document_title: The Count of Monte Cristo

question_text: when was the count of monte cristo published

text: The Count of Monte Cristo

text: Background to the plot[edit]

text: Dumas wrote[4] that the idea of revenge in The Count of Monte Cristo came from a story in a book compiled by Jacques Peuchet, a French police archivist, published in 1838 after the death of the author.[5] Dumas included this essay in one of the editions from 1846.[6] Peuchet told of a shoemaker, Pierre Picaud, living in Nîmes in 1807, who was engaged to marry a rich woman when three jealous friends falsely accused him of being a spy for England. Picaud was placed under a form of house arrest in the Fenestrelle Fort, where he served as a servant to a rich Italian cleric. When the man died, he left his fortune to Picaud, whom he had begun to treat as a son. Picaud then spent years plotting his revenge on the three men who were responsible for his misfortune. He stabbed the first with a dagger on which were printed the words "Number One", and then he poisoned the second. The third man's son he lured into crime and his daughter into prostitution, finally stabbing the man himself. This third man, named Loupian, had married Picaud's fiancée while Picaud was under arrest.

text: In another of the "True Stories", Peuchet describes a poisoning in a family. This story, also quoted in the Pleiade edition, has obviously served as model for the chapter of the murders inside the Villefort family. The introduction to the Pleiade edition mentions other sources from real life: Abbé Faria existed and died in 1819 after a life with much resemblance to that of the Faria in the novel. As for Dantès, his fate is quite different from his model in Peuchet's book, since the latter is murdered by the "Caderousse" of the plot. But Dantès has "alter egos" in two other Dumas works; in "Pauline" from 1838, and more significantly in "Georges" from 1843, where a young man with black ancestry is preparing a revenge against white people who had humiliated him.

text: Plot[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text: On the day of his wedding to Mercédès, Edmond Dantès, first mate of the 'Pharaon, is falsely accused of treason, arrested, and imprisoned without trial in the Château d'If, a grim island fortress off Marseilles. A fellow prisoner, Abbé Faria, correctly deduces that his jealous rival Fernand Mondego, envious crewmate Danglars, and double-dealing Magistrate De Villefort framed him. Faria inspires his escape and guides him to a fortune in treasure. As the powerful and mysterious Count of Monte Cristo, he arrives from the Orient to enter the fashionable Parisian world of the 1830s and avenge himself on the men who conspired to destroy him.

text: Edmond Dantès[edit]

text: In 1815, Edmond Dantès, a young merchant sailor who has recently been granted the succession of his captain Leclère, returns to Marseille to marry his Catalan fiancée Mercédès. Leclère, a supporter of the exiled Napoléon I, found himself dying at sea and charged Dantès to deliver two objects: a package to General Bertrand (exiled with Napoleon Bonaparte on Elba), and a letter from Elba to an unknown man in Paris. On the eve of Dantès' wedding to Mercédès, Fernand Mondego (Mercédès' cousin and a rival for her affections) is given advice by Dantès' colleague Danglars (who is jealous of Dantès' rapid rise to captain) to send an anonymous note accusing Dantès of being a Bonapartist traitor. Caderousse (Dantès' cowardly and selfish neighbor) is drunk while the two conspirators set the trap for Dantès and stays quiet as Dantès is arrested, then sentenced. Villefort, the deputy crown prosecutor in Marseille, destroys the letter from Elba when he discovers that it is addressed to his own father, Noirtier (who is a Bonapartist), since if this letter came into official hands, it would destroy his ambitions and reputation as a staunch Royalist. To silence Dantès, he condemns him without trial to life imprisonment.

text: After six years of imprisonment in the Château d'If, Dantès is on the verge of suicide when he befriends the Abbé Faria ("The Mad Priest"), a fellow prisoner who had dug an escape tunnel that ended up in Dantès' cell. Over the next eight years, Faria gives Dantès an extensive education in language, culture, and science. Knowing himself to be close to death, Faria tells Dantès the location of a treasure on the island of Monte Cristo. When Faria dies, Dantès takes his place in the burial sack. When the guards throw the sack into the sea, Dantès breaks through and swims to a nearby island. He is rescued by a smuggling ship that stops at Monte Cristo. After recovering the treasure, Dantès returns to Marseille. He later purchases the island of Monte Cristo and the title of Count from the Tuscan government.

text: Traveling as the Abbé Busoni, Dantès meets Caderousse, now living in poverty, who regrets not intervening and possibly saving Dantès from prison. He gives Caderousse a diamond that can be either a chance to redeem himself or a trap that will lead to his ruin. Learning that his old employer Morrel is on the verge of bankruptcy, Dantès buys Morrel's debts and gives Morrel three months to fulfill his obligations. At the end of the three months and with no way to repay his debts, Morrel is about to commit suicide when he learns that his debts have been mysteriously paid and that one of his lost ships has returned with a full cargo, secretly rebuilt and laden by Dantès.

text: The Count of Monte Cristo[edit]

text: Reappearing as the rich Count of Monte Cristo, Dantès begins his revenge on the three men responsible for his unjust imprisonment: Fernand, now Count de Morcerf and Mercédès' husband; Danglars, now a baron and a wealthy banker; and Villefort, now procureur du roi. The Count appears first in Rome, where he becomes acquainted with the Baron Franz d'Épinay, and Viscount Albert de Morcerf, the son of Mercédès and Fernand. Dantès arranges for the young Morcerf to be captured by the bandit Luigi Vampa and then seemingly rescues him from Vampa's gang. The Count then moves to Paris and dazzles Danglars with his wealth, persuading him to extend him a credit of six million francs. The Count manipulates the bond market and quickly destroys a large portion of Danglars' fortune. The rest of it begins to rapidly disappear through mysterious bankruptcies, suspensions of payment, and more bad luck in the Stock Exchange.

text: Villefort had once conducted an affair with Madame Danglars. She became pregnant and delivered the child in the house that the Count has now purchased. To cover up the affair, Villefort told Madame Danglars that the infant was stillborn, smothered the child, and thinking him to be dead, buried him in the garden. While Villefort was burying the child, he was stabbed by the smuggler Bertuccio, who unearthed the child and resuscitated him. Bertuccio's sister-in-law brought the child up, giving him the name "Benedetto." Benedetto takes up a life of crime as he grows into adolescence. He robs his adoptive mother (Bertuccio's sister-in-law) and ends up killing her, then runs away. Bertuccio later becomes the Count's servant and informs him of this history.

text: Benedetto is sentenced to the galleys with Caderousse, who had sold the diamond but killed both his wife and the buyer out of greed. After Benedetto and Caderousse are freed by Dantès, using the alias "Lord Wilmore," the Count induces Benedetto to take the identity of "Viscount Andrea Cavalcanti" and introduces him into Parisian society. Andrea ingratiates himself to Danglars, who betroths his daughter Eugénie to Andrea (not knowing they are half-siblings) after cancelling her engagement to Albert. Meanwhile, Caderousse blackmails Andrea, threatening to reveal his past if he doesn't share his new-found wealth. Cornered by "Abbé Busoni" while attempting to rob the Count's house, Caderousse begs to be given another chance. Dantès forces him to write a letter to Danglars exposing Cavalcanti as an impostor and allows Caderousse to leave the house. The moment Caderousse leaves the estate, he is stabbed by Andrea. Caderousse dictates a deathbed statement identifying his killer, and the Count reveals his true identity to Caderousse moments before he dies.

text: Years before, Ali Pasha of Janina had been betrayed to the Turks by Fernand. After Ali's death, Fernand sold Ali's wife Vasiliki and his daughter Haydée into slavery. While Vasiliki died shortly thereafter, Dantès purchased Haydée. The Count manipulates Danglars into researching the event, which is published in a newspaper. As a result, Fernand is investigated by his peers and disgraced. When Albert blames the Count for his father's downfall and challenges him to a duel, Mercédès, having already recognized Monte Cristo as Dantès, goes to the Count and begs him to spare her son. During this interview, she learns the truth of his arrest and imprisonment but still convinces the Count not to kill her son. Realizing that Edmond now intends to let Albert kill him, she reveals the truth to Albert, which causes Albert to make a public apology to the Count. Albert and Mercédès disown Fernand, who is confronted with Dantès' true identity and commits suicide. Albert and Mercédès renounce their titles and wealth and depart to begin new lives.

text: Valentine, Villefort's daughter by his late first wife, stands to inherit the fortune of her grandfather (Noirtier) and of her mother's parents (the Saint-Mérans), while Villefort's second wife Héloïse seeks the fortune for her son Édouard. The Count is aware of Héloïse's intentions and introduces her to the technique of poison. Héloïse fatally poisons the Saint-Mérans, so that Valentine inherits their fortune. Valentine is disinherited by Noirtier in an attempt to prevent Valentine's impending marriage with Franz d'Épinay, whom she does not love. The marriage is cancelled when d'Épinay learns that his father (believed assassinated by Bonapartists) was actually killed by Noirtier in a fair duel. Afterwards, Valentine is reinstated in Noirtier's will. After a failed attempt on Noirtier's life, Héloïse targets Valentine so that Édouard will get the fortune. However, Valentine is the prime suspect in her father's eyes in the deaths of the Saint-Mérans and Noirtier's servant, Barrois. On learning that Morrel's son Maximilien is in love with Valentine, the Count saves her by making it appear as though Héloïse's plan to poison Valentine has succeeded and that Valentine is dead. Villefort learns from Noirtier that Héloïse is the real murderer and confronts her, giving her the choice of a public execution or committing suicide.

text: Fleeing after Caderousse's letter exposes him, Andrea is arrested and returned to Paris, where Villefort prosecutes him. While in prison awaiting trial, Andrea is visited by Bertuccio, who tells him the truth about his father. At his trial, Andrea reveals that he is Villefort's son and was rescued after Villefort buried him alive. Villefort admits his guilt and flees the court. He rushes home to stop his wife's suicide but is too late; she has poisoned her son as well. Dantès confronts Villefort, revealing his true identity, but this drives Villefort insane. Dantès tries but fails to resuscitate Édouard, causing him to question if he has gone too far.

text: After the Count's manipulation of the bond market, Danglars is left with a destroyed reputation and 5,000,000 francs he has been holding in deposit for hospitals. The Count demands this sum to fulfil their credit agreement, and Danglars embezzles the hospital fund. Abandoning his wife, Danglars flees to Italy with the Count's receipt and 50,000 francs. While leaving Rome, he is kidnapped by the Count's agent Luigi Vampa and is imprisoned. Forced to pay exorbitant prices for food and nearly starved to death, Danglars signs away his ill-gotten gains. Dantès anonymously returns the stolen money to the hospitals. Danglars finally repents his crimes, and a softened Dantès forgives him and allows him to leave with his freedom and 50,000 francs.

