podium.

text: The 2016 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was held on 27 November 2016. The race was won by Lewis Hamilton making it four wins in a row with Nico Rosberg and Sebastian Vettel completing the podium with Nico Rosberg securing his first Drivers' Championship.

text: The 2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was held on 26 November 2017. The race was won by Valtteri Bottas, with Lewis Hamilton in second and Sebastian Vettel completing the podium.

text: Circuit[edit]

text: The Yas Marina Circuit was designed by Hermann Tilke and is located on Yas Island – a 2,550 hectares (25.5 km2) island on the east coast of Abu Dhabi – and the 2009 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix was the first major event to take place on the circuit.[18]

text: Sponsors[edit]

text: Etihad Airways has been the title sponsor of the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix since its inception.

text: Winners[edit]

text: Repeat winners (drivers)[edit]

text: Drivers in bold have competed in the Formula One championship in the current season.

text:
Number of wins
Driver
Years

3
 Sebastian Vettel
2009, 2010, 2013

 Lewis Hamilton
2011, 2014, 2016

tag: table

text: Repeat winners (constructors)[edit]

text: Teams in bold have competed in the Formula One championship in the current season.

text:
Number of wins
Constructor
Years

4
 Mercedes
2014, 2015, 2016, 2017

3
 Red Bull
2009, 2010, 2013

text: By year[edit]

text:
Year
Driver
Constructor
Report

2017
 Valtteri Bottas
Mercedes
Report

2016
 Lewis Hamilton
Mercedes
Report

2015
 Nico Rosberg
Mercedes
Report

2014
 Lewis Hamilton
Mercedes
Report

2013
 Sebastian Vettel
Red Bull-Renault
Report

2012
 Kimi Räikkönen
Lotus-Renault
Report

2011
 Lewis Hamilton
McLaren-Mercedes
Report

2010
 Sebastian Vettel
Red Bull-Renault
Report

2009
 Sebastian Vettel
Red Bull-Renault
Report


document_title: Grace and Frankie

question_text: who plays brooklyn decker's husband in grace and frankie

question_tokens: who plays brooklyn decker 's husband in grace and frankie

text: Grace and Frankie

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Grace, a retired cosmetics mogul, and Frankie, a hippie art teacher, whose husbands, Robert and Sol, are successful divorce lawyers in San Diego. Grace and Frankie's lives are turned upside down when Robert and Sol announce that they are in love with each other and are leaving their wives. Now, the women, who have never particularly liked each other, are forced to live together and learn to unite and cope with difficulties.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jane Fonda as Grace Hanson, a retired cosmetics mogul
Lily Tomlin as Frances "Frankie" Bergstein (née Mengela), a hippie art teacher
Martin Sheen as Robert Hanson, a successful divorce lawyer and Grace's former husband who later becomes Sol's husband
Sam Waterston as Sol Bergstein, a successful divorce lawyer and Frankie's former husband who later becomes Robert's husband
Brooklyn Decker as Mallory Hanson, younger daughter of Grace and Robert, and a housewife with four children
Ethan Embry as Coyote Bergstein, adopted son of Frankie and Sol, a substitute teacher and recovering addict
June Diane Raphael as Brianna Hanson, daughter of Grace and Robert, head of the company founded and once run by Grace
Baron Vaughn as Nwabudike "Bud" Bergstein, adopted son of Frankie and Sol, and also a lawyer

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Geoff Stults as Mitch, Mallory's husband of more than seven years and a doctor. (seasons 1, 3)
Timothy V. Murphy as Byron, one of Frankie's ex-convict students and Grace's love interest. (season 1)
Craig T. Nelson as Guy, Robert's adventurous college friend and Grace's love interest. (season 1)
Ernie Hudson as Jacob, Frankie's love interest.
Peter Cambor as Barry, one of Brianna's employees and her love interest.
Tim Bagley as Peter, one of Robert and Sol's friends and Jeff's partner.
Sam Elliott as Phil Milstein, Grace's love interest. (season 2)
Lindsey Kraft as Allison, Bud's love interest with an eccentric personality even by the Bergsteins' standards. (season 3–present)

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Mary Kay Place as Amanda, one of Frankie and Sol's oldest friends.
Joe Morton as Jason, one of Frankie and Sol's oldest friends.
Christine Lahti as Lydia Foster, Robert's sister and a close friend of Grace.
Corbin Bernsen as Dr. Paul Mason, Grace's doctor and her love interest.
Brian Benben as Charlie, Grace's Internet date.
Nicholas D'Agosto as Dutch, Brianna's love interest.
Michael Gross as Jeff, one of Robert and Sol's friends and Peter's partner.
Nora Dunn as Dr. Rossmore, Robert's doctor.
Rita Moreno as Lucy Chambers, Robert and Sol's neighbor.
Jai Rodriguez as Jojo, Robert's hospital nurse.
Conchata Ferrell as Grandma Jean, Mallory's mother-in-law.
Swoosie Kurtz as Janet, one of Grace's close friends.
Marsha Mason as Arlene, one of Grace's close friends.
Carrie Preston as Krystle, Coyote's birth mother.
Estelle Parsons as Babe, an old friend of both Grace and Frankie.
Amy Madigan as Elaine Milstein, Phil's wife.
Lois Smith as Barbara Hanson, Robert's mother.
Millicent Martin as Joan Margaret, Sol's very wise receptionist.
Wendie Malick as Mimi Becker, Grace's longtime business colleague.
Peter Gallagher as Nick, Grace and Frankie's business rival and Grace's potential love interest.
Natalie Morales as Mellisa, Frankie's EMT.
Ed Begley Jr. as Mark, Frankie's doctor.
Kevin Chamberlin as Frank, a protestor who Sol gets caught up with.
Michael Charles Roman as Adam, Brianna's executive assistant.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