text: Maximilien Morrel, believing Valentine to be dead, contemplates suicide after her funeral. Dantès reveals his true identity and explains that he rescued Morrel's father from bankruptcy years earlier; he then tells Maximilien to reconsider his suicide. On the island of Monte Cristo, Dantès presents Valentine to Maximilien and reveals the true sequence of events. Having found peace, Dantès leaves the newly reunited couple part of his fortune and departs for an unknown destination to find comfort and a new life with Haydée, who has declared her love for him. The reader is left with a final thought: "all human wisdom is contained in these two words, 'Wait and Hope'".

text: Characters[edit]

text: Edmond Dantès and his aliases[edit]

text:
Edmond Dantès (born 1796): A sailor with good prospects, engaged to Mercédès. After his transformation into the Count of Monte Cristo, he reveals his true name to his enemies as each revenge is completed. During the course of the novel, he falls in love with Haydée.
The Count of Monte Cristo: The identity Dantès assumes when he emerges from prison and inherits his vast fortune. As a result, the Count of Monte Cristo is usually associated with a coldness and bitterness that comes from an existence based solely on revenge.
Chief Clerk of the banking firm Thomson & French, an Englishman
Lord Wilmore: An Englishman, and the persona in which Dantès performs random acts of generosity.
Sinbad the Sailor: The persona that Dantès assumes when he saves the Morrel family and assumes while mixing with smugglers and brigands.
Abbé Busoni: The persona of an Italian priest with religious authority.
Monsieur Zaccone: Dantès, in the guise of the Abbé Busoni, and again as Lord Wilmore, tells an investigator that this is the Count of Monte Cristo's true name.
Number 34: The name given to him by the new governor of Château d'If. Finding it too tedious to learn Dantès' real name, he was called by the number of his cell.
The Maltese Sailor: The name he was known by after his rescue by smugglers from the island of Tiboulen.

text: Dantès' allies[edit]

text:
Abbé Faria: Italian priest and sage. Imprisoned in the Château d'If. Edmond's dearest friend while in prison.
Giovanni Bertuccio: The Count of Monte Cristo's steward and very loyal servant; foster father of Benedetto.
Luigi Vampa: celebrated Italian bandit and fugitive.
Peppino: Formerly a shepherd, he is later a bandit and full member of Vampa's gang.
Ali: Monte Cristo's mute Nubian slave.
Baptistin: Monte Cristo's valet-de-chambre.
Jacopo Manfredi: A poor smuggler who helps Dantès survive after he escapes prison. When Jacopo proves his selfless loyalty, Dantès rewards him with his own ship and crew.
Haydée (sometimes spelled as Haidee): Monte Cristo's young, beautiful slave. She is the daughter of Ali Tebelen. She is a major part of Dantès' plan to get revenge on Fernand. At the end, she and Monte Cristo become lovers.

text: Morcerf family[edit]

text:
Mercédès Mondego (née Herrera): Edmond Dantès' lover and fiancée at the beginning of the story. She later marries Fernand and they have a son named Albert. Despite being Fernand's wife, she remains in love with Edmond.
Fernand Mondego: Count de Morcerf, Dantès's rival and cousin of Mercédès, whom he eventually marries. Fernand helped frame Edmond in order to get Mercédès and would later become a general in the army, which leads to his betrayal of Haydée's father and sells Haydée and her mother to gain the title "Count".
Albert de Morcerf: Son of Mercédès and the Viscount de Morcerf, later becomes fond of Monte Cristo and sees him as a friend.

text: Danglars family[edit]

text:
Baron Danglars: Dantès' jealous junior officer and mastermind behind his imprisonment, later a wealthy banker.
Madame Hermine Danglars (formerly Baroness Hermine de Nargonne née de Servieux): She had an affair with Gérard de Villefort. They had an illegitimate son, Benedetto.
Eugénie Danglars: Daughter of Baron Danglars and Hermine Danglars. She is free-spirited and aspires to become an independent artist.

text: Villefort family[edit]

text:
Gérard de Villefort: chief deputy prosecutor who imprisons Dantès, later becoming acquaintances as Dantès enacts his revenge.
Renée de Villefort, née de Saint-Méran: Gérard de Villefort's first wife, mother of Valentine.
The Marquis and Marquise de Saint-Méran: Renée's parents.
Valentine de Villefort: The daughter of Gérard de Villefort and his first wife, Renée. In love with Maximilien Morrel. Engaged to Baron Franz d'Épinay. She is 19 years old with chestnut hair, dark blue eyes, and "long white hands".
Monsieur Noirtier de Villefort: The father of Gérard de Villefort and grandfather of Valentine, Édouard (and, without knowing it, Benedetto). A committed anti-royalist. He is paralysed and only able to communicate with his eyes, but retains his mental faculties and acts as protector to Valentine.
Héloïse de Villefort: The murderous second wife of Gérard de Villefort, mother of Edouard.
Édouard de Villefort (Edward). The only legitimate son of Villefort.
Benedetto: The illegitimate son of de Villefort and Baroness Hermine Danglars (Hermine de Nargonne), raised by Bertuccio and his sister-in-law, Assunta, in Rogliano. Becomes "Andrea Cavalcanti" in Paris.

text: Morrel family[edit]

text:
Pierre Morrel: Dantès's employer, owner of Morrel & Son.
Maximilien Morrel: Son of Pierre Morrel, an army captain who becomes a friend of Dantès. In love with Valentine de Villefort.
Julie Herbault: Daughter of Pierre Morrel, wife of Emmanuel Herbault.
Emmanuel Herbault: an employee of Morrel & Son, who marries Julie Morrel and succeeds to the business.

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Gaspard Caderousse: Originally a tailor and later the owner of an inn, he was a neighbour and friend of Dantès who fails to protect him at the beginning of the story and then turns to crime.
Louis Dantès: Edmond Dantès' father, who dies from starvation during his son's imprisonment.
Baron Franz d'Épinay: A friend of Albert de Morcerf, first fiancé of Valentine de Villefort.
Lucien Debray: Secretary to the Minister of the Interior, a friend of Albert de Morcerf, and a lover of Madame Danglars, whom he provides with inside investment information, which she then passes on to her husband.
Beauchamp: Journalist and friend of Albert de Morcerf.
Raoul, Baron de Château-Renaud: Member of a noble family and friend of Albert de Morcerf.
Louise d'Armilly: Eugénie Danglars' music instructor and her intimate friend.
Monsieur de Boville: Originally an inspector of prisons, later a detective in the Paris force.
Barrois: Old, trusted servant of Monsieur de Noirtier.
Monsieur d'Avrigny: Family doctor treating the Villefort family.
Major (also Marquis) Bartolomeo Cavalcanti: Old man who plays the role of Prince Andrea Cavalcanti's father.
Ali Tebelen (Ali Tepelini in some versions): An Albanian nationalist leader, Pasha of Yanina, whom Fernand Mondego betrays, leading to Ali Pasha’s murder at the hands of the Turks and the seizure of his kingdom. His wife and daughter Haydée are sold into slavery by Fernand.
Countess Teresa Guiccioli

text: Publication[edit]

text: The Count of Monte Cristo was originally published in the Journal des Débats in eighteen parts. Serialization ran from August 28, 1844 to January 15, 1846. The first edition in book form was published in Paris by Pétion in 18 volumes with the first two issued in 1844 and the remaining sixteen in 1845.[7] Most of the Belgian pirated editions, the first Paris edition and many others up to the Lécrivain et Toubon illustrated edition of 1860 feature a misspelling of the title with "Christo" used instead of "Cristo". The first edition to feature the correct spelling was the L'Écho des Feuilletons illustrated edition, Paris 1846. This edition featured plates by Paul Gavarni and Tony Johannot and was said to be "revised" and "corrected", although only the chapter structure appears to have been altered with an additional chapter entitled La Maison des Allées de Meilhan having been created by splitting Le Départ into two.[8]

text: English translations[edit]

text: The first appearance of The Count of Monte Cristo in English was the first part of a serialization by W. Francis Ainsworth in volume VII of Ainsworth's Magazine published in 1845, although this was an abridged summary of the first part of the novel only and was entitled The Prisoner of If. Ainsworth translated the remaining chapters of the novel, again in abridged form, and issued these in volumes VIII and IX of the magazine in 1845 and 1846 respectively.[8] Another abridged serialisation appeared in The London Journal between 1846 and 1847.

text: The first single volume translation in English was an abridged edition with woodcuts published by Geo Pierce in January 1846 entitled The Prisoner of If or The Revenge of Monte Christo.[8]

text: In April 1846, volume three of the Parlour Novelist, Belfast, Ireland: Simms and M'Intyre, London: W S Orr and Company, featured the first part of an unabridged translation of the novel by Emma Hardy. The remaining two parts would be issued as the Count of Monte Christo volumes I and II in volumes 8 and 9 of the Parlour Novelist respectively.[8]

text: The most common English translation is an anonymous one originally published in 1846 by Chapman and Hall. This was originally released in ten weekly installments from March 1846 with six pages of letterpress and two illustrations by M Valentin.[9] The translation was released in book form with all twenty illustrations in two volumes in May 1846, a month after the release of the first part of the above-mentioned translation by Emma Hardy.[8] The translation follows the revised French edition of 1846, with the correct spelling of "Cristo" and the extra chapter The House on the Allées de Meilhan.

text: Most English editions of the novel follow the anonymous translation. In 1889 two of the major American publishers Little Brown and T.Y Crowell updated the translation, correcting mistakes and revising the text to reflect the original serialised version. This resulted in the removal of the chapter The House on the Allées de Meilhan, with the text restored to the end of the chapter called The Departure.[10][11]

text: In 1955 Collins published an updated version of the anonymous translation which cut several passages including a whole chapter entitled The Past and renamed others.[12] This abridgement was republished by many Collins imprints and other publishers including the Modern Library, Vintage, the 1998 Oxford World's Classics edition (later editions restored the text) and the 2009 Everyman's Library edition.

text: In 1996 Penguin Classics published a new translation by Robin Buss. Buss's translation updated the language, making the text more accessible to modern readers, and restored content that was modified in the 1846 translation because of Victorian English social restrictions (for example, references to Eugénie's lesbian traits and behaviour) to reflect Dumas' original version.

text: In addition to the above there have also been many abridged translations such as an 1892 edition published by F.M Lupton, translated by Henry L. Williams (this translation was also released by M.J Ivers in 1892 with Williams using the pseudonym of Professor William Thiese).[8] A more recent abridgement is the translation by Lowell Blair for Bantam Classics in 1956.

text: In Japan[edit]

text: The first Japanese translation by Kuroiwa Shūroku was entitled "Shigai Shiden Gankutsu-ou" (史外史伝巌窟王, "a historical story from outside history, the King of the Cavern"), and serialized from 1901–1902 in the Yorozu Chouhou newspaper, and released in book form in four volumes by publisher Aoki Suusandou in 1905. Though later translations use the title "Monte Cristo-haku" (モンテ・クリスト伯, the Count of Monte Cristo), the "Gankutsu-ou" title remains highly associated with the novel and is often used as an alternative. As of March 2016, all movie adaptations of the novel brought to Japan used the title "Gankutsu-ou", with the exception of the 2002 film, which has it as a subtitle (with the title itself simply being "Monte Cristo").

text: The novel is popular in Japan, and has spawned numerous adaptations, the most notable of which are the novels Meiji Gankutsu-ou by Taijirou Murasame and Shin Gankutsu-ou by Kaitarō Hasegawa. Its influence can also be seen in how one of the first prominent cases of miscarriage of justice in Japan, in which an innocent man was charged with murder and imprisoned for half a century, is known in Japanese as the "Yoshida Gankutsu-ou incident" (吉田岩窟王事件).

text: Reception and legacy[edit]

text: The original work was published in serial form in the Journal des Débats in 1844. Carlos Javier Villafane Mercado described the effect in Europe:

text: George Saintsbury stated: "Monte Cristo is said to have been at its first appearance, and for some time subsequently, the most popular book in Europe. Perhaps no novel within a given number of years had so many readers and penetrated into so many different countries."[14] This popularity has extended into modern times as well. The book was "translated into virtually all modern languages and has never been out of print in most of them. There have been at least twenty-nine motion pictures based on it ... as well as several television series, and many movies [have] worked the name 'Monte Cristo' into their titles."[13] The title Monte Cristo lives on in a "famous gold mine, a line of luxury Cuban cigars, a sandwich, and any number of bars and casinos—it even lurks in the name of the street-corner hustle three-card monte."[15]

text: Modern Russian writer and philologist Vadim Nikolayev determined The Count of Monte-Cristo as a megapolyphonic novel.[16]

text: The novel has been the inspiration for many other works, from Lew Wallace's Ben-Hur (1880),[17] a science fiction retelling in Alfred Bester's The Stars My Destination,[18] to Stephen Fry's contemporary The Stars' Tennis Balls.[19]

text: Historical background[edit]

text: The success of Monte Cristo coincides with France's Second Empire. In the book, Dumas tells of the 1815 return of Napoleon I, and alludes to contemporary events when the governor at the Château d'If is promoted to a position at the castle of Ham.[Notes 1] The attitude of Dumas towards "bonapartisme" was conflicted. His father, Thomas-Alexandre Dumas,[Notes 2] a Haitian of mixed descent, became a successful general during the French Revolution. New racial-discrimination laws were applied in 1802, and the general was dismissed from the army and became profoundly bitter toward Napoleon. In 1840, the ashes of Napoleon I were brought to France and became an object of veneration in the church of Les Invalides, renewing popular patriotic support for the Bonaparte family.

text: In "Causeries" (1860), Dumas published a short paper, "État civil du Comte de Monte-Cristo", on the genesis of the Count of Monte-Cristo.[Notes 3] It appears that Dumas had close contacts with members of the Bonaparte family while living in Florence in 1841. In a small boat he sailed around the island of Monte-Cristo accompanied by a young prince, a cousin to Louis Bonaparte, who was to become Emperor of the French ten years later. During this trip he promised the prince that he would write a novel with the island's name in the title. At that time the future emperor was imprisoned at the citadel of Ham – a name that is mentioned in the novel. Dumas did visit him there,[20] although he does not mention it in "Etat civil".

text: A chronology of The Count of Monte Cristo and Bonapartism[edit]

text: During the life of Thomas-Alexandre Dumas:

text:
1793: Thomas-Alexandre Dumas is promoted to the rank of general in the army of the First French Republic.
1794: He disapproves of the revolutionary terror in Western France.
1795–97: He becomes famous and fights under Napoleon.
1802: Black officers are dismissed from the army. The Empire re-establishes slavery.
1802: Birth of his son, Alexandre Dumas père.
1806: Thomas-Alexandre Dumas dies, still bitter about the injustice of the Empire.

text: During the life of Alexandre Dumas:

text:
1832: The only son of Napoleon I dies.
1836: Alexandre Dumas is famous as a writer by this time (age 34).
1836: First putsch by Louis Napoleon, aged 28, fails.
1840: A law is passed to bring the ashes of Napoleon I to France.
1840: Second putsch of Louis Napoleon. He is imprisoned for life and becomes known as the candidate for the imperial succession.
1841: Dumas lives in Florence and becomes acquainted with King Jérôme and his son, Napoléon.
1841–44: The story is conceived and written.
1844–46: The story is published in parts in a Parisian magazine.
1846: The novel is published in full and becomes a European bestseller.
1846: Louis Napoleon escapes from his prison.
1848: French Second Republic. Louis Napoleon is elected its first president but Dumas does not vote for him.
1857: Dumas publishes État civil du Comte de Monte-Cristo

text: Selected notable adaptations[edit]

text: Film and television[edit]

text:
1908: The Count of Monte Cristo, a silent film starring Hobart Bosworth
1913: The Count of Monte Cristo, a silent film starring James O'Neill
1918: The Count of Monte Cristo, a silent-film serial starring Léon Mathot
1922: Monte Cristo, directed by Emmett J. Flynn
1929: Monte Cristo, restored silent epic directed by Henri Fescourt
1934: The Count of Monte Cristo, directed by Rowland V. Lee
1940: The Son of Monte Cristo, directed by Rowland V. Lee
1942 The Count of Monte Cristo (Spanish: El Conde de Montecristo), a Mexican version directed by Chano Urueta and starred by Arturo de Córdova
1946: The Return of Monte Cristo, directed by Henry Levin
1950: The Prince of Revenge, Egyptian movie, directed by Henry Barkat
1953:The Count of Monte Cristo (Spanish: El Conde de Montecristo), directed by León Klimovsky and starred by Jorge Mistral
1954: The Count of Monte Cristo, starring Jean Marais
1956: The Count of Monte Cristo, TV series based on further adventures of Edmond Dantès after the end of the novel
1958: Vanjikottai Valiban (வஞ்சிக்கோட்டை வாலிபன்), Tamil film adaptation and its Hindi remake Raaj Tilak.
1961: Le comte de Monte Cristo, starring Louis Jourdan, directed by Claude Autant-Lara
1964: The Count of Monte Cristo, BBC television serial starring Alan Badel and Natasha Parry
1964: The Prince of Astuteness (ar) (أمير الدهاء), Egyptian Movie directed by Henry Barkat, Starring Farid Shawky
1966: Il conte di Montecristo, RAI Italian television serial directed by Edmo Fenoglio. starring Andrea Giordana
1968: Sous le signe de Monte Cristo, French movie starring Paul Barge, Claude Jade and Anny Duperey, directed by André Hunebelle, and set in 1947
1973: The Count of Monte Cristo, animated short produced by Hanna-Barbera
1975: The Count of Monte Cristo, starring Richard Chamberlain, directed by David Greene
1977: The Great Vendetta (zh) (大報復), Hong Kong television serial starring Adam Cheng, in which the background of the story is changed to Southern China during the Republican Era.
1979: Nihon Gankutsuou (ja) (日本巌窟王), Japanese television serial set in Edo period, starring Masao Kusakari.
1979: Le Comte de Monte-Cristo (1979 TV series), French TV series starring Jacques Weber.
1982: Padayottam, a Malayalam Film adaption set in Kerala context, directed by Jijo Punnoose starring Prem Nazir, Mammootty and Mohanlal
1984: La Dueña a 1984 Venezuelan telenovela with a female version of Edmond Dantès.
1986: Veta, Telugu film adaptation.
1988: Uznik Zamka If (ru) (litt. The Prisoner of Castle If ), Soviet miniseries starring Viktor Avilov (Count of Monte Cristo) and Aleksei Petrenko (Abbé Faria), with music and songs of Alexander Gradsky
Garfield and Friends episode "The Discount of Monte Cristo", a retelling of the story using the characters from U.S. Acres as the cast. Aloysius Pig, voiced by comedian Kevin Meaney, tries to cut the cost of the story, even though the characters are using their imaginations.
1998: The Count of Monte Cristo, television miniseries starring Gérard Depardieu
1999: Forever Mine, film starring Joseph Fiennes, Ray Liotta and Gretchen Mol, loosely but clearly based upon The Count of Monte Cristo, directed/written by Paul Schrader
2002: The Count of Monte Cristo, directed by Kevin Reynolds and starring Jim Caviezel, Dagmara Domińczyk, Richard Harris and Guy Pearce
2004: Gankutsuou: The Count of Monte Cristo (巌窟王　Gankutsuoo, literally The King of the Cave), Japanese animation adaptation. Produced by Gonzo, directed by Mahiro Maeda
2006: Vingança, telenovela directed by Rodrigo Riccó and Paulo Rosa, SIC Portugal
2006: Montecristo, Argentine telenovela starring Pablo Echarri and Paola Krum
2010: Ezel, a Turkish television series billed as an adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo.
2011 : Un amore e una vendetta (English: Love and Vendetta) an Italian television series loosely based on the book.
2011: Revenge, a television series billed as an adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo.
2016: Goodbye Mr. Black, a TV series loosely based on The Count of Monte Cristo"
2016: Once Upon a Time's sixth season features the Count as a character, portrayed by Craig Horner. Several characters and plot elements from the story are also alluded to.[21]
TBA: David S. Goyer will direct a film adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo.[22]

text: Literary adaptations[edit]

text:
1956: The Stars My Destination, Alfred Bester
2000: The Stars' Tennis Balls, Stephen Fry
2008: A Prisoner of Birth, Jeffrey Archer
2008: Master, an erotic version, Colette Gale
2008: Airman, Eoin Colfer
2010: Getting Revenge on Lauren Wood, A YA novel by Eileen Cook, which deals with popularity and bullying.

text: Sequels (books)[edit]

text:
1853: A Mão do finado, Alfredo Hogan
1881: The Son of Monte Cristo, Jules Lermina (1839–1915). This novel was divided in the English translation into two books: The Wife of Monte Cristo and The Son of Monte Cristo). Both were published in English in New York, 1884, translated by Jacob Arbabanell (1852–1922). Lermina also penned Le Trésor de Monte-Cristo [The Treasure of Monte-Cristo] (1885)
1884: Edmond Dantès: The Sequel to Alexander Dumas' Celebrated Novel The Count of Monte Cristo, Edmund Flagg (1815–1890). Published in English by T.B.Peterson and Bros. in 1886 (no translator credited).
1884: Monte-Cristo's Daughter sequel to Alexander Dumas' great novel, the "Count of Monte-Cristo," and Conclusion of "Edmond Dantès", Edmund Flagg. Published in English by T.B.Peterson and Bros. in 1886 (no translator credited).
1869: The Countess of Monte Cristo, Jean Charles Du Boys (1836-1873). Published in English by T.B.Peterson and Bros. in 1871 (no translator credited).
1887: Monte Cristo and his wife, presumably by Jacob Ralph Abarbanell
1902: Countess of Monte Cristo, by Abarbanell

text: Plays and musicals scripts[edit]

text: Alexandre Dumas and Auguste Maquet wrote a set of four plays that collectively told the story of The Count of Monte Cristo: Monte Cristo Part I (1848); Monte Cristo Part II (1848); Le Comte de Morcerf (1851) and Villefort (1851). The first two plays were first performed at Dumas' own Théâtre Historique in February 1848, with the performance spread over two nights, each with a long duration (the first evening ran from 18:00 until 00:00). The play was also unsuccessfully performed at Drury Lane in London later that year where rioting erupted in protest at French companies performing in England.