2
13
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

3
13
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

text: Production and development[edit]

text: In March 2014, Netflix finalized a deal for a 13-episode straight-to-series order for Grace and Frankie, with Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin attached to star in the lead roles. The series was written and created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris, who also serve as executive producers alongside Fonda, Tomlin, Paula Weinstein and Tate Taylor, and Skydance Productions' Dana Goldberg, David Ellison and Marcy Ross.[1]

text: On May 26, 2015, Netflix renewed the series for a second season[2] which premiered on May 6, 2016.[3]

text: On December 10, 2015, the series was renewed for a third season[4] which premiered on March 24, 2017.[5]

text: On April 12, 2017, the series was renewed for a fourth season, set to premiere in sometime 2018.[6]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting announcements began in June 2014, with Martin Sheen cast in the role of Robert, Grace's husband.[7] The following month, Sam Waterston was cast in the role of Sol, Frankie's husband.[8] June Diane Raphael and Baron Vaughn were then added to the cast, with Raphael cast in the role of Brianna, Grace and Robert's elder daughter, who rebels against Grace's decorum. Vaughn signed onto the role of Nwabudike, Frankie and Sol's son, who was adopted from Uganda at a young age.[9] Shortly afterwards, Ethan Embry and Brooklyn Decker were cast in the remaining roles on the series. Embry joined in the role of Coyote, Frankie and Sol's recovering drug addicted son (also adopted), while Decker signed onto the role of Mallory, Grace and Robert's younger daughter.[10] In October 2015, it was announced Sam Elliott would appear in the second season as Grace's love interest.[11] In April 2017, it was reported that Lisa Kudrow will appear in the fourth season as Sheree, Grace's manicurist.[6]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on season one of Grace and Frankie began in Los Angeles, California, in early August 2014, and ended in late November.[12] Production on season two of the series began in July 2015, and ended in November the same year.[13][14]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first season of Grace and Frankie received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes it has a rating of 50%, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Grace and Frankie's stellar cast adds an undeniable appeal, although its sloppy dialogue and clichéd sitcom setup will still leave most viewers wanting."[15] On Metacritic the season has a score of 58 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[16]

text: The second season received more positive reception from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 89%, based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10.[17] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 62 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews".[18] Jasef Wisener of TVOvermind gave the second season a 4.5/5, calling it "heartfelt and hilarious" and "a huge improvement over the sometimes sluggish first season." [19]

text: The third season received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 100%, based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10.[20]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2015

67th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[21]

20th Satellite Awards
Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[22]

73rd Golden Globe Awards
Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[23]

Dorian Awards
TV Comedy of the Year

Nominated

[24]

TV Performance of the Year – Actress
Jane Fonda
Nominated

TV Performance of the Year – Actress
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

LBGTQ TV Show of the Year

Nominated

27th GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Comedy Series

Nominated

[25]

19th OFTA Awards
Best Comedy Series

Nominated

[26]

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Won

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Sam Waterston
Nominated

Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series

Nominated

Best Direction in a Comedy Series

Nominated

Best Writing in a Comedy Series

Nominated

2016

68th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[27]
[28]

Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie
Allyson Fanger, Lori DeLapp
Nominated

23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[29]

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Costume Designers Guild Awards
Outstanding Contemporary Television Series
Allyson B. Fanger
Nominated

[30]

28th GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Comedy Series

Nominated

[31]

Artios Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Television Pilot - Comedy
Tracy Lilienfield, Emily Towler
Nominated

[32]

20th OFTA Awards
Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[33]

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series

Nominated

2017

69th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[34]

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie

Designers[show]

Allyson B. Fanger, Heather Pain, Lori DeLapp

Nominated

Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program (Half-Hour or Less)

Designers[show]

Devorah Herbert, Ben Edelberg, Christopher Carlson

Nominated

text: Controversy[edit]

text: After the show's release, Tomlin and Fonda expressed displeasure once it became public that their salaries were just equal to those of Sheen and Waterston, even though "the show is not 'Sol and Robert', it's 'Grace and Frankie,'" in the words of Lily Tomlin,[35] and contended this constituted a significant pay inequity. Shortly thereafter, Sheen and Waterston went on the record to support their co-stars' demands for a salary increase, with Waterston being quoted as saying: "I think they're being cheated".[36] After fans of the show gathered nearly 200,000 signatures on a petition protesting the disparity, the two actresses issued a public statement backing away from criticism, saying: "This just reminds us to be mindful of how things come across in interviews. We appreciate everyone's support and the attention to this issue, but the structure of Grace and Frankie is fair, and we couldn't be happier to work with Skydance, Netflix and the great cast of this show."[37] Fonda and Tomlin made a statement to The Wrap that they were never unhappy with the salaries to start with and that they had "made a joke in an interview about our salaries, which was taken out of context."[37]


document_title: Glycogen

question_text: when would glycogen need to be converted back to glucose

text: Glycogen

text: Structure[edit]

text: Glycogen is a branched biopolymer consisting of linear chains of glucose residues with further chains branching off every 8 to 12 glucoses or so. Glucoses linked together linearly by α(1→4) glycosidic bonds from one glucose to the next. Branches are linked to the chains from which they are branching off by α(1→6) glycosidic bonds between the first glucose of the new branch and a glucose on the stem chain.[10]

text: Due to the way glycogen is synthesised, every glycogen granule has at its core a glycogenin protein.[11]

text: Glycogen in muscle, liver, and fat cells is stored in a hydrated form, composed of three or four parts of water per part of glycogen associated with 0.45 millimoles of potassium per gram of glycogen.[3]

text: Functions[edit]

text: Liver[edit]

text: As a meal containing carbohydrates or protein is eaten and digested, blood glucose levels rise, and the pancreas secretes insulin. Blood glucose from the portal vein enters liver cells (hepatocytes). Insulin acts on the hepatocytes to stimulate the action of several enzymes, including glycogen synthase. Glucose molecules are added to the chains of glycogen as long as both insulin and glucose remain plentiful. In this postprandial or "fed" state, the liver takes in more glucose from the blood than it releases.

text: After a meal has been digested and glucose levels begin to fall, insulin secretion is reduced, and glycogen synthesis stops. When it is needed for energy, glycogen is broken down and converted again to glucose. Glycogen phosphorylase is the primary enzyme of glycogen breakdown. For the next 8–12 hours, glucose derived from liver glycogen is the primary source of blood glucose used by the rest of the body for fuel.

text: Glucagon, another hormone produced by the pancreas, in many respects serves as a countersignal to insulin. In response to insulin levels being below normal (when blood levels of glucose begin to fall below the normal range), glucagon is secreted in increasing amounts and stimulates both glycogenolysis (the breakdown of glycogen) and gluconeogenesis (the production of glucose from other sources).