text: The adaptation differs from the novel in many respects: several characters, such as Luigi Vampa, are excluded; Whereas the novel includes many different plot threads that are brought together at the conclusion, the third and fourth plays deal only with the fate of Mondego and Villefort respectively (Danglars fate is not featured at all); the play is the first to feature Dantès shouting "the world is mine!", an iconic line that would be used in many future adaptations.

text: Two English adaptations of the novel were published in 1868. The first, by Hailes Lacy, differs only slightly from Dumas' version with the main change being that Fernand Mondego is killed in a duel with the Count rather than committing suicide. Much more radical was the version by Charles Fechter, a notable French-Anglo actor. The play faithfully follows the first part of the novel, omits the Rome section and makes several sweeping changes to the third part, among the most significant being that Albert is actually the son of Dantès. The fates of the three main antagonists are also altered: Villefort, whose fate is dealt with quite early on in the play, kills himself after being foiled by The Count trying to kill Noirtier (Villefort's half brother in this version); Mondego kills himself after being confronted by Mercedes; Danglars is killed by The Count in a duel. The ending sees Dantès and Mercedes reunited and the character of Haydee is not featured at all. The play was first performed at the Adelphi in London in October 1868. The original duration was five hours, resulting in Fechter abridging the play, which, despite negative reviews, had a respectable sixteen-week run. Fechter moved to the United States in 1869 and Monte Cristo was chosen for the inaugural play at the opening of the Globe Theatre, Boston in 1870. Fechter last performed the role in 1878. In 1883 John Stetson, manager of the Booth Theatre and The Globe Theatre, wanted to revive the play and asked James O'Neill to perform the lead role. O'Neill, who had never seen Fechter perform, made the role his own and the play became a commercial, if not an artistic success. O'Neill made several abridgements to the play and eventually bought it from Stetson. A motion picture based on Fechter's play, with O'Neill in the title role, was released in 1913 but was not a huge success. O'Neill died in 1920, two years before a more successful motion picture, produced by Fox and partially based on Fechter's version, was released.

text: The below list contain some more recent stage adaptations, most of which are musical theatre.

text:
2000: Monte Cristo by Karel Svoboda (music) and Zdenek Borovec (lyrics), Prague
2003: The Count of Monte Cristo (Граф Монте-Кристо) by Alexandr Tumencev and Tatyana Ziryanova
2005: Monte Cristo (The Musical) by Jon Smith and Leon Parris
2007: The Count of Monte-Cristo A rehearsed reading of a new Musical by Berry & Butler, at the Club for Acts and Actors London WC2E 9HP
2008: Monte-Cristo by Roman Ignatyev (composer) and Yuli Kim (lyrics), Moscow
2009: The Count of Monte Cristo by Frank Wildhorn
2009: The Count of Monte Cristo, by Ido Ricklin
2010: The Count of Monte Cristo, Rock Opera by Pete Sneddon
2011: The Count of Monte Cristo, Myriad Theatre & Film at the Jack Studio Theatre, London.
2012: The Count of Monte Cristo by Richard Bean, Royal National Theatre
2013: The Count of Monte Cristo produced by Cosmos Troupe of Takarazuka Revue
2015: The Count of Monte Cristo produced by the Oregon Shakespeare Festival

text: Audio adaptations[edit]

text:
1938: The Mercury Theatre on the Air with Orson Welles (Dantés), Ray Collins (Abbé Faria), George Coulouris (Monsieur Morrel), Edgar Barrier (de Villefort), Eustace Wyatt (Caderousse), Paul Stewart (Paul Dantés) Sidney Smith (Mondego), Richard Wilson (the Officer), Virginia Welles (Mercédès); radio broadcast August 29, 1938.[23]:345
1939: The Campbell Playhouse with Orson Welles (Dantés), Ray Collins (Caderousse), Everett Sloane (Abbé Faria), Frank Readick (Villefort), George Coulouris (Danglars), Edgar Barrier (Mondego), Richard Wilson (a Jailer), Agnes Moorehead (Mercédès); radio broadcast October 1, 1939.[23]:354
1939: Robert Montgomery on the Lux Radio Theater (radio)
1947–52: The Count of Monte Cristo radio program starring Carleton Young
1960s: Paul Daneman for Tale Spinners For Children series (LP) UAC 11044
1961: Louis Jourdan for Caedmon Records (LP)
1964: Per Edström director (radio series in Sweden)[24]
1987: Andrew Sachs on BBC Radio 4 (later BBC Radio 7 and BBC Radio 4 Extra)
1989: Richard Matthews for Penguin Random House (ISBN 978-141-591-221-8)
2005: John Lee for Blackstone Audio
2010: Bill Homewood for Naxos Audiobooks (ISBN 978-962-634-134-6)
2012: Iain Glen on BBC Radio 4 written by Sebastian Baczkiewicz and directed by Jeremy Mortimer and Sasha Yevtushenko, with Richard Johnson as Faria, Jane Lapotaire as the aged Haydee, Toby Jones as Danglars, Zubin Varla as Fernand, Paul Rhys as Villefort and Josette Simon as Mercedes.[25]
2017:The Count of Monte Cristo musical adaption by Berry & Butler[26]

text: Video games[edit]

text:
1996: Jīdū Shān En Chóu Jì – Le Comte de Monte-Cristo (基督山恩仇記), a Chinese-language Nintendo Famicom game produced by Waixing Computer Science & Technology
2014: Count of Monte-Cristo phone app (in English and Romanian). A puzzle game that comes with a level editor.
2016: In Fate/Grand Order, Edmond Dantès was available for summoning as an Avenger-class servant. Type-Moon also produced an accompanying drama CD about Monte Cristo and various people from his past including Haydée and Abbe Faria.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ On p. 140 of the Pléiade edition the governor at the Château d'If is promoted to a position at the castle of Ham, which is the castle where Louis Napoleon was imprisoned 1840–46.
Jump up ^ Thomas Alexandre Dumas was also known as Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie.
Jump up ^ "État civil du Comte de Monte-Cristo" is included in the Pléiade edition (Paris, 1981) as an "annexe".


document_title: List of Canadian provinces by unemployment rate

question_text: which province in canada has the lowest unemployment rate

root

text: Unemployment by province or territory[edit]

text: Statistic set below: February 2018.[2][3][4][5][6]

tag: p

text: Note: Statistics for the territories (i.e. Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut) are not seasonally adjusted.

text:
Province or territory
Unemployment rate
(seasonally adjusted)
Monthly percent change
(=drop in unemployment)

 Canada (national)
7000580000000000000♠5.8
 0.1%

 British Columbia
7000470000000000000♠4.7
 0.1%

 Alberta
7000670000000000000♠6.7
 0.3%

 Saskatchewan
7000560000000099999♠5.6
 0.2%

 Manitoba
7000590000000000000♠5.9
 0.3%

 Ontario
7000550000000000000♠5.5
 0.0%

 Quebec
7000560000000099999♠5.6
 0.2%

 New Brunswick
7000820009999999999♠8.2
 0.9%

 Prince Edward Island
7001101000000000000♠10.1
 0.5%

 Nova Scotia
7000790000000000000♠7.9
 0.3%

 Newfoundland and Labrador
7001140000000000000♠14.0
 0.0%

 Yukon
7000320000000000000♠3.2

 Northwest Territories
7000640000000000000♠6.4

 Nunavut
7001137000000000000♠13.7

tag: table

text: Definitions of modern full employment range from 3% to 6% unemployment rates. As of 2016, the fastest growing economies are in Ontario and B.C..

text: Data differences from US rates[edit]

text: Canada uses a different measure to gauge the unemployment rate than the United States calculation. An analyst with the American Bureau of Labour Statistics stated that if the Canadian unemployment rate were adjusted to U.S. concepts, it would be reduced by 1 percentage point.[7]

text: In Canada, 15-year-olds are included in surveys of the working age population and therefore are included in their calculations. In the United States, 15-year-olds are not included in the calculations. A larger contributor to the difference is that flipping through the want-ads in a newspaper (or on the internet) gets people classified as unemployed in Canada, but not in the United States. A rise in the use of these passive job search methods in Canada is important as an explanation for the methodology bump of +1% for the Canadian figures.[7]

text: Unemployment extremes[edit]

text: The lowest level of national unemployment came in 1947 with a 2.2% unemployment rate that came as a result of the prosperity that emerged after the Second World War.

text: The highest level of unemployment throughout Canada was set on December 1982, when the early 1980s recession resulted in 13.1% of the adult population being out of work due to economic factors that originated in the United States.[8] The primary cause of the early 1980s recession was a contractionary monetary policy established by the Federal Reserve System to control high inflation.[9]

text: During the Great Depression, urban unemployment throughout Canada was 19%; Toronto's rate was 17%, according to the census of 1931. Farmers who stayed on their farms were not considered unemployed.[10]

text: Future labour shortages[edit]

text: The current unemployment rates for each province/territory, in addition to the national unemployment rate, do not take into account the labour shortages that will occur due to Canada's low birth rate and aging population.

text: The summer of 2020 will see the unemployment rate in Canada drop to nearly zero percent as young workers entering the workforce fail to keep up with the elderly workers retiring by the thousands. Ontario, for example, will see 190,000 job positions go unfilled.[11] Canada will have as many as 1.8 million jobs without the right quality of people to apply for them by 2030.

text: This will put Canada in a "severe labour shortage" situations; and desperate measures like hiring foreign workers for one year at a time and re-educating unskilled workers into skilled workers will be the agenda for most companies during this era.[12]


document_title: The Maze Runner

question_text: how old is chuck from the maze runner

question_tokens: how old is chuck from the maze runner

text: The Maze Runner

text: Plot[edit]

text: Thomas wakes up in a metal elevator that brings him to a place called the Glade. He has no memory of who he is or how he got there. He gradually discovers that the Glade is run by two boys: Alby, the leader, and Newt, the second-in-charge, who both maintain order by enforcing simple but effective rules. The elevator box surfaces from under the ground every week supplying new food, tools, medicine, and sometimes weapons. Every month a new boy with no memory of anything but his first name finds himself in that elevator box. The Glade is surrounded by a square of 4 mile-high walls made of concrete. Outside the walls is the Maze, a labyrinth of high concrete walls covered in ivy that changes every day. The Maze houses strange, lethal creatures known as Grievers. Grievers are described as amorphous monsters of metal and flesh. The Gladers are trying to stay alive as well as "solve" the Maze by running through it as fast as they can while tracking movements of the walls and trying to find an exit to escape.

text: One day after Thomas' arrival, a girl named Teresa is delivered through the elevator into the Glade with a note saying "She's the last one. Ever." It implies that there will be no more children sent into the Glade. The girl subsequently lapses into a coma. When Thomas comes to visit her, he recognizes her, but can't remember her name until he hears her voice telepathically in his mind telling him her name. Teresa wakes up and tells Thomas that they knew each other before they were sent into the Glade, and reveals that they could communicate telepathically.

text: Her arrival triggers a series of changes to life in the Glade: People start acting strangely, the sun disappears, the weekly deliveries of supplies stop coming, and the doors of the Maze stay open at night, which allows the Grievers to enter the Glade and hunt the children. Thomas and Minho are the first people in the Glade to survive the night in the maze.

text: Thomas proposes that the walls of the Maze aren't random, but that their movements are actually a code, leading to the discovery that the Maze is spelling out words. Thomas also discovers that the cliff that they all thought was just a cliff turns out to be where the Grievers leave the Maze or "The Griever Hole" as he and Minho call it. If they can come and go over the edge of the Cliff, then maybe so can the Gladers. This drives Thomas to think they need memories to get out, so he intentionally gets stung by a Griever so he can go through the Changing – the process that people go through after getting the Grief Serum, a syringe of medicine that arrives in the Box along with the other supplies and is administered to people who have been stung by Grievers. The Changing can trigger memories and most often does.

text: Thomas and the Gladers find out what the pattern is, which causes most of the Gladers to decide to make a run for the exit, knowing that it could be suicidal trying to take on the Grievers, but figuring that nothing could be worse than being stuck in the Glade waiting to be hunted by the Grievers. They succeed, only to find out that they were test subjects in an experiment conducted by an organization called World In Catastrophe: Killzone Experiment Department (WICKED). Gally, one of the Gladers who always knew something was different about Thomas and hated him for it, appears at the laboratory to which the teenagers escape. He hadn't originally escaped with them, and he is acting as though he is being controlled. He moves to throw a knife at Thomas, but Chuck, the youngest Glader and Thomas' friend, jumps in front of him.

text: After briefly mourning the death of Chuck, all 20 Gladers are rescued by a group of people and brought to a safe haven while being told about catastrophic solar flares that caused an apocalyptic event, followed by a virus called the Flare that killed millions. The rescuers reveal that orphaned children are being tested to find a cure for the virus.

text: The epilogue is written in the voice of Chancellor Ava Paige—a feature of all the novels in the trilogy. She reveals that the group who rescued the Gladers may just be another variable in the experiment, and that the Gladers weren't the only group being evaluated.

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Thomas:  The protagonist. Thomas is the last boy, but not the last person to enter the Glade. The only thing remembered when he came into the glade was his name. Chuck described him as about 16 years old, of average height, and brown haired. He was called "Greenie" as he is a new arrival. He becomes a Runner with Minho after being the first person to spend a whole night in the Maze and saves Alby when he was about to die. He has a telepathic connection with Teresa.
Teresa: The first girl and last person to enter the Glade. She has a telepathic connection with Thomas. She also calls Thomas "Tom". She is also known to help Thomas out of the maze and fight the grievers in the griever hole. She is thin, has black hair and blue eyes.
Alby: The eldest and the leader of the Gladers. "The dark-skinned boy with short cropped hair, his face clean shaven", tries to keep order within the group by having all the boys follow the rules they've set down to survive. He has a very close relationship with Newt, his second-in-command. He was in the group of 30 people who first arrived in the Glade. Alby commits suicide by walking into a group of Grievers, thinking that it was better that he die there than outside the Maze.
Newt: A tall, strong, smart boy with medium-length blond hair who speaks with an odd accent. He used to be a Runner, but is no longer able-footed. He is very kind, friendly, and welcoming to Thomas. He is Alby's closest friend and second-in-command and takes over as leader when Alby no longer feels capable.
Minho: The Keeper of the Runners is in charge of navigating and mapping out the Maze. As a Runner, he's in very good shape and is described as "an Asian kid with strong, heavily-muscled arms and short black hair." He and Thomas quickly become good friends.
Chuck: A young and chubby boy with curly hair who was the newest Glader until Thomas arrived. He immediately becomes friends with Thomas, and acts like a little brother towards him. Chuck was a "slopper". He is around 12 or 13 years old. He is killed by Gally after the maze.
Gally: A Glader who lives by the rules Alby put in place. He does not trust Thomas and shows an immense dislike for him. He is also the Keeper of the Builders. He runs away from the Glade in a fit of rage after exclaiming that he thought "Thomas was not to be trusted" in the Gathering. At the end of the book, he kills Chuck by throwing a knife into his chest.
Ben: A Runner. After undergoing the Changing and attempting to kill Thomas. Ben is banished to the Maze while still induced with the serum and still psycho, and dies overnight.
Ava Paige: The Chancellor of WICKED and the person responsible for sending teenagers into the Maze. She appears in the Epilogue as the writer of a revealing e-mail.
Grievers: Mechanical creatures that haunt and kill the Gladers in the maze. In "the Ending" they are let free onto the Glade to kill one person every day.

tag: ul

text: Development[edit]

text: In late 2005, Dashner had published four books to complete The Jimmy Fincher Saga, which had been with a small regional publisher. His publisher wanted him to write another book, but he decided he would try for a national book market instead. In November of that year he had an idea when going to be "about a bunch of teenagers living inside an unsolvable Maze full of hideous creatures, in the future, in a dark, dystopian world. It would be an experiment, to study their minds. Terrible things would be done to them – awful things; completely hopeless – until the victims turn everything on its head." The book was later published in 2009.[4] Dashner wrote the book from December 2005 to March 2006.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Kirkus Reviews wrote: "Hard to put down, this is clearly just a first installment, and it will leave readers dying to find out what comes next."[5]

text: Jessica Harrison of the Deseret Morning News labeled The Maze Runner as "a thrilling adventurous book for kids ages 13+ that will get readers' hearts pumping and leave them asking for more." She noted that it "starts out a bit slow" but as it matched Thomas's confusion and picked up pace as he became more accustomed, she wrote that "it's almost as if Dashner is easing the reader into what becomes a fast-paced, nonstop action." However, she thought the "only drawback" was the "fictionalized slang", saying, "While it feels realistic and fits with his characters, it gets old pretty fast. On the plus side, however, it's used so often that the reader almost becomes desensitized and learns to ignore it."[6]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: Fox released a film adaptation of the book, titled The Maze Runner, on 19 September 2014. Wes Ball signed on as director and T.S. Nowlin wrote the screenplay.[7] Dylan O'Brien played the lead role of Thomas,[8] Thomas Brodie-Sangster portrayed Newt[9] and Kaya Scodelario Teresa,.[10] Ki Hong Lee, Blake Cooper, Will Poulter and Aml Ameen were added to the cast as Minho, Chuck, Gally and Alby, respectively. Patricia Clarkson played the role of the main antagonist Ava Paige. Dexter Darden portrayed Frypan, Alexander Flores portrayed Winston, Jacob Latimore played Jeff, Randal Cunningham portrayed Clint, Chris Sheffield portrayed Ben, and Joe Adler played Zart.

text: Wayne Haag served as an artist on the film, and Ellen Goldsmith-Vein, Lindsay Williams with Lee Stollman as producers.[11]

text: Creature designer Ken Barthelmey designed the Grievers for the film.[12]

text: Filming started on 13 May 2013,[13] and ended 12 July 2013.[14]


document_title: Visa requirements for South African citizens

question_text: visa requirements for argentina for south african citizens

text: Visa requirements map[edit]

text: Visa requirements[edit]

text:
Country

Visa requirement

Allowed stay

Notes (excluding departure fees)

Reciprocity

 Afghanistan

Visa required[2]

√

 Albania

Visa required[3]

√

 Algeria

Visa required[4]

√

 Andorra

Visa required[5]

Andorra has no visa regime, but is only accessible through France and Spain. Multiple Entry Schengen Visa required.

√

 Angola

Visa not required[6]

30 days

30 days per visit, up to 90 days per year.

√

 Antigua and Barbuda

Visa not required[7]

1 month

√

 Argentina

Visa not required[8]

90 days

√

 Armenia

eVisa / Visa on arrival[9]

120 days

X

 Australia and territories

Visa required[10]

May apply online (Online Visitor e600 visa).[11]
Transit visa is not required.[12]
Biometric Collection is mandatory upon request for the Online Vistor e600 Visa.
Visas can be issued within a matter of seconds depending on the length of queue once all the appropriate information is provided including Biometrics.

X

 Austria

Visa required[13]

X

 Azerbaijan

eVisa[14]

30 days[15]

X

 Bahamas

Visa not required[16]

3 months

Extendable up to 8 months.

√

 Bahrain

eVisa[17]

X

 Bangladesh

Visa required[18]

√

 Barbados

Visa not required[19]

6 months

√

 Belarus

Visa required[20]

√

 Belgium

Visa required[21]

X

 Belize

Visa not required[22]

√

 Benin

Visa not required[23]

90 Days

√

 Bhutan

Visa required[24]

√

 Bolivia

Visa on arrival[25]

90 days

√

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

Visa required[26]

√

 Botswana

Visa not required[27]

90 days

√

 Brazil

Visa not required[28]

90 days

√

 Brunei

Visa required[29]

√

 Bulgaria

Visa required[30]

√

 Burkina Faso

Visa required[31]

√

 Burundi

Visa required[32]

√

 Cambodia

eVisa / Visa on arrival[33]

30 days

X

 Cameroon

Visa required[34]

Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.

√

 Canada

Visa required[35]

Holders of the Right of Abode to the UK with a Certificate of Entitlement as proof of authenticity do not require Visa.

X

 Cape Verde

Visa on arrival[36]

√

 Central African Republic

Visa required[37]

√

 Chad

Visa required[38]

√

 Chile

Visa not required[39]

90 days

√

 China

Visa required[40]

24-Hour Transit Visa obtainable at the airport.

√

 Colombia

Visa required[41]

Transit visa is not required.

√

 Comoros

Visa on arrival[42]

X

 Republic of the Congo

Visa required[43]

√

 Democratic Republic of the Congo

Visa required[44]

√

 Costa Rica

Visa not required[45]

90 days

√

 Côte d'Ivoire

eVisa[46]

3 months

eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport.

X

 Croatia

Visa required[47]

Valid multiple entry schengen visa is valid for Croatia[48]

√

 Cuba

Tourist card required[49]

√

 Cyprus

Visa required[50]

X

 Czech Republic

Visa required[51]

X

 Denmark

Visa required[52]

X

 Djibouti

eVisa[53]

31 days

X

 Dominica

Visa not required[54]

6 months

X

 Dominican Republic

Visa not required[55]

X

 Ecuador

Visa not required[56]

90 days

√

 Egypt

Visa required[57]

√

 El Salvador

Visa not required[58]

90 days

X

 Equatorial Guinea

Visa required[59]

√

 Eritrea

Visa required[60]

Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.

√

 Estonia

Visa required[61]

√

 Ethiopia

eVisa / Visa on arrival[62]

X

 Fiji

Visa not required[63]

4 months

√

 Finland

Visa required[64]

X

 France

Visa required[65]

X

 Gabon

Visa not required[66]

30 days.