text: Muscle[edit]

text: Muscle cell glycogen appears to function as an immediate reserve source of available glucose for muscle cells. Other cells that contain small amounts use it locally, as well. As muscle cells lack glucose-6-phosphatase, which is required to pass glucose into the blood, the glycogen they store is available solely for internal use and is not shared with other cells. This is in contrast to liver cells, which, on demand, readily do break down their stored glycogen into glucose and send it through the blood stream as fuel for other organs.[citation needed]

text: History[edit]

text:
Glycogen was discovered by Claude Bernard. His experiments showed that the liver contained a substance that could give rise to reducing sugar by the action of a "ferment" in the liver. By 1857, he described the isolation of a substance he called "la matière glycogène", or "sugar-forming substance". Soon after the discovery of glycogen in the liver, A. Sanson found that muscular tissue also contains glycogen. The empirical formula for glycogen of (C
6H
10O
5)n was established by Kekule in 1858.[12]

text: Metabolism[edit]

text: Synthesis[edit]

text: Glycogen synthesis is, unlike its breakdown, endergonic—it requires the input of energy. Energy for glycogen synthesis comes from uridine triphosphate (UTP), which reacts with glucose-1-phosphate, forming UDP-glucose, in a reaction catalysed by UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase. Glycogen is synthesized from monomers of UDP-glucose initially by the protein glycogenin, which has two tyrosine anchors for the reducing end of glycogen, since glycogenin is a homodimer. After about eight glucose molecules have been added to a tyrosine residue, the enzyme glycogen synthase progressively lengthens the glycogen chain using UDP-glucose, adding α(1→4)-bonded glucose. The glycogen branching enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a terminal fragment of six or seven glucose residues from a nonreducing end to the C-6 hydroxyl group of a glucose residue deeper into the interior of the glycogen molecule. The branching enzyme can act upon only a branch having at least 11 residues, and the enzyme may transfer to the same glucose chain or adjacent glucose chains.

text: Breakdown[edit]

text: Glycogen is cleaved from the nonreducing ends of the chain by the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase to produce monomers of glucose-1-phosphate:

text: In vivo, phosphorolysis proceeds in the direction of glycogen breakdown because the ratio of phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate is usually greater than 100.[13] Glucose-1-phosphate is then converted to glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) by phosphoglucomutase. A special debranching enzyme is needed to remove the α(1-6) branches in branched glycogen and reshape the chain into a linear polymer. The G6P monomers produced have three possible fates:

text:
G6P can continue on the glycolysis pathway and be used as fuel.
G6P can enter the pentose phosphate pathway via the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to produce NADPH and 5-carbon sugars.
In the liver and kidney, G6P can be dephosphorylated back to glucose by the enzyme glucose 6-phosphatase. This is the final step in the gluconeogenesis pathway.

text: Clinical relevance[edit]

text: Disorders of glycogen metabolism[edit]

text: The most common disease in which glycogen metabolism becomes abnormal is diabetes, in which, because of abnormal amounts of insulin, liver glycogen can be abnormally accumulated or depleted. Restoration of normal glucose metabolism usually normalizes glycogen metabolism, as well.

text: In hypoglycemia caused by excessive insulin, liver glycogen levels are high, but the high insulin levels prevent the glycogenolysis necessary to maintain normal blood sugar levels. Glucagon is a common treatment for this type of hypoglycemia.

text: Various inborn errors of metabolism are caused by deficiencies of enzymes necessary for glycogen synthesis or breakdown. These are collectively referred to as glycogen storage diseases.

text: Glycogen depletion and endurance exercise[edit]

text: Long-distance athletes, such as marathon runners, cross-country skiers, and cyclists, often experience glycogen depletion, where almost all of the athlete's glycogen stores are depleted after long periods of exertion without sufficient carbohydrate consumption. This phenomenon is referred to as "hitting the wall".

text: Glycogen depletion can be forestalled in three possible ways. First, during exercise, carbohydrates with the highest possible rate of conversion to blood glucose (high glycemic index) are ingested continuously. The best possible outcome of this strategy replaces about 35% of glucose consumed at heart rates above about 80% of maximum. Second, through endurance training adaptations and specialized regimens (e.g. fasting low-intensity endurance training), the body can condition type I muscle fibers to improve both fuel use efficiency and workload capacity to increase the percentage of fatty acids used as fuel,[14][15][citation needed] sparing carbohydrate use from all sources. Third, by consuming large quantities of carbohydrates after depleting glycogen stores as a result of exercise or diet, the body can increase storage capacity of intramuscular glycogen stores.[16][17][18] This process is known as carbohydrate loading. In general, glycemic index of carbohydrate source does not matter since muscular insulin sensitivity is increased as a result of temporary glycogen depletion.[19][20]

text: When experiencing glycogen debt, athletes often experience extreme fatigue to the point that it is difficult to move. As a reference, the very best professional cyclists in the world will usually finish a 4- to 5-hr stage race right at the limit of glycogen depletion using the first three strategies.

text: When athletes ingest both carbohydrate and caffeine following exhaustive exercise, their glycogen stores tend to be replenished more rapidly;[21][22][23] however, the minimum dose of caffeine at which there is a clinically significant effect on glycogen repletion has not been established.[23]


document_title: Iron Throne (A Song of Ice and Fire)

question_text: who made the iron throne in game of thrones

text: Iron Throne (A Song of Ice and Fire)

text: A Song of Ice and Fire[edit]

text: In the series, the Iron Throne is both a physical seat of office as well as a metonym for the monarchy of Westeros. Martin establishes in A Game of Thrones (1996) that after seizing control of six of the Seven Kingdoms, Targaryen ruler Aegon the Conqueror had made a throne for himself from the swords of his vanquished enemies, fused by dragonfire. Aegon had established King's Landing as the royal capital, and the Iron Throne itself sits in the Red Keep. Martin writes that according to legend, Aegon kept the blades sharp so that no ruler should ever sit comfortably. Centuries later, kings still cut themselves on the throne; and it is a common belief that such rulers are therefore unfit to rule.

text: Description[edit]

text: Purportedly made from a thousand swords and knives, the Iron Throne is a massive and asymmetrical tangle of jagged and twisted blades, in which reclining is impossible.

text: Have you ever seen the Iron Throne? The barbs along the back, the ribbons of twisted steel, the jagged ends of swords and knives all tangled up and melted? It is not a comfortable seat, ser. Aerys cut himself so often men took to calling him King Scab, and Maegor the Cruel was murdered in that chair. By that chair, to hear some tell it. It is not a seat where a man can rest at ease. Ofttimes I wonder why my brothers wanted it so desperately.

text: —Stannis Baratheon, A Storm of Swords (2000)[5]

text: Martin commented in 2014:

text: I said repeatedly the Iron Throne is huge. It towers over the room like a great beast. And it's ugly. It's asymmetric. It's put together by blacksmiths not by craftsmen and experts in furniture manufacturing. You have to walk the iron steps, and when a king sits on it he's like 10 feet above everybody else ... He's in this raised position looking down on everyone.[1]

text: Depictions[edit]

text: The Iron Throne has been depicted in comic books, in games, and on book covers, but Martin has noted repeatedly that none of these representations coincided with what he imagined:[1][2]

text: A dozen different artists have done versions of the Iron Throne over the years. Some have been very striking, some less so, but none of them have ever been quite RIGHT. Their versions never quite matched what I saw in my mind's eye.[2]

text: To Martin, the attempt closest to his vision was by French artist Marc Simonetti, for a Mexican edition of 1996's A Game of Thrones.[1][2][4][6][7] The author subsequently worked with Simonetti to get an image the author calls "absolutely right".[1] This depiction appears in Martin's 2014 companion book The World of Ice & Fire.[1][2][3] He noted, "From now on, THIS will be the reference I give to every other artist tackling a throne room scene."[2][3][8] Martin said of the image:

text: This Iron Throne is massive. Ugly. Asymmetric. It's a throne made by blacksmiths hammering together half-melted, broken, twisted swords, wrenched from the hands of dead men or yielded up by defeated foes ... a symbol of conquest ... it has the steps I describe, and the height. From on top, the king dominates the throne room. And there are thousands of swords in it, not just a few. This Iron Throne is scary. And not at all a comfortable seat, just as Aegon intended.[2][4][8]

text: The various depictions of the throne include:

text:
The Art of George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire (2005); Title page by Michael Komarck (Jaime Lannister on the Iron Throne)[9][10]
A Game of Thrones (2014); Cover by Marc Simonetti (Random House México, ISBN 978-607-31-2366-2)[6][7]
The World of Ice & Fire (2014); "The Targaryen Kings", art by Marc Simonetti[1][11]
A Game of Thrones: Genesis video game (2011); Box  cover by Marc Simonetti
A Game of Thrones: The Card Game; "The Price of Nobility" card (2009), art by Alex Aparin (Return of the Others set)[12][13]
A Game of Thrones: The Card Game; "Aegon's Legacy" card (2009), art by Veronica V. Jones (Secrets and Spies set)[14][15]
A Game of Thrones: The Card Game; "Robert Baratheon" card (2009), art by Chris Dien (Kings of the Sea set)[16][17]
A Game of Thrones: The Card Game; "Robert Baratheon" card (2010), art by Tiziano Baracchi (Kings of the Storm set)[18][19]
A Game of Thrones: The Card Game; "Oath of Fealty" card (2011), art by Magali Villeneuve (Where Loyalty Lies set)[20][21]
A Game of Thrones: The Card Game; "Cersei Lannister" card (2011), art by Magali Villeneuve (Lions of the Rock set)[22][23]
A Game of Thrones: The Card Game; "Varys" card (2011), art by Mike Capprotti (The Grand Melee set)[24][25]
A Game of Thrones: The Card Game; "Sitting the Iron Throne" card (2012), art by Alexandre Dainche (A Turn of the Tide set)[26][27]
A Game of Thrones: The Card Game; "Robert Baratheon" card (2014), art by Niten (A Dire Message set)[28][29]

text: Television adaptation[edit]

text: The HBO television adaptation of the series, Game of Thrones, premiered in 2011. The show's popularity has made its version of the Iron Throne an icon of the entire media franchise.[1][2][3][4] It has been parodied in magazines and used in merchandising.[1][3] Several "promotional thrones" travel the world with show-sponsored exhibits and for fan events.[1][2][30] In June 2014, Queen Elizabeth II visited the Belfast set of Game of Thrones and was photographed examining the Iron Throne set piece from the series, though she declined to sit on it.[31][32][33][34]

text: Though Martin had previously stated that the HBO version of the Iron Throne did not match his idea of how it should appear ideally, in 2013 he called its design "terrific" and claimed to own all of the merchandised replicas.[2][8] He added:

text: I'm a realist about these things, and I know perfectly well that for millions of television viewers worldwide, the HBO Iron Throne is THE Iron Throne, and always will be. It turns up everywhere, on book covers, on magazines, in places that have no connection to the show. Say "GAME OF THRONES," and people think of the HBO Iron Throne.[2]

text: Of the feasibility of recreating the throne as depicted in The World of Ice & Fire, Martin said in October 2014:

text: Now, you can’t do this in the TV show. It’s not something I criticize HBO for. The thrones they have are enormously large and cumbersome to move and expensive to build. To build this monstrosity, would blow the budget of an entire episode, and it wouldn’t fit in the set. Our program is in the Paint Hall in Belfast in Northern Ireland. The Paint Hall is the largest sound stage in Europe. It [was] originally part of the old Portland Wolff shipyard where they built the Titanic. We’ve divided it into a number of pods, and our throne room is in one of them. It’s a very large set, but it’s not large enough.[1]

text: The image of Sean Bean as Ned Stark sitting in the Iron Throne is featured on the covers of the 2011 Season 1 DVD and Blu-ray Disc sets, released in March 2012.[35][36]

text: Merchandising[edit]

text: HBO has licensed the likeness of its Iron Throne for merchandising since the show's premiere, including T-shirts and small replicas of varying sizes.[1][2][3] In June 2012 the network began selling custom made, life size replicas of its Iron Throne for $30,000.[1][3][37][38][39] HBO even partnered with Brewery Ommegang to produce Iron Throne Blonde Ale, released in March 2013.[40]

text: The officially licensed merchandise includes:

text:
Game of Thrones 7' 2" Iron Throne Replica[1][37][38][39]
Game of Thrones 14" Iron Throne Replica by ThinkGeek[41]
Game of Thrones 7" Iron Throne Replica by Dark Horse/Gentle Giant Studios[42]
Game of Thrones Iron Throne Room Construction Set by McFarlane Toys[43]
Game of Thrones Iron Throne Bookend (7.5")[44]
Game of Thrones Iron Throne Ornament (4.25")[45]
Game of Thrones Iron Throne Stocking Holder (5.5")[46][47]
Game of Thrones Iron Throne Blonde Ale from Brewery Ommegang[40]
Various T-shirts[3]


document_title: Electron shell

question_text: how many electrons are there in the second principal energy level of a phosphorus atom

text: Electron shell

text: History

text: The shell terminology comes from Arnold Sommerfeld's modification of the Bohr model. Sommerfeld retained Bohr's planetary model, but added mildly elliptical orbits (characterized by additional quantum numbers ℓ and m) to explain the fine spectroscopic structure of some elements.[3] The multiple electrons with the same principal quantum number (n) had close orbits that formed a "shell" of positive thickness instead of the infinitely thin circular orbit of Bohr's model.