√

 Gambia

Visa required[67]

In addition to a visa, an entry clearance must be obtained from the Gambian Immigration prior to travel.[68]

√

 Georgia

Visa not required[69]

1 year

X

 Germany

Visa required[70]

X

 Ghana

Visa on arrival[71]

30 days

X

 Greece

Visa required[72]

X

 Grenada

Visa not required[73]

3 months

X

 Guatemala

Visa not required[74]

90 days

X

 Guinea

Visa required[75]

√

 Guinea-Bissau

eVisa / Visa on arrival[76]

90 days

X

 Guyana

Visa not required[77]

3 months

√

 Haiti

Visa not required[78]

3 months

X

 Honduras

Visa not required[79]

90 days

X

 Hungary

Visa required[80]

X

 Iceland

Visa required[81]

X

 India

e-Visa[82]

60 days

e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports[Note 1] or 3 designated seaports.[Note 2][83]
An Indian e-Tourist Visa can only be obtained twice in one calendar year.

X

 Indonesia

Visa not required[84]

30 days

Select ports of entry.

X

 Iran

Visa on arrival[85]

30 days[86]

X

 Iraq

Visa required[87]

√

 Ireland

Visa not required[88]

3 months

Entry into the UK from Ireland is not permitted if the South African passport holder does not have a valid UK Visa.
There are some requirements to fulfil for entry such as evidence of sufficient funds, proof of accommodation and character requirements.
Visa checks may be carried out if travelling by land between Ireland and Northern Ireland (UK). Further checks are implied when travelling by boat or from Northern Ireland (UK) to mainland UK (Great Britain).
UK direct-airside transit and transit by land visas cannot be used for travel to Ireland by transiting the UK, this is because entry in the first country (either the UK or Ireland) is considered entry to the entire Common Travel Area (UK and Republic of Ireland). Standard Visitor Visa required for the purpose of any transit.

√

 Israel

Visa not required[89]

90 days

Some travelers are permitted to stay longer but in excess of 90 days usually requires mandatory military service for certain ages.

√

 Italy

Visa required[90]

X

 Jamaica

Visa not required[91]

180 Days

X

 Japan

Visa required[92]

X

 Jordan

Visa on arrival[93]

30 days

√

 Kazakhstan

Visa required[94]

√

 Kenya

Visa not required[95]

90 days[96]

X

 Kiribati

Visa required[97]

√

 North Korea

Visa required[98]

√

 South Korea

Visa not required[99]

30 days

Extendable up to 90 days.

√

 Kuwait

Visa required[100]

√

 Kyrgyzstan

eVisa / Visa on arrival[101]

1 month

Available at Manas International Airport.

X

 Laos

Visa on arrival[102]

30 days

Conditions apply.
Available at international airports Luangphabang, Pakse, Savannakhet and Vientiane, and at 4 land borders Friendship Bridge,[Note 3] and at 13 border crossings[Note 4] as well as Tanalaeng train station in Vientiane, which connects to the train station in Nongkai, Thailand.[103]
Entry points Lalai, Lantui, Meuang mom, Pakxan, and Phoudou are open only to visa holders.
Extendable up to 60 days.

X

 Latvia

Visa required[104]

X

 Lebanon

Visa required[105]

In addition to a visa, an approval should be obtained from the Immigration department of the General Directorate of General Security (La Surete Generale).

√

 Lesotho

Visa not required[106]

90 days

√

 Liberia

Visa required[107]

Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.

√

 Libya

Visa required[108]

Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.

√

 Liechtenstein

Visa required[109]

X

 Lithuania

Visa required[110]

√

 Luxembourg

Visa required[111]

X

 Macedonia

Visa required[112]

√

 Madagascar

Visa on arrival[113]

30 days

Obtained free of charge.

√

 Malawi

Visa not required[114]

90 days

√

 Malaysia

Visa not required[115]

90 days

√

 Maldives

Visa on arrival[116]

90 days

√

 Mali

Visa required[117]

√

 Malta

Visa required[118]

X

 Marshall Islands

Visa on arrival[119]

90 days

X

 Mauritania

Visa on arrival[120]

Available at Nouakchott–Oumtounsy International Airport.

X

 Mauritius

Visa not required[121][122]

90 days

√

 Mexico

Visa required[123]

Visa free access for holders of a valid US Visa. Holders of valid B1/B2 (B) or Permanent Resident Visa/ Green Card are permitted to remain for 180 days. Passport holders with less than six months validity may face difficulty when attempting to enter as a Business Visitor/ Tourist as they are usually permitted six months stay which might exceed the passport's validity.

√

 Micronesia

Visa not required[124]

30 days

X

 Moldova

Visa required[125]

√

 Monaco

Visa required[126]

Schengen Visa Required. Monaco is a de facto member of the Schengen Area and there are no formal immigration procedures upon exit and entry.

X

 Mongolia

Visa required[127]

√

 Montenegro

Visa required[128]

√

 Morocco

Visa required[129]

√

 Mozambique

Visa not required[130]

3 months

√

 Myanmar

eVisa[131]

28 days[132]

X

 Namibia

Visa not required[133]

3 months

√

 Nauru

Visa required[134]

√

   Nepal

Visa on arrival[135]

90 days

X

 Netherlands

Visa required[136]

X

 New Zealand

Visa required[137]

Visa not required if the holder of Australian Permanent Residence travelling on a South African Passport, Australian Resident Visa will be granted upon arrival subject to satisfying the entry requirements. Australian Permanent Residents must have a valid Visa/ Travel Facility attached to the status for entry.
Imperative note: Holders of the Right of Abode to the UK with a Certificate of Entitlement as proof of authenticity do not require a Visa.

√

 Nicaragua

Visa not required[138]

90 days

X

 Niger

Visa required[139]

√

 Nigeria

Visa required[140]

Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.

√

 Norway

Visa required[141]

X

 Oman

eVisa[142]

30 days

X

 Pakistan

Visa required[143]

Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days. Conditions apply.[144]

√

 Palau

Visa on arrival[145]

30 days

X

 Panama

Visa not required[146]

180 days

√

 Papua New Guinea

Visa required[147]

√

 Paraguay

Visa not required[148]

90 days

√

 Peru

Visa not required[149]

180 days

√

 Philippines

Visa not required[150]

30 days

X

 Poland

Visa required[151]

X

 Portugal

Visa required[152]

X

 Qatar

eVisa / Visa on arrival+[153]

30 days

+Available at Hamad International Airport. The Visa Waiver Facility (of 30 days) cannot be granted upon arrival if stay is less than 1 night, a Transit Visa should be applied for instead. Visa Label is put in the passport upon arrival after satisfying the entry requirements.
eVisa, Transit Visa from Qatar Airways (9-96 hours) and ETA are also available. eVisa refers to a Tourist Visa. These three methods are all acceptable alternatives for tourism should the South African passport holder wish not to use the Visa Waiver Facility available upon arrival.

X

 Romania

Visa required[154]

√

 Russia

Visa not required[155]

90 days

90 days within any 180 day period

√

 Rwanda

eVisa / Visa on arrival[156]

30 days

X

 Saint Kitts and Nevis

Visa not required[157]

3 months

X

 Saint Lucia

Visa not required[158]

6 weeks

X

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Visa not required[159]

1 month

√

 Samoa

Entry Permit on arrival[160]

60 days

X

 San Marino

Visa required[161]

X

 São Tomé and Príncipe

eVisa[162]

X

 Saudi Arabia

Visa required[163]

√

 Senegal

Visa not required[164]

X

 Serbia

Visa required[165]

Visa free for a maximum stay of 90 days for valid visa holders or residents of the European Union member states and the United States.

√

 Seychelles

Visitor's Permit on arrival[166]

3 months

√

 Sierra Leone

Visa required[167]

Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.

√

 Singapore

Visa not required[168]

30 days

√

 Slovakia

Visa required[169]

√

 Slovenia

Visa required[170]

√

 Solomon Islands

Visa required[171]

√

 Somalia

Visa on arrival[172]

30 days

Available at Bosaso Airport, Galcaio Airport and Mogadishu Airport.

X

 South Sudan

Visa required[173]

√

 Spain

Visa required[174]

X

 Sri Lanka

eVisa / Visa on arrival[175]

30 days

X

 Sudan

Visa required[176]

√

 Suriname

Visa required[177]

√

 Swaziland

Visa not required[178]

30 days

√

 Sweden

Visa required[179]

X

  Switzerland

Visa required[180]

X

 Syria

Visa required[181]

√

 Tajikistan

eVisa[182][183]

45 days

E-visa holders can enter through all border points.

X

 Tanzania

Visa not required[184]

90 days

√

 Thailand

Visa not required[185]

30 days

Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air.

√

 Timor-Leste

Visa on arrival[186]

30 days

X

 Togo

Visa on arrival[187]

7 days

X

 Tonga

Visa required[188]

√

 Trinidad and Tobago

Visa not required[189]

90 days

√

 Tunisia

Visa not required[190]

3 months

X

 Turkey

eVisa / Visa on arrival[191]

30 Days

√

 Turkmenistan

Visa required[192]

Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.

√

 Tuvalu

Visa on arrival[193]

1 month

X

 Uganda

eVisa / Visa on arrival[194]

May apply online.[195]

X

 Ukraine

Visa required[196]

√

 United Arab Emirates

Visa required[197]

May apply online.[198] Emirates Airline (Dubai) and Etihad Airways (Abu Dhabi) routinely provide this service. Entry is only valid on condition that travel is made with the airline where the online visa is applied for and ticket is issued.

√

 United Kingdom and Crown dependencies

Visa required[199]

Right of Abode holders with a Certificate of Entitlement in their Commonwealth passport may enter the United Kingdom and remain indefinitely.
Temporary Visa holders can only enter for 3 months if entering from the Republic of Ireland (Eire).
The Crown dependencies include the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey as well as the Isle of Man.
Transit Visa Required unless exempt; Australian, New Zealand and all other Visas with confirmation slips/ electronically granted Visas with a paper print-out as confirmation are not permitted as an exemption document unless endorsed by the airline.
Entering the United Kingdom (including Northern Ireland) by land, sea or air from the Republic of Ireland is not permitted unless in possession of a valid U.K. Visa or Immigration Document. UK Land or Transit Visa cannot be used to transit the UK from Ireland, a Standard Visa is required.

X

 United States

Visa required[200]

X

 Uruguay

Visa not required[201]

90 days

√

 Uzbekistan

Visa required[202]

5-day visa free transit when in transit at the international airports on condition of holding a confirmed onward ticket for a flight to a third country.[203]
Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.

√

 Vanuatu

Visa not required[204]

30 days

X

  Vatican City

Visa required[205]

Schengen Visa Required. Entry can be made from Italy exclusively. Vatican City is a de facto member of the Schengen Area and there are no formal immigration procedures upon entry and exit.

√

 Venezuela

Visa not required[206]

90 days

√

 Vietnam

Visa required[207]

Pre-arranged visa obtained online through travel agencies available at Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Phu Quoc,[208] or Da Nang airports.