text: The existence of electron shells was first observed experimentally in Charles Barkla's and Henry Moseley's X-ray absorption studies. Barkla labeled them with the letters K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q.[4] The origin of this terminology was alphabetic. A "J" series was also suspected, though later experiments indicated that the K absorption lines are produced by the innermost electrons. These letters were later found to correspond to the n values 1, 2, 3, etc. They are used in the spectroscopic Siegbahn notation.

text: The physical chemist Gilbert Lewis was responsible for much of the early development of the theory of the participation of valence shell electrons in chemical bonding. Linus Pauling later generalized and extended the theory while applying insights from quantum mechanics.

text: Shells

text: The electron shells are labeled K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q; or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7; going from innermost shell outwards. Electrons in outer shells have higher average energy and travel farther from the nucleus than those in inner shells. This makes them more important in determining how the atom reacts chemically and behaves as a conductor, because the pull of the atom's nucleus upon them is weaker and more easily broken. In this way, a given element's reactivity is highly dependent upon its electronic configuration.

text: Subshells

text: Each shell is composed of one or more subshells, which are themselves composed of atomic orbitals. For example, the first (K) shell has one subshell, called 1s; the second (L) shell has two subshells, called 2s and 2p; the third shell has 3s, 3p, and 3d; the fourth shell has 4s, 4p, 4d and 4f; the fifth shell has 5s, 5p, 5d, and 5f and can theoretically hold more but the 5f subshell, although partially occupied in actinides, is not filled in any element occurring naturally.[2] The various possible subshells are shown in the following table:

text:
Subshell label
ℓ
Max electrons
Shells containing it
Historical name

s
0
2
Every shell
 sharp

p
1
6
2nd shell and higher
 principal

d
2
10
3rd shell and higher
 diffuse

f
3
14
4th shell and higher
 fundamental

g
4
18
5th shell and higher (theoretically)
(next in alphabet after f, excluding j)[5]

text:
The first column is the "subshell label", a lowercase-letter label for the type of subshell. For example, the "4s subshell" is a subshell of the fourth (N) shell, with the type (s) described in the first row.
The second column is the azimuthal quantum number (ℓ) of the subshell. The precise definition involves quantum mechanics, but it is a number that characterizes the subshell.
The third column is the maximum number of electrons that can be put into a subshell of that type. For example, the top row says that each s-type subshell (1s, 2s, etc.) can have at most two electrons in it. In each case the figure is 4 greater than the one above it.
The fourth column says which shells have a subshell of that type. For example, looking at the top two rows, every shell has an s subshell, while only the second shell and higher have a p subshell (i.e., there is no "1p" subshell).
The final column gives the historical origin of the labels s, p, d, and f. They come from early studies of atomic spectral lines. The other labels, namely g, h and i, are an alphabetic continuation following the last historically originated label of f.

text: Although it is commonly stated that all the electrons in a shell have the same energy, this is an approximation. However, the electrons in one subshell do have exactly the same level of energy,[6] with later subshells having more energy per electron than earlier ones. This effect is great enough that the energy ranges associated with shells can overlap (see valence shells and Aufbau principle).

text: Number of electrons in each shell

text:
Shell
name
Subshell
name
Subshell
max
electrons
Shell
max
electrons

K
1s
2
2

L
2s
2
2 + 6 = 8

2p
6

M
3s
2
2 + 6 + 10
= 18

3p
6

3d
10

N
4s
2
2 + 6 +
10 + 14
= 32

4p
6

4d
10

4f
14

O
5s
2
2 + 6 +
10 + 14 +
18 = 50

5p
6

5d
10

5f
14

5g
18

text: Each subshell is constrained to hold 4ℓ + 2 electrons at most, namely:

text:
Each s subshell holds at most 2 electrons
Each p subshell holds at most 6 electrons
Each d subshell holds at most 10 electrons
Each f subshell holds at most 14 electrons
Each g subshell holds at most 18 electrons

text: Therefore, the K shell, which contains only an s subshell, can hold up to 2 electrons; the L shell, which contains an s and a p, can hold up to 2 + 6 = 8 electrons, and so forth; in general, the nth shell can hold up to 2n2 electrons.[1]

text: Although that formula gives the maximum in principle, in fact that maximum is only achieved (by known elements) for the first four shells (K, L, M, N). No known element has more than 32 electrons in any one shell.[7][8] This is because the subshells are filled according to the Aufbau principle. The first elements to have more than 32 electrons in one shell would belong to the g-block of period 8 of the periodic table. These elements would have some electrons in their 5g subshell and thus have more than 32 electrons in the O shell (fifth principal shell).

text: Valence shell

text: The valence shell is the outermost shell of an atom. Valence electrons in non-transition metal elements reside in this shell. Such elements with complete valence shells (noble gases) are the most chemically non-reactive, while those with only one electron in their valence shells (alkali metals) or just missing one electron from having a complete shell (halogens) are the most reactive.[9]

text: However, this terminology is somewhat misleading in the case of transition metals. In these elements, a valence electron can also be in an inner shell. Thus, the electrons that determine how an atom reacts chemically are those that travel farthest from the nucleus, that is, those with the highest energy, and not necessarily in the valence shell.

text: List of elements with electrons per shell

text: The list below gives the elements arranged by increasing atomic number and shows the number of electrons per shell. At a glance, one can see that subsets of the list show obvious patterns. In particular, the seven elements (in   electric blue) before a noble gas (group 18, in   yellow) higher than helium have the number of electrons in the valence shell in arithmetic progression. (However, this pattern may break down in the seventh period due to relativistic effects.)

text: Sorting the table by chemical group shows additional patterns, especially with respect to the last two outermost shells. (Elements 57 to 71 belong to the lanthanides, while 89 to 103 are the actinides.)

text: The list below is primarily consistent with the Aufbau principle. However, there are a number of exceptions to the rule; for example palladium (atomic number 46) has no electrons in the fifth shell, unlike other atoms with lower atomic number. Some entries in the table are uncertain, when experimental data is unavailable. (For example, the elements past 108 have such short half-lives that their electron configurations have not yet been measured.)

text:
Z
Element
No. of electrons/shell
Group

1
Hydrogen
1
1

2
Helium
2
18

3
Lithium
2, 1
1

4
Beryllium
2, 2
2

5
Boron
2, 3
13

6
Carbon
2, 4
14

7
Nitrogen
2, 5
15

8
Oxygen
2, 6
16

9
Fluorine
2, 7
17

10
Neon
2, 8
18

11
Sodium
2, 8, 1
1

12
Magnesium
2, 8, 2
2

13
Aluminium
2, 8, 3
13

14
Silicon
2, 8, 4
14

15
Phosphorus
2, 8, 5
15

16
Sulfur
2, 8, 6
16

17
Chlorine
2, 8, 7
17

18
Argon
2, 8, 8
18

19
Potassium
2, 8, 8, 1
1

20
Calcium
2, 8, 8, 2
2

21
Scandium
2, 8, 9, 2
3

22
Titanium
2, 8, 10, 2
4

23
Vanadium
2, 8, 11, 2
5

24
Chromium
2, 8, 13, 1
6

25
Manganese
2, 8, 13, 2
7

26
Iron
2, 8, 14, 2
8

27
Cobalt
2, 8, 15, 2
9

28
Nickel
2, 8, 16, 2
10

29
Copper
2, 8, 18, 1
11

30
Zinc
2, 8, 18, 2
12

31
Gallium
2, 8, 18, 3
13

32
Germanium
2, 8, 18, 4
14

33
Arsenic
2, 8, 18, 5
15

34
Selenium
2, 8, 18, 6
16

35
Bromine
2, 8, 18, 7
17

36
Krypton
2, 8, 18, 8
18

37
Rubidium
2, 8, 18, 8, 1
1

38
Strontium
2, 8, 18, 8, 2
2

39
Yttrium
2, 8, 18, 9, 2
3

40
Zirconium
2, 8, 18, 10, 2
4

41
Niobium
2, 8, 18, 12, 1
5

42
Molybdenum
2, 8, 18, 13, 1
6

43
Technetium
2, 8, 18, 13, 2
7

44
Ruthenium
2, 8, 18, 15, 1
8

45
Rhodium
2, 8, 18, 16, 1
9

46
Palladium
2, 8, 18, 18
10

47
Silver
2, 8, 18, 18, 1
11

48
Cadmium
2, 8, 18, 18, 2
12

49
Indium
2, 8, 18, 18, 3
13

50
Tin
2, 8, 18, 18, 4
14

51
Antimony
2, 8, 18, 18, 5
15

52
Tellurium
2, 8, 18, 18, 6
16

53
Iodine
2, 8, 18, 18, 7
17

54
Xenon
2, 8, 18, 18, 8
18

55
Caesium
2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1
1

56
Barium
2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2
2

57
Lanthanum
2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2
3

58
Cerium
2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2

59
Praseodymium
2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2

60
Neodymium
2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2

61
Promethium
2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2

62
Samarium
2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2

63
Europium
2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2

64
Gadolinium
2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2

65
Terbium
2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2

66
Dysprosium
2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2

67
Holmium
2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2

68
Erbium
2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2

69
Thulium
2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2

70
Ytterbium
2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2

71
Lutetium
2, 8, 18, 32, 9, 2

72
Hafnium
2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2
4

73
Tantalum
2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2
5

74
Tungsten
2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2
6

75
Rhenium
2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2
7

76
Osmium
2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2
8

77
Iridium
2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2
9

78
Platinum
2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1
10

79
Gold
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1
11

80
Mercury
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2
12

81
Thallium
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3
13

82
Lead
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4
14

83
Bismuth
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5
15

84
Polonium
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6
16

85
Astatine
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7
17

86
Radon
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8
18

87
Francium
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1
1

88
Radium
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2
2

89
Actinium
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2
3

90
Thorium
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2

91
Protactinium
2, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 2

92
Uranium
2, 8, 18, 32, 21, 9, 2

93
Neptunium
2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2

94
Plutonium
2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2

95
Americium
2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2

96
Curium
2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 9, 2

97
Berkelium
2, 8, 18, 32, 27, 8, 2

98
Californium
2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2

99
Einsteinium
2, 8, 18, 32, 29, 8, 2

100
Fermium
2, 8, 18, 32, 30, 8, 2

101
Mendelevium
2, 8, 18, 32, 31, 8, 2

102
Nobelium
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 2

103
Lawrencium
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 3

104
Rutherfordium
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 10, 2
4

105
Dubnium
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 2
5

106
Seaborgium
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2
6

107
Bohrium
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2
7

108
Hassium
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2
8

109
Meitnerium
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 15, 2 (?)
9

110
Darmstadtium
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 16, 2 (?)
10

111
Roentgenium
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 2 (?)
11

112
Copernicium
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2 (?)
12

113
Nihonium
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 3 (?)
13

114
Flerovium
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 4 (?)
14

115
Moscovium
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 5 (?)
15

116
Livermorium
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 6 (?)
16

117
Tennessine
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 7 (?)
17

118
Oganesson
2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8 (?)
18


document_title: Dominic Toretto

question_text: who does dom toretto have a baby with

question_tokens: who does dom toretto have a baby with

text: Dominic Toretto

text: Development[edit]

text: The Fast and the Furious film series was inspired by an article on street racing, "Racer X", that appeared in the May 1998 issue of Vibe magazine.[5] Having witnessed his father's death in a stock car race, Dominic is left with the responsibility of watching his younger sister, Mia Toretto, and leading the racers dependent on him.[6] Vin Diesel was reportedly paid $2.5 million to star as Dominic Toretto in The Fast and the Furious and $15 million to star in and produce Fast Five.[2][7]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Dominic Toretto is a fearless street racer, auto mechanic, and ex-convict. The character is the older brother of Mia Toretto and love interest of Letty Ortiz. Throughout the series, Dominic's crew has perpetrated many high-speed semi hijackings, stealing millions of dollars in merchandise. He has spent most of his life running from the law.

text: The Fast and the Furious[edit]

text: In The Fast and the Furious, Dominic runs his own automotive garage while Mia takes care of the family's grocery store in Echo Park. He also runs his own street race team, which consists of Letty, Vince, Leon, and Jesse. Dominic has a feud with Vietnamese-American rival Johnny Tran due to a business deal that went sour and Tran catching Dominic sleeping with his sister. Unknown to the public, he and his team drive black Honda Civic coupes and stage daring semi hijackings on the freeways, taking home millions of dollars in electronic appliances. He forms a friendship with rookie racer Brian Earl Spilner, who saves him from arrest when the LAPD raid a street race gathering. During the Race Wars, Johnny Tran blames Dominic for a raid by SWAT forces. The SWAT team came into his house, causing disrespect to his family. Dominic then attacks him and is promptly led away by Vince who then tells him to "chill out".[clarification needed] During a hijacking job gone wrong, Dominic discovers Brian's true identity as undercover LAPD officer named Brian O'Conner. Following a drag race that ends with Dominic's 1970 Dodge Charger getting totalled, Brian hands him the keys to his Toyota Supra, as law enforcement have found out that Torretto has stolen millions in electronics with his crew. Dominic ends up escaping and fleeing to Mexico. Brian then is wanted for aiding in the escape of a wanted felon. Brian flees the state himself.