√

 Yemen

Visa required[209]

√

 Zambia

Visa not required[210]

90 days

√

 Zimbabwe

Visa not required[211]

3 months

√

text: Dependent, Disputed, or Restricted territories[edit]

text:
Territory

Conditions of access

Notes

 Abkhazia

Visa required[212]

 Kosovo

Visa not required[213]

90 days

 Northern Cyprus

Visa not required[214]

3 months

 Nagorno-Karabakh

Visa required[215]

Travellers with Nagorno-Karabakh visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Nagorno-Karabakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan.[216]

 Palestine

Visa not required[217]

Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed.[218]

 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory.

 Somaliland

Visa on arrival

30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival.[219][220]

 South Ossetia

Visa not required[221]

Multiple entry visa to Russia and three day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[222][223]

 Taiwan

Visa required[224][225]

 Transnistria

Visa not required[226]

Registration required after 24h.[227][228]

text:
Territory

Conditions of access

Notes

China

 Hong Kong

Visa not required[229]

30 days

 Macau

Visa not required[230]

30 days

Denmark

 Faroe Islands

Visa required[231]

 Greenland

Visa required[232]

France

 French Guiana

Visa required[233]

 French Polynesia

Visa required[234]

 French West Indies

Visa required

Includes overseas departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique and overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin.

 Mayotte

Visa required[235]

 New Caledonia

Visa required[236]

 Réunion

Visa not required[237]

3 months

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Visa required[238]

 Wallis and Futuna

Visa required[239]

Netherlands

 Aruba

Visa required[240]

 Caribbean Netherlands

Visa required[241]

Includes Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba.

 Curaçao

Visa required[242]

 Sint Maarten

Visa required[243]

New Zealand

 Cook Islands

Visa not required[244]

31 days

 Niue

Visa not required[245]

30 days

 Tokelau

Visa required[246]

United Kingdom

 Akrotiri and Dhekelia

Visa required[247]

 Anguilla

Visa required[248]

 Bermuda

Visa required[249]

 British Indian Ocean Territory

Special permit required

Special permit required.[250]

 British Virgin Islands

Visa not required[251]

30 days, extensions possible

 Cayman Islands

Visa not required[252]

6 months

 Falkland Islands

Visa not required[253]

 Gibraltar

Visa required[254]

Gibraltar is the only British Overseas Territory which falls under the UK's Visa Policy. UK Visa Required for Entry.

 Montserrat

Visa not required[255]

6 months

 Pitcairn Islands

Visa not required

14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore.[256][257][258]

 Ascension Island

Entry Permit required

Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance (3 months for 20/30 pounds sterling, single/double entry).[259]

 Saint Helena

Visitor's Pass required

Visitor's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4/10/21/60/90 days for 12/14/16/20/25 pound sterling.[260]

 Tristan da Cunha

Permission required

Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands.[261]

 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

Permit required

Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[262][263]

 Turks and Caicos Islands

Visa required[264]

90 days

United States

 American Samoa

Visa required[265]

 Guam

Visa required[266]

 Northern Mariana Islands

Visa required[267]

 Puerto Rico

Visa required[268]

US visa is required to visit Puerto Rico

 U.S. Virgin Islands

Visa required[269]

Antarctica and adjacent islands

Special permits required for  Bouvet Island,  British Antarctic Territory,  French Southern and Antarctic Lands,  Argentine Antarctica,  Australian Antarctic Territory,  Chilean Antarctic Territory,  Heard Island and McDonald Islands,  Peter I Island,  Queen Maud Land,  Ross Dependency.[270][271][272][273][274][275][276][277][278][279][280][281]

text:
Territory

Conditions of access

Notes

 Belarus Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park

Visa not required

3 days;[282] must first obtain an electronic pass[283]

 China Hainan

Visa on arrival[284]

15 days. Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport.Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group (5 or more people)[285]

 China Tibet Autonomous Region

TTP required

Tibet Travel Permit required (10 US Dollars).[286][287][288]

 Crimea

Visa required

Visa issued by Russia is required.[289]

 Ecuador  Galápagos

Pre-registration required

Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[290]

 Eritrea outside Asmara

Travel permit required

To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa).[291]

 Greece  Mount Athos

Special permit required

Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[292][293]

 India PAP/RAP

PAP/RAP required

Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh.Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.[294][295][296][297][298][299]

 Iran Kish Island

Visa not required

Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa.[300]

 Iraqi Kurdistan

Visa on arrival

Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports.[301]

 Fiji Lau Province

Special permission required

Special permission required.[302]

 France Clipperton Island

Special permit required

Special permit required.[303]

 Kazakhstan

Special permission required

Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast, and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty.[304]

 North Korea outside Pyongyang

Special permit required

People are not allowed to leave the capital city, tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent moving)

 Malaysia Sabah and Sarawak

Visa not required

These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies.[305]

 Maldives outside Malé

Permission required

With the exception of the capital Malé, tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.[306]

 Norway Jan Mayen

Permit required

Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours[307] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[308]

 Norway  Svalbard

Visa not required

Unlimited Stay.
Transit Visa not required when transiting Oslo,  Norway to get to Svalbard Airport, Longyear, Svalbard.

 Novorossiya

Restricted area

Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine.[309][310]

 Russia

Special authorization required

Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization.[311]

 Sudan outside Khartoum

Travel permit required

All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.

 Sudan Darfur

Travel permit required

Separate travel permit is required.[312]

 Tajikistan Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province

OIVR permit required

OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez.[313][314][315]

 UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus

Access Permit required[316]

Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.

 Korean Demilitarized Zone

Restricted zone.

 UNDOF Zone and Ghajar

Restricted zone.

 United States Minor Outlying Islands

Special permits required

Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island.[317][318][319][320][321][322][323]

 Venezuela Margarita Island

Visa not required

All visitors are fingerprinted.[324]

 Vietnam Phú Quốc

Visa not required

30 days[325]

 Yemen outside Sana’a or Aden

Special permission required

Special permission needed for travel outside Sana’a or Aden.[326]

text: Vaccination[edit]

text: Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination. Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area.[327]

text: Passport validity[edit]

text: Many countries require passport validity of no less than 6 months and one or two blank pages.[328]

text: Changes in Visa Requirements for South African Citizens[edit]

text: List of Changes

text:
Visa Requirements Abolished/ Imposed (agreement conferred)

Abolished

Imposed

Date of Effect

Reciprocity (at time of agreement and subsequent implementation)

Canada

Yes

1969-1972

No

United Kingdom (July 2009)

Yes

July 2009

No

Colombia (September 2016)

Yes

Yes

New Zealand (November 2016)

Yes

21 November 2016

Yes

Russia (April 2017)

Yes

1 April 2017

Yes

Qatar (June-August 2017)

Yes

No

Angola (November 2017)

Yes

1 December 2017

Yes

text: Visa Exemptions[edit]

text: In some instances, a Visa Exemption permits entry in lieu of obtaining a Visa/ Entry Visa if in possession of the following Visas or Permanent Relationships:

text: United States of America - South African Citizens in possession of a valid United States Multiple Entry Visa in their passport may enter the following country(ies) visa-free for the time indicated beside, this also includes the countries consisting of the former Yugoslavia:

text:
Albania: 90 days;
 Bosnia and Herzegovina : 30 days;[329]
 Macedonia: 15 days;
 Mexico: 180 days, see note in Mexico under "Visa Requirements";[330][331]
 Montenegro: 30 days;
 São Tomé and Príncipe : 15 days;
 Serbia: 90 days.

text: Canadian - South African Citizens in possession of a valid Canadian Multiple Entry Visa in their passport may enter the following country(ies) visa-free for the time indicated adjacent:

text: Mexico: 180 days

text: Right of Abode in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - South African Citizens in possession of a Valid Certificate of Entitlement substantiating their claim to the Right of Abode in the United Kingdom may enter the following Commonwealth Realms for the same period as a South African Citizen who requires a Visa without the Right of Abode in the United Kingdom would (+except the United Kingdom):

text:
Canada: 6 months
 New Zealand: 90 days
 United Kingdom: +Indefinitely

text: Permanent Residence in the Commonwealth of Australia - South African Citizens with any type of a Valid Australian Permanent Resident Visa electronically granted or as a label may enter the following country:

text: New Zealand: Indefinite. Note: may apply for Permanent Residency in New Zealand after satisfying two year's residence with an Australian Resident Visa in New Zealand. Australian Resident Visa in New Zealand (Indefinite Visa) is granted at the New Zealand border in the form of an entry stamp, if the holder leaves New Zealand the Visa would end and the time spent would not count towards satisfying the Two Year's Residence requirement in order to become a New Zealand Permanent Resident. Australian Resident Visa is the name of the Visa given to Australian Permanent Residents or Australian Citizens upon arrival in New Zealand.

text: European Union Family Member - South African Citizens who are travelling with or joining their family members in the European Union in a Country other than where their family member is a citizen of does not require a Visa to enter, however this would be difficult to prove and as a result, entry could be refused. Visa should be applied for in advance usually which is usually with minimal requirements to meet if the applicant is a family member of an EU Citizen. For instance, a person who wants to travel with their spouse to France where their spouse is a Citizen of the Republic of Lithuania should apply for a Visa in advance or where a person wants to join their Lithuanian spouse who resides in France should also apply for a Visa.

text: United Kingdom Leave to Remain or Enter (whether permanent or temporary)/ Ireland Biometric Visa/ Permanent Residency - Holder’s of a valid Entry Permit/ Visa who arrive in the U.K. and apply for a Biometric Residence Permit within the required time after arriving may travel within the EU whilst their Biometric Residnce Permit is still valid.

text: EU Country - Holder’s of a Valid Long Stay Category D Visa who arrive in the European Union country of their Visa and apply for a Residence Card shortly after arriving will be able to use their EU residence permit valid for travel within the EU, if granted.


document_title: The Polar Express (film)

question_text: who voiced hero boy in the polar express

text: The Polar Express (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the night of Christmas Eve, a Grand Rapids, Michigan boy is growing bitterly skeptical of the existence of Santa Claus. As he struggles to sleep, he is roused by the arrival of a steam locomotive on the street outside his home, and dons his robe to investigate, tearing the robe's pocket as he retrieves it. Outside, the train's conductor (Tom Hanks) introduces the train as the Polar Express, bound for the North Pole. The boy initially declines to board, but jumps aboard the train as it pulls away.

text: In a passenger car, he befriends a spirited and amicable girl, and a condescending know-it-all. The train stops to pick up an impoverished child, Billy, who also declines to board; Billy changes his mind, and the boy applies the emergency brake to allow him to catch up to the train, much to the conductor's chagrin. As Billy sits alone in the train's rear dining car, hot chocolate is served in the passenger car, and the girl saves her hot chocolate for Billy. As she and the conductor cross to the dining car, the boy notices she left her ticket behind unpunched, but loses hold of the ticket between the cars when he attempts to return it. The ticket reenters the passenger car, but not before the conductor notices its absence and escorts the girl back to the rear car.