text: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift[edit]

text: In The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, Dominic makes a cameo appearance at the end of the film by challenging Sean Boswell in a drift race with his gun metal silver 1970 Plymouth Road Runner, which he won from his late friend Han.

text: Los Bandoleros[edit]

text: In Los Bandoleros, Dominic recruits Han, Rico Santos, and Tego Leo to help him complete a job that is seen in the beginning of Fast & Furious.

text: Fast & Furious[edit]

text: In Fast & Furious, Dominic, Letty, and their gang lead a successful hijacking of a gasoline tanker in the Dominican Republic, but he shortly abandons them to keep the authorities away from them. Dominic returns to L.A. upon hearing of the death of Letty at the hands of Fenix Calderon. He and Brian once again team up to take down Mexican drug dealer Arturo Braga, who had ordered Letty's execution following a drug run. He later finds out it was Brian was the last person who contact Letty; this enrages him as he attacks Brian before the latter could explain to him that Letty came for him for clearing his name so Dominic could return to Los Angeles. After successfully extraditing Braga back to the U.S., Dominic turns himself in to the authorities and is sentenced to 25 years to life in prison without the possibility of parole. However, the bus carrying Dominic is ambushed by Brian, Mia, Rico and Tego; once Dominic is sprung out of the bus wreckage, the group flees out of the U.S. as fugitives.

text: Fast Five[edit]

text: In Fast Five, Dominic reunites with Brian, Mia and Vince in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. They get involved in a dangerous crossfire with drug lord Hernan Reyes, who has them framed for the murder of three DEA agents during a drug run on a train. As a means to get even on Reyes, Dominic and Brian form a team with Roman Pearce, Tej Parker, Han, Gisele Yashar, Rigo and Tego to stage a bank heist and steal Reyes' stash of US$100 million in cash. Elite bounty hunter and DSS federal agent Luke Hobbs is sent to Brazil to hunt down and capture Dominic and his gang, but when he is ambushed by Reyes' men, he forms an unlikely alliance with Dominic and helps the gang execute their heist. After killing Reyes, Hobbs allows Dominic and his gang to leave Brazil with their stash by giving them a 24-hour window. Hobbs' partner Elena Neves also leaves the force and becomes Dominic's new love interest.

text: Fast & Furious 6[edit]

text: In Fast & Furious 6, Dominic once again encounters Hobbs, who offers him a job to help him hunt down mercenary Owen Shaw and his crime syndicate, revealing that Letty is alive meaning Fenix must have failed to kill her and is working for Shaw. Dominic and Brian reassemble their gang (minus Rico and Tego, whom both are in Monaco) in London for this mission in exchange for a full pardon on all parties and Letty's safe return. During the chase, Dominic is shot by Letty, and later on discovers that she is suffering from amnesia as a result of the explosion that nearly killed her in Fast & Furious. He saves her from falling to her death while the gang stops Shaw aboard a military tank on a bridge in Spain. Shaw, however, reveals his backup plan of kidnapping Mia and using her as leverage for his release and the handing of the top-secret microchip that was removed from the tank. Despite the death of Gisele, Dominic and his gang defeat Shaw and kill his men while saving Mia and the microchip in a daring chase at a NATO military airfield. Hobbs grants their pardons, and Dominic and his gang move back to his home in L.A. Seeing Dominic and Letty back together for good, Elena bids him farewell and returns to working with Hobbs. In a post credit scene, Owen Shaw's elder brother, Deckard Shaw, kills Han in Tokyo and calls Dom with a threatening message.

text: Furious 7[edit]

text: In Furious 7, it was revealed that Owen Shaw is still alive, and his older brother Deckard Shaw went rogue and hunts Dominic's team, which resulted in Han's death (this explains why he died in Tokyo Drift, bridging the story here) and his house being blown up. Determined to exact revenge on Shaw, Dominic decided to take him down alone, but was stopped by a Covert Ops leader and Hobbs' friend Mr. Nobody. Mr. Nobody offers Dominic a way to hunt Shaw by obtaining a software named "God's Eye" and save its creator named Ramsey from Mose Jakande and his men. Agreeing to the deal, Dominic, Brian, Letty, Tej and Roman led a daring rescue to Ramsey at the mountains of Azerbaijan and succeeds in doing so. Afterwards they figured out that the device was lend to a friend of Ramsey who lives in Abu Dhabi named Zafar. After a successful retrieval of the God's Eye (that also involved Dominic and Brian made a vehicle jump on three buildings), they found Shaw's hideout but also got into a surprise ambush that killed Nobody's men and him being injured. Afterwards, Dominic decided to take down the alliance of Shaw and Jakande on their home turf. This also led to Dominic and Shaw have an intense fight at the rooftop of a parking garage while Brian led the others to lure Jakande while Ramsey initiating a hack to shut down God's Eye for good. They succeeded in doing so but also paid with a huge destruction in the city and the death of Jakande when Dominic let his car crash on Jakande's chopper and hooking a bag of grenades on its skids before crashing his vehicle, thought that he died in the process. This prompts Letty's memories of her and Dominic restored (and also reveals that they were indeed married to each other somewhere in between the story of Los Bandoleros and Fast & Furious) and Dominic recovers from being unconscious. After this, Brian decides to retire from the crew in order to spend time with his family. Dominic leaves without saying goodbye, prompting Brian to catch up to him at an intersection and have one last drive before parting ways.

text: This also was done to give Brian's role a clean retirement and a send-off after the actor who portrays him, Paul Walker, died in a single vehicle accident back in 2013.

text: The Fate of the Furious[edit]

text: In The Fate of the Furious, Dom has betrayed his family and friends at the behest of a mysterious, seductive woman known as Cipher. After betraying his team to steal an EMP device they were assigned to recover, it is revealed that Cipher — the true mastermind behind both the attempted creation of the Nightshade device in Fast & Furious 6 and also the near-theft of the God's Eye hacking device in Furious 7 — has captured Elena and Dom's previously-unknown son, using them as blackmail tools to ensure Dom's cooperation. Despite Cipher's dismissal of Dom's views on family and her access to multiple surveillance systems, Dom manages to use his contacts to pass on a message to Magdalene Shaw, the mother of Deckard and Owen Shaw, allowing her to retrieve her sons and send them aboard Cipher's plane via a tracking device slipped into Dom's necklace. Once the Shaws retrieve his son — as Elena having been killed earlier for Cipher to make a point to Dom — Dom rejoins his team and destroys a Russian nuclear submarine Cipher was attempting to steal. Although Cipher escapes, Dom vows to protect his new son, naming the boy Brian after his brother-in-law and best friend.

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Dominic has been described as "a gruff but affectionate father to his loyal pack of renegades, providing them with barbecue, protection, and a rough moral code to live by."[8] Vin Diesel has described Dominic as "a character who is strong, who is a caretaker."[2] In contrast to Brian's estranged relationship with his father, Dominic is shown to "put family first" and be very protective of Mia. He is also implied to be religious, insisting that all members in a dinner table say grace and that the first person to take a bite must bless the meal.

text: In The Fast and the Furious, Dominic's volatile temper stems from a painful incident during his teenage years, when his father, a stock car racer, was killed in a race after a driver named Kenny Linder accidentally sent him to the wall at 120 mph. Distraught by his father's death, Dominic assaulted Linder a week later with a torque wrench and left him hospitalized with severe head injuries. Dominic served time in juvenile hall and was banned from racing for the attack. He nearly replicates the action while fighting Hobbs in Fast Five, only to (purposely) miss Hobbs' head by an inch when Mia begs him to stop.

text: In Fast Five, Dominic recalls the influence his father had on him. His father would help Mia with her homework everyday and sending her to bed, he would stay up late reading the next chapter, to make sure he could help her the next day. On Sundays, the family would attend church and host a barbecue for the neighborhood; those who did not attend church would not be allowed at the barbecue.

text: However, Dominic is also obsessed with racing. In the first film, he says: "I live my life a quarter mile at a time. Nothing else matters: not the mortgage, not the store, not my team and all their bullshit. For those ten seconds or less, I'm free." In The Fate of the Furious, Cipher repeats a similar phrase to Dominic to question his loyalty to his family.[9]

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Dominic's main love interest is Letty Ortiz who he grew up with. During Fast & Furious 6, she comes back with amnesia. Dominic was with Elena Neves during that time. However, they rekindled their relationship and it is revealed that they got married a few years ago, and also explaining the iconic necklace.

text: Cars[edit]

text: Dominic's Charger[edit]

text: In four of the films, Dom drives his deceased father's black 1970 Dodge Charger.[10] In the first film, Dom tells Brian that he and his father built the 900 horsepower car, but that he had never driven it, because it "scares the shit out of [him]."[11] Dom uses it to help Brian by attacking one of Tran's henchmen. He later races Brian's Supra with it; however, he totals it when he collides with a truck.

text: In Fast & Furious he sees that Letty has rebuilt it for him, as she was hoping that he would return to the United States. Later in the film, Dom takes it to Mexico and shields Brian's car with it, but destroys it by running into a stack of propane canisters in the tunnels. In the final scene of the film, Brian is shown to have rebuilt it, and Dom recognizes the sound of the engine while riding in a prison bus. In Fast Five, it is shown that Brian brakes in front of the bus, causing the bus to collide with it and flip. Dom uses it throughout the film to win cars to test for their vault heist. Meanwhile, Hobbs uses it to track the location of Dom's gang by having his men check camera feeds for a 1970 Charger. When Hobbs comes to arrest Dom, he crashes his Gurkha F5 into his Charger, cutting it in half, which triggers a fight between the pair.

text: In Furious 7, near the end of the movie he goes to his home which was recently blown up by Deckard Shaw, and in the garage is his Charger covered up. He uncovers it revealing the slightly different new look. He takes the Charger to the top of a rooftop where he faces Shaw in a game of chicken. When the building is later collapsing due to missiles, Torretto ramps it off the building destroying it yet again.

text: The car goes through some changes. In the first film, it is chrome trimmed, while in the fourth film it is black trimmed, with an extra grill cover. In the fifth film it is matte black, with black wheels and the supercharger removed. In the seventh film, Torretto's Charger has the supercharger again. The car still has black trim but is no longer matte black but metallic black. Also a different set of rims. The car has been in a series of promotions: Car Town offered the versions from both the first and fifth films, while Mafia Wars offered the first.

text: In Fast & Furious 6, Dom gives his nephew Jack a diecast replica of his black Charger, hoping to keep him away from Brian's habits of favoring imports. Later in the film, Dom drives a maroon Dodge Charger Daytona, which is acquired by Tej Parker at a car auction in London. While it is not the same car as his signature black Charger, it is a direct nod to The Charger.

text: At the very end of Furious 7 Toretto is seen with the Project Maximus Ultra 1968 Dodge Charger.

text: In Fate of the Furious, Toretto drives an armoured version of his usual Charger in the film's final confrontation.

text: Car list[edit]

text:
Film
Car[10][12][13]

The Fast and the Furious
1993 Mazda RX-7

1995 Honda Civic

1970 Dodge Charger R/T

1994 Toyota Supra

1970 Chevrolet Chevelle SS(Post credits)

The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

1970 Plymouth "The Hammer"

Los Bandoleros

1966 Pontiac Bonneville

Fast & Furious
1987 Buick GNX[14]

1970 Chevrolet Chevelle SS

2009 Subaru Impreza WRX STI

1970 Dodge Charger R/T

1973 Chevrolet Camaro F-Bomb

Fast Five
1970 Dodge Charger R/T

1963 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray Grand Sport[15]

2011 Dodge Charger R/T Police Car

2010 Dodge Charger SRT8

2009 Dodge Challenger SRT8

Fast & Furious 6
2009 Dodge Challenger SRT8

2010 BMW E60 M5

1969 Dodge Charger Daytona

2013 Dodge Charger SRT8

Furious 7
1974 Plymouth Barracuda

1970 Plymouth Road Runner

1970 Dodge Charger

2015 Dodge Charger

2014 Lykan HyperSport

1970 Dodge Charger R/T

1968 Maximus Charger

The Fate of the Furious

1968 Dodge Charger R/T modified for ice

1961 Chevrolet Impala Sport Coupe

1950 Chevrolet Fleetline

2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon

1972 Plymouth Road Runner GTX