text: The know-it-all claims that the conductor will jettison the girl from the back of the train; the boy recovers the ticket and dashes to the dining car in search of the conductor, climbing onto the roof from the rear platform. He meets a hobo camping on the roof, who offers him coffee and discusses the existence of Santa Claus and belief in ghosts. The hobo skis with the boy along the tops of the cars towards the train's coal tender, where the hobo disappears. Here, the boy discovers that the girl has been made to supervise the locomotive while engineers Steamer and Smokey replace the train's headlight. The train is forced to stop while the conductor disperses a herd of caribou, whereupon the engineers return to the cabin and the boy, girl and conductor remain on the catwalk on the front of the locomotive. The throttle's split pin sheers off, causing the train to accelerate uncontrollably down a 179-degree grade and onto a frozen lake, where the engineers repair the throttle with a hairpin and drift the train to realign it with the tracks. The boy returns the girl's ticket, and as the three return to the passenger car, the boy is accosted by an Ebenezer Scrooge marionette (controlled by the hobo), taunting him and calling him a doubter.

text: The train finally arrives at the North Pole, where the conductor announces that one of the passengers will be chosen to receive the first gift of Christmas, from Santa himself. The girl discovers Billy still alone in the rear car, and she and the boy persuade him to come along; however, the boy accidentally unhitches the car, sending it back along the line to a railway turntable in Santa's workshop. The children sneak through an elf command center and a gift sorting office before accidentally being dumped into Santa's sack, where they discover that the know-it-all stowed away along with them, hoping to open his Christmas presents early. The elves rescue them as Santa arrives, and the boy grows frustrated, unable to see Santa through the crowd. A jingle bell flies loose from the galloping reindeers' reins; the boy initially cannot hear it ring, until he finds it within himself to believe. He returns the bell to Santa as he passes, and Santa selects the boy to receive the first gift of Christmas. The boy asks to keep the jingle bell, and places it in his robe pocket.

text: Four of the elves use a handcar to trundle the wayward passenger car back to the train as the children all board the Polar Express to return home, but the then boy discovers that the pocket was torn and that the bell had fallen out. He returns home and awakens Christmas morning to find a present containing the bell. He holds it to his ear and shakes it; his parents, not believing in Santa, lament how the bell is "broken".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Hanks as the Hero Boy (motion-capture only), the Hero Boy's father, the Conductor, the Hobo, Santa Claus, and the Narrator

Daryl Sabara as the Hero Boy (voice)
Josh Hutcherson as the Hero Boy (additional motion-capture)

Leslie Zemeckis as Sister Sarah (motion-capture only) and the Hero Boy's mother

Isabella Peregrina as Sister Sarah (voice)
Ashly Holloway as Sister Sarah (additional motion-capture)

Eddie Deezen as Know-It-All

Jimmy 'Jax' Pinchak as Know-It-All (additional motion-capture)

Nona Gaye as the Hero Girl

Chantel Valdivieso as the Hero Girl (additional motion-capture)
Meagan Moore as the Hero Girl (singing voice)
Tinashe as the Hero Girl (motion-capture modeling)

Peter Scolari as Billy the Lonely Boy (motion-capture only)

Hayden McFarland as Billy the Lonely Boy (additional motion-capture)
Jimmy Bennett as Billy the Lonely Boy (voice)
Matthew Hall as Billy the Lonely Boy (singing voice)

Dylan Cash as Boy on Train (voice)
Brendan King and Andy Pellick as the Pastry Chefs
Josh Eli, Rolandas Hendricks, Jon Scott, Sean Scott, Mark Mendonca, Mark Goodman, Gregory Gast, and Gordon Hart as the Waiters
Andre Sogliuzzo as Smokey and Steamer (voice)

Michael Jeter as Smokey and Steamer (motion-capture only)

Chris Coppola as Gus the Toothless Boy and an Elf

Connor Matheus as the Toothless Boy (additional motion-capture)

Julene Renee as the Red Head Girl and an Elf
Phil Fondacaro, Debbie Lee Carrington, Mark Povinelli, and Ed Gale as Elves
Charles Fleischer as the Elf General
Steven Tyler as the Elf Lieutenant and the Elf Singer
Dante Pastula as the Little Boy
Eric Newton, Aidan O'Shea, Aaron Hendry, Kevin C. Carr, Bee Jay Joyer, Jena Carpenter, Karine Mauffrey, Beth Carpenter, Bill Forchion, Devin Henderson, and Sagiv Ben-Binyamin as Acrobatic Elves
Evan Sabara as a Young Boy (additional motion-capture)

text: Production[edit]

text: Architecture[edit]

text: The buildings at the North Pole refer to a number of buildings related to American railroading history. The buildings in the square at the city's center are loosely based on the Pullman Factory in Chicago's Pullman neighborhood.[5]

text: Polar Express Locomotive[edit]

text: The locomotive featured in the film is an American 2-8-4 Berkshire type steam locomotive, with a cowcatcher, modeled after the Pere Marquette 1225, which had spent many years on static display near Spartan Stadium in East Lansing, Michigan on the campus of Michigan State University, where Chris Van Allsburg recalled playing on the engine when attending football games as a child.[6]

text: In July 2002, Warner Bros. approached the engine's owner, the Steam Railroading Institute, to study the engine.[7] The engine in the film is modeled from the PM #1225's drawings and the sounds from recordings made of the 1225 operating under steam.[8] The whistle, however, was taken from Sierra Railway #3.

text: IMAX 3D version[edit]

text: In addition to standard theatrical 35mm format, a 3-D version for IMAX was also released, generated from the same 3-D digital models used for the standard version.[9]

text: Home media release[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD as separated widescreen and full-screen versions in single and two-disc special editions (with bonus features) and on VHS on November 22, 2005, one year after the film came out.[10] It was released on Blu-ray with bonus features and presented in the original widescreen aspect ratio on October 30, 2007.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Performer(s)
Title
Length

Tom Hanks
"The Polar Express"
3:25

Matthew Hall & Meagan Moore
"When Christmas Comes to Town"
4:07

Steven Tyler
"Rockin' on the Top of the World"
2:35

Josh Groban
"Believe"
4:18

Tom Hanks
"Hot Chocolate"
2:33

Alan Silvestri
"Spirit of the Season"
2:34

Frank Sinatra
"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town"
2:35

Alan Silvestri
"Seeing Is Believing"
3:47

Bing Crosby
"White Christmas"
3:05

The Andrews Sisters
"Winter Wonderland"
2:43

Perry Como &The Fontane Sisters
"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas"
2:40

Kate Smith
"Silver Bells"
2:39

Bing Crosby & The Andrews Sisters
"Here Comes Santa Claus (Right Down Santa Claus Lane)"
3:04

Alan Silvestri
"Suite from the Polar Express"
6:02

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100 based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[11] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 55% based on 202 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Though the movie is visually stunning overall, the animation for the human characters isn't lifelike enough, and the story is padded."[12] Despite the polarized reception from critics, The Polar Express has been popular among audiences. The Independent reported in 2011 that the film "is now seen by many as a classic".[13] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[14]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film his highest rating of four stars, saying, "There's a deeper, shivery tone, instead of the mindless jolliness of the usual Christmas movie." And "It has a haunting, magical quality ..." Acknowledging comments by other reviewers, Ebert said, "It's a little creepy. Not creepy in an unpleasant way, but in that sneaky, teasing way that lets you know eerie things could happen."[15] Richard Roeper gave a glowing review to the film as well, saying that it "remains true to the book, right down to the bittersweet final image."[this quote needs a citation] James Berardinelli gave it a 3.5/4, stating that it is "a delightful tale guaranteed to enthrall viewers of all ages", and ranked it as the 10th best film of 2004.[16]

text: The character design and animation were criticized for dipping into the uncanny valley.[17] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film a 1 out of 4 stars, and called it "a failed and lifeless experiment in which everything goes wrong".[18] Stephanie Zacharek of Salon gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and said, "I could probably have tolerated the incessant jitteriness of The Polar Express if the look of it didn't give me the creeps."[19] Geoff Pevere of the Toronto Star stated, "If I were a child, I'd have nightmares. Come to think of it, I did anyway."[20] Paul Clinton from CNN called it "at best disconcerting, and at worst, a wee bit horrifying".[21]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened at #2 and earned $23,323,463 from approximately 7,000 screens at 3,650 theaters, for a per-theater average of $6,390 and a per-screen average of $3,332 in its opening weekend. It also brought in a total of $30,629,146 since its Wednesday launch. The weekend total also included $2,100,000 from 59 IMAX theaters, for an IMAX theater average of $35,593, and had a $3,000,000 take since Wednesday. In its second weekend, it grossed another $15,668,101, averaging $4,293 from 3,650 venues and boosting the 12-day cumulative to $51,463,282 and over Thanksgiving weekend made another $19,389,927, averaging $5,312 from 3,650 venues and raising the 19-day cumulative to $81,479,861.[citation needed] The film has made $185,618,322 domestically (including IMAX re-releases), and $124,140,582 overseas for a total worldwide gross of $309,758,904.[2]

text: The film had its network TV premiere on ABC, December 1, 2006. The airing brought in 13.2 million viewers, winning its timeslot and ranking 20th in the Nielsen ratings that week, according to TVTango.com.

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: The film was nominated for three Academy Awards:

text:
Best Sound Editing (Randy Thom and Dennis Leonard)
Best Sound Mixing (Randy Thom, Tom Johnson, Dennis S. Sands and William B. Kaplan)
Best Original Song for "Believe."[22]

text: The film was nominated at the 3rd Visual Effects Society Awards in the category of "Outstanding Performance by an Animated Character in an Animated Motion Picture."[23]

text: In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated The Polar Express for its Top 10 Animated Films list.[24]

text: The "Polar Express Experience"[edit]

text: In November 2007, SeaWorld Orlando debuted the Polar Express Experience, a Motion Simulator ride based on the film. The attraction is a temporary replacement for the Wild Arctic attraction. The building housing the attraction was also temporarily re-themed to a railroad station and ride vehicles painted to resemble Polar Express passenger cars. The plot for the ride revolves around a trip to the North Pole on Christmas Eve. Guests feel the motion of the locomotive as well as the swinging of the train on ice and feeling of ice crumbling beneath them. The attraction was available until January 1, 2008,[25] and is now open annually during the Christmas season.

text: The 4D film, distributed by SimEx-Iwerks, has been shown at other amusement parks around the world including Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Dollywood (during the annual Smoky Mountain Christmas event), Vancouver Aquarium (2009 — 2010),[26] and Warner Bros. Movie World (during the White Christmas events in 2010 and 2011).

text: Video game[edit]

text: A video game based on the film was released on November 26, 2004 for GameCube, Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2 and Windows, developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment and published by THQ.[27][28] The plot of the game is more different than the film version. Within this time, the Ebenezer Scrooge puppet who is set as the main antagonist of the game, attempts to prevent the children from believing in Santa Claus by stealing their tickets and trying to stop the children for reaching the North Pole.[29][30]